Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

M. Harish

2026-05-06T17:52:13Z

SaraWong: made initial info first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''M. Harish''' (born 1995) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from Alandur Assembly constituency in [[Chennai district]] representing [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2026: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2026-results-full-list-of-winners/article70908112.ece |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=M. Harish (TVK) Candidate from ALANDUR Constituency, M. Harish Political Career, Age, Education, Election Result 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/tamil-nadu/candidate-m-harish-10297 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Harish is from [[Alandur]], Chennai district. He declared assets worth Rs.2.7 crore in the affidavit to the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=M.Harish, ALANDUR constituency, TVK, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/m-harish-305/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Harish made his electoral debut as an MLA winning the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Alandur Assembly constituency]] representing Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam. He polled 1,2,205 votes and defeated his nearest opponent, [[T. M. Anbarasan]] of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], by a margin of 29,609 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Alandur Election Results 2026 Live Updates: M. Harish of TVK beats DMK's T.M. Anbarasan by 112205 votes |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/elections/tamil-nadu/story/alandur-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-tamil-nadu-election-polls-results-2026-tnaelb-529259-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2026 |title=Alandur election result LIVE: M Harish of TVK wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/alandur-tamil-nadu-assembly-2026-winner-live-updates-highlights-exaxt-en-liveblog-10072046.html |access-date=6 May 2026 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-05 |title=Alandur Assembly Election Results 2026 Live Updates: TVK’s M Harish wins by 29,609 vote margin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/tamil-nadu/alandur-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-dmks-t-m-anbarasan-aiadmks-s-saravanan-and-tvks-m-harish-are-contesting-for-this-seat-among-others/liveblog/130699419.cms |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harish, M.}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:People from Chennai district]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]

Ashok Kumar (Warisnagar politician)

2026-05-04T22:23:58Z

SaraWong: put up a biography

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Distinguish|Ashok Kushwaha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashok Kumar Munna
| image = File:Ashok Kumar Warisnagar MLA.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
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| other_names =
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Warisnagar Assembly constituency|Warisnagar]]
| predecessor = Vishwanath Paswan
| successor = Manjarik Mrinal
| term_start = 2010
| term_end = 2025
| education =
| employer =
| occupation =
| spouse =
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| children =
| parents =
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}}

'''Ashok Kumar''' is an Indian politician from Samastipur ( Bihar) and of the 'वारिसनगर' [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. He was elected from [[Warisnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Warisnagar constituency]] in the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] as a candidate from [[Janata Dal (United)]] of the [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/|title=Bihar 2015|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515060930/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |archive-date=2019-05-15 }}</ref> He is from Katghara village. He is commonly known as Munna Singh by the villagers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ashok Kumar profile|url=https://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=178|website=My Neta Info}}</ref>

==Life==
Ashok Kumar Munna is a [[Kurmi]] by caste and he has won on the symbol of JD(U) from the Warisnagar Assembly constituency for three terms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/samastipur-12932760.html|website=jagran|title=Samastipur district seat distribution}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Ashok}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]

{{Bihar-JDU-politician-stub}}

Java Sundaresan

2026-04-30T22:43:20Z

SaraWong: new the info w/ sources.

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| other_names = Chaams<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chaams-is-now-java-sundaresan-adopts-his-iconic-character-name-from-arai-en-305-il-kadavul-embraces-fan-favorite-identity/articleshow/124274749.cms|title=Chaams is now Java Sundaresan, Adopts his iconic character name from 'Arai En 305-il Kadavul', Embraces fan-favorite identity|work=The Times of India|access-date=2025-10-02|language=en}}</ref>
| birth_name = Swaminathan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|11|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Trichy]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actor]], [[comedian]]
| years_active = 1998–present
| homepage =
}}

'''Swaminathan''', also known by his current stage name '''Java Sundaresan''' or his former stage name '''Chaams''',<ref name="IANS">{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-10-02 |title=Actor Chaams changes his name to 'Java Sundaresan' |url=https://ianslive.in/actor-chaams-changes-his-name-to-java-sundaresan--20251002161932 |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=IANS News |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian actor and comedian who has appeared in predominantly [[Tamil language]] films.

He has mainly appeared in supporting roles,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/actor-chams-on-enthiran-movie-working-experience|title=Rajini சார் Namitha நம்பர் கேட்டார்! ஷூட்டிங் ஸ்பாட்ல எல்லாரும் சிரிச்சிட்டோம் - Chams | Enthiran|first=Gopinath Rajasekar,குணா S,ஜெ வேங்கடராஜ்,கண்ணன்|last=ர,கிருஷ்ணமூர்த்தி|website=vikatan.com/|date=30 July 2020 }}</ref> notably in [[Crazy Mohan]] dramas and playing one of the several leads in ''[[Palaivana Solai (2009 film)|Palaivana Solai]]'' (2009) and ''[[Onbadhule Guru]]'' (2013).

==Career==
Since there was another actor by his birth name of [[Swaminathan]], he briefly considered Chama as a stage name, which was what he was called by [[Crazy Mohan]]. He renamed himself as Chaams for the serial ''[[Chinna Papa Periya Papa]]''.<ref name="CJ">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T0R9ng6juwA|title=One Minute Hero Java Sundaresan அறிமுக நாயகன் நடிகர் java sundaresan செம Fun Speech java sundaresan|date=5 October 2025|via=YouTube}}</ref> He initially acted with comedians like [[Vadivelu]] and supported their comedy roles and later bagged larger roles.

His breakthrough role came in the film ''[[Arai En 305-il Kadavul]]'' as Java Sundaresan, an aspiring software engineer who bags a job due to his knowledge of [[Java (programming language)|Java]]. He constantly climbs the social ladder due to his high paying job.<ref name="IANS"/> In the year 2009, a film named ''[[Palaivana Solai (2009 film)|Palaivana Solai]]'' was released which was a remake version of the [[Palaivana Solai (1981 film)|same film]] released in 1981 where a love story of five friends woven around one simple girl received critics appreciation. Chaams played the lead role as one of the five friends.

Chaams garnered acclaim for his role in ''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Payanam]]'' (2011) as a fan of "Shining Star" Chandrakanth (inspired by "Super Star" [[Rajinikanth]]). ''Rediff'' stated that a "special mention must be made of Chaams" as he provided "excellent comic relief".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-payanam/20110211.htm|title=Review: Nagarjuna's Payanam works!|website=Rediff}}</ref> ''The Hindu'' stated that "Chaams as the doting fan whose blinkers fall off" is "a riot".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Suspense-in-the-air/article15411752.ece|title=Suspense in the air|first=Subha J.|last=Rao|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 February 2011|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Similarly in the year 2013, another film ''[[Onbadhule Guru]]'' was released, where he played the role of a disgruntled married man who wanted to go back to his bachelor days along with his other friends. The film needed all leading actors to do comedy as per the script. He played one of the leads in the film ''[[Thittam Poattu Thirudura Kootam]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thittam Poattu Thirudura Kootam Movie Review: The film looks good on paper, but execution fails |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thittam-poattu-thirudura-kootam/movie-review/71346422.cms |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, Chaams played the lead role in the film ''Operation JuJuPi'' as a serious man.<ref>{{cite web | title=Nellai Siva's last video shot a few days before his demise | work=The Times of India | date=13 May 2021 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nellai-sivas-last-video-shot-a-few-days-before-his-demise/articleshow/82595977.cms }}</ref> In 2025, he changed his stage name from Chaams to Java Sundaresan as many meme creators were using the latter name.<ref name="IANS"/>

==Filmography==
===Tamil films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year || Title || Role || class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Kaadhal Mannan (1998 film)|Kaadhal Mannan]]'' || Gurusaamy || rowspan="6" | Uncredited role
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2002 || ''[[King (2002 film)|King]]'' || Hollywood director's assistant
|-
| ''[[Jjunction]]'' || Konal Govindasamy
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2003 ||''[[Pavalakkodi (2003 film)|Pavalakkodi]]'' || Shyam
|-
| ''[[Anbe Un Vasam]]'' || College student
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Perazhagan]]'' || Groom
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2005 || ''[[Sachein]]'' || Ayyasamy's friend || credited as Swaminathan
|-
| ''[[Kundakka Mandakka]]'' || Roopa's groom ||
|-
| ''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]'' || Rajamani ||
|-
| rowspan=4 |2006 || ''[[Jerry (film)|Jerry]]'' || Dhandapani ||
|-
| ''[[Manathodu Mazhaikalam]]'' || Employee || Uncredited role
|-
| ''[[E (2006 film)|E]]'' || Ganeshan ||
|-
| ''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyil]]'' || Meenakshi's brother || Uncredited role
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2007 || ''[[Thaamirabharani]]'' || Sombunakki ||
|-
| ''[[Karuppusamy Kuththagaithaarar]]'' || Gold shop owner's son ||
|-
| ''[[Sivi (film)|Sivi]]'' || Still photographer || Deleted scene<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_gNkI6xQCs&t=1300s | title=மீண்டும் பயமுறுத்த வரும் 'சிவி 2' SIVI 2 Movie Team Interview | K.R. Senthil Nathan | 96tv | website=[[YouTube]] | date=11 July 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]'' || Train passenger ||
|-
| ''[[Vel (film)|Vel]]'' || Swathi's brother-in-law ||
|-
|rowspan="7"|2008 || ''[[Arai En 305-il Kadavul]]'' || Java Sundaresan ||
|-
| ''[[Kathavarayan (2008 film)|Kathavarayan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vallamai Tharayo]]'' || Office Manager ||
|-
| ''[[Kanchivaram]]'' || Translator ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhalil Vizhunthen]]'' || Meera's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Silambattam (film)|Silambattam]]'' || Ammanji ||
|-
| ''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]]'' || A man at the school admissions interview ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|2009 || ''[[Newtonin Moondram Vidhi]]'' || Rangaswamy ||
|-
| ''[[Rajadhi Raja (2009 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Suriyan Satta Kalloori]]'' || Kethu ||
|-
| ''[[Palaivana Solai (2009 film)|Palaivana Solai]]'' || Iniyan ||
|-
|rowspan="7"|2010 || ''[[Rasikkum Seemane]]'' || || Uncredited role
|-
|''[[Irumbukkottai Murattu Singam]]'' || Translator ||
|-
| ''[[Maanja Velu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]'' || Wedding photographer ||
|-
| ''[[Enthiran]]'' || Barber ||
|-
| ''[[Ambasamudram Ambani]]'' || Bank cashier ||
|-
| ''[[Virudhagiri]]'' || Saamy ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2011 || ''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Payanam]]'' || Balaji ||Bilingual film
|-
| ''[[Rajapattai]]'' || Funny Actor ||
|-
| ''[[Sankarankovil (film)|Sankarankovil]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Uyarthiru 420]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2012 || ''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]'' || Subramaniam's coworker ||
|-
| ''[[Manam Kothi Paravai]]'' || Das ||
|-
|rowspan="5"|2013 || ''[[Onbadhule Guru]]'' || Guru ||
|-
| ''[[Azhagan Azhagi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Yamuna (film)|Yamuna]]'' || Punniyakkodi ||
|-
| ''[[Desingu Raja]]'' || Idhayakani's friend ||
|-
| ''Muthu Nagaram'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|2014 || ''Uyir Mozhi '' || Gamma ||
|-
| ''[[Bramman]]'' || Chaams ||
|-
| ''[[Nalanum Nandhiniyum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aindhaam Thalaimurai Sidha Vaidhiya Sigamani]]'' || Sarvanana Bhavan supervisor ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2015 || ''[[Kanchana 2]]'' || Aravind Saamy ||
|-
|''[[Maanga (film)|Maanga]]'' || Kalakkal ||
|-
|''[[49-O (film)|49-O]]'' || Chaams ||
|-
|''[[Thoongaa Vanam]]'' ||Busboy||Bilingual film
|-
|''[[Uppu Karuvaadu]]'' || Ilango ||
|-
|''[[Bhooloham]]'' || Aalayam ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2016 || ''[[Unnodu Ka]]'' || Deal matrimony owner ||
|-
| ''[[Vellikizhamai 13am Thethi]]'' || Saravanan's friend ||
|-
| ''Ennama Katha Vudranunga'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Andaman (2016 film)|Andaman]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Manal Kayiru 2]]'' || Santhakumar ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |2017 || ''[[Si3 (film)|Singam 3]]'' || G. Sathyan ||
|-
|''[[Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva]]'' || Chamu ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Mugathirai]]'' || Ulaganathan ||
|-
| ''Aarambamey Attakasam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen]]'' || Rajadurai ||
|-
| ''[[Bongu (film)|Bongu]]'' || Car mechanic ||
|-
| ''[[Kalavaadiya Pozhuthugal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Enbathettu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2018 || ''[[Adanga Maru]]'' || Drunkard ||
|-
| ''[[Kinar (film)|Keni]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Enga Kattula Mazhai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Lakshmi (2018 film)|Lakshmi]]'' || Bus conductor ||
|-
| ''[[Saamy Square]]'' || Sundaram ||
|-
| ''[[Kalavani Mappillai]]'' || Stepni ||
|-
| rowspan="8"| 2019 || ''[[Charlie Chaplin 2]]'' || Homosexual man ||
|-
| ''[[Goko Mako]]'' || Pluto || Also narrator
|-
| ''Enakku Innum Kalyanam Aakale'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sixer (2019 film)|Sixer]]'' || Homosexual man in restaurant ||
|-
| ''[[Thittam Poattu Thirudura Kootam]]'' || Padmanaban alias Buddy ||
|-
| ''[[Market Raja MBBS]]'' || Vardharajan ||
|-
| ''Chennai 2 Bangkok'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Naan Avalai Sandhitha Pothu]]'' || Moorthy's friend ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2020 || ''[[Sandimuni]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[College Kumar (2020 film)|College Kumar]]'' || Swami || Bilingual film
|-
| ''[[Indha Nilai Maarum]]'' || Jack ||
|-
| ''[[Irandam Kuththu]]'' || Ram ||
|-
| ''[[Kanni Raasi]]'' || Ambur Ram Iyer ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2021 || ''Centha'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Paramapadham Vilayattu]]'' || Kalingan's assistant ||
|-
| ''[[Pei Mama]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Raajavamsam]]'' || Rangan ||
|-
| ''Naruvi'' || ||
|-
| ''Operation JuJuPi'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2022 || ''[[Yutha Satham]]'' || Jack ||
|-
| ''[[Sivi 2]]'' || Khalifa ||
|-
| ''[[Diary (2022 film)|Diary]]'' || Aasai Raja||
|-
| ''Rivet'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Project C (Chapter 2)]]'' || Praveen ||
|-
| ''[[Kadaisi Kadhal Kadhai]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2023 || ''[[Raakadhan]]'' || ||
|-
|''Yokkiyan'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dhillu Irundha Poradu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Sri Sabari Ayyappan'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Tik Tok (2023 film)|Tik Tok]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2024 || ''[[Local Sarakku]]'' || Film actor ||
|-
| ''[[Haraa (film)|Haraa]]'' || Security ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-01-16 |title=Dubbing begins for Mohan's Haraa |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jan/16/dubbing-begins-for-mohans-haraa-51265.html |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Boat (2024 film)|Boat]]'' || Lal ||<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 July 2024|title=Yogi Babu's 'Boat' to hit the screens on August 2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yogi-babus-boat-to-hit-the-screens-on-august-2/articleshow/111574077.cms|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=8 July 2024|url-status=live|archive-date=8 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708123506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yogi-babus-boat-to-hit-the-screens-on-august-2/articleshow/111574077.cms}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jolly O Gymkhana (film)|Jolly O Gymkhana]]'' || Manager's assistant ||
|-
| ''[[Thiru.Manickam]]'' || Narayanan ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2025 || ''[[Dinasari]]'' || Broker ||
|-
|''[[Badava]]'' || Bar custumer ||
|-
|''Leg Piece'' || ||
|-
|''[[Konjam Kadhal Konjam Modhal]]'' || Karthik's uncle ||
|-
|''[[School (2025 film)|School]]'' || Assistant Principal Manmadhan ||
|-
|''[[Madras Matinee]]'' || Pickle seller ||
|-
|''[[Desingu Raja 2]]'' || Pulipandi ||
|-
| ''Flashback'' || || Only the Hindi dubbed version was released.<ref>{{cite web |title=Flashback (2025) New Released Hindi Dubbed Full Movie In 4K {{!}} Prabhu Deva, Regina Cassandra |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83tVfRLcRHg |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Goldmines Telefilms]] |date=5 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kambi Katna Kathai]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2026 || ''[[Lucky the Superstar]]'' || Dog Hunter || credited as Chaams
|-
| ''[[Mustafa Mustafa (film)|Mustafa Mustafa]]'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zm6sHM5gOz4|title=Mustafa Mustafa - Official Trailer | Sathish | Suresh Ravi | Praveen Saravanan | M.S.Jones Rupert|date=27 February 2026|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[TN 2026]]'' || Film Director || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXx2mQ1ZKCs|title=#TN2026 - Teaser | Natty Nataraj | Umapathy Ramaiah | Darbuka Siva | Kannan Ravi Groups|date=2 April 2026|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Telugu films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year || Title || Role || class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2011
| ''[[Gaganam]]'' || Subba Rao || rowspan="2"|Bilingual films
|-
|2015
|''[[Cheekati Rajyam]]''
|Busboy
|-
|2017
| ''[[Chitrangada (film)|Chitrangada]]'' ||Airport Passenger || Uncredited
|-
|2020
| ''[[College Kumar (2020 film)|College Kumar]]'' || Swami || Bilingual film
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of performances and appearances on television
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Program
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" | Channel
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2003{{endash}}2004 || ''[[Chinna Papa Periya Papa]]'' || Chidambaram
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|<ref name="CJ"/>
|-
|2004
|''[[Vidathu Sirippu]]''
| Evil scientist
|[[Jaya TV]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Vidathu Sirippu - Episode 17 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFJj1_D2x6Q |website=[[YouTube]] | date=17 October 2016 |publisher=[[Jaya TV]]}}</ref>
|-
|2006-2008
|''Anjali''
|Gopal
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Anjali Episode 056 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-1FvYs68lQ |website=[[YouTube]] | date=20 October 2020 |publisher=[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

;Music video
*''Lovendra Cassandra''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qil-vPZ8ANc&list=RDqil-vPZ8ANc&start_radio=1|title=Marshall Robinson - Lovendra Cassandra (Music Video) | Raj | Meenakshi |Chams |Arul Cool|Think Indie|date=23 December 2023|via=YouTube}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=nm4928007|name=Chaams}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sundaresan, Java}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

Ashwani Kumar Sharma (Punjab politician)

2026-04-28T17:54:25Z

SaraWong: put up a biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{About|the Punjab politician|the Jammu and Kashmir politician|Ashwani Kumar Sharma (J&K politician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{fanpov|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashwani Kumar Sharma
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|01|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pathankot]], [[East Punjab|Punjab]], [[India]]
| office3 = President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Punjab]]
| term3 = 17 January 2020 - 4 July 2023
| predecessor3 = [[Shwait Malik]]
| successor3 = [[Sunil Kumar Jakhar|Sunil Jakhar]]
| term_start4 = 4 February 2010
| term_end4 = 16 January 2013
| predecessor4 = Rajinder Bhandari
| successor4 = [[Kamal Sharma]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 10 March 2022
| predecessor1 = [[Amit Vij]]
| constituency1 = [[Pathankot Assembly constituency|Pathankot]]
| term_start2 = 2012
| term_end2 = 2017
| predecessor2 = [[Master Mohan Lal]]
| successor2 = [[Amit Vij]]
| constituency2 = [[Pathankot Assembly constituency|Pathankot]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| children = 1 Son
}}

'''Ashwani Kumar Sharma''' (born 23 January 1964) is an Indian politician and the former [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] (BJP) Punjab president. He is a member of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] and currently representing Pathankot Assembly constituency.

==Early life==
Sharma was born in a lower-middle-class [[Punjabi Hindu]] family on 23 January 1964. His family had migrated to [[Pathankot]] from [[Sialkot]] after [[Partition of India|partition]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Punjab 2012|url=http://myneta.info/pb2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=3|publisher=The Association for Democratic Reforms|access-date=4 May 2013}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Ashwani Kumar Sharma received his early schooling at Vivekananda Model High School, Pathankot and later received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] from [[Guru Nanak Dev University]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}

==Assets and liabilities declared during elections==
During the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], he declared Rs. 1,40,66,533 as an overall financial asset and Rs. nil as financial liability.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ashwani Kumar Sharma(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- PATHANKOT(PATHANKOT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/punjab2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=269 |website=myneta.info |access-date=10 September 2025 |ref=Assets and Liabilities}}</ref>

==Politics==
Sharma was involved with [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]]. During his college days in [[Pathankot]], he was a member of ABVP.<ref>{{cite web|title=Candidate affidavit |url=http://docs2.myneta.info/affidavits/ews2pb2012/3/AshwaniKumar_SC04.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201164103/http://docs2.myneta.info/affidavits/ews2pb2012/3/AshwaniKumar_SC04.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2014 |publisher=MyNeta |access-date=4 May 2013 }}</ref>
After a term in office he was appointed General Secretary BJP Punjab from 2007 to 2010. Meanwhile, he became Chairman of District Planning Board Gurdaspur. He was made State President in 2010.<ref name='a'>. [http://electionaffairs.com/punjab/state_assembly_elections_2012/winning_candidates_results_punjab_assembly_elections_2012.html Results Punjab State Assembly Elections 2012] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506042537/http://electionaffairs.com/punjab/state_assembly_elections_2012/winning_candidates_results_punjab_assembly_elections_2012.html |date=6 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bharatiya Janta Party Punjab|url=http://www.bjppunjab.in|access-date=4 May 2013}}</ref>

He was made the President B.J.Y.M. (Pb) in 2004. After a successful term he was appointed General Secretary BJP Punjab from 2007 to 2010.

As of July 7, 2025, Ashwani Kumar Sharma was appointed the working president of the Bharatiya Janata Party's (BJP) Punjab unit. Sharma is also a sitting Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for the Pathankot seat in the Punjab Legislative Assembly.

The decision to appoint Sharma was made by BJP national president J.P. Nadda and was effective immediately. Sharma previously served as the state unit's president and was replaced by Sunil Jakhar in July 2023. His new appointment is a move toward eventually replacing Jakhar, who had already resigned from the post in September 2024 but was asked to continue until a replacement was named.

Sharma's new role is seen as a way to prepare the party for the 2027 Punjab Assembly polls, with organizational changes expected.<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mla-ashwani-kumar-sharma-appointed-as-working-president-of-punjab-bjp/articleshow/122303513.cms?from=mdr</ref><ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/punjab-bjp-revamp-old-hand-helm-ashwani-sharma-10114264/#:~:text=Pathankot%20MLA%20Sharma's%20appointment%20as,a%20senior%20BJP%20leader%20said.</ref>

==MLA==
He became Chairman of District Planning Board Gurdaspur. He was elected as BJP Punjab State President in 2010. Under his leadership party performed exceptionally well in 2012 legislative elections by winning all the Vidhan Sabha seats for BJP in Dist. Pathankot and contributed in building SAD-BJP alliance and was able to repeat the coalition government in Punjab after 43 years and also became member of legislative assembly in 2012.

He was elected as MLA in 2022. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Electoral performance==
{{transcluded section|source=Pathankot Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Pathankot Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2012}}
{{#section:Pathankot Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2017}}
{{#section:Pathankot Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Ashwani Kumar}}
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:People from Pathankot district]]
[[Category:Guru Nanak Dev University alumni]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Punjab]]
[[Category:1964 births]]

Akshar Purushottam Darshan

2026-04-24T11:10:41Z

SaraWong: put up details

{{short description|Set of spiritual beliefs based on the teachings of Swaminarayan}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
[[File:Akshar Purshottam - BAPS Mandir Bochasan.jpg|thumb|249x249px|Bhagwan Swaminarayan and Gunatitanand Swami at BAPS Mandir]]
'''Akshar-Purushottam Darshan''' (''Akṣara-Puruṣottama Darśana''<ref group=web name="SRI"/>) or '''Aksarabrahma-Parabrahma-Darsanam''',{{sfn|Bhadreshdas|2016}} "Akshar-Purushottam philosophy," is a designation used by [[BAPS]] as an alternative name for the [[Swaminarayan Darshana]], Swaminarayan's view or teachings, to distinguish it from other Vedanta-traditions.<ref group=web name="SRI"/>{{sfn|Bhadreshdas|2016}}{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2019}} It is based on Swaminarayan's distinction between [[Parabrahman]] ([[Purushottama|Purushottam]], [[Narayana]]) and Aksharbrahman as two distinct eternal realities, which in this view sets Swaminarayan's teachings apart from other Vedanta-traditions.{{sfn|Bhadreshdas|2016}}{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017}}{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2019}}<ref group=web name="SR"/> It is an essential element for the BAPS and its ''Akṣara-Puruṣottama Upāsanā'' ([[Upasana|"worship"]]),<ref group=web name="Upasana">Swaminarayan sanshta, [https://www.baps.org/Spiritual-Living/Philosophy/Worship-of-God-with-the-Guru.aspx Worship of God with the Guru - Akshar Purushottam Philosophy]</ref><ref group=web name="APD_Introduction/> in which Purushottam c.q. Parabrahman is present in a lineage of Aksharbrahman guru's, who are the abode (''akshar'') of God.

==Meaning==
[[File:Akshar Bhuvan.jpg|right|thumb|275x275px|Swaminarayan in Akshar Bhuvan at the Swaminarayan Temple in Vadtal]]

In Swaminarayan theology, a distinction is made between [[Para Brahman]], the highest [[Brahman]] which is [[Purushottam]] [[Narayana|Narayan]] (God), who is regarded by his followers to be manifest in Swaminarayan, and Akshar Brahman, the "fundamental principle of the cosmic order" but also the abode of God.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=91-92}}{{sfn|Bhadreshdas|2016}}<ref group=web name="SR"/> The Ahmedabad and Vadtal dioceses, the original Swaminarayan Sampraday, regard Akshar to be the transcendental abode of Purushottam where he is always manifest.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=91-93}}

The BAPS, as specified in their ''Akṣara-Puruṣottama Upāsanā'',<ref group=web name="Upasana"/> regards Akshar also to always manifest on earth in a personal form, as a guru and ideal devotee who accompanies Purushottam, and in which Purushottam resides and is to be worshipped.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=91-93}}{{sfn|Trivedi|2016}} They regard Gunatitanand Swami and his successors to be this abode of Purushottam.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=93}} The idea that Swaminarayan had appointed Gunatitanand as his spiritual successor, instead of the two acharyas, was for the sadhus of the Vadtal diocese a heretical teaching, and they "refused to worship what they considered to be a human being."{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=93}}

Adherents believe that they can achieve [[moksha]], or freedom from the cycle of birth and death, by becoming aksharrup (or brahmarup), that is, by attaining qualities similar to Akshar (or Aksharbrahman) and worshipping Purushottam (or Parabrahman; the supreme living entity; God).{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=275}}

==Sources==
[[File:Swaminarayan Bhashyam.jpg|thumb|225x225px|Swaminarayan Bhashyam]]

The primary sources of Akshar-Purushottam Darshan are the [[Vachanamrut]], which is a compilation of 273 oral discourses delivered by Swaminarayan that were documented by his senior followers during his lifetime; the Vedaras, a comprehensive letter written to his monastic followers explicating his doctrine and providing moral instructions; and the Swamini Vato, a collection of oral commentaries delivered by [[Gunatitanand Swami]], who was Swaminarayan's senior disciple and regarded as his successor as guru in the lineage of the [[Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha|Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Sanstha (BAPS)]].{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=13}}{{sfn|Amrutvijaydas|Williams|Paramtattvadas|2016}}

For the BAPS, other sources clarifying Akshar-Purushottam Darshan include [[Bhagatji Maharaj]], [[Shastriji Maharaj]], [[Yogiji Maharaj]], and [[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]], who in order were successors to Gunatitanand Swami as Guru in the BAPS Swaminarayan tradition,{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=17}} and [[Mahant Swami Maharaj]], the current Guru. The followers of BAPS lay particular emphasis on the creedal statement written by Pramukh Swami Maharaj, titled ''Swaminarayan Darshanna Siddhantono Alekh'', which summarises their view on Swaminarayan's teachings. According to the Swaminarayan Aksharpith, the BAPS publisher, "Shastriji Maharaj identified [Swaminarayan's] darshan as ‘Akshar-Purushottam’ [...] Shastriji Maharaj propagated this darshan by using terms such as ‘Akshar-Purushottam Upasana’ and ‘Akshar-Purushottam Siddhant.’"<ref group=web name="APD_Introduction>[https://www.amazon.nl/Parabrahman-Swaminarayans-Akshar-Purushotam-Darshan-Introduction-ebook/dp/B07FY7JZVY/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_nl_NL=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&dchild=1&keywords=Parabrahman+Swaminarayan%27s+Akshar-Purushotam+Darshan%3A+An+Introduction&qid=1625636153&sr=8-1 Parabrahman Swaminarayan's Akshar-Purushotam Darshan: An Introduction]</ref>

The ''[[Swaminarayan Bhashyam]]'' is a published commentary written by [[Bhadreshdas Swami]] in 2007 that explicates the roots of Akshar-Purushottam Darshan in the [[Upanishads]], the [[Bhagavad Gita]], and the [[Brahma Sutras]].{{sfn|Amrutvijaydas|Williams|Paramtattvadas|2016}}{{sfn|Bhadreshdas|2014}} This is further corroborated in a classical Sanskrit treatise, also authored by Bhadreshdas Swami, called ''Swaminarayan-Siddhanta-Sudha''. {{harvtxt|Bhadreshdas|2016}} argues that the Akshar-Purushottam disntinction is a characteristic marker which "identifies" Swaminarayan's teachings, and that the term Akshar-Purushottam Darshan can be used as a designation for Swaminarayan's teachings.

== Five eternal realities ==
Swaminarayan stated that five entities are eternal, as stated in two of his sermons documented in the [[Vachanamrut]], Gadhada 1.7 and Gadhada 3.10:
{{blockquote|"Puruṣottama Bhagavān, Akṣarabrahman, māyā, īśvara and jīva – these five entities are eternal."{{sfn|Sahajānanda|2014}} "From all the Vedas, Purāṇas, Itihāsa and Smṛti scriptures, I have gleaned the principle that jīva, māyā, īśvara, Brahman and [[Parameshwara (god)|Parameśvara]] are all eternal."{{sfn|Sahajānanda|2014}}}}

BAPS-theologian {{harvtxt|Paramtattvadas|2017}} further elaborates on these five eternal realities:

=== Purushottam ===
''Purushottam'', God (literally 'supreme being') is interchangeably referred to as [[Parabrahman]] (highest Brahman), Paramatma (supreme self) and Parameshwar (supreme ishwar). He is the supreme existential reality and highest of the five eternal entities.
The nature of Purushottam in Akshar-Purushottam Darshan is conceptualised in four distinct aspects:{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|loc=Chp. 6}}

# ''Sarvopari'' (supreme): Purushottam is the highest singular entity that transcends all realities. Swaminarayan taught that Purushottam is one and incomparable: "After all, there is only one form of God. This God is extremely powerful and no one, including Akshar, is capable of becoming like him. This is an established principle." (Vachanamrut, Loya 4){{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=80}}
# ''Sarvakarta'' (all-doer): All actions in the universe ultimately depend on Purushottam, who is the final cause of all causes and the inner-controller of all entities. Even though jivas and ishwars have independent agency, no action can be performed without the support and will of Purushottam. The process of liberation entails developing this realization. Swaminarayan stated: "The jīva's liberation is attained only by the following understanding: 'All that happens is by the doing of the manifest form of [Parabrahman], but nothing at all is done by any of time kāḷa, karma, māyā, etc.' In this manner, understanding God alone to be the all-doer is indeed the supreme cause of liberation." (Vachanamrut, Kariyani 10){{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|pp=109–112}}
# ''Sakar'' (possessing divine form): Swaminarayan instructed his followers that Purushottam possesses a divine form. In Vachanamrut Gadhada 1.71, Swaminarayan stated: "One should never refute the form of God." This form, he taught, was human in shape, yet still divine.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|pp=121–130}}
# ''Pragat'' (manifest): according to the BAPS, God is eternally present on Earth to grant moksha to spiritual seekers in human form, either directly or through the human form of Akshar. In Vachanamrut Vadtal 19, Swaminarayan stated: "Whenever a jiva attains a human body in Bharata-khanda [i.e., the Indian subcontinent], God's avatar or God's Swami [i.e. Brahmaswarup Guru] will certainly also be present on earth at that time."{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|pp=130–156}}

=== Aksharbrahman ===

Aksharbrahman, from ''[[Akshar (Hinduism)|akshar]]'' (अक्षर, "imperishable," "unalterable"), and ''[[Brahman]]'', is second only in transcendence to Purushottam; it is eternally above the influences of maya. Though a single entity ontologically, Akshar exists in four different forms:{{sfn|Bhadreshdas|2016}}

# As Purushottam's eternal transcendental abode, known as ''Akshardham'' (''dham'' meaning abode or home{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=83}}): Swaminarayan states in Vachanamrut Gadhada 1.63, "Akshar is Purushottam Bhagwan's abode..." Only liberated souls, those who have acquired qualitative oneness with Akshar, can enter Akshardham. Thus, along with Purushottam, Akshardham holds the countless liberated souls, known as aksharmuktas, and Akshar in its second form (see below), who personally serves Purushottam in Akshardham. As a form of Akshar, Akshardham the abode is singular, eternal, and forever beyond maya. Swaminarayan describes its transcendental greatness, extreme radiance and supreme bliss in the Vachanamrut. Within other sacred Hindu texts, Akshardham is also referred to by terms such as 'paramadham,' 'pad,' 'parama-sthan,' 'param vyoma,' 'Brahmapur' and 'Brahmadham.'{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|pp=191–200}}
# As the ideal devotee of Purushottam within Akshardham: Akshar also resides in a personal form within Akshardham itself as an eternal and exemplary devotee of Purushottam. Like Purushottam, Akshar here has a human-shaped form, complete with two arms and other features. At the time of creation, Purushottam first looks towards this personified form of Akshar with the desire to initiate creation. In this way, by Purushottam's eternal wish, Akshar also becomes the cause of all creation.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|pp=191–200}}
# As the Brahmaswarup Guru in human form on earth. According to the BAPS, Swaminarayan states that Purushottam manifests on earth along with Akshar (Vachanamrut Gadhada 1.71), through whom he remains completely and uninterruptedly present to continue his work of ultimate liberation and granting his devotees his own blissful experience by accepting their devotion. [[Gunatitanand Swami]] (1784–1867), [[Bhagatji Maharaj]] (1829–1897), [[Shastriji Maharaj]] (1865–1951), [[Yogiji Maharaj]] (1892–1971) and [[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]] (1921–2016) are believed to be a part of this BAPS-lineage of Brahmaswarup Gurus. [[Mahant Swami Maharaj]] (b. 1933) is the current BAPS-Guru in that lineage.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|pp=191–200}}
# As Chidakash, the all-pervading, radiant consciousness: 'Chidakash' refers to an extremely radiant ('akash') sentient ('chit') entity. It pervades within and outside infinite ''brahmands'' and upholds them. In the Chhandogya Upanishad (8.1.1), this ''Chidakash'' is identified as ''daharākāśa''. 'dahar' means subtle, and 'daharākāśa' means a subtle radiant entity. Aksharbrahma is identified as ''daharākāśa'' as it pervades and resides within the heart of every being. In Vachanamrut Gadhada 1.46, Swaminarayan identifies the knowledge of this ''daharākāśa'' as ''daharvidyā''.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|pp=191–200}}

=== Distinction of Akshar (Brahman) from Purushottam (Parabrahman) ===
One of the key distinguishing factors of Akshar-Purushottam Darshan from other schools of Vedanta is the distinction of 'Akshar' (also known as Brahman and Aksharbrahman) as a specific metaphysical entity. It is thus ontologically distinct from Purushottam (also known as Parabrahman). The fifth chapter of the [[Prashna Upanishad]] explicitly delineates two 'Brahmans', a ''higher'' Brahman, i.e. Parabrahman, and a ''lower'' Brahman, i.e. Aksharbrahman. Verse 5.2 reads:
{{blockquote|एतद्वै सत्यकाम '''परं चाऽपरं च ब्रह्म''' यदोङ्कारः । 
Satyakāma! The syllable Aum refers to the '''higher''' and '''[[Vedanta#Brahman / Ishvara – Conceptions of the Supreme Reality|lower Brahman]]'''.}}

Another clear indication of Akshar and Purushottam forming the crux of the highest spiritual truth, i.e. brahmavidya, can be found in the [[Mundaka Upanishad]] at 1.2.13:
{{blockquote|येना'''ऽक्षरं''' '''पुरुषं''' वेद सत्यं प्रोवाच तां तत्त्वतो ब्रह्मविद्याम् । 
Brahmavidyā is that by which '''Akshar''' and '''Purush[ottam]''' are thoroughly known.}}

Akshar and Purushottam are also distinctly elucidated in the [[Bhagavad Gita]]. For example, verses 15.16 and 15.17 explain:
{{blockquote|द्वाविमौ पुरुषौ लोके क्षरश्चाक्षर एव च । 
'''क्षरः''' सर्वाणि भूतानि कूटस्थो'''ऽक्षर''' उच्यते ।। 
उत्तमः पुरुषस्त्वन्यः '''परमात्मे'''त्युदाहृतः ।। 
There are two types of beings within the world: 'kshar' and 'akshar'. All those bound by maya are kshar, whereas the one who is unchanging – forever beyond maya – is Akshar. 
The supreme being is distinct [from kshar and Akshar]. He is called Paramatma.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|pp=168}}}}

Verse 15.18 further describes Purushottam as being superior to, and thus distinct from, even Akshar:
{{blockquote|यस्मात्क्षरमतीतोऽह'''मक्षरा'''दपि चोऽत्तमः । 
अतोऽस्मि लोके वेदे च प्रथितः '''पुरुषोत्तमः''' ।। 
I am superior to kshar and superior to even Akshar. Thus, I am known as Purushottam within the world and the Vedas.}}

Swaminarayan also states in his sermon in Vachanamrut Gadhada 2.3:
{{blockquote|Parabrahman, that is, Puruṣottama Nārāyaṇa, is distinct from Brahman and also the cause, support and inspirer of Brahman.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|pp=163}}}}

=== Maya ===
'''Maya''' is the only one of the five eternal realities which is insentient. It is the base substance from which the material world is formed and is characterized by the three qualities (''gunas'') – ''sattvaguna'', ''rajoguna'', and ''tamoguna''. It also forms the ignorance of the jivas and ishwars – seen as ego, i.e. 'I-ness', and attachments, i.e. 'my-ness' – causing them to be bound in the continuous cycle of birth and death. Only Purushottam and Akshar forever transcend maya. Jivas and ishwars seeking liberation from endless transmigration can transcend it by associating with Akshar in the form of the Brahmaswarup Guru, who makes those souls brahmarup (or aksharrup), i.e. qualitatively similar to Akshar, thereby making them eligible for the highest devotion of Purushottam.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017}}

=== Ishwar ===
'''Ishwar''' refers not to God, but a finite sentient entity shrouded by maya, like a jiva, but endowed with special powers and knowledge for fulfilling various functions within a particular universe. Virat Purush, Brahmā (not to be confused with [[Brahma]]n), [[Vishnu]], and [[Shiva]] are examples of ishwars within Akshar-Purushottam Darshan. These divinities enliven disparate forces of nature, including the sun, moon, wind, etc.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017}}

=== Jiva ===
'''Jiva''' is a distinct, individual soul, i.e. a finite sentient being. Jivas are bound by maya, which hides their true self, which is characterized by eternal existence, consciousness, and bliss. There are an infinite number of jivas. They are extremely subtle, indivisible, impierceable, ageless, and immortal. While residing within the heart, a jiva pervades the entire body by its capacity to know (gnānshakti), making it animate. It is the form of knowledge (gnānswarūp) as well as the knower (gnātā). The jiva is the performer of virtuous and immoral actions (karmas) and experiences the fruits of these actions. It has been eternally bound by maya; as a result, it roams within the cycle of birth and death. Birth is when a jiva acquires a new body, and death is when it departs from its body. Just as one abandons one's old clothes and wears new ones, the jiva renounces its old body and acquires a new one.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017}}

==Swaminarayan mantra==
The [[Swaminarayan Mantra]] (''Svāmīnārāyaṇa''),{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=18}}{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=2}} is a compound of two [[Sanskrit]] words: [[Swami]] (''Svāmī'') and [[Narayana|Narayan]] (''Nārāyaṇa''),{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=2}} that is, [[Vishnu]] c.q. [[Purushottam]].{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=2}} There are two main interpretations of the mantra, with the original branches believing the name refers to one entity, namely Narayan. The BAPS, but also some other, later branches, believe that Swami denotes Aksharbrahman (God's ideal devotee), namely [[Gunatitanand Swami]], as identified by Sahajanand Swami, and Narayan denotes Parabrahman (God), a reference to Sahajanand Swami himself.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=55, 93}}{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=1}} The latter interpretation recalls an earlier [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] tradition of the divine companionship between the perfect devotee and God (for example, [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] or [[Lakshmi|Shri]] and [[Vishnu]]).{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=92}}

According to Paramtattvadas, Pramukh Swami Maharaj summarises and clarifies Akshar-Purushottam Darshan as "not the worship of two entities – Akṣara and Puruṣottama. Rather, it means to become akṣararūpa [like Akṣara] and worship Puruṣottama, i.e. to become brahmarūpa [like Brahman] and worship Parabrahman."{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=325}} This meaning of Akshar-Purushottam Darshan is encapsulated in the BAPS-understanding of the 'Swaminarayan' mantra, as comprising two terms: 'Swami', which denotes Akshar, and 'Narayan', which denotes Purushottam. 'Swaminarayan' is thus synonymous with 'Akshar-Purushottam', instructing devotees to "become like 'Swami', i.e. akṣararūpa, and subserviently offer devotion and upāsanā to 'Narayan', i.e. Parabrahman Puruṣottama Nārāyaṇa."{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=325}}

==Recognition as distinct view within Vedanta ==
The Shri Kashi Vidvat Parishad, a scholarly council for Vedic studies and tradition in India, stated in a meeting in Varanasi on 31 July 2017 that it is "appropriate to identify Sri Svāminārāyaṇa's Vedānta by the title: Akṣarapuruṣottama Darśana," and that this [[siddhanta]] (view) is "distinct from [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]], [[Vishishtadvaita|Viśiṣṭādvaita]], and all other doctrines." They also acclaimed Bhadreshdas Swami as an acharya in line with [[Shankaracharya|Shankara]], [[Ramanuja]], [[Madhvacharya|Madhva]] and [[Vallabha]].<ref group="web" name="SRI">BAPS Swaminarayan Research Institute, ''[https://research.baps.org/news-events/hh-mahant-swami-maharaj-inaugurates-the-svaminaraya%E1%B9%87asiddhantasudha-and-announces-parabrahman-svaminaraya%E1%B9%87as-darsana-as-the-ak%E1%B9%A3ara-puru%E1%B9%A3ottama-darsana/ HH Mahant Swami Maharaj Inaugurates the Svāminārāyaṇasiddhāntasudhā and Announces Parabrahman Svāminārāyaṇa's Darśana as the Akṣara-Puruṣottama Darśana]''</ref><ref group=web name="BAPS-Sanstha">BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha, [https://www.baps.org/News/2017/Swaminarayansiddhantasudha-Acclamation-by-the-%E2%81%A0%E2%81%A0%E2%81%A0%C5%9Ar%C4%AB-K%C4%81%C5%9B%C4%AB-Vidvat-Parisad-11826.aspx ''Acclamation by th Sri Kasi Vidvat Parisad'']</ref>{{refn|group=note|After critically reviewing the ''Swaminarayan-Bhashyam'' and ''Swaminarayan-Siddhanta-Sudha'', the council proclaimed in a written statement: "The Prasthānatrayī-Svāminārāyaṇabhāṣya and the Svāminārāyaṇasiddhāntasudhā are sacred texts on Parabrahman Svāminārāyaṇa's revealed Akṣarapuruṣottama Darśana. These sacred texts are in every manner the protectors of the eternal Vedic religious tradition. Acclaimed by all scholars, respected Mahāmahopādyāya Sadhu Bhadreshdas is an ācārya and a contemporary commentator in the lineage of commentators on the Prasthānatrayī. Within philosophy, just as Śrī Śaṅkara's Vedānta is identified as the Advaita Darśana, Śrī Rāmānuja's Vedānta is identified as the Viśiṣṭādvaita Darśana, Śrī Madhva's Vedānta is identified as the Dvaita Darśana, Śrī Vallabha's Vedānta is identified as the Śuddhādvaita Darśana, and others are respectively known; it is in every way appropriate to identify Sri Svāminārāyaṇa's Vedānta by the title: Akṣarapuruṣottama Darśana. Therefore, we all collectively endorse that this Akṣarapuruṣottama Siddhānta that has been revealed by Parabrahman Svāminārāyaṇa is distinct from Advaita, Viśiṣṭādvaita, and all other doctrines and is a Vedic siddhānta.<ref group=web name="SRI"/><ref group=web name="BAPS-Sanstha"/> Present during the proclamation were senior scholars of the council: Mahamahopadyaya Acharya Ramyatna Shukla, President of Kashi Vidvat Parishad; Mahamahopadyaya Acharaya Vashistha Tripathi, Vice-President of Kashi Vidvat Parishad and former Vice-Chancellor of Sampurnanand Sanskrit University; Mahamahopadyaya Pandit Shivji Upadhyay, General Secretary of Kashi Vidvat Parishad and former Vice-Chancellor of [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya|Sampurnanand Sanskrit University]]; and Acharaya Ramnarayan Dwivedi, Secretary of Kashi Vidvat Parishad. The declaration was later presented by members of the Kashi Vidvat Parishad as a copperplate inscription, in a public assembly at Swaminarayan Akshardham, Delhi, on 13 August 2017. This led to several public felicitations of the texts and Bhadreshdas Swami, including in Vadodara, Gujarat, by vice-chancellors and representatives of 27 universities, and in Bengaluru, Karnataka, by vice-chancellors of 35 universities and representatives of 5 others.}}

Swaminarayan's teachings were also acclaimed as a distinct darshan (philosophy) within Vedanta by professor Ashok Aklujkar in 2018, commenting on Bhadreshdas' presentation the 17th [[World Sanskrit Conference]].<ref group="web" name="SR">''[https://research.baps.org/news-events/17th-world-sanskrit-conference-recognizes-bhagwan-swaminarayans-akshar-purushottam-darshan-as-a-distinct-vedanta-tradition/ 17th World Sanskrit Conference Recognizes Bhagwan Swaminarayan's Akshar-Purushottam Darshan as a Distinct Vedanta Tradition]''</ref>{{refn|group=note|name="WSC"|"Professor Ashok Aklujkar said [...] Just as the Kashi Vidvat Parishad acknowledged Swaminarayan Bhagwan's Akshar-Purushottam Darshan as a distinct darshan in the Vedanta tradition, we are honored to do the same from the platform of the World Sanskrit Conference [...] Professor George Cardona [said] "This is a very important classical Sanskrit commentary that very clearly and effectively explains that Akshar is distinct from Purushottam."<ref group=web name="SR"/>}}{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2019|p=40}} Paramtattvadas describes Swaminarayan's teachings as "a distinct school of thought within the larger expanse of classical Vedanta," presenting Swaminarayan's teachings as a seventh school of Vedanta.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=3}}

== See also ==
* [[Acharya]]
* [[Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha|BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha]]
* [[Hindu philosophy|Hindu Philosophy]]
* [[Āstika and nāstika|Hindu Theology]]
* [[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]]
* [[Prasthanatrayi|Prasthantrayi]]
* [[Shastriji Maharaj]]
* [[Vedanta]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
'''Printed'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=Swaminarayan and British Contacts in Gujarat in the 1820s|last=Amrutvijaydas|first=Sadhu|last2=Williams|first2=Raymond Brady|last3=Paramtattvadas|first3=Sadhu|date=2016-04-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199086573|language=en-US|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463749.003.0005}}</ref>
* {{Cite journal|last=Bhadreshdas|first=Sadhu|date=April–June 2014|title=Guru's grace empowers philosophical treatise|url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=5495|journal=Hinduism Today}}
*{{Cite book|last=Bhadreshdas|first=Sadhu| date=2016-04-01|chapter=Swaminarayan's Brahmajnana as Aksarabrahma-Parabrahma-Darsanam|editor-last1 =Williams | editor-last2 =Yogi Trivedi | title =Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199086573|language=en-US|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463749.003.0011}}
* {{Cite book|last=Paramtattvadas | first =Sadhu | date=17 August 2017|title=An introduction to Swaminarayan Hindu theology|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-15867-2|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|oclc=964861190}}
* {{cite magazine | last =Paramtattvadas | first =Swami |date=October–December 2019 |title=Akshar-Purushottam School of Vedanta |magazine=Hinduism Today |publisher=Himalayan Academy |url=https://bluetoad.com/publication/?i=619137&ver=html5&p=1#{%22page%22:0,%22issue_id%22:619137}|access-date=2019-11-22}}
* {{Citation | last =I.Patel | first =Iva | chapter =Swaminarayan | year=2018 | editor-last =Jain | editor-first=Pankaj | editor2-last =Sherma | editor2-first =Rita | editor3-last =Khanna| editor3-first =Madhu | title =Hinduism and Tribal Religions | series =Encyclopedia of Indian Religions | place =Dordrecht | publisher =Springer Netherlands| language =en| doi =10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5_541-1 |isbn =978-94-024-1036-5| pages=1–6 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5_541-1 | access-date =2020-08-15 | url-access =subscription }}
* {{Cite book | last =Sahajānanda | first =Swami | year =2014 | title =The Vachanāmrut: spiritual discourses of Bhagwān Swāminārāyan | edition =First | publisher =Bochasanvasi Shri Aksharpurushottama Sanstha | isbn =9788175264311 | location =Ahmedabad | oclc =820357402}}
* {{Cite book|last=Trivedi|first=Yogi|date=2016-04-01|title=Multivalent Krishna-Bhakti in Premanand's Poetry|pages=191–217|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199086573|language=en-US|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463749.003.0012|url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463749.001.0001/acprof-9780199463749-chapter-12}}
* {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|date=8 January 2001|title=Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0 521 65279 0|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will|url-access=registration}}
* {{Citation | last =Williams | first =Raymond Brady | year =2018 | title =Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}
{{refend}}

;Web-sources
{{reflist|group=web}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Citation | last =Swami Paramtattvadas | year =2017 | title =An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hindu Theology | publisher =Cambridge University Press | ref=none }}
* {{Citation | last =Williams | first =Raymond Brady | year =2018 | title =Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press | ref=none }}
* Sadhu Brahmadarshandas (2015). ''Invaluable Scriptures of Brahmavidya: Vachanamrut and Swamini Vato.'' Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith.
* Sadhu Brahmadarshandas (2015). ''Realization of Brahmavidya: Swaminarayan Theology.'' Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith.
* Sadhu Brahmadarshandas (2015). ''Royal Path of Brahmavidya: Swaminarayan Sadhana.'' Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith.
* Swami Bhadreshdas (2012). ''Essence of the Upanishads: The Wisdom of Ancient Rishis''. Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpi

[[Category:Swaminarayan Sampradaya]]

Shajapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:26:06Z

SaraWong: Stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shajapur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 167
| map_image = 167-Shajapur.svg
| mla = [[Arun Bhimawad]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Hukum Singh Karada]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Shajapur district|Shajapur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dewas Lok Sabha constituency|Dewas]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
}}

'''[[Shajapur]] Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> It is a segment of [[Dewas (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

It is part of [[Shajapur district]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
=== Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Hari Laxman Masoorkar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Kishanlal Nagaji
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Ramesh Chandra ||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Tara P Chandra Sharma ||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Shashikant Shendurnaikar||{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Tarrajyoti Sharma ||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Purushottam Chandravanshi ||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Laxmi Narain Patel
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || rowspan="4" | [[Hukum Singh Karada]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Arun Bhimawad]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/shajapur-madhya-pradesh-assembly-constituency|title=Shajapur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Hukum Singh Karada]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Arun Bhimawad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shajapur<ref name="election2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-polls-2023/story/madhya-pradesh-election-bjp-second-candidate-list-shivraj-singh-chouhan-2440421-2023-09-25|title=3 Union ministers feature in BJP's second list for Madhya Pradesh polls|work=India Today|accessdate=25 September 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Arun Bhimawad]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:98960}}
|percentage = 47.33
|change = +22.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Hukum Singh Karada]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:98932}}
|percentage = 47.32
|change = -1.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Kantilal
|votes = {{formatnum:5689}}
|percentage = 2.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1534}}
|percentage = 0.73
|change = -0.4
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:28}}
|percentage = 0.01
|change = -24.42
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:209087}}
|percentage = 85.63
|change = +2.37
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shajapur<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Hukum Singh Karada]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:89940}}
|percentage = 48.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Arun Bhimawad]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:44961}}
|percentage = 24.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = JP Mandloi
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:37841}}
|percentage = 20.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Choukhutiya Rajendrasingh
|votes = {{formatnum:4150}}
|percentage = 2.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2072}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:44979}}
|percentage = 24.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:184125}}
|percentage = 83.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
* Ramesh Chandra (JS) : 17,418 votes <ref name="election1962">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1962-election-results.html|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1962|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
* Pratap Bhai (INC) : 14,163

==See also==
* [[Shajapur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|23.42|76.28|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shajapur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Kurumba languages

2026-04-14T16:38:35Z

SaraWong: new new pg from scratch.

{{Short description|Dravidian language spoken in southern India}}
{{distinguish|Koromfe language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Kurumba
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]]
| ethnicity = 88,750 [[Kurumbar (tribe)|Kurumbar]]
| familycolor = Dravidian
| fam2 = [[Southern Dravidian languages|Southern]]
| fam3 = [[Tamil–Kannada language|Tamil–Kannada]]
| script = [[Tamil script]], [[Kannada script]], [[Malayalam script]]
| iso3 = kfi
| glotto = kann1253
| glottorefname = Kurumba, Kannada
| mapcaption = Major distribution of native Kurumba or Kuruba language speakers in India
| map2 = Lang Status 20-CR.svg
| mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Kurumba or Kuruba is classified as severely endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}<ref>{{Cite UNESCO Atlas|pages=205}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web | publisher=UNESCO | author1=Moseley, Christopher | author2=Nicolas, Alexandre | title=CC BY 3.0 | url=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 | via=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref>
}}

'''Kurumba''' (also known as Kuruba in Karnataka and Kuruma in Kerala, {{ipa|xua|kuru(m)bɐ, kurumɐ|ipa}}), refers to a group of languages within the Southern Dravidian branch of the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] family<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://sanchika.ciil.org/communities/f471779a-3400-4462-981d-c95b041550b4|title=Betta Kuruba|via=sanchika.ciil.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.cds.ac.in/krpcds/report/mokeri.pdf | title=Adivasi-Kurumba corpses perform their own burial | website=www.cds.ac.in}}</ref> These languages are spoken by the Kurumba communities, who inhabit [[Nilgiri Mountains|Nilgiri Hills]], in Tamil Nadu and nearby areas including of Coimbatore, Pudukottai etc.<ref name="auto1">Srinivasa Varma, G.. Kurumba Kannada: Pudukkottai Kurumba Dialect. India: Annamalai University, 1978</ref> The cultural identity of the Kurumba people is expressed extensively through oral traditions, folklore, and music.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mull1244 | title=Glottolog 4.8 - Mullu Kurumba }}</ref>

==Etymology==
Several etymological explanations appear in Dravidian linguistics including Tamil classical works. The term Kurumba (also found as Kuruba, or Kuruma) is believed to derive from early Dravidian roots associated with hill-dwelling and shepherd. The root also derived the terms [[Kurup]], [[Kurichiya]], [[Kurava]], and [[Koraga (disambiguation)|Koraga]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/burrow_query.py?qs=ku%E1%B9%9Fam&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|title=A Dravidian etymological dictionary.|first1=T. (Thomas)|last1=Burrow|first2=M. B.; 1904-; (Murray Barnson)|last2=Emeneau|date=26 December 1984|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>
{{Explain|reason=Etymology unexplained|date=December 2025}}

==Classification==
'''[[Kannadoid]]'''
* [[Alu Kurumba language|Alu Kurumba]]
* [[Betta Kurumba language|Betta Kurumba]], also known as Urali Kurumba or Kadu Kurumba
* [[Jennu Kurumba language|Jennu Kurumba]], also known as Ten Kurumba or Kattunaika
Together they are known as Kannada Kurumba as they are similar to [[Kannada]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kann1253 | title=Glottolog 4.8 - Kurumba, Kannada }}</ref>

'''Iruloid'''
* [[Attapady Kurumba language|Attapady Kurumba]] - also known as Palu Kurumba, a dialect of [[Muduga language|Muduga]] as they are mutually intelligible.
'''[[Malayalamoid]]'''
* [[Mullu Kurumba language|Mullu Kurumba]], also known as Mullu Kuruma

==Language preservation and Documentation==
[[File:ISBN 9789231040962 UNESCO Atlas of the world's languages in danger - Third edition 2010 - 187026eng.pdf|page=205|400px|thumb|alt=Page 205 of UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010)|Page 205 of UNESCO’s Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger]]

Several Kurumba varieties are considered endangered, with ongoing language shift posing a threat to their linguistic heritage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elararchive.org/dk0002/|title=Documentation of Betta Kurumba | Endangered Languages Archive|website=www.elararchive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | author=Coelho, G. | year=2015 | title=Documentation of Betta Kurumba | website=Endangered Languages Archive | url=http://hdl.handle.net/2196/00-0000-0000-0000-E051-B}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/> The Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL) has initiated efforts to document and preserve these languages as part of broader revitalization measures.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web | url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2198869&reg=3&lang=2| title=Preservation of tribal culture | website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref> Kurumba languages are distinct from Malayalam, Tamil, and Kannada, and linguistic analyses indicate that they retain several features characteristic of Proto-Dravidian.<ref name="auto3">Burrow T. Dieter B. Kapp: Ālu-Kurumbaru Nāyan: die Sprache der Ālu-Kuṟumbas. Grammatik, Texte, Wörterbuch. (Neuindische Studien, Bd. 7.) xxxiii, 442 pp. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1982. DM 220. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 1984;47(2):368-369. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00037691</ref>

The Scheme for Protection and Preservation of Endangered Languages (SPPEL), implemented by the [[Central Institute of Indian Languages]] (CIIL) under the [[Government of India]], includes Kurumba among the [[endangered language]]s targeted for systematic documentation.<ref name="auto"/> The programme undertakes the preparation of primers, bi-/trilingual dictionaries (in electronic and print formats), grammatical sketches, pictorial glossaries, and detailed ethno-linguistic profiles of the community.
In addition, the Centre for Endangered Languages of Kerala (CELK) at the [[University of Kerala]] is developing a primer for three tribal languages of the region: Irula, Muduga, and Kurumba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Aug/01/kerala-university-unveils-tribal-language-primer-to-aid-indigenous-education|title=Kerala University unveils tribal language primer to aid indigenous education|first=Aswin Asok|last=Kumar|date=1 August 2025|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Literature and dictionary==
{{ill|Dieter B. Kapp|de|Dieter B. Kapp}}, a German Indologist and linguist from the University of Heidelberg, made significant contributions to the study of Kurumba languages.<ref>Kapp, Dieter B. “The ‘Ālu Kuṟumba Rāmāyaṇa’: The Story of Rāma as Narrated by a South Indian Tribe.” Asian Folklore Studies 48, no. 1 (1989): 123–40</ref><ref>Kapp, D. B. (2006). Ālu-Kuṟumba-Texte. Harrassowitz</ref> His work includes the compilation of a comprehensive grammar and an etymological dictionary of the Alu Kurumba language, supplemented with specimen texts and German translations. Kapp’s research supports the classification of Alu Kurumba as an independent South Dravidian language.<ref name="auto3"/>

In addition, Srinivasa Varma of [[Annamalai University]] compiled a dictionary of the [[Pudukkottai]] Kurumba dialect, which was published in 1978, providing one of the earliest systematic lexical resources for this variety.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Movies on Kurumba language==
The Kurumba-language film ''[[Mmmmm]]'' ('Sound of Pain'), directed by Vijeesh Mani, was included in the list of 366 films deemed eligible for the Academy Awards by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-semmalar-annam-on-playing-a-tribal-woman-in-an-upcoming-malayalam-film/article33645586.ece|title=Actor Semmalar Annam on playing a tribal woman in an upcoming Malayalam film|first=K.|last=Jeshi|date=23 January 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The film, which features former Indian footballer I. M. Vijayan in the lead role, portrays the life of a Kurumba tribesman who collects honey for his livelihood and the challenges he faces as environmental degradation leads to a decline in honey availability.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2021/05/15/i-m-vijayan-interview-movie-shoot-lockdown-days.html|title=Jamming with Nanjiyamma, cricket with kids: Vijayan shares lockdown experiences|website=Jamming with Nanjiyamma, cricket with kids: Vijayan shares lockdown experiences}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/news/ni63210495/|title=Kerala tribal language film 'Mmmmmm (Sound of Pain)' eligible for Oscar race|website=IMDb}}</ref>

==Geographical distribution==
Kannadoid Kurumba languages are spoken at the Karnataka-Tamil Nadu border. Irulic and Malayalamoid Kurumba languages are spoken in [[Wayanad]] district of Kerala.

==References==
{{reflist}}

*{{cite web
|title=The Tribes of Palakkad, Kerala A Sociolinguistic Profile
|url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/12/30/35/123035517420667367799205409945550701297/silesr2015_028.pdf
|date=2015 |orig-year=2004}}

{{Dravidian languages}}

[[Category:Dravidian languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Languages of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Languages of Kerala]]

{{Dr-lang-stub}}

Cheepurupalli Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T15:44:55Z

SaraWong: Created the post basic info...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Cheepurupalli
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (15-Cheepurupalli highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Cheepurupalli Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Kimidi Kalavenkata Rao]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency|Vizianagaram]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 198,832
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 15
}}

'''Cheepurupalli Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Vizianagaram district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=17, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Kimidi Kalavenkata Rao]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=Many MLAs in the race for berths in Jagan's Cabinet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/many-mlas-in-the-race-for-berths-in-jagans-cabinet/article27240704.ece |access-date=25 May 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=25 May 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 198,832 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|06}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
The four [[Tehsil|mandals]] that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Cheepurupalli]]
|-
| [[Garividi mandal|Garividi]]
|-
| [[Gurla]]
|-
| [[Merakamudidam]]
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Cheepurupalli Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q58343942,Q3430322,Q59850824,Q59850838"}</mapframe>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Thaddi Chinna Atchanaidu
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Modandi Satyanarayana Raju
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Kotla Sanyasi Appala Naidu
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| T. R. Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Pydapu Naidu routhu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Chigilipalli Syamalarao
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Tripurana Venkata Ratnam
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Kemburi Rama Mohan Rao
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Tankala Saraswatamma
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=2 |Gadde Babu Rao
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Botsa Satyanarayana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Kimidi Mrunalini]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Botsa Satyanarayana]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Kimidi Kalavenkata Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}

|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]:
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate =
|votes
|percentage =
|change = {{Increase}}
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{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Botsa
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = --
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Remaining
|candidate = "" Candidates
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes =
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}}
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{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]:
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
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{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate =
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{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
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|votes =
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|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Remaining
|candidate = "" Candidates
|votes =
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|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes =
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{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]:
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party =
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|votes =
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{{Election box candidate with party link|
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{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate =
|votes =
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{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
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{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Remaining
|candidate = "" Candidates
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes =
|percentage =
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{{Election box turnout|
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{{Election box registered electors
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{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheepurupalli<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thaddi Chinna Atchanaidu |party=Independent politician |votes=23,446 |percentage=19.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mudundi Satyanarayanaraju |party=Independent politician |votes=23,289 |percentage=19.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peddinti Ramaswamy Naidu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,888 |percentage=13.09% |change=13.09% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pothula Gunnayya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,953 |percentage=12.32% |change=12.32% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tentu Lakshmanajudu |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=14,790 |percentage=12.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mondata Parannaidu |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=10,746 |percentage=8.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kothapalle Pannayya |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=8,853 |percentage=7.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gollapalli Sambayya |party=Independent politician |votes=5,716 |percentage=4.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Beri Geddayya |party=Independent politician |votes=3,693 |percentage=3.04% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=157 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,21,374 |percentage=80.16% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,51,407 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1955 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheepurupalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Socialist Party
|candidate = Modandi Raju
|votes = 30,183
|percentage = 38.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Krishikar Lok Party
|candidate = Tadde Naidu
|votes = 17,466
|percentage = 22.35
|change = {{increase}}13.5
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Krishikar Lok Party
|candidate = Kottapalli Punnayya
|votes = 10,260
|percentage = 13.13
|change = {{increase}}5.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Modallavalssa Naidu
|votes = 7,988
|percentage = 10.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ayyagari Rao
|votes = 6,860
|percentage = 8.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Mamidi Kuramayya
|votes = 5,401
|percentage = 6.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22,977
|percentage = 51.75
|change = {{increase}}51.62
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 78,158
|percentage = 78.36
|change = {{decrease}}1.80
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Praja Socialist Party + Krishikar Lok Party
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheepurupalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Swatantra Party
|candidate = Kotla Naidu
|votes = 18,021
|percentage = 56.76
|change =''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mudundi Satyanarayanaraju
|votes = 13,724
|percentage = 43.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,297
|percentage = 13.53
|change = {{decrease}}38.22
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 31,745
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Swatantra Party
|loser = Praja Socialist Party + Krishikar Lok Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheepurupalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = T.R. Rao
|votes = 24,532
|percentage = 60.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = K.S. Appalanaidu
|votes = 7,976
|percentage = 19.61
|change = {{decrease}}23.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = M.A. Naidu
|votes = 5,191
|percentage = 12.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Swatantra Party
|candidate = B.S. Naidu
|votes = 2,984
|percentage = 7.33
|change = {{decrease}}49.43
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,556
|percentage = 40.69
|change = {{increase}}27.16
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 40,683
|percentage = 68.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Swatantra Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheepurupalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pydapu Routhu
|votes = 23,485
|percentage = 53.37
|change = {{increase}}33.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mudundi Satyanarayanaraju
|votes = 20,520
|percentage = 46.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,965
|percentage = 6.74
|change = {{decrease}}33.95
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 44,005
|percentage = 61.87
|change = {{decrease}}6.90
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheepurupalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress (I)
|candidate = Chigilipalli Syamalarao
|votes = 27,943
|percentage = 41.5
|change = {{decrease}}11.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Akkalanaidu Tankala
|votes = 17,034
|percentage = 25.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Ravuthu Paidapunaidu
|votes = 13,083
|percentage = 19.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kutcherlapati Raju
|votes = 7,465
|percentage = 11.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bevara Venugopalanaidu
|votes = 1,867
|percentage = 2.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,909
|percentage = 15.6
|change = {{increase}}8.86
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 70,073
|percentage = 73.7
|change = {{increase}}11.83
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress (I)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheepurupalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Tripurana Ratnam
|votes = 41,887
|percentage = 61.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gorle Naidu
|votes = 19,318
|percentage = 28.5
|change = {{increase}}3.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Chowdari Tejeswararao
|votes = 3,533
|percentage = 5.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kotla Naidu
|votes = 2,760
|percentage = 4.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Killi Nageswararao
|votes = 408
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22,569
|percentage = 32.4
|change = {{increase}}16.8
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 69,650
|percentage = 70.3
|change = {{decrease}}3.4
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress (I)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheepurupalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Kemburi Rao
|votes = 45,349
|percentage = 71.7
|change = {{increase}}10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Meesala Neeelakantam
|votes = 13,052
|percentage = 20.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ponnada Naidu
|votes = 1,966
|percentage = 3.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Hamasa Suryanarayana
|votes = 1,240
|percentage = 2.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Boddepalli Rao
|votes = 903
|percentage = 1.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Varaha Raju
|votes = 723
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 32,297
|percentage = 50.0
|change = {{increase}}17.6
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 64,616
|percentage = 61.1
|change = {{decrease}}9.2
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheepurupalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Botcha Satyanarayana]]
|votes = 49,121
|percentage = 55.4
|change = {{decrease}}16.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Meesala Neeelakantam
|votes = 38,089
|percentage = 43.0
|change = {{increase}}22.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lokdal
|candidate = Duggirala Babu
|votes = 845
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Velicheti Rao
|votes = 331
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Velivela Raghunadh
|votes = 270
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,032
|percentage = 11.9
|change = {{decrease}}38.1
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 92,975
|percentage = 70.5
|change = {{increase}}9.4
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheepurupalli<ref name="Andhrapradesh Assembly Elections 1994 - Cheepurupalli">{{cite news |title=Andhrapradesh Assembly Elections 1994 - Cheepurupalli |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1994/andhra-pradesh/cheepurupalli/27/17651/116}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Gadde Rao
|votes = 56,988
|percentage = 56.2
|change = {{increase}}0.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Meesala Neeelakantam
|votes = 39,923
|percentage = 39.4
|change = {{decrease}}3.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Koka Devi
|votes = 2,881
|percentage = 2.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Gunupuru Rao
|votes = 960
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Madugula Babu
|votes = 250
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pasumarthi Rao
|votes = 346
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Seepana Sriramulu
|votes = 93
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17,065
|percentage = 16.4
|change = {{increase}}4.5
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 104,042
|percentage = 72.4
|change = {{increase}}1.9
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheepurupalli<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1999/andhra-pradesh/cheepurupalli/27/22512/148 |title= Vidhan Sabha / 1999 / Andhra Pradesh / Cheepurupalli |website=IndiaVotes.com |access-date=2026-01-10}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gadde Rao |party=Telugu Desam Party |votes=38,089 |percentage=38.3% |change={{decrease}}17.9}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meesala Neelakantam|party=Indian National Congress|votes=33,438 |percentage=33.6% |change={{decrease}}5.8}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kemburu Rao |party=Independent |votes=21,503 |percentage=21.6% |change={{decrease}}17.8}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kutikuppala Rao |party=Anna Telugu Desam Party |votes=3,111 |percentage=3.1% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saketi Rao|party=Independent |votes=1,114 |percentage=1.1% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Avala Padmanabham|party=Ajeya Bharat Party|votes=614 |percentage=0.6% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Appa Rao Dandi |party=Republican Party of India |votes=571|percentage=0.6% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Badana Naidu|party=Independent politician |votes=499|percentage=0.5% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Appa Basina |party=Independent politician |votes=459|percentage=0.5% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,651|percentage=4.5% |change={{decrease}}11.9}}
{{Election box turnout |votes=104,496|percentage=72.9% |change={{increase}}0.5}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =143,406|change =-368}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheepurupalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Botcha Satyanarayana]]
|votes = 58,008
|percentage = 52.62
|change = +18.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Gaddae Babu Rao
|votes = 46,974
|percentage = 42.61
|change = +4.29
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,034
|percentage = 10.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 110,229
|percentage = 73.63
|change = +4.32
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheepurupalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Botcha Satyanarayana]]
|votes = 60,677
|percentage = 42.65
|change = -9.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Gadde Babu Rao
|votes = 54,735
|percentage = 38.47
|change = -4.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = Sunitha Routhu
|votes = 16,418
|percentage = 11.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,942
|percentage = 4.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 142,281
|percentage = 79.87
|change = +6.24
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|18.31|83.57|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Vizianagaram district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Gavin Packard

2026-04-14T10:33:33Z

SaraWong: Created the pg w/ infobox...

{{short description|Indian actor (1964-2012)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gavin Packard
| image = Gavin packard.jpeg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1964|06|08}}
| birth_place = [[Kalyan]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2012|05|18|1964|06|08}}
| death_place = [[Vasai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| othername =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|bodybuilder|personal trainer}}
| years_active = 1979 {{endash}} 2002
| spouse =
| children = [[Erika Packard]]
[[Kamille Kyla Packard]]
| parents =
| domesticpartner =
| website =
}}

'''Gavin Packard''' (8 June 1964 – 18 May 2012) was an Indian actor of [[Irish American|Irish American descent]], noted for the villainous roles he portrayed in many [[Bollywood]] films of the 1990s like [[Sadak]], ''[[Mohra]]'', ''[[Tadipaar]]'' and ''[[Chamatkar]]''.

He had also acted in several [[Malayalam films]] like ''[[Aayushkalam]]'', ''[[Season (film)|Season]]'', ''[[Aanaval Mothiram]]'' and ''[[Aryan (1988 film)|Aryan]]''. He also appeared in the 1989 [[Doordarshan]] Sci-fi Series ''[[Indradhanush]]''. He left the industry in the early 2000s.

== Personal life ==
He was the eldest of the five children of Earl and Barbara Packard. His father was a computer expert and his mother was a [[Konkani people|Konkani Maharashtrian]]. His grandfather John Packard was an [[Irish American]] who had come to [[Bangalore]] as a member of the [[US Army]] and chose to settle there.<ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite news|title=Adieu to the exotic villain|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article528449.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122104949/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article528449.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2012|accessdate=18 November 2012|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=27 May 2012}}</ref> Packard was known for his physique and was a national and state award-winning [[bodybuilder]].<ref name="HindustanTimes">{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/the-story-behind-this-villain-from-the-90s-who-fought-salman-khan-trained-sanjay-dutt/story-PEDhIgXmpgUUAJ38d2jnkM.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207215359/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/the-story-behind-this-villain-from-the-90s-who-fought-salman-khan-trained-sanjay-dutt/story-PEDhIgXmpgUUAJ38d2jnkM.html | archive-date=7 December 2024 | title=The story behind this villain from the 90s who fought Salman Khan, trained Sanjay Dutt | Bollywood - Hindustan Times | url-status=live }}</ref> He was a personal trainer to [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Sunil Shetty]] and Shera, [[Salman Khan]]'s bodyguard.<ref name="mid-day">{{cite news|title=Former B-town hulk in drink driving mishap|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2010/aug/060810-gavin-packard-actor-drink-driving-accident.htm|accessdate=18 November 2012|newspaper=Mid Day|date=6 August 2010}}</ref>

Packard and his wife mutually separated. Their two daughters are Erika Packard Kamille and Kyla Packard.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shakti-Kapoors-son-Siddhanth-exchanges-promise-rings-with-model-girlfriend-Erika/articleshow/40696111.cms|title=Shakti Kapoor's son Siddhanth exchanges 'promise rings' with model-girlfriend Erika|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 August 2014 }}</ref> Sanjay Dutt is the godfather of Kamille.<ref name="HindustanTimes"/> His final years were spent with Daryl Packard, his younger brother, in Kalyan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-14 |title=हेमलेट से खलनायक तक: Gavin Packard की कहानी जिसे बॉलीवुड ने भुला दिया |url=https://filmiwire.com/gavin-packard-the-forgotten-bollywood-villain-with-a-tragic-end/ |access-date=2025-06-14 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashrafi |first=Hyder Ali |title=हेमलेट से खलनायक तक: Gavin Packard की कहानी जिसे बॉलीवुड ने भुला दिया |url=https://filmiwire.com/gavin-packard-the-forgotten-bollywood-villain-with-a-tragic-end/ |work=Filmi Wire}}</ref>

== Death ==
Packard died of respiratory disorder on 18 May 2012 and was buried at the St. Andrews Burial Grounds in Bandra the next day. Despite his long and notable cinematic career, the funeral was conspicuous by the absence of any one from the film industry.<ref name="Bollywood Actor Gavin Packard Dies of Respiratory Disorder">{{cite web|title=Bollywood Actor Gavin Packard Dies of Respiratory Disorder|date=23 May 2012|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/344224/20120523/bollywood-bad-villain-gavin-packard-dies-respiratory.htm|publisher=Ibtimes.co.in|accessdate=23 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="B'wood baddie Gavin Packard passes away">{{cite web|title=B'wood baddie Gavin Packard passes away|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Bwood-baddie-Gavin-Packard-passes-away/articleshow/13343295.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103103521/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-21/news-interviews/31800258_1_sanjay-dutt-body-building-film-industry|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="Bollywood villain Gavin Packard passes away">{{cite web|title=Bollywood villain Gavin Packard passes away|date=21 May 2012|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip-buzz/bollywood-villain-gavin-packard-passes-away/|publisher=Bollywoodlife.com|accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref> As per reports, Gavin had met with an accident while riding his bike at Kalyan Flower Market. He was severely injured in that accident.

==TV and music videos==
* [[Shaktimaan]] (1998) (TV series)
* [[Nagraj]] (2001) as ''Professor Naagmani'' (Unaired TV Series)
* Cinderella (2004) (song from music album of the same name)

==Film career==
He made his debut onscreen through the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam movie]] ''Aryan'' in 1988 in which he played the role of Martin, a local goon in Mumbai. His debut in Bollywood came in 1989 through ''[[Ilaaka]]''. That year he also played the full length character of Fabien in [[P. Padmarajan|P Padmarajan's]] ''Season'', arguably his best cinematic performance.<ref name="newindianexpress" /> His last film was ''Yeh Hai Jalwa'' released in 2002 and directed by [[David Dhawan]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Mishra |first=Vikas |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2010/aug/060810-gavin-packard-actor-drink-driving-accident.htm |title=Former B-town hulk in drink driving mishap |publisher=Mid-day.com |date=6 August 2010 |accessdate=27 May 2012}}</ref> He acted in nearly 60 films in Hindi and Malayalam in a career that spanned nearly 15 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Filmography by year for Gavin Packard|website=[[IMDb]]|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0655467/filmoyear|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Hindi films===
*[[Jaani Dushman: Ek Anokhi Kahani|Jaani Dushman]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Jaani Dushman: Ek Anokhi Kahani (2002)|url=http://www.bollyspecial.com/jaani-dushman-ek-anokhi-kahani-2003.html|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref> (2002) as Referee
*[[Yeh Hai Jalwa]]<ref>{{cite web|title=YEH HAI JALWA CAST AND CREW|url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/yeh/yeh-hai-jalwa/mid_233/cast_crew/|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref> (2002) as Man Hired To Beat Up Raju
*[[Kranti (2002 film)|Kranti]] (2002) as Shiva,Students College president
*[[Kunwara]] (2000)
*[[Hadh Kar Di Aapne]] (2000) as Tourist Guide of Europe
*[[Baaghi (2000 film)|Baaghi]] (2000) as Zandu Pathan
*[[Kaala Samrajya]] (1999)
*[[Nyaydaata]]<ref>{{cite web|title=NYAYDAATA CAST AND CREW|url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/nya/nyaydaata/mid_6795/cast_crew/|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref> (1999)
*[[Maa Kasam (1999 film)|Maa Kasam]] (1999)
*[[Shera (1999 film)|Shera]] (1999) as Brownie
*Lo Main Aagaya (1999)
*[[Pardesi Babu]] (1998) as Wrestler
*''[[Kudrat (1998 film)|Kudrat]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kudrat - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=2494 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> (1998) as Ravi's ([[Ravi Kishan]]) goon
*[[Bade Miyan Chhote Miyan]] (1998) as (As Gavin)
*''Hitler''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hitler - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=2570 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> (1998) as Tiger
*[[Gharwali Baharwali]] (1998) as White Guy Beaten By Arjun Singh (As Gavin)
*[[Sher-E-Hindustan (1998 film)|Sher-E-Hindustan]] (1998) as son of Choudhry
*[[Qahar]] (1997) as (As Gavin)
*[[Mrityudaata]] (1997) as Raja's Gang
*[[Yeshwant (1997 film)|Yeshwant]] (1997) as Salim's goon
*[[Bhishma (1996 film)|Bhishma]] (1996) as Man Got Beaten By Bhola (As Gavin)
*[[Shastra (film)|Shastra]] (1996) as Gavin (College Punk)
*[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]] (1996)
*[[Ek Tha Raja]] (1996) as Gavin
*[[Jurmana (1996 film)|Jurmana]] (1996) as Rona
*[[Muqadar]] (1996) as Gavin
*[[Vishwasghaat]] (1996) as Foreign Tiger
*[[Gaddaar (1995 film)|Gaddaar]] (1995) as Fighter (White Guy) (As Gavin)
*[[Hulchul (1995 film)|Hulchul]] (1995) as Hitman
*[[Janam Kundli]] (1995) as Goreybhai
*[[Naajayaz]] (1995)
*[[Karan Arjun]] (1995) as Boxer (As Gavin)
*Aashique Mastane (1995) as Gavin
*[[Hum Hain Bemisaal]] (1994)
*[[Mohra (1994 film)|Mohra]] (1994) as Mr Douglas
*[[Naaraaz]] (1994)
*[[Cheetah (1994 film)|Cheetah]] (1994) as Peter
*[[Tadipaar]] (1993)...Maharaani henchman Dream sequence (Special Appearance)
*[[Shatranj (1993 film)|Shatranj]] (1993) as Kevin
*[[Waqt Hamara Hai]] (1993) as Sambo
*[[Krishan Avtaar]] (1993) as Peter
*[[Platform (1993 film)|Platform]] (1993) as Cheetah
*[[Aankhen (1993 film)|Aankhen]] (1993) as Tejeshwar'S Henchman
*[[Jaagruti]] (1993) as Shiva
*[[Pehchaan (1993 film)|Pehchaan]] (1993) as Yogi's henchman
*[[Anaam]] (1992) as Pasha'S Henchman (Uncredited)
*[[Deedar (1992 film)|Deedar]] (1992) as (As Gavin)
*[[Tirangaa]] (1992) as (Uncredited)
*Qaid Mein Hai Bulbul (1992)
*[[Chamatkar (1992 film)|Chamatkar]] (1992) as Goonga
*''[[Jawaani]]'' (1984) as Drugs Peddler (Special Appearances)
*''[[Nafrat Ki Aandhi]]'' as He-Man (1988)
*''[[Na Insaafi]]'' (1989) as Tarzan
*''[[Kahan Hai Kanoon]]'' (1989) Raghu
*''[[Ilaaka]]'' (1989)
*''[[Tridev]]'' (1989) as Mr Dunhill
*''[[Thanedaar]]'' (1990) as Saudagar
*''[[Fateh (1991 film)|Fateh]]'' (1991)
*''[[Patthar Ke Phool]]'' (1991) as Hitman (Uncredited)
*''Saathi'' (1991) as Chikna
*''[[Sadak (1991 film)|Sadak]]'' (1991) as Maharani's Henchman

=== Bengali ===
*''[[Agent Raaj]]'' (1982)
*''[[Jallaad]]'' (1995)

===Malayalam===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film !! Year of release!! Character
|-
| [[Aryan (1988 film)|Aryan]] || 1988 || Martin
|-
| [[Season (film)|Season]] || 1989 || Fabian Ramirez
|-
| [[Aanaval Mothiram]] || 1991 || Alberto Fellini
|-
| [[Aayushkalam]] || 1992 || Benjamin Bruno
|-
| [[Jackpot (1993 film)|Jackpot]] || 1993 || Jerry Shroff
|-
| Boxer || 1995 || Mukerji Dayal
|-
| Bhadrachalam (Telugu) || 2001 || Fighter
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0655467}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Packard, Gavin}}
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Palghar district]]
[[Category:Indian people of American descent]]

B.L. Agro Industries

2026-04-14T02:14:25Z

SaraWong: put up a info...

{{Short description|Indian food manufacturer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Org|date=November 2022}}
{{Advert|date=November 2022}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=November 2022}}
}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = B. L. Agro Industries
| formation = 1950
| image =
| former_name = B.L. Agro Oils Pvt. Ltd
| founder = Dr. Ghanshyam Khandelwal
| founding_location = Bareilly
| type = Private
| headquarters = Parsa Khera, Bareilly, U.P.
| location = [[India]]
| products = Bail Kolhu Oil, Nourish Store
| owner = Ghanshyam Khandelwal
| key_people = Ghanshyam Khandelwal, Ashish Khandelwal
| revenue = ₹4,500 crore
| website = {{url|https://blagro.org/}}
}}

'''BL Agro Industries''' is an edible oil and food manufacturing company headquartered in [[Bareilly]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=WhatPackaging Team |date=16 November 2020 |title=Innovative edible oil PET packaging from BL Agro |url=https://www.printweek.in/features/innovative-edible-oil-pet-packaging-from-bl-agro-43258 |work=[[PrintWeek]]}}</ref> Started around the 1950s as an oil trading business, the registered foundation of the organization was laid around the 1970s by Dr. Ghanshyam Khandelwal<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Ashish |date=14 December 2015 |title=तेल की धार का बड़ा सरदार |trans-title=Oil Giant |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india-today-hindi/special-report/story/kolhu-bail-320709-2015-12-10 |work=AajTak |publisher=India Today Hindi |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=चौरसिया |first=शिशिर |date=15 March 2023 |title=तेल बेचने की पुश्तैनी दुकान से शुरुआत, आज बन गए FMCG के महारथी |trans-title=Success Story: Started from ancestral shop of selling oil, today became FMCG master, turnover of Rs 55,00,00,00,000 |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/business/share-market/share-news/started-from-the-ancestral-shop-of-oil-became-big-player-in-fmcg-turnover-5500-crore/articleshow/98644277.cms |work=[[Navbharat Times]] |language=Hindi}}</ref> and joined by his son Ashish Khandelwal<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wayne |first=Michael |date=28 December 2021 |title=The Total Package: Ashish Khandelwal |url=https://www.theceomagazine.com/executive-interviews/food-beverage/ashish-khandelwal/ |journal=The CEO Magazine}}</ref> in the late 90s. As a commodity trading business, the [[fast-moving consumer goods]] firm owns brands like Bail Kolhu,<ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=11 August 2021 |title=B.L. Agro unveils limited edition packs of its mustard oil brand 'Bail Kolhu' with a Meet and Greet contest |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/bl-agro-unveils-limited-edition-packs-of-its-mustard-oil-brand-bail-kolhu-with-a-meet-and-greet-contest20210811151305/ |work=ANI News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 March 2020 |title='Gangs of Wasseypur' trio gets into the oil business with Bail Kolhu |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/brands/gangs-of-wasseypur-trio-gets-into-the-oil-business-with-bail-kolhu-210320 |work=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref> a more than 50-year-old [[Cooking oil|edible oil]] brand, and Nourish,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parvez |first=Ruhee |date=25 September 2019 |title=इन पौष्टिक आहारों से रखें अपने शरीर को स्वस्थ, ऐसे करें सही प्रोडक्ट का चुनाव |trans-title=Keep your body healthy with these nutritious foods, choose the right product like this |url=https://www.jagran.com/lifestyle/health-bl-agro-has-two-main-products-bail-kolhu-and-nourish-19611865.html |work=Dainik Jagran |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=30 July 2021 |title=B.L. Agro ventures into e-commerce with its nourish online store to accelerate its FMCG business |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/bl-agro-ventures-into-e-commerce-with-its-nourish-online-store-to-accelerate-its-fmcg-business20210730114955/ |work=ANI News}}</ref> a food brand that sells products in the staple food category, such as wheat [[flour]], [[spice]]s, and [[Dal|pulses]]. The company's turnover stood at Rs 2,173 crore last fiscal year and has over 58,000 direct retailers onboard across 200 Indian cities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goel |first=Pallavi |date=28 October 2021 |title=BL Agro eyes Rs 2,800 crore revenue in current fiscal on higher growth in food segment |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/food-entertainment/personal-care-pet-supplies-liquor/bl-agro-eyes-rs-2800-crore-revenue-in-current-fiscal-on-higher-growth-in-food-segment/87335170 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

In addition, the company has also announced a marketing investment of ₹150 crore in FY 2021–22 to drive growth and expansion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tewari |first=Saumya |date=27 May 2021 |title=BL Agro plans 150 crore marketing push to drive growth |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/advertising/bl-agro-plans-rs-150-crore-marketing-push-to-drive-growth-11622094324457.html |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>

In FY 2022-23, BL Agro Plans to Achieve Rs 4,500 crore Turnover. The company plans to take its Nourish Exclusive Brand Outlets count to 100 by next year, from the current 15.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Vaishnavi |date=7 Apr 2022 |title=How BL Agro Plans to Achieve Rs 6,000 cr Turnover by FY23 |url=https://irecwire.indianretailer.com/interview/retail-people/how-bl-agro-plans-to-achieve-rs-6-000-cr-turnover-by-fy23.i18/ |website=irecwire.indianretailer.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Prabhudatta |date=May 5, 2022 |title=BL Agro bets big on edible oil biz, targets ₹4,500 crore turnover in FY23 |work=[[Business Line]] |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/bl-agro-bets-big-on-edible-oil-biz-targets-4500-crore-turnover-in-fy23/article65385414.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dwivedi |first=Shivam |date=7 May 2022 |title=BL Agro: An Edible Oil Firm Aims Rs 4,500 Cr Turnover in FY23 |work=[[Krishi Jagran]] |url=https://krishijagran.com/industry-news/bl-agro-an-edible-oil-firm-aims-rs-4-500-cr-turnover-in-fy23/}}</ref>

== CSR Initiatives ==
BL Agro has manufacturing units in the Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh, which operate on 100% solar power to curb the carbon emissions from the manufacturing plant.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2021 |title=BL Agro helps improve air quality index by 88% |work=MediaBrief |url=https://mediabrief.com/bl-agro-helps-improve-air-quality-index-by-88/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anand |date=4 June 2021 |title=BL Agro Helps Improve Air Quality Index By 88% |url=https://www.eqmagpro.com/bl-agro-helps-improve-air-quality-index-by-88/ |website=EQMagPro}}</ref>

The company is also the first to install air purifiers across its manufacturing units to reduce [[carbon]] emissions and improve the air quality of the Parsakhera Industrial Area in Bareilly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2021 |title=BL Agro helps improve Air Quality Index by 88% |url=https://www.foodtechbiz.com/business-updates/bl-agro-helps-improve-air-quality-index-by-88 |website=FoodTechBiz}}</ref>

In addition, to create a clean and green environment, the company began the plantation drive in 2015 and, to date, has planted more than 15,000 saplings in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2021 |title=BL Agro Industries Helps Improve Air Quality Index By 88% |work=IndianWeb2 |url=https://www.indianweb2.com/2021/06/bl-agro-industries-helps-improve-air.html}}</ref>

BL Agro has also initiated the nutrition kit distribution campaign under the Poshan Month initiative by the Hon’ble [[Narendra Modi|PM Modi]]. Under this nutrition drive, the company distributes 100 kits every month to the less privileged people in the Bareilly district.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2021 |title=BL Agro Distributes Nutrition Kits To The Poor in Jogither, Bareilly |url=https://indiacsr.in/csr-bl-agro-distributes-nutrition-kits-to-the-poor-in-jogither-bareilly/ |website=India CSR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2021 |title=BL Agro Distributes Nutrition Kits to the Poor in Jogither, Bareilly |url=https://www.csrmandate.org/bl-agro-distributes-nutrition-kits-to-the-poor-in-jogither-bareilly/ |website=CSR Mandate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2021 |title=बीएल एग्रो ने बरेली के जोगीठेर गांव में गरीबों में पोषण किटें वितरित कीं |url=https://arya-tv.com/bl-agro-distributes-nutrition-kits-to-the-poor-in-jogither-village-bareilly/ |publisher=Arya TV}}</ref>

In the second wave of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the company carried out a vaccination drive for all its employees and their families based at its corporate office in Bareilly, making the campus and factory area 100% vaccinated. The Serum Institute’s COVISHIELD and Bharat Biotech’s COVAXIN were used for vaccinating BL Agro’s employees and their families.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2021 |title=Vaccination camp organised at BL Agro Industries |url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/north/industry-up-vaccination/2416202.html |website=United News Of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2021 |title=BL Agro Vaccinates 100% Workforce |url=https://indiacsr.in/csr-bl-agro-vaccinates-100-workforce/ |website=India CSR Network}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 June 2021 |title=BL Agro vaccinates 100% of its workforce - ETHRWorld |work=The Economic Times |url=https://hr.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/trends/bl-agro-vaccinates-100-of-its-workforce/83338389}}</ref>

In May 2022, the edible oil and food manufacturing company organised a medical camp at its corporate office in [[Bareilly]]. The Employee State Insurance Corporation (ESIC), a central and state government corporation, conducted this camp under the UP government’s medical check-up initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2022 |title=BL Agro Organized A Medical Camp at Corporate Office in Bareilly |url=https://thedailybrunch.com/2022/05/13/bl-agro-organized-a-medical-camp-at-corporate-office-in-bareilly/ |website=The Daily Brunch}}</ref>

In the camp, employees of BL Agro underwent medical check-ups and medicines were distributed to them.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2022 |title=BL Agro Conducts Medical Camp in Bareilly |url=https://agrospectrumindia.com/2022/05/10/bl-agro-conducts-medical-camp-in-bareilly.html |website=Agrospectrum India}}</ref>

In November 2022, BL Agro, has also been granted naming rights of New Delhi Railway Station platforms 14, 15 and 16<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 November 2022 |title=Indian Railways की नई व्‍यवस्‍था, नंबर नहीं नाम से पहचाने जाएंगे रेलवे स्टेशन के प्लेटफॉर्म |trans-title=New system of Indian Railways, railway station platforms will be identified by name and not number |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/business/indian-railways-bl-agro-obtains-naming-rights-for-three-platforms-at-new-delhi-station/1433909 |work=[[Zee News]] |language=Hindi}}</ref> allowing for panels, billboards, vinyl wrapping, and more.<ref>{{Cite news |last=BureaU |first=ET |date=9 November 2022 |title=BL Agro obtains Naming Rights for Platforms 14, 15 and 16 at New Delhi Railway Station |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/bl-agro-obtains-naming-rights-for-platforms-14-15-16-at-new-delhi-railway-station/articleshow/95406917.cms}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 1950]]
[[Category:Food manufacturers]]
[[Category:Companies based in Uttar Pradesh]]

Amazon Prime Video

2026-03-27T14:04:34Z

SaraWong:

{{Short description|American video streaming service}}
{{For|the paid subscription service also owned by Amazon|Amazon Prime}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Prime Video
| logo = Prime Video logo (2024).svg
| logo_size = 240px
| logo_alt = Logo for the Prime Video service
| logo_caption = Prime Video's logo used since 2024
| screenshot = Amazon Prime Video example screenshot.png
| collapsible = yes
| collapsetext = Screenshot
| caption = Screenshot of Prime Video's international website in January 2025, including a public domain film, ''[[Nosferatu]]''
| company_type = [[Division (business)|Division]]
| type = [[OTT platform]]
| language = {{plainlist|
* Arabic
* Bengali
* Chinese
* Czech
* Danish
* Dutch
* English
* Filipino (Tagalog)
* Finnish
* French
* German
* Greek
* Hebrew
* Hindi
* Hungarian
* Indonesian
* Italian
* Japanese
* Kannada
* Korean
* Malay
* Malayalam
* Marathi
* Norwegian
* Polish
* Portuguese
* Romanian
* Russian
* Spanish
* Swedish
* Tamil
* Telugu
* Turkish
}}
| language_count = 30
| headquarters = [[Seattle]], Washington, US
| country_of_origin = United States
| area_served = Worldwide (except mainland China, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, Russia, Belarus,<ref name="Russia">{{cite journal|last=Malik|first=Aisha|title=Amazon suspends access to Prime Video in Russia, halts shipments to the country|journal=TechCrunch|date=March 9, 2022|url= https://techcrunch.com/2022/03/09/amazon-suspends-access-to-prime-video-in-russia/|access-date=March 13, 2022}}</ref> Syria, and Vietnam)<ref name="Vietnam">{{cite journal|last=Luu|first=Quy|title=Amazon Prime Video to leave Vietnam|journal=VnExpress|date=October 16, 2023|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/amazon-prime-video-to-leave-vietnam-4665351.html/|access-date= November 11, 2023}}</ref>
| owner = [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]
| industry = {{hlist|[[Entertainment]]|[[mass media]]}}
| products = {{hlist | [[Streaming media]] | [[video on demand]] | [[digital distribution]] }}
| services = {{hlist | Film production | film distribution | television production | television distribution }}
| subsidiaries = {{plainlist|
* Video Direct<ref>{{cite news |last = Amadeo |first=Ron |date=May 10, 2016 |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/05/amazon-video-direct-takes-aim-at-the-professional-side-of-youtube/ |title='Amazon Video Direct' takes aim at the professional side of YouTube |work=[[Ars Technica]] |access-date=July 27, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Support – Prime Video Direct |url=https://videodirect.amazon.com/home/help?topicId=G202110120 |website=videodirect.amazon.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Jacob |first=Vijay |date=December 4, 2024 |title=Amazon Video Direct: A Creator's Guide to Making Money |url=https://productscope.ai/blog/amazon-video-direct/ |website=ProductScope AI |access-date=July 27, 2025 }}</ref>
* [[Bray Film Studios]]
}}
| url = {{Official URL}}
| commercial = Yes
| registration = Required
| users = {{increase}} 205 million ({{As of|2025|8|6|lc=y|df=US}})<ref name="Hollywood Reporter 2022">{{Cite web |date=September 3, 2022 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/lotr-rings-of-power-day-1-record-viewing-amazon-1235211790/ |title=Amazon Claims First-Day Record Audience for 'Rings of Power' |website=The Hollywood Reporter }}</ref>
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2006|9|7}}
| current_status = Active
}}
'''Amazon Prime Video''', known simply as '''Prime Video''', is an American [[Video on demand#Subscription models|subscription video on-demand]] [[Over-the-top media service|over-the-top]] [[streaming television]] service owned by [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]. The service primarily distributes films and television series produced or co-produced by [[Amazon MGM Studios]] or licensed to Amazon, as [[List of Amazon Prime Video original programming|Amazon Originals]], with the service also hosting content from other providers, content add-ons, live sporting events, and video [[rental]] and purchasing services. Prime Video is offered both as a stand-alone service and as part of Amazon's [[Amazon Prime|Prime subscription]]. Amazon Prime Video is the [[List of streaming media services#Streaming video on demand|second-most-subscribed video on demand]] [[streaming media]] service after [[Netflix]]. The service has around 205 million paid memberships worldwide.<ref name="Hollywood Reporter 2022" />

Operating worldwide, the service may require a full Prime subscription to be accessed. In countries like the United States, United Kingdom, and Germany, the service can be accessed without a full Prime subscription,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/video/getstarted/ref=sv_atv_5#prime_video|title=Amazon Prime Video subscription|website=Amazon|access-date=November 28, 2017}}</ref> whereas in Australia, Canada, France, India, Turkey, and Italy, it can only be accessed through a dedicated website. Additionally, Prime Video offers a content add-on service in the form of channels, called Amazon Channels, or Prime Video Channels, which allow users to subscribe to additional video subscription services from other content providers within Prime Video.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kleinman |first=Alexis |date=April 23, 2014 |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/netflix-amazon-prime_n_5197950 |title=Amazon Prime Just Got Way Better with a Ton of Old HBO Shows |work=The Huffington Post |access-date=April 23, 2014 }}</ref>

Launched on September 7, 2006, as '''Amazon Unbox''' in the United States, the service grew with an expanding library, and added the Prime Video membership upon the development of the Prime subscription. It was later renamed as '''Amazon Instant Video on Demand'''. After acquiring the UK-based streaming and [[DVD-by-mail]] service [[LoveFilm]] in 2011,<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2011 |first=Josh |last=Halliday |title=Amazon takes full control of Lovefilm |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/jan/20/amazon-buys-lovefilm |access-date=November 6, 2020 |website=The Guardian }}</ref> Prime Video was added to the Prime subscription in the United Kingdom, Germany, and Austria in 2014;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sawers|first=Paul |date=February 21, 2014 |title=Amazon Launches Prime Instant Video in UK & Germany |url=https://thenextweb.com/media/2014/02/21/amazon-lovefilm/ |access-date=November 6, 2020 |website=The Next Web }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon launches Prime streaming in Austria |url=https://www.digitaltveurope.com/2014/11/21/amazon-launches-prime-streaming-in-austria/ |access-date=July 4, 2022 |website=DigitalTVEurope|date=November 21, 2014 }}</ref> continuing the plan of LoveFilm Instant, it is available on a monthly subscription of £/€8.99 per month.<ref>[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/prime/pipeline/landing Amazon Prime, Prime is Fast Delivery and More]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130190836/https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/prime/pipeline/landing |date=January 30, 2018 }}. Looking for the Prime Video Monthly Membership? "After your free trial, Prime Video is just £5.99/month. You can cancel your membership at any time". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved June 16, 2016.</ref> The service was previously available in Norway, Denmark, and Sweden in 2012, but was discontinued in 2013.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/10/amazons-lovefilm-pulls-its-subscription-dvd-and-streaming-service-out-of-scandinavia/|title=Amazon's LOVEFiLM Pulls Its Subscription DVD And Streaming Service Out Of Scandinavia|website=TechCrunch|last1=Lawler|first1=Ryan|date=June 10, 2013}}</ref> On April 18, 2016, Amazon split Prime Video from Amazon Prime in the US for $8.99 per month.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://9to5mac.com/2016/04/18/video-streaming-race-heats-up-amazon-now-offers-its-instant-video-service-independent-of-prime-subscription-for-8-99mo/ |title=Video streaming race heats up, Amazon now offers its Prime Video service independent of Prime subscription for $8.99/mo |author=Benjamin Mayo |date=April 18, 2016|website=9to5Mac}}</ref>

On December 14, 2016, Prime Video launched worldwide (except for mainland China, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria) expanding its reach beyond the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, and Japan. Among the new territories, the service was included with Prime in Belgium, Brazil, Canada, France, India, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Turkey, and Spain, while for all other countries, it was made available for a monthly promotional price of $/€2.99 per month for the first six months and $/€5.99 per month thereafter.<ref name="worldwide1">{{cite web|url=https://press.aboutamazon.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=2229623|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305012150/http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=2229623|archive-date=March 5, 2017|title=Amazon Prime Video Now Available in More Than 200 Countries and Territories Around the World|publisher=Nasdaq Investor Relations|access-date=December 14, 2016}}</ref>

Alongside Amazon MGM Studios, Prime Video constitutes one half of Amazon's membership in the [[Motion Picture Association]] (MPA), which it joined on October 1, 2024.

==History==
The service debuted on September 7, 2006, as '''Amazon Unbox''' in the United States.<ref name="PR1">{{cite web |url=https://press.aboutamazon.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=903244 |title=Amazon.com Launches Amazon Unbox(TM), a Digital Video Download Service with DVD-Quality Picture |date=September 7, 2006 |work=Amazon.com Media Relations |access-date=April 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125160302/http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=903244 |archive-date=January 25, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On September 4, 2008, the service was renamed Amazon Video on Demand.<ref name="vodlaunch">{{cite web |url=https://press.aboutamazon.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=NewsArticle&id=1193455 |title=Amazon Customers Can Now Instantly Watch Ad-Free Movies and TV Shows on Macs, PCs and Compatible Sony BRAVIA Televisions Starting Today on Amazon Video On Demand |work=corporate-ir.net }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/video/ontv/player |title=Amazon.com Help: Amazon Instant Video |work=Amazon.com }}</ref>

{{As of|2014|08}} the service is no longer available for downloading purchased instant videos. On February 22, 2011, the service rebranded as '''Amazon Instant Video''' and added access to 5,000 movies and television shows for [[Amazon Prime]] members, including content from [[Sony Pictures]], [[Warner Bros. Entertainment]], [[PBS]], [[BBC]], [[Magnolia Pictures]], [[Independent Film Company|IFC Films]] and [[National Geographic Partners|National Geographic]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fritz |first1=Ben |title=Amazon.com launches video-streaming service |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/la-xpm-2011-feb-23-la-fi-ct-amazon-20110223-story.html#:~:text=The%20online%20retail%20giant%20on,connected%20devices%20such%20as%20televisions.&text=Amazon%20has%20signed%20up%20two,cable%20networks%20Starz%20and%20Epix.&text=Amazon%2C%20however%2C%20is%20in%20talks,familiar%20with%20the%20matter%20said. |access-date=20 September 2025 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=23 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://mashable.com/archive/amazon-prime-instant-video |title=HANDS ON: Amazon's Prime Instant Video |work=[[Mashable]] |first=Christina |last=Warren |date=February 22, 2011 |access-date=November 27, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="primevideoslaunch">{{cite web|url=https://press.aboutamazon.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1531234|title=Amazon Prime Members Now Get Unlimited, Commercial-free, Instant Streaming of More Than 5,000 Movies and TV Shows at No Additional Cost|work=corporate-ir.net|access-date=December 20, 2012|archive-date=March 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306173555/http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1531234|url-status=dead}}</ref> On February 8, 2012, Amazon signed a deal with [[Viacom (2005–2019)|Viacom]] to add shows from [[MTV]], [[Nickelodeon]], [[Comedy Central]], [[TV Land]], [[VH1]], [[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]], [[Paramount Network|Spike]], [[BET]], and [[Logo TV]] to Prime Instant Video.<ref>{{cite news |last=Robertson |first=Adi |title=Amazon adds shows from MTV, Nickelodeon, and seven other channels to Prime Instant Video |url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/2/8/2784460/amazon-viacom-agreement-prime-instant-video-addition |access-date=July 14, 2021 |work=The Verge |date=February 8, 2012 }}</ref> On March 14, 2012, Amazon signed a deal with [[Discovery, Inc.|Discovery Communications, Inc.]] to add shows from [[Discovery Channel]], [[Science Channel]], [[TLC (TV network)|TLC]], [[Animal Planet]], [[American Heroes Channel|Military Channel]] and [[Investigation Discovery]] to the Prime Instant Video service.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Perez |first1=Sarah |title=Amazon's Biggest Deal Yet: Discovery Brings 3,000 More Titles To Amazon Instant Video |url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/03/14/amazon-signs-deal-with-discovery-now-has-17000-streaming-video-titles-available/ |access-date=20 September 2025 |work=TechCrunch |date=14 March 2012}}</ref> On May 23, 2012, Amazon partnered with movie studio [[Paramount Pictures]] to stream hundreds of movies on the service.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Perez |first1=Sarah |title=Amazon Partners With Paramount, Brings Hundreds More Movies To Prime Instant Video Service |url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/05/23/amazon-partners-with-paramount-brings-hundreds-more-movies-to-prime-instant-video-service/#:~:text=Amazon%20is%20continuing%20to%20grow,is%20growing%2C%20and%20relatively%20quickly. |access-date=20 September 2025 |work=TechCrunch |date=23 May 2012}}</ref> On June 13, 2012, Amazon announced a deal with [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] to stream movies and television shows on the Prime Instant Video service.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lieberman |first1=David |title=Amazon To Stream MGM Movies And Shows |url=https://deadline.com/2012/06/amazon-to-stream-mgm-movies-and-shows-285664/ |access-date=22 September 2025 |work=Deadline |date=13 June 2012}}</ref> On July 20, 2012, Amazon announced a deal with [[Warner Bros. Television]] to stream two shows ''[[The West Wing]]'' and ''[[Fringe (TV series)|Fringe]]'' exclusively on Prime Instant Video.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wallenstein |first1=Andrew |title=Amazon lands first exclusive content deal |url=https://variety.com/2012/digital/news/amazon-lands-first-exclusive-content-deal-1118056868/ |access-date=22 September 2025 |work=Variety |date=20 July 2012}}</ref> On September 4, 2012, Amazon signed a deal with pay-television channel Epix (now known as [[MGM+]] and since March 2022 owned by Amazon itself) to feature movies on their streaming service, in a move to rival their competitor [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adage.com/article/media/amazon-adds-epix-movies-streaming-service/237003 |title=Amazon Adds Movies to Streaming Service in New Challenge to Netflix |website=AdAge |date=September 4, 2012 }}</ref> On December 17, 2012, Amazon announced a deal with [[Turner Broadcasting System]] to stream two shows from [[TNT (American TV network)|TNT]], ''[[The Closer]]'' and ''[[Falling Skies]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lieberman |first1=David |title=Amazon Reaches Exclusive Streaming Deal For 'Falling Skies' And 'The Closer' |url=https://deadline.com/2012/12/amazon-prime-closer-falling-skies-389989/ |access-date=20 September 2025 |work=Deadline |date=17 December 2012}}</ref> In January 2013, Amazon signed a deal with [[A+E Global Media|A+E Networks]] to stream shows from [[A&E (TV network)|A&E]], [[FYI (American TV channel)|The Biography Channel]], [[History Channel]] and [[Lifetime (TV channel)|Lifetime]] networks.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lomas |first1=Natasha |title=Amazon Inks A+E Networks Content Licensing Deal To Beef Up Prime Instant Video Service: Now Showing 33,000+ Movies, TV Episodes |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/01/04/amazon-inks-ae-networks-content-licensing-deal-to-beef-up-prime-instant-video-service-now-showing-33000-movies-tv-episodes/ |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=TechCrunch |date=4 January 2013}}</ref> Then in April 2013, Amazon premiered the comedies ''[[Alpha House]]'' and ''[[Betas]]'', which are original series available exclusively online via the Prime Instant Video service. Amazon offered the first three episodes of both series at once for free, with each subsequent episode released weekly thereafter for Prime members.<ref>{{cite web |agency=Associated Press |title=Amazon's Original Series "Alpha House" Debuts Friday |date=November 12, 2013 |url=https://www.fool.com/investing/general/2013/11/12/amazons-original-series-alpha-house-debuts-friday.aspx |work=The Motley Fool |access-date=November 25, 2013 }}</ref> Additionally, in July 2013, Prime Instant Video began streaming movie titles from [[Miramax]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Spangler |first1=Todd |title=Amazon Adds Miramax Pics to Streaming Lineup |url=https://variety.com/2013/digital/news/amazon-adds-miramax-pics-to-streaming-lineup-1200560949/ |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=Variety |date=10 July 2013}}</ref>

In February 2014, Amazon announced that the streaming service of its [[United Kingdom|UK]] subsidiary [[LoveFilm]] would be folded into the Instant Video service on February 26, 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon takes on Netflix with rebrand of LoveFilm video-on-demand service |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/feb/21/amazon-lovefilm-revamp-film-tv-rental |first=Mark |last=Sweney |date=February 21, 2014 |work=The Guardian |access-date=February 21, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mance|first=Henry|title=Amazon finds less passionate name for Lovefilm streaming service|url=https://www.ft.com/content/11ba5f00-9ae6-11e3-946b-00144feab7de?siteedition=uk#axzz2txvwImkn|access-date=February 21, 2014|date=February 21, 2014}}</ref> In January 2015, ''[[Transparent (TV series)|Transparent]]'' became the first show produced by [[Amazon Studios]] to win a major award and the first series from a streaming video service to win the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872415000004/amzn-20141231xex991.htm |title=Amazon.com Announces Fourth Quarter Sales Up 15% to $29.33 Billion |work=United Securities and Exchange Commission |format=XBRL |date=January 29, 2015 }}</ref>

On July 30, 2015, Amazon announced that they had hired [[Jeremy Clarkson]], [[Richard Hammond]], and [[James May]] to produce an untitled motoring show for Amazon Prime Video that would later be named ''[[The Grand Tour]]''. Neither [[Jeff Bezos]] nor [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] stated how much Clarkson, Hammond, or May were being paid to produce the programme via their production company [[The Grand Tour]], but Jeff Bezos stated that the deal was "very expensive, but worth it."<ref>{{cite web |agency=The Guardian |title=Amazon boss says Jeremy Clarkson's Top Gear follow-on show 'expensive but worth it' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/aug/16/amazon-boss-jeff-bezos-top-gear-show |first=Hilary |last=Osborne |date=August 16, 2015 |work=The Guardian |access-date=August 16, 2015 }}</ref> The budget for the show has not officially been announced, but [[Andy Wilman]], the former executive producer of [[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]] stated that each episode would have a budget of around £4.5 million, nine times larger than Top Gear's budget.<ref>{{cite web |first=Christopher |last=Hooton |title=Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond and James May's new Amazon Prime show has an absolutely insane budget|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/jeremy-clarkson-richard-hammond-and-james-mays-new-amazon-prime-show-has-an-absolutely-insane-budget-10444856.html|work=The Independent|access-date=November 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807160732/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/jeremy-clarkson-richard-hammond-and-james-mays-new-amazon-prime-show-has-an-absolutely-insane-budget-10444856.html |archive-date=August 7, 2015}}</ref> Also in July, Amazon announced plans to expand the service to India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/amazon-readies-5-billion-chest-for-bigger-play-in-india-to-launch-subscription-based-ecommerce-services/articleshow/48137506.cms |title=Amazon readies $5 billion chest for bigger play in India, to launch subscription-based ecommerce services |author1=Jayadevan PK |author2=Pankaj Mishra |date=July 20, 2015 |work=Economic Times |access-date=July 22, 2015 }}</ref>

In September 2015, the word "Instant" was dropped from its title in the US, and it was renamed simply '''Amazon Video'''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Soper |first=Taylor |title=Amazon drops 'Instant' from 'Instant Video,' streamlining its streaming brand |date=September 4, 2015 |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2015/amazon-drops-the-instant-from-video-service-now-called-simply-amazon-video/ |work=[[GeekWire]] |access-date=September 5, 2015 }}</ref> In November 2016, the ''Wall Street Journal'' reported that Amazon was pursuing streaming rights to US professional sports leagues to further differentiate the service.<ref>{{cite news |last=Spangler |first=Todd |title=Amazon Wants Live-Streaming Sports Rights for Prime Video, but What Will It Really Be Able to Secure? |url=https://variety.com/2016/digital/news/amazon-sports-rights-prime-video-1201923915/ |newspaper=Variety |date=November 21, 2016 |access-date=November 23, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Shalini | first = Ramachandran | title = Amazon Explores Possible Premium Sports Package With Prime Membership: Has held talks for live game rights with leagues including NBA, MLB, NFL and MLS | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-explores-possible-premium-sports-package-with-prime-membership-1479757001 | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | date = November 22, 2016 | access-date = November 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Crum | first = Rex | title = Biz Break: Amazon's looking at adding live sports to Prime video service | url = https://www.mercurynews.com/2016/11/22/biz-break-amazons-looking-at-adding-live-sports-to-prime-video-service/ | newspaper = San Jose Mercury News | date = November 22, 2016 | access-date = November 23, 2016}}</ref>

Amazon announced in November 2016 that it planned to stream ''The Grand Tour'' globally, which led to speculation over whether the full Prime Video service would begin a wider international rollout to compete with [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon Prime Video is finally going global to give Netflix some serious competition |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/17/amazon-prime-video-global/ |first=Jon |last=Russel |date=November 17, 2016 |website=TechCrunch |access-date=November 18, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fortune.com/2016/11/18/amazon-netflix-global/|title=Amazon Is Gunning for Netflix With Global Launch of Prime Video|last=Ingram|first=Matthew|date=November 18, 2016|work=[[Fortune Magazine]]|access-date=December 9, 2016}}</ref> On December 14, 2016, Prime Video expanded into 200 additional territories.<ref name="thr-globallaunch">{{cite web|title=Amazon Takes Video Streaming Service Global in Challenge to Netflix|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/amazon-take-video-streaming-service-global-challenge-netflix-949556/|first=Natalie|last=Jarvey|date=December 14, 2016|website=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=December 27, 2016}}</ref> In 2017, Amazon Studios purchased the global television adaption rights to ''[[The Lord of the Rings#television|The Lord of the Rings]],'' the product of which, ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'', streams on Prime Video.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 13, 2017 |title=Amazon announces Lord of the Rings TV adaptation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2017/nov/13/lord-of-the-rings-amazon-tv-show-confirmed |access-date=March 28, 2025 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077 }}</ref> On April 4, 2019, Amazon announced an agreement with [[The Jim Henson Company]] to stream select Henson programming on Prime Video.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Petski |first1=Denise |title=More Jim Henson Company Programming Available On Amazon Prime |url=https://deadline.com/2019/04/jim-henson-company-programming-available-amazon-prime-video-1202588534/ |access-date=26 October 2025 |work=Deadline |date=4 April 2019}}</ref> In 2020, Prime Video expanded its marketing campaigns and local productions to Latin America with El Presidente (Chile & Colombia), La Jauría (Chile), and Súbete a mi moto.

On May 17, 2021, parent company Amazon entered negotiations to acquire Hollywood studio [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] (MGM).<ref>{{cite news |last=Spangler |first=Todd |title=Amazon Said to Make $9 Billion Offer for MGM |url=https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/amazon-mgm-acquisition-talks-9-billion-1234975168/ |access-date=May 17, 2021 |work=Variety |date=May 17, 2021 }}</ref> On May 26, 2021, it was officially announced that Amazon would acquire MGM for $8.45 billion, subject to regulatory approvals and other routine closing conditions, with MGM continuing to operate as a label alongside [[Amazon Studios]] and Amazon Prime Video.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|date=March 9, 2020|title=Guardian cartoon of cow in relation to Priti Patel sparks outrage amongst diaspora in Britain|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/guardian-cartoon-of-cow-in-relation-to-priti-patel-sparks-outrage-amongst-diaspora-in-britain/articleshow/74557770.cms|url-status=live|access-date=August 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911224645/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/guardian-cartoon-of-cow-in-relation-to-priti-patel-sparks-outrage-amongst-diaspora-in-britain/articleshow/74557770.cms|archive-date=September 11, 2020}}</ref> The deal was closed after receiving all governmental approvals on March 17, 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/amazon-mgm-merger-close-1235207852/ |title=Amazon Closes $8.5 Billion Acquisition of MGM |date=March 17, 2022 }}</ref>
In July 2021, Amazon and [[Universal Pictures]] reached a multi-year deal to bring Universal's films to Prime Video, as well as IMDb TV (now [[Amazon Freevee]]). As part of the deal, titles from Universal's library as well as future theatrical releases would become available on Amazon's streaming services following their first pay window and four months after release on [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]]. The deal makes major franchises such as ''[[Fast & Furious]]'', ''[[Jurassic Park (franchise)|Jurassic Park]]'' and ''[[Bourne (franchise)|Bourne]]'' eligible to stream on Prime Video.<ref>{{cite news|last=Keck|first=Catie|date=July 9, 2021|title=Universal films will head exclusively to Amazon Prime Video after their run on Peacock|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/7/9/22570590/universal-films-prime-video-streaming-peacock|work=[[The Verge]]|access-date=July 10, 2021}}</ref> Most recently, Prime Video had signed a deal with Nigerian studio Anthill Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=January 7, 2022 |title=Amazon Prime Video Signs Deal with Second Nigerian Studio |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/amazon-anthill-studios-nigeria-nollywood-1235070733/ |access-date=January 8, 2022 |website=The Hollywood Reporter }}</ref> This was part of its expansion to Nigeria, where Prime Video offered their services at subsidized rates while publishing original Nigerian content on the platform tagged Prime Video Naija.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Odebiyi |first=Emmanuel |date=November 21, 2024 |title=How Much is Prime Video Subscription in Nigeria? (2024) |url=https://thescoove.africa/prime-video-subscription-nigeria/ |website=The Scoove Africa |access-date=November 30, 2024 |archive-date=December 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203001209/https://thescoove.africa/prime-video-subscription-nigeria/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On February 9, 2022, Amazon signed a long-term deal with the [[Shepperton Studios]] for exclusive use of new production facilities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amazon Prime Video Pacts With Pinewood to Take U.K. Studio Space at Shepperton |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/global/amazon-shepperton-studio-space-lord-of-the-rings-1235175581/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=February 9, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2022 }}</ref> On July 31, 2022, it was announced that the service would expand to Southeast Asia, and be offered in Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines. The offerings would include localized content, as well as localized interface and subtitles for non-local content.<ref name="Southeast Asia">{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/streaming/asia/amazon-prime-video-local-versions-southeast-asia-1235329007/|title=Amazon Launches Local Versions of Prime Video in Southeast Asia|last=Frater|first=Patrick|date=July 31, 2022|website=Variety |access-date=July 31, 2022}}</ref> In January 2024, they decided to cut the original productions for both Southeast Asia and [[Middle East and North Africa]] as they shifted on European productions and even licensing.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Frater|first1=Patrick|last2=Ramachandran|first2=Naman|date=January 13, 2024|title=Prime Video Drops Original Productions in Southeast Asia, Cuts Singapore Staff|url=https://variety.com/2024/global/news/prime-video-southeast-asia-singapore-staff-cut-1235871006/|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=January 23, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Yossman|first=K.J.|date=January 18, 2024|title=Prime Video Cuts Funding in Africa, Middle East in Favor of Focusing on European Originals|url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/global/prime-video-africa-middle-east-european-originals-1235876354/|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=January 23, 2024}}</ref> Similar layoffs took place in West and South Africa divisions few months later amidst fierce competition with [[Showmax]].<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[Rest of World]]|title=How Prime Video failed so spectacularly in Africa|first=Jesusegun|last=Alagbe|date=March 21, 2024|url=https://restofworld.org/2024/amazon-prime-video-africa-layoffs/}}</ref>

In December 2024, Amazon Prime Video announced significant changes to its operations in India to enhance customer satisfaction and comply with local regulations. These updates included some drastic measures into its subscription model in India, and it kept its subscribers at the edge of what this change would bring for their streaming experience. These adjustments reflect Amazon's effort to cater to the unique preferences of Indian users in a highly competitive OTT market.<ref>{{cite web |last=Patil |first=Harshavardhan |date=December 22, 2024 |title=Amazon Prime Video Changes in India: What You Need to Know |url=https://indiantime.com/all/news/amazon-prime-video/amazon-prime-video-changes-in-india-what-you-need-to-know/articleshow/678.cms |access-date=December 23, 2024 |publisher=Indian Time |archive-date=December 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223083623/https://indiantime.com/all/news/amazon-prime-video/amazon-prime-video-changes-in-india-what-you-need-to-know/articleshow/678.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Content==

===Original programming===
{{Further|List of Amazon Prime Video original programming|List of ended Amazon Prime Video original programming|List of Amazon Prime Video original films|label1=Current original programming|label2=ended original programming|label3=original films}}
{{Further|List of Amazon Prime Video exclusive international distribution programming|List of Amazon India originals|topic=Amazon Prime Video international offerings|label2=Amazon Prime Video India originals}}

===Amazon Channels===
In 2015, Amazon launched the Streaming Partners Program (now known as Amazon Channels), a platform allowing subscription-based third-party channels ([[A la carte pay television|a la carte]] subscription services) and streaming services to be offered to Amazon Prime subscribers through the Amazon Video platform. These services are separate from the Amazon Video offering, and must be purchased separately. The original launch in the US included services such as [[Curiosity Stream]], [[Lifetime (TV channel)|Lifetime]] Movie Club, [[AMC (TV channel)|AMC]]'s [[Shudder (streaming service)|Shudder]], [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]], [[Starz]], and others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/12/08/amazon-makes-a-bid-for-cord-cutters-adds-showtime-starz-and-more-streaming-partners-to-prime/|title=Amazon Makes A Bid For Cord Cutters, Adds Showtime, Starz And More Streaming Partners To Prime|work=TechCrunch|last=Lunden|first=Ingrid|date=December 8, 2015|access-date=August 2, 2017}}</ref><ref name="tc-channelsuk">{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/05/23/amazon-expands-amazon-channels-to-uk-germany-taking-aim-at-pay-tv-users/|title=Amazon expands Amazon Channels to UK, Germany, taking aim at pay-TV users|work=TechCrunch|last=Lunden|first=Ingrid|date=May 23, 2017|access-date=August 2, 2017}}</ref> The service subsequently added other partners, such as [[HBO]] and [[Cinemax]], [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]], [[Discovery Channel]], [[Fandor]], [[Noggin (brand)|Noggin]], [[PBS Kids]], [[Seeso]] and [[Toku (TV network)|Toku]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2016/digital/news/hbo-cinemax-amazon-prime-1201931116/|title=HBO, Cinemax Now Available on Amazon Prime's Channels Program|last=Spangler|first=Todd|date=December 1, 2016|work=Variety|access-date=August 2, 2017 }}</ref> In January 2017, Amazon announced [[Anime Strike]], an anime [[Focused ultrasound|focused]] Amazon Channels service.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2017/digital/news/amazon-anime-channel-subscription-1201958402/ |title=Amazon Launches Anime Channel for $5 Per Month, Its First Branded Subscription Channel |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=January 12, 2017 |newspaper=Variety |access-date=January 13, 2017 }}</ref> In May 2017, Amazon Channels expanded into Germany and the UK; in the UK, the company reached deals to offer channels from [[Discovery, Inc.|Discovery Communications]] (including [[Eurosport]]), and live/on-demand content from [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]].<ref name="tc-channelsuk" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/may/23/amazon-netflix-sky-uk-itv-eurosport-hayu |title=Amazon steps up battle with Netflix and Sky by adding new UK channels |last=Sweney |first=Mark |date=May 23, 2017 |work=The Guardian |access-date=August 2, 2017 |issn=0261-3077 }}</ref>

Furthermore, Anime Strike and Heera (a second Channel devoted to Indian films and series) would be discontinued as separate services, and that their content would be merged into the main Prime Video library at no additional charge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/1/5/16854300/amazon-cancels-anime-strike-exclusives-shows-films|title=Amazon closes Anime Strike and includes exclusive anime in Prime Video|last=Liao|first=Shannon|date=January 5, 2018|website=The Verge |access-date=January 25, 2020}}</ref>

===Sports programming===
{{Main|Sports on Amazon Prime Video}}

{{Further|NFL on Prime Video|Thursday Night Football|NBA on Prime Video|Monday Night War}}

In April 2017, Amazon began to make sports-related content acquisitions, first acquiring non-exclusive rights to stream portions of the [[National Football League|NFL]]'s ''[[Thursday Night Football]]'' games during the [[2017 NFL season]] to Prime subscribers in the United States as part of a $50 million deal, replacing a previous deal with [[Twitter]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-04-17/amazon-s-nfl-deal-said-to-include-30-million-in-free-marketing|title=Amazon's NFL Deal Includes $30 Million in Free Marketing|author=Scott Soshnick|date=April 17, 2017|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=August 3, 2017}}</ref> In August, Amazon acquired the British television rights to the [[ATP World Tour]] beginning 2019, replacing [[Sky Sports]]. The deal would run until 2023 and would exclusively show all masters 1000 events and 12 500 and 250 series tournaments. Amazon would be the third-party pay TV provider for the ATP finals and starting in 2018 for Queens Club and Eastbourne tournaments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/aug/01/amazon-outbids-sky-to-win-exclusive-atp-tour-tennis-rights|title=Amazon outbids Sky to win exclusive ATP tour tennis rights|last=Sweney|first=Mark|date=August 1, 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=August 2, 2017 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="atpworldtour.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/atp-atp-media-expand-partnership-with-amazon-prime-video|title=ATP And ATP Media Expand Partnership With Amazon Prime Video - ATP World Tour - Tennis|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20171118221948/https://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/atp-atp-media-expand-partnership-with-amazon-prime-video|archive-date=2017-11-18}}</ref> The ATP announced a two-year deal in September for Amazon to stream the [[Next Generation ATP Finals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nextgenatpfinals.com/en/news-and-media/tennis/atp-media-amazon-prime-video-next-gen-atp-finals-2017|title=ATP And ATP Media Partner With Amazon Prime Video To Deliver Global Coverage Of The Next Gen ATP Finals - Next Gen ATP Finals|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=December 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231141157/https://www.nextgenatpfinals.com/en/news-and-media/tennis/atp-media-amazon-prime-video-next-gen-atp-finals-2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In November it was announced that Amazon had acquired the British television rights to the US Open for five years from the 2018 edition, for a reported £30 million. Eurosport who owned the pan European rights extended their deal with the US Open but excluded the UK, which was ironic as Amazon had reached a deal with the broadcaster to stream their channels on their station.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/11/15/amazon-continues-foray-tennis-broadcasting-uk-rights-us-open/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/11/15/amazon-continues-foray-tennis-broadcasting-uk-rights-us-open/ |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Amazon continues foray into tennis broadcasting with UK rights to US Open for next five years |last=Rumsby |first=Ben |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=November 15, 2017 |via=Telegraph.co.uk }}{{cbignore}}</ref> The ATP additionally announced that Amazon in the US would screen the tennis channel, Tennis TV from 2018.<ref name="atpworldtour.com" />

In June 2018, it was announced that Amazon had secured the UK rights to broadcast 20 live [[Premier League]] football matches from the 2019–20 season on a three-year deal. This would be the first time that the league would be shown on a domestic live streaming service, as opposed to being shown exclusively on television.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/44396151|title=Premier League TV rights: Amazon to show 20 matches a season from 2019–2022|work=BBC News|date=June 7, 2018|access-date=March 24, 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref> The deal was later extended for a further three years until the 2024–25 season.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Premier League agrees TV rollover deal |work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57098432|access-date=May 13, 2021}}</ref> On March 18, 2021, Prime Video announced that they had renewed their deal to be the exclusive broadcaster of ''[[Thursday Night Football]]'' between the 2022 and 2033 seasons in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NFL announces new broadcast deals running through 2033 season|url=https://www.nfl.com/news/nfl-announces-new-broadcast-deals-running-through-2033-season|access-date=March 18, 2021|website=NFL.com |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20210318201337/https://www.nfl.com/news/nfl-announces-new-broadcast-deals-running-through-2033-season|archive-date=2021-03-18}}</ref> Because Prime Video is a subscription service, the NFL would require Amazon to have the games syndicated to over-the-air television stations in the local market of the teams.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NFL completes long-term media distribution agreements through 2033 season|url=https://www.nfl.com/news/nfl-completes-long-term-media-distribution-agreements-through-2033-season|access-date=March 22, 2021|website=NFL.com }}</ref>

On July 1, 2022, it was announced that Amazon had acquired a share of the UK rights to the [[UEFA Champions League]] beginning in the [[2024–25 UEFA Champions League|2024–25 season]], holding rights to 17 Tuesday-night matches. The remainder of the rights continue to be held by [[TNT Sports (United Kingdom)|TNT Sports]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sweney |first=Mark |date=2022-07-01 |title=Amazon and BBC break BT stranglehold on Champions League football |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/jul/01/amazon-and-bbc-break-bt-stranglehold-on-champions-league-football |access-date=2025-12-12 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

On July 24, 2024, Prime Video announced an 11-year agreement with the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] beginning in the [[2025–26 NBA season|2025–26 season]], including 66 regular season games in the United States, the [[NBA Cup]] semi-finals and finals, all [[NBA Play-In Tournament]] games, and selected playoff games (including one conference final in odd-numbered years).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weprin |first=Alex |date=July 24, 2024 |title=NBA Officially Reveals Long-Term TV Deals With Disney, NBCUniversal and Amazon |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/nba-officially-announces-new-tv-deals-espn-nbc-amazon-prime-video-1235957233/ |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=Hollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2024 |title=NBA, ESPN renew deal; NBC returns, while Amazon replaces WBD |url=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/40633927/nba-rejects-warner-bros-discovery-tnt-offer-enters-partnership-amazon-prime-video |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Patten |first1=Dominic |last2=Hayes |first2=Dade |date=July 24, 2024 |title=NBA Rejects Warner Bros Discovery Bid For Amazon; WNBA Renews Disney, Prime Video Deals & Links Up With NBCU – Update |url=https://deadline.com/2024/07/nba-rights-amazon-deal-1236020528/ |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en}}</ref>

==Advertising==
At the end of January 2024, the service began featuring "limited" advertisements. Avoiding them would cost an additional $2.99 per month. With the move, Prime Video joined many other streaming services in featuring ads, which could be more lucrative than non-ad supported options.<ref>{{Cite news |last2=Goldman |first1=Jordan |last1=Valinsky |first2=David |date=December 28, 2023 |title=Why Amazon just sent you an email about ads on Prime Video |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/28/media/amazon-prime-video-ads-price/index.html |access-date=February 16, 2024 |work=CNN Business }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roettgers |first=Janko |date=September 23, 2023 |title=Why every streaming service wants you to watch ads now |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90956587/why-every-streaming-service-wants-you-to-watch-ads-now |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Fast Company }}</ref>

The ad-supported tier is available in select markets, such as United States, Canada, the UK and some European territories.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://advertising.amazon.com/products/prime-video-ads |title=Prime Video ads: Your brand alongside premium content |website=Amazon Ads }}</ref>

==Availability==

===Requirements===
[[File:Availability of Amazon Prime Video in the World.svg|thumb|Availability of Prime Video in the world {{as of|2023|10|lc=on}}]]

Prime Video is available worldwide (except for [[Cross-strait relations|mainland China]], Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, Russia, Belarus,<ref name="Russia" /> Syria and Vietnam<ref name="Vietnam" />).<ref name="worldwide1" /> Initially it was available only to residents of the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, Germany and Austria.<ref>{{cite web |last=Patrick |first=Nick |date=December 3, 2014 |url=http://streamsidekick.com/can-get-amazon-prime-video/ |title=Where Can You Get Amazon Prime Video? |work=Stream Sidekick |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014164723/http://streamsidekick.com/can-get-amazon-prime-video/ |archive-date=October 14, 2018 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.amazon.de/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=201422920 Filme und Serien kaufen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005081229/https://www.amazon.de/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=201422920 |date=October 5, 2016 }}, Amazon.de. Retrieved June 29, 2016.</ref>

The service supports online streaming via web player,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.primevideo.com/help/ref=dv_web_help_nd_nd?_encoding=UTF8&nodeId=202064920 |title=Supported Devices & Features |website=Prime Video: Help |archive-date=June 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629114031/https://www.primevideo.com/help/ref=dv_web_help_nd_nd?_encoding=UTF8&nodeId=202064920 }}</ref> as well as apps on [[Amazon Fire]]-branded devices, and supported third-party mobile devices, [[digital media player]]s (particularly [[Roku]]), [[video game console]]s, and [[smart TV]]s. An [[Android TV]] app is also available, which was initially exclusive to Sony Bravia smart TVs running Android TV, and [[Nvidia Shield TV|Nvidia Shield]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.androidheadlines.com/2019/04/prime-video-android-tv.html |title=Prime Video Is Coming To Android TV, YouTube Returning To Fire TV |last=Ramstad |first=Jordan |date=April 18, 2019 |website=Android Headlines |access-date=April 20, 2019 }}</ref>

Amazon had historically withheld support for [[Apple TV (device)|Apple TV]] and Google's [[Chromecast]] platform. In October 2015, the company banned the sale of these devices on its online marketplace because they do not support the Prime Video ecosystem. This led to critics arguing that Amazon was displaying [[protectionism]] against devices that could be competitors to its own [[Amazon Fire TV]] products.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Streitfeld |first1=David |last2=Benner |first2=Katie |date=October 2, 2015 |title=Amazon to Stop Selling Apple TV and Chromecast |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/02/business/amazon-to-stop-selling-apple-tv-and-chromecast.html?_r=0 |access-date=October 2, 2015 |work=The New York Times }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Amazon to Ban Sale of Apple, Google Video-Streaming Devices |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-01/amazon-will-ban-sale-of-apple-google-video-streaming-devices |access-date=October 1, 2015 |work=Bloomberg News |date=October 1, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Amazon Is Banning Apple TV and Chromecast. And That's Gross |url=https://www.wired.com/2015/10/amazon-apple-tv-chromecast/ |access-date=October 2, 2015 |magazine=Wired }}</ref> However, in December 2017, Amazon released an Apple TV app for Prime Video,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/6/16741136/download-amazon-prime-video-apple-tv|title=Amazon Prime Video comes to Apple TV, finally|work=The Verge|access-date=December 6, 2017}}</ref> and announced in April 2019 that it would add Chromecast support to the Prime Video mobile app and perform a wider release of Prime Video's Android TV app. This was delivered in July 2020<ref>{{cite web|title=Prime Video is on Chromecast and Android TV, plus YouTube on Fire TV|date=July 9, 2019|url=https://blog.google/products/chromecast/prime-video-chromecast-android-tv-youtube-fire-tv/|access-date=October 12, 2020}}</ref> as part of concessions to restore access to YouTube on Fire TV devices after a related feud with Google.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/18/18412525/youtube-amazon-fire-tv-prime-video-chromecast-return-announcement |title=YouTube is finally coming back to Amazon's Fire TV devices |last=Welch |first=Chris |date=April 18, 2019 |website=The Verge |access-date=April 18, 2019 }}</ref>

In most countries, a Prime Video subscription can be paid for with debit and credit cards.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.primevideo.com/help/ref=atv_hp_nd_srchr?nodeId=G8P3YMHU34R3XX4N |title=Prime Video: Help }}</ref> Amazon Gift Card balance generally cannot be used for recurring subscription orders; however, an exemption is made for customers in Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.primevideo.com/help/ref=atv_hp_nd_srchr?nodeId=GTJEC3TQFTZZH3KG |title=Prime Video: Help }}</ref> {{As of|2023|post=,}} some countries (such as France, Italy, Spain, Mexico, Canada, Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Luxembourg, Portugal) have added support for paying Amazon Prime subscription fees with Amazon Gift Card balance; however this does not apply to content add-ons such as Prime Video Channels (''See: [[Amazon Prime#Availability]]''). In August 2022, customers living in Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand can start making payments using [[digital wallet]]s (such as DANA, ShopeePay, OVO, GoPay, GCash, Maya, Rabbit LINE Pay, TrueMoney).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.primevideo.com/help?nodeId=TvKthpROqT1fIXRM38 |title=Prime Video: Help }}</ref>

In April 2020, Amazon and Apple formed a deal that allowed Amazon to process in-app payments on the Prime Video app on iOS, without using Apple's official in-app purchase mechanism. Apple's official in-app purchase mechanism is used when a user does not have an existing Prime subscription.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://daringfireball.net/2020/04/amazon_apple_prime_video |title=Daring Fireball: Amazon and Apple Strike Deal for Prime Video In-App Purchases and Subscriptions |access-date=July 31, 2021 |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812025927/https://daringfireball.net/2020/04/amazon_apple_prime_video |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.macstories.net/linked/john-grubers-explanation-of-the-apparent-prime-video-deal-between-apple-and-amazon/ |title=John Gruber's Explanation of the Apparent Prime Video Deal Between Apple and Amazon - MacStories |date=April 2, 2020 |access-date=July 31, 2021 |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815071028/https://www.macstories.net/linked/john-grubers-explanation-of-the-apparent-prime-video-deal-between-apple-and-amazon/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This move was considered notable as most apps on the [[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)|App Store]] are not allowed to use their own payment processor; in-app transactions for digital content have to be handled by Apple. However, in May 2022, Amazon removed the ability for iOS and Android users to make in-app purchases on several of Amazon's digital storefronts, including Kindle, Audible and Music apps, due to disputes over transaction fees.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Amazon no longer offers in-app Kindle and Music purchases on Android |url=https://www.engadget.com/amazon-removes-direct-purchasing-android-161708963.html |website=Engadget }}</ref>

===Website===
{{Update|section|reason=Brazil has begun accepting movie purchases on their Prime Video|date=November 2023}}

In countries where the Amazon video-on-demand store is available (for purchasing/renting movies & television shows) and are part of the initial batch of locations to roll out Prime Video (from 2006 to 2015), Prime Video is offered on the local Amazon website (e.g. amazon.com, amazon.de, amazon.co.uk etc.).

Although a local Amazon website might be available, the full range of digital content services (e.g. [[Amazon Music]], Amazon Video, [[Kindle Store]]) might not be available in that particular country. In countries which do not support purchasing/renting movies & television shows or began rolling out Prime Video after the international expansion on December 14, 2016, Prime Video is offered as a standalone service on a separate website. Amazon Gift Card balance can be used to buy/rent individual titles on local Amazon websites, but not on primevideo.com. In Brazil, a similar Amazon Video was launched, but under the name Loja Prime Video ("Prime Video Shop"), and for renting of movies only.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tudocelular.com/novos-produtos/noticias/n181058/amazon-lanca-loja-prime-video-no-brasil.html|title = Amazon lança Loja Prime Video no Brasil para alugar filmes lançados no cinema|date = October 18, 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! style="width: 150px;" | Country !! Amazon Video ([[Video on demand]]) !! Prime Video ([[Streaming service]]) !! Use of Amazon Gift Card balance !! [[Domain name]]
|-
| United States || {{yes|Buy/Rent}} || {{yes|Streaming}} || Pay for movie purchases Pay for Amazon Prime subscription || amazon.com/primevideo
|-
| United Kingdom || {{yes|Buy/Rent}} || {{yes|Streaming}} || Pay for movie purchases Pay for Amazon Prime subscription || amazon.co.uk/primevideo
|-
| Germany || {{yes|Buy/Rent}} || {{yes|Streaming}} || Pay for movie purchases Pay for Amazon Prime subscription || amazon.de/primevideo
|-
| Japan || {{yes|Buy/Rent}} || {{yes|Streaming}} || Pay for movie purchases<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.jp/-/en/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=G5D4TA7NBKQT7GW2|title=Redeem a Gift Card - Amazon Customer Service}}</ref> Pay for Amazon Prime subscription<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.jp/-/en/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=201910200|title=The Amazon Prime Membership Fee - Amazon Customer Service}}</ref> || amazon.co.jp/primevideo
|-
| France, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Belgium, Poland, Australia, Mexico, Netherlands, Chile, Colombia, Portugal, Finland, Ireland, New Zealand, Brazil, Canada<ref name="APVFAQ">{{cite web|url=https://www.primevideo.com/help/ref=atv_hp_nd_cnt?nodeId=GC4XWK2TRW9945XP|title=Paying for Prime Video Rentals or Purchases|website=Amazon Prime Video}}</ref> || {{yes|Buy/Rent}} || {{yes|Streaming}} || Pay for Amazon Prime subscription (for [[Amazon Prime#Availability|selected countries]])<ref name="prime-video-accepted-payment">{{Cite web |url=https://www.primevideo.com/help?nodeId=TtmpPpt4SHTjHQsAEX |title=Prime Video: Help }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amazon.sa/-/en/b?ie=UTF8&node=27155493031 |title=Amazon.sa: Prime - Gift Cards }}</ref> || rowspan="3" | primevideo.com
|-
| India<ref name="APVFAQ" /> || {{partial|Rent}} || {{yes|Streaming}} || {{sdash}}
|-
| Other Countries (including countries without a local Amazon website) || {{no}} || {{yes|Streaming}} || {{sdash}}
|}

==Metadata==

===Video quality===
Depending on the device, Amazon supports up to [[4K resolution|4K]] (UHD) and [[High-dynamic-range television|high-dynamic-range]] (HDR) streaming. UHD/HDR rolled out with its original content.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pocket-lint.com/apps/news/amazon/129936-amazon-is-going-4k-and-bringing-prime-instant-video-to-android/ |title=Amazon is going 4K and bringing Prime Instant Video to Android |first=Luke |last=Edwards |date=July 17, 2014 |work=Pocket-lint }}</ref> Other titles support [[1080p]] (HD) streaming with 5.1 [[Dolby Digital]] or [[Dolby Digital Plus]] audio, with [[Dolby Atmos]] coming soon to certain titles. For titles available for purchase (and not included in a customer's [[Amazon Prime]] subscription), the HD option is often offered at an additional price.

On March 18, 2020, [[Thierry Breton]], a European commissioner in charge of digital policy of the [[European Union]] urged streaming services including Amazon Prime Video to limit their services. The request came as a result of the prevention of Europe's broadband networks from crashing as tens of millions of people started [[remote work]] due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The EU wanted the streaming platforms to offer only standard definition, rather than high-definition, programs and make users responsible for their data consumption.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fildes |first1=Nic |last2=Murphy |first2=Hannah |date=March 19, 2020 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b4ab03db-de1f-4f98-bcc2-b09007427e1b |title=EU warns of broadband strain as millions work from home |work=[[Financial Times]] |location=[[San Francisco]] |url-access=subscription }}</ref> On March 20, 2020, Amazon said that they have already begun the effort to reduce streaming bitrates while also maintaining a quality streaming, "We support the need for careful management of telecom services to ensure they can handle the increased internet demand with so many people now at home full-time due to [[COVID-19]]. Prime Video is working with local authorities and Internet Service Providers where needed to help mitigate any network congestion."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Espinoza |first1=Javier |last2=Fildes |first2=Nic |last3=Murphy |first3=Hannah |last4=Bradshaw |first4=Tim |date=March 20, 2020 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/70333747-f180-4887-8a26-27ab6b230299 |title=YouTube, Amazon and Netflix cut picture quality in Europe |work=Financial Times |access-date=March 20, 2020 }}</ref>

===Devices===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Manufacturer
! rowspan="2" | Product
! rowspan="2" | Type
! colspan="2" | Quality
! rowspan="2" | Notes
! rowspan="2" | {{Reference column heading}}
|-
! Video
! Audio
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]
| [[Kindle Fire]]
| [[Tablet computer|Tablet]]
| {{Yes|1080p}}
| Up to [[Dolby Atmos]] support
|
|
|-
| [[Fire Phone]]
| [[Smartphone]]
| {{Yes|1080p}}
| {{N/a}}
| Discontinued on the Amazon website
|
|-
|[[Amazon Fire TV|Fire TV]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Digital media player]]
|{{Yes|Up to 4K Ultra HD}}
| rowspan="2" | Up to [[Dolby Digital Plus]] [[5.1 surround sound|5.1]], [[Dolby Atmos]] support
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00CX5P8FC |title=Amazon Fire TV |website=Amazon.com |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20140306041937/https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00CX5P8FC|archive-date=2014-03-06}}</ref>
|-
| [[Amazon Fire TV|Fire TV Stick]]
| {{Yes|Up to 4K Ultra HD}}
|-
|Windows app
|Personal computer
|{{Yes|1080p}}
|Stereo
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/amazon-prime-video-app-comes-to-windows-10-but-theres-a-catch |title=Amazon Prime Video app comes to Windows 10, but there's a catch |last=St. Leger |first=Henry |work=[[TechRadar]] |date=July 3, 2020 |access-date=February 2, 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]
|[[iPhone]]
|[[Smartphone]]
|{{Yes|Up to 1080p}}
|{{N/a}}
|
|-
|[[iPad]]
|[[Tablet computer|Tablet]]
|{{Yes|Up to 1080p}}
|Up to [[loudspeaker]] support
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gigaom.com/2013/09/17/amazons-instant-video-ios-app-now-lets-you-stream-to-apple-tv-via-airplay/ |title=Amazon's Instant Video iOS app now lets you stream to Apple TV via AirPlay |first=Laura |last=Owen |date=September 17, 2013 |work=Gigaom |archive-date=November 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122020827/http://gigaom.com/2013/09/17/amazons-instant-video-ios-app-now-lets-you-stream-to-apple-tv-via-airplay/ }}</ref>
|-
|[[Apple TV (device)|Apple TV]]
|[[Digital media player]]
|{{Yes|Up to 4K Ultra HD}}
|Up to [[Dolby Digital]] [[5.1 surround sound|5.1]], [[Dolby Atmos]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/ref=hp_left_v4_sib?ie=UTF8&nodeId=201460880#GUID-A26847E2-6607-43A6-ADB3-07D2FF1C8C20__SECTION_A2CBC6FEA850413192ADE593EEC7AA50 |title=Amazon.com Help: Amazon Video Device Features |website=Amazon.com }}</ref>
|Available on third generation models and newer, Dolby Digital 5.1 on fourth generation or newer, 4K HDR and Dolby Atmos on fifth generation.
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://9to5mac.com/2017/12/06/amazon-prime-video-app-available-apple-tv/ |title=Amazon Prime Video app rolling out to Apple TV App Store |date=December 6, 2017 |work=9to5Mac |access-date=December 6, 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Google]]
|[[Android (operating system)|Android]]
|[[Mobile device|Mobile]] [[operating system]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Varies
|Application available on [[Google Play]]. Varies through device and version.
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=September 9, 2014 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/09/09/amazon-brings-prime-instant-video-to-all-android-phones-in-us-uk-and-germany/ |title=Amazon Brings Prime Instant Video To All Android Phones In US, UK And Germany |website=TechCrunch }}</ref>
|-
| [[LG Corporation|LG]]
|2010+ models
|[[Smart TV|Smart television]]
|Only select 2010 LG Smart TV and [[Blu-ray]] player models and up
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Nvidia]]
|Shield TV
| rowspan="2" |[[Digital media player]]
|{{Yes|Up to 4K Ultra HD}}
|
|
|
|-
|Shield TV Pro
|{{Yes|Up to 4K Ultra HD}}
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Microsoft]]
|[[Xbox 360]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Home video game console]]
|{{Yes|Up to 1080i}}
|Up to [[Dolby Digital]] [[5.1 surround sound|5.1]] support
|May vary depending on console specifications and models
|
|-
|[[Xbox One]]
|{{Yes|Up to 1080p}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Dolby Atmos]] support
|
|
|-
|[[Xbox One|Xbox One S & X]]
|{{Yes|Up to 4K Ultra HD}}
|
|
|-
|[[Xbox Series X and Series S|Xbox Series X & S]]
|{{Yes|Up to 4K Ultra HD}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Nintendo]]
|[[Wii]]
|{{No|480p}}
|[[Stereophonic sound|Analog stereo]]
| {{Dropped|Support discontinued on January 31, 2019}}
|
|-
|[[Wii U]]
|{{Yes|Up to 1080p}}
|[[5.1 surround sound|5.1]] [[Pulse-code modulation|Linear PCM]]
| {{Dropped|Support discontinued on September 26, 2019}}
| <ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Lardinois |first=Frederic |date=May 29, 2012 |title=Amazon Instant Video Comes to Xbox 360 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/05/29/amazon-instant-video-comes-to-xbox-360/ }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Roku, Inc.|Roku]]
|[[Roku|Roku 1]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Digital media player]]
|{{Yes|Up to 1080p}}
| rowspan="5" |[[HDMI]] out
| rowspan="5" |Supported as an app (channel) running on the [[Roku OS]]
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://channelstore.roku.com/browse|title=Roku - Streaming TV & Media Player|author=Roku|work=Roku}}</ref>
|-
|[[Roku|Roku 2]]
|{{Yes|Up to 1080p}}
|-
|[[Roku|Roku LT]]
|{{Yes|Up to 720p}}
|-
|[[Roku|Roku 3]]
|{{Yes|Up to 1080p}}
|-
|[[Roku|Roku 4]]
|{{Yes|Up to 4K Ultra HD}}
|-
||[[Samsung]]
|2010+ models
|[[Smart TV|Smart television]]
| colspan="2" |Varies
|Only select 2010 Samsung Smart TV and [[Blu-ray]] player models and up
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Sony]]
|[[BRAVIA]]
|2015+ [[Android TV]]
|{{Yes|Up to 4K Ultra HD}}
|Up to [[Dolby Digital Plus]] [[7.1 surround sound|7.1]]
| rowspan="2" |
|<ref>{{cite press release|title = Sony Electronics Offers Extensive 4K Ultra HD Home Entertainment Solutions with New 2015 TV Lineup|url = https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sony-electronics-offers-extensive-4k-ultra-hd-home-entertainment-solutions-with-new-2015-tv-lineup-300067989.html}}</ref>

|-
|[[PlayStation 3]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Home video game console]]
|{{Yes|Up to 1080p}}
|LCPM [[Dolby Digital]] [[5.1 surround sound|5.1]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.playstation.com/2012/04/03/ps3-the-first-console-to-offer-amazon-instant-video/ |title=PS3: The First Console to Offer Amazon Instant Video |date=April 3, 2012 |website=PlayStation.blog |first=Jack |last=Buser |access-date=June 15, 2012 }}</ref>

|-
|[[PlayStation 4]]
|{{Yes|Up to 1080p}}
| rowspan="3" |LCPM [[Dolby Digital Plus|Dolby Digital Plus 7.1]]
| <ref name=":0" />
|
|-
|[[PlayStation 4|PlayStation 4 Pro]]
|{{Yes|Up to 4K Ultra HD}}
| <ref name=":0" />
|
|-
|[[PlayStation 5]]
|{{Yes|Up to 4K Ultra HD}}
|
|
|-
| [[PlayStation Vita]]
| [[Handheld game console]]
| {{No|nHD}}
| [[Stereophonic sound|Stereo]]
| rowspan="2" |
|
|-
| [[PlayStation TV]]
| [[Microconsole]]
| {{Yes|[[HDMI]] out}}
| 2-channel LCPM
|
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Association
! Category
! Nominee(s)
! Result
|-
| 2017 || Diversity in Media Awards || Broadcaster of the Year || Amazon Video UK || {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |date=March 13, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PZ75QyqbKf4 |title=Why Amazon Is Going after Netflix |publisher=[[CNBC]] |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211217/PZ75QyqbKf4 |archive-date=December 17, 2021 |url-status=live }}{{cbignore}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{Amazon}}
{{Amazon Video original series}}
{{Amazon Video Children's Programming}}
{{Sports television in the United States}}
{{VOD services}}

[[Category:2006 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Amazon (company)]]
[[Category:American film websites]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2006]]
[[Category:Internet television streaming services]]
[[Category:IOS software]]
[[Category:PlayStation 3 software]]
[[Category:PlayStation 4 software]]
[[Category:PlayStation 5 software]]
[[Category:Subscription video on demand services]]
[[Category:Transactional video on demand]]
[[Category:TvOS software]]
[[Category:Xbox 360 software]]
[[Category:Xbox One software]]
[[Category:Xbox Series X and Series S software]]

World Trade Center Bhubaneswar

2026-03-27T04:24:13Z

SaraWong: general adjusted content per sources and fixed typos for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = World Skill Center Bhubaneswar
| status = under construction
| image =
| coordinates = {{Coord|20.3047|85.8541|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| completion_date = In Progress
| floor_area = {{convert|98,340|m²|abbr=on}}
| floor_count = 40
| building_type = Commercial
| height = Expected to be 150m-160m according to number of floors
| opening_date =
| developer = [[Populous (company)|Populous]]
| website = {{URL|http://wtcbhubaneswar.org/}}
}}

'''World Skill Center Bhubaneswar''' (also known as '''WSC Bhubaneswar''') is proposed to be a 40-floor-tall building in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=World Trade Centre in town |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]] |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140709/jsp/odisha/story_18594069.jsp#.U84WD5DBDuM|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140726143027/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140709/jsp/odisha/story_18594069.jsp%23.U84WD5DBDuM|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref> This will be the fifth World Trade Centre to be operationalized in India and the 344th in the world. It is developed by [[Populous (company)]]. The center will consist of 200 room hotel, 50,000 sq ft of indoor exhibition hall, multipurpose convention hall to accommodate 4,000 delegates, small convertible meeting halls to host 12 to 16 events simultaneously, an open area to accommodate up to 25,000 people and an open amphitheater.<ref>{{cite news |title=Going Global |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]] |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140709/images/going.jpg|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140726143024/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140709/images/going.jpg|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref> Upon completion, the World Trade Center Bhubaneswar will be the tallest building in Odisha. The Convention Center will be connected to all nearby hotels and the World Trade Center through a skywalk.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/Naveen-Inaugurates-World-Trade-Centre-in-Bhubaneshwar/848707|title =Naveen Inaugurates World Trade Centre in Bhubaneshwar|work=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref> For now, the World Trade Center Bhubaneswar is functioning from IDCO Towers, in [[Janpath, Bhubaneswar]].

==Initiatives and activities==
*WTC Bhubaneswar, WORLD SKILL CENTER (2018) Corporate Social Responsibility Orientation Programme at [[Indian Oil Corporation]] Paradip <ref>{{cite web|url=http://wtcbhubaneswar.org/csr-orientation-programme-at-indian-oil-pipelines-paradip/|title=CSR Orientation Programme at Indian Oil Pipelines, Paradip - WTC Bhubaneswar|website=Wtcbhubaneswar.org|accessdate=21 March 2019}}</ref>
*WTC Bhubaneswar (2018) Celebration of International Women's Day<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wtcbhubaneswar.org/celebration-of-international-womens-day/|title=Celebration of International Women's Day - WTC Bhubaneswar|website=Wtcbhubaneswar.org|accessdate=21 March 2019}}</ref>
*WTC Bhubaneswar (2018) WTC Bhubaneswar at MSME Trade Fair<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wtcbhubaneswar.org/wtc-bhubaneswar-odisha-msme-trade-fair-2018/|title=WTC Bhubaneswar @ Odisha MSME Trade Fair 2018 - WTC Bhubaneswar|website=Wtcbhubaneswar.org|accessdate=21 March 2019}}</ref>
*WTC Bhubaneswar (2018) WTCB as Industry Interface for National Startup Week at Sri Sri University <ref>{{cite web|url=http://wtcbhubaneswar.org/wtc-bhubaneswar-turns-industry-interface-for-national-start-up-week/|title=WTC Bhubaneswar turns Industry Interface for National Start- up Week - WTC Bhubaneswar|website=Wtcbhubaneswar.org|accessdate=21 March 2019}}</ref>
*WTC Bhubaneswar (2018) WTC Budget Conclave with XIMB<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wtcbhubaneswar.org/budget-conclave-2018/|title=Budget Conclave 2018 - WTC Bhubaneswar|website=Wtcbhubaneswar.org|accessdate=21 March 2019}}</ref>
*WTC Bhubaneswar (2018) WTC Bhubaneswar Partners with IT Conclave 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wtcbhubaneswar.org/wtc-bhubaneswar-partners-it-conclave-2018/|title=WTC Bhubaneswar partners @ IT Conclave 2018 - WTC Bhubaneswar|website=Wtcbhubaneswar.org|accessdate=21 March 2019}}</ref>
*WTC Bhubaneswar (2018) Industry Interaction Session on Business Opportunities with Republic of Uganda<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wtcbhubaneswar.org/business-opportunities-with-republic-of-uganda/|title=Business Opportunities with Republic of Uganda - WTC Bhubaneswar|website=Wtcbhubaneswar.org|accessdate=21 March 2019}}</ref>

==Media coverage==
*Odisha Diary (2018) Indian Oil Corporation and WTC Organised CSR Orientation Programme in Paradip<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orissadiary.com/indian-oil-corporation-wtc-organised-csr-orientation-programme-paradip/|title=Indian Oil Corporation and WTC Organised CSR Orientation Programme in Paradip|date=26 March 2018|website=Orissadiary.com|accessdate=21 March 2019}}</ref>
*Odisha Diary (2018) Odisha Govt promoted the trade and business potentials of the State at Global Economic Summit-2018<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orissadiary.com/odisha-govt-promoted-trade-business-potentials-state-global-economic-summit-2018/|title=Odisha Govt promoted the trade and business potentials of the State at Global Economic Summit-2018|first=Odisha Diary|last=bureau|date=8 March 2018|website=Orissadiary.com|accessdate=21 March 2019}}</ref>
*Odisha Diary (2018) World Trade Centre and XIMB to organize a budget review<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orissadiary.com/world-trade-centre-ximb-organize-budget-review/|title=World Trade Centre and XIMB to organize a budget review|date=1 February 2018|website=Orissadiary.com|accessdate=21 March 2019}}</ref>
*Navaratna News (2018) World Trade Centre Global Economic Summit-2018 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://navratnanews.com/index.php/2018/03/08/world-trade-centre-global-economic-summit-2018/ |title=World Trade Centre Global Economic Summit-2018 | Voice of Western Odisha |access-date=22 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322145035/http://navratnanews.com/index.php/2018/03/08/world-trade-centre-global-economic-summit-2018/ |archive-date=22 March 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Odisha Diary (2018) World Trade Centre, Bhubaneswar Organises Social Entrepreneurship Workshop<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orissadiary.com/world-trade-centre-bhubaneswar-organises-social-entrepreneurship-workshop/|title=World Trade Centre, Bhubaneswar Organises Social Entrepreneurship Workshop|first=Odisha Diary|last=bureau|date=15 January 2018|website=Orissadiary.com|accessdate=21 March 2019}}</ref>
*Odisha News Insight (2017) WTC felicitates Women Achievers<ref>{{cite web|url=https://odishanewsinsight.com/events/learnitude-technologies-world-trade-centre-bbsr-felicitate-women-achievers/|title=Learnitude Technologies with World Trade Centre, BBSR felicitate Women Achievers|date=25 December 2016|website=Odishanewsinsight.com|accessdate=21 March 2019}}</ref>
*Times of India (2017) World Trade Centre to be ready by 2019<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/world-trade-centre-to-be-ready-by-2019/articleshow/62110424.cms|title=World Trade Centre to be ready by 2019 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=21 March 2019}}</ref>
*Symbiosis Institute of International Business (2015) Entrepreneurship Development Program (EDP)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.siib.ac.in/site/collaboration/WTC|title=Symbiosis Institute of International Business (SIIB)|website=Siib.ac.in|accessdate=21 March 2019}}</ref>
*The Hindu (2014) World Trade Centre in Bhubaneswar expected to spur trade, tourism<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/world-trade-centre-in-bhubaneswar-expected-to-spur-trade-tourism/article6192281.ece|title=World Trade Centre in Bhubaneswar expected to spur trade, tourism|date=9 July 2014|accessdate=21 March 2019|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
*Information and Public Relations (I&PR) Department, Government of Odisha (2013)On Offing: World Trade Centre at Bhubaneswar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inpr.odisha.gov.in/News/WTC_17.pdf|title=INFORMATION & PUBLIC RELATION DEPARTMENT, GOVT OF ODISHA : PRESS RELEASE : WORLD TRADE CENTER AT BHUBANESWAR|website=Inpr.odisha.gov.in|accessdate=21 March 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of world trade centers]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Bhubaneswar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.worldskillcenter.org/]
* [http://wtcbhubaneswar.org/ World Trade Center Bhubaneswar]
* [https://www.bearstreet.in/understand-the-trading-floor.php Trading Floor in Bhubaneswar]

[[Category:World Trade Centers]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Economy of Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Proposed skyscrapers in India]]

Maharashtra Protection of Interest of Depositors (in Financial Establishments) Act, 1999

2026-03-25T18:47:07Z

SaraWong:

{{Short description|Act of the Maharashtra state legislature}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{notability|date=February 2018}}}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Maharashtra Protection of Interest of Depositors (in Financial Establishments) Act, 1999
| image = Seal of Maharashtra.svg | imagesize = 150
| imagelink = | imagealt = | caption = | long_title = An Act to protect the interest of depositors of Maharashtra state in the financial establishments and matters relating thereto
| territorial_extent = Whole of [[Maharashtra]]
| enacted_by = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| date_commenced = 29 April 1999
| | related_legislation =
| status = in force
}}
'''Maharashtra Protection of Interest of Depositors (in Financial Establishments) Act, 1999''' is an act of [[Maharashtra]] [[state legislature]] in India to protect the interest of [[Deposit account|depositors]] of [[Maharashtra|Maharashtra state]] in the financial establishments and matters relating thereto.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lj.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Upload/Acts/Mah.Act%2016%20of%202000%20Protection%20of%20Interest%20of%20Depositors%20(in%20Financial%20Establishments)%20Act,%201999%20Maharashtra.pdf|title=Maharashtra Protection of Interest of Depositors (In Financial Establishments) Act, 1999}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Maharashtra state legislation]]
[[Category:Financial regulation in India]]
[[Category:1999 in law]]

{{India-law-stub}}
{{Maharashtra-stub}}

Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences

2026-03-22T05:03:15Z

SaraWong:

{{short description|Hospital in Hyderabad, Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences
| native_name =
| image_name = NIMS.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{start date and age|1961}}
| closed =
| type = [[State university (India)|State university]]
| endowment =
| budget =
| director = Dr. Bheerappa Nagari
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}}
| pushpin_map =
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| nickname = NIMS
| mascot =
| academic_affiliation = [[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]], [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]
| website = {{url|nims.edu.in}}
| logo = [[File:Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences Logo.svg|200px]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences''' ('''NIMS''') is a [[public hospital]] located in [[Hyderabad, Telangana]], India and is named after its founder – the [[Mir Osman Ali Khan|7th Nizam]] of the erstwhile [[Hyderabad State]]– and was inaugurated by [[Dürrüşehvar Sultan|Princess Durrushehvar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/103749/12/12_chapter%205.pdf|title=Shodhganga : a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET}}</ref> It is an [[State university (India)|State university]] established by Andhra Pradesh State Legislature. It has a sprawling campus in [[Punjagutta]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://nims.edu.in/ntenders/2014_TN_NIMSUC_Bibinagar_22082014.pdf396.cms?referral=PM | title=NIZAM'S INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES | publisher=Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences | accessdate=18 January 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

==Overview==
NIMS is recognized by National Medical Commission. It is administered under the supervision of the Governing Council, Executive Board, Director and other statutory bodies.

It publishes the monthly journal "The Clinical Proceedings of Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences" for the last 20 years.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nims.edu.in/depart_details.php?tab=research&dep_id=NTI= | title= Microbiology - Ongoing Researches | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204061324/https://www.nims.edu.in/depart_details.php?tab=research&dep_id=NTI= | archive-date=2018-02-04}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Nizam Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad2.jpg|thumb|Foundation stone laid by [[Morarji Desai]], 1961]]

The Nizam's Orthopaedic Hospital was inaugurated by Sri [[S. K. Patil]], Union Minister for Railways on 22 December 1964. The first Superintendent of the hospital was M. Ranga Reddy, a well known Orthopedic Surgeon, who convinced the [[Mir Osman Ali Khan|7th Nizam]] to build a specialty hospital for Orthopedics and played an important role in its construction. The hospital was under the [[H.E.H. the Nizam's Charitable Trust]] until it was handed over to AP Government. Dr. Ranga Reddy was the administrator of the hospital also till then.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/heritage-enthusiasts-pay-rich-tributes-to-seventh-nizam/article23460365.ece | title=Heritage enthusiasts pay rich tributes to seventh Nizam| newspaper=The Hindu| date=2018-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences Act, 1989|url=http://nims.edu.in/img/NIMS_ACT_1989.pdf|accessdate=17 July 2017|date=29 April 1989|work=Andhra Pradesh Gazette|archive-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026005802/http://www.nims.edu.in/img/NIMS_ACT_1989.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Academics==
The institute conducts MD, MS, M. Ch, D.M, Ph.D courses in about 40 disciplines that are recognized by National Medical Commission and issues certificates. Apart from this, there are various paramedical post graduate diploma courses being conducted by the institute.

== Infrastructure Development ==
The institute has expanded its facilities in 2013 with two new hospital blocks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manchanda Associates Added 2 Hospital Buildings In Nizam's Institute Of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad |url=https://worldarchitecture.org/article-links/ecfmm/manchanda-associates-added-2-hospital-buildings-in-nizam-s-institute-of-medical-sciences-hyderabad.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=worldarchitecture.org}}</ref> This expansion, designed by Manchanda Associates, consists of a 300 bedded Super Specialty Hospital and a 200 bedded Accident & Trauma Hospital, with a connecting corridor interlinking the two blocks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nizams Institute of Medical Sciences - Manchanda Associates - Hospital Architects Delhi, Residence Architects Delhi, Interior Designer Delhi, Factory Architect Delhi, Institutional Architect Delhi, best delhi architects, top delhi architects, Delhi, India |url=https://www.manchanda.net/projects/nims |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.manchanda.net |language=en}}</ref>

In November of 2022, The Telangana government has approved a ₹1,571 crore expansion project for the Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), aiming to enhance healthcare services with an additional 2,000 beds, including 500 ICU beds, and expanding the number of departments to 42.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-17 |title=Telangana gives nod to 1,571 crore Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences expansion project |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-gives-nod-to-1571-crore-nizams-institute-of-medical-sciences-expansion-project/articleshow/95567953.cms |access-date=2024-06-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
*[[Sree Bhushan Raju]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Raju|first1=Sree Bhushan|title=Academics Profile|url=http://www.drsreebhushan.com/myprofile.html|website=www.drsreebhushan.com|accessdate=22 November 2017|archive-date=26 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626001106/http://www.drsreebhushan.com/myprofile.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Notable faculty==
* [[Bhupathiraju Somaraju|B. Somaraju]], eminent cardiologist
* [[Dasari Prasada Rao|D. Prasada Rao]], cardiothorasic surgeon, [[Padma Shri]] awardee
* [[Kakarla Subba Rao]], eminent radiologist
* [[Lavu Narendranath]], orthopedic surgeon, [[Padma Shri]] awardee
* [[Undurti Narasimha Das]], clinical immunologist, endocrinologist and the founder president and chief executive officer of UND Life Sciences
* Dr Amaresh Rao Malempati, eminent cardio thoracic surgeon

==See also==
*[[:Category:Hospitals established in Hyderabad State|Hospitals established in Hyderabad State]]
*[[Government Nizamia General Hospital]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|The Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences}}
* [http://www.nims.edu.in/ Official website of NIMS]

{{Universities in Telangana}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nizam's Institute Of Medical Sciences}}
[[Category:Medical and health sciences universities in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Healthcare in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:State universities in Telangana]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1961]]
[[Category:Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences| ]]

HDFC ERGO General Insurance Company

2026-03-20T15:20:31Z

SaraWong:

{{Short description|HDFC ERGO}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{advert|date=October 2016}}
{{More footnotes|date=November 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox company
| name = HDFC ERGO General Insurance Company Limited
| logo = HDFC ERGO Logo 2025.png
| logo_size = 200px
| type = [[Joint venture]]
| key_people = Anuj Tyagi ([[Managing director|MD]])
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| products = [[Insurance]] [[General insurance]] [[Health insurance]] [[Vehicle insurance]] [[Travel insurance]] [[Home insurance]] [[Accidental death and dismemberment insurance|Accidental insurance]] [[Commercial general liability insurance|Commercial Insurance]] Rural insurance
| location = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| parent = [[HDFC Bank]] [[Ergo Group]]
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|8149|c}} (2022)<ref name=6-K>{{cite web|url=https://www.hdfcergo.com/docs/default-source/default-document-library/he---annual-report---2022---a4.pdf?sfvrsn=da477c0e_0|title=HDFC ERGO General Insurance Company Ltd. Financial Statements |website=hdfcergo.com}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|474|c}} (2022)<ref name=6-K/>
| net_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|500|c}} (2022)<ref name=6-K/>
| assets = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|32118|c}} (2022)<ref name=6-K/>
| equity =
| num_employees = 8,976 (2022)<ref name=6-K/>
| website = {{url|https://www.hdfcergo.com/}}
}}

'''HDFC ERGO General Insurance Company Limited''' is an Indian [[insurance]] company. It is a [[joint venture]] firm between [[Housing Development Finance Corporation|HDFC]] and [[ERGO Group|ERGO International]] AG. It is one of the insurance entities of the [[Munich Re|Munich Re Group]] in Germany operating in the insurance field under the [[BFSI]] sector.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-25 |title=HDFC Ergo launches centre of excellence for AI |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/hdfc-ergo-launches-centre-of-excellence-for-ai/articleshow/102113289.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The company offers insurance products across segments including health, motor, travel, and property insurance. The Corporate sector includes products like liability, marine, and property insurance. Rural sector products include rainfall index insurance, Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana, and cattle insurance policy.

== History ==

Housing Development Finance Corporation (HDFC) and ERGO International AG formed HDFC ERGO General Insurance Company Limited as a joint venture..<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-20 |title=CCI approves HDFC's additional stake buy in HDFC ERGO General Insurance |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/cci-approves-hdfcs-additional-stake-buy-in-hdfc-ergo-general-insurance/article66990223.ece |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> ERGO became a 49% stakeholder in the Company in 2000.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-17 |title=Munich Re's Ergo to raise stake in joint venture with HDFC for Rs 1,122 crore |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/reuters/munich-re-s-ergo-to-raise-stake-in-joint-venture-with-hdfc-for-169-mln-115121700914_1.html#:~:text=Munich%20Re%27s%20insurance,said%20on%20Thursday. |access-date=2025-07-10 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> In June 2019, HDFC announced plans to acquire a 51.2 percent stake in [[Apollo Hospitals|Apollo Munich Health Insurance]] and later merged it with its general insurance arm, HDFC ERGO.<ref name="HDFCE Ref2" />

In 2020, HDFC Ergo Health Insurance( earlier known as Apollo Munich Health Insurance)<ref name="HDFCE Ref2" /> merged with the company after the receipt of final approval from the [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India]] (IRDAI) making it the second-largest private insurer in the accident and [[health insurance]] business.<ref name="HDFCE Ref1">{{cite news |last1=Kaul |first1=Abhinav |title=HDFC Ergo Health, HDFC Ergo General merger: How will it impact customers? |url=https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/hdfc-ergo-health-hdfc-ergo-general-merger-how-will-it-impact-customers-11605776679888.html |access-date=12 May 2021 |publisher=mint |date=19 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> With this merger, the company's product suite expanded to over 50 in this segment.<ref name="HDFCE Ref2">{{cite news |title=Merger of HDFC ERGO Health Insurance with HDFC ERGO General Insurance complete |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/merger-of-hdfc-ergo-health-insurance-with-hdfc-ergo-general-insurance-complete/article33094174.ece |access-date=12 May 2021 |publisher=businessline |date=13 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2021, Housing Development Finance Corporation (HDFC), entered into a share purchase agreement for the sale of 44,12,000 equity shares of Rs. 10 each, representing 0.62% of the issued and paid-up share capital of HDFC ERGO, in accordance with the direction of Reserve Bank of India to reduce its shareholding in the latter to 50% or below, and subsequent to this HDFC ERGO would cease to be a subsidiary company of HDFC.<ref name="HDFCE Ref4">{{cite news |title=HDFC to divest 0.62% stakeholding in HDFC ERGO |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/hdfc-to-divest-0-62-stakeholding-in-hdfc-ergo-121051001024_1.html |access-date=13 May 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=10 May 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{official}}

{{HDFC Group}}
{{Insurance in India}}

[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]
[[Category:Joint ventures]]
[[Category:Insurance companies of India]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Companies with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Health insurance companies of India]]
[[Category:HDFC Group]]

G Nachiyar

2026-03-20T10:09:23Z

SaraWong: Created new entry from scratch...

{{Short description|Indian ophthalmologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = G. Natchiar
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|09|15}}
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Ophthalmologist
| known_for = Co-founding Aravind Eye Care System
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2024)
}}

'''Govindappa Natchiar''' (born 15 September 1940) is an Indian ophthalmologist and co-founder of the [[Aravind Eye Care System]]. She serves as director emeritus of the Human Resource Department and vice chairman emeritus of Aravind Eye Hospitals and Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, [[Madurai]], Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Aravind">{{cite web |title=Dr. G. Natchiar |url=https://aravind.org/members/dr-g-natchair/ |website=Aravind Eye Care System |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Natchiar graduated from [[University of Madras]] in 1962 and completed her Master’s in Ophthalmology from [[Madurai Medical College]] in 1969. She pursued further specialization in ocular pathology at the [[University of Illinois Chicago]] and completed a non-clinical fellowship at [[Harvard Medical School]] in Boston, Massachusetts.<ref name="PMCID">{{cite journal |last1=Balasubramaniam |first1=Shantha |title=Powerful leadership: Dr G Natchiar |journal=Community Eye Health |volume=36 |issue=117 |date=2023 |pages=339–341 |doi=10.4103/IJO.IJO_103_23 |doi-access=free |pmid=36727315 |pmc=10228910 }}</ref>

==Career==
She began her career as an assistant professor at Madurai Medical College and became one of the founding members of the Govel Trust, which established Aravind Eye Hospital in 1976 with the mission to eliminate avoidable blindness through high-quality, affordable eye care.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title=Padma Shri winner Dr G Natchiar's efforts to take eye care to villages |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/padma-shri-winner-madurai-dr-g-natchiars-efforts-to-take-eye-care-to-villages/articleshow/107177963.cms |work=The Times of India |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

Natchiar played a central role in developing the Mid-Level Ophthalmic Personnel (MLOP) programme at Aravind, which empowers women from rural areas through structured training in eye care. She led the neuro-ophthalmology and cataract departments, initiated India's first microsurgical training programme for ophthalmologists, and coordinated community outreach camps to deliver eye care in remote areas.<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite news |title=Aravind hospital's dedication, service to people the reason for Padma Shri award: Dr. Natchiar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/aravind-hospitals-dedication-service-to-people-the-only-reason-for-padma-shri-award-says-natchiar/article67780594.ece |work=The Hindu |date=27 January 2024 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

Under her leadership, Aravind expanded into a network of 14 hospitals, over 100 vision centres, and institutions like [[Aurolab]] and ''LAICO''. After retiring from clinical work in 2011, she continues to contribute to Aravind’s growth while also managing organic farming at Aurofarm.<ref name="NIE">{{cite news |title=Aravind Eye Hospital transforming rural women into eye care professionals |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2024/Mar/10/aravind-eye-hospital-transforming-rural-women-into-eye-care-professionals |work=The New Indian Express |date=10 March 2024 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

==Publications and roles==
Natchiar has authored and contributed to over 16 books, including ''Visual Field Defects in Intracranial Tumours'' (1980), ''Anatomy of the Eye'' (1986), and ''Neuro-Ophthalmology: A Manual for Postgraduates'' (1995). She edited educational manuals for allied ophthalmic personnel and published over 55 research papers.<ref name="PMCID" />

She has held leadership roles in various institutions, including President of the Tamil Nadu Ophthalmic Association and Syndicate Member of [[Manonmaniam Sundaranar University]]. She was also a consulting editor for the ''Journal of the Neurological Society of India'' and Managing Editor of ''Kannoli'', a patient education journal.<ref name="PadmaCitation">{{cite web |title=Padma Shri Citation – Dr. G. Natchiar |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/202481.pdf |website=Padma Awards Portal |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* [[Padma Shri]] by the Government of India (2024)<ref name="PadmaCitation" />
* Lifetime Achievement – Centre for Sight, I Focus 2018<ref name="PIB">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2024 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2020144 |website=PIB |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nachiyar, G}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian ophthalmologists]]
[[Category:Women ophthalmologists]]
[[Category:Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Medical School alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Indian women scientists]]

Ithiri Neram

2026-03-17T23:28:17Z

SaraWong: new some article basic info

{{Short description|Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ithiri Neram
| image = Ithiri_Neram_2025_Film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Prasanth Vijay
| producer = {{ubl |Jomon Jacob | Dijo Augustine | Einstin Zac Paul | Vishnu Rajan | Sajin S Raj}}
| writer = Vishak Shakti
| starring = {{ubl|[[Roshan Mathew]] | [[Zarin Shihab]] |[[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]]|Anand Manmadhan|[[Jeo Baby]]}}
| music = [[Basil C J]]
| cinematography = Rakesh Dharan
| editing = Francies Louis
| studio = Mankind Cinemas, Einstin Media, Symmetry Cinemas
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2025|11|07}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''Ithiri Neram''' is a 2025 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] language [[Romance_film#Romantic_drama|romantic drama]] film directed by Prasanth Vijay and written by Vishak Shakti. The film stars [[Roshan Mathew]] and [[Zarin Shihab]] in the lead roles, with supporting performances by [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]], Anand Manmadhan and [[Jeo Baby]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ithiri Neram Movie Review: Pain of lost love captured beautifully |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/ithiri-neram/movie-review/125156126.cms |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Roshan Mathew and Zarin Shihab’s Ithiri Neram First Look Promises a Tender Tale of Second Chances |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/roshan-mathew-and-zarin-shihabs-ithiri-neram-first-look-promises-a-tender-tale-of-second-chances-78348.html |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The narrative follows Anish ([[Roshan Mathew]]), a podcast host who, on the eve of his daughter’s [[baptism]], plans a night out with friends. Unexpectedly, he receives a call from his former college lover Anjana ([[Zarin Shihab]]), who is soon leaving for the United States. Their chance reunion leads to candid conversations and emotional confrontations over the course of one night, exploring themes of love, memory, closure and the lingering impact of past relationships.

== Cast ==

* [[Roshan Mathew]] as Anish Thomas
* [[Zarin Shihab]] as Anjana S Kumar
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Rajan Kunnukuzhi
* Anand Manmadhan as Chanchal Kachani
* [[Jeo Baby]] as Sanal

== Production ==
The idea for the film originated from a Facebook post by a journalist describing a real-life incident involving a man and a woman over the course of a night. Director Prasanth Vijay and writer Vishak Shakti adapted this incident into a fictional narrative, developing backstories for the central characters and introducing additional supporting characters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-10-31 |title=Ithiri Neram director Prasanth Vijay: You need a commercial release to be taken seriously |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Oct/31/malayalaminterviews2025oct30ithiri-neram-director-prasanth-vijay-you-need-a-commercial-release-to-be-taken-seriously |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film was produced by Jomon Jacob, Dijo Augustine, Einstin Zac Paul, Vishnu Rajan and Sajin S Raj and presented by Jeo Baby. Cinematography was handled by Rakesh Dharan, with music composed by [[Basil C J]] who has also penned the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-28 |title=Ithiri Neram (2025) {{!}} Ithiri Neram Malayalam Movie {{!}} Movie Reviews, Showtimes |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/28837/ithiri-neram/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=NOWRUNNING |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==

Ithiri Neram premiered in cinemas in India on 7 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-27 |title=Roshan Mathew-Zarin Shihab starrer Ithiri Neram gets a release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Oct/27/malayalamnews2025oct27roshan-mathew-zarin-shihab-starrer-ithiri-neram-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> After its theatrical run, the film was released on [[Sun_NXT |SunNXT]] on 31 December 2025 and [[Prime Video]] on 2 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-31 |title=Weekly OTT Roundup Stranger Things finale and more: Everything new on Netflix, Prime Video, Zee5 & JioHotstar |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/weekly-ott-roundup-whats-new-on-netflix-prime-video-zee5-jiohotstar-3847359 |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Writing for ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'', Sajin Shrijith described the film as being "laden with poignant moments and humour," noting that the two lead actors complement Prasanth Vijay’s direction with "stirring performances" that appeal to both the heart and intellect.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Ithiri Neram’ review: Roshan Mathew and Zarin Shihab bring genuine feelings to the table |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2025/11/07/ithiri-neram-review-roshan-mathew-and-zarin-shihab-bring-genuine-feelings-to-the-table.html |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=The Week |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |language=en}}</ref> In ''[[The Hindu]]'', S. R. Praveen characterised the film as a "deeply felt conversational drama," observing that Vijay crafts the narrative with an "uncommon turn" that distinguishes it from more conventional romantic films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Ithiri Neram’ movie review: Roshan Mathew and Zarin Shihab ace in a deeply-felt conversational drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ithiri-neram-movie-review-roshan-mathew-and-zarin-shihab-ace-in-a-deeply-felt-conversational-drama/article70251784.ece |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=The Hindu |first=S.R. |last=Praveen |language=en}}</ref>

Janani K, reviewing the film for ''[[India Today]]'', referred to it as "a mature, nuanced take on love, loss and second chances," calling it a bittersweet drama anchored by the performances of Roshan Mathew and Zarin Shihab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Ithiri Neram review: A mature, nuanced take on love, loss and second chances |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/ithiri-neram-review-prasanth-vijay-second-chances-roshan-mathew-zarin-shihab-2815327-2025-11-07 |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=India Today |last=K |first=Janani |language=en}}</ref> Anna Mathews of ''[[The Times of India]]'' echoed this sentiment, writing that Ithiri Neram "breaks the mould of today’s style of filmmaking" and suggesting that its approach could appeal to audiences across generations. She highlighted the film’s "brave decision to take the narrative at a slow pace," commending its script and direction and noting that the story of lost love was "beautifully woven," with strong performances that kept viewers engaged throughout.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ithiri Neram Movie Review: Pain of lost love captured beautifully |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/ithiri-neram/movie-review/125156126.cms |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Vishal Menon of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]] India'' wrote that the film leaves viewers feeling "the pleasures of returning to a dreamlike moment in the past and the pain that only long-lost love can make you feel," highlighting the chemistry between the lead actors and the film’s nostalgic tone.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Ithiri Neram' Movie Review: Roshan Mathew and Zarin Shihab Have Sparkling Chemistry In This Night To Remember |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/ithiri-neram-movie-review-roshan-mathew-and-zarin-shihab-have-a-sparkling-chemistry-in-this-night-to-remember |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref> Vivek Santhosh of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' described it as "a tender and talk-heavy drama," praising its sincerity and the emotional weight carried by its performances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-11-07 |title=Ithiri Neram Movie Review: An imperfect yet sincere look at love that never truly left |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Nov/07/malayalamreview2025nov07ithiri-neram-movie-review-an-imperfect-yet-sincere-look-at-love-that-never-truly-left |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In ''[[The Indian Express]]'', Anandu Suresh noted that while the film follows narrative stylistics reminiscent of [['96 (film)|’96]], it differentiates itself through the way it "manages to instil a sense of tension" within its largely conversational framework.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ithiri Neram movie review: Roshan Mathew, Zarin Shihab shine in Malayalam cinema’s ’96 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ithiri-neram-movie-review-roshan-mathew-zarin-shihab-shine-in-malayalam-cinemas-96-10350955/ |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Rasmi Binoy, writing for ''[[The News Minute]]'', offered a positive assessment, stating that rather than forcing the audience to take a stand, the film presents "a scenario that could happen to any of us," and remarking that it "emphatically marks Prasanth Vijay’s arrival in the mainstream."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Binoy |first=Rasmi |date=2025-11-12 |title=Love, regret, and the Malayali man: What Ithiri Neram gets right |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/love-regret-and-the-malayali-man-what-ithiri-neram-gets-right |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> A more critical perspective came from Maria Teresa Raju, also writing for ''The News Minute'', who questioned certain narrative and emotional choices, expressing reservations about the film’s thematic framing despite acknowledging the strength of its performances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raju |first=Maria Teresa |date=2025-11-07 |title=Ithiri Neram review: A marathon of missed connections and murky motives |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/ithiri-neram-review-a-marathon-of-missed-connections-and-murky-motives |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ithiri Neram
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Basil CJ]]
| cover = Ithiri Neram OST Album Cover 2025.jpg
| released =
| recorded = 2025
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 33:36
| label = [[Think Music]]
| language = Malayalam
| producer =
}}

The film's songs and background score were composed by [[Basil C J]], who has also written the lyrics. The film has six songs.

Composer-lyricist Basil C J said that the album was crafted to mirror the film’s core theme of memory and longing, with instrumentation such as sitar and flute chosen to create an organic, reflective sound. He explained that the song "Neeyorikkal" evolved intuitively from footage and discussions with the director, aiming for a conversational style that resonated with the film’s mood.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-11-21 |title=Composer-lyricist Basil C J: We wanted Ithiri Neram’s music to reflect nostalgia |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Nov/21/malayalaminterviews2025nov20composer-lyricist-basil-c-j-we-wanted-ithiri-nerams-music-to-reflect-nostalgia |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing

| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 33:36

| all_lyrics =
| all_music =

| title1 = Neeyorikkal
| extra1 = [[Viswajith|Viswajith CT]], [[Sithara (singer)|Sithara Krishnakumar]]
| length1 = 6:21

| title2 = Akalunnu Melle
| extra2 = [[Sooraj Santhosh]]
| length2 = 5:20

| title3 = Nishayil
| extra3 = Veetrag
| length3 = 5:39

| title4 = Theeram Thodaathe
| extra4 = [[Sooraj Santhosh]], [[Mridula Warrier]]
| length4 = 5:28

| title5 = Madhuramoorunna
| extra5 = [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| length5 = 5:28

| title6 = Akalunnu Melle
| note6 = Duet version
| extra6 = [[Sooraj Santhosh]], Chithra Arun
| length6 = 5:20

}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|29668971|Ithiri Neram}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]

Vimal Rajbanshi

2026-03-09T13:12:44Z

SaraWong:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
'''Vimal Rajbanshi''' (born 1966) is an Indian politician from Bihar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=VIMAL RAJBANSHI(Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)):Constituency- RAJAULI (SC)(NAWADA) - Expense Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2025/expense.php?candidate_id=2005 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He is a member of [[Legislative Assembly of Bihar]] representing the [[Rajauli Assembly constituency|Rajauli]] Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in [[Nawada district]] of [[Bihar]]. He is a member of the [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Rajauli Constituency Election Results 2025: Rajauli Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/rajauli |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Rajauli Assembly Constituency, Bihar {{!}} Election Pandit |url=https://electionpandit.com/state/bihar/ac/235/rajauli |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=electionpandit.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vimal Rajbanshi , RAJAULI (SC) candidate Bihar Election bio : Assets , Total Income , Liabilities , Criminal Cases and other details. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Bihar2025/vimal-rajbanshi-2005/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He is from Rajauli, Bihar. He is the son of Chando Rajbanhi.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Rajbanshi was elected from the Rajauli Assembly constituency representing the [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]<ref name=":1" /> in the 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election. He polled 90,272 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Pinki Bharti of RJD by a margin of 3953 votes. He became an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for the first time.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Bihar-politician-stub}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajbanshi, Vimal}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) politicians]]

Khasi Katha– A Goat Saga

2026-03-04T00:26:11Z

SaraWong: adjust page to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Khasi Katha– A Goat Saga
| image = Khasi Kotha poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster (banner)
| director = Judhajit Sarkar
| producer =
| writer = Judhajit Sarkar
| starring = [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Anindita Bose]]
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Star Fire Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|03}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Khasi Katha– A Goat Saga''''' is a 2013 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film. The film is directed by Judhajit Sarkar and produced by Star Fine Movies.<ref name="Cast & Crew of Khasi Katha- A Goat Saga (2013 - Bengali)">{{cite web|title=Cast & Crew of Khasi Katha- A Goat Saga (2013 - Bengali)|url=http://www.gomolo.com/khasi-katha-a-goat-saga-movie-cast-crew/44001|publisher=Gomolo|accessdate=16 January 2013|archive-date=16 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416063809/http://www.gomolo.com/khasi-katha-a-goat-saga-movie-cast-crew/44001|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Khasi Katha- A Goat Saga(2012)">{{cite web|title=Khasi Katha- A Goat Saga(2012) |url=http://www.nthwall.com/be/9765400177 |accessdate=16 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618000237/http://www.nthwall.com/be/9765400177 |archivedate=18 June 2013 }}</ref> The film was scheduled to be released in March 2013.<ref name="Kaushik, Anjan come together">{{cite news|title=Kaushik, Anjan come together|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-16/news-interviews/36373143_1_dutta-vs-dutta-anjan-dutt-film|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216062904/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-16/news-interviews/36373143_1_dutta-vs-dutta-anjan-dutt-film|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|accessdate=16 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 January 2013}}</ref> The film shows a talkative goat, about to be slaughtered telling a story of a woman boxer of [[Kolkata]] to the butcher.<ref name="Director Judhajit Sarkar on Khashi Kotha">{{cite news|title=Director Judhajit Sarkar on Khashi Kotha|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120823/jsp/entertainment/story_15883799.jsp#.UPbOIvKqQoo|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216222427/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120823/jsp/entertainment/story_15883799.jsp%23.UPbOIvKqQoo|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|accessdate=16 January 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph, Calcutta|date=23 August 2012}}</ref>

[[Naseeruddin Shah]] plays the character of butcher and [[Anindita Bose]] plays the character of woman boxer.<ref name="Director Judhajit Sarkar on Khashi Kotha" />

== Plot ==
The film begins with a scene where a butcher is going to slaughter a goat. The goat becomes talkative and pleads with the butcher for life and promises to tell a story in return. The butcher is surprised but agrees. The goat now tells the butcher the story of a female boxer Salma who belongs to a lower-middle-class family and dreams to become a boxer.<ref name="Director Judhajit Sarkar on Khashi Kotha" /><ref name="Michael, now as a butcher">{{cite news|title=Michael, now as a butcher|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-05/news-interviews/30477364_1_bengali-film-naseeruddin-shah-goat|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216064829/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-05/news-interviews/30477364_1_bengali-film-naseeruddin-shah-goat|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|accessdate=16 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="WBRi interview">{{cite web|title=Interview: Actress Anindiata Bose on Bengali Movies|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/44331412-interview-actress-anindita-bose-bengali-movies-bhuter-bhabishyat-and-khashi-katha-g|publisher=WBRi|accessdate=16 January 2013|archive-date=23 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123074907/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/44331412-interview-actress-anindita-bose-bengali-movies-bhuter-bhabishyat-and-khashi-katha-g|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as the butcher
* [[Anindita Bose]] as Salma (boxer)
* [[Subhasish Mukherjee]]
* Prasun Gayen
* [[Silajit Majumder]]
* [[Biswanath Basu]]
* Anindya Bandyopadhyay
* [[Mir Afsar Ali]]
* Joy Badlani
* Sanjoy Sinharoy

== Production ==
Judhajit Sarkar made a documentary film on woman boxers of Kolkata few years back. At that time he felt this subject would be interesting to make a full-length film. Sarkar explained, boxing is a game where the player accepts physical punishment voluntarily and it becomes more thrilling when a woman does it.<ref name="Director Judhajit Sarkar on Khashi Kotha" />

== Casting ==
[[File:Naseeruddin Shah.jpg|thumb|175px|Naseeruddin Shah plays the character of the butcher in this film. Shah agreed to act in the film immediately after hearing the character he was offered.]]
Naseeruddin Shah plays the role of the butcher. Sarkar worked with Shah in Vidhu Vinod Chopra’s film ''Sazaaye Maut'' where Sarkar worked as an assistant. After collecting money for the film Sarkar contacted Shah and asked if he wanted to play the character. Shah agreed to act in the film immediately upon learning about the character he was offered.<ref name="Director Judhajit Sarkar on Khashi Kotha" />

Anindita Bose plays the character of woman boxer. Bose and another actor Daminee took boxing training for a month to prepare themselves for their characters.<ref name="Director Judhajit Sarkar on Khashi Kotha" />

== See also ==
* ''[[Nobel Chor]]'', a 2012 Bengali-language film

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khasi Katha- A Goat Saga}}
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Bengali-language films]]

EXCON

2026-02-22T08:58:33Z

SaraWong: Created the stub initial version...

{{Short description|Construction equipment trade fair}}
{{Infobox exhibition
|name = EXCON
|image = EXCON 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (418).jpg
|caption = Inauguration of EXCON 2025
|image_upright = 1.3
|country = India
|location = [[Bangalore International Exhibition Centre]], Bangalore
|start_point = 2000
|organiser = [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII)
|sponsor = Ace, Apollo Concrete Solution, ARX, Wipro, Wirtgen Group, Wipro, Parker, JCB, Sany etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Event sponsers |url=https://www.excon.in/sponsors2025.php |website=EXCON Official website }}</ref>
}}
'''EXCON''' (Exhibition on construction equipments) is [[South Asia]]'s largest [[Trade show|trade fair]] and exhibition of construction equipments.<ref name="one">{{Cite web |title=EXCON 2025 |url=https://in.hd-hyundaice.com/about-us/exhibition/excon-2025 |website=in.hd-hyundaice.com |publisher=Hyundai Construction Equipment India Private Limited |access-date=2025-12-24 |archive-date=2025-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212233227/https://in.hd-hyundaice.com/about-us/exhibition/excon-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Excon 2025 |url=https://www.volvoce.com/india/en-in/about-us/excon-2025/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=www.volvoce.com |publisher=[[AB Volvo]] |language=en-in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Excon 2025 {{!}} JCB |url=https://www.jcb.com/en-IN/explore/engage/events/2025/12/excon/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=www.jcb.com |publisher=[[JCB (heavy equipment manufacturer)|JCB]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Excon Bangalore |url=https://www.fst.com/events/2023/excon-bangalore/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=www.fst.com |publisher=[[Freudenberg Group]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of India, Brasilia, Brazil |url=https://eoibrasilia.gov.in/excon-08-11-23.php |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=eoibrasilia.gov.in |publisher=Embassy of India, Brazil}}</ref> EXCON is held [[Anniversary#Numerical|biennially]] in [[Bangalore International Exhibition Centre]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=:: BIEC - Premier International Exhibition Centre|url=https://www.biec.in/Calendar_event/2k25/excon.php |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=www.biec.in |publisher=[[Bangalore International Exhibition Centre]]}}</ref> Bangalore. The trade fair provides platform for construction equipment manufacturers, component suppliers, and service providers to showcase their products and services.

[[File:CII Excon logo.jpg|thumb|right|Logo of EXCON]]

EXCON is approved by [[The Global Association of the Exhibition Industry]] (UFI).<ref name="two">{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2025 |title=French Pavilion at EXCON 2025 |url=https://www.ifcci.org.in/events/upcoming-events/e/event/french-pavilion-at-excon-2025.html |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=CCI France Inde |language=en |archive-date=2025-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008213547/https://www.ifcci.org.in/events/upcoming-events/e/event/french-pavilion-at-excon-2025.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and is organized by the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII).

The 13th edition of the event, EXCON 2025 was held between 9 and 13 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EXCON 2025 / German Pavilion |url=https://www.german-pavilion.com/en/excon-2025 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=www.german-pavilion.com |publisher=[[Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy]] |language=en}}</ref>

==About==
The event is organized in an area of 300,000+ sq.m. with around 1,400 exhibitors, including more than 350 international participants and 80,000 business visitors.

The event includes product launches, live equipment demos, and high-level conferences by [[Confederation of Indian Industry|CII]], Builders Association of India (BAI), and Indian Construction Equipment Manufacturers' Association (ICEMA).<ref name="two"/>

==History==
EXCON was incepted in 2000.<ref name="one"/>

==Media gallery==
{{Gallery
|title=EXCON 2025
|width=175 | height=175 |mode=nolines |align=center
|File:EXCON 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (475).jpg
|Culture
|File:EXCON 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (951).jpg
|[[Caterpillar Inc.]]
|File:EXCON 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (27).jpg
|[[Fiori Group]]
|File:EXCON 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (988).jpg
|[[JCB (heavy equipment manufacturer)|JCB]]
|File:EXCON 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (803).jpg
|[[Sany]]
}}

==See also==
*[[IMTEX]], South and South-East Asia's largest machine tool and manufacturing show
*[[Bauma (trade fair)|Bauma]], world's largest trade fair

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External sources==
{{commons category|EXCON}}
*[https://www.excon.in/ Official website]

[[Category:Economy of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Trade fairs in India]]
[[Category:Construction equipment]]

Meridian Flight 3032

2026-02-19T22:10:24Z

SaraWong: made first data added tags

{{Short description|2022 aviation accident in Greece}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| occurrence_type = Accident
| date = {{Start date|2022|07|16|df=y}}
| image = Meridian Air Cargo Antonov An-12BK UR-CIC at Birmingham Airport.jpg
| caption = UR-CIC, the aircraft involved, pictured seven days before the accident
| summary = Crashed, under investigation
| site = {{convert|16|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} west of [[Kavala International Airport]], Kavala, Greece
| coordinates = {{Coord|40|58|N|24|12|E|type:event_region:US-NY|display=inline,title}}
| aircraft_type = [[Antonov An-12BK]]
| operator = Meridian
| tail_number = UR-CIC
| IATA =
| ICAO = MEM3032
| callsign = MERIDIAN CHERRY 3032
| origin = [[Niš Constantine the Great Airport]], [[Niš]], Serbia
| stopover0 = [[Queen Alia International Airport]], [[Amman]], Jordan
| stopover1 = [[King Khalid International Airport]], [[Riyadh]], Saudi Arabia
| stopover2 = [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]], [[Ahmedabad]], India
| destination = [[Shahjalal International Airport]], [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| occupants = 8
| passengers =
| crew = 8
| fatalities = 8
| injuries =
| survivors = 0
}}
On 16 July 2022, '''Meridian Flight 3032''', an [[Antonov An-12BK]] flying from [[Serbia]] to [[Bangladesh]] via [[Jordan]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and [[India]], crashed near [[Antiphilippi]], [[Kavala]], Greece while attempting to make an emergency landing at [[Kavala International Airport]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kantouris |first=Costas |last2=Nellas |first2=Demetris |date=July 17, 2022 |title=Cargo plane operated by Ukraine carrier crashes in Greece |work=ABC News |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/plane-crashes-northern-greece-unknown-number-victims-86945641 |archive-date=16 July 2022 |access-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716214510/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/plane-crashes-northern-greece-unknown-number-victims-86945641 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2022 |title=Cargo plane crashes near Greece's northern city of Kavala |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/cargo-plane-crashes-near-greeces-northern-city-kavala-2022-07-16/ |website=Reuters |access-date=17 July 2022 |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717165704/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/cargo-plane-crashes-near-greeces-northern-city-kavala-2022-07-16/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The aircraft was carrying {{convert|11.5|t|kg lb}} of munitions when it crashed, which continued exploding until the next day, hindering the inspection of the crash site.

==Aircraft==
The aircraft involved first flew in 1971.{{cn|date=November 2025}} It was acquired by Ukrainian cargo carrier [[Aviation Company Meridian]] in January 2022 and [[Aircraft registration|re-registered]] as UR-CIC.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Talia Kayali, Chris Liakos and Teele Rebane |title=Plane crash in Greece kills eight people |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/17/europe/greece-cargo-plane-crash-intl/index.html |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=CNN |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720172839/https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/17/europe/greece-cargo-plane-crash-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Crew and cargo==
The eight crew members, all [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] citizens, died in the crash.<ref name="Guardian">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-07-17 |title=Plane carrying munitions crashes in Greece killing all onboard |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/16/aircraft-carrying-dangerous-cargo-crashes-in-northern-greece |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=The Guardian |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717165704/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/16/aircraft-carrying-dangerous-cargo-crashes-in-northern-greece |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to Serbian defence minister [[Nebojša Stefanović]], the aircraft's cargo was some 11 tonnes of Serbian-made weapons and ammunition, including mortar shells.<ref name="BBC-62195005">{{cite web |date=17 July 2022 |title=Greece plane crash: Cargo aircraft was carrying weapons to Bangladesh - minister |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-62195005 |website=BBC News |access-date=17 July 2022 |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717101759/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-62195005 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Guardian" />

==Incident==
The flight originated in [[Niš|Niš, Serbia]] and was bound for [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh, with stops in Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and India.<ref name="avherald">{{Cite web |last=Hradecky |first=Simon |date=2022-07-16 |title=Crash: Meridian AN12 near Kavala on Jul 16th 2022, impacted ground after engine trouble |url=https://avherald.com/h?article=4fbc119a&opt=0 |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=avherald.com |publisher=[[The Aviation Herald]] |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717142837/https://www.avherald.com/h?article=4fbc119a&opt=0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The aircraft departed from Niš at 18:36 UTC, with some 11 tonnes of ammunition on board, scheduled to arrive at Dhaka. Intermediate stops were planned in [[Amman]], [[Riyadh]] and [[Ahmedabad]].{{cn|date=February 2024}}

Eyewitness accounts and video showed that the plane was on fire before it crashed.<ref name="Guardian" /><ref name="ASN">{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=ASN Aircraft accident Antonov An-12BK UR-CIC Kavala |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20220716-0 |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=aviation-safety.net |publisher=[[Aviation Safety Network]] |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718033726/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20220716-0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Secondary explosions were heard for up to two hours after the crash.<ref name="Guardian" /> Residents within a {{convert|2|km|mi|spell=in}} radius were advised to close windows and stay indoors, while emergency responders, explosives experts and staff from the [[Greek Atomic Energy Commission]] were unable to inspect the wreckage due to uncertainty about the nature and state of any remaining cargo and residues.<ref name="BBC-62195005" /> Drones were used instead to examine the wreckage.<ref name="BBC-62195005" />

==Weapons destination==
Amid speculation that the weapons were destined for Ukraine, Serbia's defence minister [[Nebojša Stefanović]] stated that the weapons shipment was not linked to the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]], and the [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]] confirmed that they were the intended recipients of the weapons,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=All eight crew members killed in cargo plane crash in northern Greece |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220717-cargo-plane-carrying-serbian-defence-material-crashes-in-northern-greece |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=France 24}}</ref> which they bought from a Polish-owned Bosnian company BA-METALEXPORT.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2022 |title=Crashed Plane was Flying Arms for Polish-Owned Bosnian Company |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2022/07/26/crashed-plane-was-flying-arms-for-polish-owned-bosnian-company/ |website=Balkan Insight |access-date=27 July 2022 |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727235032/https://balkaninsight.com/2022/07/26/crashed-plane-was-flying-arms-for-polish-owned-bosnian-company/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Given Serbia's policy of oscillating between the West and Russia and Serbia's weapons industry and political corruption, political scientist Vuk Vuksanovic continued to question whether the plane was indeed transporting Serbian weapons to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-07-23 |title=Mystery plane crash: Were Serbian weapons headed for Ukraine? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/mystery-plane-crash-were-serbian-weapons-headed-for-ukraine/a-62574069 |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=DW.COM |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724095312/https://www.dw.com/en/mystery-plane-crash-were-serbian-weapons-headed-for-ukraine/a-62574069 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Investigation==
An investigation was opened by the [[Air Accident Investigation and Aviation Safety Board]] (AAIASB) with the support of the [[National Bureau of Air Accidents Investigation of Ukraine]] (NNBAAI). The [[Bundesstelle für Flugunfalluntersuchung]] (BFU) of [[Germany]] was able to download the [[Flight recorder|Cockpit voice recorder]] that are providing all the essential data to the investigation.<ref name="avherald" />

The investigation found that the airplane was involved in another incident one month before the crash on June 19, 2022. As of December 2023 the investigation is still ongoing and no final report is released.<ref name="ASN" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.flightradar24.com/data/aircraft/ur-cic#2cacaf1e Playback flight route on Flight Radar 24]
* [http://mem.aero/ LLC Aircompany Meridian official website]
{{Portal bar|Ukraine|Serbia|Greece|Aviation}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 2022}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in Greece}}
[[Category:2022 disasters in Greece]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents by airline of Europe]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Antonov An-12]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 2022]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Greece]]
[[Category:History of Kavala]]
[[Category:July 2022 in Europe]]

Fernandez Hospital

2026-02-16T12:58:15Z

SaraWong: Created basic info initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Fernandez Hospital
| org_group = Fernandez Foundation
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| location = Hyderabad, Telangana
| country = India
| healthcare = Private
| funding = Non-profit
| type = Specialist
| speciality = Maternity, Neonatology, Women’s Health
| emergency = Yes
| beds = 320
| founded = 1948
| website = {{URL|https://www.fernandezhospital.com}}
}}
[[File:Fernandez Hospital, Hyderabad.jpg|Fernandez_Hospital,_Hyderabad]]Photograph of the entrance of the hospital Fernandez Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana,India.
'''Fernandez Hospital''' is a private [[Tertiary care center|tertiary care hospital]] for [[Obstetrics|obstretics]] in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ravula |first=Pallavi Chandra |last2=Gala Shah Anisha |last3=Devi Kallur Sailaja |last4=Aziz Nuzhat |last5=Surapaneni Tarakeswari |date=2025 |title=Maternal Near Miss Morbidity and Mortality: An Audit Analysis of 10 Years From a Private Tertiary Care Obstetric Center |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/3204699661/FB27FC7F324F48F0PQ/1 |journal=Cureus |volume=17 |issue=4 |doi=10.7759/cureus.82031 |via=ProQuest |doi-access=free|pmc=12065623 }}</ref> Established in 1948 as a maternity clinic, it is now a hospital chain offering healthcare for women and children from six locations with approximately 9,000 births each year.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Humble Beginnings |url=https://www.fernandezhospital.com/about-us |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Fernandez Hospital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathew |first=Joe |last2=Jayakumar |first2=P. B. |date=11 April 2025 |title=Healthcare's missing women: Why female leaders remain rare on medicine's road less travelled |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/long-reads/healthcares-missing-women-why-female-leaders-remain-rare-on-medicines-roadlesstravelled/121712 |access-date=2025-11-11 |work=Fortune India}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The hospital was founded by Dr. Lourdes C Fernandez and Dr. Leslie J Fernandez.<ref name=":1" /> It is now under the care of their daughter Dr. Evita Fernandez since 1985.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2018 |title=Fernandez Hospital Converted into Foundation |url=https://www.apnnews.com/fernandez-hospital-converted-into-foundation/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |work=APN News}}</ref>

In 2024, Fernandez Hospital opened a children's eye clinic in at its Necklace Road clinic, in conjunction with LV Prasad Eye Institute (LVPEI).<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 2024 |title=Fernandez Hospital launches Children’s Eye Clinic, in partnership with LV Prasad Eye Institute |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/3070786535/FB27FC7F324F48F0PQ/19 |access-date=2025-11-11 |work=Express Healthcare |via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> In 2025, it opened a specialty outpatient clinic at [[Boggulkunta]] in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 June 2025 |title=Fernandez Hospital opens specialty OP clinic in Bogulkunta, Hyderabad |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/3218942258/FB27FC7F324F48F0PQ/3 |access-date=2025-11-11 |work=PharmaBiz |via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fernandezhospital.com Official website of Fernandez Hospital.]
* [https://www.skedoc.com/hyderabad/doctor/dr-evita-fernandez-gynaecologist Dr. Evita Fernandez]

[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1948]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Balan Putheri

2026-02-13T11:39:20Z

SaraWong: put up data...

{{Short description|India author}}

'''Balan Putheri''' is a visually challenged author from India. He authored more than 211 books on different subjects. He was given the [[Padma Shri]] Award, the fourth-highest civilian award in [[India]] in 2021.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/balan-putheri-visually-challenged-man-who-authored-211-books-gets-padma-shri-101636510783328.html Padma Shri for Bala Putheri]. Accessed 30 November 2024</ref>

== Life ==

Putheri is from Karipur, [[Kerala]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Balan Putheri, Visually Challenged Man Who Authored 211 Books, Receives Padma Shri Amid News Of Wife |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/author-balan-putheri-receives-padma-shri-while-his-wife-santha-dead-body-pyre-still-burning-kerala-news-5089980/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> He published his first book in 1983, and his 50th book, Guruvayoor Ekadashi, in 1997. He authored 211 books and most of them were about Hindu mythology.<ref name=":0" />

His wife, Shanta, who was battling cancer, died on the day he reached [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] to receive the award.<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/Nov/10/shortly-before-balan-putheri-received-padma-shri-tragedy-struck-his-family-2381873.html News of death of Bala Putheri's Wife ]. Accessed 30 November 2024</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Putheri, Bala}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

LAMP (software bundle)

2026-02-13T06:12:55Z

SaraWong: adjusted citations also and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|Acronym for a common web hosting solution}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
[[File:LAMP software bundle.svg|thumb|420px|A high-level overview of LAMP's building blocks and overall system environment]]
A '''LAMP''' (Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python) is one of the most common [[software stack]]s for the web's most popular [[web application|application]]s. Its generic software stack model has largely interchangeable components.<ref>{{cite web|title=LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP)|url=https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/LAMP-Linux-Apache-MySQL-PHP|website=SearchEnterpriseLinux|access-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128055958/https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/LAMP-Linux-Apache-MySQL-PHP|archive-date=28 November 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

Each letter in the acronym stands for one of its four [[open-source software|open-source]] building blocks
* [[Linux]] for the [[operating system]]
* [[Apache HTTP Server]]
* [[MariaDB]] or [[MySQL]] for the [[Relational database#RDBMS|relational database management system]]
* [[Perl]], [[PHP]], or [[Python (programming language)|Python]] for the [[programming language]]

The components of the LAMP stack are present in the [[software repository|software repositories]] of most [[Linux distribution]]s.

== History ==
The acronym LAMP was coined by Michael Kunze in the December 1998 issue of ''Computertechnik'', a German computing magazine, as he demonstrated that a bundle of [[free and open-source software]] "could be a feasible alternative to expensive commercial packages".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kunze |first=Michael |date=December 1998 |title=LAMP: Freeware Web Publishing System with Database Support |url=http://www.heise.de/ct/english/98/12/230/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990203093819/http://www.heise.de/ct/english/98/12/230/ |archive-date=1999-02-03 |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=c't}}</ref> Since then, [[O'Reilly Media]] and [[MySQL]] teamed up to popularize the acronym and evangelize its use.<ref name="cw">{{cite news|last1=Kay|first1=Russell|title=How To: LAMP|url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2553939/lamp.html|access-date=15 December 2021|work=Computerworld|date=25 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711113036/https://www.computerworld.com/article/2553939/lamp.html|archive-date=11 July 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> One of the first open-source software stacks for the web, the term and the concept became popular. The stack is capable of hosting a variety of web frameworks and applications, such as [[WordPress]] and [[Drupal]].<ref name="ibm">{{cite web|title=LAMP stack|url=https://www.ibm.com/topics/lamp-stack|website=IBM cloud learn hub|date=October 2015 |publisher=IBM|access-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215082654/https://www.ibm.com/topics/lamp-stack|archive-date=15 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Software components ==
[[File:LAMPP Architecture.png|thumb|300px|right|A high-level overview of LAMP's determining components ([[Firefox]] serves just as a [[web browser|browser]] example.)]]

=== Linux ===
{{Main|Linux}}

Linux is a [[Unix-like]] computer [[operating system]] assembled under the model of [[free and open-source software]] development and distribution. Most [[Linux distribution]]s, as collections of software based around the [[Linux kernel]], typically provided through a [[Package manager|package management system]], provide complete LAMP setups through their packages. According to W3Techs in October 2013, 58.5% of web server market share is shared between [[Debian]] and [[Ubuntu]], while [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux|RHEL]], [[Fedora Linux|Fedora]] and [[CentOS]] together shared 37.3%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://w3techs.com/blog/entry/debian_ubuntu_extend_the_dominance_in_the_linux_web_server_market_at_the_expense_of_red_hat_centos|title=Debian/Ubuntu extend the dominance in the Linux web server market|publisher=W³Techs|access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref>

=== Apache ===
{{Main|Apache HTTP Server}}

The role of LAMP's web server has been traditionally supplied by Apache, and has since included other web servers such as [[Nginx]].

Apache is developed and maintained by an open community of developers under the auspices of the [[Apache Software Foundation]]. Released under the [[Apache License]], Apache is [[open-source software]]. A wide variety of features are supported, and many of them are implemented as [[Compiler|compiled]] [[Modular programming|modules]] which extend the core functionality of Apache. These can range from server-side programming language support to authentication.

=== MySQL and database alternatives ===
{{Main|MySQL|MariaDB|MongoDB}}

MySQL's original role as the LAMP's [[Relational database#RDBMS|relational database management system]] has since been alternately provisioned by others like [[PostgreSQL]], MariaDB (a community-developed [[Fork (software development)|fork]] of MySQL developed by its original developers), and even [[NoSQL]] databases like [[MongoDB]].

MySQL is a [[Thread (computer science)|multithreaded]], [[multi-user]], [[SQL]] [[database management system]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mysql.com/why-mysql/topreasons_pm.html|title=Top reasons for product managers to embed|publisher=MySQL|access-date=27 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702100433/http://www.mysql.com/why-mysql/topreasons_pm.html|archive-date=2 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> acquired by [[Sun Microsystems]] in 2008, which was then acquired by [[Oracle Corporation]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=206900327|title=Sun locks up MySQL, looks to future web development|publisher=InformationWeek|access-date=27 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228204215/http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=206900327|archive-date=28 February 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Since its early years, the MySQL team has made its [[source code]] available under the terms of the [[GNU General Public License]], as well as under a variety of [[proprietary software|proprietary]] agreements.

[[PostgreSQL]] is also an [[ACID]]-compliant [[object-relational database]] management system developed by PostgreSQL Global Development Group.

MongoDB is a [[NoSQL]] database that eschews the traditional [[relational database]] structure in favor of [[JSON]]-like documents with dynamic schemas (calling the format [[BSON]]), making the integration of data in certain types of applications easier and faster.

=== PHP and alternatives ===
{{Main|PHP|Perl|Python (programming language)}}

PHP's role as the LAMP's application programming language has also been performed by other languages such as Perl and Python.

PHP is a [[server-side scripting]] language designed for [[web development]] but also used as a [[general-purpose programming language]]. PHP code is [[interpreter (computing)|interpreted]] by a web server via a PHP processor module, which generates the resulting web page. PHP commands can optionally be embedded directly into an [[HTML]] source document rather than calling an external file to process data. It has also evolved to include a [[command-line interface]] capability and can be used in standalone [[graphical user interface|graphical applications]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.php.net/manual/en/intro-whatcando.php|work=PHP Manual|title=Introduction: What can PHP do?|access-date=16 December 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215010338/http://www.php.net/manual/en/intro-whatcando.php|archive-date=15 December 2021}}</ref> PHP is [[free software]] released under the terms of [[PHP License]], which is incompatible with the [[GNU General Public License]] (GPL) due to restrictions the PHP License places on the usage of the term ''PHP''.<ref>{{cite web|title=GPL-incompatible, free software licenses|url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#GPLIncompatibleLicenses|work=Various licenses and comments about them|publisher=Free software foundation|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216223323/https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html|archive-date=16 December 2021}}</ref>

[[Perl]] is a family of [[high-level programming language|high-level]], general-purpose, interpreted, [[dynamic programming language]]s. The languages in this family include Perl 5 and [[Raku (programming language)|Raku]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perl.org/about.html|title=About Perl|access-date=16 December 2021|publisher=perl.org|quote="Perl" is a family of languages, "Perl 6" is part of the family, but it is a separate language which has its own development team. Its existence has no significant impact on the continuing development of "Perl 5".|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122005537/https://www.perl.org/about.html|archive-date=22 November 2021}}</ref> They provide advanced text processing facilities without the arbitrary data-length limits of many contemporary [[List of Unix commands|Unix command line tools]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Programming Perl, third edition|author1=[[Larry Wall|Wall, Larry]]|author2=Tom Christiansen|author3=Jon Orwant|publisher=[[O'Reilly Media]]|date=July 2000|isbn=0-596-00027-8}}</ref> facilitating manipulation of [[text file]]s. Perl 5 gained widespread popularity in the late 1990s as a [[Common Gateway Interface|CGI scripting]] language for the Web, in part due to its [[parsing]] abilities.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Roderick W.|title=Advanced Linux networking|publisher=Addison-Wesley Professional|date=21 June 2002|page=594|isbn=978-0-201-77423-8}}</ref>

[[Python (programming language)|Python]] is a widely used general-purpose, high-level, [[Interpreter (computing)|interpreted]], programming language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://radar.oreilly.com/2006/08/programming-language-trends.html|title=Programming language trends – O'Reilly radar|publisher=Radar.oreilly.com|date=2 August 2006|access-date=16 December 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924144323/http://radar.oreilly.com/2006/08/programming-language-trends.html|archive-date=24 September 2021}}</ref> Python supports multiple [[programming paradigm]]s, including [[object-oriented programming|object-oriented]], [[imperative programming|imperative]], [[functional programming|functional]] and [[procedural programming|procedural]] paradigms. It features a [[dynamic type]] system, automatic [[memory management]], a [[standard library]], and strict use of [[whitespace character|whitespace]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.python.org/about|title=About Python|publisher=Python software foundation|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216131820/https://www.python.org/about/|archive-date=16 December 2021}}</ref> Like other [[Dynamic programming language|dynamic language]]s, Python is often used as a [[scripting language]], but is also used in a wide range of non-scripting contexts.

== High availability and load balancing ==
{{Main|High availability|Load balancing (computing)|Replication (computing)|l2=Load balancing|l3=Replication}}

Specific approaches are required for websites that serve large numbers of requests, or provide services that demand high [[uptime]]. High-availability approaches for the LAMP stack may involve multiple web and database servers, combined with additional components that perform logical aggregation of resources provided by each of the servers, as well as distribution of the workload across multiple servers. The aggregation of web servers may be provided by placing a load balancer in front of them, for example by using [[Linux Virtual Server]] (LVS). For the aggregation of database servers, MySQL provides internal replication mechanisms that implement a [[Master/slave (technology)|master/slave]] relationship between the original database (master) and its copies (slaves).<ref name="facta-performance">{{cite web|url=http://facta.junis.ni.ac.rs/eae/fu2k71/4obradovic.pdf|title=Measurement of the achieved performance levels of the web applications with distributed relational database|work=Electronics and energetics|volume=20|number=1|page=31{{ndash}}43|date=April 2007|access-date=16 December 2021|first1=Dragan|last1=Simic|first2=Srecko|last2=Ristic|first3=Slobodan|last3=Obradovic|publisher=Facta Universitatis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007072939/http://facta.junis.ni.ac.rs/eae/fu2k71/4obradovic.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2021}}</ref>

Such high-availability setups may also improve the [[availability]] of LAMP instances by providing various forms of [[Redundancy (engineering)|redundancy]], making it possible for a certain number of components (separate servers) to experience [[downtime]] without interrupting the users of services provided as a whole. Such redundant setups may also handle hardware failures resulting in [[data loss]] on individual servers in a way that prevents collectively stored data from actually becoming lost. Beside higher availability, such LAMP setups are capable of providing almost linear improvements in performance for services having the number of internal database read operations much higher than the number of write/update operations.<ref name="facta-performance"/>

== {{Anchor|WAMP}}Variants ==
{{redirect|WAMP}}

The LAMP model has been adapted to other componentry, though typically consisting of [[free and open-source software]]. With the growing use of the archetypal LAMP, variations and [[retronym]]s appeared for other combinations of operating system, web server, database, and software language. For example, an equivalent installation on the [[Microsoft Windows]] operating system family is known as '''WAMP'''. An alternative running [[Internet Information Services|IIS]] in place of Apache is called [[WIMP (software bundle)|WIMP]]. Variants involving other operating systems include DAMP, which uses the Darwin operating system.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McIntosh |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HfKggD2umXUC |title=Mac OS X in a Nutshell |last2=Toporek |first2=Chuck |last3=Stone |first3=Chris |publisher=[[O'Reilly & Associates]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-596-00370-8 |pages=327–333}}</ref>

The web server or database management system also varies. LEMP is a version where Apache has been replaced with the more lightweight web server [[Nginx]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lemp.io|title=LEMP stack (Linux, Nginx, MySQL, PHP)|publisher=lemp.io|access-date=16 December 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119140929/https://lemp.io/|archive-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> A version where MySQL has been replaced by [[PostgreSQL]] is called LAPP, or sometimes by keeping the original acronym, LAMP (Linux / Apache / Middleware (Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby) / PostgreSQL).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postgresql.org/about/users/|title=Featured users|publisher=PostgreSQL|access-date=22 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122075743/http://www.postgresql.org/about/users/|archive-date=22 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The LAMP bundle can be combined with many other free and open-source software packages, including:
* [[netsniff-ng]] for security testing and hardening
* [[Snort (software)|Snort]], an [[Intrusion detection system|intrusion detection]] (IDS) and [[Intrusion detection system#Intrusion prevention|intrusion prevention]] (IPS) system
* [[RRDtool]] for diagrams
* [[Nagios]], [[Collectd]] or [[Cacti (software)|Cacti]], for monitoring.

As another example, the software which [[Wikipedia]] and other [[Wikimedia Foundation]] projects use for their [[meta:Wikimedia servers|underlying infrastructure]] is a customized LAMP stack with additions such as [[Linux Virtual Server]] (LVS) for [[Load balancing (computing)|load balancing]] and [[Ceph (software)|Ceph]] and [[Swift (distributed storage)|Swift]] for distributed object storages.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Free and open-source software|Linux|Internet}}
* [[JAMstack]]
* [[LYME (software bundle)|LYME]]{{snd}} a software stack based on Erlang
* [[MEAN (solution stack)|MEAN]]{{snd}} a JavaScript software stack for building dynamic web sites and web applications
* [[Solution stack]]
* [[Web content management system]]
* [[Web Platform Installer]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Linux}}
{{FLOSS}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:LAMP (software bundle)}}
[[Category:Free web server software]]
[[Category:Internet software for Linux]]
[[Category:MariaDB]]
[[Category:MySQL]]
[[Category:Perl]]
[[Category:PHP]]
[[Category:Web development software]]

Tito Wilson

2026-02-12T03:15:18Z

SaraWong: New

{{Short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tito Wilson
| image =
| education = [[University of Calicut]] [[School of Drama and Fine Arts]], [[Thrissur]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2017{{Endash}}present
}}

'''Tito Wilson''' is an Indian actor who appears in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]]. He made his debut in the 2017 film ''[[Angamaly Diaries]]'' in which he played the role of U-Clamp Rajan.

== Personal life ==
Tito Wilson was born in [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], to a middle class family. Growing up he always wanted to become an actor. Coming from a middle class family, he realized his path to becoming an actor should start from learning acting and thus he joined a Drama School.<ref>{{Citation|last=Friday Matinee|title=Talk Time{{!}}Tito Wilson {{!}} U Clamb Rajan {{!}} Angamaly Diaries {{!}} FridayMatinee|date=2017-05-21|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eO53coqX0oQ|access-date=2018-06-23}}</ref>

== Career ==
While attending drama school, Wilson had given many auditions for movies, but none of them came through. During the final stage of school, he gave an audition for a role in the movie [[Angamaly Diaries]]. After giving the audition to [[Chemban Vinod Jose]], the writer and [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]], the director of the movie, he was selected to play the role of U-Clamp Rajan, a villainous character, along with [[Appani Sarath]]. He was one of the 86 actors who debuted in that movie.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/chemban-jose-turns-scriptwriter-lijo-jose-pellisserys-angamaly-diaries-699296|title=Chemban Jose turns scriptwriter for Lijo Jose Pellissery's Angamaly Diaries|last=James|first=Anu|work=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=2018-06-24}}</ref> He received several accolades for his natural acting while playing U-Clamp Rajan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/angamaly-diaries-team-working-new-film-64479|title='Angamaly Diaries' team working on a new film|date=2017-07-01|work=The News Minute|access-date=2018-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://moviemavengal.com/tag/tito-wilson/|title=Tito Wilson – MovieMavenGal|website=moviemavengal.com|date=22 March 2017 |access-date=2018-06-24}}</ref>

Wilson appeared in the 2017 film ''[[Pokkiri Simon]]'' directed by Jijo Antony and in the same year appeared in ''[[Swathandriam Ardharathriyil]]'', an action thriller directed by Tinu Pappachan. He played the character of Udayan, a jail inmate.<ref>{{Citation|title=Swathanthryam Ardharathriyil Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/swathanthryam-ardharathriyil/movie-review/63556920.cms|access-date=2018-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/swathanthriyam-ardharathriyil-movie-review-the-angamaly-diaries-team-returns-with-a-fun-but-flawed-jailbreak-flick-4441207.html|title=Swathanthriyam Ardharathriyil movie review: The Angamaly Diaries team returns with a fun but flawed jailbreak flick|work=Firstpost|access-date=2018-06-24}}</ref>

He also acted in the film [[Maradona (2018 film)|''Maradona'']] alongside actor [[Tovino Thomas]] who plays the lead role, directed by Vishnu Narayan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/tito-wilson.html|title=All you want to know about #TitoWilson|work=FilmiBeat|access-date=2018-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/jun/12/maradona-is-a-feel-good-film-says-director-vishnu-narayan-1826758.html|title=Maradona is a feel-good film, says director Vishnu Narayan|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-06-23}}</ref>

His first project as the lead role would be in ''Aaliyante Radio''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/120918/tito-likes-to-keep-it-real.html|title=Tito likes to keep it real|date=2018-09-12|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2018-09-15|language=en}}</ref>

Apart from doing movies, Wilson has also appeared in many stage and talk shows including Comedy Super Nite 3<ref>{{Citation|last=Flowers Comedy|title=Comedy Super Nite - 3 with Leona And Tito │Flowers│Ep# 72|date=2018-04-29|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOaKohvQclQ|access-date=2018-06-25}}</ref> on [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] Channel and [[John Brittas]] Show on [[Kairali TV]].

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Year'''
!Title
!Role
!Director
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[Angamaly Diaries]]''
|U-Clamp Rajan
|[[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]
|-
|''[[Pokkiri Simon]]''
|Indran
|Jijo Antony
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|''[[Swathandriam Ardharathriyil]]''
|Udayan
|[[Tinu Pappachan]]
|-
|''[[Maradona (2018 film)|Maradona]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/maradona-release-declared-malayalam-news-211148|title=Maradona release declared! - Malayalam Movie News - IndiaGlitz.com|work=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=2018-06-25}}</ref>''
|Sudhi
|Vishnu Narayan
|-
|''Thanaha''
|TBA
|Prakash Kunjhan
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''Aaliyante Radio''
|TBA
|Shreedev Kapoor
|-
|''Kollavarsham 1975<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/nov/08/tito-wilson-to-lead-kollavarsham-1975-1895348.html|title=Tito Wilson to lead Kollavarsham 1975|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-11-12}}</ref>''
|TBA
|Sajin K Surendran
|-
|''Kumbarees''
|John
|Sagar Hari
|-
|2020
|''Love FM''
|Gafoor Bapootty
|Sreedev Kappur
|-
|2021
|''[[Ajagajantharam]]''
|Kottappuram Surendran
|[[Tinu Pappachan|Tinu Paapachan]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.facebook.com/tito.wilson.180 Tito Wilson on Facebook]
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8837263/ Tito Wilson on IMDb]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wilson, Tito}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]

Arunachal Pradesh Information Commission

2026-02-11T16:11:25Z

SaraWong: put up a page...

{{Short description|Statutory body in Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox high court
| court_name = Arunachal Pradesh State Information Commission
| native_name =
| established = 2 March 2006
| jurisdiction = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| location = ESS Sector, Old Planning Building, Opposite Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly, P.O: Itanagar, Dist: Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh, PIN- 791111.<ref name="arpic ref1">{{cite web |title=Arunachal Pradesh Information Commission |url=http://www.arnsic.nic.in/contactus.html |website=Arunachal Pradesh Information Commission |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>
| appealsto =
| terms = 3 years from the date of entering office or up to 65 years of age (whichever is earlier)
| authority = [[Right to Information Act, 2005]]
| website = http://www.arnsic.nic.in/
| motto = {{langx|sa|सूचना जनाधिकार:॥}} ''({{transliteration|sa|Soochna Janadhikaraha}}) {{translation}} Information is the right of the people.''
| chiefjudgetitle = State Chief Information Commissioner
| chiefjudgename = Sri Rinchen Dorjee
}}

'''Arunachal Pradesh Information Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[Statute|statutory]] body constituted as per [[Right to Information Act, 2005|The Right to Information Act, 2005]] by the state government of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] through a notification in [[Government gazette|official Gazette]]. The commission will have one State Chief Information Commissioner (CIC) and not more than 10 State Information Commissioners (IC) to be appointed by the [[Governor (India)|Governor]] on the recommendation of the committee consisting of the [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] as chairperson, the [[Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Legislative assembly|Legislative Assembly]] and a state [[Minister (government)|Cabinet Minister]] nominated by the Chief Minister.

== History and Objective ==

Arunachal Pradesh State Information Commission has to be constituted as per The Right to Information Act, 2005 by the State Governments in India through a notification in official Gazette.<ref name="sic ref1">{{cite news |title=State Information Commission: Composition, Power and Functions |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/state-information-commission-1438319829-1 |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=jagranjosh.com |date=30 March 2019}}</ref>

Arunachal Pradesh State Information Commission is formed to take up the following:<ref name="sic ref12">{{cite news |title=The decline of India's right to information regime, in four charts |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/the-decline-of-india-s-right-to-information-regime-in-four-charts-11604385637705.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=livemint |date=4 November 2020}}</ref>

* Appeals on the information shared by various government entities under the Right to Information Act.
* Complaints on refusal to give information or in relation to inability to file Right to Information Act.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Information Commission directs DGP to init |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Arunachal-Pradesh-Information-Commission-directs-DGP-to-initiate-action-against-OC/articleshow_new/20502031.cms?from=mdr |access-date=17 January 2022 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref>
* Commission should get annual report from various departments working in the state about complaints received under Right to Information Act, 2005 and their responses on the same.

Arunachal Pradesh Information Commission occasionally conducts awareness programmes on implementation of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 effectively by general public.<ref name="arpic ref5">{{cite news |last1=LEPCHA |first1=DAMIEN |title=Arunachal Pradesh: RTI awareness programme in Naharlagun discusses threadbare 'sunshine' Act |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/arunachal-pradesh-rti-awareness-programme-naharlagun-discusses-threadbare-sunshine-act.html |access-date=17 January 2022 |publisher=nenow.in |date=13 October 2018}}</ref>

== Composition ==

Arunachal Pradesh State Information Commission members should consist of a:<ref name="sic ref3">{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Parita |title=State Information Commission |url=http://kanoon.nearlaw.com/2017/12/22/state-information-commission/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=kanoon.nearlaw.com |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116012610/http://kanoon.nearlaw.com/2017/12/22/state-information-commission/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

1. State Chief Information commissioner and

2. Not more than ten State Information Commissioners.<ref name="arpic ref3">{{cite news |title=Goto Ete sworn-in as state information commissioner |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2018/05/17/goto-ete-sworn-in-as-state-information-commissioner/ |access-date=17 January 2022 |publisher=arunachaltimes.in |date=17 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="arpic ref4">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Governor administers oath to APPSC, APIC members |url=http://www.uniindia.com/arunachal-pradesh-governor-administers-oath-to-appsc-apic-members/east/news/2310464.html |publisher=uniindia.com |date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 January 2022}}</ref>

The Chief and other members of State Information Commission are appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the committee consisting of the Chief Minister as chairperson, the Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly and a state Cabinet Minister.<ref name="arpic ref3" />

The members of State Information Commission should be of eminence in public life<ref name="sic ref7" /> and are not permitted to hold any other [[office of profit]] or any position which is connected with any political party and are also barred from carrying on any business or continuing any profession in any field.

Rinchen Dorjee is the current Chief Information commissioner of Arunachal Pradesh Information Commission.<ref name="arpic ref2">{{cite news |title=Arunachal: Rinchen Dorjee sworn-in as the CIC, Ms Mepung Tadar Bage as Member, APPSC |url=https://arunachal24.in/arunachal-rinchen-dorjee-sworn-in-as-the-cic-ms-mepung-tadar-bage-as-member-appsc/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=arunachal24.in |date=13 August 2021}}</ref>

== Tenure and Service ==

The tenure of the Arunachal Pradesh State Chief Information Commissioner and a State Information Commissioner for holding office will be a term of 3 years or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier and will not be eligible for reappointment on completion of tenure.<ref name="sic ref2">{{cite news |title=Information Commissioners' Tenures, Salaries Now Firmly in Centre's Hands |url=https://thewire.in/government/centre-rti-act-information-commissioners-tenure-salary-retirement-benefits |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=25 October 2019}}</ref>
Any vacancy in the State Information Commission has to be filled within six months from the date of vacancy.<ref name="sic ref7">{{cite news |title=SC Asks States for Updates on Vacancies, Pendency in Information Commissions |url=https://thewire.in/government/sc-orders-state-to-file-status-reports-on-information-commissions |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=19 August 2021}}</ref>

Arunachal Pradesh Chief Information Commissioner (CIC), Information Commissioner (IC) and State Information Commissioner's salaries, allowances and other service terms and conditions are equivalent to a Judge of the Supreme Court.<ref name="sic ref10">{{cite news |title=RTI Bill 2019: Undermining autonomy of information commissions and transparency in governance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rti-bill-2019-undermining-autonomy-of-information-commissions-and-transparency-in-governance-1571439-2019-07-19 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=indiatoday.in |date=19 July 2019}}</ref>

== Powers and Functions ==

Arunachal Pradesh State Information Commission prepares report on the implementation of the provisions of State Information Commission act and submits an annual report to the state government which is placed by the later before the state legislature.<ref name="aic ref4">{{cite news |title=Information Commission urged to publish annual reports |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/information-commission-urged-to-publish-annual-reports/article36977353.ece |access-date=16 January 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=13 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="sic ref9">{{cite news |title=Over 2.5 Lakh RTI Appeals, Plaints Pending with 26 Information Commissions across India |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/over-25-lakh-rti-appeals-plaints-pending-with-26-information-commissions-across-india/65422.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=moneylife.in |date=21 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="sic ref1" />

The commission on reasonable grounds can order inquiry into any matter related to the Act.

The commission under powers granted to it can secure from the public authorities compliance of any of its decisions.

Commission is duty bound to receive and conduct enquiry into any complaint received from any person.
The commission can call for and examine any record which it considers necessary and is under the possession of the public authority and any such record should not be withheld from it on any grounds during the inquiry of a complaint.

The commission has the power of the civil court during the course of enquiry and in respect of the following matters:

Any complaint which requires the discovery and inspection of documents relating to it.

Powers exercised for issuing summons requiring examination of any witnesses or related documents or any other prescribed matters relating to complaint.

Any provision under which summons were issued and as per which attendance is required of persons and requires them to give written or oral evidence under an oath and producing documents or other details relevant to it.

Provision requiring evidence on stamped [[affidavit]].

Powers relating to request from any court or office of any public record.

Commission under the powers can recommend steps which can be taken for confirming to the provisions of the act if any public authority fails to do so.

== Challenges ==

Arunachal Pradesh State Information Commission are overburdened with backlog cases, similar to [[Central Vigilance Commission]].<ref name="sic ref8">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Soni |title=Central Information Commission headless for 5th time in 6 years |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/27/central-information-commission-headless-for-5th-time-in-6-years.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=the week |date=27 August 2020}}</ref> Due to shortage of available staff and vacancies not being filled, there is backlog of cases filed.<ref name="sic ref4">{{cite news |last1=sharma |first1=nidhi |title=Info commissions have a waiting time of over one year for an applicant seeking information under RTI Act: Report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/info-commissions-have-a-waiting-time-of-over-one-year-for-an-applicant-seeking-information-under-rti-act-report/articleshow/86946016.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=economictimes |date=11 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="sic ref5">{{cite news |title=Over 32,000 RTI appeals pending with Central Information Commission: Govt. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/over-32000-rti-appeals-pending-with-central-information-commission-govt/article37969462.ece |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=thehindu.com |date=16 December 2021}}</ref> The maximum number of appeals and complaints pending as per October 2014 records were in state of Uttar Pradesh. However, some states like Mizoram, Sikkim and Tripura didn't have pending complaints.<ref name="sic ref6">{{cite news |title=21 of 29 state information commissions did not hold any RTI hearings during lockdown |url=https://theprint.in/india/21-of-29-state-information-commissions-did-not-hold-any-rti-hearings-during-lockdown/426103/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Print |date=21 May 2020}}</ref> State Information Commission as per the provision has limited to provide information and cannot take any action.

In spite of above limitation, Arunachal Pradesh State Information Commissions plays a crucial role in ensuring transparency in public life and supports in greater way in checking corruption, combating oppression, preventing nepotism and misuse of the public authority.

A survey conducted by [[Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative]], showed that most State Information Commission in India were inactive during Covid pandemic.<ref name="sic ref11">{{cite news |title=State information commissions inactive during COVID-19: Survey |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/state-information-commissions-inactive-during-covid-19-survey-70736 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=downtoearth |date=28 April 2020}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Central Information Commission]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.arnsic.nic.in/ Official Website]


[[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption agencies]]

Amba Prasad (businessman)

2026-02-05T22:40:26Z

SaraWong: put up a entry

{{short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}
{{more citations needed|date = April 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rai Bahadur Amba Prasad
| image = File:RBAmbaPershad.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Amba Pershad at a public function in 1936
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1860
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| death_date = 1950
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for = Business, charitable works
| occupation = [[Philanthropy]]
}}
[[Rai Bahadur]] '''Amba Prasad''' (c. 1860 – 1950) was an Indian businessman and philanthropist.

==Early years==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2025}}
Amba Prasad was born in [[Delhi]] c. 1860, in an eminent business family. His father, Lala Gopal Rai, and grandfather, Lala Gulab Singh were traders and bankers of Delhi. He studied at the Anglo-Sanskrit Victoria Jubilee High-School.

As a young man he went into manufacturing and trading in dyes and chemicals. He started a trading company, ''Amba Prasad Jadavjee & Co.'' and introduced colorful and graphic labels for his products. He later sold the rights to these labels and trademarks to companies including [[Novartis|Ciba]] and [[Bayer]].

===Philanthropy===
[[File:AAS 2257.jpg|thumb]]

In 1916 he contributed [[Indian rupee|Rs]] 80,000 to his old school to build a new school building at [[Daryaganj]];<ref>{{cite news|title=The Hindu, Metro Plus, Delhi, sep 26 2005, history of the Anglo-Sanskrit Victoria Jubilee High School|author=R.V. Smith |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/26/stories/2005092601180200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207223908/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/26/stories/2005092601180200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 December 2006 | location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 September 2005}}</ref> the building is known as ''Amba Prasad Vidyalay'', and is now a registered heritage structure. He was also one of the founders of the [[Hindu College, Delhi|Hindu College]] in [[Delhi]].

He died in 1950, aged approximately 90 years.

==Family==
Bhawani Shanker also built the Amba Cinema named after Amba Pershad, which opened in 1963.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/12/stories/2003061200580200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031009062158/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/12/stories/2003061200580200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 October 2003|author=Rana A. Siddiqui|journal=[[The Hindu]]|title=Moving images... unreeling history|date=12 June 2003}}</ref> In 1992 another landmark of the New Delhi skyline opened, also named after Amba Pershad, ''Ambadeep Building'' on Kasturba Gandhi Marg, one of the [[List of tallest buildings in Delhi|tallest buildings in Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://delhi-architecture.weebly.com/part2.html |title = Sixties Development continued...|work = Architecture of Delhi|accessdate= 5 May 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061207223908/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/26/stories/2005092601180200.htm article in ''The Hindu'']
* [https://archive.today/20130202093418/http://www.sify.com/news/Vintage-cars-at-Auto-Expo-2006-imagegallery-offbeat-jdqo5efgbdb.html?html=5 sify.com]
* https://www.flickr.com/photos/85296574@N00/398184580/

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Amba}}
[[Category:1860s births]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]
[[Category:Rai Bahadurs]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from British India]]

Bharat Vikas Parishad

2026-02-04T07:43:12Z

SaraWong: rework intro further and fixed typos for accuracy

{{short description|Indian right-wing organisation}}

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}

{{Infobox organization
| name = Bharat Vikas Parishad
| image = Logo full-1024x911.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map =
| abbreviation = '''BVP'''
| motto =
| formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1963|01|12}}
| type = Right Wing
| status = Active
| purpose =
| headquarters = [[Pitampura]], Delhi, India
| region_served = [[India]]
| membership = 68,096
| membership_year = 2018–2019
| leader_title = National Organising Secretary
| leader_name = Suresh Jain
| leader_title2 = National President
| leader_name2 = Gajendra Singh Sandhu
| leader_title3 = National General Secretary
| leader_name3 = Shyam Sharma
| budget =
| website = {{URL|https://bvpindia.com/}}
| remarks =
| num_staff =
| malt =
| image_border =
| size =
| msize =
| mcaption =
| parent_organisation = [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
| affiliation = [[Sangh Parivar]]
}}
'''Bharat Vikas Parishad (BVP)''' ([[translation]]: ''Indian Development Council'') is a member of [[Sangh Parivar]].

== History ==
The BVP, founded in 1963 on the birth anniversary of [[Swami Vivekananda]] is a right-wing voluntary organisation. It was initially formed with name - Citizens Council to mobilize people against Chinese attacks on Indian territory but was later renamed and registered as a society on 10 July 1963. Its primary purpose is to organize Indian citizens for philanthropic work.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Working for a Mission – Bharat Vikas Parishad|url=https://bvpindia.com/about-us-2/about-us/|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref> BVP is a member of [[Sangh Parivar]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Verma|first=Lalmani|date=1 September 2015|title=New BJP members take 'RSS lesson'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/new-bjp-members-take-rss-lesson/|url-status=live|access-date=27 September 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902235211/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/new-bjp-members-take-rss-lesson/|archive-date=2 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Darpan|date=15 April 2014|title=30,000 saffron soldiers take up Narendra Modi's fight|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/30-000-saffron-soldiers-take-up-narendra-modi-s-fight/story-OGhAuJbZ6ziRh4qFCawTHP.html|url-status=live|access-date=27 September 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927084129/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/30-000-saffron-soldiers-take-up-narendra-modi-s-fight/story-OGhAuJbZ6ziRh4qFCawTHP.html |archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>

== Activities ==
Bharat Vikas Parishad's manifesto includes social organizing for social reforms.

=== Donations to fight against Novel Corona Virus ===
BVP's regional branches were seen distributing sanitizers and raising awareness about precautions to prevent COVID-19 from spreading.<ref>{{Cite web|title=भारत विकास परिषद ने कोरोना योद्धाओं को बांटे सेनेटाइजर|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/kannauj/story-bharat-vikas-parishad-distributes-sanitizer-to-corona-warriors-3184974.html|website=livehindustan.com|language=hindi|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=अभियंता सुधाकर व्यास ने शादी की सालगिरह पर बांधे 100 परिंडे|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/kota/baran/news/engineer-sudhakar-vyas-tied-100-birds-on-wedding-anniversary-127261317.html|last=Kumar|first=Indrabhushan|date=1 May 2020|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref> Distribution of ration among people was also done.<ref>{{Cite web|title=भारत विकास परिषद ने मजदूरों के बीच किया राशन सामग्री का वितरण|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/east-champaran-bharat-vikas-parishad-distributed-ration-material-among-laborers-20163351.html|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=भारत विकास परिषद ने कर्मयोगी अखबार वितरकों को सम्मानित किया|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/kannauj/story-bharat-vikas-parishad-honored-karmayogi-newspaper-distributors-3163025.html|website=livehindustan.com|language=hindi|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=कोविड-19 कंट्रोल का पलवल मॉडल, कोरोना को हराने में अब बस दो कदम दूर, अलर्ट सेवाओं से बदल गई जिला की तस्वीर|url=https://haryanaexpress.in/2020/04/30/palwal-model-of-covid-19-control/|date=30 April 2020|website=Haryana Express|access-date=1 May 2020}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In September 2020, BVP donated 2.11 crore to the [[PM CARES Fund|PM Cares fund]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/current-affairs/bharat-vikas-parishad-contributes-rs-2-11-crore-to-pm-cares-fund-govt-120092801246_1.html|title = Bharat Vikas Parishad contributes Rs 2.11 crore to PM Cares Fund: Govt|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 28 September 2020|agency = Press Trust of India}}</ref>

=== Scholarship for students ===
Scholarship for students was also distributed by BVP's regional branches.<ref>{{Cite web|title=भारत विकास परिषद ने मेधावी छात्रों व शिक्षकों को सम्मानित|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/rudrapur/story-bharat-vikas-parishad-honored-meritorious-students-and-teachers-2731254.html|website=livehindustan.com|language=hindi|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>

=== Skill development for blinds ===
Under a social outreach program BVP hosted skill development program for the blind.<ref>{{Cite web|title=बिना आंखों का ये व्यक्ति नेत्रहीन बच्चों के जीवन में भर रहा उजाला, भारत विकास परिषद ने किया सम्मानित|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/blind-man-learn-skill-to-blind-students-in-varanasi-bharat-vikas-parishad-awarded|website=Amar Ujala|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Awarded to Bharat Vikas Parishad<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Awards – Bharat Vikas Parishad|url=https://bvpindia.com/about-us-2/national-awards/|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>
!Year
!Award
!Place
!Awarded by
|-
|1995
|National Award
|[[Delhi]]
|[[President of India]]
|-
|2004
|[[National Awards for e-Governance|National Award]]
|[[Ludhiana]]
|[[President of India]]
|-
|2007
|[[FICCI|FICCI Awards]]
|[[Ludhiana]]
|[[Prime Minister of India]]
|-
|2008
|Nirmal Gram Puraskar
|[[Delhi]]
|[[President of India]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|http://www.bvpindia.com/}}
{{Sangh Parivar}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sangh Parivar]]
[[Category:Volunteer organisations in India]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Delhi]]

B. G. Kher

2026-02-03T04:50:06Z

SaraWong: reworked citations for consistency and updated info for clarity

{{Short description|Indian politician, 1st Chief Minister of Bombay State (1888–1957)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher
| image = BG Kher 1989 stamp of India (cropped).jpg
| office = 1st [[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister of Bombay State]]
| term_start = 15 August 1947
| term_end = 21 April 1952
| predecessor = ''Office Established'' (Himself as Prime Minister)
| successor = [[Morarji Desai]]
| office1 = 2nd [[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Prime Minister of Bombay State]]
| term_start1 = 30 March 1946
| term_end1 = 15 August 1947
| predecessor1 = Governor's Rule
| successor1 = ''Office Abolished'' (Himself as Chief Minister)
| term_start2 = 19 July 1937
| term_end2 = 2 November 1939
| predecessor2 = [[Dhanjishah Cooper]]
| successor2 = Governor's Rule
| birth_date = 24 August 1888
| birth_place = [[Ratnagiri]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1957|3|8|1888|8|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Bombay State]], [[India]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[Wilson College, Mumbai|Wilson College]]
| profession = Lawyer, Politician, Social worker, Solicitor
}}
'''Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher''' (24 August 1888 – 8 March 1957<ref name=news1>{{cite news |url= http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/09/stories/2007030900300901.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120302200113/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/09/stories/2007030900300901.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2 March 2012 |title= This Day That Age|date=9 March 2007|work= [[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianautographs.com/productdetail-118153.html |title=Indian autographers – Bal Gangadhar Kher |publisher=Indianautographs.com |access-date=5 September 2012}}</ref>) was an Indian politician who served as the prime minister of Bombay (1937–1939, 1946–1947) and the first chief minister (then called Premier<ref>{{Cite book|title=India's Struggle for Independence |author=Bipan Chandra|publisher=Penguin Global |year=1989|isbn=978-0140107814|page=332}}</ref>) of [[Bombay State]] (1947–1952). He was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]] by the [[Government of India]] in 1954. A lawyer, solicitor and social worker by choice and politician by necessity, Kher was often described as "Sajjan", good and gentle. Kher was a scholar, an accomplished orator, and a man with no pretensions.

==Early life==
Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher was born on 24 August 1888 at [[Ratnagiri]] in a [[Marathi people|Maharashtrian family]]<ref name="google1">{{cite book|author1=Vasant Moon|author2=Eleanor Zelliot|title=Growing Up Untouchable in India: A Dalit Autobiography|url=https://archive.org/details/growingupuntouch00vasa|url-access=registration|year=2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-0881-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/growingupuntouch00vasa/page/87 87]–}}</ref>. He spent some years of his boyhood at [[Kundgol]] in the then [[Jamkhandi State]]. Later, he migrated at the instance of [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] to [[Pune]] to study at the New English School. Later he received a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] degree with high distinction from [[Wilson College, Mumbai|Wilson College]] (Mumbai) in 1908, where he was also awarded the [[Bhau Daji Lad]] prize for standing first in Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/B/B.G.KHER|title=B.G. Kher|publisher=Indian Post website}}</ref>

Kher along with Manilal Nanavati started a firm called Manilal Kher & Co. The firm commenced practice on 7 June 1918. The firm was the only firm in Mumbai to have its inauguration ceremony being presided over by the renowned judge [[Frank Beaman|Sir Frank Beaman]]. The firm's name was then changed to Manilal Kher Ambalal & Co.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mkaco.com/about-us/history/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503054140/http://www.mkaco.com/about-us/history/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-05-03|title=Manilal Kher Ambalal & Co. – Advocates, Solicitors and Notary – About us – History |publisher=Mkaco.com }}</ref>

==Political career==
Kher's political career began in 1922. He was appointed as the Secretary of the [[Bombay]] branch of the [[Swaraj Party]].<ref name="news1"/> During the [[Civil disobedience movement]], he was arrested and sentenced to eight months' rigorous imprisonment and fine in 1930. He was again arrested in 1932 and sentenced to two years rigorous imprisonment and fine.

He became the second Prime Minister of the [[Bombay Province]] succeeding [[Dhanjishah Cooper]] in 1937 and continued in office until November 1939. He was arrested and imprisoned in 1940. During the [[Quit India]] struggle, he was arrested again and imprisoned in August 1942. He was released from prison on 14 July 1944.

He again became the Prime Minister of the Bombay province on 30 March 1946. He was instrumental in the establishment of Poona University (Now called the "[[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]"). A building in the university campus is named after him as "Kher Bhavan." Little Gibbs Road in Malabar Hill area of Mumbai was designated as B.G. Kher Marg in 1976. Kher was in office until 21 April 1952.

Kher was recuperating from an [[asthma]] attack at a private nursing home in [[Pune]] before he died on 8 March 1957.<ref>{{cite news|title=B.G. Kher Passes Away in Poona|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19570309&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|access-date=9 February 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=9 March 1957|page=5}}</ref>

== Reception==
Kher allotted plots of land in Bandra East to people belonging to the Hindu-Khatik (Scheduled caste) community in 1950–51. That area is known as Kherwadi in his memory. Kher established schools and a hospital, and provided electricity and water supply for people staying in Kherwadi. The Hindu-Khatik community celebrates his birthday at his statue at the Nanda Deep Garden, Kala Nagar, Bandra East.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

Declassified MI5 documents were appreciative of Kher and described him as preferable to other political candidates, due to his honesty, sincerity and a preference for the "Anglo" way of administration.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/Krishna-Menon-a-sick-man-say-MI5-documents/articleshow/1716301.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517110647/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-03/rest-of-world/27888109_1_krishna-menon-indian-high-commissioner-documents |url-status=live |archive-date=17 May 2013 |title=Krishna Menon a sick man, say MI5 documents|author=Rashmee Roshan Lall |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 March 2007 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Kamath, M.V. ''B.G. Kher, The Gentleman Premier'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Dhanjishah Cooper]]|
title=Prime Minister of [[Bombay Province]]|
years=19 July 1937 – 2 November 1939|
after=Governor's rule
}}
{{succession box|
before=Governor's rule|
title=Prime Minister of [[Bombay Province]]|
years=30 March 1946 – 26 January 1950|
after=Post abolished
}}
{{succession box|
before=Post created|
title=Chief Minister of [[Bombay State]]|
years=26 January 1950 – 21 April 1952|
after=[[Morarji Desai]]
}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[V. K. Krishna Menon]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of High Commissioners of India to the United Kingdom|High Commissioner for India]]|years=1952 - 1954}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kher, Balasaheb Gangadhar}}
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:People from Ratnagiri]]
[[Category:History of Mumbai (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Kher B G]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bombay State]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People from Jamakhandi]]
[[Category:Bombay State MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Swaraj Party politicians]]

Radha Krishna Vivah Sthali, Bhandirvan

2026-01-30T12:27:01Z

SaraWong: stub...

{{Short description|Place of Radha Krishna's marriage}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name=Radha Krishna Vivah Sthali, Bhandirvan
|deity= [[Radha Krishna]]
|festivals= Phulera dooj, [[Radhashtami]], [[Janmashtami]], [[Sharad Purnima]], [[Lathmar Holi]]
|location= [[Bhandirvan, Vrindavan]]
|district= [[Mathura]]
|state= [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|country= [[India]]
| image = Radha Krishna Vivah Sthal Bhandirvan.png
|caption= Marriage ceremony of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] performed by [[Brahma]]
|map_type= India Uttar Pradesh
|map_caption= Location in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|coordinates={{coord|27.65594|77.70737|type:landmark_region:IN-UP|display=inline,title}}
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}

'''Radha Krishna Vivah Sthali''', is a [[Hindu temple]], dedicated to [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]]. The temple site is present in the [[Bhandirvan, Vrindavan|Bhandirvan]] forest of [[Mant (Assembly constituency)|Mant constituency]] in [[Mathura]] district, [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. The site holds cultural importance as according to [[Sanskrit]] scriptures - [[Brahma Vaivarta Purana|''Braham Vaivarta Purana'']] and ''[[Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)|Garga Samhita]]'', [[Radha Krishna|Radha and Krishna]] were married in Bhandirvan forest in the presence of [[Brahma]], the creator, who also became the priest and solemnized their wedding ceremony.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anand |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsvSwdUgQYcC&q=radha+purana |title=Krishna: The Living God of Braj |date=1992 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-280-2 |pages=66 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Vrindavan |date=2022-03-04 |title=Phulera Dooj: The day when Lord Brahma solemnised Radha-Krishna's marriage in Bhandirvan |url=https://vrindavantoday.in/phulera-dooj-the-day-when-lord-brahma-solemnised-radha-krishnas-marriage-in-bhandirvan/ |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=Vrindavan Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gita Press Gorakhpur |url=https://archive.org/details/garga-samhita-gita-press-gorakhpur/page/n61/mode/1up |title=Garga Samhita by Gita Press Gorakhpur |pages=58}}</ref> Annually, this divine wedding is celebrated on the occasion of Phulera Dooj which usually falls in the month of February - March.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kashyap|first=Aman|date=17 January 2020|title=Bhandirvan Travel Guide|url=https://vrajvrindavan.com/bhandirvan/|access-date=12 May 2021|website=Vraj Vrindavan}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Garga Samhita 750|url=https://en.krishnakosh.org/krishna/Garga_Samhita_750|access-date=2021-05-31|website=en.krishnakosh.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213737/https://en.krishnakosh.org/krishna/Garga_Samhita_750|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:IMG-20230413-WA0003.jpg|thumb|As marriage ritual, Krishna putting [[Sindoor]] on Radha's head in ''Radha Bhandir Bihari Temple'', Bhandirvan]]
Bhandirvan is listed as one of the sacred forests of [[Braj|Braj region]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhandir Van, Mant (Mathura)|url=http://www.brajfoundation.org/projects.php?brajfoundation=13|access-date=2021-05-12|website=www.brajfoundation.org|archive-date=2021-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412033523/http://brajfoundation.org/projects.php?brajfoundation=13|url-status=dead}}</ref> Inside the premises of Bhandirvan, there is Radha Bhandir Bihari temple where Krishna is seen putting the [[sindoor]] on Radha's head which symbolises a significant marriage ritual in Hindu wedding ceremony. Near this temple, there is Venu Kup, a sacred well which was believed to be created by Krishna himself with his flute. There is also a pair of huge [[Banyan|banyan trees]] beneath which Radha and Krishna's marriage ceremony took place. A temple dedicated to [[Balarama]] is also present inside the temple premises.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhandirvan|url=https://en.krishnakosh.org/krishna/Bhandirvan|access-date=2021-05-12|website=en.krishnakosh.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512134421/https://en.krishnakosh.org/krishna/Bhandirvan|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Bhandirvan 2.jpg|thumb|Brahma (centre) as priest performing the marriage rituals of Radha (right) and Krishna (left) at Radha Krishna Vivah Sthali temple, Bhandirvan]]

Bhandirvan is one of the most prominent forest among the forests of [[Vrindavan]]. It is celebrated as the forest of [[Braj]] where Krishna used to enjoy taking lunch with his cowherd friends under the massive Bhandirvata banyan tree.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Krishnabhumi » Bhandiravana – Where Krishna swallowed a forest fire|url=https://krishnabhumi.in/blog/bhandiravana-where-krishna-swallowed-a-forest-fire/|access-date=2021-05-12|website=krishnabhumi.in}}</ref> Bhandirvan has many legends associated with it. Some of the major leelas (events) linked with Bhandirvan are :-

=== Radha Krishna Vivah Leela ===

Bhandirvan has witnessed the divine marriage ceremony of Radha and Krishna. The wedding ceremony took place in the presence of Brahma who also acted as the priest. This unison of Radha and Krishna happened in the absence of society. The locals say that only 10 million confidential associates of the couple (that included ''sakhis'', peacocks, parrots, cows, and monkeys) participated in this marriage.<ref name=":0" /> To give more importance to "''Parakiya rasa''" (love without any social foundation) over "''Svakiya rasa"'' (married relationship), this marriage was kept hidden. According to scriptures like ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'' and ''[[Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)|Garga Samhita]]'', the story mentioned is as follows :-

"One day, [[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda Baba]] went along with infant Krishna to Bhandirvan for cow grazing. When Nanda sat under a tree to rest, a ferocious storm started blowing and the environment became dark. Nanda was afraid for the safety of his son. Krishna also acted as if he was frightened and hugged Nanda with fear. But then, Nanda saw the beautiful [[gopi]], [[Radha]] approaching him from the storm in her divine form. She was glowing with beauty. Realizing that it was a play, Nanda gave the infant to Radha and said that he knows that she is very dear to Krishna. He said that she can enjoy with Krishna and after that leave the infant back home to [[Yashoda]].
Radha was very happy to see the infant Krishna and kissed him. Suddenly, a palace appeared in front of her. The palace was shining with jewels and rubies. And then she saw the infant Krishna vanished from her lap while a young handsome man appeared before her wearing jewelry and a crown. She immediately realized it that it was the divine form of Krishna. Krishna praised Radha and acknowledged his deep love for her. He told Radha that she was the other half of him. But Radha shared her pain of separation with Krishna to which Krishna consoled her and asked her to wait as he would make her happy. At that moment, Brahma appeared in front of them and under his guidance performed their wedding ceremony by making the couple exchanged their garlands and chanting Vedic mantras sitting in front of the holy fire. This marriage ceremony was called Gandharva Vivah. Thereafter, Krishna and Radha spent time together in delightful pastimes. After some time, Krishna again returned to his infant form and promised Radha that they would keep returning to Bhandirvan for their lovable pastimes. Thereafter, Radha took the infant Krishna back to his mother Yashoda".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gita Press Gorakhpur |url=https://archive.org/details/brahma-vaivarta-puran-gita-press-gorakhpur/page/n490/mode/1up |title=Brahma Vaivarta Puran by Gita Press Gorakhpur |pages=481-488}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhandirvan: The Place of Radha-Krishna unison|url=https://www.radhekrishn.com/bhandirvan.php|access-date=2021-05-12|website=www.radhekrishn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gita Press Gorakhpur |url=http://archive.org/details/garga-samhita-gita-press-gorakhpur |title=Garga Samhita Gita Press Gorakhpur |pages=58-62}}</ref>

=== Killing the demon Pralamba ===
The site is also famous for leela associated with [[Balarama|Balrama]] and [[Pralamba]]. Pralamba was a strong and powerful demon sent by Mathura's tyrant king [[Kamsa|Kansa]] to kill Krishna and Balarama. It was at Bhandirvan where Pralamba was killed by Balarama.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Hare Krsnas - Balarama's Pastimes - Pralambasura|url=https://www.harekrsna.com/philosophy/associates/demons/balarama/pralambasura.htm|access-date=2021-05-12|website=www.harekrsna.com}}</ref> The story goes like this -

"Once, a great demon named Pralamba entered the playgroup of gopas (cowherds) disguised as a boy, with the intention to kill both Balarama and Krishna. But Krishna, who was already aware of this, began to think about how to kill the demon. However, externally he received him as a friend. According to the game rules, the defeated members in duel fighting games had to carry the victorious members on their backs. When the party of Balarama, came out victorious, the boys in Krishna's party had to carry them on their backs through the Bhandirvan forest. Imitating others, Pralamba, who appeared there as a cowherd boy in Krishna's party, carried Balarama on his back. In order to avoid the company of Krishna, Pralamba carried Balarama far away. But soon the demon began to feel the heavy burden of Balarama, and not being able to withstand that, finally assumed his real form. At first, Balarama was surprised by the demon's appearance, but he quickly understood that he was being carried away a demon who wanted to kill him. Immediately, He struck the head of Pralamba with his strong fist, who fell down dead with a tremendous sound, as blood poured from his mouth".<ref name=":1" />

=== Krishna Swallowed Forest Fire ===
Lord Krishna performed many leelas in Bhandirvan which also includes saving the cowherds and the calves from a colossal forest fire. According to legend, one day, Lord Krishna and his friends brought the cows to drink water at the river [[Yamuna]] and then let them graze freely. The boys became so absorbed in their games that they were unaware of their cows wandering off. The cows made their way to the Munjavan forest where they got lost and couldn't return. When Krishna's cowherds friends could not find the cows they also went to look for the cows in the forest without Krishna and Balrama. At this time, the servants of [[Kamsa|Kansa]] set the forest on fire, which spread everywhere in a moment and surrounded the cows and cowherd boys. Seeing no other way to save themselves they called out to Krishna, who arrived there in an instant and told his friends to close their eyes, Krishna swallowed the colossal forest-fire immediately saving the cows and his friends. The place where Shri Krishna swallowed the forest fire is called Munjatavi or Isikatavi.<ref name=":1" />

=== Krishna Killed Demon Vatsasura ===
In Bhandirvan, Lord Krishna also performed the leela of killing the demon Vatsasura. Once, Lord Krishna and Balarama were playing on the bank of the Yamuna. At that time, the demon Vatsasura came there intending to kill them. Disguised as a calf, the demon mingled with the other calves. But Krishna, who already noticed this, immediately told Balarama about the demon's entry. Soon, both of them followed the demon. Krishna caught hold of two hind legs and tail of the demon-calf, whipped him around with great force and threw him to his death into a tree.<ref name=":1" />

== Festivals ==
[[File:Radha Krishna Bhandirvan 2.jpg|thumb|Radha Krishna's marriage is being performed by [[Brahma]] in [[Bhandirvan, Vrindavan|Bhandirvan]]]]
The main festival of temple is called Byahula Utsav in which wedding ceremony of Radha and Krishna is performed annually by senior priests. According to [[Hindu calendar]], the festival is celebrated on the occasion of Phulera dooj.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-21 |title=Phulera Dooj 2023 Muhurat, Puja Vidhi: फुलेरा दूज पर किस शुभ मुहूर्त में कैसे करें राधा-कृष्ण की पूजा, जानिए |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/spirituality/phulera-dooj-2023-date-muhurat-puja-vidhi-vivah-muhurat-article-98091017 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Times Now Navbharat |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-21 |title=Phulera Dooj 2023 Upay: फुलेरा दूज पर करें ये एक काम, प्रेम और विवाह संबंध होगा मजबूत |url=https://www.herzindagi.com/hindi/society-culture/phulera-dooj-2023-upay-article-222967 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=HerZindagi |language=hi}}</ref>

== Temple Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:IMG-20230401-WA0004.jpg|Radha Krishna in Bhandir Bihari Temple, Bhandirvan
File:Radha Krishna marriage Bhandirvan.png|Radha Krishna temple beneath Bhandir Vat, Bhandirvan
File:Radha Krishna in Bhandirvan.jpg|Radha Krishna Vivah Mandap in Bhandirvan
File:Bhandirvan.jpg|Bhandir Vat in Bhandirvan
File:Krishna crown in Bhandirvan.jpg|Krishna's Vivah Mukut placed near Venu Kup in Bhandirvan
File:Radha Krishna in Vanshivat.jpg|Radha Krishna temple in Vanshivat near Bhandirvan temple
File:Vanshivat tree.jpg|Vanshi Vat (tree) near Bhandirvan temple
</gallery>

== How to reach ==

* '''Location -''' Bhandirvan, [[Mant (Assembly constituency)|Mant assembly constituency]] in [[Mathura district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]] - 281202.
* '''By Rail''' - Nearest Railway station is Mathura Junction. Mathura is well connected with trains from across India.
* '''By Air''' - The nearest airport is in [[Agra]] at a distance of 100 km.
* '''By Road''' - Bhandirvan is around 27 km away from [[Mathura]] railway station and 20 km away from [[Krishna Balaram Mandir|Krishna Balrama Mandir]], [[Vrindavan]]. The local transport and cab facility is available at both the locations.

== Nearby attractions ==

=== Vanshivat, Vrindavan ===
Just nearby Bhandirvan (around 600 metres) is Vanshivat. In this place, [[Krishna]] used to eat lunch with his ''sakhas'' (friends) and play His flute to call [[Radha]]rani and all the [[gopi]]s. It is famous for the [[Raslila|Maharaas]]. Lord [[Krishna]] along with Goddess [[Radha]] and [[gopi]]s used to do [[Raslila]] under the Vanshivat tree. Presently, there is Radha Krishna temple constructed in Vanshivata and also the Vanshivata tree is still present in the temple premises.<ref name=":0" />

=== Belvan, Vrindavan ===
[[File:Mahalakshmi temple Belvan.jpg|thumb|Mahalakshmi temple in Belvan]]
Belvan is around 8 km away from Bhandirvan. The place is famous for Goddess [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]] temple. According to locals, it is believed that Goddess Lakshmi is still doing austerities to be the part of [[Radha Krishna]]'s [[Raslila]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Belvan or Belavan pastimes|url=https://brajrasik.org/articles/588e4fc958f4ac271a08b962/belvan-or-belavan-pastimes|access-date=2021-05-12|website=Braj Ras - Bliss of Braj Vrindavan.}}</ref>

=== Maan Sarovar, Vrindavan ===
Maan Sarovar is around 8 km away from Bhandirvan. In Maan Sarovar, there is a kund (lake) surrounded by huge trees and bird sanctuary. According to folklore, once Radharani pretends to get angry (Maan) from Krishna and came to this lake. On learning this, Krishna followed her to this lake and by his mesmerizing talk pleased her. There is temple on the bank of this lake dedicated to Srimati Radharani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maansarovar the Divine lake of Shri Radha Rani in Vrindavan|url=https://www.radhavallabh.com/mansarovar.html|access-date=2021-05-12|website=www.radhavallabh.com}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Nidhivan, Vrindavan]]
*[[Radha Damodar Temple, Vrindavan]]
*[[Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan]]
*[[Radha Vallabh Temple, Vrindavan]]
*[[Bankey Bihari Temple|Banke Bihari Temple, Vrindavana]]
* [[Radha Rani Temple|Radha Rani Temple, Barsana]]
* [[Radha Raman Temple|Radha Ramana Temple, Vrindavan]]
* [[Dwarkadheesh temple Mathura|Dwarkadheesh Temple, Mathura]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* https://www.patrika.com/agra-news/bhandirvan-vrindavan-1290999/
* http://radhanathswamiyatras.com/forests-of-vrindavan/bhandirvan/
* https://iskcondesiretree.com/page/bhadiravan

[[Category:Hindu temples in Mathura district]]
[[Category:Radha Krishna temples]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mathura district]]

LooCafe

2026-01-23T13:04:58Z

SaraWong: made a pg first draft

{{Short description|Indian public toilet model}}
{{Infobox company
| name = LooCafe - Ixora Corporate Services
| logo = LooCafe Logo.png
| industry = Sanitation
| founder = [[Abhishek Nath]] ([[CEO]])
| hq_location_city = [[Hyderabad]]
| hq_location_country = India
| key_people = Vedanth Nath (Head of Innovation)
| parent = Ixora Group
| website = {{URL|https://loocafe.com/}}
}}
'''LooCafe''' is an Indian [[public toilet]] model, built out of [[shipping container]]s with a [[point of sale]] attached with additional features.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaskar |first=Anisha Bhatia, Sonia |date=2018-07-26 |title=Hyderabad To Go Swachh With 130 Loo Cafes, Equipped With Smart Toilets, Cafes And ATM Services |url=https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/hyderabad-go-swachh-130-loo-cafes-equipped-smart-toilets-cafes-atm-services-23313/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=NDTV-Dettol Banega Swasth Swachh India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nitnaware |first=Himanshu |date=2020-12-07 |title=Hyderabad Man Turns Shipping Containers Into Solar 'Loocafes' With Stink Sensors |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/244124/hyderabad-startup-loocafe-ixora-fm-abhishek-nath-ghmc-public-toilet-innovation-him16/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref> The company, legally incorporated as Ixora Corporate Services, works in the [[WASH]] industry.

LooCafe is designed to end [[open defecation]] and [[public urination]] onto buildings, sidewalks, or streets,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jaggard |first=David |date=27 March 2012 |title=The Flow of History: The Mercifully Dwindling Presence of the Parisian Pissoir |url=http://www.paris-update.com/fr/hot-topics/cest-ironique/21580-the-flow-of-history-the-mercifully-dwindling-presence-of-the-parisian-pissoir |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720151833/http://www.paris-update.com/fr/hot-topics/cest-ironique/21580-the-flow-of-history-the-mercifully-dwindling-presence-of-the-parisian-pissoir |archive-date=20 July 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |website=Paris Update}}</ref> and create access to public toilets under the [[Swachh Bharat Mission]].

== History ==
Founded in 2018 by [[Abhishek Nath]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leader |first=The Weekend |title=Unfazed by failures, he built a toilet-cum-cafe chain that became a Rs 18 crore turnover business in just two years |url=https://www.theweekendleader.com/Success/2942/eat-and-ease.html |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=www.theweekendleader.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Ahana |date=2022-10-05 |title=Loocafé Founder Abhishek Nath shares how they are changing India's public toilet scene |url=https://thecsrjournal.in/loocafe-founder-abhishek-nath-shares-how-they-are-changing-indias-public-toilet-scene/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=The CSR Journal |language=en-GB}}</ref> LooCafe started from [[Hyderabad]] and now are currently operational in multiple Indian states and districts,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-23 |title=MC to open 'loo cafés' soon |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/mc-to-open-loo-cafs-soon/articleshow/92398003.cms |access-date=2023-12-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> including [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paitandy |first=Priyadarshini |date=2021-05-05 |title=Comfort stop: Hyderabad-based Loo Café makes its way to Tamil Nadu and Karnataka |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/the-relief-factory/article34487431.ece |access-date=2023-12-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-28 |title=Hyderabad's Loo Cafes now all set to dot scenic Dal Lake in Jammu and Kashmir |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabads-loo-cafes-now-all-set-to-dot-scenic-dal-lake-in-jammu-and-kashmir/articleshow/78356264.cms |access-date=2023-12-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=2021-09-05 |title=Two 'Loo Cafe' To Come Up In Chennai's Landmark Places By Month End |url=https://news.abplive.com/tamil-nadu/two-loo-cafe-to-come-up-in-chennai-s-landmark-places-by-month-end-1480375 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kandavel |first=Sangeetha |date=2022-05-12 |title=Chennai's first free luxury toilet with a cafe attached opened at Indira Nagar MRTS |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chennais-first-free-luxury-toilet-with-a-cafe-attached-opened-at-indira-nagar-mrts/article65408393.ece |access-date=2023-12-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyderabad: Now, loo cafes in Hi-tech city |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/230518/hyderabad-now-loo-cafes-in-hi-tech-city.html }}</ref>

In 2025, Abhishek Nath launched ReFlow Toilets, a sanitation infrastructure initiative focused on district-level deployments that promotes Bio-Circular Resource Technology (B-CRT).<ref>{{Cite web |title=ReFlow Toilets |url=https://reflowtoilets.com/ |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=ReFlow Toilets |language=en}}</ref>

== Model ==
Most [[public toilet]]s in India fail because of [[maintenance]] issues and a variety of government challenges.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-18 |title=India's toilets: Report questions claims that rural areas are free from open defecation |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46400678 |access-date=2023-12-09}}</ref>

LooCafes are designed to be [[sustainable]] models because of their business model. Revenue from the [[cafe|café]] or [[point of sale]] helps them sustain the public toilets that are built towards the back out of the shipping container. The usage of [[IoT]] devices and [[facility management]] technology have also helped them expand their footprint to 350 units across India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Mohammed |date=2020-05-29 |title=Loocafe 2.0 will soon feature across India |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/loocafe-2-0-will-soon-feature-across-india-1895629/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=The Siasat Daily – Archive |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2019, they won [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] awards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CII Awards - Home |url=https://www.innovationawards.ciiinnovation.in/Winners-2019.php |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=www.innovationawards.ciiinnovation.in}}</ref>

== Institutions ==
LooCafes have worked with the [[British Council]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Loo Café x Water Loop Video {{!}} Blog {{!}} ADF {{!}} British Council |url=https://design.britishcouncil.org/blog/2021/apr/08/water-loop/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=design.britishcouncil.org}}</ref> [[Hyderabad]] Design Week,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-08 |title=Hyderabad Design Week will showcase the city's entrepreneurial skills in offering global solutions |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/hyderabad-design-week-jane-withers-studio-6058162/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] (GHMC).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/with-paltry-rent-loo-cafes-minting-profits/articleshow/68857911.cms|title='With paltry rent, Loo cafes minting profits'|newspaper=The Times of India |date=April 13, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/240119/loo-cafe-in-ghmc-maud-tussle.html|title=Loo Cafe in GHMC-Maud tussle|date=23 January 2019|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

For their social work<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Liffy |date=2023-11-21 |title=World Toilet Day: changing the narrative |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/world-toilet-day-changing-the-narrative/article67557113.ece |access-date=2023-12-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> a book was also launched titled ''Toilet Tales''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kosuru |first=Amrutha |date=2022-05-07 |title=28 Toilet Tales highlight entrepreneurial dedication to transform public toilets |url=https://newsmeter.in/hyderabad/28-toilet-tales-highlight-entrepreneurial-dedication-to-transform-public-toilets-695170 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=newsmeter.in |language=en}}</ref>

The toilets have operated during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] with respect to disinfection work for public facilities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |title=Telangana sets up 'Loo Cafe' with options of disinfection, sanitization amid coronavirus pandemic |work=[[Asian News International]] |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/telangana-sets-up-loo-cafe-with-options-of-disinfection-sanitization-amid-coronavirus-pandemic20200903165145/ }}</ref>

== LooCafe models ==
<gallery mode="packed">File:LooCafe Tank Bund, Hyderabad.jpg|LooCafe installed at [[Tank Bund Road]]
File:Loocafe mini.jpg|LooCafe Mini Model</gallery>==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Human waste elimination}}
[[Category:Toilets]]
[[Category:Water supply and sanitation in India]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in India]]

Shri Guru Ram Rai University

2026-01-23T12:24:47Z

SaraWong: expand structure and updated info

{{Short description|Private university in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox University
| name = Shri Guru Ram Rai University
| motto = Quest For Excellence
| established = 2017
| type = [[Private University]]
| president = Mahant Devendra Dass Ji Maharaj
| vice_chancellor = Prof. Dr. K. Prathapan
| campus_size = 82.5 acres
| city = [[Dehradun]]
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| country = [[India]]
| accreditation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]], INC, PCI, NCTE, State Paramedical Council
| website = {{url|https://www.sgrru.ac.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Shri Guru Ram Rai University''' is a [[Private university (India)|private university]] established under [[Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib]] and
the leadership of Mahant Devendra Dass Maharaj and it is recognised by UGC, under section 2(f) of the act UGC Act 1956. Located in [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], India, it is spread over 82.5 acres of land with a total building area of 230,886 square metres.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sgrru.ac.in/| title=Private University Dehradun Uttarakhand| publisher=Shri Guru Ram Rai University (India) | date=15 July 2024 | accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sgrru.ac.in/leaders| title= Leaders SGRRU | work=Shri Guru Ram Rai University | date=14 July 2024 | accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sgrru.ac.in/university-overview | title=SGRR University Overview. | publisher=SGRR University | date=14 July 2024 | accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.sgrru.ac.in/}}
{{Dehradun}}
{{Universities in Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Universities in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Dehradun]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Private universities in India]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2017]]

{{Uttarakhand-university-stub}}

Indira Devi Chaudhurani

2026-01-22T06:39:14Z

SaraWong: small correct references per standard format and updated info per sources

{{short description|Bengali literary figure, author and musician, born to the Tagore family}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{One source|date=January 2026}}
{{infobox person
| name = Indira Devi Chaudhurani
| image = Indira Devi Chaudhurani-ইন্দিরা দেবী চৌধুরানী.jpg
| alt = Rabindranath Tagore and Indira Devi in Valmiki-Pratibha, 1881
| caption = Indira Devi Chaudhurani c.1890
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1873|12|29}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Kolkata]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1960|08|12|1873|12|29}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| other_names =
| father = [[Satyendranath Tagore]]
| mother = [[Jnanadanandini Devi]]
| family = [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (uncle)
| spouse = [[Pramatha Chaudhuri]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Musician|writer|translator}}
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Indira Devi Chaudhurani''' (29 December 1873 – 12 August 1960) was an Indian literary figure, author and musician. Born to the [[Tagore family]], Indira was the younger child of [[Satyendranath Tagore]] and [[Jnanadanandini Devi]] and younger sister of [[Surendranath Tagore]]. She is noted for her work in scoring the music for a number of songs by her uncle [[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindranath]], with whom she was particularly close. She died in 1960.<ref name=Radhakrishnan>{{harvnb|Radhakrishnan|1992|p=521}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Valmiki Pratibha Indira Devi & Rabindranath Tagore.jpg|thumb|left|Indira with her uncle [[Rabindranath Tagore]], in ''[[Valmiki-Pratibha]]'', c.1881]]
Indira Devi was born on 29 December 1873 to [[Satyendranath Tagore]] and Jnanadanandini Devi in 1873, at [[Bijapur]]. She spent her childhood in England, in [[Brighton]] where her family owned the ''Medina Villas''. At this time she and her brother [[Surendranath Tagore|Surendranath]] came to be very close to her uncle Rabindranath who joined them a year later, and the brother and sister were said to have been the favourite of among the poet's nephews and nieces, and the author's letters to Indira were later published as ''Chinnapatra''. Her early education was in India, at [[Auckland School Shimla|Auckland House]] in [[Simla]] and the [[Loreto House|Loreto Convent]] in [[Calcutta]]. In 1892, Indira graduated from [[Calcutta University]] with a [[First Class Honours]] in French. Indira translated into Bengali the works of [[John Ruskin]], as well as French literature, and translated published translations of Rabindranath's works in English. Indira was a strong proponent of women's issues, and authored a number of works on the position of women in India.

Indira took an early interest in music, achieving proficiency in piano, violin and the [[sitar]] and training in both [[Indian classical music]] as well as [[Western classical music]], later earning a diploma from [[Trinity College of Music]]. She is noted to have scored the music for almost two hundred of Tagore's songs. She was a composer of ''Brahmosangeet'', and also authored a number of essays on music. In later life, Indira Devi was instrumental in the establishment of [[Sangit Bhavana]] at [[Visva-Bharati University]], and served as the chancellor of the University for a brief period of time.

Indira was awarded Bhuvanmohini Gold Medal from Calcutta University in 1944, and received ''Desikottam'' (D.Litt.) from Visva Bharati University in 1957. Indira wed [[Pramatha Chaudhury]] in 1899.

==Family tree==
{{main|Tagore_family#Family_tree}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{Citation
| last = Radhakrishnan
| first=S
| year = 1992
| title = Rabindranath Tagore: A Centenary, Volumes 1861–1961
| publisher = Sahitya Akademi |ISBN = 8172013329}}

==External links==
* [http://www.scots-tagore.org/#!indira-devi-chaudhurani/c20co Indira Devi Chaudhurani, from Scottish Centre for Tagore studies].
{{Bengal Renaissance}}
{{Tagore family}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhurani, Indira Devi}}
[[Category:1873 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]

[[Category:Tagore family]]
[[Category:Women writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Women musicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women musicians]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:20th-century women writers]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:Musicians from British India]]

Bhatakul

2026-01-20T06:20:26Z

SaraWong: adjust layout based on references and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhatakul
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5607
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| area_total_km2 = 6.7429
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713125
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 0342
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bardhaman-Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman-Durgapur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bhatar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhatar]]
| website = {{URL|purbabardhaman.gov.in/}}
| elevation_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| other_name =
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|26|22.6|N|87|58|33.7|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| area_footnotes =
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = sarpanch (village head)
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Bhatakul''' is a village in [[Bhatar (community development block)|Bhatar]], [[Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision]], [[Purba Bardhaman district]], in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The village is located {{convert|25.61|km}} northeast of [[Bardhaman]]. Bhatakul is administrated by an elected [[sarpanch]] (village head) who represents the people of the village, as directed by the Constitution of India and the Panchyati Raaj Act.<ref>{{cite book|title=District Census Handbook|year=1985|page=408|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fbfUAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhatakul,handbook+census}}</ref>

==History==
The [[2011 Census of India]] identifies Bhatakul's village location code (VLC) or village code (VC) as 319838. The village is located in the Bharat Tehsil of Burdwan district in West Bengal, India, and is situated 13.3 km away from sub-district headquarters Bhatar. Barddhaman is the district headquarters of Bhatakul village. Per 2009 statistics, Bologna is the gram panchayat of Bhatakul village.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Census Village Code|url=https://censusindia.gov.in//findvillages.aspx|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=census}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
Bhatakul is located around {{convert|27.9|km}} from [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]. The journey to Bhatakul from the town of Purba Bardhaman can be made by bus or by rail via the nearest railway station, [[Bhatar railway station|Bhatar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook Barddhaman, Series 20 Part XII A, Census of India 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf|accessdate=21 January 2019|work=Page 637: Map of Bhatar CD Block|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations 2011}}</ref>

== Population ==
Bhatakul had a population of 5,607 people and 1,265 families. In Bhatakul, [[Schedule Castes]] (SC) represent 21.56% of the total population, and [[Scheduled tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] (ST) represent 0.50% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables|title=Census tables | publisher=Government of India|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman|url=http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|archive-date=21 January 2019|accessdate=25 January 2019|work=Table 2.2|publisher=Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

== Population and house data ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Particulars
!Total
!Male
!Female
|-
|Total no. of houses
|'''1,265'''
| -
| -
|-
|Population
|'''5,607'''
|2,863
|2,744
|-
|Children (0–6)
|'''621'''
|304
|317
|-
|Schedule Caste
|'''1,209'''
|645
|564
|-
|Schedule Tribe
|'''28'''
|9
|19
|}

==Healthcare==
There are currently no hospitals in Bhatakul.

==Schools==
There are two schools in Bhatakul: Bhatakul Pubbapara F.P. School (established in 1972) and Bhatakul Swarnamoyee High School (established in 1914).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=School|url=http://bardhaman.gov.in/education/psd/Bhatar.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305031306/http://bardhaman.gov.in/education/psd/Bhatar.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2018|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=School|url=https://schools.org.in/barddhaman/19090505203/bhatakul-swarnamoyee-high-school.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127193549/https://schools.org.in/barddhaman/19090505203/bhatakul-swarnamoyee-high-school.html |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=|website=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]

{{WestBengal-geo-stub}}

Rangisari

2026-01-20T02:45:33Z

SaraWong: done

{{short description|Indian Hindi-language song}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Rangisari
| type = single
| cover =
| caption = Official song cover
| artist = [[Kanishk Seth (musician)|Kanishk Seth]] and [[Kavita Seth]]
| album = [[Jugjugg Jeeyo]]
| language = Hindi
| released = 6 June 2022
| recorded = 2022
| studio =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Dance music|Dance]]|[[Classical music]]}}
| length = 3:43
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| singer =
| writer =
| composer = [[Kanishk Seth (musician)|Kanishk Seth]] and [[Kavita Seth]]
| lyricist = Traditional
| producer = Kanishk Seth
| tracks =
| misc = {{External music video|type=single|{{YouTube|id=bSAlE_WgHxY|title="Rangisari"}}
}}
}}

"'''Rangisari'''" ({{Translation|Colourful scarf}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language song from the soundtrack album of ''[[Jugjugg Jeeyo]]''. The song is a re-release song "Rangi Saari" by [[Kavita Seth]] and [[Kanishk Seth (musician)|Kanishk Seth]], recreated from the late classical vocalist [[Shobha Gurtu]]'s popular thumri. It was released on 6 June 2022 as the second single from the album, through [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].

Upon release, the song received positive reviews by audience and critics and was trending on internet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-doobey-to-kesariya-to-rangi-saari-songs-that-were-a-rage-at-new-year-parties-news-251127|title='Doobey' To 'Kesariya' To 'Rangi Saari' – Songs That Were A Rage At New Year's Eve Parties|date=5 January 2023|website=Outlook India|access-date=28 August 2024|archive-date=29 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529175046/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-doobey-to-kesariya-to-rangi-saari-songs-that-were-a-rage-at-new-year-parties-news-251127|url-status=live}}</ref> Kavitha's vocal performance was praised by critics and audiences and she won the [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Female]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer]].

== Production ==
{{Quote box
| quote = "When we were re-working it for the film, we simply enhanced it a little further. When we first released it, it was received with so much love organically and with this movie, it will find a newer audience."

- [[Kavita Seth]] on the track.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kavita-seths-rangi-sari-showcases-varun-kiaras-scorching-chemistry-in-jugjugg-jeeyo/articleshow/92036262.cms|title=Kavita Seth's 'Rangi Sari' showcases Varun-Kiara's scorching chemistry in 'JugJugg Jeeyo'|newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 June 2022|access-date=28 August 2024|archive-date=17 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617130008/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kavita-seths-rangi-sari-showcases-varun-kiaras-scorching-chemistry-in-jugjugg-jeeyo/articleshow/92036262.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 40%
}}

Sung by [[Kavita Seth]] and recreated by her son [[Kanishk Seth (musician)|Kanishk Seth]], the song is contemporary version of late classical vocalist [[Shobha Gurtu]]'s popular thumri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/jugjugg-jeeyo-movie-music-rangisari-the-new-song-from-is-not-really-new|title='Rangisari', the new song from Jugjugg Jeeyo, is not really new|first=Sankhayan|last=Ghosh|date=7 June 2022|website=www.filmcompanion.in|access-date=28 August 2024|archive-date=21 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421113254/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/jugjugg-jeeyo-movie-music-rangisari-the-new-song-from-is-not-really-new|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/varun-dhawan-kiara-advanis-amazing-chemistry-rangi-sari-will-keep-hooked-1503078538.html|title=Varun Dhawan and Kiara Advani's amazing chemistry in 'Rangi Sari' will keep you hooked|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=6 June 2022|access-date=28 August 2024|archive-date=6 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606084614/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/varun-dhawan-kiara-advanis-amazing-chemistry-rangi-sari-will-keep-hooked-1503078538.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Earlier the song was supposed to use in the film ''[[Dhadak]]'' (2018), but the plan was dropped due to issues with music label.<ref>{{cite web | title=Rangi Saari singer Kavita Seth on recreating classics: You can't damage the soul of a song or touch its originality | date=10 December 2022 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/rangi-saari-singer-kavita-seth-on-recreating-classics-you-can-t-damage-the-soul-of-a-song-or-touch-its-originality-101670696975990.html }}</ref> Later Azeem Dayani, music supervisor asked to use the song in ''[[Jugjugg Jeeyo]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kavita-seth-kanishk-seth-discuss-turning-their-indie-single-rangi-saari-mainstream-with-jug-jugg-jeeyo-10813301.html|title=Kavita Seth, Kanishk Seth discuss turning their indie single Rangi Saari mainstream with Jug Jugg Jeeyo|date=20 June 2022|website=Firstpost|access-date=28 August 2024|archive-date=24 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624093918/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kavita-seth-kanishk-seth-discuss-turning-their-indie-single-rangi-saari-mainstream-with-jug-jugg-jeeyo-10813301.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=For this one, we had a direct deal with [[Dharma Productions|Dharma]] and not [label] T-Series. I was majorly looking forward to sort out my contract legally first, because that’s really important. This was a very unique deal because the master that we made for it is different. This master is Dharma’s property but the original one is with us. My major concern was to make sure that the song was different, so that we retain the original one and the new one stays with the label.|author=|title=|source=[[Kanishk Seth (musician)|Kanishk Seth]], on the composition of the track "Rangisari" in an interview with ''[[Rolling Stone]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/kanishk-seth-rangi-saari-jugjugg-jeeyo-interview/|title=Kanishk Seth on How 'Rangi Saari' Became Part of Bollywood's 'Jugjugg Jeeyo' Soundtrack|first=Anurag|last=Tagat|date=June 27, 2022|access-date=August 28, 2024|archive-date=December 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219092626/https://rollingstoneindia.com/kanishk-seth-rangi-saari-jugjugg-jeeyo-interview/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

== Release ==
On 31 May 2022, the film makers announced that the song would be released soon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jugjugg-jeeyo-song-rangi-sari-poster-kiara-advani-varun-dhawan-are-the-hottest-couple-in-town/1e17775dc5218|title=JugJugg Jeeyo song Rangi Sari poster: Kiara Advani-Varun Dhawan are the hottest couple in town|website=OTTPlay|access-date=2024-08-28|archive-date=2022-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531133735/https://www.ottplay.com/news/jugjugg-jeeyo-song-rangi-sari-poster-kiara-advani-varun-dhawan-are-the-hottest-couple-in-town/1e17775dc5218|url-status=live}}</ref> On 3 June, they said that song will be released on 6 June.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/rangi-sari-varun-kiaras-irresistible-1503077803.html|title='Rangi Sari': Varun and Kiara's irresistible chemistry will keep you glued to the screen|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=3 June 2022|access-date=28 August 2024|archive-date=3 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603110151/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/rangi-sari-varun-kiaras-irresistible-1503077803.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The second single titled "Rangisari" was released on 6 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagrantv.com/en-show/jugjugg-jeeyo-s-rangi-sari-song-out-breathtaking-chemistry-of-kiara-varun-is-making-all-fall-in-love-rc1032015|title=JugJugg Jeeyo's Rangi sari song out: breathtaking Chemistry of Kiara-Varun is making all fall in love|website=jagrantv|access-date=2024-08-28|archive-date=2024-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828141539/https://www.jagrantv.com/en-show/jugjugg-jeeyo-s-rangi-sari-song-out-breathtaking-chemistry-of-kiara-varun-is-making-all-fall-in-love-rc1032015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-takes-rangi-sari-to-the-streets-of-berlin-as-he-grooves-to-the-song-in-public-janhvi-kapoor-asks-for-video-credits/articleshow/92093409.cms|title=Varun Dhawan takes 'Rangi Sari' to the streets of Berlin as he grooves to the song in public; Janhvi Kapoor asks for video credits|newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 June 2022|access-date=28 August 2024|archive-date=16 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616204106/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-takes-rangi-sari-to-the-streets-of-berlin-as-he-grooves-to-the-song-in-public-janhvi-kapoor-asks-for-video-credits/articleshow/92093409.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Impact and reception ==
The song received positive reception from audiences, praising the music and lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.desimartini.com/movies/celebrities/did-you-know-jugjugg-jeeyos-rangi-sari-song-was-originally-supposed-to-part-of-this-film/8b5e519a2e359/|title=Did you know Jugjugg Jeeyo's Rangi Sari song was originally supposed to part of THIS film?|date=28 July 2022|website=Desimartini|access-date=28 August 2024|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925092352/https://www.desimartini.com/movies/celebrities/did-you-know-jugjugg-jeeyos-rangi-sari-song-was-originally-supposed-to-part-of-this-film/8b5e519a2e359/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/bride-and-groom-dancing-to-rangi-saari-goes-viral-watch-101681632667432.html |title=Bride and groom dancing to Rangi Saari goes viral. Watch |date=16 April 2023 |access-date=2024-08-28 |archive-date=2023-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915173823/https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/bride-and-groom-dancing-to-rangi-saari-goes-viral-watch-101681632667432.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Ishita Singh of ''[[Times Internet|iDiva]]'' listed the song at ''Bollywood Songs That Are Perfect For Your Sangeet Night''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idiva.com/ampstories/weddings/planning/iconic-bollywood-songs-like-rangi-saari-nachde-ne-saare-that-are-perfect-for-sangeet-night/18070029|title=Burn The Dance Floor With These 8 Bollywood Songs That Are Perfect For Your Sangeet Night|date=16 November 2023|website=www.idiva.com|access-date=28 August 2024|archive-date=14 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214144003/https://www.idiva.com/ampstories/weddings/planning/iconic-bollywood-songs-like-rangi-saari-nachde-ne-saare-that-are-perfect-for-sangeet-night/18070029|url-status=live}}</ref> Stuti Bhattacharya of ''[[Times Internet|iDiva]]'' noted "The only consolation is that there isn’t a lot of difference between the original and the ‘remade’ track, and the vocalists are also the same."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/jugjugg-jeeyos-remake-of-rangi-saari-made-us-miss-original-songs/18035324|title='JugJugg Jeeyo' Remakes 'Rangi Saari', Making Us Crave The Originality Of The Early 2000s|date=6 June 2022|website=iDiva|access-date=28 August 2024|archive-date=24 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524172552/https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/jugjugg-jeeyos-remake-of-rangi-saari-made-us-miss-original-songs/18035324|url-status=live}}</ref> Kavitha said "success of Rangi Saari made me realise you can’t achieve everything with money."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/success-of-rangi-saari-made-me-realise-you-can-t-achieve-everything-with-money-kavita-seth-101640324118609.html |title=Success of Rangi Saari made me realise you can't achieve everything with money: Kavita Seth |date=24 December 2021 |access-date=2024-08-28 |archive-date=2023-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401173650/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/success-of-rangi-saari-made-me-realise-you-can-t-achieve-everything-with-money-kavita-seth-101640324118609.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date of the ceremony
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipients
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Refh}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|18 March 2023
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Female|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
|[[Kavita Seth]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeecineawards.com/2023-2/|title=2023 – Zee Cine Awards|access-date=2024-08-28|archive-date=2024-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629115645/https://zeecineawards.com/2023-2/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|rowspan="2"|[[68th Filmfare Awards|27 April 2023]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Kavita Seth]]
|{{won}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2023/nominations.amp|title=NOMINATIONS FOR 68thHYUNDAI FILMFARE AWARDS 2023|website=Filmfare|access-date=28 April 2023|archive-date=27 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427222938/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2023/nominations.amp|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|[[Bosco–Caesar]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|rowspan="2"|[[23rd IIFA Awards|26 and 27 May 2023]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|Kanishk Seth
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/feature/iifa-rocks-2023-kavita-seth-son-kanishk-croon-to-rangi-saari-on-green-carpet/1596998/|title=IIFA Rocks 2023: Kavita Seth, son Kanishk croon to 'Rangi Saari' on green carpet|date=26 May 2023|website=ThePrint|access-date=28 August 2024|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602191518/https://theprint.in/feature/iifa-rocks-2023-kavita-seth-son-kanishk-croon-to-rangi-saari-on-green-carpet/1596998/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Kavita Seth]]
|{{nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|id=bSAlE_WgHxY|title="Rangisari"}}

{{T-Series}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2022 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]

1967–68 Durand Cup final

2025-12-25T18:03:36Z

SaraWong:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 1967–68 Durand Cup final
| image =
| caption =
| event = [[Durand Cup|1967–68 Durand Cup]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Bengal Nagpur Railway FC|Bengal Nagpur Railway]]
| details =
| team1score = 1
| team2score = 0
| date = 11 January 1968
| stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium|Corporation Stadium]]
| city = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| referee = Trilok Lao
| attendance = 15,000 (estd.)
| weather =
| previous = 1966
| next = 1968
}}

The '''1967–68 Durand Cup final''' was the 63rd final of the [[Durand Cup]], the oldest football competition in [[India]], and was contested between Kolkata giant [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and [[Bengal Nagpur Railway FC|Bengal Nagpur Railway]] on 11 January 1968 at the [[Ambedkar Stadium|Corporation Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]].

East Bengal won the final 1–0 to claim their 5th Durand Cup title. [[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]] scored the only goal in the final as East Bengal lifted their fifth Durand Cup title.<ref name=rsssf>{{cite web|first=Neil|last=Morrison|date=11 October 2022|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html|title=India - List of Durand Cup Finals|work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=25 November 2022}}</ref>

==Route to the final==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="2"| [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
!Round
!colspan="2"| [[Bengal Nagpur Railway FC|Bengal Nagpur Railway]]
|- style="background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|colspan="1"|Result
|Round
|Opponent
|colspan="1"|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Indian Navy (football team)|Indian Navy]]
|colspan="1"|2–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Second Round
|style="text-align:left"|–
|colspan="1"|–
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madras Regiment|Madras Regimental Centre]]
|colspan="1"|2–1
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Quarter–Final
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|colspan="1"|1–0
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad City Police FC|Hyderabad City Police]]
|colspan="1"|0–0; 1–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Semi–Final
|style="text-align:left"|Leaders Club
|colspan="1"|1–1; 3–2
|-
|}

==Match==
===Summary===
The Durand Cup final began at the [[Ambedkar Stadium|Corporation Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]] on 11 January 1968 in front of a packed crowd as Kolkata giant [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and faced [[Bengal Nagpur Railway FC|Bengal Nagpur Railway]]. East Bengal reached their sixth Durand Cup final after defeating [[Hyderabad City Police FC|Hyderabad City Police]] 1–0 in the semi-final, having won the tournament previously in 1951, 1952, 1956, and 1960. Bengal Nagpur Railway made their maiden appearance in the final after they defeated Leaders Club 3–2 in the semi-final.<ref name=rsssf/>

The game started steadily with both teams being cautious in the first fifteen minutes. East Bengal, being the favourites, started dominating the game and the likes of K. Sharma, Ashim Bose and Sunil Bhattacharya all made attempts at the B. N. R. goal but could not break the deadlock. East Bengal made a substitution at halftime as S. Sarkar replaced Afzal and the change made an immediate impact on the game as S. Sarkar put a measured cross for [[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]] who could not connect properly. The deadlock was finally broken in the fifty-sixth minute as Habib found the winner with a header to make it 1–0 for East Bengal. B. N. R. tried to make a comeback in the game after conceding the goal but the East Bengal defence dealt with the attacks and managed to hold onto the lead till full-time as East Bengal lifted their fifth Durand Cup title.<ref name=rsssf/><ref name=final>{{cite news |date=12 January 1968 |title= দ্বৈত কীর্তি, ইস্টবেঙ্গল সর্ব ভারতীয় ফুটবলের শিখরে |trans-title=Another Milestone, East Bengal are the Champions of India |language=bn |work=Jugantor }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=PTI |date=12 January 1968 |title=East Bengal add Durand trophy to their collection |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19680112&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |work=The Indian Express |access-date=26 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Debayan|last=Sen|date=1 August 2020|url=https://www.espn.in/football/east-bengal/story/4139529/a-century-of-excellence-east-bengals-greatest-hits|title=A century of excellence: East Bengal's greatest hits|work=ESPN|accessdate=18 November 2022}}</ref>

===Details===
{{footballbox
|date=11 January 1968
|time=15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|report=
|team2=[[Bengal Nagpur Railway FC|Bengal Nagpur Railway]]
|score= 1–0
|goals1=* [[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Habib]] {{goal|56}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium|Corporation Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance=15,000 (est.)
|referee=Trilok Lao}}

{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home
|pattern_la =
|pattern_ra =
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so = _2 gold stripes
|leftarm = FFDF00
|body = FFDF00
|rightarm = FF0000
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = East Bengal
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _collarred 2
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = ffffff
| body = ffffff
| rightarm = ffffff
| shorts = ffffff
| socks = ffffff
| title = Bengal Nagpur Railway
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Peter Thangaraj]]
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Shanto Mitra
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Kalon Guha
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Syed Nayeemuddin]]
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sunil Bhattacharya
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prasanta Sinha]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} D.M.K. Afzal || || {{suboff|}}
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Ashim Bose
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Parimal Dey]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} K. B. Sharma
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} S. Sarkar || || {{subon|}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Coach:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} Mohammed Hussain
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Dipak Das
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} J. Lakra
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} A. Dey
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arun Ghosh]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Kalyan Saha
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} K. Tirkey
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} N. Sengupta
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} S. Das
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Rajendramohan
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} P. Sur || {{suboff|}}
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} P. Mazumdar
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Appalaraju]] || {{subon|}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Coach:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arun Ghosh]]
|}
|}

{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"

|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*Replay if scores still level.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html Durand Cup Finals]

{{Durand Cup}}
{{East Bengal Club}}

[[Category:Durand Cup finals]]
[[Category:1967–68 in Indian football]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club matches]]
[[Category:Football competitions in New Delhi]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:1967-68 Durand Cup Final}}

Vidurashwatha massacre

2025-12-14T07:24:50Z

SaraWong: Started

The '''Vidurashwatha massacre''' occurred on 25 April 1938 at [[Vidurashwatha]], when police opened fire on agitated farmers and killed 33 people, wounding more than 100.<ref name="hin">{{cite news |last1=Newsfact |first1=India |title=Vidurashwatha Massacre, the Forgotten Jallianwala Bagh of South India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jallianwala-bagh-of-the-south-vidurashwatha-massacre-a-forgotten-chapter-in-the-history-of-country-s-freedom-movement-101618915177005.html |access-date=18 August 2022 |agency=Hindustan Times |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=20 April 2021}}</ref> At least 90 rounds were fired by police on unarmed people who assembled to hoist the flag of the [[Indian National Congress]]. The massacre is an instance where the Congress-led freedom movement was violently suppressed by Sir Mirza Ismail, then Dewan of Mysore State.<ref name="adi">{{cite news |last1=Bharadhwaj |first1=Aditya |title=Vidurashwatha firing changed course of freedom struggle in Mysore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/vidurashwatha-firing-changed-course-of-freedom-struggle-in-mysore/article65768597.ece |access-date=18 August 2022 |agency=The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu newspaper |date=14 August 2022}}</ref> District Superintendent of Police A.S.Khalil started firing with his pistol on unarmed crowd and Government declared that only 10 people died, although total death was 33.<ref name=adi/>

This massacre led to the Mizra-Patel Pact between [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] and [[Mirza Ismail]], which permitted people to hoist the Congress' Flag in [[Mysore State]].<ref name=hin/>

==See also==

* Massacre of Indian civilians by British Colonisers
** [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]
** [[Munshiganj Raebareli massacre]]
** [[Qissa Khwani massacre]]
** [[Salanga massacre]]
** [[Spin Tangi massacre]]
** [[Takkar massacre]]
** [[Vellaloor massacre]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Massacres in 1938]]
[[Category:1938 in British India]]
[[Category:Protests in British India]]
[[Category:Massacres in British India]]
[[Category:Political repression in British India]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:April 1938 in Asia]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:Chikkaballapura district]]
[[Category:20th century in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Crime in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Police brutality in India]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Massacres of protesters in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Karnataka]]
[[Category:1938 murders in Asia]]
[[Category:1938 mass shootings in Asia]]

Manjiri Prabhu

2025-11-25T06:44:45Z

SaraWong: cleanup

{{short description|Indian author, TV producer and filmmaker (born 1964)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Dr. Manjiri Prabhu
| birth_date =
| image = Manjiri Pune Launch ITSOI 016.jpg
| caption = At the launch of ''In the Shadow of Inheritance''
| birth_place =
| occupation = Novelist, Director of Pune International Literary Festival.
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[Ferguson college]] [[Sophia College, Mumbai]]
| genre = Mystery Romantic suspense
| notableworks = The Cosmic Clues The Astral Alibi The Cavansite Conspiracy In The Shadow of Inheritance Rolls:Reel and Real
| spouse =
| children =
| website = {{URL|http://manjiriprabhu.in/}}
| honorific_prefix =
}}
'''Manjiri Prabhu''' (born 30 September) is an Indian author, [[TV producer]] and filmmaker.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://issuu.com/storizen/docs/march2014/1|title = Manjiri Prabhu - Desi Agatha Christie|access-date = 2014-10-30|website = ISSUU|publisher = Storizen|page = 22|archive-date = 15 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160315124819/https://issuu.com/storizen/docs/march2014/1|url-status = dead}}</ref> She has been hailed as the 'Desi Agatha Christie' (Indian Agatha Christie) by the media and is acknowledged as being the first woman writer of mystery fiction in India.<ref name="Cosmic Clues review">{{cite news|author1=Ravi Shankar Etteth|title=Book review of Cosmic Clues|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/20041220-book-review-of-the-cosmic-clues-by-manjiri-prabhu-788812-2004-12-19|access-date=30 October 2014|work=India Today|date=20 December 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Kim|last1=Arora|title=Desi Agatha Christies mark their presence|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Desi-Agatha-Christies-mark-their-presence/articleshow/16987499.cms|access-date=30 October 2014|work=Times of India|date=28 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Arthur J.|last1=Pais|title=Prophetess of Doom|work=India Abroad|date=7 July 2006|page=M3}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Manjiri Atmaram Prabhu was born in [[Pune]] to Atmaram Prabhu, a businessman and Shobha Prabhu, a prominent astrologer in a family of five siblings.<ref name="NRIpulse">{{Cite web|url = http://www.nripulse.com/Archives/Profile_DrPrabhu.htm|title = Behind the Cosmic Mystery|access-date = 31 October 2014|website = NRI Pulse|last =Rao |first = Veena|publication-place = Atlanta, Georgia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-2698300323/prabhu-manjiri-1964.html|title = Contemporary Authors|date = January 2007|access-date = 31 October 2014|website = Encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Manjiri started experimenting with novels at a young age and acknowledges [[Enid Blyton]] and [[Agatha Christie]] as her early inspiration.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|author1=S. Ravi|title=A legacy and dark secrets|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/manjiri-prabhu-unveils-her-latest-mystery-novel/article6249428.ece|access-date=31 October 2014|work=The Hindu|date=25 July 2014}}</ref> She attended St. Joseph's High School and did her graduation and Masters in French from [[Ferguson college|Ferguson College]] and [[Pune University]]. Manjiri then completed her post graduate diploma in Social Communication Media from [[Sophia College, Mumbai]]. and PhD in Communication Science from Pune University.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Manjiri joined the State Institute of Educational Technology (Balchitravani) as a TV producer where she directed more than 200 infotainment programs aimed at children and young adults.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|title = Cosmic Connection|last = Bhuyan|first = Avantika|date = 16 July 2006|work = Pune Newsline - The Indian Express|page = 8}}</ref> During this time, her unpublished novel was adapted into a [[Hindi]] feature film titled'' Kuchh Dil Ne Kaha'' for the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] and she wrote the script and dialogues for the same.<ref name="NRIpulse" /><ref>{{Cite news|title = Pune based writer makes waves in US|last = Korde|first = Rajesh|date = 21 January 2005|work = The Times of India|agency = Times News Network|page = 2|location = Pune}}</ref> She also produced short drama films for Filmaka and directed travelogues. Manjiri is also the founder-director of the [[Pune International Literary Festival]] and International Festival of Spiritual India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/3-day-literature-fest-to-feature-English-Marathi-writers/articleshow/22197473.cms|title=3-day literature fest to feature English, Marathi writers - Times of India|work=Times of India|date=September 2013 |access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
*''Symphony of Hearts (Romantic Suspense)'', [[Rupa & Co.|Rupa]] (1994)<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|title = Love at first write|last = Agtey Athale|first = Gouri|date = 13 March 1994|work = The Sunday Observer|page = 50}}</ref>
*''Silver in the Mist (Romantic Mystery)'', [[Rupa & Co.|Rupa]], (1995)<ref name=":0" />
*''Roles: Reel and Real (Non-fiction on Hindi films)'', (2001)<ref>{{cite web|title=Roles: Reel and Real|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3034988|website=National Library of Australia - Catalogue|publisher=NLA|access-date=3 April 2015}}</ref>
*''The Cosmic Clues (Mystery Detective fiction)'', [[Bantam Dell, USA|Bantam Books]], (2004) <ref name="NRIpulse" />
*''The Astral Alibi (Mystery Detective fiction)'', [[Bantam Books|Bantam]] Dell, USA, (2006), republished as ''Stellar Signs'', [[Jaico Publishing House|Jaico]], (2014)
*''The Cavansite Conspiracy (Romantic Suspense Thriller)'', [[Rupa & Co.|Rupa]], (2011)
*''The Gypsies at Noelle's Retreat - Riva Parkar Mystery series'', Times Group Books, (2013)<ref>{{cite web|first1=Trupti|last1=Shetty|title=The Gypsies at Noelle's Retreat- A Riva Parker Mystery - Book Review|url=http://www.thepunekar.com/the-gypsies-at-noelles-retreat-a-riva-parker-mystery/2013/07/|website=The Punekar|access-date=3 April 2015|date=26 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408192048/http://www.thepunekar.com/the-gypsies-at-noelles-retreat-a-riva-parker-mystery/2013/07/|archive-date=8 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*''In the Shadow of Inheritance (Romantic Mystery Suspense)'', [[Penguin Books|Penguin India]], (2014)<ref name="Hindu" />
*The Trail of Four (Destination Mystery Thriller), Bloomsbury India (2017)
*Revolt Of The Lamebren (Dystopian Science Fantasy), Readomania (2018)
*Voice Of The Runes (Destination Mystery Thriller), Bloomsbury India (2018)
*Mystery At Malabar Cottage (Children's Mystery), Readomania (2019)
* Flipped- Adventure Stories Children's Anthology), Story - The Treasure on Cocofarm, HarperCollins India (2019)
* The Final Act of Love (Romantic Mystery Suspense), Amazon Kindle (2020)
* The Adventures of Mithoo (Children's Fantasy), Readomania (2021)
* The DOGtrine of Peace (Non-fiction Spiritual), Readomania (2021)
* Legend of The Snow Queen (Destination Mystery Thriller) Readomania (2023)
* The Rampur Raza Mystery (A Sassy Library Thriller) NBT (2023)
* The Mystery of the Portuguese Hearts (Destination Mystery Thriller) Jaico Books (2024)

== Awards and recognition ==

*''The Astral Alibi'' honored as 'Notable Fiction' in [[Kiriyama Prize]] (2007)<ref>{{cite web|title=Kiriyama Prize - 2007 Notable Books - Fiction|url=http://www.kiriyamaprize.org/notable/2007/2007notable.shtml|website=Kiriyama Prize|access-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930082930/http://www.kiriyamaprize.org/notable/2007/2007notable.shtml|archive-date=30 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/columns/sunday-read/Written-in-her-stars/articleshow/45924905.cms|title=Written in her stars|date=17 Jan 2015|work=The Bangalore Mirror|access-date=3 April 2015|agency=Times Group}}</ref>
*''The Cavansite Conspiracy'' awarded 'Best Mystery' by BTB Awards (2012) <ref>{{cite web|title=Goa Arts and Literature Festival|url=http://www.goaartlitfest.com/galf2013/authors2013.htm#Manjiri_Prabhu|website=www.goaartlitfest.com|access-date=31 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111005952/http://goaartlitfest.com/galf2013/authors2013.htm#Manjiri_Prabhu|archive-date=11 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*The Rampur Raza Mystery (A Sassy Library Thriller) NBT (2023) was launched by the Hon. [[President of India]] Smt. Droupadi Murmuji
*‘Global Woman Leader By The 10th World Women Leadership Congress Awards’ (2023)
*'Excellence in Service for Humanity' from the Rotary Club of Pune, Kalyani Nagar, (2022)
*'Inspirational Women of Maharashtra -Excellence in the field of Writing’ (2017)
*‘Most Admired Leader of Maharashtra' by ERTC Global Herald (2017)
*‘The Rex Karmaveer Gold Medal Award’ instituted by iCONGO and the UN (2016)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhu, Manjiri}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Indian women television producers]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:Indian women filmmakers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Pune]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Novelists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Film producers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:Sophia College for Women alumni]]

Kaduthuruthy

2025-11-23T20:45:00Z

SaraWong: slightly rework details after review

{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=October 2018}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kaduthuruthy
| other_name = Kaduthuruthi, Kaduturutti
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Kaduthuruthi siva temple.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Shiva Temple
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.75|N|76.50|E|region:IN-KL_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 12
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = KL-36, KL-67
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Nesote building.JPG|thumb|Nesote Building]]

'''Kaduthuruthy''' is a town in [[Kottayam district|Kottayam District]] in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. The State Highway 15 connecting Ettumanoor to Vyttila passes through the town.The town is located 27 km from Kottayam, the district headquarters. The Vaikom Road Railway Station situated 3 km from the town.

== Geography ==
Kaduturuthy has an average elevation of {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Its name derives from ''Kadal thuruth'', meaning "near to the sea," as it is believed that several centuries ago, the [[Arabian Sea]] extended inward into this area, but later receded due to a tsunami.

Kaduthuruthy has a picturesque nature and ecosystem. It is a transit point between the hilly middle region of Kerala and backwater coastal land. The nearest railway halt is Vaikom Road Railway Station and the main railway station is Kottayam.

Another story regarding the origin of name "Kaduthuruthy" is Demon Khara got three "Shiv lingas" for his severe penance from lord Shiva, Khara started a journey by carrying three Shiv Lingas, two Lingas in each hand and one in his mouth. After a while he got tired as well the Lingas are heavy, he placed his right-handed Linga in Vaikom, left-handed Linga in Ettumanoor and from mouth is placed in Kaduthuruthy (in Malayalam, this act was called "kadichiruthy").

== History ==
It was the Capital of erstwhile kingdom of Vadakkumkoor which was annexed to Travancore in 1754 by Marthanda Varma. The first Sandesha Kavyam (Message in Poetry) in [[Malayalam]] called "[[Unnuneeli Sandesham]]" gives an insight into the history of the town. The author is believed to have been a member of one of the Travancore Royal Families. The work describes the grand harbour of the town in great detail, although the sea is now several miles away, having receded some time in the 14th century possibly following an earthquake or a tsunami.

==Thaliyil Mahadeva Temple==
[[File:Kaduthuruthy Thali Mahadeva Temple.jpg|thumb|Thali Temple]]
Thaliyil Mahadeva Temple ([[Malayalam]]:തളിയില്‍ മഹാദേവ ക്ഷേത്രം) is one of the best known Shiva Temples in Kerala. It is believed that the consecration at [[Vaikom Temple|Vaikom]] and [[Ettumanoor]] temples was done at the same time as that of this temple, by the same person. There are also replicas of Vaikom & Ettumanoor Shiva Idols in the temple, thus it is believed that visit here is as good as visiting all three noted Shiva temples (Vaikom, Ettumanoor and Thaliyil Mahadeva) on the same day before noon. The temple sits adjacent to the Ernakulam-Ettumanoor Road.

===Legends===
According to legend, the S''hivling'' (symbolic representation of the deity) was installed here by a demon named 'Khara'. This demon (of the [[Khara (Ramayana)|Khara]] Dhooshana demon duo) featured in the [[Ramayana]], worshipped Shiva at Chidambaram and obtained from him three Shivalingams. He travelled holding one Shivalingam in each hand and one in his mouth. Kadichiruthy Prathishitta later became Kaduthuruthy. The remaining two shivlings were installed at the Ettumanoor Mahadeva Temple and Vaikom Mahadevar Temple. The name Kaduthuruthy, also believed to have emanated from this temple and its etymology suggests that ''Kadichu'' (bite) Irutthy (make some one sit) combine to form the name.

===Temple complex===
The Mahadeva Temple, otherwise known as the Thali Temple, is dedicated to the Hindu god shiva. There are several other well-known temples in the area. Mahadeva temple is one among the famous three temples which Khara (of the Khara Dhooshana demon duo in the Ramayana) is believed to have built, along with Ettumanoor and Vaikom. A visit to three temples on the same day is believed to be very auspicious. Kaduthuruthy is the smallest of these three temples.

The Annual Festival at the Kaduthuruthy Thaliyil Shiva Temple is a ritualistic way of paying obeisance to Lord Shiva, the presiding deity of the temple. The annual festival celebrated for ten days in the Malayalam month Medam. The event is marked by various rituals and ceremonies. Dress code- Men: White, Dhoti without shirt. Women: Saree with Blouse, Panjabi dress with dupatta, Churidhar with dupatta.

==Holy Ghost Forane church, Muttuchira==
[[Holy Ghost Forane church, Muttuchira]] is one of the oldest churches in India and is located 1.5 km from Kaduthuruthy town. The church belongs to the Palai Diocese of the Syro-Malabar church. There is an ancient Pahlavi inscribed granite bas-relief cross found in [[Muttuchira]]. According to the local tradition, the Church at Muttuchira was founded in AD 510. Muttuchira Church is historically important. Archdeacon Jacob of Muttuchira was a native of Muttuchira and was based in this church until his death. He was buried in the Church of Saint Francis of Assisi, Muttuchira. He was appointed Archdeacon by Mar Simon, the Chaldean Bishop who arrived in Malabar in 1576 AD, during the time of Mar Abraham, as a rival. Mar Simon was sent to Rome but Archdeacon Jacob had followers until his death in 1596.

Bishop Alexander de Campo alias Palliveettil Chandy Metran, belonged to Muttuchira Parish. He was consecrated Titular Bishop of Megara in Achala and Vicar Apostolic and Administrator of the Archbishopric of Cranganore on 31 January 1663, at Kaduthuruthy and celebrated his first Pontifical Mass at Muttuchira Church on 1 February 1663. Saint Alphonsa of India spent her early years in Muttuchira as she was brought up in her aunt's house, at Muricken family of Muttuchira.

==Sun Temple==
{{main|Adithyapuram Sun Temple}}
The famous Adityapuram Sun Temple is 3 kilometers away from Kaduthuruthy, and is known to be the second sun temple in India. The Mahavishnu Temple, Devarthananam, is 3 kilometers away from Kaduthuruthy (Kaduthuruthy-Piravavam Road). The Kailasapuram Sreekrishna Temple and Mangattukavu Bhagavathy Temple are also in the area.

==Kaduthuruthy Valiya Palli==

[[Kaduthuruthy Valiya Palli]] (കടുത്തുരുത്തി വലിയ പളളി) / Ave Maria (ആവേ മരിയ) of Knanaya Community was established in AD 400. The present Kaduthuruthy St. Mary's Valiya Palli is the third building in the name of Virgin Mary known as Kaduthuruthy Muthiyamma (കടുത്തുരുത്തി മുത്തിയമ്മ). Kaduthuruthy Valiya Palli has a glorious history linked to its supreme position with the Vadakkumkur (present-day Vaikom) Kingdom. The history of this church is intertwined with the history of the Knanaya community, the Persian refugees known as [[Knanaya|Southist Syrian Christians]] (തെക്കു൦ഭാഗർ), now commonly termed Knanites (ക്നാനായക്കാ൪).

The present building is the third building in Kaduthuruthy, built in AD 1456, and it once had a strong fort, as mentioned in the church's traditional songs. The current church structure is built with artistic splendour and the characteristics of Gothic art, designed to proclaim and celebrate the gospel of Jesus Christ in worship and to honor the heritage of biblical faith, tradition, liturgy, and the rich variety of customs and traditions in Knanaya community as preserved by their forefathers. This church belongs to the Archdiocese of Kottayam and is considered as the Head Church (തലപ്പള്ളി) for both knanaya Catholics and Knanaya Jacobites.

== Government and politics ==
Kaduthuruthy assembly constituency is part of the [[Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|access-date=19 October 2008
|work=Kerala
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archive-date=4 March 2009
}}</ref> Adv. [[Monce Joseph]] currently represents Kaduthuruthy in Kerala Legislative Assembly. Justice [[K. G. Balakrishnan]], who was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India, is a native of Kaduthuruthy (Poozhikol).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.kerala.gov.in/kottayam/admin.htm Official website of Kottayam District] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027122538/http://www.kerala.gov.in/kottayam/admin.htm |date=27 October 2007 }}
* [[Kaduthuruthy Valiya Palli|Official Page of Kaduthuruthy Valiya Palli]]

{{Kottayam district}}
{{Central Travancore}}

[[Category:Villages in Kottayam district]]

Subodh Chandra Sengupta

2025-11-13T07:19:59Z

SaraWong: Page

{{Short description|Indian literature academic (1903–1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Subodh Chandra Sengupta
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 27 June 1903
| birth_place = Banari, [[Dhaka]] [[Bikrampur]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 3 December 1998
| death_place = [[Kolkata]] [[West Bengal]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Academic Scholar Writer
| yearsactive = 1929–1998
| known for = Shakesperean literature
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| father = Hemchandra Sengupta
| mother = Mrinalini Debi
| website =
| signature =
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]
}}
'''Subodh Chandra Sengupta''' (27 June 1903 – 3 December 1998) was an Indian scholar, academic and critic of English literature,<ref name="Shyam Prasad – A Hindutva British Stooge">{{cite journal | url=http://www.bannedthought.net/India/PeoplesMarch/PM1999-2006/archives/2000/nov2k/shyam.htm | title=Shyam Prasad – A Hindutva British Stooge | author=Somesh | journal=People's March | date=November 2000 | volume=1 | issue=9}}</ref> known for his scholarship on [[Shakespearean]] works.<ref name="Pedagogy: the academic Shakespeare">{{cite web | url=http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Criticism/shakespearein/india3.html | title=Pedagogy: the academic Shakespeare | publisher=Internet Shakespeare Editions | date=2016 | access-date=22 July 2016}}</ref> His books on [[William Shakespeare]], which included ''Aspects of Shakespearian Tragedy'',<ref name="Aspects of Shakespearian Tragedy">{{cite book | title=Aspects of Shakespearian Tragedy | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=S. C. Sengupta | year=1972 | pages=176 | isbn=9780195602920|oclc = 832557}}</ref> ''Shakespearian Comedy''<ref name="Shakespearian Comedy">{{cite book | title=Shakespearian Comedy | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=S. C. Sengupta | year=1950 | pages=287 | oclc=6476690}}</ref> and ''Shakespeare's Historical Plays''<ref name="SenGupta1966">{{cite book|author=Subodh Chandra SenGupta|title=Shakespeare's Historical Plays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOSqnQEACAAJ|year=1966|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198116219}}</ref> are critically acclaimed for scholarship and academic rigor.<ref name="Gupta2003">{{cite book|author=Subodh Chandra Sen Gupta|title=Portraits and memories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hECdAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Thema|isbn=978-81-86017-40-1}}</ref> He was a professor in the Department of English Language and Literature at Presidency College (now Presidency University), Calcutta, and after retirement from Presidency College, became Professor of English Language and Literature at [[Jadavpur University, Calcutta]],<ref name="Department of Bengali Language & Literature">{{cite web | url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/academic/arts_bengali.html | title=Department of English Language & Literature | publisher=Jadavpur University, Calcutta | date=2016 | access-date=22 July 2016}}</ref> as well as a professor of English literature at [[Ramakrishna Mission Residential College]], Narendrapur, an autonomous college in Greater Calcutta under the University of Calcutta.<ref name="English">{{cite web | url=http://www.rkmcnarendrapur.org/60-Under%20Graduate%20English | title=English | publisher=Ramakrishna Mission Residential College | date=2016 | access-date=22 July 2016}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 1983, for his contributions to literature and education.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=3 January 2016 | archive-date=19 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Subodh Chandra Sengupta was born in 1903 in Banari in [[Dhaka]] [[Bikrampur]], in the Bengal Province of [[British India]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]])<ref name="Lal1992">{{cite book|author=Mohan Lal|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA3921|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|pages=3921–}}</ref> and after passing Entrance from Banari high school in Bikrampur he did his college studies at [[Presidency College, Calcutta]] during 1924-26 where he had the opportunity to learn under such academics as [[Harendra Coomar Mookerjee]], [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]] and [[Srikumar Banerjee]].<ref name="The Coming on its Own">{{cite web | url=http://www.uvm.edu/~sgutman/Calcutta_University.html | title=The Coming on its Own | publisher=University of Vermont | date=2016 | access-date=22 July 2016}}</ref> After securing his MA in 1927, he continued his doctoral studies with ''Premchand Roychand scholarship'' during which time he started his career as a faculty member at the [[Presidency College, Calcutta]]. He served the institution from 1929 till 1960, barring two interludes from 1933 to 1935 and from 1942 to 1946.<ref name="Dahiya2014">{{cite book|author=Hema Dahiya|title=Shakespeare Studies in Colonial Bengal: The Early Phase|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hiBJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA181|date=3 July 2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-6353-7|pages=181–}}</ref> In between, he secured his PhD in 1934 and also taught at [[Ramakrishna Mission Residential College]] for a while.<ref name="English" />

Sengupta published five books on Shakespeare, ''The whirlgig of Time: The problem of Duration in Shakespeare's Plays'' (1961),<ref name="The whirlgig of Time: The problem of Duration in Shakespeare's Plays">{{cite book | title=The whirlgig of Time: The problem of Duration in Shakespeare's Plays | publisher=Orient Longmans | author=S. C. Sengupta | year=1961 | pages=201 | oclc=1940902}}</ref> ''A Shakespeare Manual'' (1977),<ref name="A Shakespeare Manual">{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/shakespearemanua0000seng/page/157 | title=A Shakespeare Manual | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=S. C. Sengupta | year=1977 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/shakespearemanua0000seng/page/157 157] | isbn=9780195609530 }}</ref> ''Aspects of Shakespearian Tragedy'' (1972), ''Shakespearean Comedy (1950)'', and ''Shakespeare's Historical Plays'' (1964), which are known to be reference texts on the English playwright. He also wrote on other literary figures such as [[George Bernard Shaw]] (''The Art of Bernard Shaw''<ref name="Gupta1936">{{cite book|author=Subodh Chandra Sen Gupta|title=The art of Bernard Shaw|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTofAQAAIAAJ|year=1936|publisher=Folcroft Library Editions|isbn=9780841444393}}</ref>), [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (''The Great Sentinel: A Study of Rabindranath Tagore''<ref name="The Great Sentinel: A Study of Rabindranath Tagore">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-l0FngEACAAJ | title=The Great Sentinel: A Study of Rabindranath Tagore | publisher=Mukherjee | date=1948 | author=S. C. Sengupta}}</ref>), [[Saratchandra Chatterjee]] (''Saratchandra: Man and Artist''<ref name="Gupta1975">{{cite book|author=Subodh Chandra Sen Gupta|title=Saratchandra: Man and Artist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qr0JAQAAIAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>) and [[Bankimchandra Chatterjee]] (''Bankimchandra Chatterjee''<ref name="Sengupta1996">{{cite book|author=Subodhchandra Sengupta|title=Bankimchandra Chatterjee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=284t0sm6CNQC|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Sahitya Akademi Publications|isbn=978-81-260-0001-2}}</ref>). His other major works included two original books, ''Towards a Theory of Imagination'', a philosophical treatise,<ref name="Towards a Theory of Imagination">{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.com/Towards-theory-imagination-Sen-Gupta/dp/B0007J1C6U | title=Towards a Theory of Imagination | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=S. C. Sengupta | year=1959 | pages=315 | asin=B0007J1C6U}}</ref> ''India Wrests Freedom'', a historical interpretation of [[Indian freedom movement]],<ref name="Gupta1982">{{cite book|author=Subodh Chandra Sen Gupta|title=India wrests freedom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8q1AAAAIAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Sahitya Samsad}}</ref>
and two translations, ''Dhvanyaloka'', a commentary on aesthetics by [[Anandavardhana]] translated into Bengali by Sengupta,<ref name="Ghosh2008">{{cite book|author=Raghunath Ghosh|title=Humanity, Truth, and Freedom: Essays in Modern Indian Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMlyid2aksEC&pg=PA159|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-233-2|pages=159–}}</ref>
and ''Mahatma Gandhi, As I Saw Him'', a critical account of the life of [[Mohandas KaramChand Gandhi]] written by [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]] and translated by Sengupta.<ref name="Ghosh1968">{{cite book|author=Prafulla Chandra Ghosh|title=Mahatma Gandhi: As I Saw Him|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iOigzrTDLTQC|year=1968|publisher=S. Chand & Company}}</ref> He also assisted in the publication of a dictionary, ''Samsad Bengali-English Dictionary''<ref name="Samsad Bengali-English dictionary">{{cite book | title=Samsad Bengali-English dictionary | publisher=Calcutta Sahitya Samsad |author1=Sailendra Biswas |author2=Birendramohan Dasgupta |author3=S C Sen Gupta | year=1982 | pages=932 | oclc=9418239}}</ref> and edited the annual publications of Presidency College Alumni Association.<ref name="List of Annual Publications">{{cite web | url=http://presidencyalumni.com/home/publication2 | title=List of Annual Publications | publisher=Presidency College Alumni Association | date=2016 | access-date=23 July 2016}}</ref>

Sengupta, who was honored by the Government of India with the civilian award of the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1983,<ref name="Padma Awards" /> died in 1998, at the age of 95.<ref name="Sen Gupta, S. C. (Subodh Chandra) 1903-1998">{{cite web | url=http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n50-9780/ | title=Sen Gupta, S. C. (Subodh Chandra) 1903-1998 | publisher=WorldCat | date=2016 | access-date=23 July 2016}}</ref> Several writers have recorded their indebtedness to Sengupta in their works.<ref name="Ray2001">{{cite book|author=Mohit K. Ray|title=Studies in Literary Criticism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRZ9cKUyyy0C&pg=PR3|date=1 January 2001|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0002-2|pages=3–}}</ref><ref name="Basu2010">{{cite book|author=Kanailal Basu|title=Netaji: Rediscovered|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9bQyfKq_EMC&pg=PR9|date=19 January 2010|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4490-5569-1|pages=9–}}</ref> The story of his life has been documented in a work, ''Professor Subodh Chandra Sen Gupta: Scholar Extraordinary'',<ref name="GuptaGupta2000">{{cite book|author1=Sen Gupta Sen Gupta|author2=Subodh Chandra Sen Gupta|title=Professor Subodh Chandra Sen Gupta: Scholar Extraordinary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsVjAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Subodh Chandra Sengupta Foundation}}</ref> published by the foundation bearing his name.<ref name="Subodh Chandra Sengupta Foundation">{{cite web | url=https://openlibrary.org/publishers/Subodh_Chandra_Sengupta_Foundation | title=Subodh Chandra Sengupta Foundation | publisher=Open Library | date=2016 | access-date=23 July 2016}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{cite book|author=Subodh Chandra Sen Gupta|title=The art of Bernard Shaw|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTofAQAAIAAJ|year=1936|publisher=Folcroft Library Editions|isbn=9780841444393}}
* {{cite book|author=Subodhchandra Sengupta|title=Bankimchandra Chatterjee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=284t0sm6CNQC|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Sahitya Akademi Publications|isbn=978-81-260-0001-2}}
* {{cite book|author=Subodh Chandra Sen Gupta|title=Saratchandra: Man and Artist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qr0JAQAAIAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Sahitya Akademi}}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-l0FngEACAAJ | title=The Great Sentinel: A Study of Rabindranath Tagore | publisher=Mukherjee | date=1948 | author=S. C. Sengupta}}
* {{cite book | title=Shakespearian Comedy | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=S. C. Sengupta | year=1950 | pages=287 | oclc=6476690}}
* {{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.com/Towards-theory-imagination-Sen-Gupta/dp/B0007J1C6U | title=Towards a Theory of Imagination | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=S. C. Sengupta | year=1959 | pages=315 | asin=B0007J1C6U}}
* {{cite book | title=The whirlgig of Time: The problem of Duration in Shakespeare's Plays | publisher=Orient Longmans | author=S. C. Sengupta | year=1961 | pages=201 | oclc=1940902}}
* {{cite book|author=Subodh Chandra SenGupta|title=Shakespeare's Historical Plays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOSqnQEACAAJ|year=1966|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198116219}}
* {{cite book|author=Prafulla Chandra Ghosh|translator=S. C. Sengupta |title=Mahatma Gandhi: As I Saw Him|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iOigzrTDLTQC|year=1968|publisher=S. Chand & Company}}
* {{cite book | title=Aspects of Shakespearian Tragedy | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=S. C. Sengupta | year=1972 | pages=176 | isbn=9780195602920|oclc = 832557}}
* {{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/shakespearemanua0000seng/page/157 | title=A Shakespeare Manual | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=S. C. Sengupta | year=1977 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/shakespearemanua0000seng/page/157 157] | isbn=9780195609530 }}
* {{cite book|author=Subodh Chandra Sen Gupta|title=India wrests freedom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8q1AAAAIAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Sahitya Samsad}}
* {{cite book | title=Samsad Bengali-English dictionary | publisher=Calcutta Sahitya Samsad |author1=Sailendra Biswas |author2=Birendramohan Dasgupta |author3=S C Sen Gupta | year=1982 | pages=932 | oclc=9418239}}

== See also ==

{{Div col}}
* [[Bankimchandra Chatterjee]]
* [[Saratchandra Chatterjee]]
* [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]]
* [[George Bernard Shaw]]
* [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Literature|Education}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50009780 | title=Sen Gupta, S. C. (Subodh Chandra), 1903-1998 | publisher=Library of Congress | work=Library of Congress Name Authority File | date=2016 | access-date=23 July 2016}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|author1=Sen Gupta Sen Gupta|author2=Subodh Chandra Sen Gupta|title=Professor Subodh Chandra Sen Gupta: Scholar Extraordinary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsVjAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Subodh Chandra Sengupta Foundation}}

{|
|{{Authority control}}
|}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sengupta, Subodh Chandra}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Dhaka]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Presidency University, Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Scholars from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal academics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Shakespearean scholars]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Chittagong College]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jadavpur University]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:People from West Bengal]]

Abhayadev

2025-09-22T22:51:54Z

SaraWong: put up a details...

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Abhayadev
| native_name =
| image = Abhayadev lyricist.png
| caption = Abhayadev
| image_size =
| birth_name = Ayyappan Pillai
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1913|06|25}}
| birth_place = Pallam, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2000|07|26|1913|06|25}}
| instrument =
| genre =
| occupation = Poet, lyricist
| years_active = 1949–2000
| label = Audiotracs
| website =
}}
'''Ayyappan Pillai''', better known by his pen name '''Abhayadev''' (25 June 1913 – 26 July 2000) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] poet and lyricist during the 1970s in Malayalam movies.<ref name="msidb">{{cite web|url=http://en.msidb.org/songs.php?tag=Search&lyricist=Abhayadev&limit=416 |title=List of Malayalam Songs by Lyricist Abhayadev |publisher=en.msidb.org |access-date=2014-08-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903082135/http://en.msidb.org/songs.php?tag=Search&lyricist=Abhayadev&limit=416 |archive-date=2014-09-03 }}</ref> He wrote lyrics for around 500 films and dialogues for 25 Malayalam movies.<ref name="malayalachalachithram">{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=61|title=Abhayadev|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com|access-date=2014-08-29}}</ref><ref name="raaga">{{cite web|url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/malayalam/lyricist/Abhayadev.html|title=Raaga - Malayalam - Lyricist - Abhayadev|website=[[Raaga.com]]|access-date=2014-08-29}}</ref> He was born to Karimalil Kesava Pillai who was also a well-known poet, at Pallam near [[Kottayam]].<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/unforgettable-verses/article4557960.ece|title=Unforgettable verses|newspaper=The Hindu|date=28 March 2013|first=K.|last=Pradeep|access-date=18 September 2019}}</ref> He made his debut in 1949 as lyricist in the film ''Vellinakshatram''.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Music-composer-Dakshinamoorthy-passes-away-at-94/articleshow/21564207.cms|title=Music composer Dakshinamoorthy passes away at 94 - The Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 August 2013 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=2014-08-29}}</ref> He was actively involved in the activities of Sahitya Pravarthaka Cooperative Society (SPCS), Hindi Prachar Sabha, and numerous other social and cultural organisations till his death.<ref name="thehindu2">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/oral-koodi-kallanayi-1964/article1141026.ece|title=ORAL KOODI KALLANAYI 1964 - The Hindu|newspaper=The Hindu |date=30 January 2011 |publisher=thehindu.com|access-date=2014-08-29}}</ref> He was awarded the [[J. C. Daniel Award]] in 1995.<ref name="keralascope">{{cite web|url=http://www.keralascope.com/Pages/rakendhu.html|title=KeralaScope|publisher=keralascope.com|access-date=2014-08-29|archive-date=3 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903211351/http://www.keralascope.com/Pages/rakendhu.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> His grandsons Ambilikuttan is a [[playback singer]], and Jayadevan is a violinist settled in Canada.

==Partial filmography==

===Lyrics===
* Jeevitha Vaadi ... Vellinakshathram 1949
* Aashaheenam ... Vellinakshathram 1949
* Premamanoharame ... Vellinakshathram 1949
* Evam Niravadhiroopangal ... Vellinakshathram 1949
* Alolamala ... Vellinakshathram 1949
* Thrikkodi ... Vellinakshathram 1949
* Aashaamohaname ... Vellinakshathram 1949
* Porinaay Iranguvin ... Vellinakshathram 1949
* Shokavikalame ... Vellinakshathram 1949
* Raagaramya Madhukale ... Vellinakshathram 1949
* Vidhiyude Leela ... Prasanna 1950
* Kalaanikethe Keralamaathe ... Prasanna 1950
* Sukritharaaga ... Prasanna 1950
* Dhavalaroopa ... Prasanna 1950
* Gaanamohana Hare ... Prasanna 1950
* Kaayikasoubhaagyam ... Prasanna 1950
* Sneham Thookum ... Prasanna 1950
* Jaathivairam Neethirahitham ... Prasanna 1950
* Bhaarathamaatha Paripoorna ... Prasanna 1950
* Aagathamaay Madhukaalam ... Prasanna 1950
* Ninnai Sharanaandainthen ... Prasanna 1950
* Ponne Neeyum Njanum ... Prasanna 1950
* Thakarukayo Sakalamen ... Prasanna 1950
* Ellaam Sundaramayam ... Prasanna 1950
* Rathnam Vithachaal ... Nallathanka 1950
* Mahesha Maayamo ... Nallathanka 1950
* Pathiye Daivam ... Nallathanka 1950
* Sodara Bandhamathonne ... Nallathanka 1950
* Imbamerum Ithalaakum ... Nallathanka 1950
* Manoharamee Raajyam ... Nallathanka 1950

===Dialogue===
* Yaachakan (1951)
* Desabhakthan (1952)
* Natyathaara (1955)
* Shaanthi Nivas (1962)
* Ardharaathri (1969)
* Jeevithasamaram (1971)
* Sreekrishna Leela (1971)
* Sathi Anasooya (1972)
* Vilakkappetta Kani (1974)
* Aval Oru Thudarkadha (1975)
* Raja Mayoora Varma (1976)
* Kollakkaaran (1976)
* Seethaa Swayamvaram (1976)
* Velaankanni Mathavu (1977)
* Chila Nerangalil Chila Manushyar (1977)
* Misiha Charithram (1978)
* Sankaraabharanam (1980)
* Sapthapadi (1981)
* Thirakal Ezhuthiya Kavitha (1980)
* Panineerppookkal (1981)
* Thennal Thedunna Poovu (1984)
* Mayoori (1985)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abhayadev}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:J. C. Daniel Award winners]]

Rihand Thermal Power Station

2025-09-06T21:35:49Z

SaraWong: created...

{{Short description|Coal power plant in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Rihand Thermal Power Station
| name_official = Rihand Super Thermal Power Project
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|24|01|36|N|82|47|24|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| country = India
| location = Renukut, Sonebhadra, UP [[Sonebhadra district|Sonebhadra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| status = O
| construction_began =
| commissioned = 1988
| decommissioned =
| cost = ₹1,033 [[crore]]
| owner = [[National Thermal Power Corporation|NTPC]]
| operator =
| th_fuel_primary = [[Coal]]
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| ps_units_operational = 6×500 [[megawatt|MW]]
| psps_hydraulic_head =
| th_cogeneration =
| th_combined_cycle =
| ps_units_manu_model = NEC of UK Northern Engineering Industries [[BHEL]]
| ps_electrical_capacity = 3,000 MW
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| website = [http://www.ntpc.co.in/ www.ntpc.co.in]
| extra =
}}
'''Rihand Super Thermal Power Project''' is located at Renukut, Sonebhadra, in [[Sonbhadra district]] in Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is one of the [[coal]] based power plants of [[NTPC Limited]].

==Power plant==
Rihand Super Thermal Power Station has an installed capacity of 3,000 MW. The first unit was commissioned in March 1988. The [[coal]] for the plant is derived from Amlori and Dudhichua mines. The water source is [[Rihand Dam|Rihand Reservoir]] on the [[Sone River]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=301&Itemid=83&lang=en|title=Rihand Thermal Power Station|publisher=National Thermal Power Corporation.}}</ref>

==Installed capacity==
{| class="wikitable"
! Stage !! Unit number !! Installed capacity ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]) !! Date of commissioning !! Status
|-
| 1st || 1 || 500 || 1988 1 March || Running
|-
| 1st || 2 || 500 || 1989 July || Running
|-
| 2nd || 3 || 500 || 2005 January || Running
|-
| 2nd || 4 || 500 || 2005 September || Running
|-
| 3rd || 5 || 500 || 2012 May <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bseindia.com/stockinfo/anndet.aspx?newsid=14DB29A5-021E-4E4C-9F9E-C4FB7F650DE7&flag=I&type=A&scrip_CD=532555|title=Unit # 5 of 500 MW of Rihand Super Thermal Power Project commissioned|publisher=National Thermal Power Corporation via Bombay Stock Exchange.}}</ref> || Running
|-
| 3rd || 6 || 500 || 2013 October || Running <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/announcements/ntpc-starts-unit-vi500-mwrihand-thermal-power-project_965488.html|title = NTPC Starts Unit-VI of 500 MW of Rihand Thermal Power Project}}</ref>
|-
|}
NTPC Rihand is situated 75 km away from [[Renukoot railway station]]. By personal cab or public transport bus, one can reach [[Rihand Nagar]]. The local market outside NTPC township is [[Bijpur]].

== See also ==
{{Portal|Energy|India}}
* [[Kudgi Super Thermal Power Station]]
* [[Singrauli Super Thermal Power Station]]
* [[Badarpur Thermal power plant]]
* [[NTPC Dadri]]
* [[Feroj Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Power Plant]]
* [[Tanda Thermal Power Plant]]
* [[Vindhyachal Super Thermal Power Station]]
* [[Korba Super Thermal Power Plant]]
* [[Sipat Thermal Power Plant]]
* [[NTPC Ramagundam]]
* [[Simhadri Super Thermal Power Plant]]
* [[Kahalgaon Super Thermal Power Station]]
* [[Talcher Thermal Power Station]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{NTPC Power Stations}}
{{Power Plants of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Electricity generation|state=collapsed}}
{{Mirzapur Division topics}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Sonbhadra district]]
[[Category:Renukoot]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1988]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Hindustani

2025-09-04T02:22:24Z

SaraWong:

{{wiktionary|Hindustani}}
'''Hindustani''' may refer to:

* something of, from, or related to [[Hindustan]] (another name of India)
* [[Hindustani language]], an Indo-Aryan language, with Hindi and Urdu being its two standard registers
* [[Fiji Hindi]], a variety of Eastern Hindi spoken in Fiji, and is known locally as Hindustani
* [[Caribbean Hindustani]], a variety of Eastern Hindi spoken in the Caribbean, locally known as Hindustani
* [[Hindustani classical music]], a major style of Indian classical music
* [[Hindustani (film)|''Hindustani'' (film)]] or ''Indian'', a 1996 film starring Kamal Haasan and Manisha Koirala
* [[Muhammadjan Hindustani]], Islamist teacher of Uzbekistan

==See also==
* [[Hindustan (disambiguation)]]
* [[Hind (disambiguation)]]
* [[Hindi (disambiguation)]]
* [[Indo-Surinamese|Indo-Surinamese people]]
* [[South Asian ethnic groups]]
* [[Hindustani Lal Sena]] or Indian Red Army, formed 1939
* [[Hindoostane Coffee House]], London, England
* ''[[Hindistani]]'', a Saudi Arabian TV series set in India
* [[Communist Ghadar Party of India]], a political group founded in 1970
* ''[[Raja Hindustani]]'', a 1996 Indian film starring Aamir Khan and Karishma Kapoor

{{disambiguation|surname}}
[[Category:Language and nationality disambiguation pages]]

Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority

2025-08-11T04:09:14Z

SaraWong:

{{Short description|Nodal agency that administers the city of Greater Noida in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority
| logo = GNIDA logo.png
| formed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1991|01|28}}
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| motto = Planned with an obsession
| chief1_name = Alok Tandon
| chief1_position = Chairman
| chief2_name = Narendra Bhooshan
| chief2_position = CEO
| parent_agency = [[Department of Infrastructure and Industrial Development]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.greaternoidaauthority.in/}}
}}

'''Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority (GNIDA)''', simply sometimes '''Greater Noida Authority'''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Gurugram Effect: Greater Noida Authority To Check Structural Safety of Highrise |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/gurugram-effect-greater-noida-authority-to-check-structural-safety-of-highrise-buildings-5248880/ |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> and at times shortened to '''GreNo Authority,'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=Community|title=Using GreNo Authority logo without permission? Now pay a hefty fine|url=https://www.cityspidey.com/news/16428/using-greno-authority-logo-without-permission-now-pay-a-hefty-fine|access-date=2022-02-21|website=www.cityspidey.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> is a nodal agency and planning authority solely responsible for the administration of [[Greater Noida]] city in the [[Gautam Buddha Nagar]] district of the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It comes under the Uttar Pradesh government's [[Department of Infrastructure and Industrial Development]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-17|title='Least regard for building norms': Residents complain after Greater Noida pavement cave-in|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/least-regard-for-building-norms-residents-complain-after-greater-noida-pavement-cave-in-7777808/|access-date=2022-02-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

Established in January 1991<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-23|title=Greater Noida's 29th Foundation Day celebrations to begin Friday|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/greater-noida-s-29th-foundation-day-celebrations-to-begin-friday/story-NMaxsZsXv3fV2FYFKbJPHI.html|access-date=2022-02-21|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] during the First [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] ministry under the UP Industrial Area Development Act, 1976, it is responsible for the city's overall planning, development, maintenance, regulation and operation<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi's well brought-up neighbour|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/know/delhis-well-brought-up-neighbour/article21987757.ece|access-date=2022-02-21|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com|date=10 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref> and is among the nine industrial development authorities of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rawat|first=Virendra Singh|date=2017-08-02|title=Yogi govt merges service cadres of cash rich development authorities|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/yogi-govt-merges-service-cadres-of-cash-rich-development-authorities-117080201052_1.html|access-date=2022-02-21}}</ref>

== History ==
Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority was established as a statutory authority on 28 January 1991 by the Government of Uttar Pradesh during the First [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] ministry in accordance with the UP Industrial Area Development Act, 1976, which mandates that every UP city must have a municipal authority of its own.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Separate municipal corporations for Noida, Greater Noida|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/aug/08/separate-municipal-corporations-for-noida-greater-noida-2015853.html|access-date=2022-02-21|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:State industrial development corporations of India]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1991]]
[[Category:Greater Noida]]

Bhavya Trikha

2025-08-01T12:22:05Z

SaraWong: put up new post...

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1998)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhavya Trikha
| image =
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1998|09|30}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| education = Chennai Nungambakkam M.O.P. Vaishnava College.
| occupation = {{hlist | Actor}}
| years_active = 2022{{endash}}present
| spouse =
| children =
| honours =
}}

'''Bhavya Trikha''' (born 30 September 1998) is an Indian actress, who has appeared in Tamil language films. Bhavya is well known for her role in the movie ''[[Joe (2023 film)|Joe]]''.

== Personal life ==
Bhavya Trikha was born in [[Chennai]]. She completed her schooling<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-02 |title=சென்னைப் பெண் பாவ்யா |url=https://www.tamilmurasu.com.sg/cinema/story20220502-88088.html |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=www.tamilmurasu.com.sg |language=en}}</ref> at Chennai Nungambakkam M.O.P. and she completed media studies at Vaishnava College.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ஆர்.சி.ஜெயந்தன் |date=2022-05-01 |title=பான் இந்தியா நடிகையாவது எனது டார்கெட்! |url=https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/kathir-heroine-pavya-trika-interview |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=காமதேனு |language=ta}}</ref>

== Career ==
Bhavya made her debut in the film ''[[Kathir (film)|Kathir]]'' in 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last=DIN |date=2022-04-09 |title='காதலும் அடிமைத்தனத்துல இருந்து உலகத்த விடுவிக்கும்': கதிர் திரைப்பட டிரைலர் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2022/Apr/09/love-and-liberation-of-the-world-from-slavery-kadir-movie-trailer-release-3823874.html |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref> followed by ''[[Joe (2023 film)|Joe]]'' (2023) directed by Hariharan Ram S,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joe OTT release is expected to happen on this date |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/joe-ott-release-is-expected-to-happen-on-this-date/1be3b17949700 |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> which received positive reviews from critics. In 2024, she played the lead role in the film ''[[Idi Minnal Kadhal]]'', which was released on 29 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-26 |title=Idi Minnal Kadhal gets OTT premiere |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/26/idi-minnal-kadhal-gets-ott-premiere |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/photos/actress-bhavya-trikha-latest-glamor-photos-oi99527.html| title=photos : வெறும் ஷர்ட்டுடன் தாறுமாறான போஸில் கலக்கும் பாவ்யா திரிகா.. வேற லெவல் போட்டோஸ் இதோ! | language=ta | trans-title=photos : Bhavya Trika in a strange pose with just a shirt.. Here are some other level photos!}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
! class = "unsortable" | {{Reference heading}}
|-
|2022
|''[[Kathir (film)|Kathir]]''
|Deepshika
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Joe (2023 film)|Joe]]''
|Shruthi
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Idi Minnal Kadhal]]''
|Janani
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Jinn - The Pet]]''
|Priya
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-12-24 |title=Mugen's Jinn—The Pet teaser to be out on this day |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/24/mugens-jinnthe-pet-teaser-to-be-out-on-this-day |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bun Butter Jam]]''
|Nandhini
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-02 |title='Bigg Boss Tamil' fame Raju Jeyamohan to debut as hero in 'Bun Butter Jam' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bigg-boss-tamil-fame-raju-jeyamohan-to-debut-as-hero-in-bun-butter-jam/article68358806.ece |access-date=2024-07-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Singanallur Signal}}
|{{TBA}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2024-07-02 |title=Prabhu Deva's next titled 'Singanallur Signal' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Jul/02/prabhu-devas-next-titled-singanallur-signal |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|13579414|Bhavya Trikha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trikha, Bhavya}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1998 births]]

Santosh Ghante

2025-07-20T06:18:42Z

SaraWong: Article

{{Short description|Harmonium player}}

{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Santosh Ghante
| caption = Santosh Ghante
| image = File:Santosh Ghante At Bhimsen Joshi Natyagriha Aundh, Pune 02.jpg
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1983|8|11}}
| birth_place = [[Latur]], India
| origin = [[India]]
| instrument = [[Harmonium]]
| genre = [[Indian classical music|Indian classical]] Hindustani Classical Music
| occupation = [[Harmonium]] player, Composer
| years_active = 1999
| associated_acts =
| notable_instruments =
| website = {{URL|http://www.santoshghante.com}}
}}

'''Santosh Ghante''' (11 August 1983) is an Indian [[Harmonium|harmonium player]], soloist, [[Accompaniment|accompanist]] and [[composer]].

== Early life ==
Santosh Ghante was born to lower middle class family in [[Chinchwad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-26 |title=Night school dreams: From factory floors to stardom |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/night-school-dreams-from-factory-floors-to-stardom-23490600 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
He is the disciple of Late Pt. [[Appa Jalgaonkar]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Suhasini|first=Lalitha|date=June 2, 2019|title=On a solo trip: Musician from Pimpri- Chinchwad touring Italy, Germany and Switzerland to promote harmonium as a solo instrument|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/on-a-solo-trip/articleshow/69615813.cms|access-date=2020-02-27|website=Pune Mirror|language=en|archive-date=2020-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814023233/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/on-a-solo-trip/articleshow/69615813.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> He did a series of workshops with school children during 10 to 30 September 2006, He was able to cover 50 schools from [[Latur district]], these were introductory workshops around classical music.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2006-10-20|title=युवा कलाकाराची अनोखी संगीत यात्रा|work=Sakal Papers}}</ref> He has performed solo in 22 countries.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-02|title=विदेशामध्ये शास्त्रीय संगीताचा मोठा चाहता वर्ग|url=https://www.dainikprabhat.com/a-big-fan-of-classical-music-abroad/|access-date=2020-02-27|website=Dainik Prabhat|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-01-12|title=संवादिनीचे सप्त सूर सातासमुद्रापार|work=Lokmat Paper}}</ref> He has taken harmonium from accompanied instrument to solo, with different experiments with it.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-14|title=हार्मोनियमचा प्रसार हेच उद्दिष्ट|url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/this-is-the-purpose-of-the-spread-of-harmonium/articleshow/71129502.cms|access-date=2020-02-27|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-22|title=Making the harmonium go solo: An artiste's efforts to elevate the humble musical instrument|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/harmonium-artist-maharashtra-santosh-ghante-7785425/|access-date=2022-02-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> He has been trying to popularise folk music and providing platform for the neglected forms of music too.<ref>{{Cite web|title=अखिल भारतीय तिसरे मराठी लोककला संमेलन|url=https://www.lokmat.com/pune/akhil-bhartiy-marathi-lokkala-sammelan-will-be-organize-chinchwad/|access-date=2020-02-27|website=www.lokmat.com|date=10 April 2018 }}</ref> work and career events<ref>{{Cite web|title=भारतीय संगीतास परदेशात उत्कट दाद - Marathi News {{!}} Indian musical fame abroad {{!}} Latest pune News at Lokmat.com|url=https://www.lokmat.com/pune/indian-musical-fame-abroad/|access-date=2020-02-27|website=www.lokmat.com|date=29 November 2014 }}</ref> He edited a book to pay tribute to his Guru Appasaheb Jalgonkar, named Sursakha, which was published in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=अभिजात संगीत जपण्याचा प्रयत्न|url=https://www.lokmat.com/pune/classical-music/|access-date=2020-02-27|website=www.lokmat.com|date=9 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='सूरसखा' चे आज सवाईमध्ये प्रकाशन|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/-/articleshow/11037134.cms|access-date=2020-06-17|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Santosh Ghante|first=Parmeshwar Kamle|title=Surasakha|publisher=Kshitij Prakashan, Pune|year=2011|location=Pune}}</ref>

== Samvadini Kala Manch ==
He has established an organization for the popularize harmonium, with this organization, they organized events, provide training of harmonium to kids from dis-privilege background.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-10-03|title=पिंपरीत संवादिनी कला मंचाची स्थापना|work=Sakal Papers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Khan|first=Alifiya|date=2015-01-26|title=Repaying His Guru's debt|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=परदेशातील नागरिकांना भारतीय वाद्याची भुरळ |url=https://epaper.pudhari.news/editionname/MyPimpri/PUDHARI_PMP/page/1/article/PUDHARI_PMP_20241231_01_4 |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=epaper.pudhari.news}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghante, Santosh}}
[[Category:Harmonium players]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

The Naulahka: A Story of West and East

2025-06-11T15:58:15Z

SaraWong: Article

{{EngvarB|date=June 2025}}
{{Short description|1892 novel by Rudyard Kipling in collaboration with Wolcott Balestier}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{About|the Rudyard Kipling novel|the film adaptation|The Naulahka (film)|5=Naulakha (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = The Naulahka: A Story of West and East
| image = The Naulahka A Story of West and East.png
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption = Title page for ''The Naulahka: A Story of West and East'' (1892)
| author = [[Rudyard Kipling]] [[Wolcott Balestier]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = UK
| language = English
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre = Fiction
| set_in =
| publisher =
| publisher2 =
| pub_date =
| english_pub_date =
| published = 1892
| media_type =
| pages = 352
| awards =
| isbn_note =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
}}
[[File:Senior wives chaupar 1790.jpg|thumb|A [[zenana]], in which women were secluded, in [[Lucknow]]]]
'''''The Naulahka: A Story of West and East''''' is an 1892 novel by [[Rudyard Kipling]] in collaboration with [[Wolcott Balestier]], which was originally serialised in ''[[The Century Magazine]]'' from November 1891 to July 1892.<ref name=":0" /> It centres on two Americans who travel to India for different purposes: Kate Sheriff, a feminist whose goal is to aid oppressed Indian women denied access to health care, and Nick Tarvin, an entrepreneur who wants a valuable Indian necklace in order to influence the construction of a railway.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Sen |first=Indrani |year=2000 |title=Gendering (Anglo) India: Rudyard Kipling and the Construction of Women |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517975 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=28 |issue=9/10 |page=18 |doi=10.2307/3517975 |jstor=3517975 |issn=0970-0293|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mambrol |first=Nasrullah |date=23 May 2019 |title=Analysis of Rudyard Kipling's Novels |url=https://literariness.org/2019/05/23/analysis-of-rudyard-kiplings-novels/#google_vignette |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=Literary Theory and Criticism |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Macdonald |first=Kate |date=16 January 2017 |title=The Rudyard Kipling novel no-one ever remembers: The Naulahka |url=https://katemacdonald.net/2017/01/16/the-rudyard-kipling-novel-no-one-ever-remembers-the-naulahka/#:~:text=This%20is%20a%20complex%20novel,vastly%20underrated,%20and%20undeservedly%20forgotten. |access-date=2025-04-23 |website= |language=en}}</ref> The book is set in the fictional state of Rahore, believed to be based on [[Rajputana]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Keskar |first=Sharad |date=27 August 2012 |title=The Naulahka |url=https://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/readers-guide/rg_naulahka.htm |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=The Kipling Society |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Background ==
The latter half of the 19th century was an age of social reform for Indian women, with efforts made to address such issues as female illiteracy, ''[[purdah]]'', female infanticide and child marriage. Around the 1860s, Western women such as [[Mary Carpenter]] and [[Annette Beveridge|Annette Ackroyd]] took an active role in advancing female education in India. From the 1880s, [[Medical missionary|medical missionaries]] brought relief to Indian women inside the [[Zenana|''zenanas'']] in which they were secluded.<ref name=":1" />

Hidden from the world, Indian women had no voice among either their indigenous countrymen or English men. Kipling privately sympathised with them, believing that "the Indian treatment of women" constituted "the main obstacle to closer relations between the natives and their rulers" and cited ''zenana, [[Sati (practice)|suttee]]'', "infant marriage ... enforced widowhood" and prostitution which women were subjected to. He wrote a poem, ''[[The Song of the Women]]'', in support of [[Hariot Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava|Lady Dufferin]]’s Fund, which provided medical aid to Indian women denied access to male doctors.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=Kelley S. |year=2015 |title=Feminist and New Historicist Readings of Kipling's "The Man Who Would Be King" |url=http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1019/feminist-and-new-historicist-readings-of-kiplings-the-man-who-would-be-king |journal=Inquiries Journal |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3}}</ref>

== Plot summary ==
Kate Sheriff – a young, androgynous American feminist – travels to India to become a sort of secular medical missionary, aiming to alleviate the suffering of Indian women. She succeeds at bringing medical relief to and earning the trust and affection of individual women, but broadly fails due to the resistance of Indian men. Sheriff is told by a local American woman missionary that she is "working against thousands of years of tradition and training and habits of life" and that these forces are certain to ultimately defeat her.<ref name=":1" />

At the same time, Nick Tarvin, a scheming entrepreneur from the [[Western United States|American West]], makes designs to influence the construction of a railway line, for which purpose a valuable necklace by which the book is named is imperative. The two were engaged, but after Tarvin frustrates Sheriff's humanitarian efforts she terminates the relationship. Tarvin secures but then returns the necklace to save Sheriff from danger, and the two return to America.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> Sheriff, having previously questioned the value of marriage and shown little interest in it, commits to marrying Tarvin.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tintner |first=Adeline R. |date=December 1983 |title=Rudyard Kipling and Wolcott Balestier's Literary Collaboration: A Possible Source for James's "Collaboration" |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/364840 |journal=The Henry James Review |language=en |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=140 |doi=10.1353/hjr.2010.0141 |issn=1080-6555|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Critical reception ==

By 1910, ''The Naulahka'' had sold 20,000 copies in Britain.<ref name=":0" /> The novel received an unenthusiastic critical reception; [[F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead|Lord Birkenhead]] thought ill of Balestier's effect on Kipling's writing:<blockquote>An alien hand lay heavy on him, and reading the dry, stilted chapters contributed by Balestier about life in the [[Midwestern United States|Middle West]] one is again astonished by the spell that this man exercised.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>[[J. M. S. Tompkins]] was also critical, opining that "it is impossible to think that much effort went into this book."<ref name=":0" /> However, not all responses were negative. Authorised Kipling biographer [[Charles Carrington (historian)|Charles Carrington]] praised elements of the book:<blockquote>… anything in which Kipling had a hand is readable; here and there it is enlivened by piercing observations and forcible expressions such as no one but Kipling could have penned…<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Academic Indrani Sen, in ''[[Social Scientist]]'', writes that the protagonist, Kate Sheriff:<blockquote>...is an embodiment of the [[New Woman]] of the 1890s who questions the meaning of marriage, and also wishes to play the role of a secular medical missionary, ameliorating the sufferings of her 'sisters' in India. In many ways, Kate's situation exemplifies the contradictions of the 'feminist imperialist', as inspired by "[[Pandita Ramabai|Pundita Ramabai]]'s account of the sad case of her sisters at home" this 'maternal imperialist' goes out to India, armed with western medicine to work among the women.<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Novels}}
* [[Zenana missions]]
* [[Women's health in India]]
* [[Gender inequality in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rudyard Kipling}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naulahka A Story Of West And East}}
[[Category:1892 British novels]]
[[Category:Collaborative novels]]
[[Category:Novels first published in serial form]]
[[Category:Novels set in India]]
[[Category:Feminist books]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]

National Highway 169 (India)

2025-06-08T08:28:45Z

SaraWong:

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 169
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
|title=National Highway 169|text=Map of National Highway '''169''' in red}}
| map_custom = yes
| length_km = 200
| direction =
| direction_a =
| terminus_a = [[Shivamogga]]
| destinations = [[Tirthahalli]] – [[Koppa, India|Koppa]] – [[Sringeri]] – [[Karkala]] – [[Moodabidre]]
| direction_b =
| terminus_b = [[Mangalore]]
| junction =
| states = Karnataka
| previous_type = NH
| previous_route = 168
| next_route = 170
| next_type = NH
}}

'''National Highway 169''' ('''NH 169''') is a [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] in India.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 April 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The national highway number 169 was previously part of old National highway 13 connecting [[Mangaluru]] ( Mangalore ) in the state of Karnataka with [[Solapur]] in the state of Maharashtra.<ref name="National Highway 13">{{cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/driving-directions-maps/nh13-driving-directions-map.html|title=National Highway 13|publisher=[[Maps of India]]|access-date=5 November 2019}}</ref> After rationalisation of highway numbers by [[Government of India]] published on 5 March 2010. This number has been assigned to national highway starting from Mangalooru to Shivamogga (Shimoga) going via Gurupura, [[Kaikamba]], Yedapadavu, Moodabidri, Karkala, Bajagoli (Bajegoli), SK border, Kerekatte, [[Sringeri]], Koppa and [[Thirthahalli]]. This road provides connectivity between [[Karavali]] (Coastal) region through [[Malenadu]] region of Karnataka state in India. This road is narrow at some stretches when passing through Kudremukha National Park forest area. The National Highway 169A joins this highway at Thirthahalli.<ref name="NH169A widening">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/nh-169a-widening-public-greens-oppose-tree-felling-759125.html|title=NH 169A widening: Public, greens oppose tree felling|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=4 November 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[National Highway 169A (India)]]
* [[National Highway 66 (India)]]
* [[National Highway 75 (India)]]
* [[National Highway 73 (India)]]
* [[National Highway 275 (India)]]
* [[Ghat Roads]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH69 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Karnataka]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Akansha Sareen

2025-04-05T07:44:42Z

SaraWong:

{{Short description|Indian model and actress}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Akansha Sareen
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1992|08|08}}
| known_for =
| occupation = Model Actress
| years_active=
| height = 167.64 cm
| website =
}}
'''Akansha Sareen''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] model and actress.<ref name=sm>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-masala/shaadi-mubarak-fame-akanksha-sareen-bold-photos-unknown-facts-about-her/articleshow/79706160.cms|title=Shaadi Mubarak Fame Akanksha Sareen Bold Photos Unknown Facts About Her|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Navbharat Times]]|access-date=13 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/photos/akansha-sareen-hot-and-bold-photo-viral-on-social-media/618249|title=टीव्हीवर साधी दिसणारी Akansha Sareen चा हॉट आणि बोल्ड लूक|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Zee News]]|access-date=18 April 2022|language=hi}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Akansha Sareen was born on 8 August 1992 in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] to Sanjeev and Anju Sareen and raised in Delhi. She did her schooling in Cambridge School, Delhi and Ryan International School, Surat. She subsequently studied Journalism and Mass Communication at Amity University.{{fact|date=April 2023}}

==Career==
After receiving her bachelor's degree in Journalism and Mass Communication from Amity University, Sareen worked as a Content Executive for Tangerine Digital. Akansha made her TV debut in MTV's reality show ''Nano Drive with MTV''. She has appeared in several episodes of popular shows such as ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]'', ''[[Hum Ne Li Hai...Shapath]]'', ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]'', ''[[Savdhaan India]]'' and ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]''. She received wider recognition following her parallel lead role as Dr Riya Kapoor in ''[[Savitri Devi College & Hospital]]'' on Colors TV. Following this, she appeared in a cameo role in Yeh Teri Galliyan and earned positive reviews from critics. Later Sareen gained immense popularity with her negative lead roles in ''[[Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji]]'', ''[[Shaadi Mubarak]]'' and ''[[Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/hindi-news/gallery-hindi/tv-actress-akansha-sareen-latest-bold-photos-viral-on-internet-5341511/|title=TV पर सीधी-साधी दिखने वालीं Akansha Sareen अब हो गई हैं इतनी बोल्ड, तस्वीरों ने मचाया बवाल|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Zee News]]|access-date=18 April 2022|language=hi}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year(s)
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref(s)
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"|2014
|''Nano Drive with MTV''
|
|Debut
|
|-
|''[[Laut Aao Trisha]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Airlines (Indian TV series)|Airlines]]''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|2014–2015
|''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
|
|Episodic lead
|
|-
! scope="row"|2014–2018
|''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"|2015
|''Hunnarbaaz''
|
|[[Future TV]]
|
|-
|''[[Code Red (Indian TV series)|Code Red]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Sankat Mochan Mahabali Hanumaan]]''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|2015–2016
|''[[Hum Ne Li Hai...Shapath]]''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|2015–2017
|''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|
|Episodic lead roles
|
|-
! scope="row"|2015–2018
|''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4"|2016
|''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]''
|
|Episodic lead
|
|-
|''[[Man Mein Hai Visshwas]]''
|
|Episodic lead
|
|-
|''[[Y.A.R.O Ka Tashan]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Hoshiyar… Sahi Waqt, Sahi Kadam]]''
|
|Episodic lead
|
|-
! scope="row"|2017–2018
|''[[Savitri Devi College & Hospital]]''
|Dr. Riya Kapoor
|Parallel lead
|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|2018
|''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
|Kajal
|Episodic lead
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-10s-rohan-mehra-to-be-seen-in-laal-ishq-opposite-palak-jain-akansha-sareen/articleshow/64783928.cms|title=Bigg Boss 10's Rohan Mehra to be seen in Laal Ishq opposite Palak Jain, Akansha Sareen|last=|first=|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=5 July 2018|access-date=20 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Yeh Teri Galiyan]]''
|Arpita Chaubey
|Supporting role
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/snippets/akansha-sareens-first-bengali-avatar-zee-tvs-ye-teri-galiyaan/2018/07/06|title=Akansha Sareen's first Bengali avatar for Zee TV's Ye Teri Galiyaan|last=|first=|date=6 July 2018|website=|access-date=20 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|2019
|''[[Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji]]''
|Sania Shyamnik Bhatia
|Negative lead
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/akansha-sareen-roped-star-plus-dil-toh-happy-hai-ji/2019/01/06|title=Akansha Sareen roped in for Star Plus' Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji|last=|first=|date=6 January 2019|website=|access-date=20 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/celebrities/hatred-rocky-happy-fans-towards-sanya-just-started-pour-akansha-sareen-dil-toh-happy-hai-ji/2019/03/09|title=I can call myself a professional baker now: Akansha Sareen|last=|first=|date=9 March 2019|website=|access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''India Alert''
|Anjali
|Episodic lead
|
|-
! scope="row"|2020–2021
|''[[Shaadi Mubarak]]''
|Rati Pandey
|rowspan="3"|Negative lead
|<ref name=sm/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/lifestyle/food/can-call-professional-baker-now-akansha-sareen/2020/07/07|title=Hatred from Rocky – Happy fans towards Sanya has just started to pour in: Akansha Sareen from Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji|last=|first=|date=7 July 2020|website=|access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|2021
|''[[Qurbaan Hua]]''
|Raseeli
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/spoilers/qurbaan-hua-spoiler-alert-raseeli-take-shlok-away/2021/05/18|title=Qurbaan Hua Spoiler Alert: Raseeli to take Shlok away?|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=20 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana]]''
|Vishaka Choudhary
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/akansha-sareen-to-enter-star-plus-show-zindagi-mere-ghar-aana_180199|title=Akansha Sareen to enter Star Plus show 'Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana'|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref>
|}

===Web-Series===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year(s)
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Platform
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref(s)
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|2018
|''[[Mirzapur]]''
|Dancer
|
|rowspan="2"|[[Amazon Prime]]
|
|-
|''[[Inside Edge (TV series)|Inside Edge]]''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|2021
|''[[The Empire (web series)|The Empire]]''
|Razia
|Supporting role
|[[Hotstar]]
|
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=9965976}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sareen, Akansha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]
[[Category:Models from Delhi]]
[[Category:Actors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1992 births]]

Ramnarayan Meena

2025-01-21T16:10:57Z

SaraWong: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Expand Hindi|रामनारायण मीणा|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ramnarayan Meena
| office = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 11 December 2018
| term_end = 3 December 2023
| predecessor = Vidhyashankar Nandwana
| successor = [[Chetan Patel Kolana]]
| constituency = [[Pipalda (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pipalda]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1943|08|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = Raithal, [[Bundi]]
| spouse = Pushpa Meena
| father = Kalyan Lal Meena
| image =
}}

'''Ramnarayan Meena''' (born 1 August 1943) is an Indian politician and was a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Pipalda (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pipalda constituency]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Lok Sabha Elections 2019: Ramnarayan Meena, the ST leader from Rajasthan who never fought any poll from reserved seat|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-ramnarayan-meena-the-st-leader-from-rajasthan-who-never-fought-any-poll-from-reserved-seat/story-bpLLbUEL96w2aJ9EHnsNxL.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rajasthan Assembly Election 2018: Rumblings of discontent in BJP bastion Hadoti, Raje's home tur|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/rajasthan-elections/rajasthan-assembly-election-2018-rumblings-of-discontent-in-bjp-bastion-raje-s-home-turf/story-by4lNMd7ApBfmP7TgxZKML.html}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meena, Ramnarayan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:People from Bundi State]]

{{Rajasthan-politician-stub}}