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Baduria Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T05:54:35Z

SaraD96423049267:

{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}
{{About|the assembly constituency in West Bengal, India|1 its namesake community development block|Baduria (community development block)|2 its namesake town|Baduria}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Baduria
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Baduria.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Baduria Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = Burhanul Mukaddim
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
| constituency_no = 99
| established = 1957
| electors = 243,747
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Baduria Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 99 Baduria Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Baduria]] municipality, and Aturia, Bagjola, Bajitpur, Chandipur, Chhatra, South Jadurhati, North Jadurhati, Jagannathpur, Jasikati Atghara, Nayabastia Milani, Raghunathpur and Sayesta Nagar II [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Baduria (community development block)|Baduria]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date=15 October 2010|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Baduria Assembly constituency is part of No. 18 [[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency|Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name="vidhansabha1957">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |access-date=8 September 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Muhammad Ziaul Haque
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name="vidhansabha1962">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |access-date=8 September 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref>
|Quazi Abdul Gaffar
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref>
|[[Mir Abdus Sayeed]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<ref name="vidhansabha1971">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |access-date=8 September 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Quazi Abdul Gaffar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name="vidhansabha1972">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |access-date=8 September 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name="vidhansabha1977">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |access-date=8 September 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
|Mustafa Bin Quasem
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<ref name="vidhansabha1982">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |access-date=8 September 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
|Abdul Gaffar Kazi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<ref name="vidhansabha1987">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |access-date=8 September 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
|Mohammad Shelim
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<ref name="vidhansabha1991">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf |access-date=8 September 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |Abdul Gaffar Kazi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<ref name="vidhansabha1996">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |access-date=8 September 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<ref name="vidhansabha2001">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |access-date=8 September 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<ref name="vidhansabha2006">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |access-date=8 September 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
|Mohammad Shelim
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<ref name="vidhansabha2011">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf |access-date=8 September 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
|Abdul Ghaffar Quazi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Abdur Rahim Quazi]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|Burhanul Mukaddim
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Baduria}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Abdur Rahim Quazi]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Burhanul Mukaddim|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sukriti Sarkar|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kutubuddin Fatehi|party=Indian Secular Front|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

In the 2021 elections, Abdur Rahim Quazi of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] defeated his nearest rival Sukalyan Baidya of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].

{{Election box begin| title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Baduria constituency}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Abdur Rahim Quazi]]
|votes = 109,701
|percentage = 51.53
|change = +12.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sukalyan Baidya
|votes = 53,257
|percentage = 25.02
|change = +16.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Abdus Sattar
|votes = 45,231
|percentage = 21.25
|change = -28.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,953
|percentage = 0.92
|change = +0.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Gopal Das
|votes = 1,278
|percentage = 0.60
|change = +0.01
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Safikul Islam Dafadar
|votes = 844
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Nitai Krishna Pal
|votes = 619
|percentage = 0.29
|change = -0.29
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 212,883
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

In the 2016 elections, Abdur Rahim Quazi of [[Indian National Congress]] defeated his nearest rival Amir Ali of [[All India Trinamool Congress]].

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Baduria constituency}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Abdur Rahim Quazi
|votes = 98,408
|percentage = 50.17
|change = -3.00
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Amir Ali
|votes = 76,163
|percentage = 38.83
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Debika Mukherjee
|votes = 17,629
|percentage = 8.99
|change = +5.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,654
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Gopal Das
|votes = 1,166
|percentage = 0.59
|change = -0.27
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Nurul Amin Mondal
|votes = 1,130
|percentage = 0.58
|change = -0.18
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 196,150
|percentage = 87.75
|change = -2.25
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Quazi Abdul Ghaffar of Congress defeated his nearest rival Md. Selim Gayen of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Baduria constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=99| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327191636/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=99| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Baduria| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 24 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Quazi Abdul Gaffar
|votes = 89,952
|percentage = 53.17
|change = +1.66#
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Mohammed Selim Gayen
|votes = 66,992
|percentage = 39.60
|change = -6.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sukumar Dey
|votes = 6,616
|percentage = 3.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Alauddin Amed
|votes = 2,872
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Gopal Das
|votes = 1,469
|percentage = 0.86
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Nurul Amin Mondal
|votes = 1,278
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 169,179
|percentage = 90
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 7.08#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name="vidhansabha2006"/> Mohammad Shelim of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Baduria assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Abdul Gaffar Kazi of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Abdul Gaffar Kazi of Congress defeated Sambhu Biswas of CPI(M) in 2001<ref name="vidhansabha2001"/> and Mohammad Shelim of CPI(M) in 1996<ref name="vidhansabha1996"/> and 1991.<ref name="vidhansabha1991"/> In 1987,<ref name="vidhansabha1987"/> the result was in favour of Mohammad Shelim when Abdul Gaffar Kazi had lost. In 1982,<ref name=vidhansabha1982/> Abdul Gaffar Kazi had won against CPI(M) candidate Mustafa Bin Quasem, who had won in 1977 against Zulfiqar Ali of Congress.<ref name=vidhansabha1977/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp94.htm |title = 94 - Baduria Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 15 October 2010}}</ref>

===1957-1972===
Quazi Abdul Gaffar of Congress won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972/> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971/> Mir Abdus Sayeed of CPI(M) won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969/> Quazi Abdul Gaffar of Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967/> Md. Ziaul Haque of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]<ref name="vidhansabha1962"/> and [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name="vidhansabha1957"/> Prior to that the Baduria constituency was not there.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]

Insomnia (band)

2026-05-02T12:50:38Z

SaraD96423049267: created page

{{Short description|Bengali psychedelic rock band}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Insomnia
| image = Insomnia-cd.jpg
| caption = The mark of sleeplessness
| origin = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Nu metal]]
* [[progressive rock]]
* [[Rock music of West Bengal|Bengali rock]]}}
| years_active = 1998–2010
| label = [[Independent music|Independent]], [[Asha Audio]], [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
| current_members = [[Sayantan Neogi]] (Ninnai), [[Rajarshi Barman]] (Dodo), [[Souvik Gupta]] ([[Savvy Gupta]]), [[Bodhisattwa Ghosh]] (Bodhi), [[Prasenjit Chakrabutty]] (Pom), [[Rohit Nandi]] (Rohit), Manager - [[Rahul Mehra]] (Paiya)
| past_members = [[Subhajit Roy Chowdhury]] (Subho), [[Sudipto Banerjee]] (Buti), [[Dipanjan Mukherjee]] (Ebu), [[Santanu Das Roy]] (Tito), [[Ayan Dasgupta]] (Boom), [[Sougata Basu]] (Papa), [[Subhodip Banerjee]] (Subho),
}}

'''Insomnia''' ({{langx|bn|ইনসমনিয়া}}) was the first psychedelic [[rock band]] from [[Kolkata]],<ref>{{cite news| last =Ghoshal| first =Shounak| title =Get Set Rock!| work =Kolkata Mirror| date =4 January 2008| url =http://www.kolkatamirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=20&contentid=20080104200801041800219211a63280d&sectxslt=}}</ref> [[West Bengal]]. The band's repertoire included both [[English English|English]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] songs. The band has an album each in English (''Cry of the Spirit'' - self released) and [[Bengali band|Bengali]] (''Proloyer Shomoye'' – Asha Audio).<ref>{{cite news | title =New music mantra| work=The Telegraph | location=Calcutta| date =6 April 2006| url =http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060608/asp/calcutta/story_6322744.asp| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20060627010037/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060608/asp/calcutta/story_6322744.asp| url-status =dead| archive-date =27 June 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last =Chatterjee| first =Chandreyee | title =Band of boys| work =The Telegraph | location=Calcutta| date =30 October 2006| url =http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061030/asp/calcutta/story_6826243.asp | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080118223303/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061030/asp/calcutta/story_6826243.asp | url-status =dead | archive-date =18 January 2008 | access-date =2007-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Prasanna |url=https://cprasannas.blogspot.com/2006/10/insomnia-proloyer-somoye-and-what-do-i.html |title=Prasanna's blog |publisher=Cprasannas.blogspot.com |date=8 October 2006 |access-date=2011-08-04}}</ref> Insomnia were also quite adept at executing live music for theatre, being part of the act itself, in plays such as ''Peacewards''<ref>{{cite web|title=Peacewards |publisher=Peaceworks |url=http://www.seagullindia.com/peace/activities.html |access-date=2007-11-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019053608/http://www.seagullindia.com/peace/activities.html |archive-date=19 October 2007 }}</ref> (directed by [[Jayant Kripalani]], produced by Red Curtain Productions, based on monologues written by [[Manjula Padmanabhan]]), a 3rd theatre version of ''Rokto Korobi''<ref>{{cite web| title =Parnab Mukherjee| work =Laboratory for Enthusiastic Collaboration Company Bios| publisher =Laboratory for Enthusiastic Collaboration| url =http://www.l4ec.org/bios/| access-date =2007-11-03}}</ref> (written by [[Rabindranath Tagore]], conceptualised by [[Badal Sarkar]], directed by [http://www.jammag.com/campus/index.php?section_id=6&article_id=238 Parnab Mukherjee], starring [[Sudipta Chakraborty]]) and numerous other plays. "Opekkha" from their Bengali album ''Proloyer Shomoye'' was part of the original soundtrack of the first Bengali sex comedy movie ''[[Aamra]]''<ref>{{cite news| last =Mitra| first =Mandira| title =Hip posturing| work=The Telegraph |location=Calcutta| date =29 October 2006| url =http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061229/asp/etc/story_7193940.asp| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070218113110/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061229/asp/etc/story_7193940.asp| url-status =dead| archive-date =18 February 2007| access-date =2007-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title =Tollywood top draws 2006| work=The Telegraph |location=Calcutta| date =31 October 2006| url =http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061231/asp/calcutta/story_7204391.asp| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080118223313/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061231/asp/calcutta/story_7204391.asp| url-status =dead| archive-date =18 January 2008| access-date =2007-11-03}}</ref> (produced by Venkatesh films, directed by [[Mainak Bhaumik]], cast – [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Nilanjana Sharma|Nilanjana]], [[Ananya Chatterjee]], Kaushik Ghosh, Rajatava Datta, Momo).

==Discography==
{{Infobox album
| italic_title = no
| name = ''Cry of the Spirit''
| type = studio
| artist = Insomnia
| cover = cryofthespirit.jpg
| alt =
| released = September 2004 (India)
| recorded = September–October 2003
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Progressive rock]], [[psychedelic rock]]
| length =
| label = [https://soundcloud.com/dipanjan-mukherjee/tracks Independent Label]
| producer = Sumit Ray
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!'''Year of release'''
!'''Title'''
!'''Label'''
!'''Language'''
|-
|2004
|''Cry of the Spirit''
|Independent Label
|English
|-
|2006
|''Proloyer Shomoye''
|Asha Audio
|Bengali
|-
|2008
|''Parallel Universe'' (The Underground – Kolkata)
|[[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
|English
|-
|2012
|''Untitled''
|Asha Audio
|Bengali
|}

===''Cry of the Spirit''===
''Cry of the Spirit''' was the debut album of Insomnia. The album showed the original sound of Insomnia which shifted heavily later on after moving to Bengali language abandoning English.

Insomnia recorded their debut album titled ''Cry of the Spirit'' at Studio Vibrations, Kolkata between September and October 2003. As the name suggests, the album is about a human being's loneliness of the soul. Musically, the album is loosely based on experimental Classic Rock, amalgamated with Post-modern synthesizers. Mixed at Studio Vibrations and produced by brand developer Sumit Roy, the album was released in September 2004 at Someplace Else, The Park and is on private circulation and available on SoundCloud.<ref name="insomniated1">[http://www.insomniated.com/html/discography.html ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208193114/http://www.insomniated.com/html/discography.html |date=8 December 2008 }}</ref>

===''Proloyer Shomoye''===
{{Infobox album
| italic_title = no
| name = ''Proloyer Shomoye''
| type = studio
| artist = Insomnia
| cover = Insomnia-cd.jpg
| alt =
| released = September 2006 (India)
| recorded = September–October 2003
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Bengali metal]], [[nu metal]]
| length =
| label = Asha Audio
| producer = Jojo, Potla
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

''Proloyer Shomoye'' is the second full-length studio album by, Insomnia, and their first Bengali album. It was recorded at Dream Digital Inc., Kolkata between May and August 2006. ''Proloyer Shomoye'' is a reflected contemporary times that we live in, the times of turbulence. With this album, Insomnia radically changed their sonic direction to New Age Alternative. Mixed at Dream Digital Inc. and mastered at Edensound Mastering, Melbourne, the album was launched in September 2006 at Octane, Gariahat Mall under the banner of Asha Audio.<ref name="insomniated1"/>

==The Band's journey==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2021}}
Insomnia plugged in for the first time in 1999 as the South Point High School (Kolkata India) school band. The initial line up of Subho, Rohit, Dipanjan and Bodhi went on to win most of the school fests in the following years playing mostly covers of every genre. The next three years the band went through self-discovery writing their own music. It was in 2001 when Dodo and Buti joined completing the band. The bass player, Dipanjan, also the founding member, left and Tito joined. Ninnai, a long time friend of the band was the last to join as the second vocalist in 2002 end. The band's sound was defined by Bodhi's poetry and elegant playing, Buti's arrangements, Subho's wild stage antiques, Ninnai's psychedelic performances, Dodo's emotion rich voice and Rohit's act as the backbone. Ultimately the psychedelic sound evolved to a heavy mix of rock, electronica and western classical genres.

Insomnia's first show as a professional outfit was on 7 July 2002 in Music World, Park Street and it went on to reach great heights for the next two years as the kids were recognized as true rockers. They worked with veteran ad man Sumit Roy who drove the band to create a sound what they called Visionary Rock.

In 2004 Buti left to join Cactus while a dispute among members led to Subho, one of the founder members and driving force of the band leaving. Since then the band went through many line-up changes. However against all odds they stuck on to continue explore and create more music.

Noteworthy performances by the band:

* Insomnia were Eastern Zonal Winners and All – India 2nd Runners up at Castrol Garage Rock, 2003 held in [[Mumbai]]
* Insomnia were Finalists at the All – India Rock band competition at [[Spring Fest|Springfest]] 2003, [[IIT Kharagpur]]
* Insomnia have rocked crowds in schools and colleges on the following occasions:
**R G Kar Medical College, Freshers' welcome, 2003
**South Point High School, Melting Point, 2004
**Pailan Institute of Management, Freshers' welcome, 2004
**[[Calcutta Medical College]], Annual Fest, 2004
**[[Jadavpur University]], Electrical Engineering, Freshers' welcome, 2004
**Jadavpur University, Civil Engineering, Freshers' welcome, 2004
**[[Rotary Interact|District Interact Council]], Annual Fest, 2004
**[[St. Xavier's College, Calcutta|St. Xavier's College Kolkata]], Xavotsav 2004
**[[Rotaract|District Rotaract Council]], Annual Fest, 2005
**Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur, Annual Fest, 2005
**[[Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology]] 2005
**Jadavpur University, Arts Faculty, Sanskriti 2006
**St. Xavier's College Kolkata, Xavotsav 2007
**Institute of Technology & Marine Engineering, Impulse 2007
**Gupta College of Technology & Science, Asansol, Panacea 2007
**[[Kalyani, West Bengal#JIS college of engineering|JIS College of Engineering]], Kalyani, Annual Fest 2007
**Jadavpur University, Arts Faculty, Sanskriti 2007
**Gyan Ghosh Memorial College, Annual Fest 2007
**[[Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata|Heritage Institute of Technology]], Eclecia 2007
**Calcutta Medical College, Annual Fest 2007
**Bankura Sammilani Medical College, Synapse 2007
**St. Stephen's School, Dum Dum, Reunion 2007
**[[Kalyani, West Bengal#Kalyani Government Engineering College|Kalyani Govt. College of Engineering]], Annual Fest 2007
**[[Bethune College]], Annual Fest 2007
**South Point Reunion 2008
**[[Nujs|West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences (NUJS)]], Outlawed 2008
**Techno India Hooghly, [[Chinsura]], Verbena 2008
**[[Sikkim Manipal University]], Ballygunge Phari, Kolkata, Live Wire 2008
**Dinabandhu Andrews Institute of Technology & Management, Razzmatazz 2008
**St. Thomas' College of Engineering and Technology, Atria 2008
**Government College of Engineering & Ceramic Technology, Jagriti 2008
**Carmel Convent School, Jamshedpur, 10th Anniversary Celebrations, 2008
**Ramakrishna Mission Shilpapeeth Belghoria, Boreas 2008
**Saroj Mohan Institute of Technology, [[Guptipara]], Annual Fest 2008
**Calcutta Boys School, Annual Fest 2008
**Carmel High School, Kolkata, Annual Fest 2008
**Pailan Institute of Engineering, Annual Fest 2008
**Shri Shikshayatan College, Srijan 2008
**South Point High School, Annual Fest 2008
**[[Army Institute of Management, Kolkata]], Inferno 2009(Annual Fest)
**Techno India Hooghly, Chinsura, Verbena 2009
**[[Hooghly Engineering and Technology College]], Festinobeats 2010
* Insomnia organised the concert, Reach Out and played in it along with the leading English bands of Calcutta. The concert also featured [[Usha Uthup]], Amyt Datta and Nandan Bagchi and raised funds for the children of Reach.
* In 2003, Insomnia featured in ''Peacewards'', a Red Curtain productions play based on monologues by Manjula Padmanabhan. The play was directed by Jayant Kripalani and saw the band live on stage doing a musical narration
* In 2003 again, Insomnia soundscaped a third theatre version of Rabindranath Tagore's play, ''Rakta Karabi'', which was directed by Parnab Mukherjee and featured actress Sudipta Chakraborty. In 2004, under the same director, Insomnia soundscaped third theatre versions of [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Measure for Measure]]'' and ''[[King Lear]]''
* In November 2004, Insomnia became the first band in the city to have an unplugged concert in the bag. It was held at Caffeine, Elgin Road
* In April 2005, Insomnia performed along with Fossils, Aasma and [[Viva (band)|Neha Bhasin]] in aid of the [[Tsunami]] victims in the 'One World' concert held at La Martiniere for boys grounds
* In November 2005, Insomnia went to [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] and performed at the country's premier night club, Space 34
* In January 2006, Insomnia launched themselves in the [[Bangladeshi rock|Bangla rock]] circuit at 'Republic Rock' along with acts from Bangladesh such as [[Warfaze]], [[Artcell]], Metalmaze, ArboVirus and acts from West Bengal such as [https://web.archive.org/web/20080219035228/http://www.lakkhichhara.net/ Lakkhichara], [http://www.cactusmusic.com/ Cactus] and [[Fossils (band)|Fossils]]
* In December 2007, Insomnia put up a concert as part of the centenary celebration of [[Tata Steel|TATA steel]] in [[Jamshedpur]] in the coveted [[XLRI]] auditorium.
* In January 2008, Insomnia was part of the historic [[Mohiner Ghoraguli]] tribute concert (organized by [[Ranjon Ghoshal]]), 'Abar Bochhor Tirish Pore', which had a complete [[Philharmonic]] Orchestra (Conducted by Abraham Mazumder) playing. The Concert was held at the big lawn, [[Nicco Park]] and had a turnout of about 30,000 people.<ref>{{cite web| title =Santo meets Zimmerman| work =Blog for Mohiner Ghorahuli| url =https://santosmeetszimmerman.blogspot.com/2008/01/these-days.html}}</ref>
* In January 2009, Insomnia raised funds for leukemia patient, 3-year-old Aarav Seal along with Cactus and [[Bickram Ghosh]]. The concert was an initiative by Red FM, Power FM and Aamar FM.

==See also==
* [[Bangladeshi rock]]
* [[Mohiner Ghoraguli]]
* [[Cactus (Indian band)|Cactus]]
* [[Lakkhichhara (Indian Band)|Lakkhichhara]]
* [[Bhoomi (band)|Bhoomi]]
* [[Chandrabindoo (band)|Chandrabindoo]]
* [[Fossils (band)|Fossils]]
* [[Cassini's Division]]
* [[Underground Authority]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.insomniated.com}}

{{Bengali Bands}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Insomnia (Rock Band)}}
[[Category:Indian rock music groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali musical groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali music]]
[[Category:Nu metal musical groups]]
[[Category:Progressive rock groups]]

History of Peshawar

2026-04-30T03:36:20Z

SaraD96423049267: created new page.

{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2006}}
The '''history of Peshawar''' is intertwined with the history of the broader [[South Asia]]. The region was known as ''Puruṣapura'' in [[Sanskrit]], literally meaning "city of men".{{efn|name=fn1|From Sanskrit ''puruṣa'', "(primordial) man", and ''pura'', "city".}} Being among the most ancient cities of the South Asia, Peshawar had for centuries been a center of trade between [[West Asia]], [[Central Asia]], and the [[South Asia]].

==Ancient history==
In recorded history, the earliest major city established in the general area of Peshawar was called ''Puruṣapura'' ([[Sanskrit]] for ''City of Men''), from which the current name "Peshawar" is likely derived and was western capital of [[Gandhara]], after Pushkalavati.<ref name="Pakhtunkhwa">{{cite web|url=http://pakhtunkhwa.com/html/body_nwfp_in_search_of_a_name.html|title=NWFP in search of a name|work=pakhtunkhwa.com|accessdate=24 January 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131042427/http://pakhtunkhwa.com/html/body_nwfp_in_search_of_a_name.html|archivedate=31 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland">{{cite book|title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lk0ES4KvhJMC&pg=PA114|accessdate=13 December 2012|year=1834|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland.|pages=114–}}</ref> Around 700 BCE, the region was governed by the independent [[Gandhāra (kingdom)|Gandhāra Kingdom]], which was recognised as a [[Mahajanapadas|Mahajanapada]] or "Great Realm". By the 2nd century BCE, Peshawar was an ancient center of learning, as witnessed by the [[Bakhshali Manuscript]], which used the [[Bakhshali approximation]] and was found nearby.<ref>
{{cite web
| title = The Bakhshali manuscript
| first = Ian
| last = Pearce
| publisher = The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
| url = http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Bakhshali_manuscript.html
|date=May 2002
| accessdate = 24 July 2007
}}</ref>

The region was annexed by the Persian [[Achaemenid Empire]]. Later, the city was invaded by [[Alexander the Great]]'s army. The city passed into the rule of Alexander's successor, [[Seleucus I Nicator]] who ceded it to [[Chandragupta Maurya]], the founder of the [[Maurya Empire]]. The fall of the Mauryans provided opportunity to the Indo-Greeks to establish their rule over the region. The Indo-Greek kings combined the Greek and Indian languages and symbols, as seen on their coins, and blended [[ancient Greek]], [[Hindu]] and [[Buddhist]] religious practices, as seen in the archaeological remains of their cities and in the indications of their support of Buddhism, pointing to a rich fusion of Indian and Hellenistic influences.<ref>"A vast hoard of coins, with a mixture of Greek profiles and Indian symbols, along with interesting sculptures and some monumental remains from Taxila, Sirkap and Sirsukh, point to a rich fusion of Indian and Hellenistic influences", ''India, the Ancient Past'', [[Burjor Avari]], p.130</ref>

The diffusion of Indo-Greek culture had consequences which are still felt today, particularly through the influence of [[Greco-Buddhist art]].<ref name="sanujit">Ghose, Sanujit (2011). [http://www.ancient.eu.com/article/208/ "Cultural links between India and the Greco-Roman world"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806025619/http://www.ancient.eu.com/article/208/ |date=August 6, 2014 }}. Ancient History Encyclopedia.</ref> The Indo-Greeks ultimately disappeared at Peshawar as a political entity around 10 CE following the conquests of the [[Indo-Scythian]]s, although pockets of Greek populations presumably remained under the subsequent rule of the [[Indo-Parthian]]s and [[Kushans]].<ref>"When the Greeks of Bactria and India lost their kingdom they were not all killed, nor did they return to Greece. They merged with the people of the area and worked for the new masters; contributing considerably to the culture and civilization in southern and central Asia." Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p.278</ref>

The city was then conquered by the [[Kushan Empire]]. The Kushan Emperor [[Kanishka]], who ruled from 127 CE, moved the capital from [[Pushkalavati]] (present-day [[Charsadda District, Pakistan|Charsadda]] district, in the Peshawar Valley) to [[Gandhara]] (Peshawar city) in the 2nd century CE.<ref name="Khyber Watch">{{cite web|url=http://khyberwatch.com/nandara/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=9|title=Pushpapura to Peshawar|publisher=The Khyber Watch|accessdate=25 November 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713150028/http://khyberwatch.com/nandara/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=9|archivedate=13 July 2011}}</ref> [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] missionaries arrived at [[Rigvedic deities|Vedic]], and [[animist]] Peshawar, seeking counsel with the Kushan rulers. Their teachings were embraced by the Kushans, who converted to [[Buddhism]], assigning the religion with great status in the city. Following this move by the Kushans, Peshawar became a center of Buddhist learning.<ref name="Le2010">{{cite book|author=Huu Phuoc Le|title=Buddhist Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA180|year=2010|publisher=Grafikol|isbn=978-0-9844043-0-8|pages=180–}}</ref>

The giant [[Kanishka stupa]] at Peshawar, which may have been the tallest building in the world at the time, was built by King Kanishka to house Buddhist relics just outside the present-day Ganj Gate of the old city of Peshawar. The Kanishka stupa was said to be an imposing structure, as one traveled down from the [[Hindu Kush]] mountains onto the Gandharan plains. The earliest account of the famous building was documented by [[Faxian]], the [[China|Chinese]] Buddhist [[pilgrim]], who was also a [[monk]], who visited the structure in 400 AD and described it as being over 40 ''chang'' in height (approximately {{convert|120|m|ft}}) and adorned "with all precious substances". Faxian continued: "Of all the ''stûpas'' and temples seen by the travelers, none can compare with this for beauty of form and strength."{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}} The stupa was eventually destroyed by lightning, but was repaired several times; it was still in existence at the time of [[Xuanzang]]'s visit in 634 AD. A jeweled casket containing relics of the [[Gautama Buddha]], and an inscription identifying Kanishka as the donor, existed at the ruined base of this giant stupa — the casket was excavated, by a team supervised by Dr D.B. Spooner in 1909, from a chamber under the very centre of the stupa's base.<ref name="Chandra1979">{{cite book|author=Rai Govind Chandra|title=Indo-Greek Jewellery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97od3sgsAjcC&pg=PA82|accessdate=13 December 2012|date=1 January 1979|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-088-4|pages=82–}}</ref>

==Medieval history ==
{{main|Hindu Shahi|Battle of Peshawar (1001)}}
The [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Hindu]], and [[Zoroastrian]] [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]]s began converting to [[Islam]] following the early annexation by the [[Rashidun Caliphate|Arab Empire]] from [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]] (in what is Afghanistan, [[Turkmenistan]] and northeastern [[Iran]]).<ref name="heritage.gov.pk">{{cite web|title=History of Peshawar|url=http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/historic_peshawar.htm|work=National Fund for Cultural Heritage|publisher=National Fund for Cultural Heritage|accessdate=13 December 2012|author=Asghar Javed|year=1999–2004|archive-date=27 February 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040227044829/http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/historic_peshawar.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Kabul Shahis ruled the [[Kabul Valley]] and [[Gandhara]] (modern-day Pakistan and [[Afghanistan]]) from the decline of the [[Kushan Empire]] in the 3rd century to the early 9th century CE.<ref name="EB">{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Shahi-family |title=Shahi Family |website=Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=2 January 2016}}</ref> The Shahis are generally split up into two eras: the [[Buddhist]] Shahis and the [[Hindu]] Shahis, with the change-over thought to have occurred sometime around 870 CE. The kingdom was known as the Kabul Shahan or Ratbelshahan from 565 CE to 670 CE, when the capitals were located in [[Kapisa Province|Kapisa]] and Kabul, and later [[Hund, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Udabhandapura]], also known as Hund,<ref>Sehrai, Fidaullah (1979). Hund: ''The Forgotten City of Gandhara'', p. 2. Peshawar Museum Publications New Series, Peshawar.</ref> for its new capital.<ref>The Shahi Afghanistan and Punjab, 1973, pp 1, 45–46, 48, 80, Dr D. B. Pandey; The Úakas in India and Their Impact on Indian Life and Culture, 1976, p 80, Vishwa Mitra Mohan – Indo-Scythians; Country, Culture and Political life in early and medieval India, 2004, p 34, Daud Ali.</ref><ref>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1954, pp 112 ff; The Shahis of Afghanistan and Punjab, 1973, p 46, Dr D. B. Pandey; The Úakas in India and Their Impact on Indian Life and Culture, 1976, p 80, Vishwa Mitra Mohan – Indo-Scythians.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=India: A History |last=Keay |first=John |year=2000 |author-link=John Keay |publisher=Grove Press |isbn=978-0-8021-3797-5 |page=203}}: The Hindu Shahis, and in the late ninth century great was [their fame] ... in 870 Kabul itself was captured [lost] ... But in the Panjab they consolidated their kingdom and established a new capital first at Hund.</ref>

The [[Hindu Shahi]]s under [[Jayapala]], is known for his struggles in defending his kingdom against the [[Ghaznavids]] in the modern-day eastern [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]] region. Jayapala saw a danger in the consolidation of the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of [[Ghazni]] both in the reign of [[Sebuktigin]] and in that of his son [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]], which initiated the [[Muslim]] Ghaznavid and [[Hindu Shahi]] struggles.<ref name="Lewis">{{Citation | title=The Cambridge history of Islam | editor1-first=P. M. |editor1-last=Holt |editor2-first=Ann K. S. |editor2-last=Lambton |editor3-first=Bernard|editor3-last=Lewis| editor3-link=Bernard Lewis | year=1977 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-29137-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ccI0u5XDR0C | page=3 | quote=''... Jaypala khatana of Waihind saw danger in the consolidation of the kingdom of Ghazna and decided to destroy it. He, therefore, invaded Ghazna, but was defeated ...''}}</ref> Sebuk Tigin, however, defeated him, and he was forced to pay an indemnity.<ref name="Lewis"/> Jayapala defaulted on the payment and took to the battlefield once more.<ref name="Lewis"/> Jayapala, however, lost control of the entire region between the [[Kabul|Kabul Valley]] and [[Indus River]].<ref name="Ferishta">{{cite web |work=[[Ferishta]], History of the Rise of Mohammedan Power in India, Volume 1: Section 15 |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=06901021&ct=12 |title=Ameer Nasir-ood-deen Subooktugeen |publisher=Packard Humanities Institute|accessdate=30 December 2012}}</ref>

[[File:AMB Temple in Soon Sakasar Valley by Usman Ghani.JPG|thumb|left|250px|The [[Amb Temples|Amb Hindu Temple complex]] was built between the 7th and 9th centuries CE during the reign of the [[Hindu Shahi|Hindu Shahi Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Attock District, 1930, Part 1|date=1932|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications|isbn=9789693514131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gfdtAAAAMAAJ&q=amb+temple|accessdate=21 September 2017}}</ref>]]
Before Jayapala's struggle began, he had raised a large army of [[Punjabi Hindus]]. When Jayapala went to the [[Punjab region]], his army was raised to 100,000 horsemen and an innumerable host of foot soldiers. According to [[Ferishta]]:
{{blockquote|The two armies having met on the confines of [[Laghman Province|Lumghan]], [[Sabuktigin|Subooktugeen]] ascended a hill to view the forces of Jayapala, which appeared in extent like the boundless ocean, and in number like the ants or the locusts of the wilderness. But Subooktugeen considered himself as a wolf about to attack a flock of sheep: calling, therefore, his chiefs together, he encouraged them to glory, and issued to each his commands. His soldiers, though few in number, were divided into squadrons of five hundred men each, which were directed to attack successively, one particular point of the Hindoo line, so that it might continually have to encounter fresh troops.<ref name="Ferishta"/>}}

However, the army was hopeless in battle against the western forces, particularly against the young Mahmud of Ghazni.<ref name="Ferishta"/> In the year 1001, soon after Sultan Mahmud came to power and was occupied with the [[Qarakhanid]]s north of the [[Hindu Kush]], Jayapala [[Battle of Peshawar (1001)|attacked Ghazni]] once more and upon suffering yet another defeat by the powerful Ghaznavid forces, near present-day [[Peshawar]]. After the [[Battle of Peshawar (1001)|Battle of Peshawar]], he committed suicide because his subjects thought he had brought disaster and disgrace to the Shahis.<ref name="Lewis"/><ref name="Ferishta"/>

Jayapala was succeeded by his son [[Anandapala]],<ref name="Lewis"/> who along with other succeeding generations of the Shahis took part in various unsuccessful campaigns against the advancing Ghaznavids but were unsuccessful. The Hindu rulers and vast Hindu population eventually exiled themselves to the [[Kashmir]] [[Siwalik]] Hills.<ref name="Ferishta"/>

==Early modern history==
===Pashtun and Mughal rule (1451–1758)===
Peshawar was a northwestern regional center of the Pashtun [[Lodi Empire]] which was founded by [[Bahlul Lodi]] in 1451 and centered at [[Delhi]]. Peshawar was also incorporated into the Mughal domains by the mid of 16th century. The founder of the [[Mughul]] dynasty that would conquer South Asia, [[Babur]], who hailed from the area that is currently [[Uzbekistan]], arrived in Peshawar and founded a city called ''Bagram'', where he rebuilt a fort in 1530 AD.

The Pashtun emperor [[Sher Shah Suri]], who founded the [[Sur Empire]] centered at Delhi, turned Peshawar's renaissance into a boom when he ran his Delhi-to-Kabul Shahi Road as a northwestern extension of the [[Grand Trunk Road]] through the [[Khyber Pass]] and Peshawar in the 16th century. Later Babur's grandson, [[Akbar the Great]], recorded the name of the city as ''Peshawa'', meaning "The Place at the Frontier" or "Near Water"{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} and expanded the bazaars and fortifications. The Muslim [[technocrat]]s, [[bureaucrat]]s, soldiers, traders, scientists, architects, teachers, [[theologian]]s and [[Sufi]]s flocked from the rest of the Muslim world to the [[Delhi Sultanate|Islamic Sultanate]] in [[South Asia]], with many settling in the Peshawar region.<ref name="The_Pathans">Caroe, Olaf (1957) The Pathans.</ref>

===Maratha Peshawar (1758–1759)===
{{Main|Maratha Empire|Maratha conquest of North-west India}}
The Marathas defeated the Durranis in the Battle of Peshawar in 1758 as a part of Northwest campaign after being invited by [[Adina Beg]], the governor of Punjab. When [[Raghunathrao]], [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] and Sikh alliance of [[Charat Singh]] and [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] left [[Peshawar]], [[Tukoji Rao Holkar]] was appointed as the commander of the region.<ref name="mehta">{{Cite book|last=Mehta|first=Jaswant Lal|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813|publisher=New Dawn Press, Incorporated|year=2005|isbn=9781932705546|pages=236, 260}}</ref> Tukoji along with Khandoji Kadam defeated the Afghan garrison.<ref>Third Battle of Panipat by Abhas Verma {{ISBN|9788180903397}} Bharatiya Kala Prakashan</ref>

===Durrani Peshawar (1759–1818)===
{{Main|Ahmad Shah Durrani|Durrani Empire}}
As Mughal power declined in 1747, following a [[loya jirga]], Peshawar would join the Pashtun [[Durrani Empire]] of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YZJcAQAAQBAJ&dq=peshawar+capture+durrani+empire&pg=PA204|title=A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes, Volume 14|isbn=9781490714417|accessdate=29 December 2014|last1=Alikuzai|first1=Hamid Wahed|date=October 2013}}</ref> Peshawar was attacked and captured by the [[Maratha Empire]] of western India, which conquered Peshawar on 8 May 1758. A large force of Pashtuns under Ahmad Shah Durrani then re-conquered Peshawar in early 1759.<ref name="Schofield, Victoria 2003 page 47">Schofield, Victoria, "Afghan Frontier: Feuding and Fighting in Central Asia", London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks (2003), page 47</ref> Peshawar remained under Durrani rule till the conquest by the Sikhs in 1818.

In 1776, Ahmad Shah's son, [[Timur Shah Durrani]], chose Peshawar as his winter capital<ref name="Hanifi2011">{{cite book|author=Shah Hanifi|title=Connecting Histories in Afghanistan: Market Relations and State Formation on a Colonial Frontier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kh1hpPLSpcEC|accessdate=13 December 2012|date=11 February 2011|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-7777-3|quote=Timur Shah transferred the Durrani capital from Qandahar during the period of 1775 and 1776. Kabul and Peshawar then shared time as the dual capital cities of Durrani, the former during the summer and the later during the winter season.}}</ref> and the [[Bala Hissar, Peshawar|Bala Hissar Fort]] in Peshawar was used as the residence of Durrani kings. Pashtuns from Peshawar participated in the incursions of South Asia during the Durrani Empire. Peshawar remained the winter capital until the [[Sikhs]] of the [[Punjab region]] rose to power in the early nineteenth century.<ref name="The_Pathans" />

===Sikh conquest (1818–1849)===
Until 1818, Peshawar was controlled by Afghanistan, but was invaded by the [[Sikh Empire]] of Punjab. The arrival of a party led by British explorer and former agent of the [[East India Company]], [[William Moorcroft (explorer)|William Moorcroft]] was seen as an advantage, both in dealings with Kabul and for protection against the Sikhs of [[Lahore]]. Moorcroft continued to Kabul in the company of Peshawari horses and thence to the [[Hindu Kush]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Keay
| first = John
| authorlink =John Keay
| title = Explorers of the Western Himalayas: 1820–1895
| publisher = John Murray
| year = 1996
| location = London
| page = 41
| url =
| doi =
| isbn = 0-7195-5576-0 }}</ref>
In 1818, Peshawar was captured by [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjab)|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] and paid a nominal [[tribute]] until it was finally [[Annexation|annexed]] in 1834 by the Sikhs, after which the city fell into steep decline. Many of Peshawar's famous Mosques and gardens were destroyed by the Sikhs at this time. An Italian was appointed by the Sikhs as administrator. Acting on behalf of the Sikhs, [[Paolo Avitabile]], unleashed a reign of fear – his time in Peshawar is known as a time of "gallows and gibbets." The city's famous Mahabat Khan, built in 1630 in the Jeweler's Bazaar, was badly damaged and desecrated by the Sikh conquerors.<ref name="heritage.gov.pk" />

The Gurdwara Bhai Joga Singh and Gurdwara Bhai Beeba Singh were constructed in the city by [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] to accommodate the influx of Sikh immigrants from the Punjab.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gurudwara Bhai Joga Singh at Peshawar|url=http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/gurudwaras-in-pakistan/gurudwara-bhai-joga-singh-at-peshawar|work=All About Sikhs – your Gateway to Sikhism|publisher=Gateway to Sikhism|accessdate=13 December 2012|author=Iqbal Qaiser|year=2012}}</ref> While the city's Sikh population drastically declined after the [[partition of India]], Peshawar's Sikh community has re-established itself, bolstered by Sikh refugees and by approximately 4,000 refugees from the Tribal Areas;<ref>{{cite web|title=Historic Gurdwara in Peshawar to Reopen for Worship|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=750961|work=Outlook India.com|publisher=The Outlook Group|accessdate=13 December 2012|author=M Zulqernain|date=10 February 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425183548/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=750961|archivedate=25 April 2013}}</ref> in 2008, the largest Sikh population in Pakistan was located in Peshawar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan: The Embattled Sikhs in Taliban Territory|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2032514,00.html|accessdate=13 December 2012|newspaper=Time World|date=22 November 2010|author=Rania Abouzeid|agency=Time Inc|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106221218/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2032514,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sikhs in Peshawar self-identify as Pashtuns and speak [[Hindko]] and [[Pashto language|Pashto]] as their mother tongues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newslinemagazine.com/2008/10/the-frontier-singhs/ |title=The Frontier Singhs | News & Politics | Newsline |accessdate=2014-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130411112422/http://www.newslinemagazine.com/2008/10/the-frontier-singhs/ |archivedate=2013-04-11 }}</ref>

===Afghan attempts to reconquer Peshawar===
{{Main|Battle of Jamrud}}
In 1835, an attempt to re-occupy the city by an Afghan Emir [[Dost Mohammad Khan]], failed to conquer the fort from [[Sikh Empire]]. Even in 1837, the Afghans couldn't conquer the fort of [[Jamrud]], nor were they able to gain possession of [[Peshawar]]. This was the last and final failed attempt of the Afghans to gain possession of Peshawar, following which they retreated back to [[Jalalabad]].<ref name="font">{{Cite book|last=Lafont|first=Jean Marie|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C&pg=PA43|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|pages=43}}</ref><ref name="gupta">{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Hari Ram|title=Panjab, Central Asia, and the First Afghan War|publisher=Publication Bureau, Panjab University|year=1987|pages=114|quote=In the battle of Jamrudin April 1837, Amir Dost Muhammad Khan had failed to recover Peshawar from the Sikhs.}}</ref>
Following this, Peshawar was annexed by the British East India Company after the death of [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjab)|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] in the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] of 1849.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}

==Colonial history (1849–1947)==
[[File:Gezicht op de Qissa Khawani-bazaar te Peshawar Kissakhani bazár, Peshawar (titel op object), RP-F-2001-7-437-42.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Qissa Khwani Bazaar]], Peshawar, circa 1890–1895.]]

Following the defeat of the Sikh's in the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1849, territories in the Punjab were also captured by British East India company. During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Rebellion of 1857]], the 40,000 members of the native garrison were disarmed without bloodshed;<ref>{{cite web|title=Peshawar Cantonment|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/cantt-peshawar.htm|work=GlobalSecurity.org|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org|accessdate=13 December 2012|author=John Pike|year=2000–2012}}</ref> the absence of brutality meant that Peshawar was not affected by the widespread devastation that was experienced throughout the rest of British India and local chieftains sided with the British after the incident.<ref>[[Charles Allen (writer)|Charles Allen]], ''Soldier Sahibs'', p.276</ref> British control remained confined within the city walls as vast regions of the Frontier province outside the city were claimed by the Kingdom of Afghanistan. The vast mountainous areas outside of the city were mapped out only in 1893 by Sir [[Mortimer Durand]], foreign secretary of the British Indian government, who collaboratively [[Durand Line|demarcated the boundary]] of British-controlled areas with the [[Afghans|Afghan]] ruler at the time, [[Abdur Rahman Khan]].

The British laid out the vast [[Peshawar Cantonment]] to the west of the city in 1868, and made the city its frontier headquarters.<ref name="Schofield, Victoria 2003 page 47"/> Additionally, several projects were initiated in Peshawar, including linkage of the city by railway to the rest of British India and renovation of the Mohabbat Khan mosque that had been desecrated by the Sikhs.<ref name="heritage.gov.pk"/> The British also constructed [[Cunningham clock tower]], in celebration of the [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria]], and, in 1906, constructed Victoria Hall (now home of the [[Peshawar Museum]]) in memory of [[Queen Victoria]].<ref name="heritage.gov.pk"/> The British greatly contributed to the establishment of Western-style education in Peshawar with the establishment of [[Edwardes College]] and [[Islamia College University|Islamia College]] in 1901 and 1913, respectively—these were established in addition to numerous other schools, many of which are run by the [[Anglican Church]].<ref name="heritage.gov.pk"/> For better administration of the region, Peshawar and the adjoining districts were separated from the Punjab Province in 1901.<ref>Changes in the Socio-economic Structures in Rural North-West Pakistan By Mohammad Asif Khan {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKdraLI-c0wC&pg=PA15|title = Changes in the Socio-economic Structures in Rural North-West Pakistan|isbn = 9783817504084|last1 = Khan|first1 = Mohammad Asif|year = 2007}} Peshawar was separated from Punjab Province in 1901</ref>

[[Communal riots]] broke out in the old city of Peshawar during the spring of 1910, when the annual [[Hinduism|Hindu]] festival of [[Holi]] coincided with [[Barawafat]], the annual [[Islam|Muslim]] day of mourning, resulting in a considerable loss of life along with hundreds of [[looted]] businesses and injuries.{{efn|name=1921CensusQuote|"The date of the Hindu festival of Holi coincided with Barawafat, the Musalman day of mourning, in 1910, which led to a very serious riot between the Hindus and Musalmans of the Peshawar City resulting in a considerable loss of life. There was a wholescale plunder of Hindu houses and shops."<ref name="1921Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430163|jstor=saoa.crl.25430163 |access-date=10 February 2023|title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 14, North-west Frontier Province : Part I, Report; part II, Tables |year=1922 }}</ref>{{rp|92–93}}}}<ref name="1910Riots">Rehman, Noor & Khan, Aman Ullah. 2020. "[http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/HistoryPStudies/PDF_Files/2_v33_2_2020.pdf “Maro Hindu Ko” (Kill the Hindus): Communal Violence in Peshawar City: A Historical Perspective]" In ''[http://pu.edu.pk/home/journal/40 Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society]''. Volume: 33, No. 02, July – December 2020</ref> A month prior, in February 1910, prominent community religious leaders met with officials and agreed that Holi would be solely celebrated in predominantly Hindu neighbourhoods of the city, notably in Andar Shehr and Karim Pura.{{efn|"On 22nd February 1910, a meeting of leading Muslims and Hindu leaders was called by deputy commissioner of Peshawar at the Municipal Hall in which arrangements regarding the upcoming festivals were discussed and a committee was established consisting of prominent leaders from both sides. It was decided in the meeting that the Holi should be celebrated quietly until the 25th March. There should be only two processions, namely from the Hindu quarter of Andar Shahr to that of Karimpura and vice-versa. The Muslim of the city should not join the procession and the troops should celebrate Holi in their lines and some leading men from both sides will supervise the arrangement at Hasting Memorial and other at Clock Tower."<ref name="1910Riots"/>{{rp|23–24}}}} On March 21, 1910, however, rumors of [[musician]]s from [[Amritsar]] and a dancing boy from [[Haripur, Pakistan|Haripur]] being brought into the city for Holi celebrations, led to a group of individuals who were marking Barawafat into forming a mob with the intention of stopping the [[procession]].{{efn|On 21st March the Deputy Commissioner was informed by deputy superintendent of police Zain ul Abidin that the situation in the city is not good as Hindu brought some musicians from Amritsar and a dancing boy from Hari Pur and they are intending to lead the procession on an unauthorized route. The superintendent of police suggested the deputy commissioner that the Holi should not be allowed as the situations going to create clash. Mr. Blackway sent some Hindu leader to enquire the situation. These Hindu gentlemen assured the deputy commissioner that the situation is friendly and nothing bad is going to be happened. There is no musician with the Holi and it would follow the old route. At the same time some Muslim leaders reported to the deputy commissioner about the Muslim mob who intended to stop the Holi procession. They also suggested that Holi procession should be stopped to avoid an expected clash between the two communities. However, after the surety of the Hindu leaders that there are no musicians and dancing boys and that the procession is not going on an unauthorized route the deputy commissioner was stuck to follow his old plan. This was the point which was misunderstood and created communal violence in the city.<ref name="1910Riots"/>{{rp|24}}}} Despite Muslim and Hindu [[community leader]]s calling for calm, both parties ultimately clashed at the Asamai Gate, when the Holi procession was ''en route'' to [[Dargah Pir Ratan Nath Jee]], with a Hindu procession member stabbing a Muslim individual in the mob.{{efn|Around 8 pm when the Holi procession at Asa Mai gate was about to depart on the route to Pir Rathan Nath Dharamshala sub inspector Kanhya Lal who was posted at Chita Khuo informed the police head quarter that a mob of Muslim also assembled to stop it and the two mobs started abusing each other. Leaders from both sides tried to control the situation but the people from both sides refused to pay any heed to their leaders. Meanwhile, a Hindu Mahr Singh stabbed a Muslim with knife. Mahr Singh was chased by the mob and captured him at Bara Bazar. At the same time two Muslims Jani and Ahmad were killed by Hindu with knives. Police report for 21st March 1911, provides that two Muslim were killed and three wounded while from Hindu side two people were killed and eleven were wounded and eleven shops were broken.<ref name="1910Riots"/>{{rp|24}}}} [[Riot]]s ensued for the following three days, involved individuals from outlying [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|tribal regions]] who had entered the city, with a mob at Bara Bazar allegedly chanting “''Maro Hindu Ko''” (Kill the Hindus).{{efn|When the funeral party was ousted from the city a riffraff of Muslim consisting of people from trans-border areas and Afghanistan remained in the city that started plundering and broke 285 shops. A violent clash was started in which two Hindus and one Muslim was killed... The next day on 23rd March the looting of shops started again. The first case was reported in Ramdas Bazar where the Muslim despite the Military and Police patrolling looted the Hindu shops. A Hindu, reader of Nawab of Landi fired and wounded two Muslim. The local Hindu during investigation denied the fact but Military intelligence reported that he fired and wounded two people. He was arrested and sent on trial under India Penal Code. Two Hindu were killed at Ram Das Bazar. It was also reported that in Mewa Mandi a mob of Afridi and Mohmand tribes started plundering and looted many shops. People from tribal areas were also involved in this looting. 11 shops were broken in Ram Das Bazar that day... The official records about the events of the day had self-contradictory statements. The starting paragraphs of police and commissioner reports claims that everything was good at the start of the day but after a while the situation was out of control in the whole city. For instance, police reports provides that around 10:00 am, in Karimpura a police constable Chettan Ram was struck on head and the mob at Bara Bazar started the slogan “Maro Hindu Ko”.<ref name="1910Riots"/>{{rp|25}}}} Estimates detail the riots resulted in a total of 451 damaged shops and homes, primarily belonging to members of the Hindu community, while at least 4 Muslims and 6 Hindus were killed, alongside hundreds of injuries.<ref name="1910Riots"/>

Peshawar emerged as a centre for both [[Hindko]] and [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] intellectuals. Hindko speakers, also referred to as ''Khaarian'' ("city dwellers" in Pashto) or [[Hindkowans]], were responsible for the dominant culture for most of the time that Peshawar was under British rule.<ref>The Frontier Town of Peshawar.
A Brief History by Sayed Amjad Hussain.</ref>

Peshawar was the scene of a non-violent resistance movement that was led by [[Ghaffar Khan]], a disciple of [[Mohandas Gandhi]]. In April 1930, Khan led a large group of locals, in a peaceful protest in Qissa Khawani Bazaar, against discriminatory laws that had been enacted by the colonial government — hundreds were killed when a detachment of the [[British Indian Army]] [[Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre|opened fire on the demonstrators]].<ref>{{cite web|title=PESHAWAR: Qissa Khwani martyrs remembered|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/299566/peshawar-qissa-khwani-martyrs-remembered|work=DAWN The Internet Edition|publisher=DAWN Media Group|access-date=13 December 2012|author=APP|date=24 April 2008}}</ref>

==Post-independence history==
After the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan in 1979 Peshawar served as a political centre for anti-Soviet Mujahideen, and was surrounded by huge camps of [[Afghan refugees]]. Many of the refugees remained there through the civil war which broke out after the Soviets were defeated in 1989, the rule of the Taliban, and the invasion by allied forces in late 2001. Peshawar would replace Kabul and [[Qandahar]] as the centre of Afghan cultural development during this tumultuous period. Additionally, Peshawar managed to assimilate many of the Pakhtun Afghan refugees with relative ease, while many other Afghan refugees remained in camps awaiting a possible return to Afghanistan.

Peshawar continues to be a city that links Pakistan to Afghanistan and has emerged as an important regional city in Pakistan and remains a focal point for Pakhtun and Afghan culture.

==See also==
* [[Timeline of Peshawar history]]
* [[Doaba Daudzai Tehsil]]
* [[History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{see also|Timeline of Peshawar#Bibliography}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:History of Peshawar| ]]
[[Category:Histories of cities in Pakistan|Peshawar]]

Choudhry Rahmat Ali

2026-04-30T02:47:48Z

SaraD96423049267: starting a biography

{{short description|Muslim nationalist activist (1897–1951)}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Rahmat Ali|Md. Rahamat Ali}}
{{Infobox scholar
| name = Choudhry Rahmat Ali
| image = Choudhry Rahmat Ali.jpg
| native_name = {{lang|pa|{{nq|چودھری رحمت علی}}}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1897|11|16}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1951|2|3|1897|11|16}}
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Balachaur]], Garhshankar Tahsil, [[Hoshiarpur District]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]{{sfnp|Aziz|1987|p=1}}
| resting_place = [[Cambridge City Cemetery]], [[Cambridge]], England
| notable_ideas = Conception of "Pakistan"
| notable_works = "[[Pakistan Declaration]]"
| death_place = [[Cambridge]], [[England]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Cambridge]]
}}
'''Choudhry Rahmat Ali'''{{efn|({{Langx|ur|{{nastaliq|چودھری رحمت علی}}}}; {{IPA|ur|tʃoː(ɦ)dəɾi ɾɛɦmət əli|lang}}}} (16 November 1897 – 3 February 1951) was a [[Muslim nationalism|Muslim nationalist]] activist who is credited with coining the name "Pakistan" for a separate Muslim homeland in [[British Raj|British India]] and is sometimes regarded as the originator of the [[Pakistan Movement]].

Born in [[Balachaur|Balachaur, Punjab]], Rahmat Ali got his education in [[Lahore]]. His seminal contribution was when he was a law student at the [[University of Cambridge]] in 1933, in the form of a pamphlet "[[s:Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?|''Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?'']]", also known as the "[[Pakistan Declaration]]".{{sfnp|Aziz|1987}}<ref name="Malik2003">
{{citation |last=Malik |first=Rashida |title=Iqbal: The Spiritual Father of Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KSluAAAAMAAJ&q=Gujjar |year=2003 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-1371-4}}
</ref><ref name="ʻ Choudhry Rehmat Ali 2009 ">
{{citation |last=ʻBilal |first=Safwan |title=Complete Works of
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F5QBAAAAMAAJ&q=Gujjar |year=1978 |publisher=National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| title = Death anniversary of Ch Rehmat Ali being observed 4 February 1951
| date = 14 February 2008
| publisher = Dunya News
| url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/157528-Death-anniversary-of-Ch-Rehmat-Ali-being-observed}}
</ref> The pamphlet was addressed to the British and Indian delegates to the [[Third Round Table Conference]] in London.{{sfnp|Kamran|2017|pp=49–50}} The ideas did not find favour with the delegates or any of the politicians for close to a decade. They were dismissed as students' ideas particularly by [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] but, by 1940, the Muslim politicians in the subcontinent came around to accept them, leading to the [[Lahore Resolution]] of the [[All-India Muslim League]], which was immediately dubbed the "Pakistan Resolution" in the press.

After the creation of Pakistan, Ali returned from England in April 1948, planning to stay in the country, but his belongings were confiscated and he was expelled by Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]. In October 1948, Ali left empty-handed. He died on 3 February 1951 in Cambridge "destitute, forlorn and lonely".{{sfnp|Kamran|2017|pp=87–88}} The funeral expenses of insolvent Ali were covered by [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] on the instructions of its Master - [[Edward Welbourne]]. Ali was buried on 20 February 1951 at [[Cambridge City Cemetery]].

==Early life==
Rahmat Ali was born on 16 November 1897 in the village of [[Balachaur]] in the Garhshankar Tahsil{{sfnp|Aziz|1987|p=1}} of [[Hoshiarpur District]] in the [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British Raj|British India]]. He was born into a [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi Muslim]] family. His father, Haji Shah Muhammad, had two wives; Rahmat Ali was the son of the second. She died when he was too young to remember her, and he was raised by his stepmother.{{sfnp|Aziz|1987|p=1}} According to the historian [[Khursheed Kamal Aziz|K. K. Aziz]],<ref>{{harvp|Aziz|1987|p=28}}: "In the Gujjar caste his sub-caste or ''got'' was (Gorsi) ."</ref> who knew Ali personally, he was from the Gorsi clan of [[Gurjar|Gujjar]] tribe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahi |first=Javaid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KI1pEAAAQBAJ&dq=choudhry+rahmat+ali+gujar&pg=PA621 |title=The Gujjars Vol: 01 and 02 Edited by Dr. Javaid Rahi (Page_621) |publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture, Languages, Jammu |year=2012 |pages=621 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=All but Forgotten: Choudhary Rahmat Ali, the Inventor and First Champion of Pakistan |url=https://thewire.in/history/choudhary-rahmat-ali-the-inventor-of-pakistan |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=The Wire |quote="When Now or Never was published, Ali was 36 years old. Born in a Gujjar Muslim family in Balachaur in the Hoshiarpur district of Punjab in 1897. Ali graduated from Islamia Madrassa, Lahore in 1918 and taught at Aitchison College, Lahore for a while before joining Punjab University to study law. It appears that after his legal studies he served as a legal adviser to a Baluchi landlord in which capacity he was able to save enough money and in 1930, move to England to join Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Subsequently, he obtained a BA degree in 1933 and MA in 1940 from the University of Cambridge. In 1943, he was called to the Bar, from Middle Temple, London.'}}</ref>

== Education and career ==
As Balachaur was a small village, Ali had to continue his education in the town of [[Rahon]] where there was a middle school.{{sfnp|Aziz|1987|p=3}} After leaving middle school Ali travelled to [[Jalandhar]] in 1910 to enroll in the [[D.A.V. College Managing Committee|Saindas Anglo Sanskrit High School]] - then after matriculation in 1912, he then joined Islamia College Lahore later that year. He passed the intermediate examination in 1915 with English, history, maths and Persian as his subjects of study, he went on to earn a BA degree from Islamia college in 1918, reading English, economics and Persian. During his time at the college he had been secretary of the college debating union as well as being secretary and vice president of his tutorial group - additionally he was editor of the college magazine ''Crescent''.{{sfnp|Aziz|1987|p=4}}

Outside of college, Ali served as assistant editor of Kashmir, a well-known paper of that time founded and edited by Munshi Muhammad Dın Fauq Kashmiri. Ali had written several articles on Indian history and politics, arguing that northern or north western India was the homeland of the Muslims and that they had the right to rule over it. One of these articles cost him his job, entitled "مغرب کی کورانا تقلید" i.e. "Maghrıb ky Korana Taqlid" (Blind Imitation of the West).{{sfnp|Aziz|1987|p=5}} The article soon attracted the notice of the British authorities, prompting the Deputy Commissioner of Lahore, Henry Phillips Tollinton,<ref>{{cite web
|title=Supplement to The London Gazette, 4 June 1917
|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30111/supplement/5461/data.pdf
|website=The Gazette
|publisher=His Majesty's Stationery Office
|date=4 June 1917
|access-date=14 December 2025
|language=English
}}</ref> to summon Fauq to his office. There, Tollinton issued a stern reprimand and cautioned him of potential punitive measures should such an incident recur. In the aftermath of this confrontation, Fauq dismissed Ali from his position.{{sfnp|Aziz|1987|p=6}}

After graduating from [[Government Islamia College, Civil Lines, Lahore|Islamia College Lahore]] in 1918, he taught at [[Aitchison College|Aitchison College Lahore]] and after this, he served as the Chief Advisor to Sir Nawab Murad Buksh Khan Mazari for six years. During this period, he also took on the role of teacher to Mazari's children, including Mir [[Balakh Sher Mazari]] who would later become the [[Caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan]], and Sardar [[Sherbaz Khan Mazari]], who was the [[Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)]] and the head of the [[Movement for the Restoration of Democracy]], before joining [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]] to study law. In 1930, he decided to move to England to study law at [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] which he joined in 1931. Subsequently, he obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA degree]] in 1933 and [[Master of Arts|MA]] in 1940 from the [[University of Cambridge]]. In 1933, he published a pamphlet, "[[s: Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?|Now or Never]]", coining the word ''Pakistan'' for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1189425|title=Smokers' Corner: The map man|last=Paracha|first=Nadeem F.|date=21 July 2015|website=Dawn|language=en|access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref> In 1943, he was called to the Bar, from [[Middle Temple]], London.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2022 |title=Chaudhry Rehmat Ali remembered on his 125th birth anniversary |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/16-Nov-2022/chaudhry-rehmat-ali-remebered-on-his-125th-birth-anniversary |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=The Nation |language=en-US |quote="Chaudhry Rehmat Ali was born in a Muslim Gujjar family in Hoshiarpur District of Indian Punjab on November 16, in 1897. He is credited with coming up with the name for a separate Muslim homeland in South Asia, PAKISTAN. After graduating from Islamia Madrassa, Lahore in 1918 he taught at Aitchison College before joining Punjab University (PU) to study law.'}}</ref>

In 1946, he founded the [[Pakistan National Movement]] in England. Until 1947, he continued publishing various booklets about his vision for South Asia. The final [[Partition of India]] disillusioned him due to the mass killings and mass migrations it ended up producing. He was also dissatisfied with the [[Radcliffe Line|distribution of areas]] between the two countries in The Greatest Betrayal he wrote of the six "deadly blows" that he believes Jinnah had dealt against the Muslims by accepting a smaller Pakistan than Ali had envisioned<ref>{{cite book
|last=Rahmat Ali
|first=Choudhary
|title=The Greatest Betrayal
|publisher=Self-published pamphlet
|location=Cambridge
|year=1947
|language=English
}}</ref> and considered it a major reason for the disturbances. {{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

== Philosophy ==
Ali's writings, in addition to those of [[Muhammad Iqbal]] and others, were major catalysts for the formation of Pakistan. He offered the name "[[Eastern Bengal and Assam|Bangistan]]" for a Muslim homeland in the [[Bengal]] region, and "[[Hyderabad State|Osmanistan]]" for a Muslim homeland in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. He also suggested ''Dinia'' as a name for a South Asia of various religions.{{sfnp|Jalal, Self and Sovereignty |2002|pp=392–393}}<ref name=Dinia>{{cite web |last=Ali |first=Choudhary Rahmat |title=India: The Continent of DINIA or The Country of DOOM? |url=http://www.shelleys.demon.co.uk/dinia.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306022222/http://www.shelleys.demon.co.uk/dinia.htm |archive-date=6 March 2012}}</ref>

== Conception of 'Pakistan' ==
[[File:Humberstone Road Cambridge.jpg|thumb|The house in Humberstone Road, Cambridge where Ali lived and wrote "Pakistan" for the first time.]]
Historian [[Aqeel Abbas Jafari]] has noted that that the name "Pakistan" was first used by a Kashmir Journalist, Ghulam Hassan Shah Kazmi on 1 July 1928,<ref>{{cite news
|title=لفظ پاکستان کا خالق چوہدری رحمت علی یا کوئی اور؟ [Is the creator of the word Pakistan Chaudhry Rehmat Ali or someone else?]
|url=https://www.dawnnews.tv/news/1075441/lafz-pakistan-ka-khaliq-chauhdry-rehmat-ali-ya-koi-aur-aqeel-abbas-jafri-bm-fp
|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)]]
|author=Aqeel Abbas Jafri
|date=6 February 2019
|access-date=16 December 2025
|language=Urdu
}}</ref> when he moved an application before the government in [[Abbottabad]] seeking a sanction for publishing a weekly newspaper named "Pakistan". This is the first documented occasion that the word Pakistan had been used.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Handwara journalist gave Pakistan its name, research establishes |url=https://kashmirlife.net/a-handwara-journalist-gave-pakistan-its-name-research-establishes-169169/ |website=Kashmir Life |access-date=25 March 2018 |date=25 March 2018}}</ref> Choudhry Rahmat Ali is said to have suggested the name of the independent Muslim state Pakistan in 1933, 5 years after the name was adopted by Ghulam Hasan Shah Kazmi for his newspaper.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Name Pakistan Was Coined By A Kashmiri Journalist And Not Choudhry Rahmat Ali, Says New Research |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-name-pakistan-was-coined-by-a-kashmiri-journalist-and-not-choudhry-rahmat-al/310008 |website=www.outlookindia.com/ |date=26 March 2018 |access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref>

In 1930, Ali moved to a house in [[Cambridge]], on 3 Humberstone Road, it was in one of the rooms of this house that he is said to have written the word 'Pakistan' for the first time. According to Ali's secretary Miss Frost, he came up with the idea while riding on the top of a London bus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meeting with Miss Frost, Rahmat Ali's former secretary |url=http://www.shelleys.demon.co.uk/Frost.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316164159/http://www.shelleys.demon.co.uk/Frost.htm |archive-date=16 March 2012}}</ref> Apparently this suburban semi‑detached property has become something of a tourist attraction for Pakistani visitors, the current owner of the house - Juliet Mills - said in an interview with the University of Cambridge's Varsity newspaper that they "do get people coming to the door asking to look around".<ref>{{cite news
|title=The road from Cambridge to Pakistan
|url=https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/6810
|website=Varsity
|publisher=[[Varsity (Cambridge)|Varsity Publications Ltd]]
|access-date=25 December 2025
|language=en
}}</ref>

After the creation of the name there are a couple of accounts of him first discussing it, according to a friend, Abdul Kareem Jabbar, the name came up when Ali was walking along the banks of the [[Thames]] in 1932 with his friends Pir Ahsan-ud-Din and Khwaja Abdul Rahim. In the 1930s, the [[London General Omnibus Company]] (LGOC) operated numerous bus routes that served the banks of the River Thames, especially around central London (Westminster, Embankment, Blackfriars, Southwark, and Tower Bridge). Key services included Routes 11, 24, 59, and 76, which ran along or crossed near the Thames, linking north–south London and providing access to the Embankment and bridges.<ref name="LBUS">{{cite web
|title=Pocket bus map No 11, 1930 issued by the London General Omnibus Company Ltd
|url=https://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/collections/collections-online/maps/item/1992-335
|website=London Transport Museum Collections Online
|publisher=London Transport Museum
|access-date=14 December 2025
|language=English
}}</ref>

Sir [[Mohammad Iqbal]] said that Rahmat Ali visited him in [[London]] when he was there for the [[First Round Table Conference]] in 1930 and asked him what he would call the government of the Muslim state he had proposed in Allahabad. Iqbal told him that he would call it "Pakistan" as an acronym based on the provinces' names.<ref>{{harvp|Aziz|1987|p=352}}: "As the word Pakistan was then being attributed to Rahmat Ali, Waheed asked Iqbal about the truth of the matter and received this answer: "When I was in London in 1930 [sic.] for attending the Round Table Conference, Chaudhri Rahmat Ali came to see me once and asked me by what name the government [sic.] (''hakumat'') established under my Allahabad scheme would be called. On this, I told him that if you take the first word [Sic.] (''lafz'') of each province in the northwest of India and the 'tan' of Baluchistan, you get a meaningful and nice word, Pakistan. That will be the name of the government."</ref> In 1930, St. James’s Palace was served by several London General Omnibus Company (LGOC) routes running along Pall Mall, Piccadilly, and St. James’s Street, placing the palace within easy reach of central bus services. The most notable were Route 3, Route 12, and Route 38, which connected the West End to areas like Brixton, Dulwich, and Clapton.<ref name="LBUS"/>

According to Ali's biographer [[Khursheed Kamal Aziz]], the idea came to Ali in December 1932 "or a little earlier" while he was travelling on the top deck of a [[London Buses route 11|route 11 bus]], Aziz states that Ali had "told this to his secretary, Miss Frost, on returning to Cambridge" and that she in turn had told Aziz when he interviewed her. On the bus journey Ali had a eureka moment and the "word flashed on the screen of his mind."{{sfnp|Aziz|1987|p=89}}

On 28 January 1933, Ali voiced the idea in a pamphlet titled "[[s: Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?|Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?]]".<ref name="non">{{cite Wikisource |title=Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever? |author=Choudhary Rahmat Ali |year=1933}}</ref> The word 'Pakstan' referred to "the five Northern units of India, viz., [[Punjab (British India)|'''P'''unjab]], North-West Frontier Province ([[Afghania|'''A'''fghania]]), [[Kashmir region|'''K'''ashmir]], [[Sindh|'''S'''indh]] and [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Baluchis'''tan''']]".<ref name="nowornever">{{citation|title=Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?|author1=Choudhary Rahmat Ali|author2=Mohd Aslam Khan |author3=Sheikh Mohd Sadiq |author4=Inayat Ullah Khan|date=28 January 1933}}: "At this solemn hour in the history of India, when British and Indian statesmen are laying the foundations of a Federal Constitution for that land, we address this appeal to you, in the name of our common heritage, on behalf of our thirty million Muslim brethren who live in PAKSTAN [sic] – by which we mean the five Northern units of India, viz., Punjab, North-West Frontier Province (Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sindh and Baluchistan – for your sympathy and support in our grim and fateful struggle against political crucifixion and complete annihilation."</ref><ref name="wolpert">
{{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley A. |author-link=Stanley Wolpert |title=Jinnah of Pakistan |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1984 |location=New York |isbn=0-19-503412-0}}
</ref> By the end of 1933, 'Pakistan' had become common vocabulary, and an '''i''' was added to ease pronunciation (as in Afghan-i-stan).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P008|title=Chaudhry Rehmat Ali|work=Story of Pakistan|date=June 2003}}</ref> Ali also wrote that this would be followed by "reintegration of the three Muslim 'Asian' homelands of Afghanistan, Iran and Tajikistan" into Pakistan, a reference to Northwest India's political, historical and cultural affiliations with West Asia.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bianchini|first1=Stefano|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsV_AgAAQBAJ&q=chaudhry+rehmat+ali+iran+afghanistan&pg=PT228|title=Partitions: Reshaping States and Minds|last2=Chaturvedi|first2=Sanjay|last3=Ivekovic|first3=Rada|last4=Samaddar|first4=Ranabir|date=2 August 2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-27653-0|language=en}}</ref>

In a subsequent book, Ali discussed the etymology in further detail:<ref name="Choudhry Rahmat Ali 1947">{{citation |last=RahmatʻAli |first=Choudhary |title=Pakistan: The Fatherland of the Pak Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPkJAQAAIAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Book Traders |orig-year=first published 1947}}</ref> 'Pakistan' is both a Persian and an Urdu word. It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our South Asia homelands; that is, Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh and Balochistan. It means the land of the Paks – the spiritually pure and clean.

Ali's pamphlet described the Muslims of his proposed 'Pakistan' as a 'nation', which later formed the foundation for the [[two-nation theory]] of the [[All-India Muslim League]]:
{{Cquote|quote=Our religion and culture, our history and tradition, our social code and economic system, and our laws of inheritance, succession and marriage are fundamentally different from those of most people's living in the rest of India. The ideals which move our people to make the highest sacrifices are essentially different from those which inspire the Hindus to do the same. These differences are not confined to broad, basic principles. Far from it. They extend to the minutest details of our lives. We do not inter-dine; we do not inter-marry. Our national customs and calendars, even our diet and dress are different.|author=Choudhry Rahmat Ali in January 1933{{sfnp|Kamran|2017|pp=99–100}}}}
Ali believed that the delegates of the first and second Round Table Conferences committed 'an inexcusable blunder and an incredible betrayal' by accepting the principle of an All-India Federation. He demanded that the national status of the 30 million Muslims of the northwestern units be recognized, and a separate Federal Constitution be granted to them.{{sfnp|Kamran|2017|pp=99–100}}

Ali's biographer, [[K.K. Aziz|K. K. Aziz]] writes,{{sfnp|Aziz|1987|p=85}} "Rahmat Ali alone drafted this declaration"<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110419012150/http://www.chaudhryrahmatali.com/now%20or%20never/index.htm "Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?"]}}</ref> (in which the word Pakistan was used for the first time), but to make it "representative" he began to look around for people who would sign it along with him. This search did not prove easy, "for so firm was the grip of '[[Indian Nationalism|Muslim Indian Nationalism]]' on our young intellectuals at English universities that it took me (Rahmat Ali) more than a month to find three young men in London who offered to support and sign it." Later on, his political opponents used the name of these signatories and other friends of Ali, as creators of the word 'Pakistan'.

Choudhary Rehmat Ali was the personality who started independence movement in the name of Pakistan. He gave idea of two nations in 1915. He formed Pakistan National Movement in 1934 and also released fortnightly Pakistan newspaper in 1935.

== Opposition to "Indianism" ==
According to his writings, "[[Greater India|Indianism]]" meant emphasizing the abode and culture of the "caste [[Hindus]]" as the primary and essential constituent of a subcontinent-wide nation. It was in his view Indianism was "the designation of a State created by the [[British Raj|British]] for the first time in history", citing that the [[Indian National Congress]] being established in 1885 as evidence that Indianism originated in the hands of the British in the service of British imperialism. He criticizes the notion of the unity of "the country of India"; instead he considers it a continent with a wide variety of nations, ethnicities and religions, and that the [[Muslims]], [[Sikhs]], the [[Maratha (caste)|Marathas]], the [[Untouchables (caste)|Achhūts (untouchables)]] and the [[Rajput]]s were in fact separate nations, on whom the fetters of "Indianism" were fastened by imposing on all of them this "preposterous prefix of All-India".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bh4xDwAAQBAJ&dq=altaf+hussain+hali+emphasized&pg=PA90 |title=Muslims Against the Muslim League:Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan |date=2017 |page=93 |author= Ali Usman Qasmi |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107166639 }}</ref>

==Iqbal and Jinnah==
[[File:Choudhry Rehmat Ali (seated first from left) with Muhammad Iqbal (center), Khawaja Abdul Rahim (right) and a group of other young activists during Iqbal visit to England in 1932..jpg#/media/File:Choudhry Rehmat Ali (seated first from left) with Muhammad Iqbal (center), Khawaja Abdul Rahim (right) and a group of other young activists during Iqbal visit to England in 1932..jpg|thumb|right|200px|
Choudhry Rahmat Ali (seated first from left) with Muhammad Iqbal (center), Khawaja Abdul Rahim (right) and a group of other young activists during Iqbal visit to England in 1932|link=File:Choudhry_Rehmat_Ali_(seated_first_from_left)_with_Muhammad_Iqbal_(center),_Khawaja_Abdul_Rahim_(right)_and_a_group_of_other_young_activists_during_Iqbal_visit_to_England_in_1932..jpg]]
On 29 December 1930, Muhammad Iqbal delivered his presidential address, wherein he said:<ref>A.R. Tariq (ed.), Speeches and Statements of Iqbal (Lahore: 1973),</ref>
{{blockquote|I would like to see Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sindh and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State. Self-government within the British Empire, or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India.}}
According to some scholars,{{sfnp|Aziz|1987|pp=351–362}} Iqbal had not presented the idea of an autonomous Muslim State; rather he wanted a large Muslim province by amalgamating Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Baluchistan into a big North-Western province within India.<ref>K. K. Aziz, ''Making of Pakistan'' (London: 1970), p. 81.</ref> They argue that Iqbal never called for any kind of partition of the country.<ref>Verinder Grover (ed.), Muhammad Iqbal: Poet Thinker of Modern Muslim India Vol. 25 (New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, 1995), pp. 666–67.</ref><ref>Tara Chand, History of Freedom Movement in India Vol. III (New Delhi: 1972), p. 253.</ref><ref>lang, 23, 24 & 25 March 2003;{{full citation needed|date=October 2018}} Also see, Safdar Mahmood, ''Iqbal, Jinnah aur Pakistan'' (Lahore: Khazina Ilm-was-Adab, 2004), pp. 52–69.</ref>

On 28 January 1933, Choudhry Rahmat Ali voiced his ideas on 'Pakistan'. By the end of 1933, the word "Pakistan" became common vocabulary where an "I" was added to ease pronunciation (as in Afghan-i-stan).
In a subsequent book Rahmat Ali discussed the etymology in further detail:
"'Pakistan' is both a Persian and an Urdu word. It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our homelands- " Indian " and " Asian." That is, '''P'''unjab, '''A'''fghania, '''K'''ashmir, '''I'''ran, '''S'''indh and Balochistan. It means the land of the Pure."<ref>{{cite book
|last=Rahmat Ali
|first=Choudhary
|title=Pakistan: The Fatherland of the Pak Nation
|publisher=Pakistan National Movement
|location=Cambridge
|year=1947
|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanfatherla00rahm/page/224/mode/2up
|access-date=13 December 2025
|language=English
|page=225
}}</ref>

[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] had written in his book on the scheme: "Iqbal was one of the early advocates of Pakistan and yet he appears to have realised its inherent danger and absurdity. Edward Thompson has written that in the course of the conversation, Iqbal told him that he had advocated Pakistan because of his position as President of the Muslim League session, but he felt sure that it would be injurious to India as a whole and Muslims especially."<ref>J.L. Nehru, Discovery of India (New York: 1946), p. 353.</ref>

In 1934, Choudhry Rahmat Ali and his friends met [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and appealed for his support of the Pakistan idea. He replied, "My dear boys, don't be in a hurry; let the waters flow and they will find their own level."<ref name="Hiro2015">
{{citation|last=Hiro|first=Dilip|title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5g4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PT69|year=2015|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-56858-503-1|pages=69–}}
</ref><ref name="Bose2015">
{{citation|last=Bose|first=Madhuri|title=The Bose Brothers and Indian Independence: An Insider's Account|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MLSqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38-IA27|year=2015|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-93-5150-396-5|pages=38–}}
</ref>

==Proposed maps and names==
{{anchor|Dinia}}
Ali published several pamphlets where he called himself the "''Founder of the Pakistan National Movement''". In these pamphlets he included maps of the subcontinent with potential Muslim states, including Haideristan, Siddiqistan, Faruqistan, Muinistan and Maplistan.<ref name="Dawn_Karachi_2008" /> Safiistan and Nasaristan were proposed on [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name="FrankJacobs" />

In his maps he renamed the Indian subcontinent 'Pakasia' or more often 'Dinia' (an anagram of "India" with position of 'D' changed), meaning "Land of the Faith" in Arabic (from the word "deen"). Dinia was represented with dependencies Pakistan, Osmanistan (representing Hyderabad Deccan and neighbouring areas) and Bangistan (representing Bengal). He proposed the former Muslim provinces of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] in East India to become Bangistan, an independent Muslim state for Bengali, Assamese and Bihari Muslims. He proposed the princely [[Hyderabad State]], to become an Islamic monarchy called Osmanistan.{{sfnp|Jalal, Self and Sovereignty |2002|pp=392–393}}<ref name=Dinia/> Ali also renamed the seas around the Indian subcontinent, and referred the seas around landmass of Dinia as the Bangian, Pakian and Osmanian seas that were his proposed names for the Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, and the Indian Ocean respectively.<ref name="Dawn_Karachi_2008" /><ref name="FrankJacobs">{{cite web |last1=Jacobs |first1=Frank |title=Purist Among the Pure: the Forgotten Inventor of Pakistan |url=https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/647-purist-among-the-pure-the-forgotten-inventor-of-pakistan |website=Big Think |access-date=28 January 2019 |language=en |date=5 March 2014}}</ref>

These alternate geographical maps of the subcontinent were followed by the mention of Rahmat Ali’s position as the "founder of the Siddiqistan, Nasaristan and Safiistan National Movements".<ref name="Dawn_Karachi_2008">{{cite news |title=KARACHI: Learning from history |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/316840 |access-date=28 January 2019 |publisher=DAWN.COM |date=17 August 2008 |language=en}}</ref> Ali even referred to the [[Andaman Islands|Andamans]] as the "Ashur Islands" and the [[Nicobar Islands|Nicobars]] as the "Balus Islands" in such maps.

Mian Abdul Haq, a contemporary of Rahmat Ali at the University of Cambridge, stated that, after 1935, Rahmat Ali's mental makeup changed resulting from a study of "major Nazi works, of which he knew many passages by heart".<ref>{{citation |last=Ikram |first=S.M. |title=Indian Muslims and Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7q9EubOYZmwC&pg=PA177 |year=1995 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-374-6 |pages=177–178}}</ref>

== After the creation of Pakistan ==
While Choudhry Rahmat Ali was a leading figure for the conception of [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]], he lived most of his adult life in [[England]].

After the [[Partition of India|partition]] and creation of Pakistan in 1947, Ali returned to [[Lahore]], Pakistan on 6 April 1948. He had been voicing his dissatisfaction with the creation of Pakistan ever since his arrival in Lahore. He was unhappy over a smaller Pakistan than the one he had conceived in his 1933 pamphlet.{{sfnp|Aziz|1987|p=469}} He condemned Jinnah for accepting a smaller Pakistan,{{sfnp|Aziz|1987|p=469}} calling him "Quisling-e-Azam."{{sfnp|Kamran|2017|p=82}}{{efn|The branding of Jinnah is found in Ali's 1947 pamphlet titled ''The Greatest Betrayal, the Millat’s Martyrdom & The Muslim’s Duty''. "Quisling" is an allusion to [[Vidkun Quisling]], a Norwegian leader who ran a puppet regime under [[Nazi]]s.{{sfnp|Kamran|2017|p=82}} Rahmat Ali may have introduced this term into South Asian politics, which was later used by the prime minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] to brand the Kashmiri leader [[Sheikh Abdullah]].<ref name="Gupta2012">{{citation |last=Das Gupta |first=Jyoti Bhusan |title=Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |year=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-011-9231-6 |pages=72–}}</ref>}}

Ali had planned to stay in the country, but he was expelled from Pakistan by the then Prime Minister [[Liaqat Ali Khan]]. His belongings were confiscated, and he left empty-handed for England in October 1948.{{sfnp|Aziz|1987|pp=303, 316}}

==Death==
[[File:Grave of Choudhary Rahmat Ali.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Headstone]] of Ali's Grave]]
Ali died on 3 February 1951 in Cambridge. According to his secretary Thelma Frost, he was "destitute, forlorn and lonely" at the time of his death.{{sfnp|Kamran|2017|pp=87–88}} Fearing (correctly) that he may have died insolvent, the Master of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]], [[Edward Welbourne]], instructed that the College would cover the funeral expenses. He was buried on 20 February at [[Cambridge City Cemetery]] in Cambridge, England.{{sfnp|Aziz|1987|pp=340–345}} The funeral expenses and other medical expenses were repaid by the High Commissioner for Pakistan in November 1953, after what was described as a “protracted correspondence” between the London office and the relevant authorities in Pakistan.<ref>Emmanuel College Cambridge Archives</ref>

His obituary in Emmanuel College Magazine 1950-51 (that covers the academic year starting in [[Michaelmas term]] 1950 and ending in [[Easter term]] 1951) notes: "It may not be the function of a College magazine to awaken the rancours of the politics of other lands, but it would be absurd not to record the fact that this obscure and single-handed undergraduate of Emmanuel College, who died in Cambridge in the [[Influenza pandemic|influenza epidemic]] of the spring of this year and who is buried in the Newmarket Road cemetery, has influenced world events, and may yet influence the future, more than falls to the lot of most men."<ref>{{cite news
|last=Brown
|first=Raymond
|title=Birthplace of Pakistan – in a Cambridge family's semi that's now a place of pilgrimage
|url=https://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/news/Semi-detached-family-home-in-Cambridge-is-now-a-place-of-pilgrimage-as-the-birthplace-of-Pakistan-20140127065328.htm
|work=Cambridge News
|date=27 January 2014
|access-date=6 December 2025
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130071208/https://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/news/Semi-detached-family-home-in-Cambridge-is-now-a-place-of-pilgrimage-as-the-birthplace-of-Pakistan-20140127065328.htm
|archive-date=30 January 2014
|url-status=dead
|language=English
}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Rahmat Ali is credited by Pakistanis for having coined the term "Pakistan" and envisioning a separate state for Muslims. Beyond that, his ideas are not explored in any detail.<ref>Karthik Venkatesh, [https://herald.dawn.com/news/1154042 All but forgotten: Choudhary Rahmat Ali, the inventor and first champion of Pakistan], Herald, 26 February 2018.</ref>

==Works==
* ''[[s:Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?|Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?]]'', also known as the "Pakistan Declaration", (1933)
*''What Does the Pakistan National Movement Stand For?'' (Cambridge: Pakistan National Movement, 1933)
*''Letters to the Members of the British Parliament'' (Cambridge, 8 July 1935)
*''Islamic Fatherland and the Indian Federation: The Fight Will Go on for Pakistan'' (Cambridge: Pakistan National Movement, 1935)
*''Letter to The Times'', 8 December 1938
*''The Millat of Islam and the Menace of Indianism'' (Cambridge: Pakistan National Movement, 1942)
*''The Millat and the Mission: Seven Commandments of Destiny for the 'Seventh' Continent of Dinia'' (Cambridge: Pakistan National Movement, 1942) in which Rahmat Ali proposed relabeling the [[Indian subcontinent]] as its anagram ''Dinia''. The word Dinia was made by moving the letter '''d''' that appears in the middle of the word 'India' to the beginning.
*''The Millat and her Minorities: Foundation of Faruqistan for the Muslims of Bihar and Orissa'' (Cambridge: The Faruqistan National Movement, 1943)
*''The Millat and her Minorities: Foundation of Haideristan for Muslims of Hindoostan'' (Cambridge: The Haideristan National Movement, 1943)
*''The Millat and her Minorities: Foundation of Maplistan for Muslims of South India'' (Cambridge: The Maplistan National Movement, 1943)
*''The Millat and her Minorities: Foundation of Muinistan for Muslims of Rajistan'' (Cambridge: The Muinistan National Movement, 1943)
*''The Millat and her Minorities: Foundation of Siddiqistan for Muslims of Central India'' (Cambridge: The Siddiqistan National Movement, 1943)
*''The Millat and her Minorities: Foundation of Safiistan for Muslims of Western Ceylon'' (Cambridge: The Safiistan National Movement, 1943)
*''The Millat and her Minorities: Foundation of Nasaristan for Muslims of Eastern Ceylon'' (Cambridge: The Nasaristan National Movement, 1943)
*''The Millat and her Ten Nations: Foundation of the All-Dinia Milli Movement'' (Cambridge: The All-Dinia Milli Movement, 1944)
*''Dinia: The Seventh Continent of the World'' (Cambridge: Dinia Continental Movement, 1946)
*''India: The Continent of Dinia, or the Country of Doom'' (Cambridge: Dinia Continental Movement, 1946)
*''The Pakistan National Movement and the British Verdict on India'' (Cambridge: Pakistan National Movement, 1946)
*''Pakasia: The Historic Orbit of the Pak Culture'' (Cambridge: The Pakasia Cultural Movement, 1946)
*''Osmanistan: The Fatherland of the Osman Nation'' (Cambridge: The Osmanistan National Movement, 1946)
*''The Greatest Betrayal: How to Redeem the Millat?'' (Cambridge: Pakistan National Movement, 1947)
*''Pakistan: The Fatherland of the Pak Nation'', (Cambridge: Pakistan National Liberation Movement, 1947)
*''The Muslim Minority in India and the Saving Duty of the U.N.O.'' (Cambridge: The All-Dinia Milli Liberation Movement, 1948)
*''The Muslim Minority in India and the Dinian Mission to the U.N.O.'' (Cambridge: The All-Dinia Milli Liberation Movement, 1949)
*''Pakistan or Pastan? Destiny or Disintegration?'' (Cambridge: The Pakistan National Liberation Movement, 1950)
*''Complete Works of Rahmat Ali'', ed. [[Khursheed Kamal Aziz]] (Islamabad: National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research, 1978)

==See also==
* [[Indian Independence Movement]]
* [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia]]
*[[Pakistani nationalism]]
* [[All India Muslim League]]
**[[Muslim League (Pakistan)]]
* [[Punjab Muslim League]]
*[[Qazi Abdur Rehman Amritsari]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last=Aziz |first=Khursheed Kamal |author-link=Khursheed Kamal Aziz |title=Rahmat Ali: a biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9q21AAAAIAAJ |year=1987 |publisher=Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden |isbn=978-3-515-05051-7}}
* {{citation |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |author-link=Ayesha Jalal|title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa6CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA482 |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-59937-0 |ref={{sfnref |Jalal, Self and Sovereignty |2002}}}}
* {{citation |first=Tahir |last=Kamran |author-link=Tahir Kamran |chapter=Choudhary Rahmat Ali and his Political Imagination: Pak Plan and the Continent of Dinia |editor1=Ali Usman Qasmi |editor2=Megan Eaton Robb |title=Muslims against the Muslim League |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bh4xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |year=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-16663-9 |pages=82–108}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
*{{cite web|title=Location of Newmarket Road Cemetery, Cambridge, UK (Graveyard)|url=http://www.multimap.com/map/browse.cgi?lat=52.2125&lon=0.1682&scale=5000&icon=x}}
*{{cite web|title=Eye-witness account of how Ch. Rehmat Ali began his Pakistan campaign through Woking Mission|url=http://www.wokingmuslim.org/work/pakistan.htm}}
*{{cite web|title=Ch. Rahmat Ali|work=Chaudhry Rahmat Ali Foundation|url=http://www.chaudhryrahmatali.com/index.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420000938/http://www.chaudhryrahmatali.com/index.htm|archive-date=20 April 2006}}
*{{cite web|title=Chaudhary Rahmat Ali The man who conceived the idea of Pakistan|work=The Shelley family|url=http://www.shelleys.demon.co.uk/Ali.htm|access-date=7 February 2005|archive-date=5 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905185535/http://www.shelleys.demon.co.uk/Ali.htm|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|title=Chaudhary Rahmat Ali (1895–1951)|work=Story of Pakistan|url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P008|date=June 2003}}

{{Pakistan Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Choudhry Rahmat}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1951 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Members of the Middle Temple]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:People from Nawanshahr]]
[[Category:Pamphleteers]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Aitchison College]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement activists from Punjab]]
[[Category:Burials at the Cambridge City Cemetery]]
[[Category:Government Islamia College alumni]]
[[Category:Expatriates from British India in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Muslim Gujjars]]

Adventures of Ali-Baba and the Forty Thieves (film)

2026-04-29T23:59:57Z

SaraD96423049267:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Adventures of Ali-Baba and the Forty Thieves {{small|Приключения Али-Бабы и сорока разбойников}}
| image = Adventures of Ali-Baba and the Forty Thieves.jpg
| alt =
| caption = India theatrical release poster
| native_name = '''Alibaba aur 40 Chor'''
| director = [[Umesh Mehra]] ({{small|Hindi}}) [[:uz:Latif Fayziyev|Latif Faiziev]] ({{small|Russian}})
| producer = F. C. Mehra
| screenplay = Shanti Prakash Bakshi Boris Saakov {{infobox|decat=yes|child=yes|label1= Dialogues by|data1= [[Javed Siddiqui]] ({{small|Hindi}}) Boris Saakov ({{small|Russian}})}}
| story = Shanti Prakash Bakshi Boris Saakov
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves]]'' (''[[Arabian Nights]]'')}}
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Hema Malini]] [[Zeenat Aman]] [[Yoqub Ahmedov]] [[Rolan Bykov]] [[Sofiko Chiaureli]] [[Elena Sanayeva]]
| narrator =
| music = '''Score''': Vladimir Milov '''Songs''': [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = Leonid Travitsky Peter Pereira
| editing = [[M. S. Shinde]] ({{small|Hindi}}) M. Makarova ({{small|Russian}})
| studio = Eagle Films [[Uzbekfilm]]
| distributor = '''India''': Eagle Films '''Soviet Union''': [[Uzbekfilm]]
| released = {{Film date|1980|05|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = [[India]] [[Soviet Union]]
| language = [[Hindustani language|Hindi]] [[Russian language|Russian]]
| budget =
| gross = {{estimation}} {{US$|{{#expr:7.634+20.5 round 2}} million|long=no}} ({{INR|{{#expr:60+161.13}} million}})
}}

'''''Adventures of Ali-Baba and the Forty Thieves''''' ({{langx|hi|'''Alibaba aur 40 Chor'''|italic=yes}}; {{langx|ru|'''Приключения Али-Бабы и сорока разбойников'''|italic=yes|'''Priklucheniya Ali-Baby i soroka razboynikov'''}}) is a 1980 [[Cinema of India|Indo]]-[[Cinema of the Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] film based on the ''[[Arabian Nights]]'' story of ''[[Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves]]'', directed by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] director Latif Faiziev with Indian director [[Umesh Mehra]]. The movie was released in India as '''''Alibaba aur 40 Chor'''''. The film stars Indian actors [[Dharmendra]], [[Hema Malini]] and [[Zeenat Aman]] alongside [[Russians|Russian]], [[Caucasus|Caucasian]] and [[Central Asia]]n actors. The storyline is slightly altered to extend as a long movie. The writers were Shanti Prakash Bakshi and Boris Saakov. The music was scored by [[R.D. Burman]] and Vladimir Milov. The [[Choreographer|choreographers]] of the film were Leonid Travitsky and Peter Pereira.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/alibaba-aur-40-chor-1979/article17407847.ece |title=Alibaba Aur 40 Chor (1979) |last=Malhotra |first=A. P. S. |date=4 March 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=11 May 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009093033/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/alibaba-aur-40-chor-1979/article17407847.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KdsEGU-JxFIC&q=dharmendra |title=''The Illustrated Weekly of India'', Volume 101, Issues 18-34 |date=1980 |access-date=1 April 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007040532/https://books.google.com/books?id=KdsEGU-JxFIC&q=dharmendra |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nashfilm">{{cite web |title=Приключения Али-Бабы и сорока разбойников – в Багдаде все спокойно |url=http://www.nashfilm.ru/sovietkino/1435.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013151717/http://www.nashfilm.ru/sovietkino/1435.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 October 2007 |website=Nashfilm |accessdate=13 October 2007}}</ref> It was the most successful Indian-Soviet co-production, becoming a success in both India and the Soviet Union.

== Plot ==

Alibaba, a poor man, lives in the fictional town of Gulabad, somewhere in Central Asia, with his mother and elder brother Qasim, who owns a small shop. Ali's father, Yousuf, is a merchant in a distant land and has not returned to Gulabad since leaving shortly after Ali's birth. Ali earns his living by selling timber he cuts from the hills.

Gulabad is terrorized by a band of 40 [[Dacoity|bandits]] who hide their loot in a magical cave located in the deserted hills. The bandit leader uses a magical spell to open the cave and another to close it.

When news reaches Ali that his father has gone missing, he sets out to find him. During his journey, Ali not only locates his father but also rescues Princess Marjeena from the guards of a usurper who murdered her father to seize the throne. Ali and Marjeena fall in love, but their happiness is short-lived. They are ambushed, Marjeena is captured, and Yousuf is killed.

After burying his father, Ali learns that Marjeena is being sold in the slave market. He borrows money from Qasim to buy her freedom and brings her home. However, Qasim demands repayment and decides to evict Ali and their mother when the debt is not returned. Forced to leave, Ali and his mother start anew.

Meanwhile, the [[Qadi|Qazi]] of the region announces a reward for the capture of the notorious bandit Abu Hassan. Fatima, a young girl whose father was murdered by the dacoits, seeks vengeance and offers to help Ali defeat Abu Hassan.

Soon, Ali discovers Abu Hassan’s secret hideout and learns the magic spells to access it. He takes some gold and jewelry from the cave, which he distributes among the villagers to fund a water diversion project for their parched land.

Qasim, driven by greed, persuades Ali to reveal the cave's location and the spells. After gaining this knowledge, Qasim visits the cave but becomes trapped when he forgets the spell to reopen the door. When the dacoits find him, they kill him.

Ali informs the Qazi about Abu Hassan’s hideout, unaware that the Qazi and Abu Hassan are the same person. The Qazi instructs his men to kill Ali to protect the treasure. Abu Hassan devises a plan to hide the forty thieves in large urns, intending to ambush Ali. However, Ali discovers the plot with Fatima's help and kills all the thieves.

In the end, Ali exposes the truth about Abu Hassan’s dual identity and brings justice to Gulabad.

== Cast ==
* [[Dharmendra]] as Alibaba / Ali
* [[Hema Malini]] as Princess Marjeena
* [[Zeenat Aman]] as Fatima
* [[Yoqub Ahmedov]] as Qasim – Ali’s elder brother
* [[Sofiko Chiaureli]] as Ali's mother
* [[Rolan Bykov]] as Abu Hassan – Leader of the 40 thieves
* [[Elena Sanayeva]] as the [[Spirit (supernatural entity)|Spirit]] of the cave
* Zakir Mukhamedzhanov as Yousuf – Ali’s father
* Kuatbai Abdreimov as Ali's friend
* [[Frunzik Mkrtchyan]] as Mustafa
* Khodzha Durdy Narliyev as Khamid
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Shamsher
* [[Madan Puri]] as Fatima's father
* [[Pinchoo Kapoor]] as King Shah Parvez
* [[Mac Mohan]] as Mehmood
* Sanat Divanov as Ali’s friend
* Kuatbai Abdreimov as Ali’s friend
* Sharif Kabilov as Bandit

== Music and soundtrack ==
The music for the film's songs was composed by [[Rahul Dev Burman|R. D. Burman]] and the lyrics of the songs were penned by [[Anand Bakshi]].
The background score of the movie was done by Vladimir Milov.
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics =
| title4 = Aaja Sar-E-Bazar
| extra4 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length4 =

| title2 = Qayamat Qayamat
| extra2 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| length2 =

| title3 = Sare Shahar Mein Ek Haseen Hai, Aur Woh Main Hoon
| extra3 = Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle
| length3 =

| title1 = Jadugar Jadu Kar Jayega, Kisiko Samajh Nahin Aayega
| extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
| length1 =

| title5 = Khatouba Khatouba
| extra5 = Asha Bhosle
| length5 =
}}

== Box office ==
''Ali Baba'' was a successful Indo-Soviet co-production, becoming a financial success in India and an even bigger hit in the Soviet Union.<ref name="Salazkina">{{cite journal |last=Salazkina |first=Masha |title=Soviet-Indian Coproductions: ''Alibaba'' as Political Allegory |journal=[[Cinema Journal]] |date=2010 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=71–89 [72–73] |doi=10.1353/cj.2010.0002 |url=https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/978004/1/Soviet-Indian_coproductions_proofs.pdf#page=4 |access-date=12 December 2018 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127073413/https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/978004/1/Soviet-Indian_coproductions_proofs.pdf#page=4 |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[India]], it was the eighth [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|top-grossing film]] of 1980, earning {{INR|30 million}} [[Entertainment tax|nett]] from a gross collection of {{INR|60 million}}<ref name="boi80">{{cite web |title=Box Office 1980 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=186&catName=MTk4MA== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029225849/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=186&catName=MTk4MA== |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 October 2008 |website=[[Box Office India]] |accessdate=29 October 2008}}</ref> ({{US$|{{#expr:60/7.86 round 2}} million|long=no}}).<ref name="inr80">{{cite web |title=Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1980&locations=IN&start=1979 |website=[[World Bank]] |year=1980 |accessdate=11 December 2018 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024135752/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF%3Fend%3D1980%26locations%3DIN%26start%3D1979 |url-status=live }}</ref> It reached silver jubilee status after running in theaters across India for 25{{nbsp}}weeks continuously.<ref name="Salazkina"/>

In the [[Soviet Union]], it was the fifth top-grossing domestic film of 1980, and the 32nd [[List of Soviet films of the year by ticket sales|highest-grossing domestic film]] of all time, with 52.8{{nbsp}}million box office admissions.<ref name="Kudryavtsev">{{cite web|url=http://kinanet.livejournal.com/14172.html|title=Отечественные фильмы в советском кинопрокате|author=Sergey Kudryavtsev|author-link=Sergey Kudryavtsev (film critic)|date=4 July 2006|access-date=12 December 2018|archive-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322203049/https://kinanet.livejournal.com/14172.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This was equivalent to approximately {{#expr:52.8/(100/25)}}{{nbsp}}million [[Soviet rouble|Rbls]]<ref name="moscow7">[https://is.muni.cz/el/1421/podzim2015/FAV291/um/Roth-Ey-Moscow_Prime_Time.pdf#page=7 ''Moscow Prime Time: How the Soviet Union Built the Media Empire that Lost the Cultural Cold War'', page 48] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510014311/https://is.muni.cz/el/1421/podzim2015/FAV291/um/Roth-Ey-Moscow_Prime_Time.pdf#page=7 |date=10 May 2018 }}, [[Cornell University Press]], 2011</ref> ({{US$|{{#expr:13.2/(64.4/100) round 2}} million|long=no}},<ref name="russia">{{cite web|title=Archive|url=http://cbr.ru/currency_base/OldDataFiles/USD.xls|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229074625/http://cbr.ru/currency_base/OldDataFiles/USD.xls|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 December 2009|website=[[Central Bank of Russia]]|year=1972|accessdate=29 December 2009}}</ref> {{INR|{{#expr:20.5*7.86 round 2}} million}}).<ref name="inr80"/> Worldwide, the film grossed {{US$|{{#expr:7.63+20.5}} million|long=no}} ({{INR|{{#expr:60+161.13}} million}}). This is equivalent to {{US$|{{Inflation|US|28.13|1980}} million|long=no}} ({{INR|{{#expr:{{Inflation|US|28.13|1980}}*(1000/{{To USD|1000|IND}})/1000 round 2}} billion}}) adjusted for inflation in {{Inflation/year|US}}.

In terms of footfalls, the film sold an estimated {{#expr:60/(2.49*0.72+4.03*0.28) round 0}}{{nbsp}}million tickets in India<ref name="boi80"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mittal |first1=Ashok |title=Cinema Industry in India: Pricing and Taxation |date=1995 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=9788173870231 |pages=71 & 77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJVodLc6NgoC&pg=PA77 |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=18 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118133358/https://books.google.com/books?id=RJVodLc6NgoC&pg=PA77 |url-status=live }}</ref> and 52.8{{nbsp}}million tickets in the Soviet Union,<ref name="Kudryavtsev"/> for an estimated total of {{#expr:21+52.8 round 0}}{{nbsp}}million tickets sold worldwide.

== Awards ==
The film won awards at several film festivals, including the [[All-Union Film Festival]] in 1980,<ref>КИНО: Энциклопедический словарь, главный редактор С. И. Юткевич, М. Советская энциклопедия, 1987, с.83</ref> the [[Dushanbe]] Film Festival in 1980,<ref name="nashfilm"/> and the Grand Prix at the [[Belgrade Film Festival]] in 1981.<ref name="Salazkina"/><ref name="nashfilm"/>

== See also ==
Other Indo-Soviet films:

*''[[Sohni Mahiwal (1984 film)|Sohni Mahiwal]]''
*''[[Ajooba]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0079749}}

{{Ali Baba}}

[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Ali Baba]]
[[Category:1980 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:1980s fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:1980 adventure films]]
[[Category:Soviet action adventure films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:1980 Soviet films]]
[[Category:1980 Russian-language films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Soviet multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy action films]]
[[Category:1980 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Umesh Mehra]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Films set in Samarkand]]
[[Category:Russian-language action adventure films]]

Ravindra Singh Kushwaha

2026-04-20T09:51:12Z

SaraD96423049267: added biography

{{Short description|Former legislator from Bihar, India}}
{{Distinguish|Ravindra Kushwaha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ravindra Singh
| image = Ravindra singh.jpg
| caption = Ravindra singh
| birth_date = 07-01-1953
| birth_place = Hichhan Bigha
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1995
| term_end1 = 2000
| term_start2 = 2015
| term_end2 = 2020
| constituency1 = [[Arwal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Arwal Assembly constituency]]
| constituency2 = Arwal Assembly constituency
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| occupation = Politics
| website = [https://www.facebook.com/ravindrasinghmla]
| parents = Late Hardayal Singh (Father)
}}
'''Ravindra Singh''' also known as '''Ravindra Singh Kushwaha'''<ref name=Prabhat/> is an Indian politician based in [[Bihar]], who was elected to [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] twice from [[Arwal Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/arwal-son-of-rjd-former-mla-of-arwal-ravindra-singh-killed-at-aurangabad-and-arwal-border-5878931.html|title=Son of RJD former MLA from Arwal killed|website=News 18|accessdate=9 October 2023|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421182614/https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/arwal-son-of-rjd-former-mla-of-arwal-ravindra-singh-killed-at-aurangabad-and-arwal-border-5878931.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Singh was a member of [[Janata Dal]] and later became a member of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]. He is considered as one of the close accomplice of former Bihar [[Chief Minister]], [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]. Singh hails from communist background and before joining politics, he was a member of armed [[naxalite]] organisations active in the Bihar's [[red corridor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/neta-mulls-emi-plea-to-apex-court/cid/1373291|title=Neta mulls EMI plea to apex court|website=The Telegraph|accessdate=9 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/ravindra-singh|title=Ravinder Singh|access-date=7 May 2024|archive-date=7 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507050420/https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/ravindra-singh|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Life==
Singh was born to Hardayal Singh and spent later part of his life in Patna at his residence near Jagdeo Path. He is a member of [[Kushwaha]] ([[Koeri]]) caste of Bihar.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=9 October 2023 |title=Personal interview of former Arwal MLA Ravindra Singh |language=Hindi |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=BAlrOAD9TeY%3Fsi%3DteX8WDCmAjUvASRH |time=2:00 and 3:00 |time-caption=Comment occurs between |publisher= |via=YouTube |quote= |access-date=11 October 2023 |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507050449/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAlrOAD9TeY%3Fsi%3DteX8WDCmAjUvASRH |url-status=live }}</ref> Before moving to Patna, he was an active [[Maoist]]. Singh was born in a prosperous farmer family, which owned 4.32 [[acre]] land in [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad district]] of Bihar, besides residential land in Aurangabad. He took part in insurgencies conducted by several naxal organisations active in the state of Bihar, against the landlords. In the course of violence between the landlords and the naxal foot soldiers, he had to remain underground for 13 to 14 years to escape imprisonment. During this period, his house was raided 135 times and his ancestral property was attached by the police. He was discovered by Lalu Prasad Yadav in 1990s and all the cases pending against him were dropped in a supervision report, after Yadav assumed the premiership of the state. In 1994, District police gave him clean chit in all the cases lodged against him. In his election affidavit submitted to [[Election Commission of India]], he admitted ownership of weapons, which included a revolver and a rifle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=696|title=Ravindra Singh winner|website=Myneta|accessdate=9 October 2023|archive-date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809131753/https://www.myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=696|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Too-poor-to-pay-fine-have-only-gun-car-RJD-MLA/article17317423.ece|title=Too poor to pay fine only have car and guns|website=The Hindu|accessdate=9 October 2023|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012052412/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Too-poor-to-pay-fine-have-only-gun-car-RJD-MLA/article17317423.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

He married Usha Saran, with whom he had two sons, Gaurav and Shashikant Prabhakar. Singh was brought into politics by Lalu Prasad Yadav, who first made him a candidate of [[Janata Dal]] in 1995 from Arwal Assembly constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/former-rjd-mla-ravindra-singh-son-murder-in-aurangabad-bihar-crime-lalu-prasad-yadav-rohini-acharya-ann-2383758|title=Former RJD MLA Son Murder: गोलियों से गूंजा रोहिणी आचार्य का ससुराल, लालू के करीबी पूर्व विधायक के बेटे की हत्या|website=ABP news|accessdate=9 October 2023|archive-date=16 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416095807/https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/former-rjd-mla-ravindra-singh-son-murder-in-aurangabad-bihar-crime-lalu-prasad-yadav-rohini-acharya-ann-2383758|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, he was again made a candidate of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] from Arwal constituency and he defeated Chitranjan Kumar of Bharatiya Janata Party. He got 55,295 votes in this election, with Kumar and CPI-ML candidate [[Maha Nand Singh|Mahanand Singh]] finishing in second and third spot respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/bihar-assembly-elections/arwal-election-results-2020-s04a214|title=Arwal Election results|website=Firstpost|accessdate=9 October 2023|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330172421/https://www.firstpost.com/bihar-assembly-elections/arwal-election-results-2020-s04a214|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, his younger son Gaurav alias Diwakar was shot dead near Hichhan Bigha village in Aurangabad district of Bihar. Gaurav owned a poultry farm in the village and used to reside at his ancestral village.<ref name=Prabhat>{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/murder-of-arwal-ex-mla-ravindra-singh-rjd-son-diwakar-in-aurangabad-bihar-crime-news-today-skt|title=Ex MLA Ravindra Singh' son Diwakar shot dead|website=Prabhat Khabar|accessdate=9 October 2023|archive-date=16 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516124123/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/murder-of-arwal-ex-mla-ravindra-singh-rjd-son-diwakar-in-aurangabad-bihar-crime-news-today-skt|url-status=live}}</ref> Gaurav had contested Bihar Assembly elections in 2020 as an independent candidate from Arwal constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/aurangabad-arwal-former-mla-ravindra-singh-son-diwakar-murdered-in-aurangabad-23385921.html|title=Bihar: औरंगाबाद में RJD के पूर्व विधायक के बेटे की हत्या, अपराधियों ने गोलियों से भूना; पिता पर ही आरोप|website=Dainik Jagran|accessdate=9 October 2023|archive-date=24 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524185041/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/aurangabad-arwal-former-mla-ravindra-singh-son-diwakar-murdered-in-aurangabad-23385921.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:People from Arwal district]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Indian communists]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1953 births]]

Naranpura Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:31:45Z

SaraD96423049267: adding some article more to come

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Naranpura
| mla = [[Jitendrakumar Patel]] (Jitu Bhagat)
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:250238}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 45
}}

'''Naranpura''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]] district. This seat came into existence after 2008 delimitation and it is one of the seven assembly seats which make up [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency]].

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Ahmedabad City Taluka (Part) – [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] (Part) Ward No. – 11, 12, 13, 14.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Amit Shah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Kaushik Patel (politician)|Kaushik Patel]]<ref name=election2017/>
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Jitendrakumar Patel|Jitendrakumar Ramanlal Patel]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Naranpura Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jitendrakumar Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,08,160
|percentage = 77.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sonal Ramanbhai Patel|party=Indian National Congress|votes=15,360|percentage=11.00|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pankajbhai Jayantilal Patel|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=11,785|percentage=8.44|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2,637|percentage=1.89|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=92,800|percentage=66.48|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:248816}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Naranpura<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kaushikbhai Jamnadas Patel]]
|votes = 1,06,458
|percentage = 69.71
|change = +0.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nitinbhai Kantibhai Patel
|votes = 40,243
|percentage = 26.35
|change = -0.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ravi Khengarbhai Vaghela
|votes = 1,284
|percentage = 0.84
|change = -0.07
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Himanshu Vikrambhai Shah
|votes = 592
|percentage = 0.39
|change = -0.60
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Jitendrasing Dalelsing Shikh
|votes = 329
|percentage = 0.22
|change = +0.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,867
|percentage = 1.88
|change = +1.88
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 66,215
|percentage = 43.36
|change = +1.18
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,52,723
|percentage = 66.45
|change = -3.76
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +0.46
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2012]]: [[Naranpura]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Amit Anilchandra Shah]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,03,988
|percentage = 69.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Jitubhai B. Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 40,653
|percentage = 27.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 63,335
|percentage = 42.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,50,160
|percentage = 70.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Ahmedabad district]]
* [[Sarkhej Assembly constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|23.06|72.55|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Black-footed gray langur

2026-04-13T15:43:30Z

SaraD96423049267: starting new stub

{{Short description|Species of Old World monkey}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Black-footed gray langur<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=174|id=12100698}}</ref>
| image = Black Footed Langur Log Nagarhole Dec21 D72 21387.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Singh, M. |author2=Kumara, H.N. |author3=Kumar, A. |author4=Nag, C. |date=2020 |title=''Semnopithecus hypoleucos'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T167543916A17942313 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T167543916A17942313.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=14 January 2022|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| genus = Semnopithecus
| species = hypoleucos
| authority = [[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1841
| range_map = Black-footed Gray Langur area.png
| range_map_caption = Black-footed gray langur range
| synonyms = ''Semnopithecus dussumieri''
}}

The '''black-footed gray langur''' ('''''Semnopithecus hypoleucos''''') is an [[Old World monkey]], one of the species of [[langur]]s. Found in southern India, this, like other [[gray langur]]s, is a [[leaf-eating]] monkey.

==Taxonomy==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2025}}
The black-footed gray langur was previously considered to be a subspecies of ''[[Semnopithecus entellus]]''. Research done in 2003 by Brandon-Jones may indicate that it is a subspecies of ''[[Semnopithecus dussumieri]]''. Some experts believe that the species may be a naturally occurring hybrid of ''[[Semnopithecus johnii]]'' and ''[[Semnopithecus dussumieri]]''. Currently ''S. dussumieri'' is considered a junior synonym of the black-footed gray langur.

==Distribution==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2025}}
This black-footed gray langur is distributed throughout south-western India ([[Goa]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]]), but is centred on the [[Western Ghats]]. Its total range is around {{cvt|35,000|km2}}, with the species living inside and outside of protected areas.

==References==
{{Commons category|Semnopithecus hypoleucos|Black-footed gray langur (Semnopithecus hypoleucos)}}
{{Reflist}}

{{C.Colobinae nav}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q980085}}

[[Category:Semnopithecus]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Monkeys in India]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1841]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Blyth]]

{{oldworld-monkey-stub}}

Ravjot Singh

2026-04-11T21:14:14Z

SaraD96423049267: added new biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Sham Chaurasi Assembly constituency|Sham Chaurasi]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website =
| nickname =
}}

Dr. '''Ravjot Singh''' is an Indian politician<ref>{{cite web | author=The Tribune India | title=Groundwork paid off, will work for Kandi's development, says Dr Ravjot | website=The Tribune | date=2022-03-18 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/groundwork-paid-off-will-work-for-kandis-development-says-dr-ravjot-378820 | access-date=2022-03-24}}</ref> and the MLA representing the [[Sham Chaurasi Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Ravjot is a doctor and runs a private hospital, ''Ravjot Hospital & Cardiac Centre'' in model town area of [[Hoshiarpur]] city.<ref>{{cite web | author=The Tribune India | title=Groundwork paid off, will work for Kandi's development, says Dr Ravjot | website=The Tribune | date=2022-03-18 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/groundwork-paid-off-will-work-for-kandis-development-says-dr-ravjot-378820 | access-date=2022-03-27}}</ref>

==MLA==
He was elected in 2022. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Subordinate Legislation|Committee on Subordinate Legislation]]<ref name="Committee on Subordinate Legislation">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=46&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=16 July 2022}}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly House Committee|House Committee]]<ref name="House Committee">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=45&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Sham Chaurasi Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Sham Chaurasi Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Sham Chaurasi
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ravjot}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kalpana Soren

2026-04-07T21:36:23Z

SaraD96423049267: created info.

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kalpana Murmu Soren
| image = Kalpana Soren in Jharkhand Legislative Assembly.jpg
| caption = Soren in 2025
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| governor =
| predecessor = [[Sarfaraz Ahmad]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Gandey Assembly constituency|Gandey]]
| birth_name = Kalpana Murmu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1985|03|03}}
| birth_place = [[Kapurthala]], [[Punjab]], India
| main_width =
| party = [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| mother =
| father =
| relations = [[Shibu Soren]] (father-in-Law)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Hemant Soren]]|2006}}
| children = 2
| education = {{hlist|[[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech.]]|[[Master of Business Administration|MBA]]}}
| alma_mater = Koustuv Institute of Self-domain (under [[Biju Patnaik University of Technology|BPUT University]], [[Odisha]])
| occupation = {{hlist|Businessperson|social activist|politician}}
| image_size = 200
}}

'''Kalpana Soren''' (born 3 March 1985)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalpana Soren |url=https://indianexpress.com/about/kalpana-soren/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician from the state of [[Jharkhand]]. She had won the [[Gandey Assembly constituency|Gandey constituency]] bypoll for MLA which was held in 2024. Soren is wife of [[Chief Minister of Jharkhand|Jharkhand Chief Minister]] [[Hemant Soren]].<ref name="Jailed Jharkhand CM Hemant Soren’s wife Kalpana wins Gandey bypoll">{{cite news |newspaper=The Hindu |title=Jailed Jharkhand CM Hemant Soren's wife Kalpana wins Gandey bypoll |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand/jailed-jharkhand-cm-hemant-sorens-wife-kalpana-wins-gandey-bypoll/article68251544.ece |access-date=4 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604155220/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand/jailed-jharkhand-cm-hemant-sorens-wife-kalpana-wins-gandey-bypoll/article68251544.ece |archive-date=4 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Jailed Jharkhand CM Hemant Soren''s wife Kalpana wins Gandey bypoll">{{cite news |last1=The Week |title=Jailed Jharkhand CM Hemant Soren's wife Kalpana wins Gandey bypoll |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/06/04/eln849-elections-jh-result-gandey-kalpana.html |access-date=4 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604161529/https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/06/04/eln849-elections-jh-result-gandey-kalpana.html |archive-date=4 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Meet Kalpana Soren, Hemant Soren's Wife Who May Be Next Chief Minister">{{cite news |last1=NDTV |title=Meet Kalpana Soren, Hemant Soren's Wife Who May Be Next Chief Minister |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/meet-kalpana-soren-hemant-sorens-wife-who-may-be-next-chief-minister-4962779 |access-date=4 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604161907/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/meet-kalpana-soren-hemant-sorens-wife-who-may-be-next-chief-minister-4962779 |archive-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>

==Political career==
Kalpana Murmu Soren, joined politics 4 March 2024,<ref name=Telegraph>{{cite web | last=Bisoee | first=Animesh | title=Kalpana Soren promises befitting reply to 'fascist forces' in Gandey bypoll, Lok Sabha polls | website=Telegraph India | date=30 April 2024 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/kalpana-soren-promises-befitting-reply-to-fascist-forces-in-gandey-bypoll-lok-sabha-polls/cid/2016646 | access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref> following her husband [[Hemant Soren]]'s arrest by the Enforcement Directorate (ED) on 31 January. She has actively worked for the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] political campaign on [[2024 Indian general election|2024 General election]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kalpana Soren made a grand entry in Jharkhand politics, defeated BJP candidate by 27149 votes |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/blockbuster-entry-of-kalpana-soren-in-politics-of-jharkhand-mtj }}</ref> She is up against [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Dilip Kumar Varma and its alliance partner [[All Jharkhand Students Union]] is also canvassing support for the BJP candidate.<ref>{{cite web |title= Kalpana Soren: How "Jhansi ki Rani" filled a political void in Jharkhand |url= https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/politics/kalpana-soren-how-jhansi-ki-rani-filled-a-political-void-in-jharkhand-12734392.html|publisher= moneycontrol.com |website= www.moneycontrol.com |access-date=2024-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Litmus test for Kalpana Soren as she makes political debut in Gandey Assembly bypoll |url= https://www.thehindu.com/elections/litmus-test-for-kalpana-soren-as-she-makes-political-debut-in-gandey-assembly-bypoll/article68186498.ece|publisher=thehindu.com |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 18 May 2024|access-date=2024-06-30|last1= Bhelari|first1= Amit}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kalpana Soren ([[née]] Murmu) was born on 3 March 1985, into a [[Santal people|Santal]] family in [[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], where her father, Ampa Murmu, was stationed with the [[Indian Army]].<ref name=Telegraph/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-03 |title=Who is Kalpana Soren, who might replace husband Hemant Soren as Jharkhand CM? {{!}} Sambad English |url=https://sambadenglish.com/who-is-kalpana-soren-who-might-replace-husband-hemant-soren-as-jharkhand-cm/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Hemant most popular in Jharkhand: Soren's father-in-law |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/hemant-most-popular-in-jharkhand-sorens-father-in-law-1140378.html |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> Her father's native place is [[Mayurbhanj district]], [[Odisha]]. Due to her father's postings, she lived in various states and attended several [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Schools|Kendriya Vidyalaya schools]]. She completed her [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]] in [[Electrical engineering]] from Koustuv Institute of Self-Domain ([[Biju Patnaik University of Technology]], Odisha). On 7 February 2006, she married [[Hemant Soren]], son of former Chief Minister [[Shibu Soren]] of [[Jharkhand]]. In 2012, she earned her MBA degree from Symbiosis Centre for Distance Learning, [[Pune]]. She is fluent in [[Odia language|Odia]], [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Santali language|Santali]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandhani |first=Apoorva |date=2024-05-19 |title='Deshbhakt' from Army family, warrior in her own right — who is Kalpana Soren |url=https://theprint.in/politics/deshbhakt-from-army-family-warrior-in-her-own-right-who-is-kalpana-soren/2091980/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

She is the President of ''Sona Sobharam Memorial Society'', and Director of ''Sohrai Livestock Pvt Ltd'' & Others.<ref>{{cite web |title= Jharkhand 2019 |url= https://www.myneta.info/jharkhand2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=12579 |publisher=myneta.info |website=www.myneta.info |access-date=2024-06-30}}</ref>

== Electoral history ==
=== Jharkhand Legislative Assembly elections ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Result
|-
|2024^
|rowspan=2|[[Gandey Assembly constituency|Gandey]]
| {{party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=2}}
|109,827
|50.54
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name="Jharkhand Assembly results: Women kin of top politicians fare badly; two ex-CMs’ wives lose">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=23 November 2024 |title=Jharkhand Assembly results: Women kin of top politicians fare badly; two ex-CMs' wives lose |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/jharkhand-assembly/jharkhand-assembly-results-women-kin-of-top-politicians-fare-badly-two-ex-cms-wives-lose/article68902277.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123150051/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/jharkhand-assembly/jharkhand-assembly-results-women-kin-of-top-politicians-fare-badly-two-ex-cms-wives-lose/article68902277.ece |archive-date=23 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|119,372
|50.51
|{{Won}}
|-
|}
^by-election

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soren, Kalpana}}
[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:People from Mayurbhanj district]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2019–2024]]

Indian Maltese

2026-04-06T17:05:35Z

SaraD96423049267: created page

{{More citations needed|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Indian Maltese
| flag =
| population = 6,972 (2021)<ref name="2021 census">{{Cite web |title=Census of Population and Housing 2021 Final report: Religious Affiliation, pages 159-168 |url=https://nso.gov.mt/en/nso/Media/Salient-Points-of-Publications/Documents/2023/Census%20of%20Population%202021%20volume1-final.pdf |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=nso.gov.mt |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219094017/https://nso.gov.mt/en/nso/Media/Salient-Points-of-Publications/Documents/2023/Census%20of%20Population%202021%20volume1-final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| langs = [[English language|English]]{{·}}[[Maltese language|Maltese]]{{·}}[[Languages of India]]
| rels = [[Hinduism]] (50.42%), [[Christianity]] (40.53%), others (9.05%)<ref name="2021 census"/>
| related-c = [[Sindhi diaspora]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| related_groups =
}}

[[File:Kingsway,_Valletta_in_the_1910s_(Pohoomull_Brothers).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|alt=One side of a city street|[[Republic Street, Valletta|Kingsway, Valletta]], during the 1910s. The Pohoomull Brothers' store, founded in 1887, was the predecessor of other Indian Maltese businesses.]]
The '''Indian community in Malta''' ({{langx|mt|Il-Komunità Indjana f’Malta}}), which consists of around 7,000 people in 2023, is just under 0.5 percent of the population of [[Malta]]. Some families have been living in Malta since the country was a [[Crown Colony of Malta|Crown colony]].

Malta has a small, established [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] trading community of about 45 families (200 people) of shop-keepers from [[Hyderabad, Sindh]] (in present-day [[Pakistan]]) rooted in a migration which began around 1887, when Malta and India were under British colonial rule. Malta was a stop along a trade route for the export of silk; Indian-made hand-loom clothing was sought after in Europe for several centuries. After the [[partition of India]] and due to Maltese immigration laws, Indian immigration to Malta was halted from 1952 to 1985.<ref name="falzon">{{harvnb|Falzon|2001|pp=73–92}}</ref>

Since the 1990s, a wave of immigration from India to Malta has brought a community from [[Kerala]]. Indians in Malta work primarily in the health and hospitality sectors, and almost half are from Kerala.<ref>[https://www.tvm.com.mt/en/news/indjan-fmalta-bqalbuindians-in-malta-heartbroken-over-the-unknown-fate-of-relatives-in-kerala-floods-maqsuma-ghax-ma-jafx-xgara-minn-qrabatu-wara-l-gharghar-fl-indja/ TVM]</ref> Since 2017, Kerala Indians in Malta have celebrated the annual [[Onam]] festival.<ref>[https://www.tvm.com.mt/en/news/ara-indjani-fmalta-watch-kerala-indians-in-malta-celebrate-onam-festival-in-a-big-way-bil-kbir-il-festival-onam/ TVM Onam]</ref>

== {{anchor|History of the Sindhi community in Malta}}History of the Sindhi community ==
[[File:Vaswani Thanvardas, 1916.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Thanvardas Vaswani, born 1896 in Sindh, was living in Malta by 1916, when he applied for a [https://arkivji.org.mt/share/pp/2/1916/1916_MFA01_1277.pdf British passport] to travel to Italy]]

{{multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|width=220
|image1=Swatar house with Norman inspired architecture.jpeg|caption1=Dar Franġisk, a 19th-century building in [[Swatar]], was used by British Indian troops as a military mess.<ref name=ganado>{{cite news|first=Philip|last=Leone-Ganado|date=25 May 2018|title=19th century mural to be preserved|work=[[Times of Malta]]|issue=25,676|page=3}}</ref> Historic Indian graffiti were depicted on the walls.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20180604/letters/save-the-graffiti.680816|title=Save the graffiti|website=Timesofmalta.com|access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref>
|image2=Dar Frangisk Swatar.jpg|caption2=It was converted into a residence before being sold for development. Its walled garden and an extension of the building were destroyed to build apartments in the 21st century.<ref name=ganado/>}}
[[File:Sindhi Community in Malta get-together 1.jpg|thumb|Sindhi community in Malta.]]

The historic Indian Maltese community derives from the ''[[Bhaiband|bahiband]] [[Jāti|jati]]'' of the Hindu [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] community. After the British annexation of Sindh in 1843, a group of entrepreneurs from [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] sought opportunity throughout the [[British Empire]]. Originally trading in handicrafts from Sindh, they became known as [[Sindhi workies]] and established a [[trade diaspora]] facilitated by the [[Suez Canal]] and telegraph and railway lines. During the 1860s, traders from Hyderabad established businesses in Japan, [[Ceylon]], the [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]], [[Gibraltar]] and Hong Kong.

The Sindhi trade diaspora capitalized on increasing tourism from Britain and northern Europe in the Mediterranean as a profitable market for Sindhi handicrafts. It later diversified into silk and [[Novelty item|curiosities]], adding products from the Far East such as Japanese ceramics and kimonos. The diaspora contributed to the growth of [[Gozo]]'s [[Maltese lace]] industry, exporting lace as far as [[Java]] and [[South Africa]].<ref name="falzon" />

In 1887 the Pohoomull Brothers firm<ref>[https://thevintagetraveler.wordpress.com/tag/pohoomull-brothers/ thevintagetraveler]; [https://www.sahapedia.org/the-sindhworkis-unique-global-diaspora sahapedia]</ref> applied to establish a shop in British-ruled Malta. By 1910, Malta had more than 10 Sindhi firms. They had shops in [[Valletta]]'s central shopping thoroughfare (Strada Reale, later Kingsway and present-day Republic Street) for the high-end market, as well as branch stores and itinerant peddlers.

"From the time a ship dropped anchor to the time it left Malta, the visitor was tempted constantly by the Sindworkis' wares".<ref name="falzon" /> Maltese shops were local branches of a central firm in Hyderabad, from which personnel was selected (usually linked by kinship) and sent to Malta for several years. Sindhi workies as young as 15 years old shared company-provided housing in Valletta or [[Floriana]], and men could not bring their spouses or other dependents. Working time was extended up to 15 hours a day, with no weekends, and workers were treated as personal servants by shop managers. Firms expected total loyalty from their employees, and socialisation was not encouraged.<ref name="falzon" />

During the 1930s [[Great Depression]], the tourist market subsided and many Sindh shopkeepers reduced their investments in Malta. The shops were sold to former employees, ready to operate at smaller profits, and became family-owned. The [[partition of India]] did not lead to an influx of Sindhis; Malta was considered too small to offer opportunities, and strict immigration rules between 1952 and 1985 period meant that only men newly wed to Maltese Indian girls could move to Malta. Sindhi businesses diversified their product lines to cater to domestic consumption in the import, wholesale and retail of textiles.<ref name="falzon"/>

=== After the Second World War ===
After the Second World War, the Sindhis were ready to profit from newly-affluent British-ruled Maltese society and monopolise the textile trade. With the growth of the female workforce in Malta since the 1970s, Sindhi traders introduced ready-made clothing to cater to the lower- and middle-price market. Thanks to their trade network, they became wholesalers of cloth and textiles for Maltese retailers. The few firms which still traded curiosities opened during the 1980s to cheap electronics and adapted to the 1970s and 1980s influx of tourists in Malta, moving into the souvenir market on [[Valletta]]'s main street. Further diversification and integration of Sindhi businesses in the Maltese economy was reported at the end of the 20th century.<ref name="falzon"/>Maltese Trade missions frequent India as India ranks fifth in Industrial output and as a global economy today. Added India is the world's second biggest buyer's market. About 112 Indian firms have invested between $60 and £100 million in Malta. In the lead among Indian firms are Aurobindo and Torrent Pharmaceuticals that together have an estimated $50 to £60 million worth in Malta. That has created hundreds of jobs for the local Maltese. In year 2022 India exported goods worth Euro 251.63 million to Malta and India Imported items worth Euro 25.75 million in return.

== {{anchor|Associations and cult}}Associations and religion ==
[[File:Indian Wedding in Malta 1958.jpg|thumb|alt=A dressed-up young couple, sitting on a love seat|Sindhi wedding in Malta in 1958]]
[[File:Cardinal Valerian Gracias in Malta.jpg|thumb|alt=A man bends to kiss the ring of a Roman Catholic cardinal|Cardinal [[Valerian Gracias]] of India, greeted by members of the Maltese Indian community at the La Valette Band Club]]
Sindhi traders in Malta formed the Indian Merchants' Association (Malta) in 1955, since the links to Hyderabad had been severed with the Indian partition. The association, never very active, was renamed the Maltese-Indian Community in 1989; this marked a shift towards self-perception as a local ethnic-cultural group.<ref name="falzon"/>

The community continues to maintain Indian traditions in Malta, such as organising celebrations of [[Diwali]], [[Holi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20160331/local/maltas-indian-community-heralds-spring-with-colour.607418|title=Malta's Indian community heralds spring with colour|website=Timesofmalta.com|access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref> [[Onam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tvm.com.mt/en/news/ara-indjani-fmalta-watch-kerala-indians-in-malta-celebrate-onam-festival-in-a-big-way-bil-kbir-il-festival-onam/|title=WATCH: Kerala Indians in Malta celebrate Onam Festival. – TVM News|website=Tvm.com.mt|access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref> and other [[List of Hindu festivals|Hindu festivals]]. [[Hinduism]] and other religions of Indian origin ([[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]] and [[Jainism]]) are not officially recognized and are described as "cults" in Malta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20100710/local/hindus-seek-pope-s-intervention-to-bring-equality-of-religions-in.317055|title=Hindus seek Pope's intervention to bring equality of religions in Malta|website=Timesofmalta.com|access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref>

==Memorials==
[[Ta' Braxia Cemetery]] has a memorial commemorating twenty-eight Indians who fought on behalf of the British in World War I and died of injuries or disease in Malta. The bodies of 13 British-Indian soldiers and seven men from the Labour Corps were cremated at the [[Lazzaretto of Manoel Island|Lazzaretto]] Cemetery on [[Manoel Island]].

Deceased Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs and Jains are forced to be buried under Catholic funeral rites instead of being cremated because of lack of crematoria in Malta. Cremation was legalized in Malta in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bonnici |first1=Julian |date=2021-07-07 |title=Malta's Crematorium Project Will Be Launched In Coming Months |url=https://lovinmalta.com/news/maltas-crematorium-project-will-be-launched-in-coming-months/ |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Lovin Malta |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tvm.com.mt/en/news/ara-l-lussu-ftieg-thasseeing-is-believing-e2-million-wedding-in-malta-draft-to-be-seen-to-be-believed-e2-million-wedding-in-malta-drafta-e2-miljun-ta-koppja-indjana-fmalta/|title=Seeing is believing – €2 million wedding in Malta – TVM News|website=Tvm.com.mt|access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Malta}}
{{Commons category|Indian diaspora in Malta}}

* [[India–Malta relations]]
* [[Immigration to Malta]]
* [[Hinduism in Malta]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite journal|last=Falzon |first=Mark-Anthony |title=Origins and establishment of the Indian business community in Malta |journal=Bank of Valletta Review |volume=24 |date=Autumn 2001 |citeseerx=10.1.1.198.2937 }}

== Links ==
* [https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20080822/local/multicultural-malta.221772 Multicultural Malta], ''Times of Malta''
* [https://ahbarjietmalta.freeforums.net/board/6/india-hindi], ''AhbarjietMalta - Malta News in Hindi''

{{Immigration to Malta}}
{{Indian diaspora}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Malta]]
[[Category:Sindhi diaspora]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Europe|Malta]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora by country|Malta]]
[[Category:India–Malta relations]]

Muhammad Sajid Qasmi

2026-04-02T21:00:25Z

SaraD96423049267: adding new post needs work

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox scholar
| title =
| honorific_prefix = {{small|[[Maulana]], [[Mufti]]}}
| name = Muhammad Sajid Qasmi
| native_name = محمد ساجد قاسمی
| native_name_lang = ur
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|09|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = Umarsenda, [[Hardoi district]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| birth_name = Muhammad Sajid
| occupation = Islamic scholar, writer, translator, professor
| movement = [[Deobandi]]
| education = {{Unbulleted list|[[Dars-e-Nizami|Aalimiyyah]] (1995) and [[Ifta (Islam)|Ifta]] specialization (1996) – [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]|M.A. in Urdu Language and Literature, a Diploma in Journalism and Mass Communication, and a Certificate in English Language – [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]]}}
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted list|[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]|[[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]]}}
| discipline = Islamic studies, Arabic literature, Urdu literature, Journalism
| workplaces = Darul Uloom Deoband
| academic_advisors =
| influences =
| influenced =
| main_interests =
| notable_works = {{Unbulleted list|''Al-Qira'at al-Arabiyyah'' (4 volumes)|''TaDhiyyāt al-Salaf fī Sabīl-i-Tahsīl al-'ilm''|''Taiseer al-Insha'' (3 volumes)|''Masīrah Dar al-‘Uloom Deoband abara mi'atin wa khamsīn ‘āmā'' (2 volumes)}}
| awards =
| students =
| website =
}}
'''Muhammad Sajid Qasmi''' (born 14 September 1972) is an Indian Islamic scholar, writer, translator, and professor at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. He has written extensively in Arabic and Urdu on Islamic studies, history, and journalism. He has authored and translated several books and has contributed articles to academic and religious journals.

== Early life and education ==
Muhammad Sajid Qasmi was born on 14 September 1972 (5 Sha'ban 1392 AH) in Umarsenda, a village in [[Hardoi district]], Uttar Pradesh, India.{{Sfn|Rahman|2021|p=194}}{{Sfn|Hasan|2013|p=301}} He began his education at Madarsa Mahmoodiya in his hometown and later studied Persian at Madarsa Kashiful Uloom in [[Pihani]]. He then enrolled at Jamiul Uloom in [[Kanpur]], where he studied for four years.{{Sfn|Rahman|2021|p=194}}{{Sfn|Hasan|2013|p=301}}

In the early 1990s, he enrolled in [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and graduated in 1995 (1416 AH). He then completed a specialization in Ifta (Islamic legal verdicts) at the same institution.{{Sfn|Hasan|2013|p=301}}

Alongside his Islamic education, he pursued further studies in modern disciplines. He earned an M.A. in Urdu Language and Literature, a Diploma in Journalism and Mass Communication, and a Certificate in English Language—all from [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]], Hyderabad.{{Sfn|Hasan|2013|p=301}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite thesis |last=Arabi |first=Zikrullah |title=Contribution of Darul Uloom Deoband to Arabic Journalism With Special Reference of Al-Die (Monthly Magazine) and Comprehensive Catalogue Upto 2013 |access-date=24 December 2024 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/337869 |language=ar |page=62 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126024643/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/337869 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |year=2018 |location=India |hdl=10603/337869 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite thesis|last=Rahman|first=Obaidur|title=مساهمة علماء ديوبند في اللغة العربية وآدابها ١٨٦٧م - ٢٠١٣م|trans-title=Contribution of Olamae of Deoband to Arabic Language and Literature from 1867 to 2013 |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Banaras Hindu University]]|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/536377 |year=2021|location=India|language=ar|hdl=10603/536377|type=PhD|page=194}}</ref>

== Career ==
After completing his education, Qasmi began his teaching career at Jamia Al-Quran wa Al-Sunnah in Bijnor and later at [[Madrasa Shahi]] in Moradabad.{{Sfn|Rahman|2021|p=194}} In 2002 (1422 AH), he joined [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], where he continues to teach Arabic literature and Islamic sciences.{{Sfn|Rahman|2021|p=194}}{{Sfn|Hasan|2013|p=301}} In 1441 AH (2020), he was promoted to the position of a senior professor.<ref name="Khalīli">{{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Muhammadullah Khalili|author-link=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi|url=https://archive.org/details/darul-uloom-deob-ki-jamey-wa-mukhtasar-tareekh-edition-2|title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh |publisher=[[Shaikhul Hind Academy]] |edition=3rd|date= October 2020 |location=India |page=768|language=ur|oclc=1345466013}}</ref>

Apart from teaching, Qasmi has contributed to Islamic research, writing, and translation. His expertise in both Arabic and Urdu has allowed him to engage in Islamic scholarship and journalism. His research articles and essays have appeared in academic and religious journals, and he has contributed to the compilation of encyclopedic works on Islamic subjects.{{Sfn|Arabi|2018|pp=62–64}}{{Sfn|Rahman|2021|p=194}}

Since 1441 AH (2019), he has been serving as the editor-in-chief of ''[[Magazines of Darul Uloom Deoband#Al-Nahdah al-Adabiyyah|Al-Nahdah al-Adabiyyah]]'', a quarterly Arabic magazine published by Al-Nadi al-Adabi, Darul Uloom Deoband.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2020|p=786}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Qasmi |first=Muhammadullah Khalili |date=11 September 2021 |title=Hazrat Maulana Qari Muhammad Usman Mansoorpuri aur Rijal Sazi mein unka aham kirdar |trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Qari Muhammad Usman Mansoorpuri and His Important Role in Producing Scholars |url=https://deobandonline.com/ur/archives/2028 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327000046/https://deobandonline.com/ur/archives/2028 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=Deoband Online |language=ur}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
Qasmi writes and conducts research on Islamic studies, Arabic language, and history. He has authored books, research papers, and journalistic pieces in both Arabic and Urdu. His articles have appeared in ''[[Al-Daie]]'', as well as in ''[[Al-Raid]]'', ''Al-Thaqāfah'' (Kerala), ''[[Monthly Darul Uloom]]'', ''Nida-e-Shahi'' (Moradabad), ''Tarjuman-e-Darul Uloom Jadeed'' (Delhi), and other periodicals.{{Sfn|Arabi|2018|p=64}}{{Sfn|Rahman|2021|p=194}}<ref name=":3">{{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Nayab |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama |trans-title=Journalistic scenario of Darul Uloom Deoband |url=https://archive.org/details/DarulUloomDeobandKaSahafatiManzarNamah |publisher=Idara-e-Tahqīq-e-Islami |location=Deoband |edition=1st |year=2013 |pages=301–302|language=ur}}</ref>

During his tenure at [[Madrasa Shahi]], he was the editor of the Arabic monthly magazine ''Al-Thaqafah Al-Islamiyyah''. His writings cover topics such as Islamic theology, history, and contemporary issues.{{Sfn|Hasan|2013|p=301}}

=== Books ===
His authored books include:{{Sfn|Arabi|2018|p=63}}{{Sfn|Rahman|2021|p=195}}
* ''Al-Qira'at al-Arabiyyah'' (in four volumes) – Co-authored with Abdul Quddus Qasmi Niranwi, designed for Arabic language learners.
* ''TaDhiyyāt al-Salaf fī Sabīl-i-Tahsīl al-'ilm'' – A study on the sacrifices of early scholars for knowledge.
* ''Taiseer al-Insha'' (in three volumes) – A textbook for Arabic composition and writing skills.
* ''Masīrah Dar al-‘Uloom Deoband abara mi'atin wa khamsīn ‘āmā'' ({{translation|The Journey of Darul Uloom Deoband spans over one hundred and fifty years}} in two volumes)<ref name="Balyawi">{{cite journal |last=Balyawi|first=Muhmmad Shahnawaz Qasmi|editor1-last=Qasmi|editor1-first=Muhammad Sajid|title=قراءة في نصوص كتاب: مسيرة دارالعلوم بديوبند عبر مئة وخمسين عامًا|trans-title=Reading of the Texts from the Book: The Journey of Dar al-‘Ulūm Deoband Over One Hundred and Fifty Years|url=https://darululoom-deoband.com/arabicarticles/archives/5588|journal=Quarterly Al-Nahdah Al-Adabiyyah|date=April–June 2023| volume=4 |issue=4 |page=9|publisher=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]|location=Deoband|language=ar}}</ref>

=== Translations ===
Qasmi has translated several classical Islamic texts between Urdu and Arabic, making them available in both languages. His translations cover topics such as Islamic theology, history, and scholarly discourse. Many of these works were first serialized in [[Al-Daie]] before being published as books.{{Sfn|Arabi|2018|pp=63–64}}

His translations include:{{Sfn|Arabi|2018|pp=63–64}}{{Sfn|Rahman|2021|pp=195–196}}
;Urdu to Arabic:
* ''Hujjat al-Islam'' (The Proof of Islam) by [[Qasim Nanawtawi]]
* ''Radūd 'Ala I'tiradat-in Muwajjahah Ila al-Islam'' (Responses to objections against Islam) by Nanawtawi
* ''Al-Aqeedah Al-Islamiyyah: Shubuhat wa Rudūd'' (Islamic beliefs: Doubts and responses) by Nanawtawi
* ''Mahawarat fi al-Din'' (Proverbs in Religion) by Nanawtawi
* ''Al-Sahabah, Mada Yanbaghi an Nu'taqada 'anhum'' (The Companions, what should be believed about them) by [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]]
* ''Mawqif-u-Ali min al-Khulafa al-Thalatha'' ([[Ali]]'s position on the first three caliphs) by Abd al-Shakūr Lakhnawi
;Arabic to Urdu:
* ''Al-Islam fi Nazar A'lam al-Gharb'' (Islam in the Eyes of Western Notables) by Hussain Abdullah Basalamah
* ''Al-Hadiyyah Al-Sunniyyah fi Dhikr Al-Madrasah Al-Deobandiyyah'' (The Radiant Gift in the Mention of the Deobandi School) by Zulfiqar Ahmad Deobandi

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qasmi, Muhammad Sajid}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Maulana Azad National Urdu University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic studies scholars]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Arabic-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Hardoi district]]

Qutb ud-Din Aibak

2026-03-28T17:54:01Z

SaraD96423049267: enhance structure further and improved wording per standard format

{{short description|Ghurid general and Sultan of Delhi from 1206 to 1210}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Quṭb ud-Dīn Aibak
| title =
| image = Grave of Sultan Qutb al-Din Aibak.jpg
| alt =
| caption = [[Grave of Qutb ud-Din Aibak]], in [[Anarkali Bazaar]] in [[Lahore]]
| succession = [[List of sultans of Delhi|Sultan of Delhi]]
| coronation = 25 June 1206, Qasr-e-Humayun, [[Lahore]]
| reign = 25 June 1206 – 4 November 1210
| predecessor = ''Position established'' ([[Muhammad of Ghor]] as the [[Ghurid Empire|Ghurid Emperor]])
| successor = [[Aram Shah]]
| birth_date = 1150
| birth_place = [[Aybak, Samangan|Aibak]], [[Turkestan]], [[Ghaznavid Empire]] (present-day [[Aybak, Samangan]], Afghanistan)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1210|11|4|1150|||df=y}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab]], [[Delhi Sultanate]] (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan)
| burial_place = [[Tomb of Qutb ud-Din Aibak]], [[Lahore]]
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| battles = [[First Battle of Tarain]] [[Second Battle of Tarain]] [[Battle of Chandawar]] [[Siege of Kalinjar]] [[Battle of Kasahrada (1197)]] [[Battle of Jhelum (1206)]] [[Battle of Ajmer]]
}}|
}}

'''Qutb ud-Din Aibak''' ({{langx|fa|{{nq|قطب‌الدین ایبک}}}}; 1150 – 4 November 1210) was a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] general of the [[Ghurid]] emperor [[Muhammad Ghori]]. He was in charge of the Ghurid territories in northern India, and after [[Muhammad Ghori]]'s assassination in 1206, he established his own independent rule in [[Lahore]], and laid the foundations for the [[Sultanate of Delhi]].

A native of [[Turkestan]], Aibak was sold into [[slavery]] as a child. He was purchased by a [[Qadi|Qazi]] at [[Nishapur]] in [[Persia]], where he learned archery and horse-riding among other skills. He was subsequently resold to Muhammad Ghori in [[Ghazni]], where he rose to the position of the officer of the royal stables. During the [[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarazmian]]-Ghurid wars, he was captured by the scouts of [[Sultan Shah of Khwarezm|Sultan Shah]]; after the Ghurid victory, he was released and highly favoured by Muhammad Ghori.

After the Ghurid victory in the [[Second Battle of Tarain]] in 1192, Muhammad Ghori made Aibak in charge of his Indian territories. Aibak expanded the Ghurid power in northern India by conquering and raiding several places in the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]], [[Gahadavala]], [[Chaulukya]], [[Chandela]], and other kingdoms.

After the assassination of Muhammad Ghori in March 1206, Aibak fought with another former slave-general [[Taj al-Din Yildiz]] for control of Ghurid territories in north-western India. During this campaign, he advanced as far as [[Ghazni]], although he later retreated and set up his capital at [[Lahore]]. He nominally acknowledged the suzerainty of Muhammad Ghori's successor [[Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud|Ghiyasuddin Mahmud]], who officially recognized him as the ruler of India.

Aibak was succeeded by [[Aram Shah]], and then by his former slave and son-in-law [[Iltutmish]], who transformed the loosely-held Ghurid territories of India into the powerful Delhi Sultanate. Aibak is known for having commissioned the [[Qutb Minar]] in Delhi, and the [[Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra]] in Ajmer.

== Early life ==

Aibak was born in c. 1150.<ref>{{cite book |author=J. Babb |title=A World History of Political Thought |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GsxaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT473 |date=25 May 2018 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-78643-553-8 |page=473 }}</ref> His name is variously transliterated as "Qutb al-Din Aybeg",{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=24}} "Qutbuddin Aibek",{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=191}} and "Kutb Al-Din Aybak".{{sfn|Jackson|1982|p=546}} He came from [[Turkestan]], and belonged to a [[Turkic tribal confederations|Turkic tribe]] called Aibak. The word "Aibak", also transliterated as "Aibek" or "Aybeg", derives from the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] words for "moon" (''ai'') and "lord" (''[[baig|bek]]''). As a child, he was separated from his family and taken to the slave market of [[Nishapur]]. There, [[Qadi|Qazi]] Fakhruddin Abdul Aziz Kufi, a descendant of the noted Muslim theologian [[Abu Hanifa]], purchased him. Aibak was treated affectionately in the Qazi's household and was educated with the Qazi's sons. He learned archery and horse-riding, besides [[Quran]] recital.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=204}}

The Qazi or one of his sons sold Aibak to a merchant, who in turn, sold the boy to the Ghurid Sultan [[Muhammad of Ghor|Muhammad Ghori]] in [[Ghazni]]. After being admitted to the Sultan's slave-household, Aibak's intelligence and kind nature attracted the Sultan's attention. Once, when the Sultan bestowed gifts upon his slaves, Aibak distributed his share among the servants. Impressed by this act, the Sultan promoted him to a higher rank.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=204}}

Aibak later rose to the important position of ''Amir-i Akhur'', the officer of the royal stables.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=204}} During the Ghurid conflicts with the [[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarazmian]] ruler [[Sultan Shah of Khwarezm|Sultan Shah]], Aibak was responsible for the general maintenance of the horses, as well as their fodder and equipment.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|pp=204-205}} One day, while [[foraging]] for horse fodder, he was captured by Sultan Shah's scouts and was detained in an iron cage. After the Ghurids defeated Sultan Shah, Muhammad Ghori ad-Din saw him in the cage and was deeply touched by his desperate condition. After he was released, the Sultan greatly favoured him. No information is available about Aibak's subsequent assignments until the [[First Battle of Tarain]] fought in India, in 1191–1192.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=205}}

== As the Ghurid Sultan's subordinate ==
{{South Asia in 1175|right|Main South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the [[Ghurid Empire]] invasion of the subcontinent (orange line: Ghurid territorial conquests from 1175 to 1205).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=37, 147 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=074 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206065357/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=074 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=32|N |long=67|E |label=|position=|label_size=|mark=Chess drt45.svg|marksize=35}}{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=24.5|N |long=75|E |label=|position=|label_size=|mark=Ghurid invasions in India (map overlay).png|marksize=225}}}}

=== Campaign against the Chahamanas ===
Aibak was one of the generals of the Ghurid army that were defeated by the forces of the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] ruler [[Prithviraja III]] at the [[First Battle of Tarain]] in India.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=162}} At the [[Second Battle of Tarain]], where the Ghurids emerged victorious, he was in charge of the general disposition of the Ghurid army and kept close to Sultan Muhammad Ghori, who had placed himself at the centre of the army.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=164}}

After his victory at Tarain, Muhammad Ghori assigned the former Chahamana territory to Aibak, who was placed at [[Kuhram]] (present-day Ghuram in [[Punjab, India]]).{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=166}}{{sfn|Jackson|1982|p=546}} The exact nature of this assignment is not clear: [[Minhaj-i-Siraj|Minhaj]] describes it as an [[iqta']], [[Fakhr-i Mudabbir]] calls it a "command" (''[[ispahsalar|sipahsalari]]''), and [[Hasan Nizami]] states that Aibak was made the governor (''ayalat'') of Kuhram and [[Samana, Punjab|Samana]].{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=24}}

After the death of Prithviraja, Aibak appointed his son [[Govindaraja IV]] as a Ghurid vassal. Sometime later, Prithviraja's brother [[Hariraja]] invaded the [[Ranthambore Fort]], which Aibak had placed under his subordinate Qawamul Mulk. Aibak marched to Ranthambore, forcing Hariraja to retreat from Ranthambore as well as the former Chahamana capital [[Ajmer]].{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=166}}

=== Campaign against Jatwan ===
{{Main|Battle of Bagar}}

In September 1192, a rebel named [[Jatwan]] besieged the [[Asigarh Fort|Hansi Fort]] commanded by Nusrat-ud-din, in the former Chahamana territory.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=167}} Aibak marched to Hansi, forcing Jatwan to retreat to [[Bagar tract|Bagar]], where the rebel was defeated and killed in a battle.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=167}}

The above-mentioned information about Jatwan's rebellion comes from the contemporary writer [[Hasan Nizami]]. [[Firishta]] (17th century), however, dates the rebellion to 1203, and states that Jatwan retreated to the frontiers of [[Gujarat]] after his defeat. He was later killed as a subordinate of the [[Chaulukya]] king [[Bhima II]] when Aibak invaded Gujarat.{{sfn|Majumdar|1956|p=142}} According to historian [[Dasharatha Sharma]], Firishta may have confused the [[Bagar tract]] (where Jatwan was killed) with another area called Bagar near the Gujarat border, around [[Banswara]] and [[Dungarpur]].{{sfn|Sharma|1959|p=100}} Historian A.K. Majumdar adds that Firishta may have confused the Chaulukya ruler Bhima with Bhima-simha, who - according to the ''[[Kharatara Gaccha]] [[Pattavali]]'' - was the governor of Hansi in 1171 CE. Thus, Jatwan may have been a general of Bhima-simha, and may have tried to recover the fort on behalf of his master.{{sfn|Majumdar|1956|p=144}}

[[Henry Miers Elliot]] thought Jatwan to be a leader of [[Jats]], a claim repeated by later writers.{{sfn|Majumdar|1956|pp=143–144}} Nizami does not state this, and Elliot's guess appears to be based on the similarity of the words "Jatwan" and "Jat", and the rebellion's locality, where Jats can be found.{{sfn|Singh|1964|p=213}} According to S.H. Hodivala, "Jatwan" is a mistranscription of the "Chahwan" in the manuscript, and the rebel was probably a Chahamana (Chawhan or Chauhan) subordinate of Prithivraja.{{sfn|Hodivala|1979|p=179}}{{sfn|Majumdar|1956|p=144}} According to Rima Hooja, it is probably a corrupt form of the name "Jaitra".{{sfn|Hooja|2006|p=291}}

=== Initial conquests in Doab ===
[[File:Adhai Din-ka-Jhonpra Screen wall (6133975257).jpg|thumb|300px|The [[Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra]] mosque in [[Ajmer]] was started in 1192 and completed in 1199 by Qutb al-Din Aibak.]]
After defeating Jatwan, he returned to Kuhram and made preparations to invade the [[Ganga-Yamuna Doab]]. In 1192, he took control of [[Meerut]] and [[Bulandshahr|Baran]] (modern Bulandshahr), from where he would later launch attacks against the [[Gahadavala]] kingdom.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=167}} He also took control of [[Delhi]] in 1192, where he initially retained the local [[Tomara dynasty|Tomara]] ruler as a vassal. In 1193, he deposed the Tomara ruler for treason and took direct control of Delhi.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|pp=167–168}}

=== Sojourn in Ghazni ===

In 1193, Sultan Muhammad Ghori summoned Aibak to the Ghurid capital Ghazni.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=168}} The near-contemporary chronicler [[Minhaj-i-Siraj|Minhaj]] does not elaborate why, but the 14th-century chronicler [[Abdul Malik Isami|Isami]] claims that some people had aroused the Sultan's suspicion about Aibak's loyalty. Historian [[K. A. Nizami]] finds Isami's account unreliable and theorizes that the Sultan may have sought Aibak's help in planning further Ghurid expansion in India.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=168}}

=== Return to India ===
Aibak stayed in Ghazni for about six months. After his return to India in 1194, he crossed the [[Yamuna River]], and captured [[Kol Tehsil|Koil]] (modern [[Aligarh]]) from the [[Dor Rajputs]].{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=168}}<ref>{{Cite book|author=Satish Chandra|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=Medieval India:From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) |volume=1|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|year=2004 |isbn=978-8-12411-064-5 |page=27|quote=The areas of Meerut, Baran (modern Buland sher) and Koli (modern Aligarh) in upper doab had been under the control of Dor Rajputs, had been occupied by the Turks shortly after the battle of Tarain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA27}}</ref>

Meanwhile, taking advantage of Aibak's absence in India, Hariraja had regained control of a part of the former Chahamana territory.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=166}} After his return to Delhi, Aibak sent an army against Hariraja, who committed suicide when faced with certain defeat.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|pp=166–167}} Aibak subsequently placed [[Ajmer]] under a Muslim governor and moved Govindaraja to [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Ranthambore]].{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=167}}

=== The war against the Gahadavalas ===
{{Main|Battle of Chandawar}}

In 1194, Muhammad Ghori returned to India and crossed the [[Yamuna|Jamuna]] with an army of 50,000 horses and at the [[Battle of Chandawar]] defeated the forces of the [[Gahadavala dynasty|Gahadavala]] king [[Jayachandra]], who was killed in action. After the battle, Muhammad Ghori continued his advance to the east, with Aibek in the vanguard. The city of [[Benares]] (Kashi) was taken and razed, and "idols in a thousand temples" were destroyed.<ref>{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|page=71}}: "In 1194, Muizzuddin returned to India. He crossed the Jamuna with 50,000 cavalry and moved towards Kanauj. A hotly contested battle between Muizzuddin and Jaichandra was fought at Chandawar near Kanauj. We are told that Jaichandra had almost carried the day when he was killed by an arrow, and his army was totally defeated. Muizzuddin now moved on to Banaras which was ravaged, a large number of temples there being destroyed"</ref><ref name="KN116">{{cite book|last=Habib|first=Mohammad|author-link=Mohammad Habib|title=Politics And Society During The Early Medieval Period Vol. 2 |date=1981 |publisher=People's Publishing House |page=116 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99172/page/n145/mode/2up|quote=In the winter of A.D. 1194–1195 Shihabuddin once more marched into Hindustan and invaded the Doab. Rai Jai Chand moved forward to meet him....then description of Chandwar struggle (...) Shihabuddin captured the treasure fort of Asni and then proceeded to Benaras, 'where he converted about thousand idol-temples into house for the Musalmans.}}</ref><ref name="Asher11">{{cite book |last1=Asher |first1=Frederick M. |title=Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began |date=2020 |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=978-1-60606-616-4 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |language=en|quote=And then, in 1193, Qutb-ud-din Aibek, the military commander of Muhammad of Ghor's army, marched towards Varanasi, where he is said to have destroyed idols in a thousand temples. Sarnath very likely was among the casualties of this invasion, one all too often seen as a Muslim invasion whose primary purpose was iconoclasm. It was of course, like any premodern military invasion, intended to acquire land and wealth}}</ref> It is generally thought that the Buddhist city of [[Sarnath]] was also ravaged at that time.<ref name="Asher11"/><ref name="Asher74">{{cite book |last1=Asher |first1=Frederick M. |title=Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began |date=2020 |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=978-1-60606-616-4 |page=74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |language=en}}</ref> Although the Ghurids did not gain complete control over the Gahadavala kingdom, the victory provided an opportunity for them to establish military stations at many places in the region.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=168}}

=== Other campaigns ===
{{See also|Siege of Gwalior (1196)|Battle of Kasahrada (1197)|Siege of Kalinjar}}
[[File:QutbMinarNewDelhiFromSouth.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Qutb Minar]] in [[Delhi]] was started by Qutb al-Din Aibak in 1199 and completed by his son-in-law Iltutmish in 1220. It is an example of the Mamluk dynasty's works]]

After the victory at Chandawar, Aibak turned his attention towards consolidating his position in Koil.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=168}} Muhammad Ghori returned to Ghazni but came back to India in 1195–96 when he defeated Kumarapala, the Bhati ruler of [[Bayana]]. He then marched towards [[Gwalior]], where the local Parihara ruler Sallakhanapala acknowledged his suzerainty after a long siege.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=169}}

Meanwhile, the Mher tribals, who lived near Ajmer, rebelled against the Ghurid rule. Supported by the [[Chaulukya]]s, who ruled [[Gujarat]] in the south, the Mhers posed a serious threat to Aibak's control of the region. Aibak marched against them but was forced to retreat to Ajmer. The Mhers were forced to retreat after reinforcements from the Ghurid capital of Ghazni arrived in Ajmer.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=167}}

In 1197, [[Battle of Kasahrada (1197)|Aibak defeated the Chaulukya army]] at [[Mount Abu]], thus avenging Muhammad Ghori's defeat at the [[Battle of Kasahrada]] nearly two decades earlier.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=12}} Aibak's army then marched to the Chaulukya capital [[Patan, Gujarat|Anhilwara]]: the defending king [[Bhima II]] fled the city, which was plundered by the invaders.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=169}} Minhaj characterizes Aibak's raid of Anhilwara as the "conquest of Gujarat", but it did not result in the annexation of Gujarat to the Ghurid Empire.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=12}} The 16th-century historian [[Firishta]] states that Aibak appointed a Muslim officer to consolidate Ghurid power in the region, while [[Ali ibn al-Athir|Ibn-i Asir]] states that Aibak placed the newly-captured territory under Hindu vassals. Whatever the case, Ghurid control of the region did not last long, and the Chaulukyas regained control of their capital soon after.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=169}}

In 1197–98, Aibak conquered [[Budaun]] in present-day Uttar Pradesh, and also re-took control of the former Gahadavala capital [[Varanasi]], which had slipped out of Ghurid control. In 1198–99, he captured Chantarwal (unidentified, possibly the same as Chandawar) and [[Kannauj]]. Later, he captured Siroh (possibly modern [[Sirohi]] in Rajasthan). According to the Persian chronicler Fakhr-i Mudabbir (c. 1157–1236), Aibak also conquered [[Malwa]] in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]], in 1199–1200. However, no other historian refers to such a conquest; therefore, it is likely that Aibak merely raided Malwa.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=169}}

Meanwhile, [[Bahauddin Tughril|Baha' al-Din Toghril]]{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=27}} (also transliterated as Bahauddin Tughril) - another prominent Ghurid slave-general - besieged the [[Gwalior Fort]].{{sfn|Nizami|1992|pp=170–171}} After being reduced to a dire situation, the defenders approached Aibak and surrendered the fort to Aibak.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=171}}

In 1202, Aibak [[Siege of Kalinjar|besieged Kalinjar]], an important fort in the [[Chandela dynasty|Chandela]] kingdom of central India. The Chandela ruler [[Paramardi]] initiated negotiations with Aibak but died before a treaty could be finalized. The Chandela chief minister Ajayadeva resumed hostilities but was forced to seek negotiations when the Ghurids cut off the water supply to the fort. As part of the truce, the Chandelas were forced to move to [[Ajaigarh]]. Their former strongholds of Kalinjar, [[Mahoba]], and [[Khajuraho]] came under Ghurid control, governed by Hasan Arnal.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=170}}

Meanwhile, the Ghurid commander [[Bakhtiyar Khalji]] subjugated the petty Gahadavala chiefs in eastern Uttar Pradesh and the Bihar region.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=172}} After his Bihar campaign, which involved the destruction of Buddhist monasteries, Khalji arrived in Badaun to greet Aibak, who had just concluded his successful campaign at Kalinjar. On 23 March 1203, Khalji presented Aibak with war booty, including 20 captured elephants, jewels, and cash.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=173}} Aibak honoured Khalji, who went on to [[Ghurid conquest of Bengal|conquer a part of the Bengal]] region in the east.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|pp=173–174}} Bakhtiyar acted independently,{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=12}} and at the time of his death in 1206, was not a subordinate of Aibak.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=198}}

In 1204, Muhammad Ghori suffered a defeat against the [[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarazmians]] and their allies at the [[Battle of Andkhud]], followed by several challenges to his authority. Aibak helped him [[Battle of Jhelum (1206)|suppress a rebellion]] by the [[Khokhar]] chiefs of the [[Lahore]] region, and then returned to Delhi.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=178}} On 15 March 1206, Muhammad Ghori was assassinated: different sources variously attribute the act to Khokhars or [[Ismaili]]s.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=179}}

== Ghurid control in 1206 at the time of Muhammad's assassination ==

According to [[Minhaj-i-Siraj|Minhaj]]'s ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'', Aibak had conquered territory up to the frontiers of [[Ujjain]] in the south.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=146}} Minhaj states that at the time of Sultan Muhammad Ghori's death in 1206, the Ghurids controlled the following areas in India:{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=201}}

{{col-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Multan]]
* [[Uch]]
* [[Patan, Gujarat|Nahrwala]] (Patan)
* [[Peshawar|Purshor]]
* [[Sialkot]]
* [[Lahore]]
* [[Bathinda|Tabarhinda]]
* [[Taraori|Tarain]]
* [[Ajmer]]
* [[Hansi]]
* [[Sirsa|Sursuti]]
* [[Ghuram|Kuhram]]
* [[Meerut]]
* [[Aligarh|Kol]]
* [[Delhi]]
* [[Timangarh|Thankar]]
* [[Budaun]]
* [[Gwalior]]
* [[Bhera]]
* [[Varanasi|Banaras]]
* [[Kannauj]]
* [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar]]
* [[Awadh]]
* [[Malwa]]
* [[Bihar Sharif|Adwand]], [[Bihar]]
* [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]] in [[Bengal]]
}}

However, Ghurid control was not equally effective in all these areas. In some of these places, such as Gwalior and Kalinjar, Ghurid control had weakened or even ceased to exist.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=202}}

=== Eastern India ===

During Sultan Muhammad Ghori's reign, parts of the Bihar and Bengal area in eastern India had been conquered by the Khalji clan, led by the Ghurid general [[Bakhtiyar Khalji]]. Bakhtiyar was killed by his subordinate [[Ali Mardan Khalji]] at [[Bangarh|Devkot]] in 1206, around the same time Sultan Muhammad Ghori was assassinated. Subsequently, [[Muhammad Shiran Khalji]], another subordinate of Bakhtiyar, detained Ali Mardan and became the leader of the Khaljis in eastern India. Ali Mardan escaped to Delhi, where he persuaded Aibak to intervene in Khalji affairs. The Khaljis were not slaves of Muhammad Ghori, so Aibak had no legal authority in the matter. Nevertheless, he instructed his subordinate Qaimaz Rumi – the governor of Awadh – to march to Lakhnauti in Bengal, and assign suitable [[iqta']]s to the Khalji [[emir|amirs]].{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=203}}

Qaimaz Rumi assigned the iqta' of Devkot to [[Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah|Husamuddin Iwaz Khalji]], another subordinate of Bakhtiyar. Muhammad Shiran and other Khalji amirs disagreed with this decision and marched to Devkot. However, Rumi defeated them decisively, and Shiran was later killed in a conflict. Later, Aibak assigned Lakhnauti to Ali Mardan (see below).{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=203}}

== Recognition as the ruler of northern India==
[[File:Sultanate under Qutbuddin Aibak.png|thumb|The sultanate under Qutb ud-Din Aibak at its greatest extent.]]
{{Delhi Sultanate|Mamluk}}
''Tajul-Ma'asir'', a contemporary chronicle by [[Hasan Nizami]], suggests that Muhammad Ghori appointed Aibak as his representative in India after his victory at Tarain. Hasan Nizami also states that the ''iyalat'' (governorship) of Kuhram and [[Samana, Punjab|Samana]] was entrusted to Aibak.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=197}}

Fakhr-i Mudabbir, another contemporary chronicler, states that Muhammad Ghori formally appointed Aibak as the viceroy of his Indian territories only in 1206 when he was returning to Ghazni after suppressing the Khokhar rebellion. According to this chronicler, Aibak was promoted to the rank of ''malik'' and appointed heir apparent (''[[wali al-ahd]]'') of the Sultan's Indian territories.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|pp=197–198}}

Historian [[K. A. Nizami]] theorizes that Sultan Muhammad Ghori never appointed Aibak as his successor in India: the slave-general acquired this position ''after'' the Sultan's death through the use of diplomacy and military power. The Sultan's unexpected death left three of his main slave-generals – Aibak, [[Taj al-Din Yildiz]], and [[Nasir ad-Din Qabacha]] – in positions of power.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=198}} During his last years, the Sultan was disappointed in his family and his chiefs and trusted only his slaves, whom he thought of as his sons and successors.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|pp=198–199}}

At the time of the Sultan's death, Aibak had his headquarters at Delhi. The citizens of Lahore requested him to assume sovereign power after the Sultan's death, and he moved his government to Lahore. He informally ascended the throne on 25 June 1206, but his formal recognition as a sovereign ruler happened much later, in 1208–1209.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=199}}{{sfn|Jackson|1982|p=546}}

Meanwhile, in and around Ghazni, the Sultan's slaves fought with his nobles for control of the Ghurid Empire and helped his nephew [[Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud|Ghiyasuddin Mahmud]] ascend the throne.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|pp=200–201}} When Mahmud had consolidated his rule, Aibak and other slaves sent messengers to his court, seeking deeds of manumission and investiture for ruling over the various Ghurid territories.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=201}} According to Minhaj, Aibak (unlike Yildiz) maintained the [[khutba]] and struck coins in Mahmud's name.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=28}}{{sfn|Jackson|1982|p=546}}

Yildiz, who was Aibak's father-in-law, sought to control the Ghurid territories in India. After Sultan Mahmud confirmed him as the ruler of Ghazni and manumitted him, Yildiz marched to [[Punjab]], intending to take control of the region. Aibak marched against him, forced him to retreat to [[Kohistan District, Kapisa|Kohistan]], and took control of Ghazni.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=202}} Aibak then sent his representative Nizamuddin Muhammad to Mahmud's headquarters at [[Firozkoh|Firuz Kuh]], seeking to expedite his request for the investiture.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=201}}

In 1208–1209, Mahmud conferred a ''chatr'' (ceremonial parasol) on Aibak,{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=28}} and issued a deed of investiture recognizing him as the ruler of [[Hindustan]]. He may have also issued a deed of manumission for Aibak at this time.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=201}} According to Minhaj's ''Tabaqat-i Nasiri'', Mahmud styled Aibak as a "Sultan"; chronicler Hasan Nizami also calls him a "Sultan".{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=28}} Nizami states that the ''khutba'' was read and coins were struck in Aibak's name, but no other source corroborates this claim.{{sfn|Jackson|1982|p=546}} No coins issued by him have been found,{{sfn|Jackson|1982|p=546}} and no extant coins describe him as a "Sultan".{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=28}}

According to Minhaj, Aibak became complacent and devoted his time to pleasures and amusements in Ghazni. The people of Ghazni invited Yildiz to evict him from the city, and when Yildiz arrived in the vicinity of Ghazni, Aibak panicked and escaped to India via a narrow mountain pass called Sang-i Surkh. Subsequently, Aibak moved his capital to [[Lahore]] to safeguard his territories against Yildiz.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=202}}

[[Ali Mardan Khalji]], who had accompanied Aibak to Ghazni, was captured and imprisoned by Yildiz. He somehow secured his release and returned to India. Aibak dispatched him to Lakhnauti in Bengal, where [[Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah|Husamuddin Iwaz]] agreed to be his subordinate. Ali Mardan thus became the governor of Aibak's territories in eastern India and brought the whole region under his control.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=203}}

== Death and legacy ==
[[File: Death of the slave king, Kutbuddin Aibak of Delhi, A.D. 1210.jpg|thumb|left|A modern [[artist's impression]] of the accident that caused Aibak's death]]

After being recognized as the ruler of India, Aibak focused on consolidating his rule in the territories already under his control, rather than conquering new territories. In 1210, he fell down from a horse while playing [[chovgan|chaugan]] (a form of [[polo]] on horseback) in [[Lahore]], and died instantly when the pommel of the [[saddle]] pierced his ribs.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=203}}

All contemporary chroniclers praise Aibak as a loyal, generous, courageous, and just man.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=205}} According to Minhaj, his generosity earned him the epithet ''lakh-bakhsh'', literally "giver of [[lakh]]s [of copper coins or ''jitals'']".{{sfn|Nizami|1992|pp=205–206}} Fakhr-i Mudabbir states that Aibak's soldiers – who included "Turks, Ghurids, Khurasanis, Khaljis, and Hindustanis" – did not dare to forcibly take even a blade of grass or a morsel of food from the peasants. The 16th century [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] chronicler [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abu'l-Fazl]] criticizes [[Mahmud of Ghazna]] for "shedding innocent blood", but praises Aibak stating that "he achieved things, good and great". As late as the 17th century, the term "Aibak of the time" was used to describe generous people, as attested by the chronicler [[Firishta]].{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=206}}

Aibak's conquests involved the large-scale capture of people as slaves. According to Hasan Nizami, his Gujarat campaign resulted in the enslavement of 20,000 people; and his Kalinjar campaign resulted in the enslavement of 50,000 people. According to [[Irfan Habib]], Nizami's work is full of rhetoric and hyperbole, so these numbers seem to be exaggerated, however, the number of slaves collected must indeed have been vast and grew over time.{{sfn|Habib|1982|p=90}}

[[File:Qutbuddin_Aibak_Tomb_ahore_02.jpg|thumb|upright=2|Tomb of Qutb al-Din Aibak (renovated in 1970) in [[Anarkali Bazaar]] in [[Lahore]].]]
Aibak, who died unexpectedly, had not appointed an heir apparent. After his death, the Turkic officers (''maliks'' and ''umara'') stationed at [[Lahore]] appointed [[Aram Shah]] as his successor. No details about Aram Shah's life are available before his ascension to the throne.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=206}} According to one theory, he was a son of Aibak, but this is unlikely (see [[#Personal life|personal life]] section).{{sfn|Nizami|1992|pp=206–207}}

Aram Shah ruled for no more than eight months, during which various provincial governors started asserting independence. Some Turkic officers then invited Aibak's former slave [[Iltutmish]], a distinguished general, to take over the kingdom.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=207}} Aibak had purchased Iltutmish sometime after the conquest of Anhilwara in 1197.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=197}} According to Minhaj, Aibak looked upon Iltutmish as the next ruler: he used to call Iltutmish his son and had granted him the [[iqta']] of [[Badaun]]. Consequently, the nobles appointed Iltutmish as Aram Shah's successor and married Aibak's daughter to him. Aram Shah challenged Iltutmish's claim to the throne but was decisively defeated and killed after a military conflict.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=208}} Iltutmish subjugated the rebel governors and transformed the loosely-held Ghurid territories of India into the powerful [[Delhi Sultanate]].{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=208, 222}}

Iltutmish was succeeded by his family members, and then by his slave [[Ghiyas ud din Balban]].{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=44}} This line of kings is called [[Mamluk]] or Slave dynasty; however, this term is a misnomer.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=191}}{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=44}} Only Aibak, Iltutmish, and Balban were slaves, and seem to have been [[manumission|manumitted]] before their ascension to the throne.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=191}} The other rulers in this line were not slaves at any point in their life.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=44}}

Today his tomb is located in [[Anarkali Bazaar|Anarkali, Lahore]]. The tomb was built, in its present form, during the 1970s by the Department of Archaeology and Museums (Pakistan) which tried to emulate the Sultanate-era architecture. Before the modern construction, the Sultan's grave existed in a simple form and was enclosed by residential houses. Historians dispute whether a proper tomb ever existed over it (some historians claim that a marble dome did stand over it but was destroyed by the Sikhs).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1453149|title=History: The Heritage of the Slave Sultan|last=Shah|first=Dr Syed Talha|date=2018-12-23|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|language=en|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Some manuscripts of Minhaj's ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'' append the words ''bin Aibak'' ("son of Aibak") to the name of Aibak's successor of [[Aram Shah]].{{sfn|Nizami|1992|p=207}} However, this may have been an erroneous addition made by a careless scribe, as Alauddin Ata Malik-i-Juwayni's ''Tarikh-i-Jahan-Gusha'' chronicle explicitly mentions that Aibak had no son.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|pp=206-207}} Contrarily, the 14th century historian [[Abdul Malik Isami]] stated Aaram Shah as Aibak's real son.{{sfn|Siddiqui|2010|page=53}}

Minhaj refers to the three daughters of Aibak. The first one was married to [[Nasir ad-Din Qabacha]], the Ghurid governor of [[Multan]]. After her death, the second daughter was married to Qabacha as well. The third one was married to Aibak's slave [[Iltutmish]], who succeeded Aram Shah on the throne of Delhi.{{sfn|Nizami|1992|pp=206–207}}

== Religion ==
Chronicler [[Hasan Nizami]], who migrated from [[Nishapur]] to Delhi during Aibak's reign, characterizes Aibak as a devout Muslim who "uprooted idolatry" and "destroyed temples" at Kuhram. He also mentions that the Hindu temples at Meerut and Kalinjar were converted into mosques during Aibak's reign; these included "a thousand temples" in [[Delhi]] alone.<ref>{{Cite book| last=Eaton|first=Richard|author-link=Richard M. Eaton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEXZAAAAMAAJ |title=Essays on Islam and Indian History |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565114-0|page=124|quote=Mahmud of Ghazni, for example is said to have destroyed 10,000 temples in Kanauj and 1,000 in Mathura, his grandson in Ibrahim 1,000 in Delhi doab and another 1,000 in Malwa. Aybek 1000 in Delhi, and Muhammad Ghuri another 1,000 temples in Benaras-figures that Hindu nationalists like Sita Ram Goel have accepted at face value|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink|first=Andre|author-link=Andre Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC |title=Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11th–13th Centuries |date=1991 |publisher=Brill| isbn=9004102361|page=333|quote=We do not know much about the first Muslim raid on Benares, by Ahmad Nayaltigin in 1033 AD, which appears merely to have been a plundering expedition. When Muhammad Ghuri marched on the city, we are merely told that after breaking the idols in above 1000 temples, he purified and consecrated the latter to the worship of the true God|language=en}}</ref> He further claims that Aibak freed the whole Kol ([[Aligarh]]) region from idols and [[idolatry]].{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=20}}

Nizami's claim that the remains of the demolished Hindu temples were used to build mosques is corroborated by architectural remains, such as those at the [[Qutb Minar complex]] in Delhi and the [[Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra]] in Ajmer. However, his other claims such as Aibak freeing Kol from idols are doubtful.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=20}}

At some point, Aibak's army started recruiting Hindu soldiers. His army at the siege of Meerut (1192) is known to have included Hindu soldiers. Similarly, the "forces of Hindustan" (''Hasham-i Hindustan'') that accompanied him to Ghazni in 1206, included Hindu chiefs ("[[rana (title)|ranas]]" and "[[thakur (title)|thakurs]]").{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=21}}

== Cultural contributions ==
The construction of the [[Qutb Minar]] in Delhi started during Aibak's reign. Aibak was also a patron of literature. Fakhri Mudabbir, who wrote ''Adab al-Harb'' - etiquettes of war - dedicated his book of genealogies to Aibak. The composition of Hasan Nizami's ''Tajul-Ma'asir'', which was completed during the reign of Iltutmish, probably began during Aibak's reign.{{sfn|Jackson|1982|p=546}}
== Popular culture ==
In the 2022 film ''[[Samrat Prithviraj]]'', Sahidur Rahaman portrayed Qutb ud-Din Aibak.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt9637132/ |title=Samrat Prithviraj (2022) ⭐ 5.6 {{!}} Action, Drama, History |language=en-US |access-date=2025-04-13 |via=m.imdb.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[1206 in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Commons category|Qutb al-Din Aibak}}
{{Wikiquote}}

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=History of Medieval India:800–1700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ |year=2007|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-81-250-3226-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Hodivala|first=Shahpurshah Hormasji|title=Studies in Indo-Muslim History: A Critical Commentary on Elliot and Dowson's History of India as Told by Its Own Historians |year=1979 |publisher=Islamic Book Service |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73pDAAAAYAAJ }}
* {{cite book |last=Hooja|first=Rima|title=A History of Rajasthan |year=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=9788129108906 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |last=Habib|first=Irfan|author-link=Irfan Habib|chapter=Non-Agricultural Production and Urban Economy |editor1=Tapan Raychaudhuri |editor2=Irfan Habib |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India |volume=1, c. 1200 – c. 1750 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-s8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA90 |year=1982 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-22692-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Jackson|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA12 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Jackson|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Jackson (historian)|chapter=Kutb Al-Din Aybak |editor1=C. E. Bosworth |editor-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor2= E. van Donzel |editor3= Charles Pellat |editor3-link=Charles Pellat |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=New |volume=5: Supplement |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=apU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA546 |year=1982 |publisher=E. J. Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-06167-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Majumdar|first=Ashoke Kumar|title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}
* {{cite book |last=Nizami|first=Khaliq Ahmad|author-link=K. A. Nizami |chapter=The Early Turkish Sultans of Delhi |editor1=Mohammad Habib |editor2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sharma|first=Dasharatha|author-link=Dasharatha Sharma|title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |last=Singh|first=R. B. |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}
* {{cite book |last=Siddiqui|first=Iqtidar Husain|title=Indo-Persian Historiography Up to the Thirteenth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJbmTL8svpwC&pg=PA40 |year=2010 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-81-908918-0-6 }}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sultans of the Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)]]
[[Category:12th-century births]]
[[Category:1210 deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century generals]]
[[Category:13th-century generals]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Polo deaths]]
[[Category:People of Cuman descent]]
[[Category:Turkic people]]
[[Category:Slaves in the medieval Islamic world]]
[[Category:Mamluks]]
[[Category:Founding monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Ghurid generals]]
[[Category:12th-century slaves]]
[[Category:Indian slaves]]

Jabalpur

2026-03-21T13:39:37Z

SaraD96423049267: added references

{{short description|City in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{About|the municipality in Madhya Pradesh India|its namesake district|Jabalpur District}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jabalpur
| official_name =
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = Hindi
| other_name = Jubbulpore, Sanskardhani
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|border = infobox
|perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
|total_width = 300
|caption_align = center
| image1=0010322 Chausath Yogini Temple and Gowri Shankar Temple, Bhedaghat Madhya Pradesh 054.jpg
| caption1 = Chausath Yogini and Gowri Shankar Temples
| image2=Marble Rocks - Jabalpur.jpg
| caption2 = [[Bhedaghat]]
| image3=The Madan Mahal Fort Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh India DSC.00023.jpg
| caption3 = [[Madan Mahal|Madan Mahal Fort]]
| image4=Dhuandhar Waterfalls.jpg
| caption4 = [[Dhuandhar Falls]]
| image5=Jabalpur Engineering College (JEC)'s Admin Building.jpg
| caption5 = [[Jabalpur Engineering College]]
| image8= MP HIGH COURT JABALPUR - panoramio.jpg
| caption8 = [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
| image7=Jabalpur_Airport_New_Terminal.jpg
| caption7 = [[Jabalpur Airport]]
| image6=ICMR NIRTH Jabalpur photo.jpg
| caption6 = ICMR-NIRTH
}}
| nickname = Sanskardhani<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sadhan Kumar |title=Waste Management and Resource Efficiency: Proceedings of 6th IconSWM 2016 |date=21 September 2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-7290-1 |page=385 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNdvDwAAQBAJ&dq=sanskardhani&pg=PA385 |language=en}}</ref>
| map_caption = Location of Jabalpur in India
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| coordinates = {{coord|23|10|N|79|56|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of Madhya Pradesh.svg|Emblem of Madhya Pradesh}} [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jabalpur district|Jabalpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]]
| governing_body = [[Jabalpur Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Jagat Bahadur Singh<ref name="Jagat Bahadur Singh joins BJP">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/congs-jabalpur-mayor-joins-bjp/articleshow/107504614.cms|title=Congress' Jabalpur mayor Jagat Bahadur Singh "Annu" joins BJP|work=Times of India|accessdate=8 February 2024}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 263.49
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Jabalpur City'>{{cite web|title=Jabalpur City|url=https://blog.mygov.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Final_Jabalpur-Smart-City-Proposal_Mygov.pdf|access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 412
| population_total = 1,055,525
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census_city">{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2322_PART_B_DCHB_INDORE.pdf |title=District Census Handbook, Indore |access-date=23 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531083016/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2322_PART_B_DCHB_INDORE.pdf |archive-date=31 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2334_PART_B_DCHB_JABALPUR.pdf |title=Jabalpur district |work=2011 Census of India |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114001414/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2334_PART_B_DCHB_JABALPUR.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="1Lakhandabove">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |page=3 |title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=26 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113152754/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 1,267,564
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="census_metro">{{cite web |url=http://censusmp.nic.in/censusmp/All-PDF/Workshop%20at%20Admn.Academy%20-%2013%20Nov.%202014/04.%20Urban-data.ppt |title=Presentation on Towns and Urban Agglomerations |work=Census of India 2011 |access-date=13 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314015213/http://censusmp.nic.in/censusmp/All-PDF/Workshop%20at%20Admn.Academy%20-%2013%20Nov.%202014/04.%20Urban-data.ppt |archive-date=14 March 2016}}</ref>
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|38th]]
| population_blank1_title = Metro rank
| population_blank1 = [[List of million-plus agglomerations in India|38th]]
| population_demonyms = Jabalpurians, Jabalpuriya, Jabalpurites
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 482001 to 482011
| area_code = 0761
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| registration_plate = MP-20
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 929 [[female|♀]] / 1000 [[male|♂]]
| website = {{URL|https://jabalpur.nic.in}}
| footnotes = {{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}}
| leader_title3 = [[Municipal commissioner]]
| leader_name3 = Swapnil Wankhade IAS
| leader_title4 = MP
| leader_name4 = [[Ashish Dubey]]
| blank3_name = [[Languages of India|Official language]]
| blank3_info = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=25 May 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Literacy Rate|Average Literacy Rate]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 82.13%
}}

'''Jabalpur''' ({{ipa|hi|d͡ʒəbəlpʊɾ|ipa}}), formerly '''Jubbulpore''', is a city situated on the banks of the [[Narmada River]] in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. It is the 3rd-largest urban agglomeration of the state and the 38th-largest of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jabalpur History |url=https://jabalpur.nic.in/en/history/}}</ref> Jabalpur is the administrative headquarters of the [[Jabalpur district]] and the [[Jabalpur division]]. It is the judicial capital of Madhya Pradesh with [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]] being located in the city.

It is generally accepted that the game of [[snooker]] originated in Jabalpur.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.titansports.co.uk/history/snooker.htm |title=The History of Snooker |publisher=Titansports.co.uk |access-date=1 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021217110948/http://www.titansports.co.uk/history/snooker.htm |archive-date=17 December 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Jabalpur is also the railway headquarters of the [[West Central Railway]]. [[Jabalpur Cantonment]] is one of the largest cantonments in India and houses the army headquarters of five states<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – JABALPUR CANTONMENT BOARD |url=https://jabalpur.cantt.gov.in/about-us/#:~:text=Jabalpur%20Cantonment%20is%20one%20the,,%20Jaipur,%20Jammu%20&%20Hyderabad. |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=jabalpur.cantt.gov.in}}</ref> ([[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Orissa]], [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]]). The city is renowned for the [[Marble Rocks]] at [[Bhedaghat]], an 8 km gorge sculpted entirely from pure marble by the ferocious Narmada River, as it descends from the [[Dhuandhar Falls]] boasting a rare status of being one of only three such gorges in the world, alongside [[Taroko Gorge]] in [[Taiwan]] and [[Trigrad Gorge]] in [[Bulgaria]].

Jabalpur holds the distinction of being the first dinosaur fossil discovery site in [[Asia]] in 1828 near Bara Simla Hill by British officer [[William Henry Sleeman]], with later finds in the region including dinosaur eggshells and fossils from species like ''[[Titanosaurus]]'' and ''[[Rajasaurus]]''.

== Etymology ==
According to a prevalent theory, Jabalpur was named after a sage named Jabali, who meditated on the banks of the Narmada river.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History – JABALPUR CANTONMENT BOARD |url=https://jabalpur.cantt.gov.in/history/#:~:text=It%20is%20believed%20that%20Jabalpur,rulers%20tried%20to%20overrun%20it. |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=jabalpur.cantt.gov.in}}</ref> Another theory suggests an [[Arabic]] origin of the word since {{lang|ar-Latn|jabal}} ({{lang|ar|جبل}}) in Arabic means granite boulders or huge boulders, which were common in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jabalpur Tourism information like places to visit, history, how to reach, best time to visit, Gopalpur, Kalchuri temples, Gondwana rule, Central Province |url=https://www.madhya-pradesh-tourism.com/tourism_attraction/Jabalpur-12 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=www.madhya-pradesh-tourism.com}}</ref> According to a fringe theory, the name refers to ''Jauli Pattala'', a sub-divisional unit, mentioned in [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] inscriptions. Jauli also refers to the [[Huna people|Huna]] queen of the Kalachuri king, Karna. It was spelled as ''Jubbulpore'' during British rule<ref>{{cite news |last=Chibber |first=Nanditta |date=27 November 2018 |title=MP Trail: When two Britishers disagreed on the name of Jabalpur |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/mp-trail-when-two-britishers-disagreed-on-the-name-of-jabalpur/cid/1676744 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=9 December 2019 }}</ref>

In 2006, the Jabalpur Municipal Corporation renamed the city to Jabalpur.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Now-Indore-to-become-Indur-Bhopal-Bhojpal/articleshow/828162.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Now, Indore to become Indur, Bhopal Bhojpal |date=18 December 2006 |access-date=2 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028143807/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Now-Indore-to-become-Indur-Bhopal-Bhojpal/articleshow/828162.cms |archive-date=28 October 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
Mythology describes three [[Asura]]s (evil spirits) in the Jabalpur region, who were defeated by the Hindu god [[Shiva]]. [[Tripurasura]] being the main asura, gave the city its ''puranic'' name Tripur Tirth.<ref name="city">{{cite book |title=Jabalpur, City Guide |date=2008 |publisher=Goodearth Publications |isbn=978-81-87780-73-1 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HiOyJuxqZv4C&pg=PA8 |language=en}}</ref> [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Tripuri region]] corresponds to the ancient [[Chedi Kingdom]] of Mahabharata times, to which king [[Shishupala]] belongs.

[[Ashoka]]n relics dating to 300 BCE have been found in Rupnath, {{convert|84|km|mi}} north of the city, indicating the presence of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan Empire]] (322 to 185 BCE) in the region.<ref name="city" /> When the empire fell, Jabalpur became a [[city-state]] before coming under the rule of the [[Satavahana dynasty]] (230 BCE to 220 CE). After their reign, the region was ruled locally by the Bodhis and the Senas, following which it became a [[vassal state]] of the [[Gupta Empire]] (320 to 550).<ref name="city"/>

The region was conquered by the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri Dynasty]] in 875 CE. The best known Kalachuri ruler was Yuvaraja-Deva I ({{abbr|r.|reigned}} 915–945), who married Nohla Devi (a princess of the [[Chalukya dynasty]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mirashi |first1=V. V. |title=YUVARĀJADEVA I OF TRIPURI |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |date=1930 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=361–373 |jstor=41688193 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41688193 |issn=0378-1143}}</ref> One of the Kalachuri ministers, Golok Simha Kayastha, was instrumental in founding the [[Chausath Yogini Temple, Jabalpur|Chausath Yogini Temple]] near [[Bhedaghat]]. His descendants include Bhoj Simha, who was the [[Dewan]] to the Gond king [[Sangram Shah]] (1491–1543); Dewan Aadhar Singh Kayastha, who was the prime minister to [[Rani Durgavati]] (r. 1550–1564),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jāyasavāla |first1=Kalpanā |title=Rānī Durgāvatī aura unakā śāsanakāla |date=1998 |publisher=Nārdarna Buka Seṅṭara |isbn=978-81-7211-072-7 |page=107 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oduAAAAMAAJ |language=hi}}</ref> and Beohar Raghuvir Sinha, the last [[Jagir]]dar of Jabalpur who reigned until 1947.{{Citation needed span|text=|date=May 2022}}

=== Gond rule ===
[[File:Maharani Durgavati.jpg|thumb|Rani Durgavati preparing for the battle of Narrai; fresco by Beohar Rammanohar Sinha in Jabalpur's Shaheed-Smarak|left]]
Jabalpur was an important centre of power during the rule of the [[Gondi people|Gond]] kings of [[Garha-Mandla]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jabalpur.nic.in/en/history/|title=History | District Administration Jabalpur, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India}}</ref>
The ruler of [[Garha-Mandla]], Madan Shah, (1138–1157) built a watchtower and a small hilltop fort at [[Madan Mahal, Jabalpur|Madan Mahal]], an area in Jabalpur. In the 1500s, the Gond king, [[Sangram Shah]] held [[Singorgarh fort]]. [[Rani Durgawati]] was a princess of the [[Chandela dynasty#Descendants|Chandela Dynasty]] who was married to [[Dalpat Shah]] of the [[Garha-Mandla|Gond dynasty]]. She was well aware of the importance of water conservation, and hence she built more than 85 ponds in Jabalpur, mainly in Ranital, Haathital, Madhatal and Hanumantal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindujagruti.org/articles/84_rani-durgavati-gondwana.html|title=Gondwana rulers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007171922/https://www.hindujagruti.org/articles/84_rani-durgavati-gondwana.html|archive-date=7 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Gond king, [[Hridayshah|Hriday Shah]] (1634–1668), moved his court to the [[Ramnagar, Madhya Pradesh|Mandla]] fort. He secured water sources and built irrigation structures. The kingdom was invaded in 1742 by the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] [[peshwa]] (prime minister), [[Balaji Baji Rao]] along with Visaji Chandorkar, the [[Marathas of Saugor|Maratha governor of Sagar]], and made a tributary state of the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Dissertation Abstracts |date=1988 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yu8agexm5TUC&q=govind+pant+bundele+sagar |language=en}}</ref><ref name="seoni">{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |title=Madhya Pradesh: Seoni |date=1989 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyVuAAAAMAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |language=en}}</ref>

=== Maratha rule ===
The [[Marathas of Saugor|Maratha rulers of Sagar]] finally annexed the weakened [[Garha Kingdom]] in 1781.<ref>Chatterton, Eyre (originally published in 1917) ''The Story of Gondwana'', p.98</ref> Around 1798, the Maratha [[Peshwa]] gave the [[Narmada River|Nerbuddah valley]] to the [[Nagpur Kingdom|Bhonsle kings of Nagpur]], who ruled the area until 1818, when it was seized by the [[British East India Company]] after the [[Battle of Sitabuldi]].<ref Name = "imperial">Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', Volume 17. 1908-1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford.</ref>

=== British rule ===
The British made Jabalpur the commission headquarters of the Narmada territories and established a cantonment here. Under the British Raj, Jabalpur became the capital of the [[Saugor and Nerbudda Territories]], which was part of the British North-Western Province. The Saugor and Nerbudda Territories became part of the new [[Central Provinces]] in 1861 which in 1903 became the Central Provinces and [[Berar Division|Berar]]. By the early 20th Century Jabalpur was the headquarters of a brigade in the 5th division of the Southern Army.

A significant event was the Tripuri Congress session in 1939, led by [[Subhash Chandra Bose]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jabalpur - Tripuri Congress session |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?15346}}</ref> Under the guidance of [[Lokmanya Tilak]], the [[Flag Satyagraha]] was successfully launched. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited Jabalpur four times.

The Congress session in 1939, held at Tripuri near Jabalpur in present day Madhya Pradesh, became one of the most consequential moments in the history of the Indian national movement. The session took place at Tilwaraghat on the banks of the Narmada River and is remembered primarily for the re election of Subhas Chandra Bose as president of the [[Indian National Congress]], despite opposition from Mahatma Gandhi and the Congress high command.

Bose defeated [[Pattabhi Sitaramayya]], the candidate backed by Gandhi, highlighting deep ideological divisions within the Congress. While Gandhi and his supporters favored a more cautious and non confrontational approach, Bose argued for a more assertive strategy to achieve independence at the earliest. These differences dominated debates during the Tripuri session and strained relations between Bose and the Congress leadership.

The conflict did not end with the election. Continued resistance from senior leaders and the Working Committee made it difficult for Bose to function effectively as president. The tensions that surfaced at Tripuri ultimately led to Bose’s resignation in April 1939, marking a turning point that reshaped both his political path and the broader direction of the freedom movement.<ref name="jabalpur.cantt.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=Tripuri session of the Indian National Congress |url=https://www.gktoday.in/question/where-was-the-tripuri-session-of-the-indian-national-congress-held-389557 |access-date= |website=}}</ref>

A memorial gate, Kamania Gate, was built in the city to commemorate these events.

After India's independence in 1947, the [[Central Provinces and Berar]] became the state of Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="jabalpur.cantt.gov.in"/>

Under British rule, and among others in the works of [[Rudyard Kipling|Kipling]], the city name was spelled ''Jubbulpore''.

The city's institutional buildings still showcase the [[British colonial architecture]].

==Geography==
=== Climate ===
{{climate chart
| Jabalpur
| 8|24|19
| 11|28|16
| 16|34|16
| 21|39|5
| 26|42|11
| 26|38|169
| 24|31|382
| 23|29|458
| 23|31|188
| 19|32|39
| 12|29|12
| 9|25|11
| source = [http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/ClimatologicalAction.do?function=getStationDetails&actionParam=1&param=2&station=Jabalpur IMD]
| float = right
| clear = none
}}
Jabalpur has a [[humid subtropical climate]] typical of north-central India (Madhya Pradesh and southern [[Uttar Pradesh]]). Summer begins in late March, lasting until June. May is the hottest month, with an average temperature exceeding {{convert|40|°C}}. Summer is followed by the [[Monsoon|southwest monsoon]], which lasts until early October and produces {{convert|35|in|mm|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} of rain from July to September. The average annual precipitation is nearly {{convert|1386|mm|abbr=on}}. The Winter begins in late November and lasts until early March. January is the coldest month, with an average daily temperature near {{convert|15|°C}}.

{{Weather box
| location = [[Jabalpur Airport]] (1991–2020, extremes 1901–present)
| width = auto
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 33.4
| Feb record high C = 37.6
| Mar record high C = 41.2
| Apr record high C = 45.4
| May record high C = 46.7
| Jun record high C = 46.8
| Jul record high C = 41.7
| Aug record high C = 37.8
| Sep record high C = 37.4
| Oct record high C = 37.9
| Nov record high C = 35.8
| Dec record high C = 33.2
| year record high C = 46.7
| Jan high C = 24.3
| Feb high C = 27.9
| Mar high C = 33.3
| Apr high C = 38.5
| May high C = 41.3
| Jun high C = 37.6
| Jul high C = 31.3
| Aug high C = 29.9
| Sep high C = 31.3
| Oct high C = 31.8
| Nov high C = 29.1
| Dec high C = 25.8
| year high C = 31.8
|Jan mean C = 17.1
|Feb mean C = 20.7
|Mar mean C = 25.9
|Apr mean C = 31.0
|May mean C = 34.6
|Jun mean C = 31.8
|Jul mean C = 27.4
|Aug mean C = 26.6
|Sep mean C = 27.3
|Oct mean C = 25.9
|Nov mean C = 21.9
|Dec mean C = 18.0
| Jan low C = 10.7
| Feb low C = 13.6
| Mar low C = 18.2
| Apr low C = 23.3
| May low C = 27.4
| Jun low C = 27.0
| Jul low C = 24.7
| Aug low C = 24.1
| Sep low C = 23.7
| Oct low C = 20.3
| Nov low C = 15.0
| Dec low C = 11.0
| year low C = 19.9
| Jan record low C = 1.1
| Feb record low C = 0.0
| Mar record low C = 3.3
| Apr record low C = 10.6
| May record low C = 17.2
| Jun record low C = 19.0
| Jul record low C = 20.6
| Aug record low C = 18.3
| Sep record low C = 16.7
| Oct record low C = 10.5
| Nov record low C = 3.9
| Dec record low C = 0.6
| year record low C = 0.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 17.6
| Feb rain mm = 19.7
| Mar rain mm = 18.2
| Apr rain mm = 6.8
| May rain mm = 11.9
| Jun rain mm = 164.2
| Jul rain mm = 429.8
| Aug rain mm = 443.0
| Sep rain mm = 213.7
| Oct rain mm = 30.0
| Nov rain mm = 10.0
| Dec rain mm = 2.9
| year rain mm = 1367.8
| Jan rain days = 1.4
| Feb rain days = 1.7
| Mar rain days = 1.6
| Apr rain days = 0.8
| May rain days = 1.1
| Jun rain days = 7.5
| Jul rain days = 15.6
| Aug rain days = 15.5
| Sep rain days = 9.5
| Oct rain days = 2.0
| Nov rain days = 0.7
| Dec rain days = 0.4
| year rain days = 57.7
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 47
| Feb humidity = 38
| Mar humidity = 27
| Apr humidity = 21
| May humidity = 21
| Jun humidity = 49
| Jul humidity = 73
| Aug humidity = 79
| Sep humidity = 69
| Oct humidity = 52
| Nov humidity = 51
| Dec humidity = 49
| year humidity = 48
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDcityrainfall>{{cite web |url=https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42867 |title=Nagpur(42867) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809085837/https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42867 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=IMDcityextremes2>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 1 January 2023
| title = Climatological Tables 1991-2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 1 January 2023
| page = 21}}</ref>
| source 2 =Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221201155746/https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42675
| archive-date = 1 December 2022
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42675
| title = Normals Data: Jabalpur - India Latitude: 23.20°N Longitude: 79.95°E Height: 397 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref>}}Jabalpur has been ranked 2nd <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref> best "National Clean Air City" (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results'

===Flora and fauna===
====Extinct species====
A species of [[noasaurid]] [[theropod]] dinosaur named ''[[Laevisuchus indicus]]'' was discovered near Jabalpur in 1917 by [[Charles Alfred Matley]] and described by [[Friedrich von Huene]] and Matley in 1932.<ref name="Carrano">{{cite journal |last1=Carrano |first1=Matthew T. |last2=Wilson |first2=Jeffrey A. |last3=Barrett |first3=Paul M. |title=The history of dinosaur collecting in central India, 1828–1947 |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |date=January 2010 |volume=343 |issue=1 |pages=161–173 |doi=10.1144/SP343.9 |bibcode=2010GSLSP.343..161C |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/11273/paleo_Carrano_10.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> Another small dinosaur discovered at that time by Friedrich von Huene and described by the team in 1932, named ''[[Jubbulpuria tenuis]]'', was categorised as [[junior synonym]] of ''Laevisuchus indicus'' in 2024.<ref name="Carrano"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mohabey |first1=Dhananjay M. |last2=Samant |first2=Bandana |last3=Vélez-Rosado |first3=Kevin I. |last4=Wilson Mantilla |first4=Jeffrey A. |title=A review of small-bodied theropod dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of India, with description of new cranial remains of a noasaurid (Theropoda: Abelisauria) |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=7 February 2024 |volume=43 |issue=3 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2023.2288088 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2023.2288088 |language=en |issn=0272-4634|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
| title = Religions in Jabalpur city<ref name=census2011>{{cite web |title=Jabalpur District Religion Data - Census 2011 |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/318-jabalpur.html |website=www.census2011.co.in |access-date=13 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906195556/http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/318-jabalpur.html |archive-date=6 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| titlebar = #Fcd116
| left1 = Religion
| right1 = Percent
| float = left
| bars =
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in India|Hinduism]]|darkorange|79.39}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in India|Islam]]|green|15.03}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|pink|2.26}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.59}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|1.05}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated†|black|0.68}}
| caption = Distribution of religions
}}

{{Bar chart
| title = Population Growth Since 2011 Census<ref>{{cite web |title=Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html?cityid=2983 |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=13 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913002502/http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html?cityid=2983 |archive-date=13 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Population
| bar_width = 35
| width_units = em
| data_max = 1500000
| label1 = 2011
| data1 = 1,268,848
| label2 = 2012
| data2 = 1,295,000
| label3 = 2013
| data3 = 1,320,000
| label4 = 2014
| data4 = 1,360,000
| label5 = 2015
| data5 = 1,385,000
| label6 = 2016
| data6 = 1,400,000
| label7 = 2017
| data7 = 1,440,000
| label8 = 2018
| data8 = 1,450,000
}}

In the 2011 India census, the Jabalpur city (the area covered by the municipal corporation) recorded a population of 1,081,677.<ref name="census_2011" /> The Jabalpur metropolitan area (urban agglomeration) recorded a population of 1,268,848.<ref name="1Lakhandabove" />
[[File:Jabalpurheart.jpg|thumb|Bada Fuhara and Kamania Gate in the heart of old Jabalpur city]]

{{Pie chart
| thumb = left
| caption = Languages of Jabalpur city (2011)<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Madhya Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10249/download/13361/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2300.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] }}</ref>
| label1 = [[Hindi]]
| value1 = 89.22
| color1 = orange
| label2 = [[Urdu]]
| value2 = 4.27
| color2 = green
| label3 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| value3 = 1.35
| color3 = pink
| label4 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| value4 = 1.33
| color4 = red
| label5 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
| value5 = 1.20
| color5 = yellow
| other = y
| other-label = Others
| other-color = grey
}}

[[Hindi]] is the predominant language in the city. Urdu, Punjabi, Marathi and Sindhi are spoken by small communities in the city.

== Government and public services ==
{{Main|Jabalpur Municipal Corporation}}

=== Civic administration ===
Jabalpur covers an area of {{convert|263|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name='Jabalpur City'/> The [[Jabalpur Municipal Corporation]] (JMC), is charged with governance of the city's civic and infrastructural assets. The corporation has two wings: deliberative and executive. The head of the executive wing is a municipal commissioner who is responsible for the corporation's day-to-day operation and assists the deliberative wing in the decision-making process. The JMC council has one elected representative (corporate) from each ward. Council elections, by popular vote, are held every five years. A corporate from the majority party is selected as mayor.

Jabalpur contributes one member to the [[Lok Sabha]]. [[Ashish Dubey]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] had been elected as the [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Lok Sabha election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jabalpur election results 2024 live updates: BJP's Ashish Dubey wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/jabalpur-election-results-2024-madhya-pradesh-jabalpur-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-ashish-dubey-bjp-dinesh-yadav-cong-rakesh-choudhary-bsp/articleshow/110645077.cms |work=The Times of India |date=7 June 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref> The city sends eight members to the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|State Legislative Assembly]]: four from the city (Jabalpur Purba, Jabalpur Uttar, [[Jabalpur Cantonment]] and Jabalpur Paschim) and four from rural areas of the district. Jabalpur is divided into eight zones, each consisting of several wards.

=== Municipal finance ===
According to financial data published on the CityFinance Portal of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs,<ref>{{cite web |title=Jabalpur Municipal Corporation Finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/jabalpur |publisher=CityFinance Portal, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref> the Jabalpur Municipal Corporation reported total revenue receipts of ₹618 crore (US$74 million) and total expenditure of ₹569 crore (US$68 million) in 2022–23. Tax revenue accounted for about 21.5% of the total revenue, while the corporation received ₹151 crore in grants during the financial year.

=== {{anchor|Divisional headquarters}}Division headquarters ===
Jabalpur is the [[Administrative divisions of India|divisional headquarters]] for eight districts: Jabalpur, [[Seoni district|Seoni]], [[Mandla district|Mandla]], [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]], [[Narsinghpur district|Narsinghpur]], [[Katni district|Katni]], [[Dindori district|Dindori]] and [[Balaghat district|Balaghat]]. The district, which was reconstituted on 25 May 1998, has seven ''[[tehsil]]s'': Jabalpur, [[Sihora]], [[Patan, Madhya Pradesh|Patan]], [[Majholi]], [[Shahpura, Jabalpur|Shahpura]], [[Panagar]] and [[Kundam]]. The city is the headquarters of the Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board, the Home-guards and other state and central-government offices.

=== Military establishments ===
The Jabalpur Cantonment is one of the largest cantonments in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://canttboardjabalpur.org.in/|title=Jabalpur Cantonment Board|publisher=Jabalpur Cantonment Board|access-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408224930/http://canttboardjabalpur.org.in/|archive-date=8 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to the ordnance factories, other organisations present in the city include HQ Madhya Bharat Area, the [[Jammu & Kashmir Rifles]] Regimental Centre, [[the Grenadiers]] Regimental Centre, 1 Signal Training Centre, College of Material Management, Central Ordnance Depot, 506 Army Base Workshop, Military Hospital, HQ Chief Engineer Jabalpur Zone, Military Dairy Farm, and HQ Recruiting Zone. Civilian organisations which are part of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] are the Cantonment Board, Controller of Defence Accounts, Defence Standardisation Cell and the [[Canteen Stores Department (India)|Canteen Stores Department]].

== Economy ==
[[File:Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s Matang Truck for the Indian Army.jpg|thumb|[[VFJ|Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)]]'s Matang truck]]

===Agriculture===
The [[Narmada River]] bringing in freshwater from the [[Vindhya Range]] has developed Jabalpur district into an agrarian economy. The land of the Narmada basin with its fertile alluvial soil gives good yields of sorghum, wheat, rice, and millet in the villages around Jabalpur.
Important among commercial crops are pulses, oilseeds, cotton, sugar cane, and medicinal crops. [[Kharif crop]]s occupy 60% of total farmland and [[rabi crops]] occupy 40% with 71.4% area under food grain production. Nearly 59% of landholders are marginal whereas small farmers share 18% of farmland.

===Industries===
Jabalpur has a variety of industries largely based in mineral substances of economic value found in the district, although the ready-made garments industry is a substantial portion of production in Jabalpur.

Defence establishments started in the early 20th century. Jabalpur has [[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur]], Grey Iron Foundry, [[Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur]] and [[Ordnance Factory Khamaria]] which belong to the [[Ordnance Factories Board]] manufacturing various products for the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. The Gun Carriage Factory was started in the year 1904 is well equipped and manufacture gun parts, mounting, shells, and a variety of the other product for war purposes. Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ) was started as a manufacturer of trucks and other defence vehicles. The other two are Grey Iron Foundry (GIF) and Ordnance Factory Khamaria (OFK).

The city has three regimental centres: Grenadiers, Jammu and Kashmir rifles and the Signals regiment. Jabalpur is also the army headquarters of Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and Orissa.
Jabalpur is an important divisional headquarters, having nine districts: Jabalpur, Seoni, Mandla, Chhindwara, Narsimhapur, Katni, Dindori, Balaghat, and Pandhurna. The Jabalpur District has been reconstituted on 25 May 1998. It now has four tehsils Jabalpur, Sihora, Patan, and Kundam. Jabalpur also has the headquarters of the Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board, Homeguards, and many other state and central government offices. There are seven blocks in the district with 1449 inhabited villages, 60 uninhabited, 1209 revenue villages, and 4 forest villages. The presence of several industries in Jabalpur bolstered the industrial scenario of the city. However, the industrial growth of the area owes much to the defence establishments and the four ordnance factories.

The presence of the military base and the ordnance factories have improved the infrastructure of the city. This has boosted the industrial development of Jabalpur.
The important industries in Jabalpur are:
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
*Readymade garments units
*Poultry/hatchery
*Electrical goods industry
*Sawmills
*Wood cutting industry
*Industries relating to limestone products
*Building materials
*Glassware
*Telephone parts
*Furniture making industry
*Shaw Wallace Gelatin Factory
*Steel structures works
*Cement industries
*Commercial Engineers & Body Builders Co Limited [CEBBCO ]
*Tobacco business
*Retail business
*Food processing industry
*Vendors for Coca-Cola India & Parle
{{Div col end}}

Jabalpur is home to production facilities of companies such as [[Jupiter Wagons]], [[KEC International]], [[Sheela Foam Limited|Sheela Foam]], and Udaipur Beverages Ltd.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sheelafoam.com/on-making |title=Sheela Foam - Manufacturing Facilities |website=Sheela Foam |access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://jupiterwagons.com/ |title=Jupiter Wagons - Official Website |website=Jupiter Wagons |access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://superior-group.in/udaipur-beverages-ltd-jabalpur/ |title=Udaipur Beverages Ltd., Jabalpur |website=Superior Group |access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref>

The nominal GDP of Jabalpur District was estimated at Rs. 42,518 crores for the year 2020–21.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Records |first1=Official |title=Estimates of District Domestic Product Madhya Pradesh |url=http://des.mp.gov.in/Portals/0/ESTIMATES_DISTRICT_DOMESTIC_PRODUCTS_MP_2020-2021.pdf |website=Department of Planning, Economics & Statistics, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Madhya Pradesh |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref>

=== Information technology and park ===
M.P. State Electronics Development Corporation Ltd. has set up an I.T. park (Techno Park) <ref>{{cite web |title=M.P. State Electronics Development Corporation Ltd. |url=http://www.mpsedc.com/itparkscontent.aspx?page=IT%20Parks&number=140#four |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420164413/http://mpsedc.com/itparkscontent.aspx?page=IT+Parks&number=140#four |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 April 2017 |website=MPSEDC }}</ref> in Bargi Hills having total area of 60 acres, 22 km from the Jabalpur airport. [[Paytm]] started their operations at Jabalpur in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nai Duniya Newspaper |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/jabalpur-paytm-will-give-job-to-two-thousand-youths-in-jabalpur-city-1171612 |access-date=26 May 2017 |publisher=Nai Duniya Newspaper}}</ref>

== Culture ==
=== Cuisine ===
{{Main article|Cuisine of Madhya Pradesh}}

Local sweets include Doodh ka Halwa, Kalakand, Bhaji Wada, Dal Mangode, Aloo Vada, Khoye ki Jalebi,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.holidayiq.com/blog/7-must-have-dishes-from-madhya-pradesh-you-just-cannot-miss-1982.html|title=7 Must Have Dishes From Madhya Pradesh You Just Cannot Miss|work=HolidayIQ|access-date=18 October 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122644/http://www.holidayiq.com/blog/7-must-have-dishes-from-madhya-pradesh-you-just-cannot-miss-1982.html|archive-date=18 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=खोया जलेबी |url=https://jabalpur.nic.in/culinary-delight/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80/ |website=जिला प्रशासन जबलपुर, मध्य प्रदेश शासन - भारत |access-date=27 November 2023 |language=hi-IN}}</ref> Mawa-Bati, Khoprapak, Shrikhand, Malpua, Imarti and Makkhanvada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://mptravelogue.com/items/miss-foodies/|title=10 Sweets that You can't afford to miss while you're travelling around Madhya Pradesh! - MP Travelogue|work=MP Travelogue|access-date=18 October 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122527/http://mptravelogue.com/items/miss-foodies/|archive-date=18 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Khoye ki Jalebi, which is quite popular in Madhya Pradesh,<ref name=":0" /> was invented by Harprasad Badkul in 1889 at his shop, Badkul Halwai.<ref>Siddhantacharya Phulachandra Shastri, Parwar Jain Samaj ka Itihas, 1990, Jabalpur, p. 418</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-sugar-rush-travelkhana-to-deliver-sweets-to-train-passengers-2190902 |title=Sugar rush: TravelKhana to deliver sweets to train passenger, DNA, 18 Mar 2016 |date=18 March 2016 |access-date=29 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324163843/http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-sugar-rush-travelkhana-to-deliver-sweets-to-train-passengers-2190902 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/tasty-dishes-you-must-try-from-these-lesser-known-corners-of-india/ar-BBqe7Gj#page=1|title=Tasty dishes you must try from these lesser known corners of India|website=www.msn.com|language=en-IN|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122528/https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/tasty-dishes-you-must-try-from-these-lesser-known-corners-of-india/ar-BBqe7Gj#page=1|archive-date=18 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notable sites ==
{{Main|List of tourist attractions in Jabalpur}}

[[File:Marble-Art.JPG|thumb|left|[[Art marble|Marble-art]]]]
Notable sites include [[Marble Rocks]] in [[Bhedaghat]], [[Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir]], [[Madan Mahal, Jabalpur|Madan Mahal]], [[Dhuandhar Falls]], Chausath-Yogini, Gwarighat, the balancing rock near Madan Mahal Fort and the Shiv Statue at Kachnar City.

The world-renowned tiger reserves like [[Kanha National Park]], [[Bandhavgarh National Park]], [[Panna National Park]], and [[Pench National Park]] can be easily visited via Jabalpur. The largest wildlife sanctuary by area, [[Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary]] is close to Jabalpur and can be easily visited. The recently notified [[Veerangana Durgavati Tiger Reserve]], 7th tiger reserve in Madhya Pradesh also lies in close vicinity to Jabalpur.

Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir is a 17th-century Jain temple that appears like a fortress with numerous [[shikhara]]s. The temple has 22 shrines (vedis), making it the largest independent Jain temple in India.

Madan Mahal is a fort built by the Gond king Madan Shahi in 1116 which is situated atop a hill in Jabalpur.

Kachnar city is known for a {{convert|76|ft|m|adj=mid|-high|order=flip}} [[Shiva]] statue housing a cavern with replicas of Shiva [[linga]]s from 12 shrines nationwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jabalpurtourismpc.com/Place_Kachnaar_city.aspx|title=Jabalpur|work=Jabalpur Tourism Promotion Council|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419223309/http://www.jabalpurtourismpc.com/Place_Kachnaar_city.aspx|archive-date=19 April 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=19 April 2014}}</ref> The city also houses the [[Rani Durgawati Museum|Rangawati Museum]] which was built in 1964 to commemorate [[Rani Durgavati]]. The museum also hosts ancient relics, sculptures and a collection of items related to Mahatma Gandhi.

[[Dumna Nature Reserve Park]] is an ecotourism site located near [[Jabalpur Airport]]. It houses Khandari Dam, a source of drinking water to the city.

The Tilwadeshwar temple is located near the Tilwara Ghat and it is also the place where Gandhi's ashes were immersed.

Other tourist destinations near the city include [[Paat Baba Mandir]], Gupteshwar Mandir, Bhadbhada falls,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=129|title=Bhadbhada Waterfall|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019040922/https://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=129|archive-date=19 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Gughra Fall,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=132|title=Ghughra Fall|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019001706/https://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=132|archive-date=19 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Osho Amritdham,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=141|title=Osho Amritdham|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019001811/https://jabalpurtourism.in/tourist?a=141|archive-date=19 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pisanhari Ki Madiya]] which is a historic [[Jain]] pilgrimage near [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jabalpur.nic.in/tourism_pisanhari.htm|title=Pisanhari Ki Madiya|website=jabalpur.nic.in|publisher=Office of District Magistrate, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh|access-date=17 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120112341/http://jabalpur.nic.in/tourism_pisanhari.htm|archive-date=20 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and Nandishwardeep Jain temple.

[[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]]'s ashram in Karondi village is located about 90 kms from the city. Lying on the Tropic of Cancer, the location is claimed to be the geographical central point of India by Yogi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharishi Mahesh Yogi hopes to bring heaven to earth by building world's tallest building |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/religion/story/20011015-maharishi-mahesh-yogi-hopes-to-bring-heaven-to-earth-by-building-worlds-tallest-building-774400-2001-10-14 |access-date=22 June 2023 |work=India Today |date=15 October 2001 |language=en}}</ref>

== Transport ==

=== Air ===
[[File:Jabalpur Airport, Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh).jpg|alt=Long, low building with cars parked outside|left|thumb|262x262px|Jabalpur Airport Terminal Building]]
The [[Jabalpur Airport]] (JLR), also known as Dumna Airport, is about {{convert|20|km}} away from the city center. It is located near the [[Dumna Nature Reserve Park|Dumna Nature Reserve]]. It serves as the only airport in the eastern Madhya Pradesh also serving the districts of [[Narsinghpur district|Narsinghpur]], [[Chhindwara ]], [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]], [[Damoh]], [[Katni]], [[Mandla district|Mandla]], [[Balaghat district|Balaghat]], [[Seoni, Madhya Pradesh|Seoni]], [[Umaria district|Umaria]], [[Anuppur district|Anuppur]], [[Shahdol district|Shahdol]], [[Satna district|Satna]], [[Rewa district|Rewa]]. It is also the most convenient airport for visiting National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries which surround the city of Jabalpur. The airport has direct connectivity with major cities of New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Indore and Bilaspur. [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]], [[Indigo Air|Indigo]] and [[SpiceJet]] operate from here.

=== Rail {{anchor|Railways|Rapid Transit}} ===
[[File:Jabalpur Station.jpg|thumb|left|Railway Station]]
[[Jabalpur Junction railway station]], is one of the five major railway stations located in the city. [[Madan Mahal railway station]] is located in the heart of Jabalpur City.
[[File:Hq wcr pic.jpg|thumb|Office of the General Manager, West Central Railway, Jabalpur]]
Jabalpur city homes the Zonal Headquarters of [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railways]] (WCR). Jabalpur is also one of the three [[Jabalpur railway division|divisional headquarters]] in WCR. The boundaries of divisional headquarters extend up to [[Itarsi Junction railway station|Itarsi Junction]] in the south-west, [[Bina Junction]] station in the north, [[Manikpur Junction railway station|Manikpur Junction]] and [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]] station in the North East and [[Singrauli]] station in the east. All these railway lines are broad gauge lines. A [[narrow-gauge]] line existed between Jabalpur to [[Gondia]] station which has presently been converted to [[Broad-gauge railway|broad gauge]]. Now this line provides direct connectivity to [[Nagpur Junction railway station]] and [[Raipur Junction railway station]], via Gondia Junction.

Jabalpur Junction is well connected with Rail and has dedicated trains to [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Lucknow]], [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|SVDK Katra]], [[Ajmer]], [[Somnath temple|Somnath]], [[Pune]], [[Bangalore]], [[Coimbatore]] etc.

=== Road {{anchor|Bus}} ===
Jabalpur has excellent road connectivity. A network of National Highways meet at Jabalpur. 4-lane NH 45 connects it to Bhopal, 4-lane NH 34 connects it to Nagpur, 4-lane NH 30 connects it to Varanasi and Mandla, NH 34 connects it to Damoh. Apart from this, Jabalpur also has good network of state highways.

114 Kms Ring Road is under construction around Jabalpur which will be second longest ring road in India after [[Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad|Hyderabad's ORR]]. Longest elevated corridor of Madhya Pradesh is also present in Jabalpur City which is nearing completion. This will be one of the longest elevated roads in India.

== Education ==
[[File:Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Jabalpur (LNCT Jabalpur)'s Main Building.jpg|thumb|[[:Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Jabalpur|LNCT Jabalpur]]]]
[[File:St. Aloysius Senior Secondary School.jpg|thumb|left|[[St. Aloysius Senior Secondary School]], established in the year 1868, is among the oldest schools in India]]
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Jabalpur}}

Jabalpur became a centre of higher education by the end of the 19th century, with institutions such as the [[Hitkarini Sabha]], established by local citizens in 1868,<ref>Allen's Indian mail and register of intelligence for British and foreign India Published 1870</ref> and [[Robertson College Jabalpur|Robertson College]] (now bifurcated into the [[Government Science College, Jabalpur]], and Mahakoshal Arts & Commerce College) was established in Sagar in 1836 and moved to Jabalpur in 1873.<ref>Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages, edited by Shiri Ram Bakshi, S.R. Bakshi And O.P. Ralhan, p. 20</ref> [[Jabalpur Engineering College|Government Engineering College, Jabalpur]] was the first technical institution in [[Central India]] to be established by the British. [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur|IIITDM Jabalpur]] was founded in 2005. Scholars, authors and politicians such as [[Ravishankar Shukla]], [[Rajneesh]], [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] and [[Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh]] had been in Jabalpur for some time in their life.

Jabalpur is known for many universities such as [[Rani Durgavati University]] (also called the University of Jabalpur), [[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]], [[Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University]] and [[Dharmashastra National Law University, Jabalpur]], [[Indian Council of Medical Research]]-NIRTH. Other institutions like [[Tropical Forest Research Institute]] is based in Jabalpur.

Jabalpur also hosts a government medical college named [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College]].

== Media ==
Several television news channels have branches in the city. Various cable operators operate digital cable TV system in city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/jabalpur/media/index.html |title=Jabalpur Media |publisher=Mapsofindia.com |access-date=1 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629020234/http://www.mapsofindia.com/jabalpur/media/index.html |archive-date=29 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Newspapers ===
National and local newspapers are published in Jabalpur in Hindi and English:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Newspaper !! Language !! Founded
|-
| ''[[:hi:नईदुनिया|Naiduniya]]'' || rowspan="5" | [[Hindi]] || 1947
|-
| ''[[Patrika]]'' || 2009
|-
| ''[[Nava Bharat]]'' || 1934
|-
| ''[[Deshbandhu (newspaper)|Deshbandhu]]'' || 1959
|-
| ''[[Hari Bhoomi]]'' || 1996
|-
| ''[[The Times of India]]'' || rowspan="2" | English || 1838
|-
| ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' || 1924
|-
| ''Hindustan'' || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[The Hitavada]]'' || English || 1911
|-
| ''[[Business Standard]]'' || English, Hindi || 1975
|-
| ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'' || rowspan="2" | Hindi || 1958
|-
| ''Yash Bharat'' || 2006
|-
|}

=== Radio ===
Radio stations in Jabalpur include:

{| class="wikitable"
| Name || Frequency (MHz) || Tagline
|-
| [[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] || 93.5 || ''Bajaate raho''
|-
| MY FM || 94.3 || ''Jiyo Dil Se!''
|-
| [[Radio Mirchi]] || 98.3 || ''It's Hot!''
|-
| Radio Orange || 106.4 || ''Kuch Khatta Kuch Meetha''
|-
| [[All India Radio|Akashvani]] || 102.9 ||
|}

[[All India Radio|Akashvani]] Jabalpur broadcasts on 801 kHz AM with a 200 kW transmitter.

== Sports ==
The city has two stadiums: [[Ravishankar Shukla Stadium]] and Rani Tal Stadium. [[Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association Ground, Jabalpur|Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association Ground]] of MPSA is also located in Jabalpur where Ranji Trophy was held in 2012. It is generally accepted that while serving at Jabalpur in 1875, [[Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain|Colonel Sir Neville Chamberlain]] developed a new variation of [[black pool]] by introducing coloured balls into the game in the British Army officer's mess. This game was later dubbed [[snooker]].<ref name="auto"/>

== Notable people and residents ==

Historical personalities
* [[Amedee Delalex]] (1826–1889)
* [[Rani Durgavati]] (1524–1564)
* [[Gokuldas Malpani]] (1839 – 1909)
* [[Abani Mukherji]] (1891–1937)
Movie and TV personalities
* [[Tom Alter]]
* [[Jaya Bachchan]]
* [[Jennifer Mistry Bansiwal]]
* [[Shaleen Bhanot]]
* [[Gurmeet Choudhary]]
* [[Pragya Jaiswal]]
* [[Kirron Kher]]
* [[Prem Nath]]
* [[Arjun Rampal]]
* [[Shalini Pandey]]
* [[Ashutosh Rana]]
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]
* [[Sharat Saxena]]
* [[Aadesh Shrivastava]]
* [[Raghubir Yadav]]
Armed forces officers
* Maj Gen [[G. D. Bakshi]]
* Admiral [[Jal Cursetji]]
* Lt Gen [[WAG Pinto]]
Civil servants and people holding high public office
* [[C. B. Bhave]], IAS
* [[Sudhir Kumar Mishra]]
* [[S Prakash Tiwari]]
Politicians
* [[Frank Anthony]]
* [[Lakhan Ghanghoriya]]
* [[Ashok Rohani]]
* [[Ishwardas Rohani]]
* [[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]]
* [[K. S. Sudarshan]]
* [[Vivek Tankha]]
* [[Captain B P Tiwari]]
* [[Shreegopal Vyas]]
* [[Sharad Yadav]]
Business
* [[Siddhartha Paul Tiwari]]
* [[Ajai Chowdhry]]
* [[Shyam Mardikar]]
Spiritual gurus
* [[Mahant Swami Maharaj]]
* [[Osho Rajneesh]]
* [[Maharshi Mahesh Yogi]]
Journalists
* [[Arnab Goswami]]
* [[Mazher Jabalpuri]]
Engineers
* [[S. P. Chakravarti]]
Doctors
*[[Yogesh Kumar Chawla]]
*[[Pradeep Chowbey]]
*[[Narmada Prasad Gupta]]
*[[Pukhraj Bafna]]
*[[Shashi Wadhwa]]
Authors and poets
* [[Subhadra Kumari Chauhan]]
* [[Kamta Prasad Guru]]
* [[Harishankar Parsai]]
* [[Nell St. John Montague]]
* [[Ram Kinkar Upadhyay]]
Sportspersons
*[[Madhu Yadav]]

== See also ==
* [[Jubbulpuria]]
* [[Jabalpur district]]
* [[Ordnance Factories Board|Indian Ordnance Factories]]
* [[Tropical Forest Research Institute]]
* [[Largest Indian cities by GDP]]

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Hityayni Dham Jabalpur Navratri.jpg|[[Durga]] idol of hitkarini Dham-Jabalpur in [[Navratri]] 2025
File:Night view of Jabalpur during Navratri.jpg|Night view of Jabalpur during Navratri
File:Devi pratyangira at jabalpur - kotwali during Navratri.jpg|[[Pratyangira|Devi pratyangira]] at jabalpur - kotwali during Navratri
File:Idol of Durga with 151 tigers near madan Mahal station jabalpur, madhya pradesh during Navratri.png|Idol of Durga with 151 tigers near madan Mahal station jabalpur, madhya pradesh during Navratri
File:Goddess Durga idol at near madan Mahal, jabalpur during Navratri 2025.jpg|Goddess Durga idol at near madan Mahal, jabalpur during Navratri 2025
File:Garha fatak(Jabalpur) Mahakali during dussehra chal samaroh.png|Garha fatak Jabalpur Mahakali idol(of Navratri) during dussehra chal samaroh
File:Sunarhai devi, jabalpur during Navratri-gamerzer.jpg|Sunarhai mata(also known as nagar sethani)- jabalpur from Navaratri 2025
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links|1=Jabalpur|wikt=no|n=no|s=no|b=no|v=no|voy=yes}}

* {{official website|http://www.jabalpur.nic.in/}}

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Jabalpur
| North = [[Allahabad]]
| Northeast = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| East = [[Jharkhand]]
| Southeast = [[Raipur]]
| South = [[Nagpur]]
| Southwest = [[Maharashtra]]
| West = [[Bhopal]]
| Northwest = [[Rajasthan]]
}}
{{City of Jabalpur}}
{{Jabalpur district}}
{{Cities and towns of Mahakoshal}}
{{State of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Million-plus cities in India}}
{{Jabalpur Division}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jabalpur| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Cities in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]

Heena Parmar

2026-03-09T10:28:21Z

SaraD96423049267: created new post

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Heena Parmar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| education =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2011–present
| known_for = ''[[Jodha Akbar]]'' ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'' ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]'' ''[[Anjaan: Special Crimes Unit]]''
}}

'''Heena Parmar''' is an Indian actress who works in [[Television in India|Hindi]] television. She made her acting debut in 2011 with ''Haar Jeet'' where she portrayed Mihika Maansingh. Parmar is best known for her portrayal of [[Anarkali]] in ''[[Jodha Akbar]]'' and [[Rani Phool Bai Rathore]] in ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''.

Parmar also portrayed Chanda Maurya in ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]'', Madhavi Ranawat in ''[[Love Ka Hai Intezaar]]'' and ASP Aditi Sharma in ''[[Anjaan: Special Crimes Unit]]''. Parmar was last seen portraying Shaoli in ''[[Noyontara]]''.

==Career==
Parmar made her acting debut in 2011 with ''Haar Jeet''. From 2011 to 2012, she portrayed Mihika Maansingh in ''Haar Jeet'' and Saraswati Vishal Chaturvedi alongside [[Anshul Trivedi]] in ''[[Main Lakshmi Tere Aangan Ki]]''. In 2013, she portrayed Ishita Scindia in ''[[Punar Vivaah - Zindagi Milegi Dobara|Punar Vivaah]]'' alongside [[Akshay Dogra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Heena-Parmar-to-enter-Punar-Vivah/articleshow/18271554.cms|title=Heena Parmar to enter Punar Vivah - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref> From 2013 to 2014, she played Haseena in ''Dil Jo Keh Na Saka''. In 2014, she appeared in ''Itti Si Khushi'' as Akanksha and played Ragini in an episode of ''[[Ishq Kills]]''.

In 2015, Parmar's portrayal of [[Anarkali]] in [[Jodha Akbar]] opposite [[Ravi Bhatia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Heena-Parmar-to-play-Anarkali-in-Jodha-Akbar/articleshow/45603228.cms|title=Heena Parmar to play Anarkali in Jodha Akbar|work=The Times Of India|access-date=2017-06-24}}</ref> and [[Rani Phool Bai Rathore]] in ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'' opposite [[Sharad Malhotra]], proved as a major turning point in her career.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/scoops/342070/heena-parmar-aka-anarkali-jodha-akbar-becomes-princess-phool-kawar-maharana-pratap%3famp|title=Heena Parmar aka Anarkali becomes Princess Phool Kawar for 'Maharana Pratap'!|work=Pinkvilla|date=28 September 2015}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2016, she portrayed Princess Chanda Maurya opposite [[Ankit Arora]] in ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]''. She then portrayed Madhavi Madhav Ranawat in ''[[Love Ka Hai Intezaar]]'' in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/love-ka-hai-intezaar-set-for-a-leap-mohit-sehgal-to-play-the-lead-opposite-preetika-rao-4759678/lite/|title=Love Ka Hai Intezaar set for a leap, Mohit Sehgal to play the lead opposite Preetika Rao and Heena Parmar|work=Indian Express|date=20 July 2017}}</ref>

Parmar portrayed ASP Aditi Sharma in 2018, opposite [[Gashmeer Mahajani]] in ''[[Anjaan: Special Crimes Unit]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/heena-parmar-excited-about-paranormal-thriller-anjaan-118020101064_1.html|title=Heena Parmar excited about paranormal thriller 'Anjaan...' 2018|publisher=business-standard.com|date=2018}}</ref> In 2019, she played Mohini / Malmal alongside [[Ankit Raj]] in Season 2 of ''[[Main Bhi Ardhangini]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tvs-new-naagin-heena-is-excited-to-shoot-in-jaipur/articleshow/70362244.cms|title=TV's new naagin Heena Parmar is excited to shoot in Jaipur|date=24 July 2019|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref> In 2020, she portrayed Sona/Naagkanya in ''Ek Anokhi Rakshak - Naagkanya'' alongside [[Ankit Narang]] and appeared as [[Tulasi in Hinduism|Tulsi]] in ''[[Vighnaharta Ganesh]]''. Parmar played Payal Sharma in ''[[Aye Mere Humsafar]]'' from 2020 to 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Neelu Vaghela made me feel comfortable on the sets of Aye Mere Humsafar: Heena Parmar|work=Times Of India|date=17 November 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/neelu-vaghela-made-me-feel-comfortable-on-the-sets-of-aye-mere-humsafar-heena-parmar/articleshow/79265719.cms}}</ref> She also appeared in the short film ''Between Youuuu & Meeee'' in 2022.

In May 2023, she will be seen portraying Arushi in ''[[Pandya Store]]''.<ref name="HPPS">{{Cite web|title=Heena Parmar to join the cast of 'Pandya Store' as Dhara's sister; audience to witness high voltage drama |url=https://theprint.in/features/heena-parmar-to-join-the-cast-of-pandya-store/1568077/?amp|work=The Print|access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|rowspan="2"|2011–2012
|''Haar Jeet''
|Mihika Maansingh
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Heena-Parmar-met-with-an-accident/articleshow/11567443.cms|title=Heena Parmar met with an accident|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=2017-06-24}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Main Lakshmi Tere Aangan Ki]]''
|Saraswati Vishal Chaturvedi
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013
|''[[Punar Vivah]]''
| Ishita Scindia
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Heena-Parmar-to-enter-Punar-Vivah/articleshow/18271554.cms|title=Heena Parmar to enter Punar Vivah |newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=2017-06-24}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]''
|Suhasi
|Episode: "[[A Nation Awakens]]"
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/crime-patrol-episodes-delhi-rape-case-high-viewersh-10006.html|title='Crime Patrol' : Episodes on Delhi rape case yield high viewership|newspaper=[[India TV]]|date=27 September 2013|accessdate=19 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2013–2014
|''Dil Jo Keh Na Saka''
|Haseena
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014
|''Itti Si Khushi''
|Akanksha
|
|
|-
|''[[Ishq Kills]]''
|Ragini
|Episode 5
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015
|''[[Jodha Akbar (TV series)|Jodha Akbar]]''
|[[Anarkali]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Heena-Parmar-to-play-Anarkali-in-Jodha-Akbar/articleshow/45603228.cms|title=Heena Parmar to play Anarkali in Jodha Akbar|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=2017-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Heena-Parmar-is-Salims-Anarkali/articleshow/45616962.cms|title=Heena Parmar is Salim's Anarkali |newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=2017-06-24}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''
|[[Rani Phool Bai Rathore]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Heena-befriends-a-horse-on-the-sets-of-Maharana-Pratap/articleshow/49011502.cms|title=Heena befriends a horse on the sets of Maharana Pratap|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=2017-06-24}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]''
|Rani Chanda Maurya
|
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Love Ka Hai Intezaar]]''
| Madhavi Ranawat
|
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Anjaan: Special Crimes Unit]]''
| ASP Aditi Sharma
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Main Bhi Ardhangini]]''
|Mohini / Malmal
|
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2020
| ''Ek Anokhi Rakshak – Naagkanya''
| Sona / Naagkanya
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vighnaharta Ganesh]]''
| [[Tulasi in Hinduism|Tulsi]]
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''[[Aye Mere Humsafar]]''
| Payal Sharma
|
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Pandya Store]]''
| Arushi
|
|<ref name="HPPS" />
|-
| 2025–2026
| ''[[Noyontara]]''
| Shaoli Roy
|
|
|}

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2022
|''Between Youuuu & Meeee''
|Tiya
|Short film
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Between You and Me: Short film starring Heena Parmar and Sandesh Nayak..|website=[[YouTube]] |date=1 January 2022|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ODqBrQVb9rU&ved=2ahUKEwibzbz6qPD4AhXyu5UCHfDEBkwQwqsBegQIBBAE&usg=AOvVaw233QcncHKUY6RY3s7idJeC}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5465079}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Television}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parmar, Heena}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

List of Tamil films of 1947

2026-03-07T05:16:32Z

SaraD96423049267: further reworked page further and improved wording

{{Short description|None}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
The following is a list of films produced in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]] in India in [[1947 in film|1947]], in alphabetical order.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1947.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405200357/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1947.asp|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 April 2017|title=1947 Tamil Films|access-date=2019-11-02|publisher=lakshmansruthi}}</ref>

{{Tamil films}}

== 1947 ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[Title]] !![[Film director|Director]] !! [[Film producer|Production]] !! [[Music]]!! [[Cast member|Cast]] !! Release date (D-M-Y)
|-
|''[[1000 Thalaivangi Apoorva Chinthamani]]''
| [[T. R. Sundaram]]
| [[Modern Theatres]]
| [[G. Ramanathan]]
| [[V. N. Janaki]], P. S. Govindan, [[S. Varalakshmi]], M. R. Swaminathan, [[Kali N. Rathnam]], [[C. T. Rajakantham]], Ganesa Bhagavathar, [[Madhuri Devi]], [[R. Balasubramaniam]]
| 08-12-1947
|-
|''Baktha Thulasidas''
| [[B. S. Ranga]]
| Vikram Art Productions
| [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]]-[[S. Balachander]]
| B. S. Raja Iyengar, Lakshmi Shankar, C. V. V. Panthulu, Joker Ramudu, Thulasi
| 15-08-1947
|-
|''Chithrabahavali''
| [[Nanubhai Vakil]]
| Goodwin Pictures
|
| [[V. N. Janaki]], Premkumar, Madhavan, Manipillai, Chithralekha, Indira Acharya, Rajam, Banumathi
| 11-04-1947
|-
|''Deivaneethi''<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Deiva-Neethi-1947/article15589269.ece Deiva Neethi 1947]</ref>
| M. L. Tandon & Jiten Banerjee
| Windsor Productions
| M. S. Gnanamani
| V. A. Chellappa, [[P. Kannamba]], [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]], N. R. Sakunthala, [[T. S. Durairaj]], S. P. L. Dhanalakshmi, [[K. R. Chellam]]
| 02-05-1947
|-
|''Dhana Amaravathi''
| [[B. S. Ramiah]]
| Ambika Pictures
| [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| [[B. S. Saroja]], S. M. Kumaresan, [[V. N. Sundaram]], Vadivambal, ''Pulimoottai'' Ramaswami, Kumari Rajam, [[J. P. Chandrababu]]
| 29-11-1947
|-
|''[[Ekambavanan]]''
| B. N. Rao & T. V. Krishnasami
| Saravanabhava Pictures
| [[G. Ramanathan]]
| [[Kothamangalam Seenu]], [[P. A. Periyanayaki]], [[K. Sarangapani]], [[C. T. Rajakantham]], Nagerkoil Mahadevan, [[S. V. Subbaiah]]
| 21-08-1947
|-
|''Kadagam''
| Acharya
| Tamil Nadu Talkies
| [[G. Ramanathan]]
| [[T. S. Balaiah]], [[Suryakumari]], Vijayakumar, T. S. Krishnaveni, [[T. R. Ramachandran]], [[T. S. Durairaj]], [[R. Balasubramaniam]], [[Kumari Kamala]], Leela
| 12-04-1947
|-
|''[[Kanjan]]''
| Kovai C. Aiyamuthu & T. R. Gopu
| [[Jupiter Pictures]]
| [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
| [[S. V. Subbaiah]], R. Malathi, [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[T. G. Kamala Devi]], [[P. V. Narasimha Bharathi]], M. K. Mustafa, M. S. S. Bhagyam
| 11-11-1947
|-
|''[[Kannika]]''
| [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]]
| [[Pakshiraja Studios]]
| [[Papanasam Sivan]]
| M. S. Sarojini, T. E. Varadhan, [[M. R. Santhanalakshmi]], [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[T. A. Madhuram]], [[D. Balasubramaniam]], [[Kali N. Rathnam]]
| 11-11-1947
|-
|''[[Kundalakesi (film)|Kundalakesi]]''
| Bomman D. Irani
| K. S. S Pictures
| [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] & [[G. Ramanathan]]
| [[C. Honnappa Bhagavathar]], [[N. C. Vasanthakokilam]], G. Pattu Iyer, [[K. L. V. Vasantha]], [[T. R. Ramachandran]], G. M. Basheer, R. Padma, P. R. Mangalam
| 13-03-1947
|-
|''Mahathma Udangar''<ref name=anandan>{{cite book|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1947-cinedetails22.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210154649/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1947-cinedetails22.asp|url-status=usurped|archive-date=10 December 2018|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru|trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films|publisher=Sivakami Publishers|author=Film News Anandan|author-link=Film News Anandan|date= 23 October 2004|location=Chennai|language=ta}}</ref>
| G. Pattu Iyer
| Sri Kamal Productions
| [[S. V. Venkatraman]] & T. R. Ramanathan
| [[Kothamangalam Seenu]], [[T. R. Ramachandran]], Vijayakumari, [[Anjali Devi]], Vidwan Srinivasan, Kulathu Mani, Sowthamini, K. R. Chellam, [[Kumari Kamala]]
| 11-11-1947
|-
|''Malai Mangai''
|
| Baskar Pictures
|
| T. S. Madhu, Vimalkumar, [[R. B. Lakshmi Devi]]
|
|-
|''[[Madhanamala]]''
| K. Vembu
| Tamil Nadu Talkies
| M. S. Gnanamani
| Sriram, T. R. Rajani, P. B. Rangachari, Vidwan Srinivasan, [[P. S. Veerappa]], R. N. Nambiar, S. R. Janaki, [[T. S. Jaya]]
| 12-12-1947
|-
|''[[Miss Malini]]''
| [[Kothamangalam Subbu]]
| [[Gemini Studios]]
| [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] & Parur S. Anantharaman
| [[Pushpavalli]], [[Kothamangalam Subbu]], [[M. S. Sundari Bai]], [[Javar Sitaraman]], [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]]
| 26-09-1947
|-
|''[[Naam Iruvar (1947 film)|Naam Iruvar]]''
| [[A. V. Meiyappan]]
| [[AVM Productions]]
| R. Sudharsanam
| [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], T. A. Jayalakshmi, [[Kumari Kamala]], [[T. R. Ramachandran]], [[B. R. Panthulu]], [[K. Sarangapani]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]
| 12-01-1947
|-
|''[[Paithiyakkaran]]''
| [[Krishnan–Panju]]
| N. S. K. Pictures
| M. S. Gnanamani & [[C. R. Subburaman]]
| [[S. V. Sahasranamam]], [[T. A. Madhuram]], [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[D. Balasubramaniam]], S. J. Kantha, S. R. Janaki, T. A. Jayalakshmi
| 26-09-1947
|-
|''[[Pankajavalli (film)|Pankajavalli]]''
| S. Soundararajan
| Tamil Nadu Talkies
| [[Papanasam Sivan]]
| [[P. U. Chinnappa]], [[T. R. Rajakumari]], [[Kumari Rukmini]], [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[T. A. Madhuram]]
| 10-10-1947
|-
|''Ponnaruvi''
| C. V. Raman
| C. V. Raman
| [[G. Ramanathan]]
| V. A. Chellappa, [[Kothamangalam Seenu]], K. T. Rukmani, [[R. Balasubramaniam]], P. G. Venkatesan, P. R. Mangalam, [[T. S. Durairaj]], [[T. S. Jaya]]
| 01-03-1947
|-
|''[[Rajakumari (1947 film)|Rajakumari]]''
| [[A. S. A. Sami]]
| [[Jupiter Pictures]]
| [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
| [[M. G. Ramachandran]], K. Malathi, [[T. S. Balaiah]], M. R. Swaminathan, [[K. Thavamani Devi]], [[M. N. Nambiar]], Pulimoottai Ramaswami
| 11-04-1947
|-
|''[[Ram Rajya (1943 film)|Rama Rajyam]]'' (dubbed from [[Hindi language|Hindi]])
| [[Vijay Bhatt]]
| [[AVM Productions]]
| R. Sudharsanam
| [[Shobhna Samarth]], [[Prem Adib]], [[Amirbai Karnataki]], Umakant Desai, Badri Prasad, Chandrakant
|
|-
|''Rukmangadhan''
| P. S. V. Iyer
| National Studio-Iyer Productions
| [[G. Ramanathan]]
| [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]], P. R. Mangalam, [[T. R. Ramachandran]], G. Narayana Rao, [[P. A. Periyanayaki]], [[C. T. Rajakantham]], P. A. Rajamani
| 06-05-1947
|-
|''[[Sulochana (1947 film)|Sulochana]]''
| [[T. R. Sundaram]] P. B. Krishna Iyer
| [[Modern Theatres]]
|
| [[T. R. Sundaram]], [[K. L. V. Vasantha]], V. A. Chellappa, [[M. R. Santhanalakshmi]], T. V. Kumudhini, [[Kali N. Rathnam]], [[C. T. Rajakantham]]
| 31-01-1947
|-
|''Surusuruppu''
|
| Lakshmi Films
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Thaai Nadu]]''
| T. S. Mani
| Chitrakala Movietone
| R. Narayana Iyer
| [[Battling Mani]], S. T. Williams, V. P. S. Mani, T. K. Krishnaiah, M. R. Sundari, N. C. Meera
| 15-08-1947
|-
|''[[Thiyagi]]''
| Ramji Bai Arya
| Moorthy Productions
| [[S. V. Venkatraman]] & T. R. Ramanathan
| [[V. N. Janaki]], N. Krishnamurthi, V. S. Mani, Kulathu Mani, K. S. Angamuthu
| 22-08-1947
|-
|''[[Thulasi Jalandar]]''
| [[Kadaru Nagabhushanam|K. B. Nagabhushanam]]
| Raja Rajeswari Films
| [[M. D. Parthasarathy]]
| [[P. U. Chinnappa]], [[P. Kannamba]], [[S. Varalakshmi]], [[Kothamangalam Seenu]], [[T. S. Durairaj]], [[R. Balasubramaniam]], [[T. S. Jaya]], [[Rushyendramani]]
| 11-08-1947
|-
|''[[Udayanan Vasavadatta]]''
| [[T. R. Raghunath]]
| Uma Pictures
| [[C. R. Subburaman]]
| [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]], [[Vasundhara Devi]], M. S. Saroja, [[D. Balasubramaniam]], [[K. Sarangapani]], [[Kali N. Rathnam]], [[C. T. Rajakantham]]
| 21-06-1947
|-
|''Veera Vanitha''
| Nanubai Pat
| Mohan Pictures
|
| P. S. Srinivasa Rao, Sahadevan, Madhu, [[R. B. Lakshmi Devi]], Indira Acharya, Saroja
|
|-
|''[[Vichitra Vanitha]]''
| [[K. Subramanyam]]
| Madras United Artists Corporation
| [[Br Lakshmanan]]
| [[B. S. Saroja]], ''Chitra'' S. Krishnaswami, Pulimoottai Ramaswami, [[P. A. Periyanayaki]], K. S. Angamuthu
| 10-10-1947
|-
|''Vedhalapuram''
| [[Nanubhai Vakil]]
| Bhaskar Pictures
|
| Nageswara Rao, [[S. Varalakshmi]], Madhava Rao, Leela, Subba Rao, Baby Rani
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tamil cinema}}
{{1947 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Films Of 1947}}
[[Category:1947 in Indian cinema|Films, Tamil]]
[[Category:Lists of 1947 films by language]]
[[Category:Lists of Tamil films by year|1947]]
[[Category:1947 Tamil-language films| ]]
[[Category:1940s Indian films]]

Jodi Hakki (film)

2026-03-03T22:04:29Z

SaraD96423049267: created entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{one source|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Jodi Hakki
|image = Jodi Hakki (film).jpg
|caption = Theatrical release poster
|director = [[D. Rajendra Babu]]
|producer = P. Dhanraj
|writer = [[Baraguru Ramachandrappa]] (dialogues)
|screenplay = D. Rajendra Babu
|narrator =
|starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] [[Charulatha]] [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]]
|music = [[V. Manohar]]
|cinematography = Ramesh Babu
|editing = Shashikumar
|studio = Om Sri Guru Raghavendra Productions
|released = {{Film date|1997|9|5|df=y}}
|runtime = 142 minutes
|country = India
|language = Kannada
|budget =
}}

'''''Jodi Hakki''''' ({{translation|Pair Birds}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[musical romance film]] written and directed by [[D. Rajendra Babu]], produced by P. Dhanraj and starring [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]] and [[Charulatha]].<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/jodi-hakki/cast-crew.html Cast & crew]</ref>

The film received critical acclaim upon release and won two State awards for screenplay and music. The film has musical score by [[V. Manohar]] which is often considered to be one of his best compositions.

The film revolves around a nomadic tribal who unwillingly relocates to the city where he gains popularity as a singer but gets separated from his lover.

== Cast ==
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Maacha/Manoj
* [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]]
* [[Charulatha]] as Laali
* [[Harish Rai]] as Vikki
* [[Kishori Ballal]]
* [[Mandeep Roy]]
*Shani Mahadevappa
*Ashok Rao
*Manjunath Hegde
*Master Santhosh

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film was composed and lyrics written by [[V. Manohar]]. Actor [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] recorded a song "Hara Hara Gange" which became huge hit.

{{Infobox album
| name = Jodi Hakki
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[V. Manohar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio = Akash Audio (''re-recorded at Prasad Recording Studio'')
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 38:14
| label = Akash Audio
| producer =
| prev_title = Ee Hrudaya Ninagagi
| prev_year = 1997
| next_title = [[Ulta Palta (1997 film)|Ulta Palta]]
| next_year = 1997
}}

{{Track listing
| total_length = 38:14
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Laali Suvvali
| lyrics1 = [[V. Manohar]]
| extra1 = [[L. N. Shastry]]
| length1 = 5:01
| title2 = Kudure Eri
| lyrics2 = V. Manohar
| extra2 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length2 = 5:13
| title3 = Haadu Keli Haadu
| lyrics3 = V. Manohar
| extra3 = [[Shiva Rajkumar]]
| length3 = 4:56
| title4 = Jolly Jolly Day
| extra4 = Rajesh Krishnan
| lyrics4 = V. Manohar
| length4 = 5:02
| title5 = Neela Neela Neelambari
| extra5 = Rajesh Krishnan, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics5 = V. Manohar
| length5 = 4:19
| title6 = Namana Namana
| extra6 = Shankar Shanbag, K. S. Chithra
| lyrics6 = V. Manohar
| length6 = 4:17
| title7 = O Chandamama
| extra7 = Ramesh Chandra
| lyrics7 = V. Manohar
| length7 = 4:12
| title8 = Hara Hara Gange
| extra8 = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]
| lyrics8 = V. Manohar
| length8 = 5:18
}}

== Awards ==
*[[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
#[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay]] – [[D. Rajendra Babu]]
#[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director]] – [[V. Manohar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|10569524}}
{{D. Rajendra Babu}}

[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:1997 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Manohar]]
[[Category:Films directed by D. Rajendra Babu]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Innocent (2025 film)

2026-03-03T09:36:06Z

SaraD96423049267: created new stub

{{Short description|2025 Indian-Malayalam language film}}
{{other uses|Innocent (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Innocent
| image = Innocent 2025.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Satheesh Thanvi
| screenplay = {{ubl|Sarji Vijayan|Shihab Karunagappally|Satheesh Thanvi}}
| story = Shihab Karunagappally
| producer = M. Sreeraj AKD
| starring = {{ubl|[[Althaf Salim]]|[[Joemon Jyothir]]|[[Anarkali Marikar]]}}
| cinematography = [[Nikhil S. Praveen]]
| editing = Riyas K. Badhar
| music = Jay Stellar
| studio = Elements of Cinema Entertainments
| distributor = Century Films
| released = {{Film date|2025|11|07|df=y}}
| runtime = 124 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2025 |title=''Innocent'' (12A) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/innocent-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmznzky |access-date=6 November 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross = 
}}
'''''Innocent''''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by Satheesh Thanvi. The screenplay was co-written by Sarji Vijayan, Shihab Karunagappally, Satheesh Thanvi based on a story by Shihab. The film stars [[Althaf Salim]], [[Joemon Jyothir]], [[Anarkali Marikar]], Kili Paul, [[Azees Nedumangad]] and Anna Prasad. It is produced by M. Sreeraj AKD under Elements of Cinema Entertainments. [[Nikhil S. Praveen]] handles the cinematography and Riyas K. Badhar edits the film. Jay Stellar composes the songs and background score.<ref name="first">{{Cite web |date=28 May 2025 |title=Althaf Salim-Anarkali Marikar's new film titled Innocent, first look out |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/May/28/althaf-salim-anarkali-marikars-new-film-titled-innocent-first-look-out |access-date=4 September 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

The film was released worldwide on 7 November 2025.

==Cast==
* [[Althaf Salim]] as Vinod Prashanthan
* [[Joemon Jyothir]] as Vaishakan
* [[Anarkali Marikar]] as Kavya Rajendran
* Kili Paul
* [[Azees Nedumangad]] as Sreeraj Prashanthan
* Anna Prasad
* [[Mithun Ramesh]] as Bineesh
* Lakshmi Sanju
* [[Sethu Lakshmi]]
* Poojappura Radhakrishnan
* [[Noby Marcose]]
* Aswin Vijayan as Ratheesh
* [[Vineeth Thattil David]]
* [[Unni Lalu]]
* Sujith Bhakthan as Minister
* Sanju Madhu
* Unnikannan Mangalamdam

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Innocent
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Jay Stellar
| released = September 26, 2025
| genre = [[Filmi]]
| length = {{Duration|m=4|s=16}}
}}
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_music = Jay Stellar
| title1 = Summava
| extra1 = [[Jassie Gift]], [[Anarkali Marikar]], Kili Paul
| lyrics1 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| music1 = Jay Stellar
| length1 = 4:16
| title2 = Anjanamani
| extra2 = [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]]
| lyrics2 = Traditional Song
| music2 = Jay Stellar
| length2 = 3:54
}}

==Production==
The film was launched on 26 May 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2025 |title='To stay in Kerala if married to a Malayali girl,' says Malayalees Unniyettan |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1541709&u= |access-date=4 September 2025 |website=[[Kerala Kaumudi]]}}</ref> and soon [[principal photography]] began at [[Ernakulam]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. ''Innocent'' is the second collaboration of [[Althaf Salim]] and [[Anarkali Marikar]] together after ''[[Mandakini (2024 film)|Mandakini]]'' along with [[Vineeth Thattil David]].<ref name="first" />

==Release==
The first look poster of the film was released online on 27 May 2025 after its title launch on previous day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2025 |title=Althaf Salim-Anarkali Marikar's new film titled Innocent, first look out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/27/althaf-salim-anarkali-marikars-new-film-titled-innocent-first-look-out |access-date=4 September 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The second look poster was released on 6 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2025 |title=Second look of Althaf Salim-Anarkali Marikar's Innocent unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jul/06/second-look-of-althaf-salim-anarkali-marikars-innocent-unveiled |access-date=4 September 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2025 |title=Dineshan and Shobha 2.0? Althaf, Anarkali recreate iconic duo in 'Innocent' poster |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/innocent-movie-althaf-salim-anarkali-marakkar-vadakkunokkiyantram-tribute-vwjomrjq |access-date=4 September 2025 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abraham |first=Rohaan |date=7 July 2025 |title='Innocent' second look poster: Satheesh Thanvi evokes nostalgia in the Althaf Salim, Anarkali Marikar-starrer |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/07/07/innocent-second-look-poster-satheesh-thanvi-evokes-nostalgia-in-the-althaf-salim-anarkali-marikar-starrer.html |access-date=4 September 2025 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref> The trailer of the film was released on 28 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2025 |title='Innocent' trailer: Althaf Salim and Anarkali Marikar reunite after 'Mandakini'; promises fun, romance, and thrills |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/innocent-trailer-althaf-salim-and-anarkali-marikar-reunite-after-mandakini-promises-fun-romance-and-thrills/articleshow/123575938.cms |access-date=4 September 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

''Innocent'' was released theatrically worldwide on 7 November 2025 by Century Films and Phars Film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 22, 2025 |title=Althaf Salim and Anarkali Marikar’s ‘Innocent’ to be released on THIS date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/althaf-salim-and-anarkali-marikars-innocent-to-be-released-on-this-date/articleshow/124736506.cms |access-date=2025-10-29 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2025 |title=Althaf Salim and Anarkali Marikar return in comedy entertainer 'Innocent'; trailer out now |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/althaf-salim-and-anarkali-marikar-return-in-comedy-entertainer-innocent-trailer-out-now-watch-p6vtthij |access-date=4 September 2025 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
Aiswarya Sudha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "The film’s approach of pairing social issues with everyday humour and a subtle, non-preachy message sounds good. But on screen, it rarely catches fire. The writing is the weakest link. Many situations feel real, but the twists are predictable and the fixes are too easy. The film wants to show everyday pressures and how the system fails ordinary people, but it leans on coincidences and thin reasons. So, the 'social message' feels stuck on, not grown naturally from the story."<ref>{{cite news |last=Sudha |first=Aiswarya |date=18 November 2025 |title=Innocent Movie Review: Comedy that doesn't quite click |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/innocent/movie-review/125183924.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 November 2025}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|34614859}}
* [https://sainaplay.com/movie/innocent/xa80q0egiu3z Innocent] at [[Saina Play]]
{{authority control}}

[[Category:2025 comedy films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]

Ravanan (1994 film)

2026-03-03T04:55:32Z

SaraD96423049267: added a entry

{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ravanan
| director = [[E. Ramdoss]]
| producer = J. A. Mohamed Ali
| writer = E. Ramdoss
| starring = [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] [[Ahana]]
| music = A. K. Vasagan
| cinematography = [[B. R. Vijayalakshmi]]
| editing = K. M. P. Kumar
| distributor =
| studio = Raj Kennedy Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1994|01|14}}
| runtime = 105 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Ravanan''''' is a 1994 Indian [[Tamil language]] film directed by [[E. Ramdoss]]. The film stars [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] and [[Ahana]], with [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[R. Sundarrajan]], [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]], [[Vadivukkarasi]], [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]], [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] and B. Ashokarajan playing supporting roles. It was released on 14 January 1994.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ravanan ( 1994 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=ravanan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929093012/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=ravanan |archive-date=2013-09-29 |access-date=2016-07-31 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

==Plot==
Ravanan is a short-tempered farmer who lives with his mother and his little sister. He is known for punishing the villagers and even severely punished his own father one day. His father then felt resentful towards him since that day and decided to live alone.

Meena, who comes from the city, is the daughter of a wealthy villager. Being an arrogant and spoiled girl, Meena often quarrels with Ravanan. The fight becomes worse when Meena stops Uma's timed wedding. The angry Ravanan kidnaps Meena and sequesters her in his farm. Ashokarajan, a wealthy landlord and an evil womanizer, enters in their conflict. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Ravanan
*[[Ahana (actress)|Ahana]] as Meena
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Ravanan's mother
*[[R. Sundarrajan]] as Ravanan's father
*[[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as Meena's father
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Kannamma
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]]
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Aadhikesavan
*B. Ashokarajan as Ashokarajan
*[[Sangita Madhavan Nair]] as Uma
*[[Vichithra]] as Sundari
*Sharmili
*[[Nellai Siva]] as Punnakku
*Dinesh Kumar
*[[Ilavarasu]]
*[[Singamuthu]]
*Sellamathan
*TKS Natarajan
*Durai Ramachandran
*Nirmala
*Shalini
*Sindhu
*[[Bonda Mani]]
*Baboos
}}
;Cameo appearance in a song 'Velicham Poranthachu' (archival footage)
{{cast listing|
*[[E. Ramdoss]]
*[[Yaar Kannan]]
*[[Rajkiran]]
*[[K. S. Ravikumar]]
*[[R. Parthiban]]
*[[T. Rajendar]]
*[[Prashanth]]
*[[Sathyaraj]]
*[[Manivannan]]
*[[Balu Anand]]
*[[S. S. Chandran]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by A. K. Vasagan, with lyrics written by Kalidasan.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Duration
|-
| "Velicham Poranthachu" || 4:13
|-
| "Oorukkelam Kettavanda" || 3:17
|-
| "Poo Piriyathu" || 3:44
|-
| "Kalyana Ponna" || 4:01
|-
| "Aandhavanin" || 5:29
|}

==Reception==
K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote, "''Ravanan'' is entertaining - against all expectations".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=March 26, 1994 |title=Tale of farmer with own code of justice |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bNNQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mxMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3363%2C2414868 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524092712/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bNNQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mxMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3363%2C2414868 |archive-date=24 May 2024 |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=16 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:1994 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1994 action films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by E. Ramdoss]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=August 2024}}

Katihar

2026-02-27T14:32:23Z

SaraD96423049267: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|City in Bihar, India}}
{{About|the municipal corporation in India|its namesake district|Katihar district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Katihar
| native_name = ''Katīhār''
| native_name_lang = hi and ur
| other_name = 
| settlement_type = [[Urban Agglomeration]]
| image_skyline = Katihar Junction Railway Station.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = {{rws|Katihar Junction}}
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Bihar]]##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.53|N|87.58|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of region of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = Subregion
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of divisions in India|Division]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 25, 2020|first=Kumar Shakti|last=Shekhar|title=Bihar assembly elections 2020: BJP eyes winning push from Mithila|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/bihar-assembly-elections-2020-bjp-eyes-winning-push-from-mithila/articleshow/78314749.cms|access-date=2021-11-29|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129184825/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/bihar-assembly-elections-2020-bjp-eyes-winning-push-from-mithila/articleshow/78314749.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Thakur |first=Ripunjay Kumar |date=1 March 2022|title=Historical Geography of Early Medieval Mithila: From Videha to Tirhut.|url=https://www.academia.edu/72670545|publisher=New Archaeological & Genological Society, Kanpur, India|issn=2348-8301|access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref>
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kosi-Seemanchal]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Purnia Division|Purnia]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Katihar district|Katihar]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]]
| leader_name1 = [[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Tariq Anwar]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-11 |title=Tariq's post triggers debate over Cong's poll strategy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/tariqs-post-triggers-debate-over-congs-poll-strategy/articleshow/118151585.cms |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| leader_title2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name2 = [[Tarkishore Prasad]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-16 |title=Tarkishore Prasad, frontrunner in race for Bihar deputy CM, is part of BJP's Bengal plan. Here's how |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/tarkishore-prasad-frontrunner-in-race-for-bihar-deputy-cm-is-part-of-bjp-s-bengal-plan-here-s-how/story-HDOFD0WeOvYHMD2mu1KMyK.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101022030/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/tarkishore-prasad-frontrunner-in-race-for-bihar-deputy-cm-is-part-of-bjp-s-bengal-plan-here-s-how/story-HDOFD0WeOvYHMD2mu1KMyK.html |archive-date=1 November 2021 |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> ([[BJP]])
| leader_title3 = District Magistrate
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]
| leader_name4 = Usha Devi Agarwal<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katihar Municipal Corporation |url=https://katiharnagarnigam.net/bmc/public |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=katiharnagarnigam.net}}</ref>
| governing_body = [[Katihar Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cseindia.org/katihar-6891|title=KATIHAR|website=Cseindia.org|access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 50.46
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 35.25
| population_total = 240,565
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_rank = 117 in india
| population_demonym = Katiharites
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities In India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=4 October 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 =
[[Angika]],[[Maithili language|Maithili]],<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18MwBQAAQBAJ&dq=katihar+maithili&pg=PA138 | title=Encyclopedia of Bihar: Encyclopedia of Bihar: Uncovering the Rich Heritage and History by Arunima Kumari | isbn=9789350483909 | last1=Kumari | first1=Arunima | date=19 January 2021 | publisher=Prabhat Prakashan }}</ref> [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/katihar/news/lakkhi-puja-celebrated-with-pomp-in-bengali-community-in-katihar-074610-5712162.html | title=कटिहार में बंगाली समुदाय में धूमधाम से मनाई गई लक्खी पूजा }}</ref> and [[Surjapuri language]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 854105 (Katihar Main),854109 (katihar north),854103 (katihar South) ,854107 (katihar west) <ref>[https://katihar.nic.in/std-pin-codes/]</ref>
| registration_plate = BR-39
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Katihar Lok Sabha constituency|Katihar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Katihar Assembly constituency|Katihar]]
| website = {{URL|http://katihar.bih.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Katihar''' ({{IPA|hi|kəʈɪɦaːr}}; {{IPA|bn|kaʈihar}}),<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2022 |title=सांस्कृतिक कार्यक्रम का आयोजन:बंगला सिर्फ बंगाली समुदाय की भाषा नहीं, देश की भाषा : सांसद |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/katihar/news/bangla-is-not-just-the-language-of-the-bengali-community-it-is-the-language-of-the-country-mp-131185271.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> is the tenth largest city in the state of [[Bihar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Rajeev |date=2023-02-14 |title=Top Cities in Bihar by Population 2024 |url=https://www.findeasy.in/top-cities-in-bihar/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Find Easy |language=en-US}}</ref> in [[India]] in terms of population, Along with being one of the largest economic, educational and administrative centre in the [[Purnia division|eastern part of Bihar]]. The city situated in the eastern bank of [[Kari Kosi]] river.<ref>{{Cite web |title=कारी कोसी और गंगा नदी का जलस्तर बढ़ने से निचले इलाकों में फैला बाढ़ का पानी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhagalpur/story-katihar-flood-waters-spread-in-low-lying-areas-due-to-rise-in-water-level-of-river-kari-kosi-and-ganga-2760057.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926035037/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhagalpur/story-katihar-flood-waters-spread-in-low-lying-areas-due-to-rise-in-water-level-of-river-kari-kosi-and-ganga-2760057.html |archive-date=26 September 2019 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the headquarters of [[Katihar district]] and [[Katihar railway division]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katihar Railway Division of NFR |url=https://nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,655,656 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=nfr.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> Historically, it was an important [[Metre-gauge railway|metre gauge]] railway station in the [[Bengal Presidency]] that linked [[North India]] with the regions of [[North Bengal]] and [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] The day the Northeast Frontier Railway was born |url=https://www.irfca.org/articles/clips/nfr-birth.html |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref><ref>Rao, M.A. (1988). ''Indian Railways'', New Delhi: National Book Trust, pp.42-4</ref> The main railway station of the city is [[Katihar Junction railway station|Katihar Junction]], a very important railway station on the [[Barauni–Guwahati line|Guwahati - Barauni railway line]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kagyung |first=Biplob |title=124 Departures from Katihar NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/katihar-junction-kir/553 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==Transport==
===Road===
Katihar is connected through road network

*{{jct|NH|31|country=IND}} = {{jct|NH|231|country=IND}}
*{{jct|NH|27|country=IND}} = {{jct|NH|131A|country=IND}}
*{{jct|NH|12|country=IND}} = {{jct|NH|133B|country=IND}}
*{{jct|SH|98|country=IND}} = {{jct|SH|77|country=IND}}
*{{jct|SH|62|country=IND}} = {{jct|SH|65|country=IND}}

===Air===
The nearest airport is located at [[Purnia Airport]] near [[Purnea|Purnia]] (30 km)
The nearest airport is located at [[Bagdogra Airport]] (160 km) near [[Siliguri]] ([[West Bengal]])

===Rail===
[[Katihar Junction railway station|Katihar Junction]] is a major strategic Railway Junction under [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]] which connects North East India with the rest of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2017 |title=Railways resume goods train services for North East states |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/railways-resume-goods-train-services-for-north-east-states-4819810/ |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=}}</ref>

==Education==
{{Main|List of institutions of higher education in Bihar}}



* [[Al-Karim University]]
* [[Katihar Engineering College]]
* [[Katihar Medical College and Hospital]] (KMCH), a private medical college in Katihar City suburbs, recognized by the [[Medical Council of India]] (MCI),<ref>{{cite web|title=Katihar Medical College|url=http://www.kmckatihar.org/ |publisher=[[Katihar Medical College]] |access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref>
* [[Suryadeo Law College]], Katihar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://suryadeolawcollege.com/|title=Suryadeo Law College, Katihar | Law College in Katihar | Law College in Bihar|website=Suryadeolawcollege.com|access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>

==Demographics==


{{Historical populations
| 1901| 9,761
| 1911| 10,219
| 1921| 14,533
| 1931| 15,864
| 1941| 26,326
| 1951| 42,365
| 1961| 59,344
| 1971| 80,121
| 1981| 1,22,005
| 1991| 1,54,367
| 2001| 1,90,873
| 2011| 2,40,838
| title= Historical Population
| align = right
|footnote= Source: District Census Handbook<ref name="dchba">{{cite book|title=District Census Handbook katihar Part-A|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Bihar|location=katihar|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/276/download/754/DH_2011_1000_PART_A_DCHB_KATIHAR.pdf}}</ref>}}
As per the 2011 census, Katihar Urban Agglomeration had a population of 240,565.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date = 16 April 2012 }}</ref> Katihar Urban Agglomeration includes Katihar (municipal corporation plus outgrowth) and Katihar Railway Colony (outgrowth).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title = Constituents of urban Agglomerations Having Population 1 Lakh & above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011|access-date = 16 April 2012 }}</ref> Katihar Municipal Corporation had a total population of 225,982, out of which 119,142 were males and 106,840 were females. It had a sex ratio of 897. The population below 5 years was 31,036. The literacy rate of the 7+ population was 79.87 per cent.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date = 16 April 2012}}</ref> Katihar is at 193rd rank in terms of its population among the [[List of most populous cities in India|top 200 cities of India]] as per the 2011 census.

=== Religion ===
{{bar box|width = 300px
|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0"
|title=Religion in Katihar city (2011)
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|DarkOrange|76.90}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|Green|22.10}}
{{bar percent|Others|Black|1.00}}}}Hinduism is major religion in Katihar city with 185,196 [[Hindus]] (76.9%) and 53,213 [[Muslims]] (22.1%). Other religions include 794 [[Christians]] (0.33%), 373 [[Sikhs]] (0.15%), 221 Jains (0.09%), 70 Buddhists (0.03%) and 960 (0.4%) not stated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katihar City Population 2022 - Sex Ratio, Population Density, Literacy |url=https://www.indiacensus.net/city/katihar |access-date=11 July 2022 |website=www.indiacensus.net |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = righ
|caption = Languages spoken in Katihar City (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label1= [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value1= 61.28
|color1 =orange
|label2= [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
|value2 = 14.57
|color2 =green
|label3 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value3 = 4.33
|color3 =red
|label4 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
|value4 = 4.08
|color4 =yellow
|label5 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
|value5 = 2.01
|color5 =brown
|label6 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]]
|value6 = 0.66
|color6 =pink
|label7 = Others
|value7 = 13.03
}}

==Climate==
The climate of Katihar has widespread rainfall during the [[monsoon]]s, sometimes bringing floods to the adjoining rural areas of the [[Katihar District]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2024 |title=Bihar flood situation worsens as major rivers spate; IMD issues heavy rain alert |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-flood-situation-worsens-as-major-rivers-spate-imd-issues-heavy-rain-alert-101727683836219.html |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 2021 |title=Floodwaters enter four blocks in Katihar district |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/floodwaters-enter-four-blocks-in-katihar-district/articleshow/85334800.cms |access-date=2 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Rivers ==
Rivers in Katihar include:
* [[Ganges]]
* [[Kosi River]]
* [[Mahananda River]]

== See also ==
* [[List of cities in Bihar]]
* [[Kolasi]]
* [[Korha Assembly constituency|Korha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.katihar.bih.nic.in katihar.bih.nic.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203055349/http://katihar.bih.nic.in/ |date=3 December 2019 }}
*[https://archive.today/20140806075344/http://districtcourts.nic.in/ecourts/Patna/Katihar/Katihar.php District Court, Katihar]

{{Purnia Division}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Katihar| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Katihar district]]

Hinduism in Croatia

2026-02-22T04:32:17Z

SaraD96423049267:

{{Short description|none}} 
{{More footnotes|date=May 2012}}
{{Hinduism by country}}
[[Hinduism]] is a minor religion in [[Croatia]].

==History==
[[File:Hare Krishna people in Croatia.jpg|thumb|People singing ‘Hare Krishna’ in Zareb, Croatia]]
The Hindu Community in Croatia is small in size. A Croat-Indian Society was established in June 1994 and has been active in organizing social and cultural events, including classical dance performances, animation films based on Indian history, and various documentaries on India’s traditions. An Agreement of Cooperation was signed between the Diplomatic Academy of Croatia and the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs']] [[Sushma Swaraj Institute of Foreign Service|Institute of Foreign Service]]. The [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKON) is officially recognized in Croatia and has nine centres.<ref>https://iskconnews.org/40-years-of-iskcon-in-croatia-celebrated-with-9th-ratha-yatra-in-zagreb/</ref> These centres are located in [[Osijek]], [[Pula]], [[Rijeka]], [[Split, Croatia|Split]], [[Varaždin]], [[Vodice, Croatia|Vodice]], [[Zadar]], and Zagreb, which has two. <ref> https://centres.iskcon.org/centre-region/croatia/ </ref> In 2007, the Croatian government gave {{convert|500|m2|sqft}} of land in Zagreb for Hare Krishna humanitarian work.

==Academic interest==
Croatian scholars have long been interested in [[Indology]]. The [[Carmelites|Carmelite]] friar Ivan Filip Vesdin, also known as Paulinus a Sancto Bartolomaeo, visited the Court of the Maharaja in [[Travancore]] from 1776 and 1789. He was an early influence in the growth of Indology in Croatia and wrote several books on Indian culture and [[Indo-European languages]], including a book on Sanskrit grammar, the first its kind in Europe.<ref> https://indolog.ffzg.unizg.hr/wp-content/uploads/vol12_art10_JAUKPINHAK.pdf </ref> The [[University of Zagreb]] established their [[Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb|Department of Indology]] in 1962, with 50-60 students studying annually. It is now called the Department of Indology and Far East Studies. The university partners with the [[Croatia–India relations|Indian Embassy]] to hold events, including their annual Hindi Day. In 2002, 29 leading Sanskrit scholars from around the world attended the Third Dubrovnik International Conference to discuss [[Indian epic poetry#Sanskrit epics|Sanskrit epics]] and [[Puranas]]. The [[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts]] has published proceedings from each conference in English<ref> https://dicsep.org/ </ref>.

==References==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070309180825/http://www.indianembassy.hr/bilateral-relationship.htm INDIA - CROATIA BILATERAL RELATIONS]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927104527/http://akincanaforum.eponym.com/blog/_WebPages/ISKCONBrod.html VEDIC CULTURAL CENTRE, ISKCON Slavonski Brod, Croatia]
*[http://www.vina.cc/stories/MISSION/2004/2/religious.status.croatia.html OFFICIAL RELIGIOUS STATUS FINALLY GRANTED TO ISKCON IN CROATIA]
*[http://www.poweryogapilates.com/ Nava Power Yoga Assoc. of Croatia]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060630112718/http://www.yoga-in-daily-life.org/articles/show.asp?id=20060605001 Swamiji's Croatian Tour 2006]
{{reflist}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism|Croatia}}
*[[Hinduism in Estonia]]
*[[Hinduism in Martinique]]

{{Hinduism in Europe}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hinduism In Croatia}}
[[Category:Religion in Croatia]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Europe|Croatia]]
[[Category:Hinduism by country|Croatia]]

Marshall School, Dehradun

2026-02-21T04:53:14Z

SaraD96423049267: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Marshall School
| native_name =
| latin_name = 
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| seal_image =
| seal_size =
| seal_alt =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = 
| address = 40, East Canal Road
| town = [[Dehradun]]
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| country = [[India]]


| coordinates = {{coord|30.318599|78.048254|format=dms|type:edu_region:IN-UT|display=inline,title}}


| type = [[Private school|Private]] [[Co-Educational]]


| motto = 
| motto_translation = 
| religious_affiliation =
| denomination =
| patron = 
| established = {{Start date|1967|df=y}}
| founder = [[Francis Russell Marshall]]
| status = Open
| closed = 
| school_board = [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]]


| educational_authority = 
| category = 
| oversight = 
| authorizer =
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| trustee =
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| session =
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| acting_headteacher =
| head = 
| officer_in_charge =
| chaplain =
| staff =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff = 3<ref name="schoolfinder.co.in">{{cite web|title=Marshall School, East Canal Road, Dehradun — SchoolFinder |url=https://www.schoolfinder.co.in/school/Dehradun/East+Canal+Road/ICSE/Marshall-School |publisher=schoolfinder.co.in |accessdate=4 August 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804042520/https://www.schoolfinder.co.in/school/Dehradun/East%2BCanal%2BRoad/CBSE/Marshall-School |archivedate=4 August 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| employees =
| key_people = 
| grades = [[Kindergarten|K]] - [[12th grade|12th]]<ref name="schoolfinder.co.in" /><ref name="eUttaranchal" />
| lower_age = 3.5<ref name="eUttaranchal" />
| enrolment = 
| enrolment_as_of = 
| enrollment = 
| international_students =
| classes = [[English literature|English]], [[Hindi literature|Hindi]], Mathematics, [[Computer science|Computers]]<ref name="eUttaranchal" />
| avg_class_size =
| ratio =
| system =
| classes_offered = 
| language = English


| schedule_type =
| schedule = 10am - 5pm
| hours_in_day = 
| classrooms = 32
| campus_size = 22.03 [[acres]]
| campus_type = Suburban
| houses = Ashoka Shivaji Azad Pratap
| student_union = 


| colours = 
| slogan =
| song =
| fight_song = 
| sports = Basketball, Cricket, Badminton, Hockey, Volleyball, Football, Tennis, Gymnastics
| mascot =
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| communities =
| feeder_schools =
| feeder_to =
| graduates =
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| affiliation = 
| alumni = [[Ali Abbas Zafar]] - film director and screenwriter.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sahani|first1=Alaka|title=Sultan's journey is similar to Salman Khan's real life, says director Ali Abbas Zafar|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sultan-salman-khan-hit-box-office-ali-abbas-zafar-wrestling-2912164/.|website=The Indian Express|accessdate=4 August 2016|date=14 July 2016}}</ref>
[[Rishabh Telang]] - Founder Cult Fitness
Lavanya Tripathi- Film Actress
| nobel_laureates =
| information = 
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''Marshall School, Dehradun''' is a co-educational school in [[Dehradun]], the capital of the state of [[Uttarakhand]] in [[India]]. The school has been showing consistent results in both the 10th and 12th examinations [[Central board of secondary education|CISCE]]. The school is located on the East Canal road in Dehradun.

== History ==
Marshall School was founded in 1967 by [[Francis Russell Marshall]], a [[British education|British educator]], with only five students.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

== Facilities ==
Marshall has a well equipped computer lab with one computer per student.

=== Hostel ===
The school has a hostel facility that is divided up by junior and senior grades, as well as by boys and girls.<ref name="eUttaranchal">{{cite web|title=Marshall School Dehradun|url=http://www.euttaranchal.com/schools/marshall-school-dehradun|website=eUttaranchal|accessdate=4 August 2016}}</ref>

=== Athletic courts ===
Marshall School has separate athletic courts for indoor and outdoor sports. Tennis, basketball, and volleyball all have hard outdoor courts while badminton has an indoor court.<ref name="eUttaranchal"/>

== Competition ==
The school organizes many events for integrated development of students, including a debate competition. The events attract students from around the valley and north India to participate every year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Marshall School holds exhibition |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/water-accumulates-in-narwana-street-due-to-choking-of-sewerage-370858-370858 |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> The school has four houses:
* Blue (Ashoka)
* Green (Shivaji)
* Yellow (Azad)
* Red (Pratap)

Every year these four houses compete among themselves to win different sport events, competitions and overall academics. The school organizes painting competitions, debates, sports and other activities on campus. A School Headboy and Headgirl are chosen every year.

=== Sports ===
Regular sporting events such as basketball, cricket, badminton, hockey, volleyball, football, tennis, and gymnastics are organised by the school and professional sport coaches help students.

== Affiliation ==
The School is affiliated to [[Central board of secondary education|Council of Indian School of Central Examination]]. The school conducts both the standard 10th [[Central board of secondary education|ICSE]] and the standard 12th [[Central board of secondary education|ISC]] examinations.

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://euttaranchal.com/education/schools/marshall-school-dehradun.php Marshall School Dehradun]

{{Dehradun}}


[[Category:Primary schools in India]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Schools in Dehradun]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

LIC Narasimhan

2026-02-08T09:20:36Z

SaraD96423049267: created stub.

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image = LIC_Narasimhan.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Narasimhan
| birth_date = 1940
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actor
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2011|10|27|1940|1|1}}<ref name="death">{{Cite web |url=http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/actor-lic-narasimhan-dies-of-cancer-45435.html |title=Actor LIC Narasimhan dies of cancer – KOLLY TALK |access-date=1 August 2014 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808045936/http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/actor-lic-narasimhan-dies-of-cancer-45435.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| death_place= Chennai, India
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| years_active =
}}

'''LIC Narasimhan''' was an Indian [[character actor]] who appeared in [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] films.

==Career==
He has appeared in over 300 films and was also seen on the small screen and in ads.<ref name="death"/>
He was working for [[Life Insurance Corporation of India|LIC]] as an officer, quit his job to take up a career in [[Kollywood]], hence was called as LIC Narasimhan. He had acted in many films in the role of doctor, police officer and Judge.

He was seen as [[Rajinikanth]]'s brother in the hit film ''[[Aarilirunthu Arubathu Varai]]''. His comical pronunciation of 'Ninnu Kori Varnam' and 'Paal Irukke Palam Irukkee' to ace comedian [[Goundamani]] in the film ''[[Themmangu Paattukaaran]]'' was very popular among the audience.<ref>{{cite web | title=Lic Narasimhan Expires – Lic Narasimhan – Rajini – Tamil Movie News | website=Behindwoods.com | date=2011-10-29 | url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/oct-11-05/lic-narasimhan-rajini-29-10-11.html | access-date=2020-06-16 | archive-date=9 May 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509043102/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/oct-11-05/lic-narasimhan-rajini-29-10-11.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-comedian-actor-lic-narasimhan-passes-away-29-10-11910.htm |title=Comedian actor LIC Narasimhan passes away – Tamilstar.com |access-date=1 August 2014 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053413/http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-comedian-actor-lic-narasimhan-passes-away-29-10-11910.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Arcot Road Times » Veteran actor 'LIC' Narasimhan dead: resident of Chinmaya Nagar | website=Arcot Road Times – Your neighbourhood newspaper | url=http://arcotroadtimes.com/2011/11/veteran-actor-%E2%80%98lic%E2%80%99-narasimhan-dead-resident-of-chinmaya-nagar/ | language=mg | access-date=2020-06-16 | archive-date=11 August 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811235254/http://arcotroadtimes.com/2011/11/veteran-actor-%E2%80%98lic%E2%80%99-narasimhan-dead-resident-of-chinmaya-nagar/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Partial filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
!class=unsortable|Notes
|-
|1972
|''Aseervatham''
|
|
|-
|1975
|''[[Andharangam]]''
|Liquor seller
|Uncredited
|-
| 1979
|| ''[[Aarilirunthu Arubathu Varai]]''
|| Raghu
||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1983
|''[[Thudikkum Karangal (1983 film)|Thudikkum Karangal]]''
|Doctor
|
|-
|''[[Paayum Puli (1983 film)|Paayum Puli]]''
| Hotel manager
|
|-
|''[[Sivappu Sooriyan]]''
| Butcher
|
|-
|| ''[[Adutha Varisu]]''
|| Sundaram
||
|-
| 1984
|| ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (1984 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]''
|| Eye Doctor
||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1985
|| ''[[Raja Rishi]]''
|| Kanvar Seedan
||
|-
|| ''[[Chidambara Rahasiyam (film)|Chidambara Rahasiyam]]''
|| Victim of robbery
||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1986
|| ''[[Mr. Bharath]]''
|| Ravishankar
||
|-
|| ''[[Naan Adimai Illai]]''
|| Rajasekhar's friend
||
|-
|| ''[[Nambinar Keduvathillai]]''
||
||
|-
|| ''[[Enakku Nane Needipathi]]''
|| Advocate
||
|-
|| ''[[Aayiram Kannudayaal]]''
||
||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1987
|| ''[[Thirumathi Oru Vegumathi]]''
|| Police Inspector
||
|-
|''[[Kavalan Avan Kovalan]]''
|Narasimhan
|
|-
|| ''[[Mupperum Deviyar]]''
|| Sivan
||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1988
|| ''[[Guru Sishyan (1988 film)|Guru Sishyan]]''
||[[Inspector-general of police|IG]] Sriram
||
|-
|| ''Kadarkarai Thaagam''
|| Doctor
||
|-
|| ''Poovum Puyalum''
|| Advocate
||
|-
|| ''[[Uzhaithu Vaazha Vendum]]''
|| Cyclerickshaw's customer
||
|-
|| ''[[Puthiya Vaanam]]''
|| Samuel
||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1989
|| ''[[En Purushanthaan Enakku Mattumthaan]]''
||Bank manager
||
|-
|| ''[[Poruthathu Pothum]]''
|| Advocate
||
|-
|| ''[[Raja Chinna Roja]]''
|| Police inspector
||
|-
|| ''[[Dharmam Vellum]]''
|| Doctor
||
|-
|| ''[[Vettri Vizhaa]]''
|| S Ganapathy, Bank Manager
||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1990
|| ''[[Pudhu Vasantham]]''
|| Rangarajan
||
|-
|| ''[[Pudhu Padagan]]''
||
||
|-
|| ''[[Ethir Kaatru]]''
||
||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1991
|| ''[[Captain Prabhakaran]]''
|| Police officer
||
|-
|| ''[[Kizhakku Karai]]''
||
||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1992
|| ''[[David Uncle]]''
||
||
|-
|''[[Senthamizh Paattu]]''
|College Professor
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1993
|| ''[[Ezhai Jaathi]]''
|| Selection officer
||
|-
|| ''[[Thangakkili]]''
||
||
|-
|| ''[[Parvathi Ennai Paradi]]''
|| College principal
||
|-
|| ''[[Rojavai Killathe]]''
|| Doctor
||
|-
| 1994
|| ''[[Varavu Ettana Selavu Pathana]]''
||Vigilante Officer
||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1995
|| ''[[Nandhavana Theru]]''
|| Church Father
||
|-
|| ''[[Chakravarthy (1995 film)|Chakravarthy]]''
|| Pradeep
||
|-
|| ''[[Chandralekha (1995 film)|Chandralekha]]''
|| Ramachandran
||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1996
|| '' [[Vaanmathi]] ''
|| Padmavathy's advocate
||
|-
|| '' [[Kaalam Maari Pochu (1996 film)|Kaalam Maari Pochu]] ''
|| Advocate
||
|-
|| ''[[Aavathum Pennale Azhivathum Pennale]]''
|| Dr. Maari
||
|-
| 1997
|| ''[[Sishya (film)|Sishya]]''
||
||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1998
|| ''[[Dharma (1998 film)|Dharma]]''
||
||
|-
|| ''[[En Uyir Nee Thaane]]''
|| Police commissioner
||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1999
|| ''[[Ninaivirukkum Varai]]''
|| Police officer
||
|-
|| ''[[Chinna Durai (1999 film)|Chinna Durai]]''
||
||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000
|| ''[[Eazhaiyin Sirippil]]''
|| Police officer
||
|-
|| ''[[Sabhash]]''
|| Judge
||
|-
| 2001
|| ''[[Looty]]''
||
||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002 || ''[[Red (2002 film)|Red]]'' || School correspondent || Uncredited
|-
|| ''[[Dhaya (film)|Dhaya]]''
|| Minister's PA
||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003
|| ''[[Ramachandra (film)|Ramachandra]]''
| rowspan="4"| Judge
||
|-
|| ''[[Anjaneya (film)|Anjaneya]]''
||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005
|| ''[[Iyer IPS]]''
||
|-
|| ''[[Chanakya (2005 film)|Chanakya]]''
||
|-
| 2006
|| ''[[Perarasu (film)|Perarasu]]''
|| Manager
||
|-
| 2007
|| ''[[Sabari (2007 film)|Sabari]]''
| rowspan="2"|Doctor
||
|-
| 2009
|| ''[[Kannukulle]]''
||
|-
| 2012
|| ''[[Medhai]]''
||
|| Posthumous release
|}

==Death==
Narasimhan died on 27 October 2011 of cancer. The actor suffered with cancer for two years and died while he was asleep. His cremation took place at his residence in Valasaravakkam, Chennai.<ref name="death" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-10-29 |title=29th October 2011 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/obituary/29th-October-2011/article13562599.ece |access-date=2026-01-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narasimhan, LIC}}
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]

Jameela Malik

2026-02-07T23:01:04Z

SaraD96423049267: created new biography.

{{Short description|Indian actress (died 2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jameela Malik
| image=
| birth_place = [[Kollam]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/southern_cinema/southern-actress-jameela-malik-first-keralite-graduate-ftii-passes-away-73-1502850671.html |title=Southern actress Jameela Malik, first Keralite to graduate from FTII passes away at 73 |work=The Statesman |date=29 January 2020 |accessdate=30 January 2020}}</ref>
| occupation = [[Actor|Film actor]]
| death_date = 28 January 2020 (age 74)
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| resting_place = Jonakapuram, [[Kollam]]
| years_active= 1972–1986, 2016–2020
| parents =
}}

'''Jameela Malik''' (1945/1946 – 28 January 2020) was an Indian actress in south Indian movies. She acted in [[Malayalam film|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil film|Tamil]] films in the 1970s and 1980s. She received critical acclaim and appreciation, for all the movies she acted, from the critics and audience as well.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sk6lsbahWMo |title=YouTube |via=YouTube}}</ref> She entered the film industry with the film ''[[Aadhyathe Katha]]'' in 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nthwall.com/ml/Jameela-Malik/celebrities/4564100502 |title=Jameela Malik's Movies, Latest News, Video Songs, wallpapers, New Images, Photos, Biography, Upcoming Movies.- NTH Wall |access-date=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820151757/http://www.nthwall.com/ml/Jameela-Malik/celebrities/4564100502 |archive-date=20 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She was the first woman from Kerala to graduate from the [[Film and Television Institute of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktEwYijdj3o |title=Jameela Malik actress on Sthree 14th Oct 2013 Part 2 സ്ത്രീ |date=15 October 2013 |via=YouTube}}</ref> She worked as teacher in schools. She was married for a year and had a son. She had also acted in more than twenty television serials during the 1990s.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} She died on 28 January 2020 at the age of 74.<ref>{{cite web |first=Aswin J |last=Kumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/veteran-actress-jameela-malik-dies-in-thiruvananthapuram/articleshow/73686916.cms |title=Veteran actress Jameela Malik dies in Thiruvananthapuram |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 January 2020 |accessdate=28 January 2020}}</ref>

==Partial filmography==

===Malayalam===
* ''Faces'' (FTII student diploma film)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/remembering-jameela-malik-who-broke-barriers-be-first-kerala-woman-study-ftii-117236 |title=Remembering Jameela Malik, who broke barriers to be first Kerala woman to study at FTII|author=Cris|access-date=25 October 2025|publisher=The News Minute}}</ref>
* ''[[Line Bus]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Sathi (1972 film)|Sathi]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Aadhyathe Katha]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Ragging (film)|Ragging]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Enippadikal (film)|Eanippadikal]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Rajahamsam]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Neelakannukal]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Rahasyarathri]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Boy Friend (1975 film)|Boy Friend]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Niramaala]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Ullasa Yaathra]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Chottanikkara Amma]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Sexilla Stundilla]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Swarna Medal (1977 film)|Swarna Medal]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Society Lady]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Avakaasham]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Kazhukan]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Daaliya Pookkal]]'' (1980)
* ''Lahari'' (1982)
* ''[[Pandavapuram]]'' (1986) as Devi teacher
* ''[[Oru Maymasa Pulariyil]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Unnikuttanu Joli Kitti]]'' (1990)

===Tamil===
* ''Velli Ratham'' (1979)
* ''Adhisaya Raagam'' (1979)
* ''Lakshmi'' (1979)
* ''[[Nadhiyai Thedi Vandha Kadal]]'' (1980)
* ''Ponnazhagi'' (1981)
* ''Sriman Srimati'' (1982)

===As a dubbing artist===
* ''[[Mayura (film)|Mayura]]'' (1975)

===Radio dramas===

==Television==
* ''Kayar''
* ''Sagarika''
* ''[[Mangalyapattu]]'' ([[Mazhavil Manorama]])
* ''Chempattu'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2979112}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malik, Jameela}}
[[Category:1940s births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kollam]]

Kingfisher Calendar

2026-02-04T21:06:17Z

SaraD96423049267: added info

{{Short description|Indian annual calendar 2003–2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}

[[File:Deepika and Siddharth Mallya at Kingfisher Calendar Girl 2011.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Deepika Padukone]], herself a Kingfisher Calendar Girl of 2006, at the launch of the calendar in 2011.]]

The '''Kingfisher Calendar''' was an annual calendar featuring models in swimsuits published by the Indian conglomerate [[United Breweries Group]] for 19 years from 2003 to 2021.<ref>{{Cite news | title = Kingfisher Swimsuit Calendar is now a thing of past | date = 19 January 2022 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/buzz/kingfisher-swimsuit-calendar-is-now-a-thing-of-past/articleshow/88971034.cms | work = [[Times of India]] | access-date = 9 September 2022}}</ref> Described by [[Rediff]] as "arguably the most prestigious modelling assignment in India", it was credited with advancing the careers of models and actresses like [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Yana Gupta]], [[Sonali Raut]], [[Ujjwala Raut]], [[Nargis Fakhri]], [[Bruna Abdullah]], Deepti Gujral, [[Lisa Haydon]], Aishwarya Sushmita and [[Angela Jonsson]].<ref>{{Cite news | title = Kingfisher Calendar 2012: Bikini beauties battle it out! | date = 18 October 2011 | url = http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-glamour-meet-the-kingfisher-calendar-2012-contestants/20111018.htm | work = [[Rediff.com]] | accessdate =16 January 2012}}</ref> Photographer [[Atul Kasbekar]] has been associated with the calendar since its inception in 2003 till its final issue in 2021. Kasbekar along with [[Vijay Mallya]] are credited with the idea of creating the annual Kingfisher Calendar.<ref>{{cite news | first = Deepti | last = Jakhar | title = Sizzling beauties of Kingfisher Calendar 2012 | date = 10 January 2012 | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/beauty/story/kingfisher-calendar-2012-sizzles-89044-2012-01-09 | work = [[India Today]] | access-date =13 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = Sanskrity | last = Sinha | title = Kingfisher Calendar 2012 Unveiled: Models' Exclusive Bikini Shots (PHOTOS) | date = 12 January 2012 | url = http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/280697/20120112/kingfisher-calendar-2012-unveiled-models-exclusive-bikini.htm | work = [[International Business Times]] | accessdate =13 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Kingfisher Bikini babes audition for Kingfisher Calendar 2011 | date = 12 September 2010 | url = http://getahead.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/sep/09/slide-show-1-glamour-kingfisher-calendar-2011-auditions.htm | work = [[Rediff.com]] | accessdate =16 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = Deepti | last = Jakhar | title = Kingfisher Swimsuit Calendar 2012 to be unveiled soon | date = 10 December 2011 | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/whats-hot/story/kingfisher-swimsuit-calendar-2012-vijay-mallya-148341-2011-12-09 | work = [[India Today]] | access-date =16 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Making of Kingfisher Calendar Girl 2010 | date = 28 October 2009 | url = http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=3329686 | work = [[MSN.com]] | accessdate = 16 January 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120501090052/http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=3329686 | archive-date = 1 May 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Photographers, locations, models and production ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%;"
! width="60px"|Year
! width="80px"| Photographer
! width="120px"| Location
! width="450px"| Models
|-
! 2003
| [[Atul Kasbekar]] || [[Mauritius]]
| Shivani Kapur, [[Ujjwala Raut]], Vidisha Pavate, [[Yana Gupta]] and [[Katrina Kaif]]
|-
! 2004
| [[Atul Kasbekar]] || [[Thailand]]
|[[Yana Gupta]], [[Nifa Hindes]], Pia Trivedi, Vidisha Pavate and Rohini Tiwari
|-
! 2005
| [[Atul Kasbekar]] || [[South Africa]]
| [[Yana Gupta]], [[Cindy Burbridge]], [[Asha Leo]], Pia Trivedi and [[Sheetal Menon]]
|-
! 2006
| [[Atul Kasbekar]] || [[Australia]]
| [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Shruti Agrawal]], [[Karishma Kotak]], Neelam Chauhan, Shilpa Reddy and Mashoom Singha
|-
! 2007
| [[Atul Kasbekar]] || [[French Riviera]], France
| [[Bruna Abdullah]], [[Mia Uyeda]], [[Nikii Daas]], Deepti Gujral, [[Shamita Singha]] and Selma Lasrado<ref name=one>{{cite news | title = Kingfisher Swimsuit Calendar 2007 | date = 29 December 2006 | url = https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/features/2006/kingfisher-calender-2007-291206.html | work = [[Oneindia.in]] | access-date = 16 January 2012 }}</ref>
|-
! 2008
| [[Atul Kasbekar]] || [[Goa]], [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]], [[Ladakh]] and [[Udaipur]], India
| Deepti Gujral, [[Preeti Desai]], [[Sheetal Menon]], Monikagana Dutta, [[Shruti Agrawal]], Melissa Mehra and [[Tamara Moss]]
|-
! 2009
| [[Atul Kasbekar]] || Islands on the [[Andaman Sea]]
| Monikana Dutta, [[Nargis Fakhri]], Mimi Blix, [[Tamara Moss]], Katya Melnikova and Sunisa Jongsawat
|-
! 2010
| [[Atul Kasbekar]] || [[Maldives]]<ref>{{cite news | title = Making 'Kingfisher Calendar 2010' | date = 26 November 2009 | url = http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/fashion/indian-models/making-kingfisher-calendar-2010/Making-of-Kingfisher-Calendar-2010/articleshow/5271404.cms |work=The Times of India | accessdate =16 January 2012}}</ref>
| [[Esha Gupta]], [[Gia Johnson|Gia Johnson-Singh]], [[Ashika Pratt]], [[Himarsha Venkatsamy]], [[Anjali Lavania]] and [[Sonali Raut]]
|-
! 2011
| [[Atul Kasbekar]] || [[Mauritius]]
| Fiona Thomas, [[Angela Jonsson]], [[Lisa Haydon]], [[Anjali Lavania]], Cherlotte Lohmann and Lisa Golden<ref>{{cite news | title = Reloaded: Kingfisher Calendar 2011 | date = 12 December 2011 | url = http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/gallery/photoviewer.aspx?cp-documentid=4760561#image=1 | work = [[MSN.com]] | accessdate = 16 January 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111222074123/http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/gallery/photoviewer.aspx?cp-documentid=4760561#image=1 | archive-date = 22 December 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
|-
! 2012
| [[Atul Kasbekar]] || [[Negombo]], Sri Lanka
| [[Tina Desai]], [[Angela Jonsson]], Maia Haydon, Mimi Blix, [[Saiyami Kher]], and [[Nathalia Kaur]]<ref>{{cite news | first = Sanskrity | last = Sinha | title = Kingfisher Calendar 2012 Unveiled: Models' Exclusive Bikini Shots (PHOTOS) | date = 12 January 2012 | url = http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/280697/20120112/kingfisher-calendar-2012-unveiled-models-exclusive-bikini.htm | work = [[International Business Times]] | accessdate =16 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
! 2013
| [[Atul Kasbekar]] || [[South Africa]]
| [[Kanishtha Dhankar]], Elena Fernandes, Nevena Pejatovic, [[Deborah Priya Henry|Priya Emmanuel]] and [[Kyra Dutt]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kingfishercalendar.com/2013/ |title=Kingfisher Calendar 2013 |website=www.kingfishercalendar.com |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106193926/http://www.kingfishercalendar.com/2013/ |archive-date=6 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! 2014
| [[Atul Kasbekar]] || [[Boracay]], Philippines
| [[Nicole Faria]], [[Rochelle Rao]], Rikee Chatterjee, Ketheleno Kenze, [[Sobhita Dhulipala]] and [[Sahar Biniaz]]<ref name="kingfishercalendar">{{cite web|url=http://kingfishercalendar.com/2014/|title=#KFCalendar2014|publisher=kingfishercalendar.com|accessdate=24 July 2016|archive-date=14 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714081434/http://kingfishercalendar.com/2014/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

|-
! 2015
| [[Atul Kasbekar]] || [[Turkey]]
| [[Sarah Jane Dias]], Keisha Lall, Dayana Erappa, Elena Fernandes and [[Aastha Pokharel]]<ref name="kingfishercalendar2">{{cite web|url=http://kingfishercalendar.com/2015/|title=#KFCalendar2015|publisher=kingfishercalendar.com|accessdate=24 July 2016|archive-date=25 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725121941/http://kingfishercalendar.com/2015/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! 2016
| [[Atul Kasbekar]] || [[Seychelles]]
| [[Aisha Sharma]], [[Aishwarya Sushmita]], Maya Hendricks, [[Noyonita Lodh]] and [[Sushrii Shreya Mishraa]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kingfishercalendar.com/2016/|title=#KFCalendar2016|publisher=kingfishercalendar.com|accessdate=24 July 2016|archive-date=14 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714094127/http://kingfishercalendar.com/2016/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! 2017
| [[Atul Kasbekar]] || [[Mykonos]], Greece
| [[Vartika Singh]], Meenakshi Rathore, Dayana Erappa, [[Kanishtha Dhankar]], Alliny Gomes, Helena Gomes and [[Nora Fatehi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/lifestyle/kingfisher-calendar-2017-say-hello-to-these-sexy-af-bikini-hotties-1714083/|title=#KFCalendar2017|publisher=india.com|accessdate=4 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
!2018
| [[Atul Kasbekar]] ||[[Croatia]]
| Priyanka Moodley, Ishika Sharma, Priyanka Karunakaran and Mitali Rannorey<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kingfishercalendar.com/2018/|title=#KFCalendar2018|publisher=kingfishercalendar.com|accessdate=1 January 2018|archive-date=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106152926/http://kingfishercalendar.com/2018/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-

!2019
| [[Atul Kasbekar]] ||[[Sardinia]], Italy
| [[Sushrii Shreya Mishraa]], [[Shubra Aiyappa]], Madusha Mayadunne and Diva Dhawan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kingfishercalendar.com/2019/|title=#KFCalendar2019|publisher=kingfishercalendar.com|accessdate=20 April 2019|archive-date=20 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420175750/http://kingfishercalendar.com/2019/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
!2020
| [[Atul Kasbekar]] ||[[Western Cape]], South Africa
| [[Aditi Arya]], [[Zoya Afroz]], [[Pooja Chopra]] and [[Aishwarya Sushmita]]{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
|-
!2021
| [[Atul Kasbekar]] || [[Kerala]], India
| Gehna Mahiarya, Krithika Babu, [[Adline Castelino]], Sumita Bhandari and [[Anukreethy Vas]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/behold-the-kingfisher-calendar-2021/20201229.htm | title = Behold! The Kingfisher Calendar 2021 | work = rediff.com | accessdate = 9 September 2022}}</ref>
|}

==Kingfisher Calendar Model Hunt==
[[File:07 Nathalia Department - Flickr - rgvzoomin.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Nathalia Kaur]], winner of the Kingfisher Calendar Model Hunt 2012]]
The ''Kingfisher Calendar Model Hunt,'' now known as ''Kingfisher Supermodels'' <ref name="ndtv">{{cite web|url=http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/kingfisher/|title=Kingfisher Supermodels 3|publisher=goodtimes.ndtv.com|accessdate=24 July 2016|archive-date=21 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721061305/http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/kingfisher|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an annual competition to select a model for the annual calendar. Started in 2010, the competition has been televised by [[NDTV Good Times]].<ref name=herald/> The format includes competing 10 women in a reality show across 13 episodes.<ref>[http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/kingfisher/default.aspx Kingfisher Calendar Girl 2012: Nathy ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215185210/http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/kingfisher/default.aspx |date=15 February 2012 }}, ''[[NDTV Good Times]]''. Retrieved 13 January 2012.</ref>

===Winners===

<ref name=hindu>Shalini Shah, [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article2740015.ece Sees, shoots and leaves], ''[[The Hindu]]'', 23 December 2011, Retrieved 12 January 2012.</ref>
* 2010 – [[Himarsha Venkatsamy]]<ref>{{cite news | title = llt | url = http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/NDTV-Show-Special.aspx?ID=411 | work = [[NDTV Good Times]] | accessdate = 13 January 2012 | archive-date = 24 October 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141024122446/http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/Ndtv-Show-Special.aspx?ID=411 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* 2011 – [[Angela Jonsson]]<ref name=ht>{{cite news|title=Angela Jonsson prefers good story over big names |date=7 December 2011 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Angela-Jonsson-prefers-good-story-over-big-names/Article1-779049.aspx |work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=12 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114165602/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Angela-Jonsson-prefers-good-story-over-big-names/Article1-779049.aspx |archivedate=14 January 2012 }}</ref>
* 2012 – [[Nathalia Kaur]]<ref name=herald>{{cite news | first = Nafeesah | last = Ahmed | title = Going for the kill | date = 8 January 2012 | url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/217424/going-kill.html |work=Deccan Herald | accessdate =13 January 2012}}</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/photo/nathalia-pinheiro-kingfisher-calendar-girl-2012-nathalia-pinheiro-kingfisher-366852-2011-12-15 Kingfisher Calendar Girl], ''[[India Today]]'', Retrieved 13 January 2012.</ref>
* 2013 – Nevena Pejatovic
* 2014 – Ketholeno Kense
* 2015 – [[Aastha Pokharel]]
* 2016 – [[Aishwarya Sushmita]]

==In popular culture==
There is a 2015 Hindi film called [[Calendar Girls (2015 film)|''Calendar Girls'']] based on the Kingfisher Calendar phenomenon.

==See also==
*''[[India's Next Top Model]]''
*[[Pirelli Calendar]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

[[Category:Recurring events established in 2003]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Modeling-themed reality television series]]
[[Category:Promotional calendars]]
[[Category:Published calendars]]
[[Category:Swimsuits]]

History of Haryana

2026-01-31T00:07:57Z

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{{Further|History of Punjab|PEPSU|label1=Before the formation of Haryana, Historically it was under the Regional Domain of Punjab, until the Declaration to established separate state,|label2=PAPSU state abolishment Act}}
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{{more citations needed|date=April 2012}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=October 2021}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{History of South Asia}}

[[Haryana]] is a state in India. The state houses several sites from the [[Indus Valley civilisation|Indus Valley Civilization]], which was a [[cradle of civilisation]]. In [[Mahabharata|the Mahabharata]], Haryana is mentioned as Bahudanayak Region.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

Haryana has been ruled by various native and non-native polities including the [[Maurya Empire]], [[Gupta Empire]], [[Pushyabhuti dynasty]], [[Pratihara dynasty]], [[Tomara Dynasty]], [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]], [[Ghurid dynasty]], [[Delhi Sultanate]], [[Mughal Empire]], [[Sikh Confederacy|Sikh Confedracy]], [[Durrani Empire]], [[Maratha Empire]], [[Sikh Empire]], [[George Thomas (soldier)|(George Thomas)]], [[Gwalior State]], [[Company Rule in India]] and [[British Raj]].

[[Sikhs]] during [[Sikh Empire|Khalsa Empire]] ruled some parts of the Haryana region which earlier came under [[Punjab]] division. Some [[Sikhs|Sikh]] states in Haryana were [[Jind]], [[Kaithal]], [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[Ladwa]], [[Kalsia]] and others. Mostly Sikh rulers belong to [[Jat Sikh|Jats]] community of Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bates |first=Crispin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xZBDwAAQBAJ&q=Jind+Jat |title=Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857: Volume I: Anticipations and Experiences in the Locality |date=26 March 2013 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-81-321-1589-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mushirul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLDXAAAAMAAJ |title=Islam in South Asia: Encountering the West : before and after 1857 |date=2008 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-743-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=www.DiscoverSikhism.com |url=http://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IvTheSikhCommonwealthOrRiseAndFallOfSikh |title=History Of The Sikhs Vol. IV The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls |language=English}}</ref>

{{Misls}}

During [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire]], Haryana was known as Delhi Subah. Many historically significant battles have been fought in it such as [[First Battle of Tarain|Battle of Tarain]], [[Second Battle of Panipat|Battle of Panipat]], and [[Battle of Karnal]]. The [[Khanzadas of Mewat]] ruled the [[Mewat|Mewat region]] until 1527.

During the [[British Raj|British Colonial period]], from 1858 to 1947 it was administered as a part of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab province]]. It became a separate administrative state of India in 1966. [[Chandigarh]] is the joint capital for the states of Punjab and Haryana.

==Chronological history==

{{see also | Timeline of Indian history | History of India | Archaeological culture | Chronological dating | l4= Archaeological cultural dating | Phase (archaeology) | l5= Phases in archaeology }}

=== Paleolithic ===
{{see also | Cave paintings in India | South Asian Stone Age | Paleolithic }}

History of human presence in Haryana dates back to 100,000 years ago. [[Archaeology|Archaeologists]] discovered cave paintings and tools in [[Mangar Bani]] hill forest in May 2021; the cave paintings are estimated to be 100,000 years old. These are believed to be the largest in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and possibly the world's oldest.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=14 July 2021|title=Palaeolithic cave paintings found in corner of NCR could be among oldest|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/palaeolithic-cave-paintings-found-in-corner-of-ncr-could-be-among-oldest-in-the-country-101626201354624.html|access-date=18 July 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 July 2021|title=Prehistoric Cave Paintings from One Lakh Years Ago Discovered in Faridabad|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/prehistoric-cave-paintings-from-one-lakh-years-ago-discovered-in-faridabad-3973361.html|access-date=19 July 2021|website=News18}}</ref> Group of 43 sites was found in this area including Ankhir, [[Anangpur]], Anangpur Dam, Shilakhari, [[Mangar Bani]], Dhauj, Kot, Roj ka Gujjar, Nurpur, Dhumaspur, [[Surajkund]], etc.<ref name=mangr2>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/rush-for-protected-tag-to-faridabad-site-where-stone-age-cave-art-found/articleshow/84875868.cms Rush for protected tag to Faridabad site where stone age cave art found], Times of India, 31 July 2021.</ref>

Paleolithic and [[South Asian Stone Age#Neolithice|Neolithic Stone Age]] (7000 BCE - 5500 BCE) find were excavated from the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|banks of the stream]] (paleochannel of [[Saraswati river]]) flowing through HMT complex,<ref>Manmohan Kumar : Archaeology of Ambala and Kurukshetra Districts, Haryana, 1978, Mss, pp.240-241.</ref><ref name=harsamvad1>[http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/Haryana%20Samvad%20October%202018.pdf Haryana Samvad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129225259/http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/Haryana%20Samvad%20October%202018.pdf |date=29 November 2018 }}, Oct 2018, p38-40.</ref> by the [[Guy Ellcock Pilgrim]] who was a British geologist and [[palaeontology|palaeontologist]], who discovered 150,000 year old [[Archaic humans|prehistoric human]] teeth and part of a jaw denoting that the [[Peopling of India#Early hominins of Acheulean period|ancient people]], who were intelligent [[Hominini|hominins]] dating as far back as 150,000 [[Before Present|ybp]] [[Acheulean]] period,<ref name="sciencemag.org">{{Cite journal|title=Early Pleistocene Presence of Acheulian Hominins in South India|first1=Shanti|last1=Pappu|first2=Yanni|last2=Gunnell|first3=Kumar|last3=Akhilesh|first4=Régis|last4=Braucher|first5=Maurice|last5=Taieb|first6=François|last6=Demory|first7=Nicolas|last7=Thouveny|date=25 March 2011|journal=Science|volume=331|issue=6024|pages=1596–1599|doi=10.1126/science.1200183|pmid=21436450|bibcode=2011Sci...331.1596P |s2cid=206531024}}</ref> lived in Pinjore region near [[Chandigarh]].<ref>Pilgrim, Guy, E. 'New Shivalik Primates and their Bearing on the Question, of the Evolution of Man and the Anthropoides, Records of the Geological Survey of India, 1915, Vol.XIV, pp. 2-61.</ref> [[Quartzite]] tools of [[Lower Paleolithic]] period were excavated in this region extending from Pinjore in Haryana to [[Nalagarh]] ([[Solan district]] in Himachal Pradesh.<ref name=hargazc1>[http://revenueharyana.gov.in/Portals/0/hr-gaz-ch-5.pdf Haryana Gazateer], Revennue Dept of Haryana, Capter-V.</ref>

=== Neolithic ===
{{see also | Pottery in the Indian subcontinent#History | l1= Pottery of Archaeological culture | Pottery#Archaeology | l2= Archaeological analysis of pottery | Pottery#Fabric | l3= Fabric analysis of pottery }}

[[Neolithic]] are numerous in Haryana, specially the pre-[[Indus Valley civilisation|IVC]] phases found at [[Bhirrana]], [[Siswal]], [[Rakhigarhi]], [[Kunal, Haryana|Kunal]],<ref name=dis1>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/the-harappan-civilisation-its-sub-cultures.html The Harappan Civilisation: Its Sub-cultures], Daily Pioneer, 10 May 2018.</ref> etc.

=== Indus Valley Civilisation ===
{{anchor | Indus Valley Civilisation | Indus Valley Civilisation|IVC }}
{{see also | Saraswati | Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation | List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilisation | Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilization | Harappan architecture | l5= IVC architecture | Harappan language | l6= IVC language | Indus script | l7= Indus script | Indus–Mesopotamia relations }}

[[Indus Valley civilisation]] evolved on the banks of [[Rigvedic rivers]] [[Indus river|Indus]] and [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvati]] rivers. Sarasvati and its tributary [[Drishadvati river]] ([[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar]]) flow through north and central Haryana and there are [[List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites|numerous IVC sites]] in haryana along [[paleochannel]]s of these rivers, notable among those are the [[Rakhi Garhi]], [[Banawali]], [[Bhirrana]], [[Farmana]], [[Jognakhera]], [[Mitathal]], [[Siswal]], and [[Tosham Hill range#Tosham Hill range Indus Valley Civilization mines & smelters|IVC mines and smelter at Tosham]]. Haryana govt is undertaking projects to [[Adi Badri, Haryana#Sarasvati river revival|revive Saraswati]] and [[Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum]] has been constructed for the conservation of the artefacts.

===Vedic period===
{{see also | Sapta Sindhu | Mahabharta | Bhagavad Gita | Krishna }}

During the Vedic era, there were [[janapada]] in Haryana from 1500 BCE 6th century BCE, which evolved into [[mahajanapadas]] which lasted from 6th century BCE to 4th century BCE. During Janpada period [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] janpada covered most of Haryana and their area was called Kurukshetra, except [[South Haryana]] where [[Matsya Kingdom|Matsaya janpada]] (700–300 BCE) covered [[Mewat]] in Haryana (and [[Alwar]] in Rajasthan) and [[Surasena]] janpada covered [[Braj]] region including parts of Haryana near [[Barsana]] (such as [[Punhana]] and [[Hodal]]). After [[mahabharta]] and subsequent [[ashvamedha]] [[yagna]], Kuru janpada evolved into a mahajanapada which sovereignty over other janpadas. The sandy [[bagar tract]] in northwestern and westcentral Haryana on Haryana-Rajasthan border was part of the larger [[jangladesh]] which also covered [[thar Desert|thar]] area of Rajasthan. Lord [[Krishna]] revealed [[Bhagavad Gita]] to [[Arjuna]] at [[Jyotisar]]. [[Śrauta]] were codified in Haryana during Kuru mahajanpada era, and notable sites in Haryana related to [[rishi]] authors are [[Bilaspur, Haryana|Bilaspur]] (Vyas Puri) and [[Kapal Mochan]] both related to Rishi [[Vyasa|Ved Vyasa]] who wrote mahabharta on the banks of Saraswati at hish [[ashram]] at Bilaspur, [[Dhosi Hill]] was ashram of Rishi [[Chyavana]], who is mentioned in mahabharta, and he is well known for creating [[chyavanprash]] and detailed formula for which first appeared in the [[ayurveda|ayurvedic]] text [[Charaka Samhita]].

In some ancient Hindu texts, the boundaries of [[Kurukshetra]] (the area under Kuru janpada, not just the modern day Kurukshetra city)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitalgyanganga.com/haryana-gk-2020/|title=Haryana Gk 2020 : Ancient Haryana {{!}} प्राचीन हरियाणा {{!}} For all HSSC Exams|last=admin|date=22 January 2020|website=Digital Gyan Ganga|language=en|access-date=23 January 2020|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925141958/https://www.digitalgyanganga.com/haryana-gk-2020/|url-status=dead}}</ref> correspond roughly to the state of Haryana. Thus according to the [[Taittiriya Aranyaka]] 5.1.1., the Kurukshetra region is south of Turghna ([[Sugh Ancient Mound|Srughna/Sugh]]), north of [[Khandava Forest|Khandavprastha forest]] ([[Delhi]] and [[Mewat]] region), east of [[Maru Pradesh]] (marusthal or desert) and west of Parin.<ref>[http://www.omilosmeleton.gr/english/documents/VedicEvidenceforAMT.pdf Agarwal, Vishal: Is There Vedic Evidence for the Indo-Aryan Immigration to India?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528001253/http://www.omilosmeleton.gr/english/documents/VedicEvidenceforAMT.pdf |date=28 May 2008 }}</ref> Some of these historic places are included in the [[48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra]].

<gallery>

Early_Vedic_Culture_(1700-1100_BCE).png|Early Vedic Culture (1700-1100 BCE), era of janpadas.
Late_Vedic_Culture_(1100-500_BCE).png|Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE), janpadas evolved into mahajanpadas.
EpicIndia.jpg|Locations of kingdoms and republics in [[Bharata Khanda]] (India) mentioned in epics like mahabharta.
</gallery>

===Sultanate period===
[[Muhammad Ghori]] conquered Haryana after the [[Second Battle of Tarain]]. Following his death, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] was established that ruled much of India for several centuries. The earliest reference to 'Hariana' occurs in a [[Sanskrit]] inscription dated 1328 AD kept in [[Delhi]] Museum, which refers to this region as ''The heaven on earth'', indicating that it was fertile and relatively peaceful at that time. [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] established a fort at Hisar in 1354 to further fortify the region, and also constructed canals or ''rajwahas'' as they were referred to in the Indo-Persian historical texts.

The [[Khanzadas of Mewat]] were a ruling dynasty of [[Muslim Rajputs]], who traced their lineage to Raja Sonpar Pal, a Yaduvanshi Rajput who converted to Islam during the Delhi Sultanate. The Khanzadas were granted the Lordship of [[Mewat]] by [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] in 1372. [[Nahar Khan|Raja Nahar Khan]], formerly known as Raja Sonpar Pal, proclaimed the title of Wali-e-Mewat, solidifying a hereditary polity that endured until 1527.<ref>{{Citation |last=Chandra |first=Satish |title=Mughal India |date=1 April 1982 |work=The Cambridge Economic History of India |pages=458–471 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521226929.027 |access-date=7 November 2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/chol9780521226929.027 |isbn=978-1-139-05451-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Mughal Empire ===
[[File:The_defeat_of_Hemu,_Akbarnama.jpg|thumb|The defeat of [[Hemu]] at the [[Second Battle of Panipat]], c. 1556, [[Akbarnama]].]]
The three famous battles of Panipat took place near the modern town of [[Panipat]]. The [[First Battle of Panipat|first battle]] took place in 1526, where [[Babur]], the ruler of [[Kabul]] defeated [[Ibrahim Lodi]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], through the use of [[field artillery]]. This battle marked the beginning of the [[Mughal Empire]] in India. [[Hasan Khan Mewati]] was the son of [[Khanzada Alawal Khan|Raja Alawal Khan]], his dynasty ruled [[Mewat]] for nearly two centuries. Descended from Raja Nahar Khan, the Wali of Mewat in the 14th century, Hasan Khan Mewati assumed the role of a sovereign king. Babur acknowledged him as the leader of the 'Mewat country'.

In the [[First Battle of Panipat]], Hasan Khan Mewati supported [[Ibrahim Lodi]] against Babur in 1526, marked a pivotal moment in the conflict between the Mughal Empire and the Delhi Sultanate. Hasan Khan Mewati later aligned himself with [[Rana Sanga]] in continued opposition against the Mughal Empire in the [[Battle of Khanwa]], where he was killed by the forces led by Babur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2018 |title=अलवर का वीर देशभक्त सपूत, जिससे बाबर भी घबराता था, बाबर के खिलाफ जमकर किया था युद्ध {{!}} Hasan Khan Mewati Alwar Story In Hindi |url=https://www.patrika.com/alwar-news/hasan-khan-mewati-alwar-story-in-hindi-3854583/ |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

In the [[Second Battle of Panipat]] (5 November 1556), [[Akbar]]'s general [[Bairam Khan]] defeated [[Hemu]], the local Haryanvi who grew up in [[Rewari]]. Hemu, who belonged to Rewari in Haryana, rose from a businessman to become adviser to Afghan kings and then Prime Minister-cum-Chief of Army. He fought and won 22 battles in between 1553 and 1556, from Punjab to Bengal against Afghans and Mughals and won all of them without losing any. Hemu defeated Akbar's army at Tughlaqabad in [[Battle of Delhi (1556)|Battle of Delhi-1556]] and became king at Delhi on 7 October 1556 declaring himself as Vikramaditya following the reigns of earlier Vedic kings.<ref name="MHI2">Kar, L. Colonel H. C. "Military History of India", Calcutta (1980), p.283</ref> Hemu died in the [[Second Battle of Panipat]].

===Maratha period (1756–1801)===
The [[Third Battle of Panipat]] was fought in 1761 between the Afghan Emperor [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]] and the [[Maratha Empire]] under [[Sadashivrao Bhau]] of Pune. Ahmad Shah won decisively, on 13 January 1761.

===Colonial period===
{{see also | Ballabhgarh#History | Farrukhnagar#Under_British_Raj | label 1 = Ballabhgarh history | label 2 = Farrukhnagar history | 1907 Punjab unrest}}

====1857 war of independence====

The [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] war started first at [[Ambala Cantonment]], 8 hours before revolt started in [[Meerut]], when the soldiers of [[5th Indian Infantry Brigade]] and [[60th Indian Infantry Brigade]] revolted but it was crushed.<ref name=sarasnew1>[http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/11%2012%201%20HARYANA%20SAMVAD%20NOV-%20JAN%202017-2018%20FOR%20for%20web.pdf Haryana Samvad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827125256/http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/11%2012%201%20HARYANA%20SAMVAD%20NOV-%20JAN%202017-2018%20FOR%20for%20web.pdf |date=27 August 2018 }}, Jan 2018.</ref> [[Bengal Native Infantry#Pre-1857 list of Bengal Native Infantry Regiments|5th and 60th Regiments of Benga Native Infantry]] rebelled at [[Ambala#1857 rebellion|Umballa]] (Ambala). During the [[Narnaul#Battle of Narnaul|Battle of Narnaul]] at Nasibpur on 16 November 1857, [[British Raj|British]] lost 70 British soldiers and their commanders colonel Gerrard and Captain Wallace. 40 British soldiers and officers Captain Craige, Captain Kennedy and Captain Pearse were wounded.<ref name=reb1>Dr Malti Malik, [https://books.google.com/books?id=bMg-DAAAQBAJ&dq=nahar+singh+ballabhgarh&pg=PA356 History of India], Page 356.</ref> The major centers of rebellion were at Hisar, Hansi, Sirsa, Rohtak, Jhajjar, Bahadurgarh, Farrukhnagar, Ballabhgarh, Rewari, Ambala, [[Panipat]] and [[Thanesar#British era|Thanesar]].<ref name=reb1/> Under the "Delhi Agency" there were seven [[Princely state]]s, [[Jhajjar#History|Jhajjar]], [[Farrukhnagar#British Raj|Farrukhnagar]], [[Ballabhgarh#History|Ballabhgarh]], [[Loharu State|Loharu]], [[Pataudi State|Pataudi]] and [[Dujana#History|Dujana]]. The Chiefs of the last two estates remained loyal to the British and others rebelled.<ref name=balidan16>Madan Gopal, 1977, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mrwBAAAAMAAJ Sir Chhotu Ram: a political biography], Page 9.</ref> The Rajput rulers of Rajasthan also kept out of the mutiny.<ref name=balidan21>M.K. Singh, 2009, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8126137452 Encyclopaedia Of Indian War Of Independence (1857–1947) (Set Of 19 Vols.)]</ref>

[[Nahar Singh|Raja Nahar Singh]] was the ruler of Ballabhgarh, [[Rao Tula Ram]] ruler of [[Rewari#British colonial era|Rewari]] and his cousin Gopal Dev, Nawab Abdur Rahman Khan Jhajjar, Nawab Ahmad Ali of Farrukhnagar, Sadruddin was the leader of [[Mewat]], Harsukh Rai and Mirza Gauhar Ali of Palwal and [[Imam]] of [[Bu Ali Shah Qalandar]] mosque in Panipat played key role.<ref name=reb1/>

After the failure of revolt by Indians, Haryana was taken out of [[North-Western Provinces]] and merged with Punjab as a punishment.<ref name=sarasnew1/>

This rebellion was partly caused by the unjust tax system implemented through the use of [[Inland Customs Line|The Great Hedge of India]], a historic inland customs border which ran through several states including Haryana.

====Independence and riots====
[[Lala Lajpat Rai]] worked towards the social reform, spread of [[Arya Samaj]], creation of mass support for the [[Indian independence movement]] and he died protesting against the [[Simon Commission#Protests and death of Lala Lajpat Rai|Simon Commission]]. Lala Murlidhar of Ambala and journalist Balmukund Gupt of Rewari were the members of the [[Indian National Congress#Foundation|founding session of congress]] who promoted [[Swadeshi movement]]. [[Chhotu Ram]], Pandit Nekiram Sharma, Lala Ugrasen and Ramswaroop Jaglan of [[Bidhwan]] were also key independence activists.<ref name=sarasnew1/>{{Page needed|date=August 2024}}

In 1907, two years after the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|1905 Partition of Bengal]], [[British Indian Army]] soldiers in the [[6th Jat Light Infantry]] and [[10th Jats]] mutinied and sided with Bengali revolutionaries to takeover a government treasury. Their revolt was suppressed by the colonial government and several mutineers were sentenced to prison.<ref name=sarasnew1/> In early 1919, [[Jhanda Singh Giani]] was especially noted for his protests against the [[Rowlatt Act]], he was a pleader and resident of [[Ambala]]. In 1914, Kasi Ram Joshi a member of the [[Ghadar Party]] hailing from Haryana, returned to India from America. On 15 March 1915 he was hanged by the colonial rulers. [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]'s [[Azad Hind|Azad Hind Fauj]] had 2847 soldiers from Haryana, of whom 346 attained martyrdom.<ref name=sarasnew1/>

During the partition of India in 1947, state experienced riots at many places, which also scores of death and migration of millions of people from Haryana to Pakistan and vice versa.

===Formation of Haryana===
{{anchor | Hindi language movement of Punjab | Formation of Haryana}}

==== Hindi language movement ====
[[File:Punjabispeakers.png|thumb|right|A map of the distribution of native Punjabi speakers in India and Pakistan]]
[[Punjabi Suba movement]] started in Punjab started in 1947 and lasted till 1966. During this time a Hindi language movement also started in Punjab for a short period
that started on 30 April 1957 and lasted till 27 December 1957 in Hindi-speaking areas of Punjab. Movement started after government of post-independence Punjab tried to promote Punjabi as state language but many groups in modern Haryana considered Punjabi as a threat. After this movement was successful in getting the ball rolling for a Hindi-speaking state. Another movement for leftover Punjabi-speaking parts started, this [[Punjabi Suba movement#Background|Punjabi suba & Punjabi language movement]] demanded under which [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[gurmukhi]] to be made official in after division.<ref name=hindimove1>[http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/Haryana%20Samvad%20September%20%202018.pdf Har Samvand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712211737/http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/Haryana%20Samvad%20September%20%202018.pdf |date=12 July 2019 }}, Sept 2018, p12.</ref> After reorganisation, Haryana government banned Punjabi in the state.

In 2018, the Government of Haryana started to award ₹10,000 per month pension to the ''Matribhasa Satyagrahis'' (Hindi language activists).<ref>[http://www.uniindia.com/haryana-to-include-matribhasha-satyagrahis-in-ayushman-bharat-pradhan-mantri-jan-arogya-yojana/north/news/1449651.html Haryana to include Matribhasa Satyagrahis in Ayushman bharat scheme], UNI, 27 December 2018.</ref>

==== Re-organisation of the Punjab state ====
On 1 November 1966, Haryana was carved out of the [[East Punjab]] on linguistic grounds, with majorly consisting of the "Hindi Speaking areas". Same example was later followed in creation of [[Himachal Pradesh]] as well.

In order to analyse and find a cooperative as well as universally acceptable solution, for the long going vexed linguistic problem, being faced by Punjab, the parliament announced the formation of the [https://indianculture.gov.in/flipbook/2535 Parliamentary Committee on Demand for Punjabi Suba (1966)] chairmanned by [[Sardar Hukam Singh]], on 23 September 1965. According to the 90 paged report, the committee initially came to an understanding that a 'co-operative solution' was not possible. Moreover, it stated that unanimity is also not possible or necessary on any matters in a democratic set-up. So, after perusing the large number of memoranda/representations received by the committee and hearing the various view-points expressed by the different witnesses representing the various shades of opinion, the committee suggested the re-organisation of the State of Punjab on linguistic basis. It also stated that the then Chief Minister of the Punjab State admitted that the situation needed a change and status quo in its entirety was not possible." Although a section of the people from the Punjab canvassed before the committee that the status quo might be maintained in the Punjab. Even a third argument advanced in favour of the status quo was that, any reorganisation of the State would not be in the interests of the security of the country and would weaken the defence of India, which was later struck off due to lack of authentic data or justifiable reasons.<ref>[https://indianculture.gov.in/report-parliamentary-committee-demand-punjabi-suba-1966 Report by Parliamentary Committee on Demand for Punjabi Suba 1966]</ref>

On 23 April 1966, while acting on the report submitted by the parliamentary committee, the Indian government set up the [https://indianculture.gov.in/flipbook/2418 Punjab Boundary Commission] under the chairmanship of Justice J. C. Shah & two members S.Dutt & M. M. Philip to divide and set up the boundaries of Punjab and Haryana. The commission gave its report on 31 May 1966. According to this report the then districts of [[Hissar District|Hissar]], [[Mahendragarh]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Rohtak]], and [[Karnal]] were to be a part of the new state of Haryana. Further the Tehsils of [[Jind]] (district Sangrur), [[Narwana]] (district [[Sangrur district|Sangrur]]) [[Naraingarh]], [[Ambala]], [[Jagadhri|Jagadhari]] tahsil of district Ambala were also included. The commission recommended that whole Tehsil [[Kharar, SAS Nagar|Kharar]] (including [[Chandigarh]]) should also be a part of Haryana.<ref>[https://indianculture.gov.in/report-punjab-boundary-commission Punjab Boundary Commission Report - 1966]</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.21358 |title=Punjab Boundary Commission Report |date=1966-05-31 |pages=48–54 |publisher=New Delhi, General Manager, Government of India Press }}</ref>

However, commission one member from three, Subimal Dutt submitted a dissenting note, arguing that [[Kharar, SAS Nagar|Kharar]] tehsil minus [[Kalka]] Police Station (He recommended for Himachal) area but including Chandigarh should merge with Punjabi state, citing its Punjabi-speaking rural majority, the migratory nature of the Hindi-speaking urban population, and its earlier classification under the Punjabi region as per the Sachar Formula of 1949.<ref name=":2" />

'''The Territorial changes as a result of the [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966|Reorganisation]] 1966'''

# Entire districts of [[Hisar district|Hisar]], [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]], [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]], [[Karnal district|Karnal]] and [[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]], complete tahsils of [[Ambala district|Ambala]], [[Jagadhri]], [[Naraingarh]] and 153 villages along with [[Kalka|Kalka town]] of [[Kharar, SAS Nagar|Kharar tahsil]] of Ambala district and two tahsils viz., [[Jind]] and [[Narwana]] of [[Sangrur district|Sangrur District]] (44,222.0 [[Kilometre|kmsq.]]) were transferred for formation of the newly created State of [[Haryana]] on 1st November,1966.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30738 |title=CENSUS OF INDIA-1971 SERIES-17 PUNJAB PART II-A GENERAL POPULATION TABLES |pages=13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Haryana |first=District Panchkula |title=District Panchkula, Government of Haryana |url=https://panchkula.nic.in/about-district/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=CENSUS OF INDIA 1971 |first=SERIES 6-HARYANA AMBALA DISTRICT |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28244 |title=Ambala District Census Handbook Part X-C Analytical Report District Census Tables and Administrative, Welfare and Developmental Statistics |pages=6}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30760 |title=CENSUS OF INDIA 1971, SERIES 6, PART II-A GENERAL POPULATION TABLES, HARYANA |pages=9}}</ref>
# 36 villages, [[Mani Majra|Manimajra]] and [[Chandigarh|Chandigarh towns]] of Kharar tahsil of Ambala district (114.0 [[Square kilometre|kmsq]].) were lumped together to come out a separate administrative unit stuled as Union Territory of [[Chandigarh]].<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30738 |title=CENSUS OF INDIA-1971 SERIES-17 PUNJAB PART II-A GENERAL POPULATION TABLES |pages=13}}</ref>
# 282 villages along with [[Kharar, SAS Nagar|Kharar]] and [[Kurali]] towns [[Kharar, SAS Nagar|Kharar]] tahsil of composite [[Ambala district]] in Punjab.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30738 |title=CENSUS OF INDIA-1971 SERIES-17 PUNJAB PART II-A GENERAL POPULATION TABLES |pages=13}}</ref>

Initially, 153 villages and [[Kalka|Kalka town]] were added to [[Naraingarh]] Tahsil. Later, these areas were separated from [[Naraingarh]] Tahsil to form a new administrative unit—[[Kalka]] Tahsil—under the [[Haryana]] Government Notification No. 4575-E(V)-67/2626, dated the 25th July, 1967.<ref name=":3" />

[[Uttawar forced sterilisations]], occurred when on November 6, 1976, when [[Compulsory_sterilization#India|mass vasectomy]] of nearly 800 men of Uttawar village was done, in [[Palwal district]], Haryana during India’s [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] imposed by [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name="times">{{cite web | last=Ghosh | first=Avijit | title=Nasbandi with handcuffs on... | website=The Times of India | date=21 June 2015 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/nasbandi-with-handcuffs-on-/articleshow/47750238.cms | access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>

==Thematic history of Haryana==
{{anchor | Theme | Thematic | Theme history of Haryana | Thematic history of Haryana }}



===Administration===

====Districts====
{{see also | List of districts of Haryana | Administrative divisions of Haryana }}

* 1 Nov 1966: Haryana carved out as new state from Punjab with 7 districts: [[Ambala district#History|Ambala ]], [[Jind district#History|Jind]], [[Hisar district#History|Hisar]], [[Mahendragarh district#History|Mahendragarh ]], [[Gurgaon district#History|Gurgaon ]] (Gurugram), [[Karnal district#History|Karnal]], and [[Rohtak district#History|Rohtak]].<ref name=distform1/>

* 1972: 2 new districts carved out, namely [[Bhiwani district#History|Bhiwani]] from Hisar district and [[Sonipat district#History|Sonipat]] from Rohtak district.<ref name=distform1/>

* 1973: [[Kurukshetra district#History|Kurukshetra]] carved out from Karnal district.<ref name=distform1/>

* 1975: [[Sirsa district#History|Sirsa]] district carved out of Hisar district.<ref name=distform1/>

* 1979: [[Faridabad district#History|Faridabad]] district carved out of Gurgaon district.<ref name=distform1/>

* 1989: 4 new districts carved out, namely [[Yamunanagar district#History|Yamunanagar]] from Ambala district, [[Kaithal district#History|Kaithal]] (Karnal district and Kurukshetra districts), [[Rewari district#History|Rewari]] from Gurgaon district, [[Panipat district#History|Panipat]] from Karnal district.<ref name=distform1/>

* 1995: [[Panchkula district#History|Panchkula]] carved out of Ambala district.<ref name=distform1/>

* 1996: [[Fatehabad district#History|Fatehabad]] carved out of Hisar district.<ref name=distform1/>

* 1997: [[Jhajjar district#History|Jhajjar]] carved out of Rohtak district.<ref name=distform1/>

* 2005: [[Nuh district#History|Nuh]] carved out of Gurgaon district.<ref name=distform1/>

* 2008: [[Palwal district#History|Palwal]] carved out of Faridabad district.<ref name=distform1/>

* 2016: [[Charkhi Dadri district#History|Charkhi Dadri]] carved out of Bhiwani district.<ref name=distform1>[https://nayaharyana.com/haryana-news/haryana-preparations-to-form-a-new-district-in-haryana/cid17692182.htm Haryana: हरियाणा में नया जिला बनने की तैयारी, सरकार 1 नवंबर 2025 को कर सकती है घोषणा], NayaHaryana, 27 oct 2025.</ref>

====Municipalities====

{{see also | List of municipal corporations in India | label 1 = Municipal Corporations in Haryana}}

====Republican democracy====
{{ main | Mahajanapadas | Yaudheya }}

===Agriculture===
===Agrimarketing in India===

''''India International Horticulture Market (IIHM's)''', asia's largest on 537 acre with 1200 shops & 17 massive specialised marketing sheds, is set up in [[Ganaur]] on [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH44]] in [[Sonipat district]] of Haryana with ₹2700 crore initial assessment in construction. It entails mechanism for cleaning, branding, sorting, packing & processing units, storing, and e-auction of the goods. There will be warehouses, cold storages, hostel, residential colony for the officials, large parking and automobile workshop, 4 electricity stations, and a sewage statement plant, etc.are in India

====Farming====

[[Rakhigarhi#Granary|Rakhigarhi granary]]

====Irrigation====

{{see also | Indus_River#Barrages,_bridges,_levees_and_dams | l1 = Dams on Indus | Jhelum_River#Dams | l2= Dams on Jhelum | Chenab_River#Dams | l3= Dams on Chenab | Ravi_River#Dams | l4= Dams on Ravi | Beas_River#Dams | l5= Dams on Beas| Sutlej_River#Dams | l6= Dams on Sutlej | Yamuna#Dams | l7= Dams on Yamuna | Indus Water Treaty | Lakhwar dam|l8=Lakhwar-Vyasi project | Kishau Dam | Giri River#Dams|l9=Reuka Ji Dam}}

Haryana has network of canals across of state divided into 8 canal command areas. Haryana has 47% share (reduced from 70% after an agreement with Delhi in 1994) in [[Yamuna]] river water and ?% share in [[Sutlej]] river water too for which disputed [[Sutlej Yamuna link canal]] is still partially completed for several decades.<ref name="harsh1">{{Cite news |date=12 January 2019 |title=Haryana to benefit from Renukaji Dam |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryana-to-benefit-from-renukaji-dam/articleshow/67495820.cms |access-date=30 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Indus treaty covers a total of {{convert|168|e6acre-ft|km3}} of water, of which India can utilise 33 million acre-feet (20% of total) from the three rivers assigned to India. In 2019, India utilises only 93–94% (30 million acre-feet) of its share, and 6–7% ({{convert|2|e6acre-ft|km3|disp=comma}} of India's unitised share flows to Pakistan, resulting in a total of 87% water flowing to Pakistan. India is building three dams to utilise 100% of its 33 million acre-feet share (20% of total water under treaty). India is undertaking 3 projects to ensure India utilises its full share of [[Indus Waters Treaty]],
(a) [[Shahpurkandi dam project]] on [[Ravi River]] in [[Pathankot district]] of Punjab (b) Sutlej-Beas link in Punjab (see also [[Pandoh Dam]]) and the [[Ujh River|Ujh Dam project]] on Ujh River (a [[tributary]] of Ravi river) in Jammu and Kashmir.
<ref name="RenukaDam2">[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/govt-giving-attention-to-stop-unutilised-water-from-entering-pak-nitin-gadkari/articleshow/67486420.cms], Economic Times, 11 January 2019.</ref>

''Renukaji dam'', is INR4,596.76 crore 148m high rockfill gravity dam project being built on the Giri river in [[Sirmour district]] with live storage of 0.404 MAF on 1,508 hectares to supply 23 cusec water and generate 40MW peak flow power. An agreement for its construction and sharing of cost and benefits (water and electricity) was signed by the Union Minister for Water and Chief Ministers of six states, namely Haryana (47.8% share of water), UP and Uttakhand (33.65% joint share) Rajasthan (9.3%), Delhi (6.04%) and Himachal Pradesh (3.15), on 11 January 2019. It has been declared a national project, resulting in 90% funding from the centre govt and the rest from the stakeholder states.<ref name="RenukaDam">[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/6-states-sign-agreement-for-renukaji-dam-multipurpose-project/712141.html Six states sign agreement for Renukaji Dam Multipurpose project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415030957/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/6-states-sign-agreement-for-renukaji-dam-multipurpose-project/712141.html |date=15 April 2019 }}, The Tribune, 11 January 2019.</ref> Giri River (cord: 30.44549 °N and 77.67358 ° Ö) in the state of Uttrakhand and Himachal is a tributary of [[Yamuna]], which in turn is a tributary of [[Ganges]].<ref name = "gn1271173">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=1271173|name=giri%20river}} Giri River] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 8 March 2015; database download sa 15 August 2016</ref>

(a) '''[[Lakhwar Dam]]''' on Yamuna in Uttrakhand, (b) '''Renukaji Dam''' on Giri river in Himchal and (c) '''[[Kishau Dam]]''' on [[Tons River]] in Uttrakhand. The agreements among the stakeholder states and centre govt has been signed for the Kishwar Dam (August 2018 and Renukaji Dam (January 2019) and the agreement for the remaining Kishau Dam is likely to be signed soon. The funding for the Kishwar Dam has already been approved for the centre govt's cabinet and the funding for the Renukaji Dam is expected to be approved soon.<ref name="RenukaDam" />

''Renukaji dam'', is INR4,596.76 crore 148m high rockfileld gravity dam project being built on the Giri river in [[Sirmour district]] with live storage of 0.404 MAF on 1,508 hectares to supply 23 cusec water and generate 40MW peak flow power. An agreement for its construction and sharing of cost and benefits (water and electricity) was signed by the Union Minister for Water and Chief Ministers of six states, namely Haryana (47.8% share of water), UP and Uttakhand (33.65% joint share) Rajasthan (9.3%), Delhi (6.04%) and Himachal Pradesh (3.15), on 11 January 2019. It has been declared a national project, resulting in 90% funding from the centre govt and the rest from the stakeholder states.<ref name="RenukaDam" /> Giri River (cord: 30.44549 °N and 77.67358 ° Ö) in the state of Uttrakhand and Himachal is a tributary of [[Yamuna]], which in turn is a tributary of the [[Ganges]].<ref name="gn1271173" />

Haryana has 1356 canal tailends of which 250 had not seen the water for up to 39 years. Between 2016 and 2018, govt rejuvenated all but 10 worst tailends. Specially the canals in Narnaul, Loharu and Rewari area were rehabilitated and water started to reach the tailend of canals after a gap of 39 years.<ref name=harkrishi1/>
* [[Johad]] wetlands and [[Haryana State Waterbody Management Board]]. In 2018, govt began rejuvenating 500 of these ponds in the initial phase, 390 injection well were built to pump rainwater into the ground to recharge the groundwater.<ref name=harkrishi1/>
* [[Saraswati]]
** [[Adi Badri, Haryana|Adi Badri]]
** [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]]
* [[Sutlej]]
** [[Bhakhra Dam]]
*** [[Indira Gandhi Canal]]
** [[Sutlej Yamuna link canal]]
* [[Yamuna]], Haryana has 47.8% share in Yamuna water to be distributed for irrigation.<ref name=capa1>[http://www.uniindia.com/haryana-cabinet-approves-signing-of-mou-for-construction-of-two-multipurpose-projects/north/news/1444765.html Haryana cabinet approves signing of MoU for construction of two multipurpose-projects], UNI, 21 December 2018.</ref>
** [[Western Yamuna Canal]]
** [[Lakhwar Dam]]: Haryana share is 177 [[cusec]],<ref name=capa1/> construction on this national project started in 2018<ref name=harkrishi1>[http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/KRISHI%20SAMVAD%20October%202018.pdf Kirishi Samvad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130113206/http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/KRISHI%20SAMVAD%20October%202018.pdf |date=30 November 2018 }}, Oct 2018.</ref>
** [[Kishau Dam]]: Haryana share is 709 cusec<ref name=capa1/> in this under construction national project.
** [[Giri River#Dams|Renukaji Dam]]: Haryana share is 266 cusec<ref name=capa1/> in this under construction national project.
** [[Tajewala Barrage]] (1873) 
** South haryana
***[[Masani barrage]]
*** [[Sahibi River]] including [[Najafgarh drain]]
**** [[Krishnavati river]] (drain 8)
**** [[Dohan river]]
*** [[Nuh (city)#Nuh System of Lakes|Nuh System of Lakes]] (also called Kotla lake) with [[wikt:bund|bund]] built by [[British Raj]].Haryana commenced an INR82 crore project in 2018 to restore these lakes.<ref name=harkrishi1/>

===Commerce and trade===
====Industries====

* [[Tosham Hill range#Tosham Hill range Indus Valley Civilization mines & smelters|Metal smelter and manufacturing]] at [[Tosham Hill range|Tosham]] from [[Indus Valley civilisation]].
* [[Rakhigarhi#Discoveries|Rakhigarhi silver bronze smelters and manufacturing]]
* [[Great Hedge of India]] for tariffs during [[British Raj]]

====Mining====

[[Tosham Hill range#Tosham Hill range Indus Valley Civilization mines & smelters|Mines]] at [[Tosham Hill range]] from [[Indus Valley civilisation]].

===Culture===
====Clothing====
=====Jewelry and ornaments=====

[[File:Mohenjo-daro_Priesterkönig.jpeg|thumb|Attire and ornament of Priest-King from [[Indus Valley civilisation]].]]
[[Rakhigarhi#Discoveries|Rakhigarhi silver bronze ornaments]] finds and [[Dancing Girl (prehistoric sculpture)|Dancing Girl]] ornaments.

=====Textiles=====

[[File:Dancing_Girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg|thumb|Dancing girl attire and ornaments from [[Indus Valley civilisation]].]]
[[Dancing Girl (prehistoric sculpture)|Dancing Girl]] attire.

====Haryanvi language====


{{main | Haryanvi language | Ahirwati | Bagri language | Braj Bhasha | Deshwali language | Khadar language | Loarki language | Mewati language | Sirmauri language | label 8 = Pahari language }}

====Haryanvi Music====
{{main | Music of Haryana | List of Indian folk dances#Haryana| l2=Folk dance of Haryana | Swang (dance drama) | l3= Swang}}

====Haryanvi movies====
{{main | Haryanvi cinema | List of Haryanvi-language films}}

===Infrastructure===
====Architecture====


* IVC [[Black and red ware culture]] (1450BCE-1200BCE)
* Vedic Era [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] (1200BCE to 600BCE)
* Pre-Islamic architecture of Haryana
** [[Bhima Devi Temple Site Museum]]
** [[Kalayat Ancient Bricks Temple Complex]]
** [[Adi Badri, Haryana]]
** [[Morni#Morni Hill Archaeological Temple Site|Morni Hills Shiva temple]]
** [[Pillars of Ashoka]] in Haryana.
*** [[Topra Kalan#Topra Ashokan Edicts Archaeological Park and Museum|Topra Kalan pillar]] relocated as [[Ashokan Edicts in Delhi#Delhi-Topra pillar|Delhi-Topra pillar]] at [[Feroz Shah Kotla]]
*** [[Agroha Mound]] pillar relocated to [[Firoz Shah Palace Complex#Hisar Ashokan Pillar|Lat Mosque Hisar]] (bottom half)) and [[Fatehabad, Haryana|Fatehabad]] mosque (top half)

[[Nangal Sirohi#Havelis and architecture|Nangal Sirohi]] in [[Mahendragarh district]], 130 km from Delhi, is popular for its [[haveli]]s of [[shekhavati]] architecture within [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]].<ref name=tribh1>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020622/windows/main2.htm Magnificent havelis of Nangal-Sirohi], [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 22 June 2002.</ref>

====Education====

[[Jagadhri#Chaneti|Chanetic Buddhist monastic university]] as chronicled by [[Hieun Tsang]].

====Military ====
{{anchor | HarMil}}

'''Military establishments in Haryana:''' 
[[Indian Military]] stations n Haryana include the [[Indian National Defence University]] - India's only military university, [[National Security Guard]] (NSG) HQ in Gurugram, 4 major Air Force Stations (at [[Ambala Air Force Base|Ambala]], [[Raja Nahar Singh Faridabad Air Force Logistics Station|Faridabad]], [[Gurugram Air Force Station|Gurugram]] and [[Sirsa Air Force Station|Sirsa]]), 3 major Army Bases (at [[Chandimandir Cantonment|Western Command Chandimandir HQ in Panchkula]], [[Ambala Cantt|2nd Corp HQ at Ambala]] and [[Hisar Military Station|32 Div HQ at Hisar]]), [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) base in Gurugram, 3 [[Sainik Schools]] ([[Sainik School, Kunjpura|Kunjpura]] - officially first sainik school in India, [[Sainik School, Rewari|Rewari]], and [[Matanhail#Education|Matanhail]].<ref name=harmh1>[http://tehelka.com/haryana-youths-have-11-share-in-indian-army/ Haryana youths have 11% share in Indian army], Tehalja.com, 24 January 2022.</ref>

* [[Indian Airforce]] stations
** [[Ambala Air Force Base]]
** [[Gurugram Air Force Station]]
** [[Sirsa Air Force Station]]
** [[Raja Nahar Singh Faridabad Air Force Logistics Station]]
** see also [[List of Indian Air Force bases]]

* [[Indian Army]] stations
** [[Hisar Military Station]]
** see also [[List of Cantonments in India]]

* [[Indian Navy]] stations
** [[INS Aravali]], 2025, Gurugram
** [[Information Management and Analysis Centre]] (IMAC), 2014, Gurugram
** [[Information Fusion Centre – Indian Ocean region]] (IFC-IOR), 2018, Gurugram

** see also [[List of Indian Navy bases]]

{{anchor | HarMilCont}}
'''Military contribution of Haryana''':
Haryana, with 2% total population of India, contributes 11% soldiers of [[Indian Military]].<ref name="harmh1" /> 10% (2,000,000) of Haryana's population belongs to the immediate family of soldiers, with 200,000 serving & 400,000 retired soldiers and their 1,400,000 dependent spouse and children.<ref name="harmh1" />

[[Indian Air Force]]: Haryana (with 2% share in India's population) has the second highest number of air force officers (after Uttar Pradesh which has 11 times more population than Haryana) and the third highest number of airmen.<ref name=harmh2/>

[[Indian Military Academy]] (IMA) officers: Haryana contributes second or third highest number of military officers and it contributes 4 to 5 times more military officers than its share of India's population. In 2023, of the 373 newly graduated officer cadets, UP (63) and Bihar (33), which had more officers than Haryana (32), had the percentage of officers similar to their population share in India whereas Haryana had 4.3 times more officers then its share in India's population. Of these officers, 16.9% (63) were from Uttar Pradesh (with 16.5% population of India), 8.8% (33 officers) were from [[Bihar]] (8.6% population of India), 8.6% (32 officers) were from Haryana (2% population of India), 6.7% (25 officers) were [[Uttrakhand]] (0.84% population of India), 6.2% (23 officers) were from Punjab (2.3% population of India).<ref name=harmh3>[https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/india/ima-dehradun-great-grandfather-ferried-construction-materials-of-ima-now-grandson-become-army-officer/articleshow/100908708.cms जिस मिलिटरी अकादमी को बनाने में दादा ने ईंटें ढोई थीं, पोता वहीं से आर्मी अफसर बनकर निकला], Navbharat Times, 11 June 2023.</ref>

[[Indian Army]] non-officer soldiers of lower rank: In 2021, of the 1,151,726 serving non-officer soldiers, Haryana, Punjab, JK and Himachal had a much higher percentage of soldiers than their population share in India, e.g. highest number of soldiers come from Uttar Pradesh which had 11 times more population but only 2.5 times soldiers than Haryana, Maharashtra and Rajasthan have 3.5 to 4.5 times more population than Haryana but they contribute only 1.2 to 1.4 times more soldiers then Haryana. Of these non-officer soldiers, 14.5% (1,67,557) soldier are from [[Uttar Pradesh]] (16.5% population of India), 7.7% (89,088) are from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] (2.3% population of India) in second place, 7.6% (87,835) are from Maharashtra (9.3% population of India), 6.9% (79,481) are from Rajasthan (5.6% population of India) in 4th place, 5.7% (65,987) are from Haryana (2% population of India) in 6th place, 4.1% (47,457) are from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] including [[Ladakh]] (1% population of India) in 10th place, 4% (46,960) are from Himachal Pradesh (0.6% population of India) in 11th place.<ref name=harmh2>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-second-among-all-states-in-contributing-to-armys-rank-and-file-225565 Punjab second among all states in contributing to Army’s rank and file], The Tribune, 16 March 2021.</ref>

Every year more than 6,000 soldiers from Haryana join the Indian military. [[Bisahan, Jhajjar|Bisahan]] in [[Jhajjar district]], a village of 700 families with at least one person from each family in military, has a reputation of being most prolific contributor to the Indian military.<ref name=harmh1/> In Haryana, a state dominated by the [[martial race]] ([[jat people|jats]] are 30% population of Haryana) where people traditionally & culturally aspire to join the military, excelling in sports provides better opportunity to secure a military job, and military in turn also nurtures the athletes.<ref name="minth1">[https://www.livemint.com/Sports/NsXGRuUsw0lgK5zEjZYMvN/Haryanas-sports-policy-plays-a-key-role-in-nurturing-Olympi.html Haryana’s sports policy plays a key role in nurturing Olympians], Mint, 23 August 2016.</ref><ref name=conth1/> "[[Indian Army]] had laid the foundation for the state to become a sports nursery" as people of haryana traditionally joined the military which nurtured the sporting talent. "The state’s domination in sports is somehow linked to the majority of its people’s collective preference for a robust physique that helps them work the fields under a sweltering sun, get jobs in the military, and indulge in sporting activities, more likely wrestling, experts say."<ref name=conth1/>

====Science and technology====
=====Electricity=====

{{see also | Haryana Power Generation Corporation | label 1 = Haryana Power Generation Corporation}}

=====Post and telegraph=====


====Sports====
{{anchor | Sports }}

[[File:Shiva_Pashupati.jpg|thumb|[[Pashupati]] [[Shiva]] in [[yoga]] pose from [[Indus Valley civilisation]].]]
[[Pashupati]] [[Shiva]] in [[yoga]] pose from [[Indus Valley civilisation]].

; Dominance of Haryana in India's international medals.
''"Haryana"''<ref name="jatification1">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/a-level-playing-field/story-uc4Q5nsmf8xgTc6VNJ5v2M.html A level-playing field], Hindustan Times, 13 May 2911.</ref> is known as ''"India's Olympian state"'',<ref name=intdh1/> ''"The Sports State of India"'',<ref name=domin1/> ''"country's sports nursery"'',<ref name=conth1/> ''"sports powerhouse"'' in ''"multiple disciplines""'',<ref name=conth1/><ref name=jatification1/> due to their dominance in India's international medals "across categories and gender". With only 1.3% area and 1.5% population of India, Haryana consistently has been a top contributor of India's medals in major international events with 30% to 70% individual medals of India won by the people from Haryana.<ref name=intdh1>[https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion-columns/story/haryana-is-india-s-olympian-neeraj-chopra-lila-ram-ravi-dahiya-opinion-1840718-2021-08-14 Haryana is India's Olympian state], India Today, 19 Nov 2021.</ref><ref name="domin1">{{Cite web |title=Haryana: The Sports State of India [1 min read] |url=https://fairgaze.com/fgnews/haryana-the-sports-state-of-india_112564.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=Fairgaze |language=en}}</ref><ref name=sucj1/><ref name=conth1/> "Unlike other states, sports and issues related to sports in Haryana come under great scrutiny."<ref name=sucj1/>

In Olympics, Haryana has won 52% (13/25) individual medals of India after Paris Olympics,2024.<ref name=harmt2/> In Asian Games, Haryana won 38% (18/48) individual & 26% (18/69) of total medals in 2018,<ref name=hintw4/><ref name=hintw5/> 63% (23/36) individual & 40% (23/57) of total medals in 2014.<ref name=hintw6/>

In Commonwealth Games (CWG), Haryana won 42% (20/53) of individual & 33% (20/61) of total medals in 2022 CWG,<ref name=hintw1/> 41% (22/54) individual & 33% (22/66) of total medals in 2018 CWG,<ref name=hintw8/> 32% (19/61) individual & 30% (19/64) of total medals in 2014 CWG,<ref name=hintw8/> 32% (32/101) of medals in 2010 CWG,<ref name=hintw8/> 10% (5/50) medals in 2006 CWG.<ref name=hintw8/>

Haryana (& its capital Chandigarh) is always among top 3 in the medal tally of [[National Games of India|National Games]], [[Khelo India University Games]], [[Khelo India Youth Games#Edition|Khelo India Youth Games]], etc.

In the last 5 Khelo India national games, Haryana stood number-1 2-times and number-2 3-times on the overall medal tally.

The actual number of medals from Haryana is much higher because Haryanvi players also represent [[Services Sports Control Board|Services]] and other states.

The success of Haryana is due to government's policy intervention, rich reward system and job security for the budding athletes and the winners, where deep cultural interest of [[martial race|martial castes]] in [[Malla-yuddha|military and traditional sports]] meets the state infrastructure and incentives provided by the Haryana state government.<ref name="jatsm2">[https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/why-certain-parts-of-india-shone-during-the-recently-concluded-asian-games-61524 Why certain parts of India shone during the recently-concluded Asian Games], DownToEarth.org, 4 September 2018.</ref><ref name=orintsh1>[https://theprint.in/sport/how-does-haryana-top-indias-medal-tallies-the-answer-lies-in-history-and-incentives/113803/ How does Haryana top India’s medal tallies? The answer lies in history and incentives], The Print, 12 September 2018.</ref><ref name=minth1/> Plenty of analysis pieces attribute Haryana’s success in contact sports (boxing and wrestling) to the physical strength of the Jats, the influence of history and geography which has shaped the population.<ref name=sucj1>[https://www.dailyo.in/variety/dangal-20-vinesh-phogat-is-the-new-face-of-the-other-haryana-of-successful-sportspersons-can-these-two-haryanas-become-one-26190 Vinesh Phogat is the new face of the 'other Haryana'. Can the two Haryanas become one?], Dailyo, 21 August 2018.</ref> [[Indian Army]] had laid the foundation for the state to become a sports nursery" as people of haryana traditionally joined the military which nurtured the sporting talent. "The state’s domination in sports is somehow linked to the majority of its people’s collective preference for a robust physique that helps them work the fields under a sweltering sun, get jobs in the military, and indulge in sporting activities, more likely wrestling, experts say."<ref name=conth1>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/why-haryana-state-powers-india-s-sports-engine/story-15Ciy3CWZu0CUmH2UjNi9I.html Why Haryana state powers India’s sports engine], Hindustan Times, 4 May 2018.</ref>

This has created numerous inspirational national youth sports icons from Haryana and retired haryanvi olympians also continue to nurture the new sporting talent in Haryana which further enhances Haryana's dominance in sports.<ref name=conth1/> "Haryana succeeds in sports because everyone is aiming to excel. And by excel, they mean the Olympics. And an aim at gold.<ref name=sucj1/>
; National Games of India
In [[National Games of India]] medals tally, Haryana is always among top three states.

;Khelo India Games
In [[Khelo India Youth Games#Edition|Khelo India Youth Games]], since it began in 2018 and till 2022, Haryana topped the medal tally in 2 editions and achieved second slot in 3 editions.

In [[Khelo India University Games]], the universities from Haryana are always among top 3.

In National School Games, in June 2023 Haryana (109 medals) stood second behind Delhi (126),<ref name=nsgh1>[https://sgfionline.net/reports/MedalTally.aspx National School Games], School Games Federation of India, 13 June 2023.</ref> both of which have [[jat people|same ethnic demography]].

;Olympics
Till 2020, India has won 21 individual metals, of which 19 have been won by the Indian citizens excluding 2 individual medals won by the India-born British-citizen [[Norman Pritchard]]. Of these 19 individual medals, at least 47% (9/19) have been won by athletes with connection with Haryana.<ref name="harmt2">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2023 |title=Cut The Clutter : Wrestlers' protest, crackdown, what it takes to get Olympic medal, & Brij Bhushan Singh & his power - Podvine |url=https://podvine.com/podcast/theprint/cut-the-clutter-wrestlers-protest-crackdown-what-it-takes-to-get-olympic-medal-and-brij-bhushan-singh-and-his-power |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=podvine.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=intdh1/>

In [[2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Olympics]], Haryana won 67% (4 out of total 6) medals for India including 100% (1/1) silver and 60% (3/5) bronze. 50% (3/6) medals for India won by jats.

In [[India at the 2020 Summer Olympics#Medalists|2020 Olympics]], Haryana won 50% (3 out of total 6) medals for India including 100% gold (1/1), 50% (1/2) silver and 33% (1/3) bronze.<ref name="harmt1" /> 33% (2/6) medals for India won by jats.

In [[India at the 2016 Summer Olympics#Medalists|2016 Olympics]], Haryana won 50% (1 out of total 2) medals for India.<ref name="harmt1" /> 50% (1/2) medals for India won by jats.

In [[India at the 2012 Summer Olympics#Medalists|2012 Olympics]], 67% (4 out of total 6) medal winners are associated with Haryana.<ref name=harmt1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/haryana-government-to-honour-olympic-medal-winners/articleshow/15518731.cms Haryana government to honour Olympic medalists], Times of India, 16 August 2012.</ref> 50% (3/6) medals for India won by jats.

In [[India at the 2008 Summer Olympics#Medalists|2008 Olympics]], 100% (3 out of total 3) medal winners are associated with Haryana.<ref name=harmt1/> [[Vijender Singh]] from Bhiwani, [[Abhinav Bindra]] from Chandigarh and [[Sushil Kumar]]'s ancestral village in Sonipat. 67% (2/3) medals for India won by jats.

; Asian Games

In [[India at the 2018 Asian Games#Medalists|2018 Asian Games]], Haryana won 38% (18/48) individual & 26% (18/69) of total medals for India.<ref name=hintw4>[https://www.timesnownews.com/asian-games-2018-jakarta-palembang/article/asian-games-2018-medal-rush-continues-from-haryana-as-india-produce-best-ever-finish-at-asiads-with-69-medals/279127 Asian games 2018 metal rush continues from Haryana], Times Now, 3 September 2018.</ref> Haryana (18 or 26%, 5G+5S+8B) was followed by Tamilnadu (12 or 17%) and 9 or 13% each for Delhi, UP, Kerala.<ref name=hintw5>[https://www.patrika.com/other-sport-news/asian-games-2018-statewise-medal-tally-of-india-haryana-won-most-1-3362944/ एशियाई खेल 2018: हरियाणा ने देश को दिलाए सबसे अधिक पदक, जानिए किस राज्य ने जीते कितने पदक], पत्रिका Patrika, 5 September 2018.</ref> Jats won 35% (24/69) India's medals, including 60% (9/15) gold, 30% (7/24) silver and 27% (8/30) bronze.

In [[India at the 2014 Asian Games#Medalists|2014 Asian Games]], Haryana won 63% (23/36) individual & 40% (23/57) of total medals for India.<ref name="hintw6">{{Cite web |title=पूरे देश को उम्‍मीद एशियाई खेलों में हरियाणा के खिलाड़ी फिर दिखाएंगे जलवा - |url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/panchkula-hopes-with-haryana-players-in-asian-games-18325640.html |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

;Commonwealth Games

In [[India at the 2022 Commonwealth Games#Medalists|2022 CWG]], with a contingent of 21% (43/210) the Haryana sportspersons won 42% (20/53) of individual & 33% (20/61) of total medals for India including 43% (9/21) gold, 25% (4/16) silver and 31% (7/23) bronze.<ref name=hintw1>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/with-20-medals-haryana-athletes-stamp-their-authority-in-commonwealth-games-101659998426552.html With 20 medals, Haryana athletes stamp their authority in Commonwealth Games], Hindustan Times, 9 August 2022.</ref> Jats dominated India's medal tally, they won 40% (21/53) total, 41% (9/22), 29% (3/16), 44% (9/23) bronze medals of India.<ref name=jatsm4>[https://jankaritoday.com/jat-players-commonwealth-games-2022/ भारतीय जाट खिलाड़ियों के शानदार प्रदर्शन के कारण 2022 कॉमनवेल्थ खेलों की पदक तालिका में भारत चौथे स्थान पर रहा।], JankariToday, accessed 10 June 2023.</ref>

In [[India at the 2018 Commonwealth Games#Medalists|2018 CWG]], with a contingent of 13% (28/218) the Haryana sportspersons won 41% (22/54) individual & 33% (22/66) of total medals for India including 35% (9/26) gold, 30% (6/20) silver and 35% (7/20) bronze.<ref name=hintw8>[https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/commonwealth-games/with-22-medals-haryana-basks-in-cwg-glory-5138929/ CWG 2018: With 22 medals, Haryana basks in Commonwealth Games glory], Indian Express, 9 August 2022.</ref> Jats dominated the medals.<ref name=jatsm2/>

In [[India at the 2014 Commonwealth Games#Medalists|2014 CWG]], Haryana won 32% (19/61) individual & 30% (19/64) of total medals for India.<ref name=hintw8/>

In [[India at the 2010 Commonwealth Games#Medalists|2010 CWG]], with 10% (50 from Haryana out of India's 495) athletes Haryana won 32% (32/101) of medals for India.<ref name=hintw8/> 24% (24/101) of India's & 75% of Haryana's (24/32) individual medals were won by [[jat people|jats]] from Haryana (excluding medals won by jats from other states). Haryanvi jats won more than half of India's gold medals.<ref name=jatm1>[https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/commonwealth-games-2010/story/jats-lead-the-pack-at-commonwealth-games-83807-2010-10-12 Jats lead the pack at Commonwealth Games], India today,13 Oct 2010.</ref> These games had 50 Jats from all states who won 27% (27/101) individual medals for India (excludes 4 jats who won medal as part of hockey team, also excludes jats playing for other nations).<ref name=hintw9>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/a-level-playing-field/story-uc4Q5nsmf8xgTc6VNJ5v2M.html A level-playing field], Hindustan Times, 13 May 2011.</ref>

In [[India at the 2006 Commonwealth Games#Medalists|2006 CWG]], Haryana won 10% (5/50) medals for India including 5% (1/22) gold, 18% (3/17) silver and 9% (1/11) bronze.<ref name=hintw8/>

; Wrestling Championships:

In April [[2023 Asian Wrestling Championships]] in Kaxakastan, all 14 medals were won by Haryanvi jats.

In June, U21 & U17 Asian Wrestling Championship in Kyrgyzstan all 9 female medal winners were haryanvi jats, who won 7 gold, 1 silver and 1 bronze.<ref name=wg1>[https://clinboldnews.com/haryanas-girls-shine-in-asian-wrestling-championship-7-out-of-ten-won-gold-medals/ एशियन कुश्ती चैंपियनशिप में हरियाणा की छोरियां का जलवा, दस में से 7 ने जीतें गोल्ड मेडल], accessed 15 June 2023.</ref>

====Transport====
=====Aviation=====

{{see also | Haryana Institute of Civil Aviation}}

* Existing airports in Haryana:
** Civil airports
*** [[Bhiwani Airport]]
*** [[Hisar Airport]]
*** [[Karnal Aerodrome|Karnal Airport]]
*** [[Narnaul Airport]]
*** [[Pinjore Aerodrome]]

** Minor civil airstrip
*** Gurugram Airstrip (Bhondsi Airstrip or Silokhera Airstrip)

** Dual-use
*** [[Ambala Air Force Station]] with civil aviation enclave

** Military use only
*** [[Sirsa Air Force Station]] no civil aviation enclave

* Proposed
** [[Chhara Airport]] (Jhajjar district)
** [[Jind Airport]]
** [[Kurukshetra Airport]]

In 1919, first airstrip was built in Haryana when [[Ambala Air Force Station]] was established. Following the independence of India in 1947, it was also the home to the [[SEPECAT Jaguar]] of [[No. 5 Squadron IAF]] and [[No. 14 Squadron IAF]], and ageing [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21bis]] of ''No. 21 Squadron IAF''.

In 1947–48, a [[Flying Instructors School (India)|Flying Instruction School]] (FIS) was formed here.

In 1954, FIS Ambala was moved to [[Tambaram]] near [[Chennai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], at [[Tambaram Air Force Station]].

By 1964, the diversionary [[Indian Air Force]] airfield at Sirsa was ready.<ref name=pal1>PC Lal, [https://books.google.com/books?id=eBszCSguEscC&dq=%22sirsa%22%2B+%22air+force%22+station&pg=PT158 My Years with the IAF].</ref>

In 1965, Hisar airfield, spread over {{convert|194|acre|ha}}, was built for the Hisar Aviation Club. In 1999, Hisar Aviation Club was merged with [[Haryana Institute of Civil Aviation]] (HICA). The airport is managed by HICA, which provides flight training using [[light aircraft]].<ref name=training>{{cite web|title=Haryana Institute of Civil Aviation|url=http://www.karnal.gov.in/dept_aviation.asp|publisher=District Administration, Karnal|access-date=30 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523172711/http://www.karnal.gov.in/dept_aviation.asp|archive-date=23 May 2012}}</ref>

In 1967, [[Karnal Airport|Karnal Air Strip]] was set up.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.karnal.gov.in/dept_aviation.asp |title=Civil Aviation (Flying Club) |access-date=30 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523172711/http://www.karnal.gov.in/dept_aviation.asp |archive-date=23 May 2012 }}</ref> The Karnal Flying Club has been running at this airfield since 1967 year.<ref name = "TOI">{{cite news|title= Three airports ready to take off in Haryana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Three-airports-ready-to-take-off-in-Haryana/articleshow/15937320.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103105003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-29/india/33475403_1_cargo-airport-aerodrome-runway |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date= 29 August 2012 |access-date=6 September 2012}}</ref>

In 1970–71, a privately managed air service was introduced from Delhi-Patiala-Hisar and Delhi which was terminated after a period of about 6 months due to being financially unviable.<ref name=gaz1>{{cite web| url=http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| title=Gazetteer of India: Haryana, Hisar, pp.136| author=Haryana Gazetteers Organization| publisher=Controller of Printing and Stationery| location=Chandigarh| date=1987| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501213030/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| archive-date=1 May 2014}}</ref>

During the 1980s, the [[Gurugram Airstrip]], hangar, air conditioned yoga ashram and TV studio were built by former Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]'s favourite godman and yoga guru [[Dhirendra Brahmachari]] who died in 1994 in a plane crash.<ref name=bhond6>1990, [https://books.google.com/books?id=I6R1g9aQqm0C "The Illustrated Weekly of India."], [[The Times Group]], Volume 111, Issues 13–25, p. 35.</ref> Indira used to visit Brahmachari here once a week.<ref name=bhond6/> The 1980s teleserials "India Quiz" and [[Hum Log (television series)|Hum Log]] (ran from July 1984 to 17 December 1985) were shot here.<ref name=bhond6/> Brahmachari charged INR25,000 per shift for the use of ashram's TV studio facilities here for the shooting of Hum Log.<ref name=bhond6/> In 1983, Brahmachari had written letter to then Chief Minister of Haryana, [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]], with a request to acquire 5,000 acre land around [[Aravalli Range]], potentially up to 70,000 acres in total, to build facilities to rival [[Disneyland]], including a yoga research and training centre, a wildlife sanctuary, folk arts and crafts centre, amusement centre and other facilities such as helipad, aquarium, planetarium and games and thrillers.<ref name=bhond5>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19830228-swami-dhirendra-brahmachari-plans-to-open-health-and-recreation-centre-in-gurgaon-771303-2013-08-23 "Swami's Disneyland."], [[India Today]], 28 February 1983.</ref> The aircraft hangar still has two ruined aircraft belonging to Brahmachari,{{cn|date=November 2025}} likely including a [[Maule M-5]] American aircraft owned by him that landed him in investigations for tax evasions.<ref name=bhond12>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19801130-swami-dhirendra-brahmachari-a-man-with-no-official-standing-but-awesome-power-821648-2014-01-04 "Dhirendra Brahmachari: The controversial yogi."], [[India Today]], 30 November 1980.</ref> Ownership of some of the facilities is currently being disputed in the court (c. 2014), including 32 acre land and yoga studio.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

In 2002, the Delhi Flying Club (DFC) shifted all its flying activities and aircraft to Hisar from [[Safdarjung Airport]] in [[Delhi]].<ref name="hisar airport">{{cite news|title=Safdarjung airport flies into history|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Safdarjung-airport-flies-into-history/articleshow/42404789.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712024828/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-04-05/delhi/27267580_1_safdarjung-airport-delhi-flying-club-civil-aviation|url-status=live|archive-date=12 July 2012|access-date=31 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 April 2003}}</ref>

On 31 January 2010, the ''Rajiv Gandhi National Centre for Aero Sports'' was inaugurated at [[Narnaul Airport]]. 51 acres were acquired for this purpose.<ref name=b2>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170331115938/http://www.sify.com/news/train-for-aero-sports-at-haryana-centre-news-national-kloouejahbgsi.html Aerosports center in Haryana, Publication: www.sify.conm, Published on: 14-nov2010, Accessed: 31-mar-2017]</ref> Chief Minister [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]] and Aero Club of India President Satish Sharma were present at the inauguration ceremony. The centre was set up by Aero Club of India and the Department of Civil Aviation, Haryana. It is the first ever modern state-of-the-art aero sports centre in India to provide training in comprehensive range of various aero sports, including para-jumping (simulated parachute jump from a tower), [[parasailing]], [[hot air ballooning]], [[gliding]], [[Powered aircraft|power flying]], [[sky diving]], [[Model aircraft|aero modelling]] and [[Ultralight aviation|micro light flying]],<ref name=b2/> with the purpose of introducing the state's youth to aviation and providing the general population a cheap opportunity to experience aero sports.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100201/main6.htm | title=Narnaul gets country's first aero sports centre | work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] | date=31 January 2010 | access-date=27 July 2016 | author=Dhawan, Sunit}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Let-dreams-soar-at-this-flying-club-near-Gurgaon/articleshow/5521544.cms | title=Let dreams soar at this flying club near Gurgaon | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=1 February 2010 | access-date=27 July 2016 | author=Sukanya, Sumi}}</ref> On 27 November 2017, ''Runway 1'' a quirky restaurant based inside an [[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320]] discarded by [[Air India]] was opened on [[Ambala Chandigarh Expressway]] by a [[Shahabad Markanda|Shahabad]] based business family.<ref name=et1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/hotels-/-restaurants/runway-1-this-old-aeroplane-is-now-a-quirky-restaurant-in-haryana/runway-1-sneak-peek/slideshow/62457433.cms Runway-1 sneak peek], Economic Times, Jan 2018.</ref>

In August 2018, [[Feasibility study|pre-feasibility study]] and field study for 3 new greenfield airports in Haryana commenced for the and [[Chhara Airport]] (Jhajjar district), [[Jind Airport]] and [[Kurukshetra Airport]] at the cost of INR30 lakh (3 million).<ref name=greenf1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/survey-for-three-greenfield-airports-in-state-begins/644682.html Survey for 3 new greenfield airports in Haryana ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711063617/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/survey-for-three-greenfield-airports-in-state-begins/644682.html |date=11 July 2019 }}, The Tribune, Aug 2018.</ref>

On 26 December 2018, Haryana Health Minister [[Anil Vij]] announced that a third domestic airport will be established under [[UDAN]] III scheme 40 km from the Ambala city at Barnala village next to the [[Ambala Air Force Station]] for which a team of [[Airports Authority of India]] has already carried out the land survey.<ref name=lands1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/ambala-to-get-domestic-airport-vij/704481.html Ambala to get domestic airport], The Tribune, 26 December 2018.</ref><ref name=lands2>[http://digitalglobalist.com/2018/12/28/ambala-to-get-airport/ Ambala to get airport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215230724/https://digitalglobalist.com/2018/12/28/ambala-to-get-airport/ |date=15 December 2023 }}, digitalglobalist.com, 28 December 2018.</ref> The new greenfield airport at Ambala is included in the 13 airports included in the UDAN III scheme.<ref name=lands2/> Since most of the technical formalities are complete, an early execution of the project is expected.<ref name=lands2/> Hisar and Karnal airports are already included in the list of airports for which airlines can make proposals for the UDAN scheme.<ref name=lands2/>

As of January 2019, all five existing government airports in Haryana will be developed to have runway of at least 5000 feet for [[Aircraft#Size|midsize aircraft]] and [[business jet]]s, night landing and parking hangars, as airlines have approached the Haryana government to park their spillover "Non-scheduled Air Operations" (NSOP) aircraft from the congested IGI airport at Delhi to Bhiwani and Narnaul airport. Some of this development work at Hisar, Bhiwani and Narnaul airports is already underway.<ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/all-five-airports-in-state-to-be-developed-expanded/710300.html All five airports in state to be developed expanded] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414044303/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/all-five-airports-in-state-to-be-developed-expanded/710300.html |date=14 April 2019 }}, The Tribune 8 January 2019.</ref> Hisar will be extended to 10,000 ft by March 2022 for large air crafts.

In 2021, [[Gurugram Heliport Hub]] was envisaged and implementation started in 2024.<ref name=helih1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/heli-hub-over-25-acres-in-city-handed-over-to-centre/articleshow/94975974.cms Heli Hub: Over 25 Acres In Gurugram Handed Over To Centre CITY], Times of India, 20 October 2022.</ref>

=====Railway=====
{{see also | Railway in Haryana | label 1 = Haryana railway history | Rail transport in India#History | label 2 = Indian railway history | Northern Railway zone#History | label 3 = NR history | North Western Railway zone#History | label 4 = NWR history | North Central Railway zone#History | label 5 = NCR history | North Eastern Railway zone#History | label 6 = NER history }}

[[Railway in Haryana]] falls in 2 railway zones ([[Northern Railway zone]] and [[North Western Railway zone]]), and 3 divisions under those.

=====Roads and highways=====

[[File:Coach_driver_Indus_01.jpg|thumb|Coach driver from [[Indus Valley civilisation]].]]
{{see also | Highways in Haryana | Haryana Roadways | Haryana Tourism | GT Road | Kos Minar}}
[[GT Road]] with [[Kos Minar]] and [[Caravanserai]]s

===Military===
The modern military history commenced with British colonial rule where [[George Thomas (soldier)|George Thomas]] established modern European style army in 1798 to 1801,<ref name=TOIgt1>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Desi-Irish-Raja-of-Haryana/articleshow/53360680.cms Desi Irish Raja of Haryana, Times of India newspaper, Jul-24-2016]</ref><ref name=GrBio1>[https://archive.org/details/militarymemoirs01frangoog Military memoirs of George Thomas, William_Francklin, 1805]</ref> and later [[James Skinner (East India Company officer)|Colonel James Skinner]] (1778 – 4 December 1841) the Anglo-Indian military adventurer in India, who founded [[1st Horse (Skinner's Horse)|1st Skinner's Horse]] and [[3rd Skinner's Horse]] at [[Asigarh Fort]] at Hansi in 1803, which are still part of the [[Indian Army]].<ref>[http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/shortVisits/iconic/page9.shtml Colonel James Skinner CB] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218033415/http://national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/shortVisits/iconic/page9.shtml |date=18 December 2010 }} ''[[National Army Museum]]'' ([[British Army]]).</ref><ref name=EB1911>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Skinner, James |volume=25 |page=192}}</ref>

As of January 2020, 139 (>10%) out of 1,322 [[Vir Chakra]] in India have been awarded to soldiers from Haryana,<ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryanatribune/haryanvi-meghdoot-who-defended-the-most-challenging-post-in-siachen-858562 Haryanvi Meghdoot who defended the most challenging post in Siachen], The Tribune, 9 November 2019.</ref> which has less than 2% population of India.

Current military installations in Haryana are:
* [[Indian Army]]
** [[Ambala Cantonment]]
** [[Chandimandir Cantonment]]
** [[Hisar Military Station]]
* [[Indian Air Force]]
** [[Ambala Air Force Station]]
** [[Gurugram Air Force Station]] is an ammunition dump
** [[Raja Nahar Singh Faridabad Air Force Logistics Station]]
** [[Sirsa Air Force Station]]
* [[Indian Navy]]
** [[Information Management and Analysis Centre]] (IMAC) at Gurugram
* [[Border Security Force]]
** Hisar BSF Camp
* [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF)
** Hisar CRPF Camp
* [[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF)
** [[Mandawar, Haryana|Mandawar]] CISF, Sohna<ref name=jag1>[https://www.jagran.com/haryana/panchkula-ten-big-projects-approved-in-haryana-18899617.html Ten big projects approved in Haryana], 29 January 2019.</ref>
* [[National Security Guard]] (NSG) at Manesar

Defunct British-era military installations in Haryana:
* [[Asigarh Fort]] at Hansi
* [[Cantonment Church Tower|Karnal Cantonment]]
* [[Bharawas]], 7 km southwest of Rewari (not to be confused with nearby [[Bariawas]] 7 km to the southeast of Rewari)
* [[Jharsa]] cantonment and palace of [[Begum Samru]] (b.1753 – d.1836), which later became a British cantonment at the same place when Bharwas cantonment was reclocated to Jharsa in Gurugram.<ref name=hart1>[http://www.haryanatourism.gov.in/Destination/begum-samru-palace Begum Samru Palace, Gurugram], [[Haryana Tourism]].</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A queen's magnificent church|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/a-queens-magnificent-church/996392/0|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=2 September 2012}}</ref><ref name=htj1>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurugram/hope-for-decrepit-french-memorial-in-gurugram-as-official-issues-directions-for-restoration/story-2kCz8ul2IGKr7NYvyiWDXL.html Hope for decrepit French memorial in Gurugram as official issues directions for restoration], Hindustan Times, Jun 2018.</ref><ref name=htj2>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurugram/a-200-year-old-memorial-in-gurugram-dedicated-to-the-begum-who-commanded-an-army/story-gynCi7xMR0F7ZtJXEtP1vI.htmlA 200-year-old memorial in Gurugram dedicated to the Begum who commanded an army], Hindustan Times, Jun 2018.</ref>

Other cantonments
* [[Buria]] cantonment of Sikh ruler during British colonial rule
* [[Bahadurgarh]] state cantonment of nawab during British colonial rule
* [[Ballabhgarh|Balramgarh]] state cantonment ofRaja [[Nahar Singh]] during British colonial rule
* [[Dujana]] cantonment of nawab during British colonial rule
* [[Jhajjar]] cantonment of nawab during British colonial rule
* [[Jind State]] cantonment of nawab Sikh ruler at [[Jind]] during British colonial rule
* [[Kalsia]] cantonment ofSikh ruler during British colonial rule
* [[Kapurthala State]] (Narwana cantonment) of Phulkian Sikh Raja
* [[Loharu State]] cantonment of nawab at [[Loharu]] during British colonial rule

===Polity===

====Vedic era====
=====Mahajanapadas=====

Following [[Mahajanapadas]] are mentioned in [[Mahabharata]] had their land in Haryana: {{Dubious|date=August 2020}}

* [[Kuru kingdom]], most of area of Haryana fell under this kingdom, their main capital in Haryana was at [[Sonipat|Swarnprastha]] (Sonipat), other 3 capital or main cities were Indraprastha (Delhi), Waghparastha ([[Baghpat]] in Uttar Prades) and Tilprastha ([[Tilpat]] in Haryana)
* [[Matsya Kingdom]], present day [[South Haryana]]
* [[Surasena]], present day [[Hodal]] as part of [[Braj]] region.

Ancient [[Khandava Forest|Khandavprastha]] forest mentioned in Mahabharata,<ref name="ref08qexol">{{Citation | title=The Indian empire: its history, people and products | author=Sir William Wilson Hunter | year=1882 | publisher=Trubner, 1882 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CYYfAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... the five Pandava brethren of the Mahabharata burned out the snake-king Takshaka from his primeval Khandava forest ...''}}</ref> lay to the west of [[Yamuna]] river in modern-day [[Delhi]] territory. [[Pandavas]] cleared this forest to construct their capital city called [[Indraprastha]]. This forest was earlier inhabited by [[Naga Kingdom|Naga]] tribes led by a king named [[Takshaka]].<ref name="ref44hamiy">{{Citation | title=The Mahabharata, Book 1 of 18: Adi Parva | publisher=Forgotten Books | isbn=978-1-60506-611-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2SJPvIMatEC | quote=''... I adore thee also, to obtain the ear-rings, O Takshaka, who formerly dwelt in Kurukshetra and the forest of Khandava! ... And Takshaka, surprised beyond measure and terrified by the heat of the fire, hastily came out ...''}}</ref> [[Arjuna]] and [[Krishna]] cleared this forest by setting up a fire. The inhabitants of this forest were displaced. This was the root cause of the enmity of the Naga Takshaka towards the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] kings who ruled from Indraprastha and [[Hastinapura]].<ref name="ref44hamiy"/>

=====Janapads=====
{{empty section|date=December 2019}}

The list of [[Janapada]]s falling within Haryana:

====Princely states of late medieval and British colonial era====


* States at the time of independence 
** With headquarter based in Haryana
*** [[Buria]] State of Sikhs
*** [[Dujana State]] of Nawab
*** [[Jind State]] of Phulkian Misl Sandhu Sikhs
*** [[Kunjpura]] State of Nawab
*** [[Loharu State]]
*** [[Pataudi State]]
** With headquarter based outside of Haryana with parts of territory within Haryana
*** [[Kapurthala State]] of Phulkian Misl Sandhu Sikhs included Narwana
*** [[Nabha State]] of Phulkian Misl Sandhu Sikhs
*** [[Malerkotla]] State of Nawab 
*** [[Patiala State]] of Phulkian Misl Sandhu Sikhs included Charkhi Dadri
* Abolished states, due to [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] or for other reasons.
**[[Rewari]] State Abolished in 1857. The Last Ruler [[Rao Tula Ram]] was the key instigator of revolt.
** [[Ballabhgarh]] State of Tewatias. Abolished after 1857 revolution and Raja [[Nahar Singh]] hanged to death by British.
** [[Charkhi Dadri district#British colonial era|Charkhi Dadri State]]
** [[Jhajjar]] State of Nawab
** [[Farrukhnagar]] State of Nawab
* Abolished states, at other times
** [[Hansi]] State of [[James Skinner (East India Company officer)|James Skinner]] and [[George Thomas (soldier)|George Thomas]]
** [[Jharsa]] of [[Begum Samru]]
** [[Kaithal]] State of Sikhs of Phulkia [[Sidhu]] clan
** [[Rania, Sirsa|Rania]] State of Sikhs, [[Ranghar]]s of [[Johiya]] and [[Bhatti clan|Bhatti]] clans

===Religion===

====Buddhism====
Main sites are
* Mounds: [[Agroha Mound]], [[Sugh Ancient Mound]],
* [[Pillars of Ashoka]]: [[Firoz Shah Palace Complex#Hisar Ashokan Pillar|Hisar]], [[Fatehabad, Haryana#History|Fatehabad]],<ref>[https://fatehabad.nic.in/tourist-place/lat-of-feroz-shah/ Lat of Feroz Shah]</ref> [[Topra Kalan#Topra Ashokan Edicts Archaeological Park and Museum|Topra Kalan Edicts Museum]]
* [[Stupa]]s, [[pagoda]]s and places in the order of travel by Lord [[Buddha]]:
** From [[Mathura]] in Uttar Pradesh, Buddha travelled along [[Grand Trunk Road]] in Haryana (also see [[#Buddhism|Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Haryana]]).
** [[Kumashpur#Pagoda|Kamashpura Aastha Pugdal Pagoda]] (Kumashpur) in Sonipat city, the place where Buddha gave [[Mahasatipatthana sutta]].<ref name=kamas2>[https://patthana.dhamma.org/en/dhamma-patthana/ Dhamma patthana], dhamma.org.</ref><ref name=kamas1>[http://sdbst.org/Kumaspur.aspx Aastha Pugdal Pagoda at Kumaspur (Kamas Nigam in Sonepat], SDBST.</ref>
** [[Bodh Stupa|Kurukshetra Stupa]] on the banks of sacred [[Brahma Sarovar]] in Kurukshetra city was also visited by [[Hieun Tsang]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://thebuddhistforum.com/buddhist-stupa-at-kurukshetra/|title=Buddhist Stupa at Kurukshetra|date=31 March 2012|website=The Buddhist Forum|language=en-US|access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref>
* [[Topra Kalan#Topra Ashokan Edicts Archaeological Park and Museum|Topra]] between Kurukshetra and Yamunanagar, now has a large open air museum park housing several replica of [[Ashoka]]'s edicts including largest [[Ashoka Chakra]] in the world,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/community/khattar-announces-rs100-cr-to-develop-saraswati-topra-kalan/65676.html |title=Khattar announces Rs100 cr to develop Saraswati, Topra Kalan, The Tribune, 11-Apr-2015 |access-date=21 December 2019 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802205357/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/community/khattar-announces-rs100-cr-to-develop-saraswati-topra-kalan/65676.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-park-for-ashoka-stalled-2270801 Park for Ashoka stalled?, DNA India News, 7-Nov-2016]</ref> original site of Ashokan pillar which was moved to [[Feroz Shah Kotla]] in Delhi in 1356 CE by [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]].<ref>HM Elliot & John Dawson (1871), [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036737#page/n367/mode/2up Tarikh I Ferozi Shahi – Records of Court Historian Sams-i-Siraj] [[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians]], Volume 3, Cornell University Archives, pp 352–353</ref>
** [[Srughna]], now known as the [[Sugh Ancient Mound]], on outskirts of Yamunanagar city
** [[Chaneti Buddhist Stupa]], on outskirts of Yamunanagar city, according to [[Hieun Tsang]] it was built by the [[Ashoka|King Ashoka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.haryanatourism.gov.in/Destination/buddhist-stupa-chaneti|title=Buddhist Stupa Chaneti – Places of interest – Yamuna Nagar – Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited.|last=Corporation|first=Haryana Tourism|website=destination|language=en-IN|access-date=25 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archaeologyharyana.nic.in/sites/default/files/documents/signage-matter-5-12-17.pdf|title=Buddhist Stupa, Chaneti, Yamunanagar (Buddhist Stupa), circa 3rd Century BC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebuddhistforum.com/buddhist-stupa-at-chaneti/|title=Buddhist Stupa at Chaneti|date=31 March 2012|website=The Buddhist Forum|language=en-US|access-date=25 August 2019}}</ref>
* Other [[Stupa]]s: [[Adi Badri, Haryana|Adi Badri Sharirika stupa]], [[Assandh#Assandh Stupa|Assandh Kushan stupa]]

====Hinduism====
* [[Adi Badri, Haryana|Adi Badri]]
* [[Agroha Dham]]
* [[Baba Thakur]]
* [[Bhima Devi Temple Complex|Bhima Devi Temple Complex at Pinjore]]
* [[Bhuteshwar Temple]]
* [[Chhapadeshwar Mahadev Mandir]]
* [[Dhosi Hill]]
* [[Eklavya temple]]
* [[Gurugram Bhim Kund]]
* [[Jayanti Devi Temple]]
* [[Jhirkeshwar mahadev]]
* [[Kalesar National Park#Kalesar Mahadev temple|Kalesar Mahadev]]
* [[Kapal Mochan]]
* [[Kurukshetra]]: [[48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra]] [[Kurukshetra#Places of interest|Harsh ka Tilla at Kurukshetra]], [[Brahma Sarovar]] and [[Sannihit Sarovar]], [[Jyotisar]], [[Kartikeya Temple, Pehowa]]
* [[Kalayat Ancient Bricks Temple Complex]]
* [[Mata Mansa Devi]]
* [[Panchkula|Saketri Shiv Mandir]]
* [[Narnaul#Tourist attractions|Narnaul]]
* [[Pindara Temple]]
* [[Sheetla Mata Mandir Gurgaon]]
* [[Raipur Rani#Sharda Mata Temple Chotta Trilokpur|Sharda Mata]]
* [[Sita Mai Temple]]
* [[Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple]]
* [[Surajkund]]
* [[Tosham]]
* [[Yamuna Nagar district#Nar Narayan Cave Temple|Nar Narayan Cave in Yamuna Nagar]]
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana|State Protected Monuments]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana|Monuments of National Importance]]

====Jainism====
* [[Dehra Temple]]
* [[Ranila Jain temple]]
* [[Agroha (town)|Agroha]]

====Sikhism====
* [[Kapal Mochan|Kapal Mochan Gurudwara]]
* [[Lohgarh (Bilaspur)|Lohgarh Fort]]
* [[Pehowa]]

===Tourism===

See [[Tourism_in_India_by_state#Haryana|tourism in Haryana]].

==See also==
* [[Eastern Punjab (disambiguation)|Eastern Punjab]]
* [[Punjabi Suba movement|Punjab Suba movement]]
* [[Divisions of Haryana]]
* [[History of Punjab]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Further reading==
* [http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/36648 Gazetteers of the Hisar District, 1883–1884]
* [http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/36880 Punjab District Gazetteers: Gurgaon District statistical tables, 1935. Vol. III]
* [http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/27007 Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. XXVI:]

==External links==
* [http://www.haryana.gov.in/knowharyana/history.html History of Haryana]
*[https://www.digitalgyanganga.com/haryana-gk-2020/ Ancient History of Haryana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925141958/https://www.digitalgyanganga.com/haryana-gk-2020/ |date=25 September 2020 }}
*[https://www.digitalgyanganga.com/harappa-civilization-in-haryana/ Harappa Civilization of Haryana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925141011/https://www.digitalgyanganga.com/harappa-civilization-in-haryana/ |date=25 September 2020 }}

{{History of India by State}}
{{Haryana}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Haryana}}
[[Category:History of Haryana| ]]

Burdwan Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-27T20:12:30Z

SaraD96423049267: starting new stub

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|type = LS
|name = Burdwan
|map_image =
|map_caption =
|established = 1951
|abolished = 2009
|reservation = None
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|assembly_cons = As of 2004: [[Bhatar Assembly constituency|Bhatar]] [[Bardhaman Uttar Assembly constituency|Bardhaman North]] [[Bardhaman Dakshin Assembly constituency|Bardhaman South]] [[Khandaghosh Assembly constituency|Khandaghosh (SC)]] [[Raina Assembly constituency|Raina]] [[Jamalpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Jamalpur (SC)]] [[Memari Assembly constituency|Memari]]
|electors =
}}

'''Burdwan Lok Sabha constituency''' was one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency centred on [[Bardhaman]] in [[West Bengal]], which was abolished following the delimitation of the parliamentary constituencies in 2008.

==Overview==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in 2006 in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, this parliamentary constituency ceased to exist and assembly segments were part of either of the two new constituencies: [[Bardhaman Purba Lok Sabha constituency]] or [[Bardhaman-Durgapur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Only Khandaghosh assembly segment will be part of [[Bishnupur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2009-05-27 |work=Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

==Vidhan Sabha segments==
Prior to delimitation, Burdwan Lok Sabha constituency was composed of the following [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] segments in 2004:<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 2010-10-01 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>
* [[Bhatar Assembly constituency|Bhatar]] (assembly constituency no. 268)
* [[Bardhaman Uttar Assembly constituency|Bardhaman North]] (assembly constituency no. 270)
* [[Bardhaman Dakshin Assembly constituency|Bardhaman South]] (assembly constituency no. 271)
* [[Khandaghosh Assembly constituency|Khandaghosh (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 272)
* [[Raina Assembly constituency|Raina]] (assembly constituency no. 273)
* [[Jamalpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Jamalpur (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 274)
* [[Memari Assembly constituency|Memari]] (assembly constituency no. 275)

==Members of Lok Sabha==
{| class="wikitable"ìÍĦĤĠč
|-
! Lok Sabha!!Duration!!Constituency!!Name of M.P.!!Party affiliation
|-
|[[1st Lok Sabha|First]]||1952-57||Bardhaman||[[Mono Mohan Das]]||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1952>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |title=General Elections, India, 1951- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |archive-date=8 October 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|||||||[[Atulya Ghosh]]||Indian National Congress <ref name=loksabha1952/>
|-
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|Second]]||1957-62||||[[Subiman Ghosh]]||[[Forward Bloc (Marxist)]]<ref name=loksabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1957- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]]||1962-63||||Guru Gobinda Basu||Indian National Congress <ref name=loksabha1962>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]]||1963-67||||[[Nirmal Chandra Chatterjee]] (bye-poll)||Independent
|-
|[[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth]]||1967-71||||[[Nirmal Chandra Chatterjee]]||Independent<ref name=loksabha1967>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1967 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results | work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 2 June 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf | archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]] ||1971-77||||[[Somnath Chatterjee]]||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=loksabha1971>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission |access-date = 2 June 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]]||1977-80||||[[Raj Krishna Dawn]]||[[Janata Party]]<ref name=loksabha1977>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title = General Elections, 1977 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2 June 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]]||1980-84||||[[Sushil Kumar Bhattacharya]]||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=loksabha1980>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title = General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2 June 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]]||1984-89||||[[Sudhir Ray]]||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=loksabha1984>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title = General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2 June 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]]||1989-91||||Sudhir Ray||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=loksabha1989>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title = General Elections, 1989 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2 June 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]]||1991-96||||Sudhir Ray||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=loksabha1991>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title = General Elections, 1991 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2 June 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]]||1996-98||||[[Balai Ray]]||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=loksabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title = General Elections, 1996 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]]||1998-99||||[[Nikhilananda Sar]]||Communist Party of India (Marxist) <ref name=loksabha1998>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]||1999-04||||Nikhilananda Sar||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=loksabha1999>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]||2004-09||||Nikhilananda Sar||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=loksabha2004>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|||After 2009||||Seat does not exist|| Read the line below.
|}
* For Members of Parliament from this area in subsequent years see [[Bardhaman Purba Lok Sabha constituency]] and [[Bardhaman-Durgapur Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Results of elections==
=== 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 2004]]: [[Burdwan]]<ref name=loksabha2004/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Nikhilananda Sar]]
|votes = 673,091
|percentage = 67.70%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anindya Gopal Mitra
|votes = 201,740
|percentage = 20.30%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Champak Garai
|votes = 88,217
|percentage = 8.90%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Shanti Murmu
|votes = 21,560
|percentage = 2.20%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = BSP
|candidate = Dinesh Chandra Sikdar
|votes = 12,416
|percentage = 1.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 471,351
|percentage = 47.4%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,94,003
|percentage = 81.4%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link |
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1977-2004===
Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are generally mentioned below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Voters
!Voter turnout
!Winner
|
|
!Runners up
|
|
|-
|
|
!%age
!Candidate
!%age
!Party
!Candidate
!%age
!Party
|-
|1951
|512,219
|35.45
|[[Atulya Ghosh]]
|23.42
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Subiman Ghosh
|17.62
|[[Forward Bloc (Marxist)]]<ref name=loksabha1952/>
|-
|
|
|
|Mono Mohan Das
|20.02
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1952/>
|
|
|
|-
|1957
|213,290
|50.15
|Subiman Ghosh
|50.48
|Forward Bloc (Marxist)
|Durgapade Chaudhuri
|49.52
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1957/>
|-
|1962
|287,685
|53.85
|Gurucobinda Basu
|55.83
|Indian National Congress
|Subiman Ghosh
|44.17
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]<ref name=loksabha1962/>
|-
|1963
|
|
|N C Chaterjee (bye-poll)
|
|Independent
|N C Choudhry
|
|Congress
|-
|1967
|293,266
|59.30
|N.C.Chatterjee
|51.27
|Independent
|C.Chittaranjan
|38.34
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1967/>
|-
|1971
|372,040
|64.42
|[[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|56.72
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|Bholanath Sen
|38.87
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1971/>
|-
|1977
|363,200
|56.85
|Raj Krishna Dawn
|53.69
|[[Janata Party]]
|Shyama Prasad Kundu
|33.66
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1977/>
|-
|1980
|558,710
|74.03
|Sushil Kumar Bhattacharya
|58.97
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Narayan Choudhury
|36.98
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]<ref name =loksabha1980/>
|-
|1984
|697,710
|83.01
|Sudhir Ray
|53.50
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Prodyut Guha
|45.08
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1984/>
|-
|1989
|853,780
|83.31
|Sudhir Ray
|61.28
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Prodyut Guha
|38.02
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1989/>
|-
|1991
|855,130
|80.57
|Sudhir Ray
|57.01
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Asit Baran Patra
|30.64
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1991/>
|-
|1996
|983,520
|85.96
|Balai Ray
|59.92
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Ritesh Kumar Dutta
|32.70
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1996/>
|-
|1998
|997,280
|83.78
|[[Nikhilananda Sar]]
|58.88
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Prof (Smt) Santi Roy
|31.18
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref name=loksabha1998/>
|-
|1999
|984,680
|80.93
|Nikhilananda Sar
|61.56
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Anup Mukherjee
|30.51
|Bharatiya Janata Party<ref name=loksabha1999/>
|-
|2004
|998,350
|81.71
|Nikhilananda Sar
|67.51
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Anindya Gopal Mitra
|20.23
|Bharatiya Janata Party<ref name=loksabha2004/>
|}

==See also==
*[[Bardhaman]], formerly known as Burdwan
*[[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}

{{coord|23.2|87.9|display=title}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

Moonak

2026-01-10T19:39:13Z

SaraD96423049267:

{{for|places in Iran|Munak, Khuzestan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Moonak
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type =
Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Sangrur District, Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.82316|N|75.89755|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = City Council
| governing_body = Nagar Palika
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =241
| population_total = 18141
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 148033
| registration_plate = PB-64
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
}}
'''Moonak''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Sangrur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. Moonak is situated near the Punjab-[[Haryana]] border. The nearest towns of Haryana are [[Jakhal Mandi]] and [[Tohana]]. The nearest commercial airport, at Chandigarh, is 150 km away. The majority of people are engaged in [[farming]] and [[agricultural]] activities.

==Demographics==
The Moonak has population of 18,141 of which 9,475 are males while 8,666 are females as per report released by Census India 2011. Children between 0-6 years number 2325, which is 12.82% of the total population. In Moonak, the female sex ratio is 915 against state average of 895. Moreover, the child sex ratio in Moonak is around 863 compared to Punjab state average of 846. The literacy rate of the town is 67.68%, which is lower than state average of 75.84%. While male literacy is around 73.54% and female literacy rate is 61.33%.

The table below shows the population of different religious groups in Moonak city, as of 2011 census.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Population by religious groups in Moonak city, 2011 census<ref>https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11389, India - C-01: Population by religious community, Punjab - 2011, Moonak (NP)</ref>
!Religion!!Total!!Female!!Male
|-
|Hindu||13,936||6,638||7,298
|-
|Sikh||3,613||1,743||1,870
|-
|Jain||377||184||193
|-
|Muslim||134||64||70
|-
|Christian||21||8||13
|-
|Other religions||44||21||23
|-
|Not stated||16||8||8
|-
|Total||18,141||8,666||9,475
|}

==History==

Moonak was originally known as Akalgarh. There is an old fort 'Qila Mubarik' said to have been built in the Muslim period. In the fort, there was a well with unhealthy water. Hardened prisoners of [[Patiala State]] were sent to this place where they died after a few days. The town is a [[Tehsil]] of the [[Sangrur district]]. It is surrounded by Ghaggar, a seasonal river which causes floods during monsoon. In 1988, 1992, 2011, 2015, 2019 and 2023, floods led to loss of crops, death and destruction in and around the areas. People are demanding its deepening.

==Climate==
Moonak has similar climate like other places in [[North India]]. It has profile of semi-arid climate. During the months of June and July, the temperature rises to 44 °C. In December and January, the temperature falls to around 10 °C. In monsoons, Moonak receives average rainfall.

==Major business activities==
Most of the population depends on agriculture and farming. There are also some small-scale industries:
* Incense manufacturing
* Sushil Dhoop Industries
* Punjabi University College
* Swami Vivekanand College
* Lord Mahavira College
* Lord Shiva College of Nursing
* Hastings English Academy
* Agriculture machine manufacturing
* Wine and whiskey making (Karail)
* PVC pipe manufacturing
* Fertilizer factory
* Rice mills
* Brick making
* Furniture manufacturing
* Karan and Malkeet organic agriculture farms

==Notable people==
*[[Gurbachan Singh Talib]] - author- Conferred with [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1985
*[[Brish Bhan]] - advocate- Last Chief Minister [[PEPSU]] in 1955

==Nearby towns==
* [[Pattran]]
* [[Khanauri]]
* [[Sunam]]
* [[Lehragaga]]
* [[Jakhal Mandi]]
* Makror Sahib
* [[Tohana]]
* Karail

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sangrur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sangrur district]]

2025 Rishikesh Municipal Corporation election

2025-12-27T09:32:07Z

SaraD96423049267:

{{Short description|Election to the municipal corporation of Rishikesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2025 Rishikesh Municipal Corporation election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2018 Rishikesh Municipal Corporation election
| previous_year = 2018
| election_date = 23 January 2025
| next_election =
| next_year = 2030
| seats_for_election = All 40 seats in the [[Rishikesh Municipal Corporation]]
| majority_seats = 21
| turnout =

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Lotus flower symbol.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand INC.svg||bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = Shambhu Paswan
| alliance1 =
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leaders_seat1 =
| last_election1 = 15
| colour1 =
| seats1 = '''18'''
| seat_change1 = {{up}} 3
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =

| colour2 =
| leader2 = Deepak Jatav
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leaders_seat2 =
| last_election2 = 9
| seats2 = '''6'''
| seat_change2 = {{down}} 3
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =

| image3 =
| colour3 =
| leader3 = ''None''
| party3 = Independent politician
| leaders_seat3 =
| last_election3 = 16
| seats3 = '''16'''
| seat_change3 = {{no change}}
| popular_vote3 =
| percentage3 =
| swing3 =
| map_image = India Rishikesh, Uttarakhand Municipal Corporation Election 2025.svg
| map_size = 300px
| title = Mayor
| before_election = Anita Mamgain
| before_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| after_election = Shambhu Paswan
| after_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
}}

The '''2025 Rishikesh Municipal Corporation election'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/bjp-shambhu-paswan-has-won-post-of-municipal-corporation-president-in-rishikesh-uttarakhand-news-uts25012600739|title=ऋषिकेश नगर निकाय चुनाव रिजल्ट: मेयर पद पर BJP के शंभू पासवान ने जीत की दर्ज|date=26 January 2025|website=www.abplive.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jan/26/bjp-sweeps-urban-local-body-polls-in-uttarakhand-wins-10-of-11-mayoral-seats | title=BJP sweeps urban local body polls in Uttarakhand, wins 10 of 11 mayoral seats }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/dehradun/uttarakhand-nikay-chunav-dates-announced-check-full-schedules/2571380|title=उत्तराखंड निकाय चुनाव की तारीखों का ऐलान, जानें नगर निगम, नगरपालिका और नगर पंचायतों में कब पड़ेगा वोट|website=Zee News Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-date-of-municipal-elections-announced-in-uttarakhand-election-commission-announced-after-reservation-was-decided-23854347.html|title=उत्तराखंड में नगर निकाय चुनाव की तारीख का एलान, आरक्षण तय होने पर चुनाव आयोग ने की घोषणा - Date of municipal elections announced in Uttarakhand Election Commission announced after reservation was decided|website=Jagran}}</ref> was a municipal election to the [[Rishikesh Municipal Corporation]] which governs [[Rishikesh]] city in [[Uttarakhand]]. It took place on 23 January 2025.

== Election schedule ==
The election schedule was announced by the state election commission on 23 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumaonjansandesh.com/date-of-civic-elections-announced-in-uttarakhand/|title=उत्तराखंड में निकाय चुनाव की तिथि घोषित - कुमाऊँ जनसंदेश|date=23 December 2024}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll Event
! Schedule
|-
| Notification Date
| 27 December 2024
|-
| Last Date for filing nomination
| 30 December 2024
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| 31 December 2024
|-
| Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination
| 2 January 2025
|-
| Allotment of Symbols
| 3 January 2025
|-
| '''Date of Poll'''
|'''23 January 2025'''
|-
| '''Date of Counting of Votes'''
|'''25 January 2025'''
|}

==Candidates==
===Mayoral===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!colspan="3" |Party
!Symbol
!Candidate's Name
|-
! 1
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[File:BJP_flag.svg|center|75x75px]]
| [[File:BJP_election_symbol.png|center|75x75px]]
| Shambhu Paswan<ref name="BJP & INC Mayor candidates Uttarakhand">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/bjp-cong-release-another-list-of-candidates-for-ulb-polls/articleshow/116774327.cms|title=BJP, Cong release another list of candidates for ULB polls|work=Times of India|date=29 December 2024 |accessdate=30 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
! 2
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:INC_Flag_Official.jpg|center|75x75px]]
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|center|75x75px]]
| Deepak Jatav<ref name="BJP & INC Mayor candidates Uttarakhand"/>
|-
! 3
| style="background:{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}" |
| [[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]]
| [[File:UKD-flag.gif|center|75x75px]]
| [[File:Chair_(Indian Election_Symbol).svg|center|75x75px]]
| Mahendra Singh
|-
! 4
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}}" |
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|
|
| Dinesh Chandra
|}

===Ward-wise candidates===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan="2"|Ward No.
!rowspan="2"|Ward Name
|colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
!colspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
!colspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
!1
|Chandreshwar Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kiran Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pushpa Mishra
|-
!2
|Triveni Colony
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rupa Devi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rina Bhardwaj
|-
!3
|Durga Mandir
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Priyanka Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Urmila Devi
|-
!4
|Bhairav Mandir
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Puja Nautiyal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Suman Rani
|-
!5
|Pushkar Mandir
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shiva Prajapati
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Devendra Prajapati
|-
!6
|Adarsh Gram
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Gambhir Mewar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sunil Kumar
|-
!7
|Mayakund
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ajay Kumar Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Vishal Singh
|-
!8
|Bharat Mandir
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vijay Lakshmi Bhatt
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!9
|Mukherjee Marg
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rina Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rahul Sharma
|-
!10
|Sadanand Marg
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ashwani Dang
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Manish Sharma
|-
!11
|Ashutosh Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sumit Tiwari
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bhagwan Singh Panwar
|-
!12
|Pragati Vihar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rajendra Bijlwan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sarojini Thapliyal
|-
!13
|Valmiki Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ekta Khairwal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Meghna
|-
!14
|Subhash Bankhandi
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Lata Tiwari
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!15
|Maniram Marg
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Prabhakar Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kuldeep Sharma
|-
!16
|Tilak Marg
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Pradip Kohli
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!17
|Ganga Vihar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shiv Kumar Gautam
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kamlesh Sharma
|-
!18
|Shanti Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rajesh Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ajay Diwakar
|-
!19
|Someshwar Mandir
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Payal Bisht
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Radha Devi
|-
!20
|Ganga Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sandhya Bisht
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!21
|Upper Ganga Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Nilam Manori
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!22
|Shastri Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rekha Dhyani
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sunita Bansal
|-
!23
|Sarvahara Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vikas Tewatia
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Vir Pal
|-
!24
|Bharat Vihar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Tanu Tewatia
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Lajwanti Bhandari
|-
!25
|Awas Vikas Colony
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Jyoti Paswan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Urmila Dimri
|-
!26
|Shivaji Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Jayesh Rana
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Gurvinder Singh
|-
!27
|Barrage
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Devendra Prasad Dimri
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Abhinav Singh Malik
|-
!28
|[[Virbhadra]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rahul Kashyap
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rakesh Rajbhar
|-
!29
|Bis Bigha
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vimal Singh Negi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sachvir Bhandari
|-
!30
|Mira Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Anita Pradhan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!31
|Bapu Gram
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Manju Devi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sakshi
|-
!32
|Suman Vihar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Govind Singh Rawat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bhupendra Kukreti
|-
!33
|Gita Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vijay Badoni
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!34
|Malviya Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rajesh Kothiyal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sumit Chauhan
|-
!35
|Amit Gram East
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vipin Pant
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Arvind Negi
|-
!36
|Amit Gram West
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vijay Jugran
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!37
|Mansha Devi
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vijendra Mogha
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Manoj Barthwal
|-
!38
|Indira Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rajendra Singh Bisht
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!39
|Nehru Gram
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Jagat Singh Negi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!40
|THDC Colony
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Pushkar Bangwal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Moni Dirwal
|}

==Results==
===Mayoral election===
{{Election box begin|title= 2025 Rishikesh Municipal Corporation Election: Mayor}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Shambhu Paswan
| votes = 23,998
| percentage = 41.38
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent
| candidate = Dinesh Chandra
| votes = 20,978
| percentage = 36.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Deepak Jatav
| votes = 11,955
| percentage = 20.61
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Uttarakhand Kranti Dal
| candidate = Mahendra Singh
| votes = 759
| percentage = 1.31
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above (India)
| candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
| votes = 303
| percentage = 0.52
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 3,020
| percentage = 5.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 57,993
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Results by party===
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Party
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|40
|18
|{{up}}3
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|30
|6
|{{down}}3
|-
|{{Party color cell|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}
|colspan="3"|[[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]]
|5
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|colspan="3"|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|1
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|colspan="3"|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|69
|16
|{{steady}}
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!144
!40
!
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
== See also ==
* [[2025 Uttarakhand local elections]]
* [[2025 Dehradun Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Roorkee Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Haridwar Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Haldwani Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Rudrapur Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Kotdwar Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Almora Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Kashipur Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Srinagar, Uttarakhand Municipal Corporation election|2025 Srinagar Municipal Corporation election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://sec.uk.gov.in State Election Commission]

{{Uttarakhand elections}}
{{Municipalities of Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:2025 elections in India|Uttarakhand local elections]]
[[Category:2025 in Uttarakhand|Local elections]]
[[Category:Local elections in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Municipal corporation elections in India|Rishikesh]]

Samar Sen (economist)

2025-12-02T05:22:53Z

SaraD96423049267:

{{Short description|Indian economist (1916–2004)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Samar Sen
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|7|2}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2004|7|28|1916|7|2}}
| other_names =
| occupation = Agricultural economist
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse = Anita Sen
| children = {{plainlist|
*[[Abhijit Sen]]
*Pronab Sen
}}
}}

'''Samar Ranjan Sen''' (2 July 1916 {{endash}} 28 July 2004) was an Indian agricultural economist who served at the [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] as its executive director. He belonged to the [[Indian Economic Service]] of 1938 batch.<ref name="Zee News 2004">{{cite web | title=PM condoles death of renowned economist Samar Sen | website=Zee News | date=2004-07-29 | url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/pm-condoles-death-of-renowned-economist-samar-sen_170520.html | access-date=2021-12-03}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Born into an Indian Bengali [[Baidya|Baidya Brahmin]] family. Sen obtained his PhD from the [[London School of Economics]] in 1946 and later taught at [[Dacca University]] before [[Partition of India|partition]].<ref name="Bureau 2004"/>

The first member of the Indian Economic Service in 1938, Sen joined the [[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|Ministry of Agriculture]] in 1948 and served as advisor of the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] prior to his appointment at the [[World Bank]].<ref name="Bureau 2004"/>

After returning to India, he became a part of [[Reserve Bank of India]]'s green revolution east (1985) and later became a member of the [[Sarkaria Commission]].<ref name="Bureau 2004">{{cite web | title=Samar Sen dies | website=Business Standard News | date=2004-07-29 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/samar-sen-dies-104072901105_1.html | access-date=2021-12-03}}</ref> He also established research centers of agriculture in the country.<ref name="Economic and Political Weekly 2004 pp. 7–8">{{cite journal | title=Samar Ranjan Sen | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | volume=50 | issue=23 | date=2004-09-18 | pages=7–8 | url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2004/38/commentary/samar-ranjan-sen.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323131928/https://www.epw.in/journal/2004/38/commentary/samar-ranjan-sen.html | archive-date=2018-03-23 | url-status=live | access-date=2021-12-03}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal | last=Patnaik | first=Prabhat | title=Dr. Samar Ranjan Sen | journal=Social Scientist | volume=32 | issue=9/10 | year=2004 | issn=0970-0293 | jstor=3518210 | pages=79–81 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3518210 | access-date=2021-12-03}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Samar}}
[[Category:1900s births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Indian agricultural economists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Dhaka]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]

{{India-economist-stub}}

Tiruchirappalli railway division

2025-11-23T21:00:29Z

SaraD96423049267: expand intro per standard format and corrected details

{{short description|Railway division of the Southern Railway Zone of India}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}

{{Infobox rail
|railroad_name = Tiruchirappalli railway division
|system_map =
|map_caption =
|map_size =
|map_alt =
|image = Trichy DRM Büro sauber.JPG
|image_size = 250px
|image_caption = Office of TPJ Divisional Headquarters
|image_alt = Headquarters
|marks = TPJ
|locale = [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|start_year = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1956|5|16}}
|end_year = present
|predecessor_line = [[South Indian Railway]]
|successor_line =
|gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
|old_gauge = {{track gauge|1000mm}}
|electrification = [[25 kV AC]], [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]]
|length = {{convert|1026.55|km|abbr=on}}
|hq_city = [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
|website = {{URL|www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in}}
}}
'''Tiruchirappalli railway division''' is one of the six railway divisions under the jurisdiction of [[Southern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref name="zones_and_divisions">{{cite web |title=Railway Zones and Divisions in The Country |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=168812. |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Railways (Government of India) |access-date=1 January 2025 |date=21 July 2017}}</ref> It has its administrative headquarters located at [[Tiruchirappalli]]. It serves most of the districts of delta region and Central Tamil Nadu.<ref name=jurmap>{{cite web|title=Jurisdiction map (Engineering)|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1359448578677-TPJ-JURI%20updated%20for%20hindi%20section-Model.pdf|work=[[Southern Railway zone]]|access-date=26 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213446/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1359448578677-TPJ-JURI%20updated%20for%20hindi%20section-Model.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=tpjcov>{{cite book|last=Bhandari|first=Laveesh|title=Indian states at a glance, 2008–09: Tamil Nadu : performance, facts and figures|publisher=Pearson Education|isbn=978-81-317-2347-0|year=2009}}</ref>

==History and background==
The history of division dates long back to 1853, when the [[South Indian Railway Company|Great Southern of India Railway Company]] was established with its headquarters at England and first line was constructed between [[Negapatnam]] and [[Trichinopoly]] in 1859.<ref name="tpjhist">{{cite book | title=Madras Rediscovered| last=Muthiah| first=S.|author-link=S. Muthiah |year=2004| page=321| publisher=East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd| isbn=81-88661-24-4}}</ref> Tiruchirappalli railway division was formed while consolidating all other railways of pre-independence era on 16 May 1956. It is the second largest division of the zone having a route length of about {{convert|1026.55|km|abbr=on}},<ref name=tpjstat>{{cite web|title=Vital statistics|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1362483379326-VITAL%20STATISTICS.pdf|work=[[Indian Railways]]|publisher=[[Southern Railway zone]]|access-date=26 December 2013}}</ref> spread over 13 [[districts of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=tpjdn13dt>{{cite news|last=R. Rajaram|title=15 unmanned level crossings to go in Tiruchi division|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/15-unmanned-level-crossings-to-go-in-tiruchi-division/article4672324.ece|access-date=27 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 May 2013}}</ref> Also this could be the only division in the world that is serving the railway lines of erstwhile [[South Indian Railway Company]] and Pondicherry Railway Company developed by the [[British Indian Empire|British empire]] and [[French India|French empire]] respectively.<ref name=divnhist>{{cite web|title=Southern Railway – Tiruchchirappalli Division|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1359956335265-SOUTHERN%20RAILWAY.pdf|work=[[Southern Railway zone]]|access-date=30 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204210425/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1359956335265-SOUTHERN%20RAILWAY.pdf|archive-date=4 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=srpdy>{{cite news|last=Muthiah| first=S.|author-link=S. Muthiah |title=Egmore and the South|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2008/06/16/stories/2008061650520500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121230825/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2008/06/16/stories/2008061650520500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2008|access-date=30 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 June 2008}}</ref><ref name=srpdyhist>{{cite book|last=Muthiah| first=S.|author-link=S. Muthiah |title=Madras Miscellany: A decade of People, Places and Potpurri|year=2011|publisher=EastWest Books|isbn=978-93-8003-284-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QHtZG8beGy4C&pg=PT829|page=829}}</ref>

=== Administration ===
The division comes under [[Southern Railway zone]], which is headed by General Manager, A. K. Agarwal.<ref name="srgm">{{cite web|title=General Manager|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,263,294|website=[[Southern Railway zone]]|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=17 April 2022}}</ref> The division is headed by Divisional Railway Manager (DRM), Manish Agarwal.<ref name=tpjdivnadm>{{cite web|title=Trichchirappalli|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,385,1821|work=[[Southern Railway zone]]|access-date=17 April 2022}}</ref> It was also once headed by Manjula Rangarajan, a 1983 batch [[Indian Railway Accounts Service]] officer, who became the first woman to head the division in its 150-year history.<ref name="womandrm">{{cite news|title=Tiruchi railway division gets first woman DRM|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/tiruchi-railway-division-gets-first-woman-drm/article3544956.ece|access-date=30 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 June 2012}}</ref>{{efn|The administrators may change from time to time for administrative reasons.}} The divisional railway office (DRO) is located close to {{stnlnk|Tiruchirappalli Junction}},<ref>{{cite news|last=Syed Muthahar|first=Saqaf|title=Amenities go off-track|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/amenities-go-offtrack/article5206332.ece|access-date=29 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 October 2013|location=Tiruchi}}</ref> which is one of the busiest railway junctions in India and second biggest railway station in Tamil Nadu only next to [[Chennai Central]].<ref name="tpjbusy">{{cite web|title=India's best railway stations|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/slide-show/slide-show-1-budget-2012-railway-indias-best-stations/20120314.htm#11|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref>
Commercial Controller 2464469

==Jurisdiction==
[[Image:Diesel Loco Shed full.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Diesel Loco Shed, Golden Rock]]]]
The division spans to [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]], [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]], [[Nagappattinam district|Nagappattinam]], [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]],
[[Cuddalore District|Cuddalore]], [[Vellore district|Vellore]], [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]], [[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]], [[Viluppuram District|Viluppuram]], [[Tiruvarur district|Tiruvarur]], and [[Perambalur district|Perambalur]] districts of Tamil Nadu state and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Union Territory of Puducherry]] including [[Karaikal]]. The total area covered by the division is about {{convert|1026.55|km|abbr=on}}, of which BG accounts to {{convert|843.26|km|abbr=on}} (including electrified lines) and MG is {{convert|183.29|km|abbr=on}}, which are all under Gauge conversion.<ref name=jurmap />

The {{convert|2.8|km|abbr=on}} [[Template:Ponmalai (Golden Rock) railway station|stretch]] between {{stnlnk|Golden Rock}} and {{stnlnk|Tiruchirappalli Junction}} is operating with Triple line, as Both Chord Line and Main Line runs parallel between these stations and for extensive [[Shunting (rail)|shunting]] and maintenance purpose due to the proximity of [[Golden Rock Railway Workshop|Central Workshop]], [[Diesel Loco Shed, Golden Rock|Diesel loco shed]]<ref name="dslls">{{cite web|title=Diesel Loco Shed, Golden Rock|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/DLS/SR/goldenrock.pdf|work=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=26 December 2013}}</ref> and a newly established electric locomotive trip shed,<ref name="tpjelecshed">{{cite news|title=Electric locomotive trip shed at Tiruchi junction|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/electric-locomotive-trip-shed-at-tiruchi-junction/article589680.ece|access-date=26 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 August 2010}}</ref> the entire division has [[Single track (rail)|single lines]]<ref name=tpjdivnadm /> except for Trichy–Viluppuram Section of [[Chord Line, Tamil Nadu|Chord Line]] which has been completely Upgraded to Double Line Electrified Section (FEDL).

=== Routes ===

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:lightskyblue;" | From<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1532411727653-TPJmap-2018.pdf | title=Southern Railway - Tiruchirappalli division - System Map| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419194744/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1532411727653-TPJmap-2018.pdf | archive-date=2023-04-19}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="background-color:lightskyblue;" | To
! scope="col" style="background-color:lightskyblue;" | Line
! scope="col" style="background-color:lightskyblue;" | Gauge
! scope="col" style="background-color:lightskyblue;" | Track
! scope="col" style="background-color:lightskyblue;" | Traction <ref name=elecmap>{{cite web|title=Map of Electrification in IR|url=http://www.core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,384,385|work=[[Central Organisation for Railway Electrification]]|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="background-color:lightskyblue;" | Chainage from
! scope="col" style="background-color:lightskyblue;" | Chainage to
! scope="col" style="background-color:lightskyblue;" | Distance (in km)
! scope="col" style="background-color:lightskyblue;" | Status
|-
| Tiruchirappalli Fort
| Tiruchirappalli Junction
| Branch Line
| BG
| Single
| Diesel/Electric
| 136.43
| 141.10
| 5
| Active
|-
| Viluppuram Junction
| Tiruchirappalli Junction
| [[Chord Line, Tamil Nadu|Chord line]]
| BG
| Double
| Diesel/Electric
| 161.60
| 341.60
| 180
| Active
|-
| Viluppuram Junction
| Katpadi (Excluding)
| Branch line
| BG
| Single
| Diesel/Electric
| 0.00
| 159.10
| 159
| Active
|-
| Viluppuram Junction
| Puducherry
| Branch line
| BG
| Single
| Diesel/Electric
| 0.00
| 37.62
| 38
| Active
|-
| Viluppuram Junction
| Tiruchirappalli Junction
| [[Main Line, Tamil Nadu|Main line]]
| BG
| Single/Double {{ref|a|a}}
| Diesel/Electric {{ref|b|b}}
| 162.76
| 406.80
| 244
| Active
|-
| Cuddalore Port Junction
| Vridhachalam Junction
| Branch line
| BG
| Single
| Diesel
| 0.00
| 58.27
| 58
| Active
|-
| Mayiladuthurai Junction
| Karaikkudi Junction
| Branch line
| BG
| Single
| Diesel/Electric {{ref|c|c}}
| 0.00
| 187.03
| 187
| Active
|-
| Tiruturaipundi Junction
| Kodiyarkarai (point Calimere)
| Spur Line
| BG
| Single
| Diesel
| 0.00
| 36.91
| 37
| Active
|-
| Thanjavur Junction
| Karaikal
| Branch line
| BG
| Single
| Diesel/Electric
| 0.00
| 96.46
| 96
| Active
|-
| Nidamangalam Junction
| Mannargudi
| Spur line
| BG
| Single
| Diesel
| 0.00
| 13.96
| 14
| Active
|-
| Nagapattinam Junction
| Velankanni
| Spur line
| BG
| Single
| Diesel
| 0.00
| 10.40
| 10
| Active
|-
|Peralam
|Karaikal
|Branch line
|MG
|Single
|Diesel
|0.00
| -
|23.06
|Under Gauge Conversion
|-
|Mayiladuthurai Junction
|Taragambadi (trabquebar)
|Spur line
|MG
|Single
|Diesel
|0.00
| -
|29.20
|Under Gauge Conversion
|}

{{note|a|a}} Doubline line is available between Tiruchirappalli Junction and Thanjavur Junction only. 
{{note|b|b}} Electric Traction available between Mayiladuthurai Junction and Thanjavur Junction. 
{{note|c|c}} Electric Traction is available between Mayiladuthurai Junction and Tiruvarur Junction.

==List of railway stations and towns ==
The list includes the stations under the Trichy railway division and their station category.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement showing Category-wise No.of stations in IR based on Pass. earning of 2011|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf|access-date=15 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PASSENGER AMENITIES – CRITERIA= For Categorisation of Stations|url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1432447500773-23.Passenger%20Amenities%20PDF.pdf|access-date=15 January 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045206/http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1432447500773-23.Passenger%20Amenities%20PDF.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#fff;"
|+ Classification based on old nomenclature
|-
! style="background:#ffd750;" ! | Category of station
! style="background:#ffd750;" ! | No. of stations
! style="background:#ffd750;" ! | Names of stations
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''A-1''' Category
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{stnlnk|Tiruchirappalli Junction}}
|-

|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''A''' Category
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| style="text-align:center;" | {{stnlnk|Thanjavur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Viluppuram Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Kumbakonam}}, {{stnlnk|Mayiladuthurai Junction}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''B''' Category
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| style="text-align:center;" | {{stnlnk|Nagapattinam Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Puducherry}}, {{stnlnk|Vriddhachalam Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ariyalur}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''C''' Category (Suburban station)
| style="text-align:center;" | –
| style="text-align:center;" | –
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''D''' Category
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| style="text-align:center;" | {{stnlnk|Thiruvarur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Mannargudi}}, {{stnlnk|Velankanni}}, {{stnlnk|Srirangam}}, {{stnlnk|Chidambaram}}, {{stnlnk|Nidamangalam Junction}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''E''' Category
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{stnlnk|Karaikal}}
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''F''' Category Halt Station
| style="text-align:center;" | –
| style="text-align:center;" | –
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''Total'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''–'''
| style="text-align:center;" | –
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#fff;"
|+ Classification based on new nomenclature<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913395482-TPJ%20DIVISION%20-%20LIST%20OF%20STATIONS%20-2023.pdf|title=TIRUCHCHIRAPPALLI DIVISION LIST OF STATIONS|publisher=Southern Railways as on 01.04.2023}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#ffd750;" ! | Category of station
! style="background:#ffd750;" ! | No. of stations
! style="background:#ffd750;" ! | Names of stations
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''NSG-1'''
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | –
|-

|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''NSG-2'''
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''NSG-3'''
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | {{stnlnk|Thanjavur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Viluppuram Junction}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''NSG-4'''
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| style="text-align:center;" | {{stnlnk|Kumbakonam}}, {{stnlnk|Mayiladuthurai Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Nagapattinam Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Puducherry}}
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''NSG-5'''
| style="text-align:center;" | 20
| style="text-align:center;" | {{stnlnk|Vriddhachalam Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Thiruvarur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Mannargudi}}, {{stnlnk|Velankanni}}, {{stnlnk|Ariyalur}}, {{stnlnk|Srirangam}}, {{stnlnk|Chidambaram}}, {{stnlnk|Nidamangalam Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Karaikal}}, Tirukkovilur, {{stnlnk|Tiruvannamalai}}, Vellore Cantonment, {{stnlnk|Tiruchirappalli Fort}}, Nagore, {{stnlnk|Lalgudi}}, Tiruverumbur, Papanasam, {{stnlnk|Sirkazhi}}, [[Cuddalore Port Junction railway station|Cuddalore Port Junction]], {{stnlnk|Thirupadiripuliyur}}.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''NSG-6'''
| style="text-align:center;" | 67
| style="text-align:center;" |Turinjapuram, Agastiampalli, Panruti, Aduturai, Budalur, Polur, Vaithisvarankoil, Pennadam, Kutralam, Peralam, Tiruchchirappalli town, Chinnababu samudram, Sendurai, Mathur, [[Golden Rock railway station|Ponmalai (golden rock)]], Arni road, Adirampattinam, Koradacheri, Ulundurpet, Pullambadi, Arantangi, Pattukottai, {{stnlnk|Tiruturaipundi Junction}}, Kannamangalam, Kallakkudi palanganatham, Vadalur, Nellikuppam, Neyveli, Tiruvennainallur road, Alakkudi, Peravuruni, Saliyamangalam, Kizhvelur, Kurinjipadi, Parikkal, Valadi, Thiruthuraiyur, Pandaravadai, Kulikarai, Melpattambakkam, Tillaivilagam, Kollidam, Puvanur, Ichchangadu, Sundaraperumal Koil, Sillakkudi, Kandambakkam, Alapakam, Kille, Anandatandavapuram, Solagampatti, Tirunelikaval, Talanallur, Titte, Nannilam, Serndanur, Uttangal mangalam, Ottakovil, Kallagam, Periyakottai, Ayingudi, Puduchattiram, Kaniyambadi, Mambalapattu, Venkatesapuram, Agaram sibbandi, Tandarai.
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''SG-1''', '''SG-2''', '''SG-3'''
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | –
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''HG-1'''
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | Villiyanur
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''HG-2'''
| style="text-align:center;" | 14
| style="text-align:center;" | Manjattidal, Vriddhachalam town, Tiruchchirappalli palakarai, Valavanur, Tiruvidaimarudur, Aiyanapuram, Darasuram, Ammapet, [[Parangipettai railway station|Parangipettai]], Velippalaiyam, Swamimalai, Nidur, Pichchandar Koil, Velore town.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''HG-3'''
| style="text-align:center;" | 37
| style="text-align:center;" | Valaramanikkam, Muthupettai, Tirunageswaram, Ichchangadu, Vellur, Narasinganpet, Onnupuram, Kuthur, Sikkal, Adhichchanur, Koyilvenni, Andanappettai, Capper quarry, Adiyakkamangalam, Tondamanpatti, Tirumalairayan Pattinam, Pasupathikoil, Kudikadu, Sedarampattu, Ayyampet, Tirumathikunnam, Alattambadi, Vallampadugai, Manali, Mangudi, Mavur road, Punthottam, Ammanur, Andampallam, Ayandur, Kandanur puduvayal, Kattur, Madimangalam, Ottankadu, Pennathur, Uthamar kovil, Varakalpattu.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Unclassified/Closed
| style="text-align:center;" | 15
| style="text-align:center;" | Teli, Mugaiyur, Velanandal, Meppuliyur, Kullanchavadi, Malliyam, Manganallur, Mandurai, Kadambankulam, Mariamman Koil, Kodikkalpalayam, Virkudi, Pandi, Kariyapattinam, Merpanaikkadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''Total'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''161'''
| style="text-align:center;" | –
|}

==Operations==

=== Passenger services ===
The division involves in operating about 150 trains per day,<ref name=tpjdvn150>{{cite news|title=Goods train derails in Trichy, no casualties|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-31/madurai/30341894_1_goods-train-divisional-railway-manager-railway-spokesman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000435/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-31/madurai/30341894_1_goods-train-divisional-railway-manager-railway-spokesman|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 December 2013|access-date=29 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 October 2011}}</ref> of which the {{convert|178|km|abbr=on}} stretch [[Chord Line, Tamil Nadu|chord line]] experiences heaviest traffic<ref name="chordtraffic">{{cite news|last=R.Rajaram|title=Dindigul-Villupuram project set to cross another milestone|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/dindigulvillupuram-project-set-to-cross-another-milestone/article4717520.ece|access-date=27 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 May 2013}}</ref> handling about 30 passenger and 56 express trains passing through everyday in addition to [[goods train]], particularly during night.<ref name="30psgr">{{cite news|last=R.Rajaram|title=Tiruchi-Chennai line to get decongested|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/tiruchichennai-line-to-get-decongested/article4901303.ece|access-date=27 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 July 2010}}</ref><ref name="tpjdoub">{{cite news|title=Doubling work on 25-km stretch completed in Trichy division|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Doubling-work-on-25-km-stretch-completed-in-Trichy-division/articleshow/20078712.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227200258/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-16/madurai/39309354_1_trichy-division-doubling-work-railway-line|url-status=live|archive-date=27 December 2013|access-date=27 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 May 2013}}</ref>

The division operates about 30 Passenger Reservation System (PRS) centers<ref name=rcpo>{{cite news|title=PRS counters opened at two post offices|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/prs-counters-opened-at-two-post-offices/article4969200.ece|access-date=2 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 July 2013}}</ref> which includes six post offices at [[Villianur]], [[Tiruvettipuram]], [[Peravurani]], [[Muthupet]], [[Srirangam]], and [[Ponmalai]] under the 1,000 PRS scheme, as a part of improving passenger amenities. At the headquarters station, plasma screen electronic display boards, electronic train arrival/departure boards were installed along with a renovated linen room and Integrated Security System to enhance security.<ref name="tpjdnpa">{{cite news|title=Kallakudi Palanganatham-Ariyalur railway line nearing completion|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/kallakudi-palanganathamariyalur-railway-line-nearing-completion/article5027784.ece|access-date=27 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 August 2013}}</ref>

The division became the first in the Southern Railway zone to install multi-coloured LED coach indication boards at Kumbakonam railway station during November 2013 and at [[Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchirappalli junction]] during January 2014, for Platform.no.1 alone which is supposed to be extended till Platform no.5 and also at about 17 other stations including {{stnlnk|Viluppuram Junction}}, [[Pondicherry railway station|Puducherry]], {{stnlnk|Thanjavur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Mayiladuthurai Junction}} and Mannargudi within the division.<ref name=tpjcolour>{{cite news|last=R. Rajaram|title=Multi-colour coach indication boards installed at Tiruchi Railway Junction|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/multicolour-coach-indication-boards-installed-at-tiruchi-railway-junction/article5557163.ece|access-date=9 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 January 2014}}</ref>

=== Freight services ===
The division has provided [[team track]]s for a number of Industrial establishments<ref name=divnhist /> adjoining the railway lines utilising the nearby railway stations for their logistics and transports such as [[Golden Rock Railway Workshop|Central Workshop]] ([[Golden Rock, Tiruchirappalli|Golden Rock]]), Cement and gypsum factories ([[Trichy]], [[Perambalur]] and [[Ariyalur]]),<ref name="ary">{{cite web|title=Analysis of alternatives|url=http://www.tnrsp.com/cea15.pdf|work=Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project|access-date=27 December 2013|page=33|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234111/http://www.tnrsp.com/cea15.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="kikprl1">{{cite news|last=M. V. L. Manikantan|title=Proposed Karaikal-Peralam line to boost freight traffic|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/proposed-karaikalperalam-line-to-boost-freight-traffic/article2733666.ece|access-date=28 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="kikrail2">{{cite web|last=T. E. Raja Simhan|title=Karaikal scores high on rail connectivity|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/karaikal-scores-high-on-rail-connectivity/article982642.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[Business Line]]|access-date=28 December 2013|date=1 February 2010}}</ref> Lignite industries ([[Neyveli]]),<ref name="nvlrail">{{cite web|title=Executive summary of rapid environmental impact assessment and environmental management plan for 2 X 500 MW Lignite fired Neyveli new thermal power station at Neyveli, Tamilnadu|url=http://www.tnpcb.gov.in/pdf/EIA_NLC_2x500_eng.pdf|work=[[Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board]]|access-date=28 December 2013|pages=3–4|date=September 2009}}</ref> Sugar factories ([[Viluppuram]] and [[Vridhachalam]]),<ref name="cotnpm1">{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of South India|year=2002|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi|page=127|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vERnljM1uiEC|author=W. Francis|author2=Frederick Nicholson |author3=C. S. Middlemiss |author4=C. A. Barber |author5=E. Thurston |author6=G. H. Stuart |access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> [[Food Corporation of India|FCI]] and [[Department of Co-operation, Food and Consumer Protection (Tamil Nadu)|Civil supplies]] (Cauvery delta districts)<ref name="delta crop1">{{cite news|last=R. Rajaram|title=Foodgrains load dips owing to crop failure in delta|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/foodgrains-load-dips-owing-to-crop-failure-in-delta/article4428043.ece|access-date=29 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="pondygoods">{{cite news|last=Debjani|first=Dutta|title=Lone goods train to Pondy withdrawn|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Lone-goods-train-to-Pondy-withdrawn/2013/11/11/article1884098.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114020057/http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Lone-goods-train-to-Pondy-withdrawn/2013/11/11/article1884098.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 November 2013|access-date=29 December 2013|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=11 November 2013}}</ref> also [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]] ([[Thiruverumbur|Tiruverumbur]]),<ref name="tpjbhel">{{cite journal|last=Pradeep|first=Guha|title=Established competence in rolling stock design|journal=Rail Business [Focus India]|date=March 2011|volume=2|issue=7|page=26|url=http://www.railbizindia.com/pdfs/rail-business-issue-march-11.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075112/http://www.railbizindia.com/pdfs/rail-business-issue-march-11.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-03-04|access-date=27 December 2013|editor1-first=V. K. |editor1-last=Rana|issn=0976-254X}}</ref> and ports ([[Cuddalore]] and [[Karaikal]]).<ref name="kikprl1" /><ref name="tpjcupj1">{{cite web|title=Cuddalore port|url=http://www.tnmaritime.com/goverment_ports.php?port=1|work=Tamil Nadu Maritime Board|access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="kiktpj">{{cite news|last=R. Rajaram|title=Railway division exceeds target in freight loading|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/railway-division-exceeds-target-in-freight-loading/article1604034.ece|access-date=27 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="kikport1">{{cite web|title=Rail Connectivity|url=http://www.karaikalport.com/rail-connectivity.php|work=[[Karaikal port|Karaikal Port Private Limited]]|access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref>

== Performance ==

=== Revenue ===
The division posted a decent earning of {{INRConvert|733.10|c}} during the financial year during 2012–2013 . It carried 42.5 million passenger and earned {{INRConvert|233.15|c}} from regular and festival special trains and {{INRConvert|449.92|c}}, by transporting {{convert|9000000|MT|lk=on}} of freight,<ref name=tpjdnpa /> of which [[karaikal port]] alone contributes about 40% of the revenue.<ref name=kikprl1 />

=== Awards ===
The division won the overall efficiency medical shield, cleanliness shield and electrical conservation shield for 2012–2013 at the zonal level, in addition to the overall safety shield at the Annual Safety Week Celebrations held at Zonal Railway Training Institute.<ref name=tpjdnpa />

==Towns and places of interest==
On the chord line were Srirangam,<ref name=clsrgm>{{cite web|title=Srirangam – Introduction|url=http://www.hindubooks.org/temples/tamilnadu/srirangam/Introduction.htm|work=Hindubooks.org|access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> [[Ariyalur]], Vridhachalam Jn and [[Viluppuram Junction]]. On the main line and branch lines that traverses through delta districts has a lot of greenery in the form of agriculture and towns of religious importance like [[Thanjavur]], [[Thiruvarur]], [[Kumbakonam]], [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Sirkazhi]], [[Chidambaram]], [[Cuddalore]],<ref name=mainltemples>{{cite news|last=V. S. Palaniappan|title=Mangalore–Puducherry train to run via Coimbatore|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/mangaluru-puducherry-train-to-run-via-coimbatore/article5047275.ece|access-date=27 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 August 2013}}</ref> [[Nagore]], [[Velankanni Town|Velankanni]], [[Tirunallar]].<ref name=divnhist /><ref name=nvt1>{{cite news|title=Southern Railway neglecting Mainline: Manishankar Iyer|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/southern-railway-neglecting-mainline-manishankar-iyer/article5122539.ece|access-date=28 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 September 2013}}</ref>

==Current projects==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightskyblue;" | S.No
! scope="col" colspan="3" style="background-color:lightskyblue;" | Section
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightskyblue;" | Nature of work
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightskyblue;" | Status
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:lightskyblue;"|From
! scope="col" style="background-color:lightskyblue;"|Via
! scope="col" style="background-color:lightskyblue;"|To
|-
| 1
| {{stnlnk|Salem Junction}}
| {{stnlnk|Namakkal}} → Perambalur → {{stnlnk|Ariyalur}} → [[Jayankondam]] → [[Gangaikondacholapuram]] → {{stnlnk|Mayiladuthurai Junction}} → Tirunallar
| {{stnlnk|Karaikal}}
| New line
| Survey completed<ref name=tpjnewwk />
|-
| 2
| {{stnlnk|Tiruturaipundi Junction}}
| Melamarudur → [[Vedaranyam]]
| Agastiyampalli
| Gauge Conversion
| In progress<ref name=tpjdn13dt/>
|-
| 3
| {{stnlnk|Nagapattinam Junction}}
| [[Tirukuvalai]]
| {{stnlnk|Tiruturaipundi Junction}}
| New line{{efn|For all new lines, the route and its length are determined only after the completion of the work, since the planned routes may undergo unexpected changes due to various social and economic conditions.}}
| In progress<ref name=ngtttplink>{{cite news|last=R. Venkatramani|title=Broad gauge rail link for Vailankanni, at last|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article172450.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229114156/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article172450.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 December 2013|access-date=27 December 2013|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=21 December 2010}}</ref><ref name=ttp-tkvl>{{cite news|title=Railway panel to ensure safety of pilgrims visiting Velankanni for fete|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/railway-panel-to-ensure-safety-of-pilgrims-visiting-velankanni-for-fete/article3710058.ece|access-date=27 December 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=1 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=R. Rajaram|title=Rs. 126 crore for new rail line|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/30/stories/2009013056440100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203082231/http://hindu.com/2009/01/30/stories/2009013056440100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2009|access-date=26 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 January 2009|location=[[Tiruchi]]}}</ref>
|-
| 4
| {{stnlnk|Mannargudi}}
| {{TBA}}
| {{stnlnk|Pattukkottai}}
| New line
| In progress<ref name=tpjnewwk>{{cite web|title=Railway Projects in Tamil Nadu : New Railway Project Proposals from Tamil Nadu|url=http://jaabaali.com/2013/01/railway-projects-in-tamil-nadu-new-railway-project-proposals-from-tamil-nadu/|work=Jaabaali.com|access-date=26 December 2013}}</ref><ref name=mnrptkt1>{{cite news|last=Syed Muthahar|first=Saqaf|title=Broad Gauge lineto be extended to Pattukottai soon|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/broad-gauge-lineto-be-extended-to-pattukottai-soon/article2125343.ece|access-date=27 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 June 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 5
| {{stnlnk|Thanjavur Junction}}
|
| {{stnlnk|Pattukkottai}} 
| New line
| In Progress
|-
| 6
| {{stnlnk|Thanjavur Junction}}
|
| {{stnlnk|Ariyalur}} 
| New line
| Survey completed<ref name=tpjnewwk />
|-
| 7
| {{stnlnk|Mayiladuthurai Junction}}
| [[Tarangambadi]] → [[Tirunallar]]
| {{stnlnk|Karaikal}}
| New line
| Survey completed<ref name=tpjnewwk />
|-
| 8
| {{stnlnk|Kumbakonam}}
| {{stnlnk|Jayankondam}}
| {{stnlnk|Virudhachalam Junction}}
| New Line
| Survey Completed<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/build-vriddhachalamkumbakonam-line-early-in-tiruchi/article6260173.ece|title=Build Vriddhachalam-Kumbakonam line early in Tiruchi|first=Syed Muthahar|last=Saqaf|date=29 July 2014|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
| 9
| {{stnlnk|Peralam Junction}}
| [[Tirunallar]]
| {{stnlnk|Karaikal}}
| Restoration
| In progress<ref name=kikpemsur>{{cite news|title=Karaikal-Peralam line survey begins|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/karaikalperalam-line-survey-begins/article4511152.ece|access-date=26 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 March 2013|location=[[Karaikal]]}}</ref><ref name=kikpemcom>{{cite news|title=Committee to study Karaikal-Peralam line project proposal|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/committee-to-study-karaikalperalam-line-project-proposal/article4656019.ece|access-date=26 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 April 2013|location=[[Karaikal]]}}</ref>
|-
|10
|[[Tiruchirappalli]]
|[[Rameswaram|Pudukkottai, Karaikudi, Manamadurai, Paramakkudi, Ramanathapuram]]
|[[Rameswaram]]
|Electrification
|In progress<ref>{{Citation|last=Marr|first=J.|title=Rameswaram|date=2003|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t070674|work=Oxford Art Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t070674|isbn=978-1-884446-05-4|access-date=2020-08-13|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|}

== Employees ==
The division has a total workforce of about 11,430 in various ranks.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Trichy division bags efficiency award in Southern Railway|date = 17 April 2012|url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-17/madurai/31354616_1_southern-railway-trichy-division-vaidiyalingam|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192414/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-17/madurai/31354616_1_southern-railway-trichy-division-vaidiyalingam|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2 January 2014|access-date = 2 January 2014|newspaper = [[The Times of India]]|last = Dennis|first = Selvan}}</ref>

=== Welfare ===

==== Healthcare ====
The division manages one [[Divisional Railway Hospital, Golden Rock|Divisional Railway Hospital]], one Sub-divisional Railway Hospital and seven Health Units/Polyclinics.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/health/health_1.jsp|title = Health Directorate|access-date = 2 January 2014|website = [[Indian Railways]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/health/pdf/facilities/sr.pdf|title = Southern Railway – Health Units|access-date = 2 January 2014|website = [[Southern Railway zone]]}}</ref> The Divisional Railway Hospital is at [[Golden Rock, Tiruchirappalli|Golden Rock]], which was established by the then [[South Indian Railway Company]] in 1927, caters exclusively to railway staff of the entire division, has about 297 beds<ref>{{cite news|title=New orthopaedic block opened at railway hospital|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-orthopaedic-block-opened-at-railway-hospital/article4490886.ece|access-date=2 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hic! Here's the secret of patients in high spirits|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Hic-Here%E2%80%99s-the-secret-of-patients-in-high-spirits/2013/04/22/article1555607.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225530/http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Hic-Here%E2%80%99s-the-secret-of-patients-in-high-spirits/2013/04/22/article1555607.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 December 2013|access-date=2 January 2014|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=22 April 2013}}</ref> including 100 beds in the newly opened surgical ward.<ref name=tpjdnpa /> Apart from DRH, Golden Rock, the division has 25-bed Sub-divisional Hospital at [[Viluppuram]] and eight Railway Health Units at {{stnlnk|Tiruchirappalli Junction}}, [[Tiruchirappalli Fort]], [[Srirangam]], [[Vriddhachalam]], [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Mayiladuthurai]] and [[Tiruvarur]].<ref name=medrhu>{{cite news|last=R. Rajaram|title=Thanjavur Railway Health Unit adjudged best in Southern Railway|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/16/stories/2011051662280900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526134402/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/16/stories/2011051662280900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 May 2011|access-date=2 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref name=allmed>{{cite web|title=About Medical Branch – Trichchirappalli Division|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1322196396381-about.pdf|work=[[Southern Railway zone]]|access-date=2 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033255/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1322196396381-about.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

==== Education ====
The division oversees the management of railway schools within its jurisdictional limit at Tiruchirappalli (SRWWO Matriculation School at [[Kallakuzhi|Kallukuzhi]] and [[Railway Mixed Higher Secondary School, Golden Rock, Tiruchirappalli|RMHSS/GOC]]) and Viluppuram (RMHSS/VM).<ref name=dvnsch>{{cite news|title=Save energy campaign booth opened at junction|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/save-energy-campaign-booth-opened-at-junction/article5443371.ece|access-date=2 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 December 2013}}</ref><ref name=rsvm>{{cite news|title=Government schools do well in Viluppuram|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/28/stories/2004052806600300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040620052941/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/28/stories/2004052806600300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 June 2004|access-date=2 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 May 2004}}</ref>

== Security ==

=== Railway Protection Force (RPF) ===
About 275 security personnels including 30 commandos,<ref name=rpftpj1>{{cite news|last=R. Rajaram|title=RPF personnel hone their skills for commando job|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/article3451567.ece|access-date=9 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 May 2012}}</ref> headed by Divisional Security Commissioner, oversee the security arrangements on day-to-day basis round the clock for the entire division which includes protecting railway infrastructure, escorting passengers in trains and operations in all railway stations.<ref name=rpftpj2>{{cite news|title=Security and protection of women are a parallel track in the railways|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/Security-and-protection-of-women-are-a-parallel-track-in-the-railways/articleshow/24355848.cms|access-date=9 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 October 2013}}</ref> Before being put into active service, all security personnel undergo training at Zonal RPF Training Center at [[Khajamalai]], [[Tiruchirapalli]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Training – Security Directorate|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,533,1011,1016|work=[[Indian Railways]]|publisher=Railway Board|access-date=10 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=rpfwomen>{{cite news|last=R. Rajaram|title=RPF women constables to be trained in handling AK-47 rifle|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2870848.ece|access-date=10 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 February 2012}}</ref>

=== Government Railway Police (GRP) ===
Apart from RPF, the Government Railway Police (GRP), a unit of [[Tamil Nadu Police]] also assists in civil and criminal issues at railway stations along with passenger safety. This unit was first established in 1932 with [[Trichy]] as its headquarters. Later in 1981, the unit was bifurcated and the headquarters was moved to [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.tnpolice.gov.in:80/pdfs/HAND_BOOk_11.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150724122258/http://www.tnpolice.gov.in:80/pdfs/HAND_BOOk_11.pdf|url-status = dead|archive-date = 24 July 2015|title = Tamil Nadu Police at a Glance – Handbook|access-date = 10 January 2014|website = [[Tamil Nadu Police]]|page = 42}}</ref> This unit has about 1400 personnel, headed by a [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]]. The jurisdictional limit starts from [[Viluppuram]] in the north to [[Kuzhithurai railway station]] in the south and [[Karaikal]] in the east to Palani in the west.<ref>{{cite news|last=R. Rajaram|title=Policing in trains set to improve|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/policing-in-trains-set-to-improve/article5304175.ece|access-date=10 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 November 2013}}</ref> It has about 16 police stations and 14 out-posts along with mobile units in [[Nellai Express]] and Rameswaram Express.<ref name=GRPTPJRTI>{{cite web|title=Railway Police Range, Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/pdfs/RTI_RLYS.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122011122/http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/pdfs/RTI_RLYS.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2014|work=[[Tamil Nadu Police]]|access-date=10 January 2014|page=1}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Southern Railway zone]]
* [[Indian Railways]]
* [[Railway Protection Force]]
* [[Tamil Nadu Police]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in Southern Railways – Official Website]

{{Transport in Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

[[Category:Southern Railway zone]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Divisions of Indian Railways]]
[[Category:Trichy railway division|*]]

Krewa Rampur

2025-11-21T12:18:34Z

SaraD96423049267:

{{Short description|Village in India}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Krewa Rampur
| other_name =
| native_name = Krew Rampur
| native_name_lang = ks
| settlement_type = [[List of villages in India|Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.7394|75.1997|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anantnag district]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| area_total_ha = 169.2
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 2116
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India |date=27 September 2020 |access-date=5 September 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019215035/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | publisher=[[Rising Kashmir]] | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=5 September 2022 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian standard time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 192101
| area_code_type = [[2011 Census of India|Census]] code
| area_code = 003666
| iso_code =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Krewa Rampur''' is a village in Anantnag tehsil in [[Anantnag district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. ''Krewa Rampur'' village is located in [[Anantnag]] Tehsil of [[Anantnag district]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]. It is situated 10 km away from Anantnag.<ref>{{cite web |title=REVENUE VILLAGES {{!}} District Anantnag, Government of Jammu & Kasmir {{!}} India |url=https://anantnag.nic.in/revenue-villages/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308152031/https://anantnag.nic.in/revenue-villages/ |archive-date=8 March 2022 |access-date=5 September 2022 |website=District Anantanag {{!}} Government of Jammu & Kashmir}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1981: Jammu & Kashmir. Paper |year=1981 |publisher=State Government Press |pages=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITa38zj0yFAC&q=%22Krewa+Rampur%22+-wikipedia |language=en}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], ''Krewa Rampur'' village has a total population of 2,116 people including 1,139 males and 977 females; and has a literacy rate of 56.19%.<ref name="handbook">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0114_PART_B_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |title=District Census Handbook Anantnag |work=[[Census of India 2011]] |pages=94 |access-date=5 September 2022 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054309/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0114_PART_B_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Jammu and Kashmir - District Anantnag - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6205/download/9282/DDW_PCA0114_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=5 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819112618/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6205/download/9282/DDW_PCA0114_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |archive-date=19 August 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Population
!Total
!Male
!Female
|-
|Total Population
|2,116
|1,139
|977
|-
|Literate Population
|1,189
|727
|462
|-
|Illiterate Population
|927
|412
|515
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Anantnag district]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

Jai Krishna Mandal

2025-11-09T15:48:28Z

SaraD96423049267:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 10 March 1998
| term_end = 26 April 1999
| predecessor = [[Pappu Yadav]]
| successor = [[Pappu Yadav]]
| constituency = [[Purnia Lok Sabha constituency|Purnia]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1950|12|1}}
| birth_place = Barahari, [[Purnia district]], [[Bihar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Sushma Mandal
| children =
| father = Raghubar Mandal
| mother =
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]]
| alma_mater = [[Bihar National College]]
| profession =
| source = https://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3875.htm
}}

'''Jai Krishna Mandal''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]] who represented [[Purnia Lok Sabha constituency|Purnia]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] from 1998 to 1999. However he lost the subsequent election to [[Pappu Yadav]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Pappu Yadav wins Purnea seat |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/nov/02poll.htm |access-date= |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

== References ==

<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandal, Jai Krishna}}
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Living people]]

2018 India Open

2025-11-09T11:07:35Z

SaraD96423049267: Put Up A Article!

{{Short description|2018 badminton tournament in New Delhi}}
{{Infobox badminton event
|name = {{nowrap|2018 India Open}}
|image = Yonex india 01.svg
|caption =
|dates = 30 January – 4 February
|number_edition =
|level = G2L4
|prize_money = 350000
|other =
|venue = [[Siri Fort Indoor Stadium]]
|location = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
|MS = [[Shi Yuqi]]
|country_MS = CHN
|WS = [[Zhang Beiwen]]
|country_WS = USA
|MD1 = [[Marcus Fernaldi Gideon]]
|country_MD1 = INA
|MD2 = [[Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo]]
|country_MD2 = INA
|WD1 = [[Greysia Polii]]
|country_WD1 = INA
|WD2 = [[Apriyani Rahayu]]
|country_WD2 = INA
|XD1 = [[Mathias Christiansen]]
|country_XD1 = DEN
|XD2 = [[Christinna Pedersen]]
|country_XD2 = DEN
|previous = [[2017 India Super Series|2017]]
|next = [[2019 India Open|2019]]
}}

The '''2018 India Open''', officially the '''Yonex-Sunrise Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta India Open 2018''', was a badminton tournament which took place at [[Siri Fort Indoor Stadium]] in [[India]] from 30 January to 4 February 2018 and had a total purse of $350,000.
{{TOC right}}

==Tournament==
The 2018 India Open was the fourth tournament of the [[2018 BWF World Tour]] and also part of the [[India Open]] championships which has been held since 2008. This tournament was organized by the [[Badminton Association of India]] and sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation|BWF]].<ref name="pros">{{cite web|title=Prospectus India Open 2018|url=https://bwfextranet.com/docs/events/3170/docs/YONEX_SUNRISE%20DR.%20AKILESH%20DAS%20GUPTA%20India%20Open%202018%20_%20Prospectus.pdf|publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]]|accessdate=4 January 2018}}</ref> The tournament was renamed in a tribute for [[Akhilesh Das]], president of the Badminton Association of India, who died in April 2017.

===Venue===
This international tournament was held at [[Siri Fort Indoor Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]], [[India]].<ref name="pros"/>

===Point distribution===
Below is a table with the point distribution for each phase of the tournament based on the [[BWF World Ranking|BWF points system]] for the [[BWF World Tour Super 500]] event.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Ranking System |url=http://system.bwf.website/documents/folder_1_81/folder_1_82/New-Regulations-2018/5.3.3.1%20World%20Ranking%20System.pdf |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |accessdate=4 January 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127141620/http://system.bwf.website/documents/folder_1_81/folder_1_82/New-Regulations-2018/5.3.3.1%20World%20Ranking%20System.pdf |archivedate=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width=75|Winner
!width=75|Runner-up
!width=75|3/4
!width=75|5/8
!width=75|9/16
!width=75|17/32
!width=75|33/64
!width=75|65/128
|-
|align=center|9,200
|align=center|7,800
|align=center|6,420
|align=center|5,040
|align=center|3,600
|align=center|2,220
|align=center|880
|align=center|430
|}

===Prize money===
The total prize money for the 2018 tournament was US$350,000. Distribution of prize money was in accordance with BWF regulations.<ref name="pros"/>

{| class=wikitable style="font-size:90%;text-align:center"
|-
| style="width:104px;|'''Event'''
| style="width:68px;|'''Winner'''
| style="width:68px;|Finals
| style="width:68px;|Semifinals
| style="width:68px;|Quarterfinals
| style="width:68px;|Last 16
|-
| style="background:#dfe2e9;" | '''Singles'''
|$26,250
|$13,300
|$5,075
|$2,100
|$1,225
|-
| style="background:#dfe2e9;" | '''Doubles'''
|$27,650
|$13,300
|$4,900
|$2,537.50
|$1,312.50
|}

==Men's singles==
===Seeds===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Viktor Axelsen]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Srikanth Kidambi]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chou Tien-chen]] ''(final)''
#'''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shi Yuqi]] (champion)'''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prannoy H. S.]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Wang Tzu-wei]] ''(quarterfinals)''
#{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Anders Antonsen]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[B. Sai Praneeth]] ''(quarterfinals)''
{{colend}}

===Finals===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=Semifinals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Qiao Bin]]
| RD1-score1-1=21
| RD1-score1-2=16
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=3
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chou Tien-chen]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''23'''
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=4
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shi Yuqi]]'''
| RD1-score3-1=18
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed4=Q2
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Iskandar Zulkarnain Zainuddin|Iskandar Zulkarnain]]
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2=10
| RD1-score4-3=19

| RD2-seed1=3
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chou Tien-chen]]
| RD2-score1-1=18
| RD2-score1-2=14
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=4
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shi Yuqi]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

===Top half===
====Section 1====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Second Round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=PFQ
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhankar Dey|S Dey]]
| RD1-score1-1=17
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=13
| RD1-seed2=Q1
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kartikey Gulshan Kumar|K G Kumar]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2=14
| RD1-score2-3='''21'''

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Qiao Bin|Qiao B]]'''
| RD1-score3-1=19
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lee Zii Jia|Lee Z J]]
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2=15
| RD1-score4-3=15

| RD1-seed5=5
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|IND}} [[Prannoy H. S.]]
| RD1-score5-1=4
| RD1-score5-2=6
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=Q4
| RD1-team6='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shreyansh Jaiswal|S Jaiswal]]'''
| RD1-score6-1='''21'''
| RD1-score6-2='''21'''
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Hans-Kristian Vittinghus|H-K Vittinghus]]
| RD1-score7-1=14
| RD1-score7-2=18
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Parupalli Kashyap|Parupalli K]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=Q1
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Kartikey Gulshan Kumar|K G Kumar]]
| RD2-score1-1=7
| RD2-score1-2=3
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Qiao Bin|Qiao B]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=Q4
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Shreyansh Jaiswal|S Jaiswal]]
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2=19
| RD2-score3-3=12
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Parupalli Kashyap|Parupalli K]]'''
| RD2-score4-1=19
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3='''21'''

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Qiao Bin|Qiao B]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Parupalli Kashyap|Parupalli K]]
| RD3-score2-1=16
| RD3-score2-2=18
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

====Section 2====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Second Round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=3
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chou Tien-chen|Chou T-c]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Rasmus Gemke|R Gemke]]
| RD1-score2-1=16
| RD1-score2-2=15
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=Q3
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Liew Daren|Liew D]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2=16
| RD1-score3-3='''23'''
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|ISR}} [[Misha Zilberman|M Zilberman]]
| RD1-score4-1=18
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=21

| RD1-seed5=8
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[B. Sai Praneeth]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2=17
| RD1-score5-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|ENG}} [[Rajiv Ouseph|R Ouseph]]
| RD1-score6-1=11
| RD1-score6-2='''21'''
| RD1-score6-3=17

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|THA}} [[Tanongsak Saensomboonsuk|T Saensomboonsuk]]
| RD1-score7-1=15
| RD1-score7-2=19
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hu Yun|Hu Y]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=3
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chou Tien-chen|Chou T-c]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2=17
| RD2-score1-3='''21'''
| RD2-seed2=Q3
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Liew Daren|Liew D]]
| RD2-score2-1=19
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=6

| RD2-seed3=8
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[B. Sai Praneeth]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hu Yun|Hu Y]]
| RD2-score4-1=10
| RD2-score4-2=15
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=3
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chou Tien-chen|Chou T-c]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=8
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[B. Sai Praneeth]]
| RD3-score2-1=15
| RD3-score2-2=13
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

===Bottom half===
====Section 3====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Second Round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=PFQ
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vladimir Malkov (badminton)|V Malkov]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''25'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|HKG}} [[Wei Nan|Wei N]]
| RD1-score2-1=19
| RD1-score2-2=23
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhao Junpeng|Zhao JP]]
| RD1-score3-1=8
| RD1-score3-2=17
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=6
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Wang Tzu-wei|Wang T-w]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=PFQ
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|THA}} [[Pannawit Thongnuam|P Thongnuam]]
| RD1-score5-1=14
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=13
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6='''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Jen-hao|Hsu J-h]]'''
| RD1-score6-1='''21'''
| RD1-score6-2=14
| RD1-score6-3='''21'''

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sourabh Verma|So Verma]]
| RD1-score7-1=19
| RD1-score7-2=11
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=4
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shi Yuqi|Shi YQ]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=PFQ
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vladimir Malkov (badminton)|V Malkov]]
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2=18
| RD2-score1-3=12
| RD2-seed2=6
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Wang Tzu-wei|Wang T-w]]'''
| RD2-score2-1=19
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3='''21'''

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Jen-hao|Hsu J-h]]
| RD2-score3-1=10
| RD2-score3-2=17
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=4
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shi Yuqi|Shi YQ]]'''
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=6
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Wang Tzu-wei|Wang T-w]]
| RD3-score1-1=13
| RD3-score1-2=12
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=4
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shi Yuqi|Shi YQ]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

====Section 4====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Second Round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Tommy Sugiarto|T Sugiarto]]'''
| RD1-score1-1=2
| RD1-score1-2=
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ajay Jayaram|A Jayaram]]
| RD1-score2-1=0r
| RD1-score2-2=
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sameer Verma|Sa Verma]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''22'''
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=7
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Anders Antonsen|A Antonsen]]
| RD1-score4-1=20
| RD1-score4-2=8
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Emil Holst|E Holst]]
| RD1-score5-1=15
| RD1-score5-2=17
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=Q2
| RD1-team6='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Iskandar Zulkarnain Zainuddin|I Zulkarnain]]'''
| RD1-score6-1='''21'''
| RD1-score6-2='''21'''
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|HKG}} [[Lee Cheuk Yiu|Lee C Y]]
| RD1-score7-1=17
| RD1-score7-2=18
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=2
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Srikanth Kidambi|S Kidambi]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|INA}} [[Tommy Sugiarto|T Sugiarto]]
| RD2-score1-1=18
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=17
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sameer Verma|Sa Verma]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2=19
| RD2-score2-3='''21'''

| RD2-seed3=Q2
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Iskandar Zulkarnain Zainuddin|I Zulkarnain]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=2
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Srikanth Kidambi|S Kidambi]]
| RD2-score4-1=19
| RD2-score4-2=17
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sameer Verma|Sa Verma]]
| RD3-score1-1=17
| RD3-score1-2=14
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=Q2
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Iskandar Zulkarnain Zainuddin|I Zulkarnain]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

==Women's singles==
===Seeds===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. Sindhu]] ''(final)''
#{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carolina Marín]] ''(quarterfinals)''
#{{flagicon|THA}} [[Ratchanok Intanon]] ''(semifinals)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saina Nehwal]] ''(quarterfinals)''
#'''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Zhang Beiwen]] (champion)'''
#{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Cheung Ngan Yi]] ''(semifinals)''
#{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Yip Pui Yin]] ''(quarterfinals)''
#{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Beatriz Corrales]] ''(quarterfinals)''
{{colend}}

===Finals===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=Semifinals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. Sindhu]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=3
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|THA}} [[Ratchanok Intanon]]
| RD1-score2-1=13
| RD1-score2-2=15
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=5
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Zhang Beiwen]]'''
| RD1-score3-1=14
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed4=6
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|HKG}} [[Cheung Ngan Yi]]
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2=12
| RD1-score4-3=19

| RD2-seed1=1
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. Sindhu]]
| RD2-score1-1=18
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=20
| RD2-seed2=5
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Zhang Beiwen]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2=11
| RD2-score2-3='''22'''
}}

===Top half===
====Section 1====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Second Round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. Sindhu]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Natalia Koch Rohde|N K Rohde]]
| RD1-score2-1=10
| RD1-score2-2=13
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaidehi Choudhari|V Choudhari]]
| RD1-score3-1=19
| RD1-score3-2=15
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Linda Zechiri|L Zechiri]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=8
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Beatriz Corrales|B Corrales]]'''
| RD1-score5-1=20
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed6=Q4
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Mukherjee Riya|M Riya]]
| RD1-score6-1='''22'''
| RD1-score6-2=18
| RD1-score6-3=12

| RD1-seed7=Q2
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Amalie Hertz|A Hertz]]
| RD1-score7-1=17
| RD1-score7-2=10
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ruthvika Shivani Gadde|R S Gadde]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=1
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. Sindhu]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|BUL}} [[Linda Zechiri|L Zechiri]]
| RD2-score2-1=10
| RD2-score2-2=14
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=8
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Beatriz Corrales|B Corrales]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ruthvika Shivani Gadde|R S Gadde]]
| RD2-score4-1=19
| RD2-score4-2=16
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=1
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. Sindhu]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2=19
| RD3-score1-3='''21'''
| RD3-seed2=8
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|ESP}} [[Beatriz Corrales|B Corrales]]
| RD3-score2-1=12
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=11
}}

====Section 2====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Second Round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=3
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Ratchanok Intanon|R Intanon]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rasika Raje|R Raje]]
| RD1-score2-1=4
| RD1-score2-2=6
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Anura Prabhudesai|A Prabhudesai]]
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2=18
| RD1-score3-3=14
| RD1-seed4=Q1
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Aakarshi Kashyap|A Kashyap]]'''
| RD1-score4-1=14
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3='''21'''

| RD1-seed5=7
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Yip Pui Yin|Yip P Y]]'''
| RD1-score5-1=20
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rituparna Das|R Das]]
| RD1-score6-1='''22'''
| RD1-score6-2=13
| RD1-score6-3=12

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|SUI}} [[Sabrina Jaquet|S Jaquet]]
| RD1-score7-1=19
| RD1-score7-2=16
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Lyanny Alessandra Mainaky|L A Mainaky]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=3
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Ratchanok Intanon|R Intanon]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=Q1
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Aakarshi Kashyap|A Kashyap]]
| RD2-score2-1=11
| RD2-score2-2=12
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=7
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Yip Pui Yin|Yip P Y]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|INA}} [[Lyanny Alessandra Mainaky|L A Mainaky]]
| RD2-score4-1=13
| RD2-score4-2=14
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=3
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Ratchanok Intanon|R Intanon]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=7
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|HKG}} [[Yip Pui Yin|Yip P Y]]
| RD3-score2-1=11
| RD3-score2-2=11
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

===Bottom half===
====Section 3====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Second Round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mugdha Agrey|M Agrey]]'''
| RD1-score1-1=16
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|ISR}} [[Ksenia Polikarpova|K Polikarpova]]
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2=17
| RD1-score2-3=12

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Reddy Jakka|V R Jakka]]
| RD1-score3-1=19
| RD1-score3-2='''22'''
| RD1-score3-3=12
| RD1-seed4=5
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Zhang Beiwen|Zhang BW]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2=20
| RD1-score4-3='''21'''

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Line Kjærsfeldt|L Kjærsfeldt]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Reshma Karthik|R Karthik]]
| RD1-score6-1=12
| RD1-score6-2=14
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Sofie Holmboe Dahl|S H Dahl]]
| RD1-score7-1=15
| RD1-score7-2=9
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=4
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saina Nehwal|S Nehwal]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Mugdha Agrey|M Agrey]]
| RD2-score1-1=12
| RD2-score1-2=16
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=5
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Zhang Beiwen|Zhang BW]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Line Kjærsfeldt|L Kjærsfeldt]]
| RD2-score3-1=12
| RD2-score3-2=11
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=4
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saina Nehwal|S Nehwal]]'''
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=5
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Zhang Beiwen|Zhang BW]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=4
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Saina Nehwal|S Nehwal]]
| RD3-score2-1=10
| RD3-score2-2=13
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

====Section 4====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Second Round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Thamolwan Poopradubsil|T Poopradubsil]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2=16
| RD1-score1-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sri Krishna Priya Kudaravalli|S K P Kudaravalli]]
| RD1-score2-1=17
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3=15

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Saili Rane|S Rane]]
| RD1-score3-1=14
| RD1-score3-2=5
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=6
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Cheung Ngan Yi|Cheung N Y]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sai Uttejitha Rao Chukka|S U R Chukka]]
| RD1-score5-1=13
| RD1-score5-2=9
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Gao Fangjie|Gao FJ]]'''
| RD1-score6-1='''21'''
| RD1-score6-2='''21'''
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=Q3
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|THA}} [[Mattana Hemrachatanun|M Hemrachatanun]]
| RD1-score7-1=15
| RD1-score7-2=11
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=2
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carolina Marín|C Marín]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|THA}} [[Thamolwan Poopradubsil|T Poopradubsil]]
| RD2-score1-1=4
| RD2-score1-2=7
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=6
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Cheung Ngan Yi|Cheung N Y]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Gao Fangjie|Gao FJ]]
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2=15
| RD2-score3-3=11
| RD2-seed4=2
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carolina Marín|C Marín]]'''
| RD2-score4-1=13
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3='''21'''

| RD3-seed1=6
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Cheung Ngan Yi|Cheung N Y]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=2
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carolina Marín|C Marín]]
| RD3-score2-1=12
| RD3-score2-2=19
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

==Men's doubles==
===Seeds===
{{colbegin}}
#'''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Marcus Fernaldi Gideon]] / [[Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo]] (champions)'''
#{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mathias Boe]] / [[Carsten Mogensen]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lu Ching-yao]] / [[Yang Po-han]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kim Astrup]] / [[Anders Skaarup Rasmussen]] ''(final)''
#{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mathias Christiansen]] / [[David Daugaard]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ong Yew Sin]] / [[Teo Ee Yi]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|INA}} [[Angga Pratama]] / [[Rian Agung Saputro]] ''(quarterfinals)''
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[He Jiting]] / [[Tan Qiang]] ''(quarterfinals)''
{{colend}}

===Finals===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=Semifinals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Marcus Fernaldi Gideon]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|INA}} [[Mohammad Ahsan]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Hendra Setiawan]]
| RD1-score2-1=11
| RD1-score2-2=16
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=4
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kim Astrup]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Anders Skaarup Rasmussen]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Han Chengkai]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhou Haodong]]
| RD1-score4-1=19
| RD1-score4-2=14
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1=1
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Marcus Fernaldi Gideon]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=4
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kim Astrup]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Anders Skaarup Rasmussen]]
| RD2-score2-1=14
| RD2-score2-2=16
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

===Top half===
====Section 1====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Second Round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Marcus Fernaldi Gideon|M F Gideon]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo|K S Sukamuljo]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kasper Antonsen|K Antonsen]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Niclas Nøhr|N Nøhr]]
| RD1-score2-1=13
| RD1-score2-2=16
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Tinn Isriyanet|T Isriyanet]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Kittisak Namdash|K Namdash]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Arun George|A George]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanyam Shukla|S Shukla]]
| RD1-score4-1=17
| RD1-score4-2=15
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=PFQ
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|IND}} [[Adarsh Kumar|A Kumar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jagadish Yadav|J Yadav]]
| RD1-score5-1=7
| RD1-score5-2=13
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manu Attri|M Attri]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[B. Sumeeth Reddy|B. S Reddy]]'''
| RD1-score6-1='''21'''
| RD1-score6-2='''21'''
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=PFQ
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|IND}} [[Harinder Malik|H Malik]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Satinder Malik|S Malik]]
| RD1-score7-1=11
| RD1-score7-2=14
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=Q1
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tushar Sharma|T Sharma]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chandrabhusan Tripathi|C Tripathi]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=1
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Marcus Fernaldi Gideon|M F Gideon]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo|K S Sukamuljo]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''28'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|THA}} [[Tinn Isriyanet|T Isriyanet]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Kittisak Namdash|K Namdash]]
| RD2-score2-1=18
| RD2-score2-2=26
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manu Attri|M Attri]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[B. Sumeeth Reddy|B. S Reddy]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=Q1
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Tushar Sharma|T Sharma]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chandrabhusan Tripathi|C Tripathi]]
| RD2-score4-1=11
| RD2-score4-2=15
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=1
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Marcus Fernaldi Gideon|M F Gideon]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo|K S Sukamuljo]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Manu Attri|M Attri]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[B. Sumeeth Reddy|B. S Reddy]]
| RD3-score2-1=19
| RD3-score2-2=19
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

====Section 2====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Second Round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=3
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lu Ching-yao|Lu C-y]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Po-han|Yang P-h]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Kapil Chaudhary|K Chaudhary]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Brijesh Yadav|B Yadav]]
| RD1-score2-1=9
| RD1-score2-2=8
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=Q2
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Krishna Prasad Garaga|K P Garaga]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Kapila|D Kapila]]
| RD1-score3-1=23
| RD1-score3-2=9
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Mohammad Ahsan|M Ahsan]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Hendra Setiawan|H Setiawan]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''25'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=5
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mathias Christiansen|M Christiansen]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[David Daugaard|D Daugaard]]
| RD1-score5-1=21
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=19
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chai Biao|Chai B]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zekang|Wang ZK]]'''
| RD1-score6-1='''23'''
| RD1-score6-2=9
| RD1-score6-3='''21'''

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy|S Rankireddy]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Shetty|C Shetty]]'''
| RD1-score7-1='''21'''
| RD1-score7-2='''21'''
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|HKG}} [[Chang Tak Ching|Chang T C]] {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Mak Hee Chun|Mak H C]]
| RD1-score8-1=18
| RD1-score8-2=14
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=3
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lu Ching-yao|Lu C-y]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Po-han|Yang P-h]]
| RD2-score1-1=15
| RD2-score1-2=10
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Mohammad Ahsan|M Ahsan]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Hendra Setiawan|H Setiawan]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chai Biao|Chai B]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zekang|Wang ZK]]'''
| RD2-score3-1=13
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3='''22'''
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy|S Rankireddy]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Shetty|C Shetty]]
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2=18
| RD2-score4-3=20

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Mohammad Ahsan|M Ahsan]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Hendra Setiawan|H Setiawan]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chai Biao|Chai B]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zekang|Wang ZK]]
| RD3-score2-1=10
| RD3-score2-2=19
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

===Bottom half===
====Section 3====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Second Round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Utkarsh Arora|U Arora]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Swarnaraj Bora|S Bora]]'''
| RD1-score1-1=19
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed2=PFQ
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ketan Chahal|K Chahal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaurav Deswal|G Deswal]]
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2=9
| RD1-score2-3=18

| RD1-seed3=PFQ
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Vikrant Chawat|V Chawat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohit Raturi|R Raturi]]
| RD1-score3-1=5
| RD1-score3-2=9
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=8
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[He Jiting|He JT]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tan Qiang|Tan Q]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=Q3
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Alwin Francis|A Francis]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nandagopal Kidambi|N Kidambi]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhaskar Chakraborty (badminton)|B Chakraborty]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aditya Nair|A Nair]]
| RD1-score6-1=9
| RD1-score6-2=12
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun M.R.]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramchandran Shlok|R Shlok]]
| RD1-score7-1='''21'''
| RD1-score7-2=18
| RD1-score7-3=14
| RD1-seed8=4
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kim Astrup|K Astrup]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Anders Skaarup Rasmussen|A S Rasmussen]]'''
| RD1-score8-1=16
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3='''21'''

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Utkarsh Arora|U Arora]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Swarnaraj Bora|S Bora]]
| RD2-score1-1=13
| RD2-score1-2=14
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=8
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[He Jiting|He JT]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tan Qiang|Tan Q]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=Q3
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Alwin Francis|A Francis]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nandagopal Kidambi|N Kidambi]]
| RD2-score3-1=13
| RD2-score3-2=10
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=4
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kim Astrup|K Astrup]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Anders Skaarup Rasmussen|A S Rasmussen]]'''
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=8
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|CHN}} [[He Jiting|He JT]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tan Qiang|Tan Q]]
| RD3-score1-1=14
| RD3-score1-2=13
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=4
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kim Astrup|K Astrup]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Anders Skaarup Rasmussen|A S Rasmussen]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

====Section 4====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Second Round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Shia Chun Kang|Shia C K]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tan Wee Gieen|Tan W G]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2=11
| RD1-score1-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed2=Q4
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Kapoor (badminton)|R Kapoor]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shivam Sharma (badminton)|S Sharma]]
| RD1-score2-1=15
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3=15

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} M. A Raju {{flagicon|IND}} [[Venkat Gaurav Prasad|V G Prasad]]
| RD1-score3-1=11
| RD1-score3-2=10
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=7
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Angga Pratama|A Pratama]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Rian Agung Saputro|R A Saputro]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Han Chengkai|Han CK]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhou Haodong|Zhou HD]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=PFQ
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Tarun Kona|T Kona]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saurabh Sharma|S Sharma]]
| RD1-score6-1=14
| RD1-score6-2=16
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|USA}} [[Philip Chew|P Chew]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ryan Chew|R Chew]]
| RD1-score7-1=15
| RD1-score7-2=4
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=2
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mathias Boe|M Boe]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Carsten Mogensen|C Mogensen]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Shia Chun Kang|Shia C K]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tan Wee Gieen|Tan W G]]
| RD2-score1-1=20
| RD2-score1-2=17
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=7
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Angga Pratama|A Pratama]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Rian Agung Saputro|R A Saputro]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''22'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Han Chengkai|Han CK]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhou Haodong|Zhou HD]]'''
| RD2-score3-1=12
| RD2-score3-2='''23'''
| RD2-score3-3='''21'''
| RD2-seed4=2
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mathias Boe|M Boe]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Carsten Mogensen|C Mogensen]]
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2=21
| RD2-score4-3=14

| RD3-seed1=7
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|INA}} [[Angga Pratama|A Pratama]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Rian Agung Saputro|R A Saputro]]
| RD3-score1-1=19
| RD3-score1-2=19
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Han Chengkai|Han CK]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhou Haodong|Zhou HD]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

==Women's doubles==
===Seeds===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kamilla Rytter Juhl]] / [[Christinna Pedersen]] ''(semifinals)''
#{{flagicon|THA}} [[Jongkolphan Kititharakul]] / [[Rawinda Prajongjai]] ''(final)''
#'''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Greysia Polii]] / [[Apriyani Rahayu]] (champions)'''
#{{flagicon|THA}} [[Chayanit Chaladchalam]] / [[Phataimas Muenwong]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|INA}} [[Della Destiara Haris]] / [[Rizki Amelia Pradipta]] ''(quarterfinals)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Ponnappa]] / [[N. Sikki Reddy]] ''(quarterfinals)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Meghana Jakkampudi]] / [[Poorvisha S Ram]] ''(quarterfinals)''
#{{flagicon|THA}} [[Kittipak Dubthuk]] / [[Natcha Saengchote]] ''(quarterfinals)''
{{colend}}

===Finals===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=Semifinals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kamilla Rytter Juhl]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Christinna Pedersen]]
| RD1-score1-1=14
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=18
| RD1-seed2=3
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Greysia Polii]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Apriyani Rahayu]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2=19
| RD1-score2-3='''21'''

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Du Yue]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Yinhui]]
| RD1-score3-1=19
| RD1-score3-2=17
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=2
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Jongkolphan Kititharakul]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Rawinda Prajongjai]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1=3
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Greysia Polii]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Apriyani Rahayu]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=2
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|THA}} [[Jongkolphan Kititharakul]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Rawinda Prajongjai]]
| RD2-score2-1=18
| RD2-score2-2=15
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

===Top half===
====Section 1====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Second Round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kamilla Rytter Juhl|K R Juhl]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Christinna Pedersen|C Pedersen]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Haritha Manazhiyil Harinarayanan|H M Harinarayanan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mukherjee Riya|M Riya]]
| RD1-score2-1=11
| RD1-score2-2=7
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhanya Nair|D Nair]] {{flagicon|IND}} A Roy
| RD1-score3-1=3
| RD1-score3-2=9
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=Q2
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cao Tongwei|Cao TW]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Yu|Zheng Y]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=8
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Kittipak Dubthuk|K Dubthuk]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Natcha Saengchote|N Saengchote]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sumitra Pujari|S Pujari]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manali Sinha|M Sinha]]
| RD1-score6-1=8
| RD1-score6-2=14
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|IND}} [[Simran Singhi|S Singhi]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ritika Thaker|R Thaker]]
| RD1-score7-1=7
| RD1-score7-2=8
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=Q3
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Dong Wenjing|Dong WJ]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Feng Xueying|Feng XY]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=1
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kamilla Rytter Juhl|K R Juhl]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Christinna Pedersen|C Pedersen]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=Q2
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cao Tongwei|Cao TW]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Yu|Zheng Y]]
| RD2-score2-1=11
| RD2-score2-2=16
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=8
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Kittipak Dubthuk|K Dubthuk]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Natcha Saengchote|N Saengchote]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''22'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=Q3
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Dong Wenjing|Dong WJ]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Feng Xueying|Feng XY]]
| RD2-score4-1=17
| RD2-score4-2=20
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=1
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kamilla Rytter Juhl|K R Juhl]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Christinna Pedersen|C Pedersen]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=8
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|THA}} [[Kittipak Dubthuk|K Dubthuk]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Natcha Saengchote|N Saengchote]]
| RD3-score2-1=11
| RD3-score2-2=13
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

====Section 2====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Second Round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=3
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Greysia Polii|G Polii]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Apriyani Rahayu|A Rahayu]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Harika Veludurthi|H Veludurthi]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Karishma Wadkar|K Wadkar]]
| RD1-score2-1=6
| RD1-score2-2=9
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Ng Wing Yung|Ng W Y]] {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Yeung Nga Ting|Yeung N T]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Kuhoo Garg|K Garg]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ningshi Block Hazarika|N B Hazarika]]
| RD1-score4-1=16
| RD1-score4-2=7
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=5
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Della Destiara Haris|D D Haris]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Rizki Amelia Pradipta|R A Pradipta]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Deeksha Choudhary|D Choudhary]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepali Gupta|D Gupta]]
| RD1-score6-1=8
| RD1-score6-2=9
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|IND}} [[J. Anees Kowsar|J. A Kowsar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Akshaya Saraboji|A Saraboji]]
| RD1-score7-1=7
| RD1-score7-2=2
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lim Chiew Sien|Lim C S]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Teoh Mei Xing|Teoh M X]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=3
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Greysia Polii|G Polii]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Apriyani Rahayu|A Rahayu]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''22'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|HKG}} [[Ng Wing Yung|Ng W Y]] {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Yeung Nga Ting|Yeung N T]]
| RD2-score2-1=19
| RD2-score2-2=20
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=5
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Della Destiara Haris|D D Haris]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Rizki Amelia Pradipta|R A Pradipta]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lim Chiew Sien|Lim C S]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Teoh Mei Xing|Teoh M X]]
| RD2-score4-1=6
| RD2-score4-2=15
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=3
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Greysia Polii|G Polii]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Apriyani Rahayu|A Rahayu]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=5
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|INA}} [[Della Destiara Haris|D D Haris]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Rizki Amelia Pradipta|R A Pradipta]]
| RD3-score2-1=16
| RD3-score2-2=9
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

===Bottom half===
====Section 3====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Second Round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=PFQ
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Megha Morchana Bora|M M Bora]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanghamitra Saikia|S Saikia]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Dimpal Hazarika|D Hazarika]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Parssa Naqvi|P Naqvi]]
| RD1-score2-1=16
| RD1-score2-2=19
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=Q1
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Shenan Christian|S Christian]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Riya Gajjar|R Gajjar]]
| RD1-score3-1=9
| RD1-score3-2=11
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=6
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Ponnappa|A Ponnappa]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[N. Sikki Reddy|N. S Reddy]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Du Yue|Du Y]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Yinhui|Li YH]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rupal Anand|R Anand]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anubha Kaushik|A Kaushik]]
| RD1-score6-1=2
| RD1-score6-2=2
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|IND}} [[Juhi Dewangan|J Dewangan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anamika Kashyap|A Kashyap]]
| RD1-score7-1=13
| RD1-score7-2=4
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=4
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Chayanit Chaladchalam|C Chaladchalam]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Phataimas Muenwong|P Muenwong]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=PFQ
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Megha Morchana Bora|M M Bora]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanghamitra Saikia|S Saikia]]
| RD2-score1-1=9
| RD2-score1-2=2
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=6
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Ponnappa|A Ponnappa]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[N. Sikki Reddy|N. S Reddy]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Du Yue|Du Y]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Yinhui|Li YH]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''24'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=4
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|THA}} [[Chayanit Chaladchalam|C Chaladchalam]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Phataimas Muenwong|P Muenwong]]
| RD2-score4-1=18
| RD2-score4-2=22
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=6
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Ponnappa|A Ponnappa]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[N. Sikki Reddy|N. S Reddy]]
| RD3-score1-1=17
| RD3-score1-2=21
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Du Yue|Du Y]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Yinhui|Li YH]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''23'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

====Section 4====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Second Round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Shehjar Chowdhary|S Chowdhary]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anusha Goel|A Goel]]
| RD1-score1-1=2
| RD1-score1-2=12
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=Q4
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutaparna Panda|R Panda]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mithula Umakant|M Umakant]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Saruni Sharma|S Sharma]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mayuri Yadav|M Yadav]]
| RD1-score3-1=12
| RD1-score3-2=12
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=7
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Meghana Jakkampudi|M Jakkampudi]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Poorvisha S Ram|P S Ram]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Aparna Balan|A Balan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sruthi K.P]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|USA}} [[Ariel Lee|A Lee]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sydney Lee (badminton)|S Lee]]
| RD1-score6-1=13
| RD1-score6-2=2
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanyogita Ghorpade|S Ghorpade]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prajakta Sawant|P Sawant]]
| RD1-score7-1=18
| RD1-score7-2=11
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=2
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Jongkolphan Kititharakul|J Kititharakul]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Rawinda Prajongjai|R Prajongjai]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=Q4
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutaparna Panda|R Panda]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mithula Umakant|M Umakant]]
| RD2-score1-1=12
| RD2-score1-2=18
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=7
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Meghana Jakkampudi|M Jakkampudi]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Poorvisha S Ram|P S Ram]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Aparna Balan|A Balan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sruthi K.P]]
| RD2-score3-1=17
| RD2-score3-2=5
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=2
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Jongkolphan Kititharakul|J Kititharakul]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Rawinda Prajongjai|R Prajongjai]]'''
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=7
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Meghana Jakkampudi|M Jakkampudi]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Poorvisha S Ram|P S Ram]]
| RD3-score1-1=10
| RD3-score1-2=15
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=2
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Jongkolphan Kititharakul|J Kititharakul]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Rawinda Prajongjai|R Prajongjai]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

==Mixed doubles==
===Seeds===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|INA}} [[Tontowi Ahmad]] / [[Liliyana Natsir]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Chris Adcock]] / [[Gabrielle Adcock]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tan Kian Meng]] / [[Lai Pei Jing]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Soon Huat]] / [[Shevon Jemie Lai]] ''(quarterfinals)''
#'''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mathias Christiansen]] / [[Christinna Pedersen|Christina Pedersen]] (champions)'''
#{{flagicon|CHN}} [[He Jiting]] / [[Du Yue]] ''(semifinals)''
#{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chan Peng Soon]] / [[Goh Liu Ying]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pranaav Jerry Chopra]] / [[N. Sikki Reddy]] ''(semifinals)''
{{colend}}

===Finals===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=Semifinals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=8
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Pranaav Jerry Chopra]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[N. Sikki Reddy]]
| RD1-score1-1=16
| RD1-score1-2=19
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=5
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mathias Christiansen]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Christinna Pedersen]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=6
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|CHN}} [[He Jiting]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Du Yue]]
| RD1-score3-1=19
| RD1-score3-2=22
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Praveen Jordan]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Melati Daeva Oktavianti]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''24'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1=5
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mathias Christiansen]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Christinna Pedersen]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|INA}} [[Praveen Jordan]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Melati Daeva Oktavianti]]
| RD2-score2-1=14
| RD2-score2-2=15
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

===Top half===
====Section 1====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Second Round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=PFQ
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaurav Deswal|G Deswal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anamika Kashyap|A Kashyap]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Nishant Dua|N Dua]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tapaswini Samantaray|T Samantaray]]
| RD1-score2-1=15
| RD1-score2-2=18
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Tushar Sharma|T Sharma]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saruni Sharma|S Sharma]]
| RD1-score3-1=6
| RD1-score3-2=14
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Han Chengkai|Han CK]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cao Tongwei|Cao TW]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=8
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pranaav Jerry Chopra|P J Chopra]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[N. Sikki Reddy|N. S Reddy]]'''
| RD1-score5-1=16
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|INA}} [[Hafiz Faizal|H Faizal]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Gloria Emanuelle Widjaja|G E Widjaja]]
| RD1-score6-1='''21'''
| RD1-score6-2=17
| RD1-score6-3=17

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Yogendran Khrishnan|Y Khrishnan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prajakta Sawant|P Sawant]]'''
| RD1-score7-1='''21'''
| RD1-score7-2='''21'''
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=Q4
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[Vighnesh Devlekar|V Devlekar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Harika Veludurthi|H Veludurthi]]
| RD1-score8-1=17
| RD1-score8-2=10
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=PFQ
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaurav Deswal|G Deswal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anamika Kashyap|A Kashyap]]
| RD2-score1-1=9
| RD2-score1-2=10
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Han Chengkai|Han CK]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cao Tongwei|Cao TW]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=8
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pranaav Jerry Chopra|P J Chopra]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[N. Sikki Reddy|N. S Reddy]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Yogendran Khrishnan|Y Khrishnan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prajakta Sawant|P Sawant]]
| RD2-score4-1=10
| RD2-score4-2=19
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Han Chengkai|Han CK]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cao Tongwei|Cao TW]]
| RD3-score1-1=13
| RD3-score1-2=8
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=8
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pranaav Jerry Chopra|P J Chopra]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[N. Sikki Reddy|N. S Reddy]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

====Section 2====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Second Round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=3
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tan Kian Meng|Tan K M]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lai Pei Jing|Lai P J]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Saurabh Sharma|S Sharma]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anoushka Parikh|A Parikh]]
| RD1-score2-1=13
| RD1-score2-2=14
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy|S Rankireddy]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Ponnappa|A Ponnappa]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=Q1
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Raju Mohamed Rehan|R M Rehan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[J. Anees Kowsar|J. A Kowsar]]
| RD1-score4-1=9
| RD1-score4-2=10
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=5
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mathias Christiansen|M Christiansen]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Christinna Pedersen|C Pedersen]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zekang|Wang ZK]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Feng Xueying|Feng XY]]
| RD1-score6-1=18
| RD1-score6-2=14
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Kapoor (badminton)|R Kapoor]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kuhoo Garg|K Garg]]'''
| RD1-score7-1='''21'''
| RD1-score7-2='''21'''
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|INA}} [[Yehezkiel Fritz Mainaky|Y F Mainaky]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Lyanny Alessandra Mainaky|L A Mainaky]]
| RD1-score8-1=16
| RD1-score8-2=13
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=3
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tan Kian Meng|Tan K M]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lai Pei Jing|Lai P J]]
| RD2-score1-1=16
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=21
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy|S Rankireddy]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Ponnappa|A Ponnappa]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2=15
| RD2-score2-3='''23'''

| RD2-seed3=5
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mathias Christiansen|M Christiansen]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Christinna Pedersen|C Pedersen]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Kapoor (badminton)|R Kapoor]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kuhoo Garg|K Garg]]
| RD2-score4-1=10
| RD2-score4-2=11
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy|S Rankireddy]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Ponnappa|A Ponnappa]]
| RD3-score1-1=17
| RD3-score1-2=11
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=5
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mathias Christiansen|M Christiansen]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Christinna Pedersen|C Pedersen]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

===Bottom half===
====Section 3====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Second Round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Nipitphon Phuangphuapet|N Phuangphuapet]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Jongkolphan Kititharakul|J Kititharakul]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|INA}} [[Komandani Maytri Sugiarto|K M Sugiarto]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Maretha Dea Giovani|M D Giovani]]
| RD1-score2-1=8
| RD1-score2-2=7
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Niclas Nøhr|N Nøhr]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Sara Thygesen|S Thygesen]]
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2=17
| RD1-score3-3=16
| RD1-seed4=6
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[He Jiting|He JT]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Du Yue|Du Y]]'''
| RD1-score4-1=16
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3='''21'''

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|IND}} [[Venkat Gaurav Prasad|V G Prasad]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Juhi Dewangan|J Dewangan]]
| RD1-score5-1=4
| RD1-score5-2=8
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=Q3
| RD1-team6='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shivam Sharma (badminton)|S Sharma]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Poorvisha S Ram|P S Ram]]'''
| RD1-score6-1='''21'''
| RD1-score6-2='''21'''
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|DEN}} [[Anders Skaarup Rasmussen|A S Rasmussen]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Line Kjærsfeldt|L Kjærsfeldt]]
| RD1-score7-1=14
| RD1-score7-2=16
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=4
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Soon Huat|Goh S H]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Shevon Jemie Lai|S J Lai]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|THA}} [[Nipitphon Phuangphuapet|N Phuangphuapet]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Jongkolphan Kititharakul|J Kititharakul]]
| RD2-score1-1=14
| RD2-score1-2=13
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=6
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[He Jiting|He JT]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Du Yue|Du Y]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=Q3
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Shivam Sharma (badminton)|S Sharma]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Poorvisha S Ram|P S Ram]]
| RD2-score3-1=10
| RD2-score3-2=16
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=4
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Soon Huat|Goh S H]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Shevon Jemie Lai|S J Lai]]'''
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=6
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[He Jiting|He JT]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Du Yue|Du Y]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=4
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Soon Huat|Goh S H]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Shevon Jemie Lai|S J Lai]]
| RD3-score2-1=11
| RD3-score2-2=19
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

====Section 4====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Second Round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Ricky Karanda Suwardi|R K Suwardi]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Debby Susanto|D Susanto]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2=16
| RD1-score1-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|HKG}} [[Mak Hee Chun|Mak H C]] {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Yeung Nga Ting|Yeung N T]]
| RD1-score2-1=16
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3=14

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Praveen Jordan|P Jordan]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Melati Daeva Oktavianti|M D Oktavianti]]'''
| RD1-score3-1=12
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed4=7
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chan Peng Soon|Chan P S]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Liu Ying|Goh L Y]]
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2=15
| RD1-score4-3=15

| RD1-seed5=Q2
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|IND}} [[Siddharth.]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jagriti Nashier|J Nashier]]
| RD1-score5-1=5
| RD1-score5-2=8
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6='''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Evgenij Dremin|E Dremin]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Evgenia Dimova|E Dimova]]'''
| RD1-score6-1='''21'''
| RD1-score6-2='''21'''
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Chang Tak Ching|Chang T C]] {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Ng Wing Yung|Ng W Y]]'''
| RD1-score7-1='''21'''
| RD1-score7-2='''21'''
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=PFQ
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[Kashish Sharma|K Sharma]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Seema Panchal|S Panchal]]
| RD1-score8-1=11
| RD1-score8-2=12
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|INA}} [[Ricky Karanda Suwardi|R K Suwardi]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Debby Susanto|D Susanto]]
| RD2-score1-1=19
| RD2-score1-2=19
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Praveen Jordan|P Jordan]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Melati Daeva Oktavianti|M D Oktavianti]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Evgenij Dremin|E Dremin]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Evgenia Dimova|E Dimova]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|HKG}} [[Chang Tak Ching|Chang T C]] {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Ng Wing Yung|Ng W Y]]
| RD2-score4-1=19
| RD2-score4-2=12
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Praveen Jordan|P Jordan]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Melati Daeva Oktavianti|M D Oktavianti]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Evgenij Dremin|E Dremin]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Evgenia Dimova|E Dimova]]
| RD3-score2-1=17
| RD3-score2-2=12
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=1D04BED4-2309-4F7F-B469-5E878816AACF Tournament Link]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before=[[2017 India Super Series]] | title=[[India Open (badminton)|India Open]] | years= | after=[[2019 India Open (badminton)|2019 India Open]]}}
{{succession box | before=[[2018 Indonesia Masters]] | title=[[2018 BWF World Tour|BWF World Tour]] [[2018 BWF season]] | years= | after=[[2018 Swiss Open (badminton)|2018 Swiss Open]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{2018 BWF World Tour}}
{{India Open (badminton)}}

[[Category:India Open (badminton)]]
[[Category:2018 BWF World Tour|India Open]]
[[Category:2018 in Indian sport|Open (badminton)]]
[[Category:January 2018 sports events in India|India Open (badminton)]]
[[Category:February 2018 sports events in India|India Open (badminton)]]

Para Vidya

2025-11-05T04:29:05Z

SaraD96423049267:

{{Short description|Practice in Hindu philosophy}}
{{multiple issues|{{Notability|date=October 2021}}
{{confusing|date=July 2024}}
{{disputed|date=July 2024}}
{{POV|date=July 2024}}}}

'''Parā Vidyā''' ([[Sanskrit]]: परा विद्या) is a combination of two words – ''parā'', in [[Hindu philosophy]], means - existence, paramount object, the highest point or degree, final beatitude; and ''vidyā'' means - knowledge, philosophy, science, learning, scholarship.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sanskrit-English Dictionary| publisher=Spokensanskrit.de|url= http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?page=4}}</ref> ''Para Vidya'' means – higher learning or learning related to the Self or the Ultimate Truth i.e. transcendental knowledge.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Dictionary of Spiritual Words|url= http://www.dictionaryofspiritualterms.com/public/Glossaries/terms.aspx?ID=736 }}</ref> [[Vedanta]] affirms that those who gain the knowledge of the Self attain [[kaivalya]], they become liberated, they become [[Brahman]].

Saunaka, having asked – कस्मिन्नु भगवो विज्ञाते सर्वमिदं विज्ञातं भवतीति (" Revered Sir, what is that by the knowing of which all this becomes known? "), - was told by [[Angiras (sage)|Angiras]]:
: द्वे विद्ये वेदितव्ये इति ह् स्म यद्ब्रह्मविदो वदन्ति परा चैवापरा च |
: तत्रापरा ऋग्वेदो यजुर्वेदः सामवेदोऽथर्ववेदः शिक्षा कल्पो व्याकरणं निरुक्तं छन्दो ज्योतिषमिति |
: अथ परा यया तदक्षरमधिग्म्यते || - ([[Mundaka Upanishad]] I.1.3-5)

There are two different kinds of knowledge to be acquired – 'the higher knowledge' or '''Para Vidya''' ([[Sanskrit]]: परा विद्या )and 'the lower knowledge' or ''Apara Vidya''. The lower knowledge consists of all textual knowledge - the four [[Vedas]], the science of pronunciation etc., the code of rituals, grammar, etymology, metre and astrology. The higher knowledge is that by which the immutable and imperishable [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] is realized, and this knowledge brings about the direct realization of the Supreme Reality, the source of All. The knowledge of the Atman is very subtle; it cannot be obtained out of one's own effort; the Atman cannot be intuitively apprehended by mere intellectual equipments. Thus, Angiras draws the distinction between the way of knowledge and the way of realization, as between opinion and truth. To understand and realize the Reality, the aspirant must seek a spiritual teacher (Guru). Only a spiritual teacher who has already realized his identity with the Atman can impart this much sought-after wisdom based on his own experiences.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy|year=1926|author=Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|place=Mumbai|page=[https://archive.org/details/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926.djvu/page/n273 240]|url= https://archive.org/details/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926.djvu }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Science, Spirituality and the Modernization of India|date=April 2009|publisher=Anthem Press|pages=18,19|isbn=9781843317760|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Ey1v6JEmvakC&q=para+vidya&pg=PA18 }}</ref>

A human being is blessed with the faculty of self-knowledge which is ''Apara Vidya'' or logical reasoning and also with the faculty of understanding and self-awareness which is ''Para Vidya''. ''Para Vidya'' is defined as the intuitive vision of non-duality;{{cn|date=June 2020}} it is the transcendental knowledge which is beyond all limits of knowledge, experience and reason, which is, beyond intellect, mind and sense. The [[Absolute (philosophy)|Absolute]], which is Truth, which is Reality, is neither an expression nor a reflection of itself; it is non-dual being devoid of otherness, and it cannot be an object of knowledge in the ordinary sense as it surpasses the intellect in subtleness. Knowledge is truth and truth is correspondence of an apprehension with its object. It is the intellect which moves within the sphere of duality resulting in delusion, wrong identification etc. ''Para Vidya'' is the intuitive level of ''[[Vidya (Knowledge)|vidya]]'' that stems from a unity, and manifests as a vision, manifests as an experience.<ref>{{cite book|title=India: History, Religion, Vision and Contribution to the World|author=Alexander P. Varghese|year=2008|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|isbn=9788126909032|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7GKwhuea9kC&q=para+vidya&pg=PA144 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Neoplatonism and Indian Thought|date=January 1982|publisher=SUNY Press|page=33|isbn=9780873955454|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D3C1XktpnWIC&q=para+vidya&pg=PA33 }}</ref>

The vision of the [[Nirguna Brahman]] is gained through ''Para Vidya'', it is the highest of all knowledge. The method of self-realization involves '' [[Shravana (hearing)|sravana]] '', '' [[Manana (reflection)|manana]] '' and '' [[nididhyasana]] '', and not rituals. ''Para Vidya'' is ''samyagdarcanam'', the pure philosophic esoteric doctrine which teaches that [[Brahman]] is without attributes (''[[gunas]]''), without any distinction (''vicesha'') and without limitations (''[[upadhi]]s''), that it undefinable, alone and without a second. Reality is incapable of increase; it does not change into anything else. When the true identity becomes known then the existence of the transmigrating soul and of Brahman as the creator, both vanish.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Vedanta Philosophy|author=Subodh Kapoor|date=July 2002|publisher=Genesis Publishing|pages=66,142,260,266|isbn=9788177552928|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzdbNqXIxQkC&q=para+vidya&pg=PA265}}</ref>

''Para Vidya'', concerned with Brahman, the highest reality and value, and the final terminus, cannot be conceived as an inquiry; all scientific and ethical inquiries are ''Apara Vidya'', nevertheless, the scientists engaged in such inquiries not only guide the selection of means to an end but also guide choice of the ends.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Conceptual-analytic Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals|author=Rajendra Prasad|year=2008|publisher=Concept Publishing|pages=66–71|isbn=9788180695445|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=D5Hk8EkmQBcC&q=para+vidya&pg=PA66 }}</ref>

[[Vedanta]] deals with the transition from ''[[Avidya (Hinduism)|avidya]]'' to ''vidya'', that is, from the imagined life to the life of true perception. [[Maya (illusion)|Maya]] is ''avidya''. ''Vidya'' is ''tattvavidya'', the knowledge of reality as it is in itself. ''Apara Vidya'' is rooted in "''[[adhyasa]]''" and "ignorance", ''Para Vidya'' is transcendent of the ''Apara Vidya'' and aims at realizing Reality as it is and not as it appears, and it supplants and corrects conventional knowledge and conventional belief, both. [[Adi Shankara|Shankara's]] concept of ''adhyasa'' involves the logical interpretation of the ''[[Vedic|vedic vakyas]]''. He explains that all epistemic, practical and socio-cultural distinctions are based on the mis-identification of the self as non-self (''[[Anatman (Hinduism)|anatman]]'') and of the non-self as the self. ''Para Vidya'' is absolute knowledge. ''Avidya'' lapses into ''Apara vidya'', and again into ''Para Vidya''. ''Avidya'', ''Apara Vidya'' and ''Paravya'' are three fold phases of experience, the three transitions in knowledge of the transforming cognizer. ''Para Vidya'' alone is ''pramarthika jnana'' beyond all illusory appearances.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Philosophy of Sankar's Advaita Vedanta|author=Shyama kumar Chattopadhyaya|year=2000|publisher=Sarup & Sons|pages=14,19,39,120,295|isbn=9788176252225|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IPasbJW-1PwC&q=para+vidya&pg=PA334}}</ref>

''Para Vidya'' is the knowledge of the Absolute whereas ''Apara Vidya'' is the knowledge of the world; the former has Reality as its content and possesses a unique quality of ultimacy which is singular and free from reason, senses, etc., but the latter has the phenomenal world as its content. ''Para Vidya'' does not require any support or proof, and is irrefutable.<ref>{{cite book|title=Advaita Vedanta|author=Eliot Deutsch|date=December 1980|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=9780824802714|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63gdKwhHeV0C&q=para+vidya&pg=PA82 }}</ref>

The aim of integral education is to integrate all dichotomies, to integrate the material and spiritual dimensions of the human personality; it does not recognize the description of ''vidya'' as ''Para Vidya'' (higher spiritual knowledge) and ''Apara Vidya'' (the knowledge of the senses and the surface mind) because the latter without the light and influence of the former is ''avidya'' or false knowledge.<ref>{{cite book|title=Integral Education: Thought and Practical|author=R.N.Pani|year=1987|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=9788131302866|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kypZUaP2CYC&q=para+vidya&pg=PA246}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian philosophy|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]

Honeymoon (2023 TV series)

2025-11-02T14:08:26Z

SaraD96423049267: created a article.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Honeymoon Web Series Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = Soumik Chattopadhyay
| producer = Santanu Chatterjee
| writer = Soumik Chattopadhyay and Soumit Deb
| genre = [[crime]] and [[Thriller film|thriller]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = Aishwarya Sen, [[Subrat Dutta]], [[Sean Banerjee]]
| music =
| cinematography = Madhusudan Shi, Akash Sethi
| editor = Koustav Sarkar
| studio =
| released = {{Start date|2023|05|19|df=y}}
| runtime =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| network = [[Klikk]]
| budget =
}}
'''''Honeymoon''''' is a 2023 [[Bengali language]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] and [[crime]] [[streaming television]] series written and directed by Soumik Chattopadhyay. The series is produced by Santanu Chatterjee.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-26 |title=Subrata Dutta to play a prominent role in web series ‘Honeymoon’ |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/subrata-dutta-to-play-a-prominent-role-in-web-series-honeymoon/articleshow/99781805.cms |access-date=2023-12-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Honeymoon's protagonists on their roles |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2023/jun/02/honeymoons-protagonists-on-their-roles-49568.html |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>

The series starring Aishwarya Sen, [[Subrat Dutta]] and [[Sean Banerjee]] are in the lead roles. The series was released on 19 May 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Glimpses from the premiere of Honeymoon |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/glimpses-from-the-premiere-of-honeymoon/cid/1940956 |website=Telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ananda |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-04-20 |title=ঐশ্বর্য্যর সঙ্গে 'হনিমুন'-এ গিয়ে বিপদে পড়লেন শন! |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/sean-in-new-web-series-actor-sean-banerjee-stepped-in-web-series-world-named-honeymoon-971886 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Aishwarya Sen as Ranjini
*[[Subrat Dutta]] as Shekhar
*[[Sean Banerjee]] as Ishan

== Plot ==
Ishan Chatterjee and Ranjini Chatterjee have been married for six months. Despite the fact that their marriage was arranged, their love is strong. However, there are many unsaid, suppressed facts and hidden things underneath all of their happiness and contentment. After six months on the honeymoon, Ishan and Ranjini's secrets began to be uncovered one by one. A third character enters the story.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Klikk's new web series Honeymoon 2023 played well |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/klikks-new-web-series-honeymoon-2023-played-well |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=BruTimes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-19 |title=সুখী সম্পর্ক ভেঙে তছনছের মুখে ! কী বলছেন শন বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়? |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/honeymoon-sean-banerjee-starrer-new-bengali-web-series-coming-in-klikk-ott-platform-ss-1063041.html |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=News18 বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#A3B1BF |overall=Ishan Chatterjee and Ranjini Chatterjee have been married for six months. |title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR= |country=India |episodes=

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Are You Stalking Me?
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|05|19}}
|ShortSummary = For the past six months, Ranjini and Ishan have been happily married. She has, however, been keeping a secret from her spouse. Unbeknownst to Ishan, their honeymoon turns into a crucial meeting when they meet a mystery stranger.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = We Need To Talk!
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|05|19}}
|ShortSummary = Their honeymoon is marred by a series of strange occurrences. However, during a deeply weird encounter with Shekhar, everything changes for the marriage, and she suddenly realises that her perception of her husband may not match his identity.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = The Thin Line Of Trust!
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|05|19}}
|ShortSummary = Both are in despair after discovering evidence of her infidelity. Uncovering Shekhar's manipulative grip over their lives gradually, they realise that only the truth can bring them freedom. But the border between truth and falsehood is razor thin.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = The Escape
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|05|19}}
|ShortSummary = Despite Shekhar's crafty plan to make them suffer, Ishaan and Ranjini devise a daring escape strategy. They obtain assistance from an unknown person who assists them in hiding from him. Their woes, however, are far from ended.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Only The Truth Can Set Her Free!
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|05|19}}
|ShortSummary = Ishan saves her after she is kidnapped, but he falls into Shekhar's trap. Ishaan, who is already the most wanted man in the state, must now hide himself and figure out what Shekhar's plans are. What he discovers totally changes his life.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = The Devil Is In The Details
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|05|19}}
|ShortSummary = When Ishan realises the wrongs he has done in the past, he feels compelled to make a sacrifice in order to make things right and regain his sanity. He must give up something extremely important to him.
|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|27811645}}

[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Klikk original programming]]

P. Jaya Kumar

2025-10-30T18:55:20Z

SaraD96423049267: added a biography

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker and author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. Jaya Kumar
| image = P Jaya Kumar Profile.jpg
| caption = Kumar in 2021
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]}}
| occupation = director, screenwriter, author
| years_active = 2016–present
| known_for = ''[[Sarkar 3]]'', ''[[Officer (2018 film)|Officer]]''
}}

'''P. Jaya Kumar''' is an Indian filmmaker, screenwriter and author working predominantly in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. He debuted as the screenplay writer for [[Amitabh Bachchan]]'s Bollywood film [[Sarkar 3]] and [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Akkineni Nagarjuna]]'s Telugu film [[Officer (2018 film)|Officer]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Jonnalagedda|first=Pranita|date=19 May 2017|title=Exclusive: Sarkar 3 writer gave love letter to Big B after he praises his script|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/190517/a-new-start-jaya-kumar.html|access-date=2021-12-14|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Sripada|first=Krishna|date=17 May 2017|title=A rebel in mind and spirit|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-brain-behind-sarkar-3-is-p-jaya-kumar-a-telugu-writer-from-kadapa/article18472647.ece|access-date=2021-12-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He published multiple books of fiction<ref>{{Cite web|title=P. Jaya Kumar|url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/17061738.P_Jaya_Kumar|access-date=2021-12-14|website=www.goodreads.com}}</ref> which were later adapted by [[Ram Gopal Varma]] namely [[Meri Beti Sunny Leone Banna Chaahti Hai]]n and [[God, Sex and Truth]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=P. Jaya Kumar|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm8819498/|access-date=2021-12-14|website=IMDb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=God, Sex and Truth: Ram Gopal Varma's film is bare show for Mia Malkova|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/bollywood/040218/bare-for-the-screen.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205072853/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/bollywood/040218/bare-for-the-screen.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 February 2018|access-date=2022-02-15|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
P. Jaya Kumar is from [[Railway Kodur, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":0" /> Before getting into films, he graduated as a Mechanical Engineer and later enrolled for a Masters in Sociology and a Master in Arts and Aesthetics from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], which he didn't finish.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Vardhan|first=Akhilesh|title=Meet The Talented Guy From Kadapa, Who Wooed RGV To Become The Co-Writer of Sarkaar-3!|url=https://chaibisket.com/p-jaya-kumar-sarkaar-3-writer/|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Chai Bisket|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
P. Jaya Kumar does not have any background in film industry. At the age of 24, when he was still pursuing his master's degree at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University|JNU]], Ram Gopal Varma who was impressed with him asked him to work as a creative consultant<ref name=":0" /> for many of his projects like [[Vangaveeti (film)|Vangaveeti]], [[Veerappan (2016 film)|Veerappan]], [[Killing Veerappan]]; after which he got his break as the writer in 2017 for [[Sarkar 3]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 May 2017|title=మనసు దోచావ్‌ అన్నారు!|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/sarkar-3-movie-story-475272|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Sakshi|language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Trailer Review – Sarkar 3|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/trailer-review-sarkar-3_106619|access-date=2022-02-15|website=India Forums|language=en}}</ref> Ram Gopal Varma then went on to adapt P. Jaya Kumar's literary works namely [[Meri Beti Sunny Leone Banna Chaahti Hai]]n and [[God, Sex and Truth]]. He worked as an executive script consultant for [[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> starring Chiranjeevi, Amitabh Bachchan and Vijay Sethupathi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Khelo|url=https://kheloapp.com/pycker-migrated.html|access-date=2021-12-15|website=kheloapp.com}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=P. Jaya Kumar|url=https://www.imdb.com/filmosearch?role=nm8819498&job_type=script_department|access-date=2021-12-15|website=IMDb|language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016
|''[[Killing Veerappan]]''
|Creative consultant
|
|-
|''[[Vangaveeti (film)|Vangaveeti]]''
|Creative consultant
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |2017
|''[[Sarkar 3]]''
|Screenplay Writer
|
|-
|''[[Meri Beti Sunny Leone Banna Chaahti Hai]]''
|Story, Screenplay
|
|-
|''[[God, Sex and Truth]]''
|Story and Dialogues from his novel
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Officer (2018 film)|Officer]]''
|Story, Screenplay
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]''
|Executive script consultant
|
|-
|}

== Lawsuit ==
P. Jaya Kumar filed a lawsuit against Ram Gopal Varma in a civil court in India for plagiarizing and distorting his literary work and making an obscene film named God, Sex and Truth.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 January 2018|title=Sarkar 3 writer accuses RGV of plagiarising God, Sex and Truth script|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sarkar-3-writer-accuses-rgv-of-plagiarising-god-sex-and-truth-script/story-U92XmvSYWZz7u9xf7LbbaK.html|access-date=2021-12-14|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishna|date=17 January 2018|title=T360 Exclusive – RGV accused of plagiarizing GST script|url=https://www.telugu360.com/t360-exclusive-rgv-accused-plagiarizing-gst-script/|access-date=2021-12-14|website=Telugu360.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=YouTube takes down RGV’s GST following complaint from Jaya Kumar; scriptwriter says it vindicates his stand against RGV – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/youtube-takes-down-rgvs-gst-following-complaint-from-jaya-kumar-scriptwriter-says-it-vindicates-his-stand-against-rgv/articleshow/63031212.cms|access-date=2021-12-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RGV stole my story yet again: Jaya Kumar – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rgv-stole-my-story-yet-again-jaya-kumar/articleshow/64235587.cms|access-date=2022-02-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 January 2018|title=Are Bollywood Movies Courting Controversy For Publicity?|url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/are-bollywood-movies-courting-controversy-for-publicity/17074174|access-date=2022-02-15|website=iDiva|language=en-IN}}</ref> Following his lawsuit of copyright claim, the trailer of God, Sex and Truth was taken down by Youtube.<ref name=":4" />

==External links==
{{IMDb name|8819498}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, P. Jaya}}
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Mathra, Kerala

2025-10-23T22:15:54Z

SaraD96423049267: adding new entry from scratch

{{For|the tartan fabric styles of Bhutan|Tartan#Bhutanese mathra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2008}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mathra
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ml
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8|59|0|N|76|54|40|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Kollam
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 691333<ref>[http://www.whereincity.com/india/pincode/kerala/kollam.htm Pin codes of Kollam district]. WhereInCity.com. Retrieved on 2008-06-29.</ref>
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mathra''' is a village in [[Kollam district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Kerala]], located near the town of [[Punalur]]. It is the headquarters of Mathra Grama [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]], a fertile area in which many residents are engaged in farming.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}. It is surrounded by hills, and several streams flow through village.

Mathra is a big village constituting many temples, including Mathra Ayiravalli Temple (Lord Shiva) and Paravathi Devi Temple. It also has one school - Saraswathi Villasam School. Mathra Service Co-operative Bank is a large cooperative bank in the district. The village has a large NRI population. Most of the needs of the village are contributed by the nearby town Punalur. Jai Bharath library is a cultural centre in Mathra.

==Transport==
Many [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] buses ply through Mathra, connecting village to Punalur and other nearby places. Private vehicles including jeeps and autos also connect Mathra to Punalur.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Kollam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kollam district]]

{{Kollam-geo-stub}}

Proloy Saha

2025-10-14T23:50:09Z

SaraD96423049267: page updated

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
|name = Proloy Saha
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|fullname =
|birth_date = 1968{{cn|date=October 2025}}
|birth_place = [[West Bengal]], India
|death_date = 24 March 2016 (aged 47)
|death_place = [[Odisha]], India
|height =
|position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
|youthyears1 =
|youthclubs1 =
|years1 =
|clubs1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|caps1 =
|goals1 =
|totalcaps =
|totalgoals =
|nationalyears1 =
|nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
|nationalcaps1 =
|nationalgoals1 =
}}
'''Proloy Saha''' (1968 – 24 March 2016) was an Indian [[association football|footballer]] who played for [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eastbengalclub.com/archive |title=Archive |publisher=East Bengal Club |accessdate=22 March 2022 }}</ref> and the [[India national football team|national team]], as a [[Defender (association football)|defender]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2696/indian-national-team/2016/03/25/21676522/former-india-international-proloy-saha-passes-away-in-car|title=Former India international Proloy Saha passes away in car accident|date=24 March 2016|accessdate=4 April 2016|publisher=Goal.com}}</ref> He was on the [[India national football team|India national squad]] that won the [[1993 SAARC Gold Cup]].<ref name = "1993GC">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1993saarccup.html |title=The Indian Senior Team at the 1993 Lahore SAARC Cup: |website=Indianfootball.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330093816/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1993saarccup.html |archive-date=30 March 2019 }}</ref>

==Honours==

'''India'''
*[[SAFF Championship]]: [[1993 SAARC Gold Cup|1993]]<ref name = "1993GC"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saha, Proloy}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Footballers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]

{{India-footy-defender-stub}}

Bhagawan Nityananda

2025-10-03T00:27:38Z

SaraD96423049267: Put Up A Entry

{{Short description|Bhagawan and saint}}
{{other uses|Nityananda (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
|name=Bhagawan Nityananda
|image= Youngnityananda.jpg
|caption= Bhagawan Nityananda as a young yogi
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
|birth_date=1897
|birth_place=Tuneri, [[Koyilandy]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in [[Kozhikode district]], [[Kerala]])
|birth_name=Raman Nair
|death_date={{death date and age|1961|08|08|1897|12|df=y}}
|death_place=Ganeshpuri, [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
|guru=
|philosophy=
|honors=
|footnotes=
}}

Bhagawan
'''Nityananda''' (November/December, 1897<ref>{{cite book|last=Hatengdi|first=M.U.|title=Nityananda: The Divine Presence|publisher=Rudra Press|year=1990|page=iv}}</ref> – 8 August 1961) was an Indian [[guru]]. His teachings are published in the "Chidakash Gita". Nityananda was born in [[Koyilandy]] (Pandalayini), [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in [[Kozhikode district]], [[Kerala]]).

==Biography==

===Childhood===
Details about Bhagawan Nityananda's birth are relatively unknown. According to his disciples, Nityananda was found as an abandoned infant in Tuneri village, Koyilandy, Madras Presidency, British India by a lady named Uniamma Nair, who was married to Chathu Nair. The Nair couple adopted this child and took care of him along with their own five children. Nityananda was named as ''Raman'' by his foster parents. The Nair couple were farmers, who also took care of the farms owned by a wealthy lawyer named Ishwar Iyer, who greatly trusted them.<ref>Page 4 ''Life of Bhagawan Nityananda & Chidakasha Geeta'', by Deepa Kodikal Publisher Surendra Kalyanpur, Mumbai, 2007</ref> Nityananda's foster father died when he was three and his foster mother when he was six. Before dying she handed over her responsibility of Nityananda to Ishwar Iyer.<ref name=ns>{{cite book|author=Nityananda|title=The Sky of the Heart: Jewels of Wisdom from Nityananda|publisher=Rudra Press|year=1985|isbn=0-915801-02-7}}</ref>

===Spiritual life===
[[File:Bhagawan Nityananda Samadhi.jpg|thumb|Guru Nityananda Samadhi]]

Even in childhood, Bhagawan Nityananda seemed to be in an unusually advanced spiritual state, which gave rise to the belief that he was born enlightened. He was eventually given the name Nityananda, which means, "always in bliss".<ref name=mr>{{cite book|last=Brooks|first=Douglas|author2=Sabharathnam, S. P.|title=Meditation Revolution|publisher=Agama Press|year=1997|isbn=0-9654096-0-0}}</ref>

Before the age of twenty, Nityananda became a wandering [[yogi]], spending time on [[yogic]] studies and practices in the Himalayas and other places. By 1920, he was back in southern India.<ref name=bng>{{cite book|last=Muktananda|first=Swami|title=Bhagawan Nityananda of Ganeshpuri|publisher=Siddha Yoga Publications|edition=2nd Revised|year=1996|isbn=0-911307-45-1}}</ref>

Settled in southern India, Nityananda gained a reputation for performing miracles and curing the sick. He started building an [[ashram]] near [[Kanhangad]], [[Kerala]] state. The hill temple and Ashram in Kanhangad are now pilgrim centres. The Guruvan, a forest in the hills nearby where Bhagawan sat on penance, is now a pilgrim retreat.<ref name=bng/>

By 1923, Nityananda had wandered to the [[Tansa Valley]] in [[Maharashtra]] state. There, his reputation as a miracle worker attracted people from as far away as [[Mumbai]], though he never took credit for any miracles. He said, "Everything that happens, happens automatically by the will of God."<ref name=ns/><ref name=mr/> Nityananda gave a great deal of help to the local [[adivasi]]s. Nityananda set up a school, where he provided food and clothing for the students.

===Guru===
As a [[Guru]], Bhagawan
Nityananda gave relatively little by way of verbal teachings. Starting in the early 1920s, his devotees in [[Mangalore]] would sit with him in the evenings. Most of the time he was silent, though occasionally he would give teachings. A female devotee named Tulsiamma (Tulsi Amma) (1882-1945) wrote down some of his teachings and his answers to her specific queries. Later, these notes were compiled and published in the [[Kannada language]] and came to be known as the ''Chidakasha Geeta''.<ref name=ns/>

Some believe that Nityananda had the power to transmit spiritual energy ([[shaktipat]]) to people through non-verbal means. He could also be extremely fiery and intimidating in his behaviour, even to the point of throwing rocks on occasion. This was his way of deterring people who were not serious in their spiritual aspirations, or who came to him with ulterior motives.<ref name=mr/>

In 1936, he went to the [[Shiva]] temple in the village of Ganeshpuri and asked if he could stay there. The family that looked after the temple agreed and built a hut for him. As his visitors and followers increased, the hut expanded and became an ashram. To the people around him, he was an [[avadhuta]]: one who is absorbed in the transcendental state.

===Final Years and Death (Samadhi)===
Bhagawan Nityananda died on 8 August 1961 at age 63. His [[Samadhi#As mausoleum|samadhi]] is located in Ganeshpuri at the Samadhi Mandir. There is also a shrine dedicated to him in the [[Gurudev Siddha Peeth]] ashram at Ganeshpuri. His ashram, tourist hostel, and other buildings associated with his life in Ganeshpuri are preserved by the Shree Bhimeshwar Sadguru Nityanand Sanstha Ganeshpuri. This trust is also responsible for his [[Samādhi|samadhi]] shrine in Ganeshpuri, which is a pilgrimage site.

A trust at Kanhangad looks after the Ashram and temples located there. The trust also runs a few educational institutions and a [[Dharamshalas|dharmasala]].

==Bhagawan Nityananda’s Guru==
[[File:Bhagawan Nityananda Bunt Bhavan.jpg|thumb|A life size statue of Guru Nityananda at Bunt Bhavan, Mumbai, India]]
According to Bhagawan Nityananda's biographers, the identity of Nityananda's guru is a mystery. According to Healy, Nityananda did not have a guru.<ref>John Paul Healy (2010), ''Yearning to Belong: Discovering a New Religious Movement'', Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., p.10</ref> In one of his talks, his student [[Muktananda|Swami Muktananda]] said that Nityananda’s Guru was an unknown [[Siddha]] from [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Swami|last=Muktananda|authorlink=Muktananda|title=Satsang with Baba Volume 4|isbn=0-914602-32-2|publisher=SYDA Foundation|location=Oakland, Ca.|year=1978|page=17|quote=Q: Did Baba Nityananda have a Guru in the physical or subtle body? If so, could you tell us something of him and his lineage?/ Baba: Who would dare ask Nityananda about his Guru? It is enough for one to know about one’s father, and what the father’s father was like, is the father’s concern. It is only the father who would bother about the man who was his father. Nityananda did come from a line. He belonged to the line of great Siddhas.}}</ref>

==Further reading==
* ''Bhagawan Nityananda of Ganeshpuri'', by Swami Muktananda. Siddha Yoga Publications, 2nd edition (1996). {{ISBN|0-911307-45-1}}.
* ''Life of Bhagawan Nityananda & Chidakasha Geeta'', by Deepa Kodikal. Surendra Kalyanpur, 2007.
* ''Nityananda: The Divine Presence'', by M.U. Hatengdi, 1990.

==See also==
*[[Bunt (community)|Bunts]]
*[[Albert Rudolph]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}

* {{Citation| last=Caldwell | first =Sarah | year=2001 | title=The Heart of the Secret: A Personal and Scholarly Encounter with Shakta Tantrism in Siddha Yoga| journal= Nova Religio | volume=5 | issue=1 | pages= 9–51| doi=10.1525/nr.2001.5.1.9| jstor=10.1525/nr.2001.5.1.9| s2cid =143965805 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquotes}}
{{Commons category|Bhagawan Nityananda}}
*[https://www.nityanandatradition.org Nityananda the Living Tradition]











{{Siddha Yoga}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nityananda}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Malayali Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Miracle workers]]

Ratikant Satpathy

2025-09-16T19:23:07Z

SaraD96423049267:

{{Short description|Indian music director (born 1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ratikant Satpathy
| image = Ratikant Satpathy, Prasanna Patsani, Ashok Panda, Siddhanta Mahapatra, Arabinda Padhee.jpg
| image_size =
| alt = Ratikant Satpathy being awarded the 2014 Odisha State Film Awards
| caption = Ratikant Satpathy being awarded the 2014 Odisha State Film Awards
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1970|10|27}}
| birth_place = [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]]
| alma_mater = [[Utkal University]] [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]]
| occupation = {{Flat list|
* Singer
* songwriter
* composer
* music director
}}
}}
'''Ratikant Satpathy''' (born 27 October 1970) is an Indian [[Odia language|Odia-language]] playback singer and music director. Born in [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], he began his career as a playback singer and then started composing and directing songs for [[Odia cinema]]. He was a winner of [[Odisha State Film Awards]] for best male playback singer in 2008 for Odia film ''Bhagya Chakra'',<ref name="Hindu29February2008">{{cite news|title=Jayadev Puraskar to be conferred on film-maker, cinematographer|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/jayadev-puraskar-to-be-conferred-on-filmmaker-cinematographer/article1211161.ece|accessdate=28 July 2016|work=The Hindu|date=29 February 2008|language=en-IN}}</ref> and in 2014 for the movie [[Rumku Jhumana|''Rumku Jhumana'']].<ref name="NIE14November2014">{{cite news|title=Jaydev Award for Sarada Nayak|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Jaydev-Award-for-Sarada-Nayak/2014/11/14/article2522645.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816201141/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Jaydev-Award-for-Sarada-Nayak/2014/11/14/article2522645.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 August 2016|accessdate=28 July 2016|work=New Indian Express|publisher=New Indian Express|date=14 November 2014}}</ref> Satpathy was the assistant vice-president<ref name="NIE26April2013">{{cite news|last1=Tiwari|first1=Dikhya|title=Humane Sagar bags VOO trophy|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Humane-Sagar-bags-VOO-trophy/2013/04/26/article1562429.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817002425/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Humane-Sagar-bags-VOO-trophy/2013/04/26/article1562429.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 August 2016|accessdate=28 July 2016|work=New Indian Express|publisher=New Indian Express|date=26 April 2013}}</ref> and then vice president at [[Odisha TV]].<ref name="BS26November2014">{{cite news|title=AT Group CMD offers to reveal more information in chit scam|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/at-group-cmd-offers-to-reveal-more-information-in-chit-scam-114112601472_1.html|date=26 November 2014|agency=Press Trust of India|newspaper=Business Standard|accessdate=24 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph24November2013">{{cite news|last1=Panda|first1=Namita|title=Dhanush enters prime time|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131124/jsp/frontpage/story_17604743.jsp#.V5osE6LMn20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125125345/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131124/jsp/frontpage/story_17604743.jsp#.V5osE6LMn20|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 November 2013|accessdate=28 July 2016|work=Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph|date=24 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="bestmediainfo">{{cite web|title=Cent Percent Media adds two Odisha Television channels to its bouquet|url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2013/06/cent-percent-media-adds-two-odisha-television-channels-to-its-bouquet/|website=www.bestmediainfo.com|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Ratikant Satpathy}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satpathy, Ratikant}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack district]]
[[Category:Musicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Singers from Odisha]]

Kotmarpalle

2025-06-30T15:41:59Z

SaraD96423049267: created new data.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kotmarpalle
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.505649|N|77.795254|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Vikarabad
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Telangana|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Marpalle]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 626
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 501202
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08411
| registration_plate = TS-34
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Sangareddy
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1:.973 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vikarabad]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Normal]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Kotmarpalle''' is a village ([[Kotmarpalle]], [[Gram panchayat]]) in [[Marpalle]] [[Mandal (disambiguation)|mandal]], [[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]] [[district]], [[Telangana]] [[States and union territories of India|state]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=District Level Mandal wise list of villages in Vikarabad district|url=https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Documents/GO%27s/New%20District%20Gos/Vikarabad.pdf|website=Special Chief Secretary of Revenue Department|publisher=mines.telangana.gov.in|accessdate=12 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626072308/https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Documents/GO%27s/New%20District%20Gos/Vikarabad.pdf|archivedate=26 June 2022|format=PDF|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

==Geography==
Kotmarpalle is located at {{Coord|17.505649|N|77.795254|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Kotmarpalli.html Kotmarpalli at Fallingrain.com]</ref> It has an average elevation of 605 metres (1988 ft).

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikarabad district}}
[[Category:Villages in Vikarabad district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Vikarabad district]]

{{Vikarabad-geo-stub}}

Karadka

2025-05-31T16:12:38Z

SaraD96423049267:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karadka
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = File:Karadukka. Kundar.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kundar Mosque, Karadukka
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12|32|0|N|75|8|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj (India)]]
| governing_body = Block Panchayat/Grama Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 18.59
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9,613
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English <ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911111246/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 671542
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0494
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL-14]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Kasaragod
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 89 %
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Karadka ''' is a village, [[block panchayat]] and [[grama panchayat]] in [[Kasaragod district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=2008-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kasargod.nic.in/village-panchayats/|title = Panchayats | Website of Kasargod | India}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Karadka village had a population of 9,613, with 4,693 males and 4,920 females. Karadka village has an area of {{cvt|18.59|km2}} with 2,158 families residing in it. The average female sex was 1,048, lower than state average of 1,084. The population of children below 6 years was 9.67%. Karadka had an average literacy of 89.65%, higher than the national average of 74% and lower than the state average of 94.00%: male literacy was 94.3% and female literacy was 85.2%.

Karadka [[Grama Panchayat]] had a total population of 21,211 among which 10,535 are males and 10,676 are females. Total number of households in the panchayat limits was 4,265. 10.94% of the population was under 6 years of age in Karadka Panchayat. Karadka Grama Panchayat has administration over the villages of Karadka and [[Adhur]].<ref>{{cite book |title=District Census Handbook, Kasaragod |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |pages=80,81,150 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3201_PART_B_KASARAGOD.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==Administration==
Karadka Grama Panchayat is part of Karadka [[Block Panchayat]]. Karadka Panchayat is politically a part of [[Kasaragod (State Assembly constituency)]] in [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-18
|work = Kerala
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archive-date= 2009-03-04
}}</ref>

==Transportation==
The western main road to Kasaragod have access to NH.66 which connects to [[Mangalore]] in the north and [[Calicut]] in the south. The road to the east connects to Sullia in Karnataka from where Mysore and Bangalore can be accessed. The nearest railway station is Kasaragod on Mangalore-[[Palakkad]] line. There is an airport at [[Mangalore Airport|Mangalore]].

==See also==
* [[Adhur]]
* [[Mulleria, Kasaragod|Mulleria]]
* [[Muliyar]]
* [[Delampady]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kasaragod district}}

[[Category:Cherkala - Jalsoor Rd]]
[[Category:Panchayats in Kasaragod district]]
{{Kasaragod-geo-stub}}

Grahapati Kokkala inscription

2025-03-20T02:47:47Z

SaraD96423049267: starting new stub

{{Short description|Inscription from c. 1000 in central India}}
The '''Grahapati Kokkala inscription''' is an epigraphic record documenting the dedication of a Shiva temple. It dates to 1000-1001 CE. It is one of several Chandella era inscriptions that mention a Grahapati family.<ref>Inscriptions of the Chandellas of Jejakbhukti,Ed. H.V. Trivedi, 1989, p. 456.</ref>

It is the earliest known reference to a Grahapati family.<ref>Svasti Śrī: Dr. B.Ch. Chhabra felicitation volume, K. V. Ramesh, Agam Prasad, S. P. Tewari, p. 139</ref> Unlike all other [[Chandella]] era [[Grahapati]] inscriptions which are Jain, this refers to a Shiva temple,<ref>Lalit kalā, Issue 10, Lalit Kala Akademi,1961, p. 64</ref> although Verse 3 suggests that the builder also worshipped Jinas.

==Location==
It was found somewhere in [[Khajuraho]] or its vivicinity, and is currently located in the [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanath temple]] there.<ref>The Early Rulers of Khajuraho, S.K. Mitra, 1958, Motilal Banarasidas, p. 224</ref>

==Publication==
The inscription was first published by [[Alexander Cunningham | Cunningham]],<ref>Epigraphica Indica, Pt I, 1888, p. 135-36</ref> and has since been published in several books.<ref>Khajuraho, Kanhiayalal Agrawal, The MacMillan Company of India, 1980, p. 141-146</ref>

==Description and contents==
The inscription at [[Khajuraho]], dated Samvat 1056, Kartika (1000–1001 AD), is engraved on a slab and records the dedication of a temple termed Vidyanatha temple.<ref>Epigraphica Indica, Pt I, p. 135-36</ref> The current location of the Vidyanatha temple is uncertain; the inscription slab has been fixed to the [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanath temple]].<ref>Kharjuravahaka, D. J. Kale, 1967, p. 123</ref> Cunningham had identified the [[Beejamandal|Beejamandal temple]] at Jatkara village near Khajuraho as the Vishvanath temple.<ref>Reports By Archaeological Survey of India By Archaeological Survey of India Published 1880, Cunningham</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cunningham|first1=Alexander|title=Report of Tours in Bundelkhand and Malwa in 1874-75 and 1876-77|date=1880|publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing|location=8 Hastings Street, Calcutta|page=[https://archive.org/details/reporttoursinbu01cunngoog/page/n33 22]|url=https://archive.org/details/reporttoursinbu01cunngoog|accessdate=8 May 2017}}</ref>

==Metrics==
Most of the inscription is metrical, with the exception of the initial invocation to Shiva and the samvat at the end.

==Text==
It is a large 22 line text.<ref>Khajuraho, Kanhiayalal Agrawal, The MacMillan Company of India, 1980, p. 141-146</ref> It starts with invocation Om Namah Shivaya.
* Verses 1-2: Invocation of Lord Shiva.
* Verse 3: Equates Shiva with Parama Brahma, Buddha, Vaman, Jina etc.
* Verses 5-7: Praise of the [[Padmavati Pawaya|Padmavati]] city.
* Verses 8-14: Praises a family lineage of Grahapai Vamsha leading to Kokkala.
* Verses 15-21: Describe a town and the Vaidyanath temple built by Kokkala.

==Translation==
Translations are provided by Kanhiayalal Agrawal <ref>Khajuraho, Kanhiayalal Agrawal, The MacMillan Company of India, 1980, p. 141-146</ref> and Kale<ref>Kharjuravahaka, D. J. Kale, 1967</ref>

==See also==
*[[Indian inscriptions]]
* [[Khajuraho]]
* [[Padmavati Pawaya]]
* [[Beejamandal]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.bcmtouring.com/pics/khajuraho/35-ancient-language-at-visvanatha-temple.jpg A photograph] of this inscription outside Vishvanth temple in Khajuraho.

[[Category:Sanskrit inscriptions in India]]
[[Category:Gupta and post-Gupta inscriptions]]

Karanam Dharmasri

2025-03-14T18:56:32Z

SaraD96423049267: created new post.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)| Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly| Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| predecessor = [[Kalidindi Suryana Naga Sanyasi Raju|KSNS Raju]]
| successor = [[Kalidindi Suryana Naga Sanyasi Raju| KSNS Raju]]
| constituency = [[Chodavaram Assembly constituency| Chodavaram]]
| term_start1 = 2004
| term_end1 = 2009
| predecessor1 = [[Reddi Satyanarayana]]
| successor1 = Gavireddi Rama Naidu
| constituency1 = [[Madugula Assembly constituency| Madugula]]
}}
'''Karanam Dharmasri''' (born 1969) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was a two time [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] from [[Chodavaram Assembly constituency]] in the erstwhile [[Visakhapatnam district]].

== Early life and education ==
Dharmasri hails from an agricultural family. His father Visvanadham is a farmer. After completing his graduation in Arts in 1989, he did B.Ed. in 1993. In between, he did his Bachelor of Law from [[Andhra University]] and passed out in 1992. He married Venkata Vijayalaxmi. In June 2022, he was selected for a government teacher post, 24 years after he attended an interview because of legal delays in appointments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-21 |title=Andhra MLA gets selected for govt teacher's job. He was interviewed 24 yrs ago |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/andhra-mla-gets-selected-for-govt-teacher-s-job-he-was-interviewed-24-yrs-ago-101655831032159.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Dharmasri was elected to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in 2004 from Madugula representing [[Indian National Congress]]. Later, he lost the 2009 election from [[Chodavaram Assembly constituency|Chodavaram]] on a Congress ticket and 2014 election by a narrow margin of 909 votes, on YSRCP ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-23 |title=Chodavaram Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Karanam Dharmasri of YSRCP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/chodavaram-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2153451.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] on YSRCP ticket from [[Chodavaram Assembly constituency|Chodavaram constituency]] in the erstwhile [[Visakhapatnam district]] and present [[Anakapalli district]]. He defeated [[Kalidindi Suryana Naga Sanyasi Raju|Kalidindi Surya Naga Sanyasi Raju]] of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a huge margin of 27,637 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chodavaram Constituency Election Results 2019: Chodavaram Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/chodavaram |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karanam Dharmasri |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/karanam-dharmasri |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref>

He was appointed government whip in July 2022. Later, in October 2022, he resigned as MLA citing support to the three-city capitals which is being opposed by TDP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-08 |title=YSRCP MLA Karanam Dharmasri resigns in support of 3 capitals plan in Andhra Pradesh |url=http://www.news9live.com/state/andhra-pradesh/ysrcp-mla-karanam-dharmasri-resigns-in-support-of-3-capitals-plan-in-andhra-pradesh-200859 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra minister Karanam Dharmasri resigns as MLA to support 3 capital plan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/karanam-dharmasri-resign-mla-three-capital-plan-support-2282613-2022-10-08 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=India Today |date=8 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> However, after some deliberations, he was nominated again by YSR Congress party to contest the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from Chodavaram.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudhir |first=S. N. V. |title=Andhra CM Jagan Mohan Reddy could face bumpy road after dropping MLAs from polls list |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/andhra-pradesh/andhra-cm-jagan-mohan-reddy-could-face-bumpy-road-after-dropping-mlas-from-polls-list-2838354 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | date=2024-03-16 |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly polls 2024 {{!}} Sitting MLAs retain tickets in most constituencies in combined Visakhapatnam district |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/andhra-pradesh-assembly-polls-2024-sitting-mlas-retain-tickets-in-most-constituencies-in-combined-visakhapatnam-district/article67957752.ece |access-date=2024-04-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=G. V. R. Subba |date=2023-12-28 |title=Hectic activity at CM Jagan's camp office as rejig efforts continue in YSRCP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/hectic-activity-at-cm-jagans-camp-office-as-rejig-efforts-continue-in-ysrcp/article67681139.ece |access-date=2024-04-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> But he lost the Chodavaram seat to his old foe, Sanyasi Raju of TDP by a margin of 42,189 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chodavaram Assembly Election Results 2024: Chodavaram Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/chodavaram-constituency-result-1026 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chodavaram Constituency Election Results 2024: Chodavaram Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/chodavaram |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dharmasri, Karanam}}
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:People from Visakhapatnam district]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]

Harpal Singh Kasoor

2025-02-19T14:26:29Z

SaraD96423049267: created new biography

{{orphan|date=November 2024}}
'''Harpal Singh Kasoor''' is a Sikh ''[[Katha (storytelling format)|kathavachak]]'' (expounder of Sikh teachings and history) and amateur [[Sikh Studies|Sikh historian]] who makes fantastical claims regarding the travels of [[Guru Nanak]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Myrvold |first=Kristina |title=Sikh Diaspora: Theory, Agency, and Experience |date=29 August 2013 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004257238 |editor-last=Hawley |editor-first=Michael |pages=321 |chapter=Translating the Guru’s Words to Local and Global Contexts: Katha for Contemporary Sikh Communities}}</ref> He resides in Canada and runs an Internet blog at the domain ''satguru.weebly.com''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasoor |first=Harpal Singh |title=Contact |url=https://satguru.weebly.com/contact.html |access-date=17 November 2024 |website=satguru.weebly.com}}</ref> His websites contains purported details and routes taken by Guru Nanak and his retinue throughout the world.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Amarjit Singh |date=21 November 2021 |title=Satguru Nanak Sahib Ji: Prophet, Reformer, Poet, Farmer |url=https://www.theindianpanorama.news/featured/satguru-nanak-sahib-ji-prophet-reformer-poet-farmer/ |work=The Indian Panorama }}</ref>

== East African claim ==
In an article republished by [[SikhNet]], Harpal Singh claims that Guru Nanak had visited East Africa, specifically Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasoor |first=Harpal Singh |date=24 November 2015 |title=Anectodal Evidence Suggests Guru Nanak Dev Ji Visited Uganda |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/anectodal-evidence-suggests-guru-nanak-dev-ji-visited-uganda |access-date=17 November 2024 |website=SikhNet}}</ref>

== Scandinavian claim ==
In an article on his blog titled ''Two Singing Preachers From India In Norway"Preacheur Parler"--1545, Says Indian Chief, Donnacona.'' [sic], Harpal claims that Guru Nanak had visited many parts of [[Europe]], including as far as [[Bergen]] in [[Norway]], where he apparently held a discussion with local traders in the Persian-language in the summer of 1520.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook of Hinduism in Europe |date=27 July 2020 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004432284 |editor-last=Jacobsen |editor-first=Knut A. |edition=2 volumes |pages=205 |chapter=2: The First Hindu Gurus in Europe |editor-last2=Sardella |editor-first2=Ferdinando}}</ref> In 2010, while visiting a local gurdwara in Stockholm, Sweden, Harpal appealed to local [[Sikhism in Sweden|Swedish Sikhs]] to help him uncover and translate records held in Scandinavian archives that apparently proved that Guru Nanak had visited Bergen in Norway as part of his world-wide journeys, which apparently included the guru and his companions, Mardana and Bala, passing through Scandinavia.<ref name=":0" /> Harpal's claims were met with confusion, curiosity, and skepticism from the local Sikh congregation but Harpal stated that European travellers and historians had apparently written about Guru Nanak's visit to Bergen, they just needed to locate and translate these records for evidence.<ref name=":0" /> Scholar Kristina Myrvold notes that Harpal made use of diasporic Sikh connections and activities and attempted to link them to the first Sikh guru, rather than focusing on uncovering history in the Punjabi homeland.<ref name=":0" /> She further states that Harpal attempted to bridge the temporal and spatial differences between varying localities and if his theory was true, would give Scandinavian Sikhs a historical antecedent in their country of settlement.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [https://satguru.weebly.com/ satguru.weebly.com]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kasoor, Harpal Singh}}
[[Category:Canadian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Liquidity adjustment facility

2024-08-01T03:54:30Z

SaraD96423049267:

{{Short description|Monetary policy}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2016}}

'''Liquidity adjustment facility (LAF)''' is a [[monetary policy]] tool which allows banks to borrow money through [[repurchase agreements]] (repos) that is primarily used by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bankingindiaupdate.com/laf.htm |title=Liquidity Adjustment Facility |publisher=bankingindiaupdate |accessdate=30 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028050001/http://www.bankingindiaupdate.com/laf.htm |archivedate=28 October 2011 }}</ref>

The LAF is used to aid banks in adjusting the day to day mismatches in [[liquidity]]. LAF helps [[Bank|banks]] to quickly borrow money in case of any emergency or for adjusting in their [[Statutory liquidity ratio|Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)]]/[[Reserve requirement|Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)]] requirements.

The LAF consists of [[repo]] (repurchase agreement) and reverses repo operations. The rate charged by [[Reserve Bank of India|Reserve bank of India]] for this transaction is called the repo rate. Repo operations, therefore, inject [[liquidity]] into the system. Reverse repo operation is when RBI borrows money from banks by lending securities. The interest rate paid by RBI in this case is called the reverse repo rate. Reverse repo operation, therefore, absorbs the liquidity in the system. The [[Collateral (finance)|collateral]] used for repo and reverse repo operations are Government of India securities. Oil [[bond (finance)|bonds]] have been also suggested to be included as collateral for liquidity adjustment facility. In LAF, money transaction are done via [[real-time gross settlement]] (RTGS), an [[online]] money transfer method).

==History==
The origin of repo rates, one of the components of liquidity adjustment facility, can be traced to as early as 1917 in U.S. [[financial market]] when wartime taxes made other sources of lending unattractive. The introduction of the liquidity adjustment facility in [[India]] was on the basis of the recommendations of [[Narasimham Committee on Banking Sector Reforms|Narasimham Committee on Banking Sector Reforms (1998)]]. In April 1999, an interim LAF was introduced to provide a ceiling and the fixed-rate repos were continued to provide a floor for money market rates. As per the policy measures announced in 2000, the Liquidity Adjustment Facility was introduced with the first stage starting from June 2000 onwards. Subsequent revisions were made in 2001 and 2004. When the scheme was introduced, repo auctions were described for operations that absorbed liquidity from the system and reverse repo actions for operations that injected liquidity into the system. However, in international [[nomenclature]], repo and [[Repurchase agreement|reverse repo]] implied the reverse. Hence in October 2004, when the revised scheme of LAF was announced, the decision to follow the international usage of terms was adopted.

Repo and reverse repo rates were announced separately until the monetary policy statement on 3 May 2011. In this monetary policy statement, it has been decided that the reverse repo rate would not be announced separately but will be linked to the repo rate. The reverse repo rate will be 100 [[Basis point|basis points]] below the repo rate. The liquidity adjustment facility corridor, that is the excess of repo rate over reverse repo, has varied between 100 and 300 basis points. The period between April 2001 to March 2004 and June 2008 to early November 2008 saw a broader corridor ranging from 150–250 and 200–300 basis points respectively. From March 2004 to June 2008 the corridor was narrow with the rates ranging from 100–175 basis points. A narrow LAF corridor is reflected from November 2008 onwards. At present, the width of the corridor is 25 basis points. This corridor is used to contain any volatility in [[wikt:short-term|short-term]] interest rates.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704816604576333112027893324 |title=RBI to End Second Liquidity Adjustment Facility |last=Vasant |first=Hhushita |date=19 May 2011 |work=Wall Street Journal |accessdate=30 October 2011}}</ref>

==Status==
The liquidity adjustment facility has emerged as the principal operating instrument for modulating short term liquidity in the economy. Repo rate has become the key policy rate that signals the [[monetary policy]] stance of the economy.

== See also ==
* [[Discount window]]
* [[Bank rate]]
* [[Fractional-reserve banking]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Monetary policy]]
[[Category:Finance in India]]

Perugu Ramakrishna

2024-02-18T02:11:53Z

SaraD96423049267:

{{short description|Indian poet and writer (born 1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2012}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Perugu Ramakrishna| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1960|5|27}}
| birth_place = [[Nellore]], [[India]]
| yearsactive =
| children =
| spouse =
| occupation = Indian poet and writer
}}
'''Perugu Ramakrishna''' (born 27 May 1960) is an Indian poet and writer. He has written 4 books of poetry and 2 books of short-stories. He is the recipient of Rabindranath Tagore Memorial Literary Honour from Motivational Strips, the world’s most active writers forum. He wrote a long poem in English named Flemingo.<ref name="Perugu Ramakrishna biography">{{cite web|title=Perugu Ramakrishna biography|url=http://indianwriters.org/andhra-pradesh/perugu_ramakrishna.htm|accessdate=20 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013042900/http://www.indianwriters.org/andhra-pradesh/perugu_ramakrishna.htm|archivedate=13 October 2008}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* Rabindranath Tagore Memorial Literary Honour 2022 from Motivational Strips, the world's most active writers forum
* UWA Outstanding intellectual of 21st Century Award, [[Chennai]]
* Ranjani-Kundurthi National Award
* Hyderabad and Millenium X-Ray National Award, [[Vijayawada]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.poemhunter.com/perugu-ramakrishna/ Poet information]
*[http://www.motivationalstrips.com/rabindranath-tagore-literary-honours-2022/ Award information]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramakrishna, Perugu}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Telugu writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Nellore]]

Nishyabda

2023-09-28T17:00:56Z

SaraD96423049267: quick rework article based on references also and cleaned formatting to improve readability

#REDIRECT [[Nishabdha]]

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Jivajirao Scindia

2017-10-17T10:40:42Z

SaraD96423049267: put up a bio...

#REDIRECT [[Jiwajirao Scindia]]