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Kasaragod Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T10:59:08Z

Santosh pathak:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kasargod
| state = Kerala
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 2
| map_image = File:Seaview park Kasaragod RS.jpg
| map_caption = Seaview Park near Kasaragod Railway Station
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,01,812 (2021)
| mla = [[Kallatra Mahin]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#0087BD |'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
}}
'''Kasaragod State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://kasargod.gov.in/constituencies
|website = kasargod.gov.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Kasaragod district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[N. A. Nellikkunnu]] of [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Kasaragod Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kasaragod.html
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kasaragod District
|access-date = 7 March 2021
|archive-date = 23 April 2021
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210423160033/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kasaragod.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

<mapframe text="Kasaragod (State Assembly constituency)" width=300 height=300 align=center>{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q13111219,Q16137320,Q16137823,Q13111989,Q13111177,Q20576555,Q16134778,Q16137886"}</mapframe>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Kasaragod]]
|Municipality
|[[Kasaragod taluk|Kasaragod]]
|-
|2
|[[Badiyadka]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kasaragod taluk|Kasaragod]]
|-
|3
|[[Bellur (Kasaragod)|Bellur]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kasaragod taluk|Kasaragod]]
|-
|4
|[[Chengala]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kasaragod taluk|Kasaragod]]
|-
|5
|[[Karadka]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kasaragod taluk|Kasaragod]]
|-
|6
|[[Kumbadaje]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kasaragod taluk|Kasaragod]]
|-
|7
|[[Madhur]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kasaragod taluk|Kasaragod]]
|-
|8
|[[Mogral Puthur]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kasaragod taluk|Kasaragod]]
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| M. S. Mogral
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4100-madras-1951/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Madras State election 1952 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Kunhikrishnan Nair Cheripady<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3746-kerala-1957/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1957 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| M. Kunhikkannan Nambiar<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3748-kerala-1960/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1960 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965]]
| E. Abdul Khader
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=3}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3749-kerala-1965/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1965 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| U. P. Kunikullaya<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3751-kerala-1967/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1967 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| B. M. Abdurahman<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3752-kerala-1970/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1970 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| T. A. Ibrahim
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League|rowspan=12}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3753-kerala-1977/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1977 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|rowspan =7|[[C. T. Ahammed Ali]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3754-kerala-1980/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1980 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3755-kerala-1982/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1982 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3756-kerala-1987/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1987 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3758-kerala-1991/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1991 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3759-kerala-1996/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1996 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3760-kerala-2001/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 2001 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3762-kerala-2006/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 2006 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan=3|[[N. A. Nellikkunnu]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 2011 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 2016 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
![[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Kallatra Mahin]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kasaragod}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[Kallatra Mahin]]|votes=76,396|percentage=45.39|change={{increase}}1.59}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=M. L. Ashwini|votes=53,698|percentage=31.90|change={{decrease}}2.98}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Shanavas Padhoor|votes=36,678|percentage=21.79|change={{increase}}2.19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=independent|candidate=Fathah Bangara|votes=824|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=714|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 22698
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 2,01,812 eligible voters in Kasaragod Assembly constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ceo.kerala.gov.in|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kasaragod}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[N. A. Nellikkunnu]]|votes=63,296|percentage=43.80|change={{decrease}} 0.92}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. Shreekanth|votes=50,395|percentage=34.88|change={{decrease}} 3.89}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National League|candidate=M. A. Latheef|votes=28,323|percentage=19.60|change={{increase}} 4.67}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Vijaya K. P.|votes=679|percentage=0.47|change={{increase}} 0.07}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None Of the Above|votes=639|percentage=0.44|change={{decrease}}0.02}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Anna Democratic Human Rights Movement Party of India|candidate=Ranjit Raj M.|votes=555|percentage=0.38|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Nishanth Kumar I. B.|votes=417|percentage=0.29|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sudhakaran K.|votes=196|percentage=0.14|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 12,901
|percentage = 8.92
|change ={{increase}} 2.97
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,43,032|percentage=70.87|change={{increase}} 3.15}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing ={{decrease}} 0.92
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,88,906 eligible voters in Kasaragod Assembly constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kasaragod}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[N. A. Nellikkunnu]]|votes=64,727|percentage=44.72|change={{decrease}} 0.63}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Ravisha Thantri Kuntar|votes=56,120|percentage=38.77|change={{increase}} 1.75}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National League|candidate=A. A. Ameen|votes=21,615|percentage=14.93|change={{increase}} 0.86}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None Of the Above|votes=661|percentage=0.46|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Vijaykumar B.|votes=585|percentage=0.4|change={{decrease}} 0.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Roshan Kumar|votes=508|percentage=0.35|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=A. Damodaran|votes=283|percentage=0.20|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Muneer Munnambam|votes=250|percentage=0.17|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 8,607
|percentage = 5.95
|change ={{decrease}} 2.38
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,44,749|percentage=76.62|change={{increase}} 3.15}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing ={{decrease}} 0.63
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,59,289 eligible voters in Kasaragod Assembly constituency for the 2011 Kerala Assembly election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kasaragod}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[N. A. Nellikkunnu]]|votes=53,068|percentage=45.35|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Jayalakshmi N. Bhatt|votes=43,330|percentage=37.02|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National League|candidate=Azeez Kadappuram|votes=16,467|percentage=14.07|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=A. H. Muneer|votes=1260|percentage=1.08|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Govinda Raja Kuntikkanamata|votes=938|percentage=0.80|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Saifudeen K. Makkodu|votes=807|percentage=0.69|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Ajith Kumar Azad|votes=739|percentage=0.63|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Abdulla|votes=422|percentage=0.36|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 9,738
|percentage = 8.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,17,031|percentage=73.47|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1952 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kasargod]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. S. Mogral |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,258 |percentage=47.26% |change=47.26% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. K. Sridharan |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=11,450 |percentage=28.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahin Sehammad |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=8,855 |percentage=21.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Shankara |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=1,184 |percentage=2.91% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,808 |percentage=19.16% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,747 |percentage=58.78% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,324 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957-2006===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Votes polled
!colspan=4|Winner
!colspan=4|Runner-up 1
!colspan=4|Runner-up 2
!colspan=2|Margin of victory
|-
! Year
!
! Name
! Party
! colspan="2"|Votes
! Name
! Party
! colspan="2"|Votes
! Name
! Party
! colspan="2"|Votes
! Votes
! Percent
|-
! [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 100179 (65.19%)
| [[C. T. Ahammed Ali]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 38774
| 38.70%
| V. Ravindran
| {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 28432
| 28.38%
| [[N. A. Nellikkunnu]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National League}}|[[Indian National League|INL]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 27790
| 27.74%
| 10342
| 10.32%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3762-kerala-2006/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 2006 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 109438 (68.90%)
| [[C. T. Ahammed Ali]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 51890
| 47.41%
| P. K. Krishnadas
| {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 33895
| 30.97%
| A. G. Nair
| {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 21948
| 20.06%
| 17995
| 16.44%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3760-kerala-2001/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 2001 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 91629 (67.38%)
| [[C. T. Ahammed Ali]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 33932
| 37.03%
| K. Madhava Herala
| {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 30149
| 32.90%
| [[N. A. Nellikkunnu]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|[[Independent (politician)|Ind.]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 24254
| 26.47%
| 3783
| 4.13%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3759-kerala-1996/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1996 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 85436 (66.61%)
| [[C. T. Ahammed Ali]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 39143
| 45.82%
| Sri Krishna Bhat
| {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 24269
| 28.41%
| T. V. Gangadharan
| {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 21190
| 24.80%
| 14874
| 17.41%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3758-kerala-1991/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1991 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 86600 (81.19%)
| [[C. T. Ahammed Ali]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 41407
| 47.81%
| Sri Krishna Bhat
| {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 27350
| 31.58%
| [[Ramanna Rai|M. Ramanna Rai]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 17049
| 19.69%
| 14057
| 16.23%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3756-kerala-1987/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1987 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 59692 (74.40%)
| [[C. T. Ahammed Ali]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 25676
| 43.01%
| N. Narayana Bhat
| {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 17657
| 29.58%
| B. M. Abdurahman
| {{legend2|{{party color|All-India Muslim League}}|[[Muslim League (Opposition)|ML(O)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 15643
| 26.21%
| 8019
| 13.43%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3755-kerala-1982/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1982 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 51401 (64.11%)
| [[C. T. Ahammed Ali]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 30793
| 59.91%
| Gorvacis Areeckal
| {{legend2|{{party color|Kerala Congress}}|[[Kerala Congress|KEC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 14113
| 27.46%
| Kayyar Kinhanna Rai
| {{legend2|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|[[Independent (politician)|Ind.]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 5742
| 11.17%
| 16680
| 32.45%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3754-kerala-1980/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1980 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 53964 (79.04%)
| T. A. Ibrahim
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 29402
| 54.48%
| B. M. Abdurahman
| {{legend2|{{party color|All-India Muslim League}}|[[Muslim League (Opposition)|ML(O)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 22619
| 41.91%
| M. A. Abdulla Mallath
| {{legend2|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|[[Independent (politician)|Ind.]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 1201
| 2.23%
| 6783
| 12.57%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3753-kerala-1977/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1977 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| colspan =17|[[Delimitation Commission of India|'''''Major delimitation of constituency''''']]
|-
! [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| 59911 (80.02%)
| B. M. Abdurahman
| {{legend2|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|[[Independent (politician)|Ind.]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 27113
| 45.26%
| K. P. Ballakuraya
| {{legend2|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|[[Independent (politician)|Ind.]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 18736
| 31.27%
| N. Ramanna Rai
| {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 14062
| 23.47%
| 8377
| 13.99%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3752-kerala-1970/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1970 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 45904 (78.21%)
| U. P. Kunikullaya
| {{legend2|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|[[Independent (politician)|Ind.]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 20635
| 44.95%
| H. A. Schemnad
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 20540
| 44.75%
| V. K. S. Nair
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 4729
| 10.30%
| 95
| 0.20%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3751-kerala-1967/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1967 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965]]
| 46262 (75.89%)
| E. Abdul Khader
| {{legend2|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|[[Independent (politician)|Ind.]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 21923
| 47.39%
| K. A. Shetty
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 19784
| 42.77%
| B. V. Kunhambu
| {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 2335
| 5.05%
| 2139
| 4.62%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3749-kerala-1965/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1965 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| colspan =17|[[Delimitation Commission of India|'''''Major delimitation of constituency''''']]
|-
! [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| 48809 (79.24%)
| M. Kunhikkannan Nambiar
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 19399
| 39.74%
| Anantharama Chetty
| {{legend2|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|[[Independent (politician)|Ind.]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 15747
| 32.26%
| Ambu Nair
| {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 13663
| 27.99%
| 3652
| 7.48%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3748-kerala-1960/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1960 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| 26865 (41.56%)
| Kunhikrishnan Nair Cheripady
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 10290
| 38.30%
| Narayanan Nambiar
| {{legend2|{{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}|[[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 10096
| 37.58%
| Ganspathy Kamath N.
| {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 6479
| 24.12%
| 194
| 0.72%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3746-kerala-1957/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1957 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=17 align="center" style="background-color: darkgrey;"|[[Madras State|'''''Madras State''''']]
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Kasaragod]]
* [[Kasaragod district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Kasaragod]]

Karaikudi

2026-05-04T00:23:59Z

Santosh pathak: creating a post

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karaikudi
| official_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal corporation]]
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_map_caption = Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India.
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|10.073500|N|78.773200|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = Tamil Nadu
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chettinad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1801
| named_for = [[Canthium coromandelicum|Karai]] plant
| governing_body = [[Karaikudi Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = S. Muthudurai ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 13.75
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 118
| population_total = 303,714
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population|30th]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 630001<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://pincode.hindiastar.com/TAMIL-NADU/SIVAGANGA/karaikudi-h.o
|title=Karaikudi H.O Pin Code Sivaganga, Tamil Nadu, India
|website=PinCode
|access-date=2026-02-22
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
| area_code = 04565
| area_code_type = [[Telephone Area Code|STD code]]
| registration_plate = TN-63Z
| website = {{url|tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/}}
| footnotes =
| image_karaikudi junction =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]],
[[English language|English]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=29 March 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| imagesize =
| image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | image_style = | perrow = 2/2/2
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Alagappa University Facade.jpg
| caption1 = Alagappa University
| image2 = Tamilthai temple.jpg
| caption2 = [[Tamil Thai]] Temple
| image4 = Karaikudi Valar tamil noolagam.jpg
| caption4 = Valar Tamil Noolagam
| image5= Vallal Alagappa arch Kottaiyur.jpg
| caption5 = [[Alagappa Chettiar]] Arch
| image6 = Central Electrochemical Research Institute Main block.jpg
| caption6 = [[Central Electrochemical Research Institute]]
| image7 = Commercial Street of Karaikudi at Night.jpg
| caption7 = Sekkalai Road
}}
| image_caption =
}}
'''Karaikudi''' is a city and [[List of municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu|municipal corporation]] in [[Sivaganga district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is the [[List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population|largest]] city in the district, and the centre of the [[Karaikudi Metropolitan Area]], that forms part of the [[Chettinad]] region.

Karaikudi is administered by the [[Karaikudi Municipal Corporation]], which was established in 2024. It forms part of the [[Karaikudi Assembly constituency]], which elects a member to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]], and is a part of the [[Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency]], which elects its member to the [[Lok Sabha]]. It is one of the cities selected for development under the [[Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation]] project of the [[Government of India]] in 2015.

==History==
The name Karaikudi might have been derived from the thorny plant [[Canthium coromandelicum|karai]] or the type of houses in the area built with [[limestone]] called 'karai'.<ref name="CERI">{{cite web|url=https://www.cecri.res.in/AboutUs/AboutKaraikudi.aspx|title=Karaikudi|work=[[Central Electrochemical Research Institute]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The town was established in the early 19th century, and the oldest known structure is the Koppudaiya Nayagi Amman temple. In the 20th century, the town became a trading center, which led to further development of housing and industries in the region.<ref name="Muncip">{{cite web |title= Historical Moments|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/abcity_Historical%20Moments.htm|work=[[Karaikudi Municipal Corporation]]|access-date=8 August 2013|archive-date= 5 September 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130905020633/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/abcity_Historical%20Moments.htm|url-status= dead }}</ref> During the [[Indian Independence movement]], [[Bharathiyar]] visited Karaikudi in 1919 to participate in an event,<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Malarmannan|title=Madhabhimana Sangam|magazine=Thinnai|date=17 January 2011|url=http://www.thinnai.com/index.php?module=displaystory&story_id=21101175&format=html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001635/http://www.thinnai.com/index.php?module=displaystory&story_id=21101175&format=html|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=1 June 2011}}</ref> and [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited the town in 1927.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/mahatma-gandhis-tamil-nadu-visits/article29572786.ece|title=Mahatma Gandhi's tamil nadu visits|date=2 October 2019|access-date=1 June 2020|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> After Indian independence, the town saw significant growth in the industrial sector.<ref name="Muncip"/>

==Geography==
Karaikudi is located in [[Sivagangai district]] in the [[Chettinad]] region.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5920/|title=Chettinad, Village Clusters of the Tamil Merchants|work=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="TP">{{cite report|url=https://tcp.tn.gov.in/storage/app/document/N3PkOOXvnVHxp4VFyfYprjJrUDxOW1GUy3oDZnXo.pdf|title=Karaikudi Town Planning Report 2024-25|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>{{rp|page=6}} The [[Thennar River]] flows through the southern part of the town.<ref name="CERI"/> The town has predominantly flat terrain, with rocky crystalline formations concentrated on the western side, along with [[clay]] and [[limestone]] deposits. The region has red [[laterite soil]], generally unsuitable for [[agriculture]].<ref name="Muncip"/> Other types of soil such as [[alluvial soil]] are found in certain patches.<ref name="TP"/>{{rp|page=10}} Groundwater is typically found at shallow depths of {{cvt|3–6|ft}}, and rises during the [[monsoon]]. The region has a [[tropical climate]] with hot summer with average temperature of {{cvt|37|C}}, and mild winter with average temperature of {{cvt|22|C}}.<ref name="Muncip"/> The town receives an average annual rainfall of about {{cvt|87.28|cm}}, with almost 60% of the rainfall coming from the [[northeast monsoon]].<ref name="TP"/>{{rp|page=10}}

== Demographics ==
{{bar box|title=Religions in Karaikudi (2011)<ref name="Rel"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Tamil Nadu|Hinduism]]|darkorange|83.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Tamil Muslim|Islam]]|green|11.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|4.3}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.4}}
}}
As per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Karaikudi had a population of 106,714 inhabitants with a [[sex ratio]] of 1,000 females for every 1,000 males. There were 10,619 children under the age of six, consisting of 5,405 males and 5,214 females. The child sex ratio was 965 girls per 1000 boys. The average literacy rate was 90.49% of which male and female literacy was 94.71% and 86.29% respectively. There were about 11,040 in slums which housed a population of 44,025 inhabitants. This is around 41.26% of total population of Karaikkudi city. The larger [[Karaikudi Metropolitan Area]] had a population of 181,851 as per the census.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/485-karaikkudi.html|title=Karaikkudi|work=Census 2011|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> [[Hinduism]] is the majority religion with 83.9% of the population adhering to it, followed by [[Islam]] (11.4)%, and [[Christianity]] (4.3%).<ref name="Rel">{{cite report|year=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Tamil Nadu|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11392/download/14505/DDW33C-01%20MDDS.XLS|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Administration and politics==
{| class="toccolours" style="clear:right; float:right; background:#ffffff; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width:220"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" colspan="2"|'''Elected members'''
|-
|align="center"|Mayor||S. Muthudurai ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])<ref name="Mayor"/>
|-
|align="center"|Member of Legislative Assembly||S. Mangudi ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])<ref>{{cite web|title= MLA of Karaikudi|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/constnamewise.htm|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|year= 2016|access-date=29 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|Member of Parliament||[[Karti Chidambaram]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])<ref>{{cite web|title=General Elections to Lok Sabha, 2009, name and address of the elected members of parliamentary constituencies in Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/tnmp/mptn-ls.htm|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220706/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/tnmp/mptn-ls.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref>
|}

Karaikudi was constituted as a [[List of urban local bodies in Tamil Nadu|municipality]] on 9 May 1928, and was upgraded to Second Grade in 1973, to Selection Grade on 14 December 1988, and to special grade on 28 May 2013.<ref name="TP"/>{{rp|page=4, 8}} The [[Karaikudi Municipal Corporation]] was established in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=CM Stalin announces creation of 4 new corporations in TN, total goes up to 25 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Mar/16/cm-stalin-announces-creation-of-4-new-corporations-in-tn-total-goes-up-to-25 |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=16 March 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Karaikudi set to become municipal corporation|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pudukkottai-namakkal-tiruvannamalai-and-karaikudi-set-to-become-municipal-corporations/article67954145.ece |access-date=15 March 2024| work=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 March 2024}}</ref> The city covers an area of {{cvt|13.75|km2}}.<ref name="TP"/>{{rp|page=5}} The larger Karaikudi planning area consists of the town and the nearby [[town panchayat]] of Kottaiyur and ten other revenue villages.<ref name="TP"/>{{rp|page=5}} The corporation has 36 wards, each represented by an elected councillor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/wp-content/uploads/sites/33/2022/03/WARD-1-to-WARD-36-1.pdf|title=Ward map of Karaikudi|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> It is headed by a mayor, who is elected by the councilors.<ref name="Mayor">{{cite web|url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/whos-who/chairman/|title=Chairman|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, engineering, revenue, public health, city planning and information technology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm|publisher=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> It is one of the cities selected for development under the [[Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation]] project of the [[Government of India]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tufidco.in/amrut.aspx|title=Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation|work=Tamil Nadu Urban Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tcp.tn.gov.in/amrutscheme|title=AMRUT scheme|work=Directorate of Town and Country Planning, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=20 December 2023|archive-date=20 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220210400/https://tcp.tn.gov.in/amrutscheme|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Karaikudi is a part of the [[Karaikudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Karaikudi assembly constituency]], which elects a member to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] and forms part of the [[Sivaganga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency]] that elects it member to the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm|title=List of Assembly Constituencies| year=2010|access-date=28 December 2012|work=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref> Law and order is maintained by the Sivaganga sub division of the [[Tamil Nadu Police]], which operates three police stations, and is headed by a [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|deputy superintendent]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Karaikudi Police|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/srv_police.htm|work=Karaikudi municipality|access-date=29 December 2012|year=2011|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019095343/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/srv_police.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Chettinad palace.jpg|thumb|A palatial mansion in [[Chettinad]] region]]

Karaikudi and the surrounding villages are the center of the Chettinad culture. The region consists of buildings and palatial mansions built in the unique Chettinad architecture from the 1850's to 1940s.<ref name="UNESCO"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Architectural Heritage Safeguard|url=http://www.wmf.org/project/chettinad|work=World Monuments Fund|access-date=31 July 2013}}</ref> The 'thousand window' house and the place of the Raja of Chettinad are notable examples of this architecture.<ref name="TP"/>{{rp|page=91}}<ref name="Arch">{{cite web|year=2011|title=Places of interest in Karaikudi|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/abcity_Place%20of%20interest.htm|access-date=8 August 2013|work=Karaikudi Municipality|archive-date=21 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321150826/http://www.municipality.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/abcity_Place%20of%20interest.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Chettinad cuisine]] belongs to the region.<ref name="UNESCO"/> There is a temple dedicated to [[Tamil Thai]] (Tamil Mother), which opened in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Main Places of Interest in Chettinadu|url=http://tamilnadutourism.org/Places/CitiesTowns/Chettinad2.aspx?catid=0103P03|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=24 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=பேசும் மொழிக்கு "ஒரு கோயில்"|lang=ta|trans-title=Temple for a language|url=http://www.dinamalar.com/News_Detail.asp?Id=385854&Print=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226134614/http://www.dinamalar.com/News_Detail.asp?Id=385854&Print=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 February 2014|access-date=24 November 2015|work=[[Dinamalar]]|date=14 January 2012}}</ref> There are [[mandapa]]s dedicated to poets [[Kamban]] and [[Kannadasan]].<ref name="TP"/>{{rp|page=92}}<ref name="Arch"/>

Siravayal manjuvirattu, a type of [[jallikattu]] bull taming festival is held during the annual [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] festivities at Siravayal, near Karaikudi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/all-set-for-manjuvirattu-at-siravayal/article30578303.ece|title=All set for 'manjuvirattu' at Siravayal|author=Staff Reporter|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 January 2020}}</ref> Prominent temples in the region include Koppudaiya Amman temple,<ref name="Muncip"/> [[Ariyakudi]] Thiruvenkatamudayan temple,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/ariyakudi-where-the-lord-appeared-for-his-devotee/article29909322.ece|title=Ariyakudi: where the deity appeared for His devotee|last=S.|first=Prabhu|date=7 November 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=9 November 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Karpaka Vinayakar Temple|Pillayarpatti Karpagavinayagar temple]],<ref name="Arch"/> [[Kundrakudi]] Shanmughanathar temple,<ref name="Arch"/> and Mathur Ainootreeswarar temple.<ref name="TP"/>{{rp|page=91-97}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tntemplesproject.in/2021/12/22/ainootreeswarar-mathur-sivaganga/|title=Ainootreeswarar, Mathur, Sivaganga|access-date=1 June 2022|date=22 December 2021|work=Temples Project}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Tidel Neo Park Karaikudi.jpg|thumb|[[TIDEL Park]] at Karaikudi]]

Karaikudi is the economic center of the Chettinad region.<ref name="UNESCO"/> The [[Nagarathar]] community of the region, who were involved in [[commerce]], [[banking]] and [[money lending]], led to the economic growth of the region in the second half of 19th and early 20th century.<ref name="UNESCO"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Asian Trade Routes|last=Haellquist|first=Karl Reinhold|date=21 August 2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-136-10074-1|page=150}}</ref> Heritage tourism has been developed in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web|title=Heritage Tourism waiting to be tapped|date=2 February 2006|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/heritage-tourism-waiting-to-be-tapped/article1723584.ece?ref=archive|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2019/07/26/karaikudi-a-magnificent-chettinad-town-with-glorious-history-tradition|title=Karaikudi: A magnificent Chettinad town with glorious history, tradition|date=26 July 2019|work=[[DT Next]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> [[Indian Overseas Bank]] was founded by [[M. Ct. M. Chidambaram Chettiar]] in 1937, and opened one of its first three branches in Karaikudi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Overseas Bank that had a humble beginning|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bank-that-had-a-humble-beginning-has-more-than-3000-branches/article69252067.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 February 2025|access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref> Major industries in the region include [[chemicals]], [[engineering]], [[leather]], and [[powerloom]].<ref name="TP"/>{{rp|page=103}} Agriculture is a significant contributor, with [[rice]] being the major crop, and other crops that are grown include [[millets]], [[cereals]], [[pulses]], [[sugarcane]], and [[peanut|groundnut]].<ref name="TP"/>{{rp|page=74, 103}}

Athangudi tiles are cement tiles used in the construction of palatial houses in the town and is a major handicraft industry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Legacy of Athangudi tile|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-propertyplus/legacy-of-athangudi-tiles/article3534495.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=4 August 2013}}</ref> [[Kandangi]] is a type of [[cotton]] sari woven in the Chettinad region, and is a recognised [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI).
<ref>{{cite web|title=Kandangi Saree weavers|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/tamil-nadu-to-help-weavers-of-kandangi-sarees/article4627284.ece|work=[[Business Line]]|access-date=1 June 2015|date=2 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=12 November 2019|first=Sruthi|last=Raman|title=TN's Kandangi sari gets GI tag. What does this mean for the state's handloom market?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tns-kandangi-sari-gets-gi-tag-what-does-this-mean-for-the-states-handloom-market/articleshow/71092224.cms|access-date=25 November 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Chettinad Kottan]] are [[palm leaf]] baskets woven by the women of the region, and are noted for its unique style and colors. It was granted a GI tag in 2013.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://ipindia.gov.in/registered-gls.htm|title=Geographical indications in India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203233006/https://ipindia.gov.in/registered-gls.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=GI tag for Nachiarkoil lamp and Pattamadai mat|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/gi-tag-for-nachiarkoil-brass-lamp-pattamadai-mat/article4483398.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 June 2025|date=2 August 2013}}</ref> [[Aavin]] operates a dairy and milk processing facility in Karaikudi, with a capacity of 50,000 liters per day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Unions - Tamilnadu Co-operative Milk Producers' Federation Limited|url=https://aavin.tn.gov.in/unions/-/categories/57440 |access-date=12 April 2024|work=[[Aavin]]}}</ref> In February 2026, [[TIDEL Park]], an [[Information Technology]] [[Special Economic Zone]] was established in Kalanivasal near Karaikudi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/cm-opens-agri-law-colleges-tidel-neo-park/articleshow/127827046.cms|title=CM opens agri, law colleges, Tidel Neo Park|date=1 February 2026|access-date=1 February 2026|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tidelpark.com/blog/tags/tamil-nadu.html|title=TIDEL park|work=TIDCO|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
Water supply is provided by the municipal corporation with water drawn from several borewells.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Supply Details|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/sal_watersupply.htm|publisher=Karaikudi Municipality|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|archive-date=4 September 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130904054149/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/sal_watersupply.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2011, about 45 metric tonnes of solid waste was collected by the local body.<ref>{{cite web|title=Waste management programme|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/sal_solidwastemanagement.htm|publisher=Karaikudi Municipality|access-date=1 June 2012|year=2011|archive-date=4 September 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130904054215/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/sal_solidwastemanagement.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> There was about {{cvt|46.55|km}} of storm water drains in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Storm water drains|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/sal_stromwaterdrainage.htm|publisher=Karaikudi Municipality|access-date=1 June 2012|year=2011|archive-date=4 September 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130904054217/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/sal_stromwaterdrainage.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The roads and street lights are maintained by the local body.<ref>{{cite web|title=Karaikudi street lights|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/sal_streetlight.htm|publisher=Karaikudi Municipality|year=2011|access-date=1 June 2012|archive-date=4 September 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130904054138/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/sal_streetlight.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Electricity supply to Karaikudi is regulated and distributed by the [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Important Address|url=http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf|publisher=Indian Wind Power Association|access-date=1 June 2012|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016045943/http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The local administration operates a daily market and three farmer markets.<ref>{{cite web|title=Karaikudi markets|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/sal_markets.htm|publisher=Karaikudi Municipality|year=2011|access-date=1 June 2012|archive-date=4 September 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130904054230/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/sal_markets.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> There is a government hospital and 13 private hospitals in the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hospitals in Karaikudi|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/srv_hospitals.htm|publisher=Karaikudi Municipality|access-date=1 June 2012|year=2011|archive-date=4 September 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130904054149/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/srv_hospitals.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[File:Karaikudi Junction Entry.jpg|thumb|[[Karaikudi Junction railway station|Karaikudi Junction]]]]

Karaikudi is served by the [[Karaikudi Junction railway station|Karaikudi Junction]] of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://southernrailway.gov.in/sr/passing.jsp/|title=Karaikudi Railway|work=[[Southern Railway Zone]]|access-date=25 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410144604/http://southernrailway.gov.in/sr/passing.jsp/|archive-date=10 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is located on the [[broad gauge]] line connecting [[Chennai Egmore]] and [[Rameswaram railway station|Rameswaram]].<ref name="TP"/>{{rp|page=120}}

There are two bus stands–Rajaji bus stand in the north west part of the town, and a new bus stand on the eastern side. [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] operates inter-city bus services to major towns across Tamil Nadu. Private bus operators run moffusil buses to select cities such as [[Bengaluru]], [[Chennai]], [[Coimbatore]], and [[Tiruppur]].<ref name="TP"/>{{rp|page=120}}

There is an unused [[Chettinad Airport|airstrip]], which has not been in use since the 1950s. In 2016, the [[Government of India]] unveiled plans to reopen this airfield under the [[UDAN]] scheme.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 February 2017|title=Chettinad Group ready to support efforts for mini airport|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/chettinad/article17378317.ece|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ramakrishnan|first=T.|date=22 November 2016|title=Centre identifies 13 unserved airports in TN under Udan scheme|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Centre-identifies-13-unserved-airports-in-TN-under-Udan-scheme/article16722066.ece|access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref> The nearest airports are [[Madurai Airport]] at [[Madurai]], located about {{cvt|86.6|km}} from the town, and [[Tiruchirapalli International Airport]] at [[Tiruchirapalli]], located about {{cvt|86.9|km}} away.<ref name="TP"/>{{rp|page=6}}

==Education==
{{see|List of educational institutions in Karaikudi}}

[[File:Government Law College Karaikudi Entrance.jpg|thumb|Government Law College, Karaikudi]]

Karaikudi serves as the headquarters of the Karaikudi Educational District. {{As of|2011}}, there were six government schools, six government-aided schools, and nine private schools.<ref name="Edu">{{cite web|title=Educational Institutions|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/srv_edu.htm|publisher=Karaikudi municipality|access-date=1 June 2012|year=2011|archive-date=4 September 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130904054142/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karaikudi/srv_edu.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There are three engineering colleges, six arts and science colleges, four teacher training colleges, three polytechnics, and a law college.<ref name="TP"/>{{rp|page=173}} There is a government operated Industrial Training Institute at Amaravathi near Karaikudi.<ref name="TP"/>{{rp|page=174}} The city is home to Alagappa University, and its affiliated colleges–[[Alagappa Chettiar College of Engineering and Technology]], Alagappa Government Arts College and Alagappa Polytechnic College.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://agptc.ac.in/about.php |publisher=Alagappa Polytechnic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017173739/https://agptc.ac.in/about.php |archive-date=17 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="Edu"/>

The [[Central Electrochemical Research Institute]] was established by the Government of India on 25 July 1948. It operates various research centers, and is involved in petrochemical and marine research.<ref name="TP"/>{{rp|page=173}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.municipality.tn.gov.in/karaikudi|Karaikudi's official website}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060811024857/http://www.sivaganga.tn.nic.in/ Sivaganga District Administration]

{{Sivaganga district}}

{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Chettinad}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Karaikudi| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Sivaganga district]]

Typhoon Gay

2026-05-01T16:37:29Z

Santosh pathak: Made

{{about|the 1989 storm|other uses|List of storms named Gay}}
{{short description|Pacific typhoon and North Indian cyclone in 1989}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Typhoon Gay{{break}}{{small|Kavali Cyclone of 1989}}
| image = Gay 1989-11-08 0830Z.jpg
| caption = Gay at peak intensity before making landfall on India, on 8 November
| formed = 1 November 1989
| dissipated = 10 November 1989
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 125
| pressure = 930
}}{{Infobox weather event/JMA
| winds = 90
| pressure = 960
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 140
| pressure =
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 1989
| fatalities = 902 
| missing = 134
| damage = 521000000
| areas = [[Thailand]], [[Myanmar]], [[India]]
| refs =
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[1989 Pacific typhoon season|1989 Pacific typhoon]] and{{break}}[[1989 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|North Indian Ocean cyclone]] seasons
}}
'''Typhoon Gay''', also known as the '''Kavali Cyclone of 1989''',<ref name="IMDWind"/> was a small but powerful [[tropical cyclone]] which caused more than 800 fatalities in and around the [[Gulf of Thailand]] in November 1989. The worst typhoon to affect the [[Malay Peninsula]] in thirty-five years, Gay originated from a [[monsoon trough]] over the Gulf of Thailand in early November. Owing to favorable atmospheric conditions, the storm [[rapidly intensified]], attaining winds over 120 km/h (75 mph) by 3 November.{{refn|All sustained wind speeds are based on one-minute standards unless otherwise stated.|group="nb"}} Later that day, Gay became the first typhoon since 1891 to make [[landfall]] in Thailand, striking [[Chumphon Province]] with winds of 185 km/h (115 mph). The small storm emerged into the [[Bay of Bengal]] and gradually reorganized over the following days as it approached southeastern India. On 8 November, Gay attained its peak intensity as a [[Category 5 hurricane|Category 5-equivalent]] cyclone with winds of 260 km/h (160 mph). The cyclone then moved ashore near [[Kavali]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Rapid weakening ensued inland, and Gay dissipated over [[Maharashtra]] early on 10 November.

The typhoon's rapid development took hundreds of vessels by surprise, leading to 275 offshore fatalities. Of these, 91 occurred after an oil drilling ship, the ''[[Drillship Seacrest|Seacrest]]'', capsized amid {{convert|6|–|11|m|ft|abbr=on}} swells. Across the Malay Peninsula, 588 people died from various storm-related incidents. Several towns in coastal Chumphon were destroyed. Losses throughout Thailand totaled {{ntsp|11000000000||[[Thai Baht|฿]]}} ({{ntsp|496500000||US $}}).{{refn|All damage figures in the article are in 1989 United States dollars (USD) unless otherwise stated.|group="nb"}} Striking India as a powerful cyclone, Gay damaged or destroyed about 20,000 homes in [[Andhra Pradesh]], leaving 100,000 people homeless. In that country, 69 deaths and {{ntsp|410000000||{{Indian Rupee|link=Indian Rupee}}}} ({{ntsp|25270000||US $}}) in damage were attributed to Gay.

==Meteorological history==

{{storm path|Gay 1989 path.png|colors=new}}

In early November, a [[monsoon trough]] over the [[Gulf of Thailand]] showed signs of [[tropical cyclogenesis]]. A small, concentrated area of [[Atmospheric convection|convection]] quickly developed over a [[low-pressure area]] within the trough, and on 2 November the system became sufficiently organized for the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) to issue a [[Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert]].{{refn|The [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] is a joint United States Navy{{snd}}United States Air Force task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the western Pacific Ocean and other regions.<ref>{{cite web|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|publisher=United States Navy|title=Joint Typhoon Warning Center Mission Statement|year=2011|access-date=December 25, 2011|url=https://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/menu/JTWC_mission.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726103400/https://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/menu/JTWC_mission.html|archive-date=July 26, 2007}}</ref>|group="nb"}} Owing to its small size, the system began strengthening within the narrow gulf by taking advantage of warm waters and good [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]]. Moving generally northwestward, it became a tropical depression later that day and underwent [[rapid intensification]]. As the newly named Tropical Storm Gay strengthened, it "presented a paradox to forecasters", according to [[Lieutenant]] Dianne K. Crittenden; [[Synoptic scale meteorology|synoptic data]] from [[Malaysia]] and [[Thailand]] indicated decreasing wind speeds and increasing [[barometric pressure]]s around the storm, but these observations were later interpreted as increased [[Subsidence (atmosphere)|subsidence]].<ref name="ATCR">{{cite web|author=Lt. Dianne K. Crittenden|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|publisher=United States Navy|year=1990|access-date=December 25, 2011|title=1989 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: Typhoon Gay (32W)|pages=166–172|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1989atcr.pdf|archive-date=21 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221101605/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1989atcr.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Strengthening faster than anticipated, Gay attained typhoon status early on 3 November. Later that day, the storm developed an [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] before passing over the ''Seacrest'', an oil drilling ship.<ref name="ATCR"/> On 4 November, Gay's winds increased to 185 km/h (115 mph), equivalent to a Category 3 hurricane on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale]], before making [[landfall]] in [[Chumphon Province]], [[Thailand]], at 0600 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]].<ref name="JTWCBT">{{cite web|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|publisher=United States Navy|year=1990|access-date=December 25, 2011|title=Typhoon 32W Best Track|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/1989/1989s-bwp/bwp321989.txt|format=[[.TXT]]|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208140702/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/1989/1989s-bwp/bwp321989.txt|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] assessed that the storm had ten-minute sustained winds of 140 km/h (85 mph) and a pressure of 960 [[Bar (unit)|mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]; 28.35 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]]).<ref>{{cite web|author=Japan Meteorological Agency|date=October 10, 1992|title=RSMC Best Track Data – 1980–1989|access-date=December 25, 2011|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/Besttracks/bst8089.txt|format=[[.TXT]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205202709/http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/Besttracks/bst8089.txt|archive-date=December 5, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{refn|The [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] is the official [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]] for the western Pacific Ocean.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|title=Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000|date=February 2001|access-date=December 25, 2011|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/AnnualReport/2000/Text/Text2000.pdf|page=3}}</ref>|group="nb"}} Crossing the [[Kra Isthmus]], Gay weakened to minimal typhoon status as it entered the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name="ATCR"/><ref name="JTWCBT"/> According to the [[India Meteorological Department|India Meteorological Department (IMD)]],{{refn|The [[India Meteorological Department]] is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the northern Indian Ocean.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|year=2011|access-date=December 25, 2011|title=RSMCs and TCWCs|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/RSMC-TCWC.html}}</ref>|group="nb"}} Gay was the first typhoon since 1891 to form in the Gulf of Thailand and enter the Bay of Bengal.<ref name="Andaman"/> Responding to a [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to its north, Gay maintained a west-northwestward to northwestward track for the next four days. The storm gradually restrengthened as it moved through an area of low [[wind shear]] and warm waters; however, this was limited by restrictions to the cyclone's outflow.<ref name="ATCR"/> Early on 6 November, Gay passed near the [[Andaman Islands]] as a [[Category 2 hurricane|Category 2-equivalent]] cyclone.<ref name="JTWCBT"/>
[[File:Gay Nov 4 1989 0038Z.png|right|thumb|Gay at its initial peak intensity on 3 November, hours before making landfall in the [[Malay Peninsula]]]]

After changing little in intensity for much of 6 November, Gay strengthened as the ridge to its north intensified and the previous restrictions to its outflow diminished. The storm moved due west through a small [[Wind fetch|fetch]] of warmer waters, fueling the process of intensification over the next 42 hours. Based on estimates provided through the use of the [[Dvorak technique]], the JTWC assessed Gay to have attained its peak intensity as a [[Category 5 hurricane|Category 5-equivalent]] cyclone with winds of 260 km/h (160 mph) early on 8 November.<ref name="ATCR"/><ref name="JTWCBT"/> Around this time, the IMD estimated that the storm had three-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph), classifying Gay as a modern-day [[super cyclonic storm]].<ref name="IMDWind">{{cite journal|author1=G.S. Mandal|author2=Akhilesh Gupta|name-list-style=amp|publisher=Indian Meteorological Society|journal=Advances in Tropical Meteorology|year=1996|location=New Delhi, India|title=The Wind Structure, Size and Damage Potential of Some Recent Cyclone of Hurricane Intensity in the North Indian Ocean|page=421|issue=50}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery|date=September 2011|access-date=December 17, 2011|title=Cyclones, storm surges, floods, landslides|page=9|url=https://www.gfdrr.org/gfdrr/sites/gfdrr.org/files/1_Introduction.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426055441/https://www.gfdrr.org/gfdrr/sites/gfdrr.org/files/1_Introduction.pdf|archive-date=April 26, 2012}}</ref> Additionally, the agency estimated the cyclone's central pressure to have decreased to 930 mbar (hPa; 27.46 inHg).<ref name="AMS2003">{{cite journal|author1=S. Raghavan|author2=S. Rajesh|name-list-style=amp|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|date=May 2003|title=Trends in Tropical Cyclone Impact: A Study in Andhra Pradesh, India|doi=10.1175/BAMS-84-5-635|volume=85|issue=5|pages=635–644|bibcode=2003BAMS...84..635R|doi-access=free}}</ref> Around 1800 UTC, Gay made landfall over a sparsely populated area near [[Kavali]], India, in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Upon coming ashore, the storm's eye was about 20 km (12 mi) wide, with gale-force winds within 95 km (60 mi) of the center.<ref name="ATCR"/><ref>{{cite journal|author1=A. Muthuchami|author2=P. Chanavanthan|name-list-style=amp|journal=Predicting Mathematical Events|year=2005|title=The Relation between Size of the Storm and the Size of the Eye|location=New Delhi, India|page=104}}</ref> Now over land, Gay no longer had access to warm waters, causing it to weaken to a tropical storm less than twelve hours after this landfall.<ref name="ATCR"/> The storm continued to deteriorate while moving across India, before it completely dissipated over [[Maharashtra]] on 10 November.<ref name="JTWCBT"/>

==Impact and aftermath==
===Gulf of Thailand===

The most powerful storm to affect the [[Gulf of Thailand]] in more than thirty-five years, Gay produced {{convert|6|–|11|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[Swell (ocean)|swells]] which caught many ships in the region off-guard.<ref name="GoTTC">{{cite journal|author=Suphat Vongvisessomjai|journal=Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology|title=Tropical cyclone disasters in the Gulf of Thailand|date=February 2009|access-date=December 14, 2011|page=213|url=http://www.thaiscience.info/Article%20for%20ThaiScience/Article/6/Ts-6%20tropical%20cyclone%20disasters%20in%20the%20gulf%20of%20thailand.pdf|location=[[Bangkok, Thailand]]|volume=31|issue=2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425143800/http://www.thaiscience.info/Article%20for%20ThaiScience/Article/6/Ts-6%20tropical%20cyclone%20disasters%20in%20the%20gulf%20of%20thailand.pdf|archive-date=April 25, 2012}}</ref> At least 16 vessels were reported missing by 5 November, including the {{convert|106|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[Unocal Corporation]] oil drilling ship ''[[Drillship Seacrest|Seacrest]]''.<ref name="TSH1"/> According to survivors, the vessel received no warning of the developing typhoon.<ref name="OGJ1"/> Just when all crew members were about to abandon ship, the eye passed over. Winds fluctuated violently and changed direction, preventing the ship from remaining stabilized despite being within safe operating limits. The vessel abruptly capsized with all 97 crew members on board during the overnight hours of 3 November, before any lifeboats could be deployed.<ref name="TSH1"/><ref name="OGJ1"/> Initial rescue attempts on 4 November were hampered by rough seas.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=November 5, 1989|title=Divers Search Ship|page=A39}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Two days after the sinking, four rescue ships and two helicopters in the region were searching for survivors;<ref name="TSH1">{{cite news|newspaper=The Sun Herald|location=[[Sydney, Australia]]|date=November 5, 1989|title=Aussies Lost As Oil Ship Capsizes|page=5}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> four people were rescued from the wreckage on 6 November. Divers from the Thai Navy were sent to search the capsized vessel for anyone trapped inside.<ref>{{cite news|author=Thomas Perry|work=The Globe and Mail|location=Canada|date=November 6, 1989|title=4 Survivors Rescued From Capsized Oil Ship In Gulf Of Thailand}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Of the crew, only six survived; 25 bodies were recovered, and the remaining 66 members were presumed dead.<ref name="OGJ1">{{cite news|work=Oil & Gas Journal|date=November 20, 1989|title=Unocal may scuttle Seacrest; only six survive|page=43}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Independent|location=London|date=November 6, 1989|title=250 feared killed by Typhoon Gay|page=10}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Losses from the sinking of the ''Seacrest'' totaled $40 million.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Neale Prior|author2=Malcolm Brown|name-list-style=amp|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|location=Sydney, Australia|date=November 6, 1989|title=Hope Fades for Missing Drillers|page=6}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Another 20 cargo and fishing ships sank during the storm, resulting in 140 fatalities.<ref name="OtherOffshore">{{cite news|author=Neil Kelly|newspaper=The Times|location=London, England|date=November 6, 1989|title=Typhoon in Thailand claims 250 victims}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref>

===Thailand===

{| class="toccolours" style="text-align:center;font-size:88%;float:right; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; width:20em;"
|+ <big>'''Effects in Thailand<ref name="DisasterReport">{{cite report|author=Vipa Rungdilokroajn|publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua|date=February 1990|access-date=December 16, 2011|title=Natural Disasters in Thailand|location=Bangkok, Thailand|url=http://desastres.unanleon.edu.ni/pdf2/2006/abril/parte2/pdf/eng/doc5692/doc5692-contenido.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426052009/http://desastres.unanleon.edu.ni/pdf2/2006/abril/parte2/pdf/eng/doc5692/doc5692-contenido.pdf|archive-date=April 26, 2012}}</ref>'''</big>
|- style="padding: 0; margin: 0"
|colspan="6" style="padding: 0; margin: 0"|
{|class="collapsible" style="margin: 0 auto; width:100%"
! colspan="4" style="background:lavender"|Casualties and damage
|- style="font-size:80%;background:lavender"
!Province
!Deaths
!Missing
!Damage
|-
|align="left"|[[Chumphon Province|Chumphon]]
| style="text-align:center;"|446
| style="text-align:center;"|0
| style="text-align:center;"|$439,736,924
|-
|align="left"|[[Prachuap Khiri Khan Province|Prachuap Khiri Khan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|19
| style="text-align:center;"|84
| style="text-align:center;"|$7,810,000
|-
|align="left"|[[Ranong Province|Ranong]]
| style="text-align:center;"|21
| style="text-align:center;"|0
| style="text-align:center;"|$3,550,000
|-
|align="left"|[[Pattani Province|Pattani]]
| style="text-align:center;"|2
| style="text-align:center;"|0
| style="text-align:center;"|N/A
|-
|align="left"|[[Surat Thani Province|Surat Thani]]
| style="text-align:center;"|66
| style="text-align:center;"|0
| style="text-align:center;"|$2,778,250
|-
|align="left"|[[Rayong Province|Rayong]]
| style="text-align:center;"|3
| style="text-align:center;"|50
| style="text-align:center;"|$1,259,023
|-
|align="left"|[[Phetchaburi Province|Phetchaburi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| style="text-align:center;"|0
| style="text-align:center;"|$879
|-
|align="left"|[[Trat Province|Trat]]
| style="text-align:center;"|0
| style="text-align:center;"|0
| style="text-align:center;"|$63,008
|-
|align="left"|Offshore
| style="text-align:center;"|184
| style="text-align:center;"|0
| style="text-align:center;"|$1,210,938
|-
|align="left"|''Seacrest''
| style="text-align:center;"|91
| style="text-align:center;"|0
| style="text-align:center;"|$40,000,000
|-
|align="left"|'''Total'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''833'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''134'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''$496,511,534'''
|- style="padding: 0; margin: 0"
|colspan="6" style="padding: 0; margin: 0"|
|}
|}

[[File:Chumphon typhoon damage 1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Downed trees and damaged buildings in Chumphon Province]]

Striking Thailand with unprecedented strength, Typhoon Gay caused catastrophic damage across many of its provinces.<ref name="GoTTC"/> Areas between Chumphon and Rayong provinces were severely affected by heavy rains, high winds and large swells.<ref name="HM1">{{cite news|agency=Reuters|work=Hobart Mercury|date=November 8, 1989|title=Captain stayed to fight storm}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Rainfall amounts peaked at Chumphon, where {{convert|7.64|in|mm}} fell during the cyclone's passage.{{Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima}} Widespread disruption of communication and electricity occurred in most areas south of [[Bangkok]]; many households remained without power for weeks.<ref name="ReliefWeb">{{cite web|work=United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=November 21, 1989|access-date=December 14, 2011|title=Thailand Typhoon Gay Nov 1989 UNDRO Information Report 1–4|url=http://reliefweb.int/node/34537}}</ref> Damaging winds uprooted numerous trees and power poles and toppled wooden houses built on stilts.<ref name="HM2"/> Exacerbated by [[deforestation]],<ref name="DisasterReport"/> [[flash flood]]ing triggered by the storm damaged or destroyed thousands of homes and caused at least 365 fatalities.<ref name="SH1112"/> Several towns and villages across Chumphon province were devastated, and one of the destroyed villages "looked like it had been bombed" according to the ''[[Bangkok Post]]''.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald|date=November 6, 1989|title=Typhoon Brings Mayhem|page=14|location=Bangkok, Thailand}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Entire districts were reportedly "flattened" in Chumphon and Prachuap Khiri Khan provinces.<ref name="HM2">{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|newspaper=Hobart Mercury|date=November 7, 1989|title=Frantic hunt for victims of Thai typhoon|location=Bangkok, Thailand}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> The typhoon destroyed many schools across Chumphon and Surat Thani provinces, many of which were constructed of wood. All structures close to the storm's path had their windows and doors blown out, and some multi-story buildings lost their upper floors. A few schools constructed from reinforced concrete sustained little damage.<ref name="1996rpt">{{cite web|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|year=1996|access-date=April 2, 2012|title=Multi-Purpose Buildings for Disaster Situations in Thailand|url=http://apfeiu.unescoapceiu.org/pdf/rud_05.pdf|author=Kriangsak Charanyanond|archive-date=21 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021140859/http://apfeiu.unescoapceiu.org/pdf/rud_05.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> More than a thousand roads and 194 bridges were damaged or washed away.<ref name="DisasterReport"/> At the height of the floods, over {{convert|250,000|ha|acre|abbr=off}} of land were underwater.<ref name="RemoteSensing"/> Onshore, 558 fatalities were attributed to the storm, and another 44 died just offshore.<ref name="DisasterReport"/> Throughout Thailand, approximately 47,000 homes were damaged or destroyed, and more than 200,000 people were affected, of which about 153,000 were left homeless.<ref name="DisasterReport"/><ref name="RemoteSensing">{{cite web|author=Manu Omakupt|publisher=International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing|date=August 1992|access-date=December 16, 2011|title=Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Renewable Resources Damaged by Typhoon 'Gay': Chumphon Province|url=http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXIX/congress/part7/744_XXIX-part7.pdf|location=Thailand}}</ref> Monetary losses reached 11 billion baht (US$456.5 million), ranking Gay as one of the costliest disasters in the country's history.<ref name="ADRC">{{cite web|publisher=Asian Disaster Reduction Center|year=1998|access-date=December 15, 2011|title=Thailand Country Report|url=http://www.adrc.asia/countryreport/THA/THAeng98/index.html}}</ref>

Within a week of the storm's passage, the Government of Thailand began distributing relief goods to residents throughout the affected provinces.<ref name="ReliefWeb"/> Despite the effort by the government, 2,500 people from Pa Thiew and [[Tha Sae District|Tha Sae]] demonstrated for additional and more intensive aid on 9 November. These protests were soon dispersed.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|newspaper=Hobart Mercury|date=November 9, 1989|title=Rage of typhoon victims|location=Bangkok, Thailand}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Following considerable criticism for downplaying the impact of the typhoon, [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] [[Chatichai Choonhavan]] delayed his visit to the United States to oversee relief efforts.<ref name="SH1112">{{cite news|work=The Sun Herald|date=November 12, 1989|title=360 Die in Flash Floods; Thailand|page=9|location=Sydney, Australia}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> By 15 November, the United States pledged to donate US$25,000 for recovery operations. Telephone connection was restored from Bangkok to [[Prachuap Khiri Khan]] by this time; however, areas further south remained disconnected. Generators were brought in to keep hospitals and government offices running since much of Chumphon Province remained without electricity for more than two weeks. As the scale of damage became more apparent, a request for international aid was made on 17 November to the United Nations Disaster Relief Organization. Upon the announcement of the request, six countries pledged to provide nearly US$510,000 in funds collectively.<ref name="DisasterReport"/><ref name="ReliefWeb"/> Agriculture across Surat Thani Province was severely affected by the typhoon in the long-term as well. In the four years following Typhoon Gay, land use for orchards, rubber, and oil palm plantations decreased from 33.32 percent to 30.53 percent. Additionally, rice paddy coverage decreased from 22.96 percent to 13.03 percent.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Absornsuda Siripong|author2=Wish Siripong|author3=Takashige Sugimoto|name-list-style=amp|publisher=Chulalongkorn University Faculty of Science, Department of Marine Science|year=1997|access-date=April 2, 2012|title=Landuse changes at Surat Thani, Southern Thailand from 1973 to 1993|url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search/display.do?f=2002/TH/TH02005.xml;TH2000003360}}</ref>

Following post-storm surveys, it was determined that most of the severely damaged schools had been built improperly{{snd}}building codes in Thailand mandate that structures withstand up to 120 kgf/m2 of pressure from winds. In the years following the typhoon, studies determined how best to rebuild: reinforced concrete structures that can last fifty years.<ref name="1996rpt"/>

===India===

After crossing the Malay Peninsula, Gay moved through the [[Andaman Islands]] on 6 November. As a precautionary measure, all air and sea traffic were suspended to the region. Winds in excess of 120 km/h (75 mph) battered [[North Andaman Island]], causing two structures to collapse.<ref name="Andaman">{{cite news|agency=Xinhua General News Service|date=November 6, 1989|title=Cyclone Hits India's Andaman Islands|location=New Delhi, India}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> A few days before the cyclone made landfall, officials in [[Andhra Pradesh]] began evacuating roughly 50,000 residents along the coast and stockpiled relief goods. Some people were forced to leave vulnerable locations in the [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]] and [[Srikakulam district]]s.<ref>{{cite news|agency=United Press International|newspaper=The Vindicator|date=November 9, 1989|access-date=December 17, 2011|title=Typhoon's toll: some 200 dead, 20,000 homeless|page=36|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2ixKAAAAIBAJ&dq=nellore%20prakasam%20cyclone&pg=2884%2C4648398}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=United Press International|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|location=Bangkok, Thailand|date=November 9, 1989|access-date=December 15, 2011|title=Typhoon Threatens Crowded Coast of India|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-11-09-mn-1447-story.html}}</ref> Local meteorologists warned that the storm was comparable to a [[1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone|cyclone in 1977]] that killed more than ten thousand.<ref>{{cite news|author=Paul Wedel|agency=United Press International|date=November 8, 1989|title=Typhoon Gay heads toward India|location=Bangkok, Thailand}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Striking the southern coast of Andhra Pradesh, Gay produced wind gusts estimated at 230 km/h (145 mph).<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London, England|date=November 14, 1989|title=Weather World: India hit by 200mph winds}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Along the coast, a [[storm surge]] of {{convert|3.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} inundated areas up to {{convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}} inland, washing away numerous structures.<ref name="AMS2003"/><ref>{{cite web|author=A. D. Rao|publisher=Centre for Atmospheric Sciences|date=November 2006|access-date=December 17, 2011|title=On recent developments in storm surge inundation modelling|url=http://nidm.gov.in/idmc2/PDF/Presentations/Cyclone/Pres2.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512121159/http://nidm.gov.in/idmc2/PDF/Presentations/Cyclone/Pres2.pdf|archive-date=May 12, 2013}}</ref> About {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} outside of [[Kavali]], a {{convert|91|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall, [[Radio masts and towers#Steel lattice|steel lattice]] [[Microwave transmission|microwave tower]] collapsed after experiencing winds estimated at 142 km/h (88 mph).<ref>{{cite journal|author=A. Abraham|author2=P. Harikrishna|author3=S. Gomathinayagam|author4=N. Lakshmanan|journal=Journal of Structural Engineering|date=September 2005|title=Failure investigation of microwave towers during cyclones – A case study|volume=32|issue=3|pages=147–157}}</ref> Transportation and communication across the region was disrupted and 20,000 homes were damaged or destroyed, leaving at least 100,000 people homeless.<ref>{{cite web|agency=Reuters|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|location=Los Angeles, California|date=November 11, 1989|access-date=December 15, 2011|title=Typhoon Death Toll Rises; 500 Missing Off Thailand Coast|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-11-11-mn-1002-story.html}}</ref> Nearly every structure in Annagaripalem were severely damaged or destroyed.<ref name="CourtCase"/> Offshore, 25 fishermen drowned near [[Machilipatnam]] after ignoring warnings to return to port.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=November 9, 1989|title=Cyclone Kills 25|location=New Delhi, India}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Throughout Andhra Pradesh, 69 fatalities and {{ntsp|410000000||{{Indian Rupee}}}} ({{ntsp|25270000||US$}}) worth of damage was attributed to Gay.<ref name="AMS2003"/><ref>{{cite web|publisher=India Meteorological Department|year=1999|access-date=December 17, 2011|title=Historical records of Severe Cyclones which formed in the Bay of Bengal and made landfall at the eastern coast of India during the period from 1970–1999|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/static/cyclone-history-bb.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925101914/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/static/cyclone-history-bb.htm|archive-date=September 25, 2014}}</ref> In the months after the storm, concrete shelters were built to house displaced persons.<ref name="CourtCase">{{cite web|publisher=Orders of Joint Collector|date=December 12, 2009|access-date=December 17, 2011|title=Case No.E5/3311/2009|url=http://nellore.ap.nic.in/jccourt/Assignment/E5_3311_2009.doc|format=.DOC|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423115820/http://nellore.ap.nic.in/jccourt/Assignment/E5_3311_2009.doc|archive-date=April 23, 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones|Thailand}}
* [[List of the most intense tropical cyclones#North Indian Ocean|List of the most intense tropical cyclones in the North Indian Ocean basin]]
* [[Tropical Storm Harriet]] (1962) – deadliest tropical cyclone to impact Thailand
* [[Cyclone Forrest]] (1992)
* [[Typhoon Durian]] (2006)
* [[Tropical Depressions Wilma and BOB 05]] (2013)
* [[Tropical Storm Podul (2013)]]
* [[Cyclone Senyar]] (2025) – the third-deadliest tropical cyclone to ever affect Thailand
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Typhoon Gay (1989)}}
* [http://www.jma.go.jp/en/typh/ Japan Meteorological Agency]
* [http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/ Joint Typhoon Warning Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809201922/http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/ |date=9 August 2015 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150517005046/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cyclone.htm India Meteorological Department]

{{1989 Pacific typhoon season buttons}}
{{Super Cyclonic Storms}}
{{featured article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gay (1989)}}
[[Category:1989 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
[[Category:1989 Pacific typhoon season]]
[[Category:Super cyclonic storms]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]
[[Category:Typhoons in Thailand]]
[[Category:Malay Peninsula]]
[[Category:1980s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Disasters in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1989 in Asia]]
[[Category:1989 in Thailand]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Myanmar]]
[[Category:1989 disasters in Malaysia]]
[[Category:1989 in Malaysia]]
[[Category:1989 disasters in India]]
[[Category:1989 disasters in Thailand]]

Barkat Virani 'Befam'

2026-05-01T04:22:25Z

Santosh pathak: adding first pg and citations

{{Infobox writer 
| name = Barkat Virani
| image = Shunya Palanpuri Barbad Junagadhi Barkat Virani And Musafir Palanpuri.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = [[Goregaon]], 1981
| pseudonym = Befam
| birth_name = Barkat Ali Ghulam Hussain Virani
| birth_date = {{birth date|1923|11|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[:gu:ઘાંઘળી (તા. સિહોર)|Ghanghali]], near [[Sihor]], [[Bhavnagar]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1994|1|2|1923|11|25|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]]
| resting_place =
| occupation = Poet, Novelist, Short story writer
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = [[Ghazal]], [[Novel]], [[Short story]]
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = * ''Ghata'' (1970)
* ''Pyas'' (1980)
| spouse = Ruqaiyya ( 1952 - 1994), his death
| children =
| relatives = [[Harji Lavji Damani|Shayda]] (father in law)
| awards =
| signature = Barkat Virani Autograph.jpg
| years_active =
| website =
}}

'''Barkat Ali Ghulam Hussain Virani''' (25 November 1923 – 2 January 1994), popularly known by his pen name '''Befām''', was an Indian [[Gujarati-language]] poet, novelist, short story writer and playwright. He is known for his [[ghazal]]s<ref name="Datta1988">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1390|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|page=1390}}</ref><ref name="Kendra2007">{{cite book|author=Smt. Hiralaxmi Navanitbhai Shah Dhanya Gurjari Kendra|title=Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4oMAQAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Gujarat Vishvakosh Trust|page=392}}</ref>

==Life==
Barkat Ali was born on 25 November 1923 in [[:gu:ઘાંઘળી (તા. સિહોર)|Ghanghali]] village near [[Sihor]] in [[Bhavnagar district]]. He was interested in literature since age of fourteen when he wrote his first ghazal.<ref name=a>{{cite book|title=Poet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-1HAAAAMAAJ|year=1974|publisher=K. Srinivas|page=128}}</ref> He completed his primary and secondary education from [[Bhavnagar]]. He was taught poetry by Qismat Qureshi. He left [[matriculation]] to participate in 1942 [[Quit India Movement]]. He moved to [[Mumbai]] in 1945 on suggestion of Shayda. He met [[Mareez]] there and was later employed at [[All India Radio|Aakashvani radio]]. He married Ruqaiyya, the elder daughter of [[Shayda]], in 1952. He died on 2 January 1994 in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="સુરેશ 2006">{{cite web | author=સુરેશ | title=બેફામ, Befam | website=ગુજરાતી પ્રતિભા પરિચય | date=25 November 2006 | url=https://sureshbjani.wordpress.com/2006/11/25/befaam/ | language=gu | access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

He was associated with [[Gujarati cinema]]. He appeared in Gujarati film ''[[Mangalfera]]'' (1949) and wrote lyrics of several film songs; ''[[Divadandi]]'' (1950), ''Akhand Saubhagyavati'' (1963), ''Kulvadhu'' (1997), ''Jalam Sang Jadeja'', ''Snehbandhan''.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1994-IA877|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7|pages=317, 1994–}}</ref><ref name="Majmudar1965">{{cite book|author=Manjulal Ranchhodlal Majmudar|title=Cultural History of Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjpXAAAAMAAJ|year=1965|publisher=Popular Prakashan|page=96}}</ref><ref name="ff">{{cite book|title=Indian Films|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jF4JAQAAIAAJ|year=1974|publisher=B. V. Dharap|page=271}}</ref><ref name="DeshGujaratn2011">{{cite web | author=DeshGujarat | title=Veteran Gujarati singer/musician Shri Dilip Dholakia passes away | website=DeshGujarat | date=2 January 2011 | url=http://DeshGujarat.Com/2011/01/02/veteran-gujarati-singermusician-shri-dilip-dholakia-passes-away/ | access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Abhyaskram 2006">{{cite web | title=બરકત વિરાણી 'બેફામ' 2 જાન્યુઆરી | website=Abhyaskram | date=25 November 2006 | url=http://abhyaskram.blogspot.in/2012/01/2.html | language=gu | access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

==Works==
He published [[Ghazal]] poetry collections; ''Mansar'' (1960), ''Ghata'' (1970), ''Pyas'' (1980), ''Parab''.<ref name="JhaveriAkademi1978">{{cite book|author=Mansukhlal Maganlal Jhaveri|author-link=Mansukhlal Maganlal Jhaveri|title=History of Gujarati Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DA0RAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|page=211}}</ref> He has also written short stories, stage plays, radio plays and film songs.<ref name=a/><ref name="સુરેશ 2006"/> His several songs are popular across Gujarat such as "''Nayanne Bandh Rakhine''", "''Thay Sarkhamni To Utarata Chhie''", "''Milan na Deepak Sahu Buzai Gaya Chhe''".<ref name="DeshGujaratn2011"/> ''Aag Ane Ajawala'' (1956) and ''Jivta Soor'' are two of his Short story collections while ''Rangsugand'' parts 1-2 (1966) is a novel by him.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title = Virani Barkat Ali Ghulam Hussain |encyclopedia = Gujarati Sahitya Kosh (Encyclopedia of Gujarati Literature)|year = 1990|publisher = Gujarati Sahitya Parishad|location = Ahmedabad |page =545 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Virani, Barkat}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:People from Bhavnagar district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Kapil Kapilan

2026-04-26T20:26:16Z

Santosh pathak: creating stub

{{Short description|Indian playback singer and actor (born 1992)}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| image = Kapil Kapilan Singer.jpg
| name = Kapil Kapilan
| birth_place = [[Kottarakkara]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Playback Singer]]|[[Arranger]]|[[Composer]]|[[Musician]]}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[Filmi]]|[[Indian pop]]|[[Carnatic music]]}}
| years_active = 2017 – present
| label = {{hlist| [[Sony Music]] | [[Think Music]] | [[Saregama]] | [[Eros Music|Eros]] | [[Divo (record label)|Divo]] | [[Zee Music Company|Zee]] | [[Lahari Music|Lahari]] | [[U1 Records]] | [[Wunderbar Films|Wunderbar]] | [[Aditya Music|Aditya]] | [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] |}}
}}

'''Kapil Kapilan''' is an Indian singer who works in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam cinema. His breakthrough song came with "Adiye" from the Tamil film ''[[Bachelor (2021 film)|Bachelor]]''.<ref name="H1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/singer-kapil-kapilan-hit-track-in-bachelor-and-songs-in-malayalam/article65490652.ece|title=Music is what I do 24x7 and I want it to be like that, says singer Kapil Kapilan|first=Athira|last=M|date=June 3, 2022|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603110335/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/singer-kapil-kapilan-hit-track-in-bachelor-and-songs-in-malayalam/article65490652.ece|archive-date=3 June 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Early life==
Kapilan or Kapil Nair born into a Malayali family in [[Kottarakkara]], Kerala. He studied at [[Mar Ivanios College]] before moving to [[Chennai]] to pursue a career in music.<ref name="H1"/>

==Career==
Kapilan began his career in 2017 in three languages with "Champesaave Nannu" from the Telugu film ''[[Nenu Local]]''; "Baduke Neenentha Nataka" from the Kannada film ''[[Happy New Year (2017 film)|Happy New Year]]''; and "Usiredukkum Kootam" from the Tamil film ''[[Maragadha Naanayam]]''.<ref name="H1"/>

Kapilan's career took a new turn with "Adiye", from the Tamil film ''[[Bachelor (2021 film)|Bachelor]]'' (2021),<ref name="H1"/> for which he won the [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards#Music|SIIMA Award for Best Playback Singer – Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web | date=13 September 2022| title = SIIMA 2022 winners list | url = https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/siima-awards-2022-check-the-complete-list-of-winners/}}</ref> He also won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer]] for the song "Kanave" from the unreleased Malayalam film ''Pallotty 90s Kids''.<ref name="N">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/Nov/02/kapil-unpluggedkerala-state-award-winning-playback-singergets-candid-about-his-journey-2629104.html|title=Kapil Unplugged: Kerala State Award-winning playback singer gets candid about his journey|first=Vignesh|last=Madhu|date=November 2, 2023|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=March 10, 2024|archive-date=March 10, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310201457/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/Nov/02/kapil-unpluggedkerala-state-award-winning-playback-singergets-candid-about-his-journey-2629104.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="H2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/in-conversation-with-singer-kapil-kapilan/article67664850.ece|title=Singer Kapil Kapilan is on a musical high with hit songs in multiple languages|first=Athira|last=M|date=December 27, 2023|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227065256/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/in-conversation-with-singer-kapil-kapilan/article67664850.ece|archive-date=27 December 2023}}</ref>

==Discography as vocalist==
=== Tamil film songs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
|-
|2017
|''[[Maragadha Naanayam]]''
| "Usiredukkum Kootam"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
|
|-
|2018
| ''[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]''
| "Kanne En Kannazhage"
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Kolaigaran]]''
|"Idhamaai Unplugged" (Credited as "Kapil Nair")
|[[Simon K. King]]
|Janani S.V
|-
|2020
| ''[[Utraan]]''
| "Yaarivano" (Credited as "Kapil Nair")
|[[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
|Sanjana Kalmanje
|-
|2021
| ''[[Bachelor (2021 film)|Bachelor]]''
| "Adiye"
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|[[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
|
|-
|rowspan="9"| 2022
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''[[Kombu Vatcha Singamda]]''
| "Thamizh Sondhamae"
|
|-
|"Chinna Raasa"
|
|-
| ''[[The Ghost (2022 film)|Ratchan]]'' (D)
| "Vegam"
| Bharatt-Saurabh
| [[Ramya Behara]]
|-
| ''[[Sita Ramam]]'' (D)
| "Piriyadhey"
| [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
| [[Chinmayi Sripada]]
|-
| ''[[Selfie (2022 film)|Selfie]]''
| "Yen Monam"
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|
|-
| ''[[Nadhi]]''
| "Theera Nadhi"
| [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
| [[Srinisha Jayaseelan]]
|-
| ''[[Trigger (2022 film)|Trigger]]''
| "Scooby Doobaa"
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Ghibran]]
|
|-
|''[[Dejavu (2022 film)|Dejavu]]''
| "En Mel Vizhundha Mazhaiye"
|
|-
|''Madhil Mel Kaadhal''
|"Mudhala"
|[[Nivas K Prasanna]]
|Darini Hariharan
|-
|rowspan="20"| 2023
|''[[Run Baby Run (2023 film)|Run Baby Run]]''
| "Aval Oru Varam"
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Sam C. S.]]
|
|-
| ''[[Thugs (film)|Thugs]]''
| "Ey Azhagiye"
| [[Chinmayi Sripaada]]
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''[[Ripupbury]]''
| "Kutty Poona"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Diwacara Thiyagarajan
|
|-
|"Thangameeney"
|
|-
|''[[Custody (2023 film)|Custody]]''
|"Timeless Love"
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|-
| ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]'' (D)
| "Nadhiye Oo Nadhiye (Title Track)"
| [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
|
|-
| ''[[Bumper (film)|Bumper]]''
| "Kudi Kudi Thoothukudi Kudi"
| [[Govind Vasantha]]
| Govind Vasantha
|-
|''[[Toby (film)|Toby]]'' (D)
| "Viralinai"
| [[Midhun Mukundan]]
|
|-
| ''[[Adiyae]]''
| "Kaadhale"
| [[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|
|-
| ''[[Rangoli (2023 film)|Rangoli]]''
| "Sathya Life (Reprise)"
| Sundaramurthy KS
|
|-
|''[[Virupaksha (film)|Virupaksha]]'' (D)
|"Nila Nila Nerupil"
|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|Harshika Devanathan
|-
|''[[King of Kotha]]'' (D)
|"Neere"
|[[Shaan Rahman]]
|
|-
| ''[[Tamil Kudimagan]]''
| "Sikkikitendi"
| [[Sam C. S.]]
| Pooja Venkat
|-
|''[[Paayum Oli Nee Yenakku]]''
|"Hey Papa"
|[[Mahati Swara Sagar|Sagar]]
|
|-
| ''[[Chithha]]''
| "Theera Swasame"
| [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
|
|-
| ''[[The Road (2023 film)|The Road]]''
| "Nagaraatha Nodiyodu"
| [[Sam C. S.]]
|
|-
|''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side B|Ezhu Kadal Thaandi - Side B]]'' (D)
| "Usure"
| [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
|
|-
|''[[Parking (2023 film)|Parking]]''
| "Chella Kalliye"
| [[Sam C. S.]]
|
|-
|''[[Fight Club (2023 film)|Fight Club]]''
|"Yaarum Kaanadha"
|[[Govind Vasantha]]
|Keerthana Vaidyanadhan
|-
|''Vinveli Devathai''
|"Kadhal Fantasy"
|Shameshan Mani Maran
|
|-
| rowspan="26"| 2024
|''[[Lover (2024 film)|Lover]]''
| "Velagaadha"
| [[Sean Roldan]]
| Aparna Harikumar
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''[[Premalu]]'' (D)
| "Mini Maharani"
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Vishnu Vijay]]
|Vagu Mazan
|-
|"Welcome To Hyderabad"
|[[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
|-
|''[[Ooru Peru Bhairavakona|Bhairavakottai]]'' (D)
|"Azhahey"
|[[Shekar Chandra]]
|
|-
|''[[Byri]]''
|"Naa Parkum Parvai"
|Arun Raj
|
|-
| ''[[Por (film)|Por]]''
| "Nanpagal Neram"
| Dhruv Visvanath
|
|-
|''[[Guardian (2024 film)|Guardian]]''
|"Mayakitta Mayakitta"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Sam C. S.]]
|[[Srinisha Jayaseelan]]
|-
|''[[Idi Minnal Kadhal]]''
| "Siragaatchi Poove"
| Priyanka NK
|-
|''[[The Akaali]]''
| "Por Sellum Maanida"
| Anish Mohan
|
|-
| ''[[Romeo (2024 film)|Romeo]]''
| "Sidu Sidu"
| Barath Dhanasekar
|
|-
|''[[Tharunam]]''
|"Enai Neengathe Nee"
|[[Darbuka Siva]]
|Pavithra Chari
|-
|''VIJAY LL.B''
|"Thevathaiye Nee (Memories Rewind)"
|Balasubramanian G
|
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''[[Election (2024 film)|Election]]''
|"Theera"
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Govind Vasantha]]
|
|-
|"Netrai Naalai"
|
|-
|''[[Weapon (film)|Weapon]]''
|"Naanaga Naanum Illai"
|[[Ghibran]]
|
|-
|''[[Rathnam (film)|Rathnam]]''
| "Uyire En Uyire"
| [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| [[Ranina Reddy]]
|-
|''[[Vaazhai]]''
|"Otha Satti Soru"
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|Aditya Ravindran
|-
|''[[Cicada (2024 film)|Cicada]]'' (D)
|"Thoongum Podhu" (Edm Revisited)
|Sreejith Edavana
|Aparna Rajeev
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''[[ARM (film)|ARM]]'' (D)
|"Kiliye"
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
|Anila Rajeev
|-
|"Bhairavan Pattu"
| Adithya K. N., Sreya K. A., Greeshma K. A., Vismaya K., Arya Madhusoodhanan, Mydhili N. P., Adarsh P. A.
|-
|''[[Dopamine @ 2.22]]''
|"Vaan Meghame"
|Alan Shoji
|
|-
|''[[Black (2024 film)|Black]]''
|"En Chella Kedi"
|[[Sam C. S.]]
|[[Ranina Reddy]]
|-
|''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]''
|"Vennilavu Saaral"
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|[[Rakshita Suresh]]
|-
|''[[Nirangal Moondru]]''
|"Megham Pol Aagi"
|[[Jakes Bejoy]]
|
|-
|''[[C4 Cinta]]''
|"Kaathaliye"
|Shameshan Mani Maran
|
|-
|''[[Miss You (film)|Miss You]]''
|"Orange Baby"
|[[Ghibran]]
|
|-
| rowspan="17" |2025
|''[[Madraskaaran]]''
|"Thai Thakka Kalyanam"
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Sam C. S.]]
|Aparna
|-
|''[[Blackmail (2025 film)|Blackmail]]''
|"Chillana Sirukki"
|
|-
|''Messenger''
|"Vaaname Illa"
| M. Abubakkar
|
|-
|''Kadhale Kadhale''
|"Kadhale Kadhale"
|[[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
|
|-
|''[[Retro (film)|Retro]]''
|"Kannadi Poove" (Backing Vocals)
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''[[Ace (film)|Ace]]''
|"Urugudhu Urugudhu"
|[[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|"Paarvai Thani"
|[[Sam C. S.]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''[[Manidhargal]]''
|"Mee Vizhi"
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Anilesh L Mathew
|
|-
|"Yaar Pizhai"
|
|-
|''[[Akkenam]]''
|"Vaazhkai Porattame"
|Barath Veeraraghavan
|
|-
|''[[Usurae]]''
|"Usurae Usurae"
|Kiran Joze
|
|-
|''Rekkai Mulaithen''
|"Dhoori Dhoori"
|Theeson
|
|-
|''[[Indra (2025 film)|Indra]]''
|"Oorum"
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Ajmal Tahseen
|-
|''[[Firefly (2025 film)|Firefly]]'' (D)
|"In The Night"
|[[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
|
|-
|''Peter'' (D)
|"Azhage Azhage"
|Ritviik Muralidhar
|Sangeetha Srikanth
|-
|''Yellow''
|"Kanmaniyae"
|Cliffy Chris
|
|-
|''Middle Class''
|"Jilloma"
|Pranav Muniraj
|
|-
|rowspan="15"|2026
|''Niram''
|"Noodhana"
|[[D. Imman]]
|Sreenisha Jayaseelan
|-
|''Pulse''
|"Saaikaathey"
|Abishek Ar
|
|-
|''The Rise of Ashoka'' (D)
|"Yeno Yeno"
|[[Poornachandra Tejaswi (composer)|Poornachandar Tejaswi]]
|M.D.Pallavi
|-
|''Jockey''
|"Thennattu Siruki"
|Sakthi Balaji
|
|-
|''[[Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil]]''
|"Rosave"
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Vishnu Vijay]]
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''[[Couple Friendly]]''
|"Kanaa Kai Serum"
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Aditya Ravindran
|
|-
|"Nee Naan"
|
|-
|''Oh Butterfly!''
|"Pogaadhe"
|Vaisakh Somanath
|
|-
|''Mental Manadhil''
|"Uyire Uyire"
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|
|-
|''Kaalidas 2''
|"Minmini Penne"
|[[Sam C. S.]]
|
|-
|''Nooru Saami''
|"Maaya Kanavo"
|Balaji Sriram
|
|-
|''Leader''
|"Nenjam"
|rowspan="2"|[[Ghibran]]
|[[Shweta Mohan]]
|-
|''Biker'' (D)
|"Ennachcho"
|
|-
|''Mr.X''
|"Haiyodi"
|rowspan="2"|[[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
|
|-
|''Irandu Vaanam''
|"Vellichudare"
|
|-
|}

=== Tamil non-film songs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Non-Film/Album
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
|-
|2019
|''Music Video Song''
|"En Aruge Va"
|Fazilius
|[[Srinisha Jayaseelan]]
|-
|2021
|''The Astral'' (Album)
|"Nilavathu Theigindra"
|Kiran S Shankar
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022
|''Album Song''
|"Adi Po Di"
|Nawin Yuvaraj
|
|-
|''1 Min Music Song''
|"I am Happy"
|[[Ghibran]]
|
|-
|rowspan="8"|2023
|rowspan="3"|''[[Sweet Kaaram Coffee]]'' (Series)
|"Minmini"
|rowspan="3"|[[Govind Vasantha]]
|
|-
|"Theeravanam"
|
|-
|"Thirunaal"
|Aditya Rao, Keerthana Vaidyanathan
|-
|''[[Label (TV series)|Label]]'' (Web Series)
|"Tappu Tappunu"
|[[Sam C. S]]
|
|-
|''Turkish March'' (Short Film)
|"Reengaari"
|JC Joe
|
|-
|''Music Album Song''
|"Aasayil Kadhale"
|Ajesh Ashok
|[[Shashaa Tirupati]]
|-
|''Music Video Song''
|"Kadhal Ratchasi"
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|R. Sanjay
|-
|''Music Album Song''
|"Uyiril Paaygiraay"
|Akhil Issac
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|2024
|''Coke Studio Tamil 2024 Song''
|"Kalyana Kacheri"
|[[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|[[Sithara Krishnakumar]]
|-
|''Music Video Song''
|"Medhuvaay Medhuvaay"
|Rajeesh K Chandu
|
|-
|''Music Video Song''
|"Vennira Iravugal"
|Deepan Chakravarthy
|
|-
|''Music Video Song''
|"Theera Kadhalin"
|Alan Shoji
|
|-
|''Album Video Song''
|"Mudiya Kadhal"
|Ashlay J C
|
|-
|rowspan="8"|2025
|''[[Suzhal: The Vortex|Suzhal: The Vortex- Season 2]]'' (Television Series)
|"Aalangatti Mazhai"
|[[Sam C. S]]
|
|-
|''Music Video Song''
|"Kaadhalaagiren"
|Jubair Muhammed
|[[Sithara Krishnakumar]]
|-
|''Album Video Song''
|"My Love Album Song"
|Kranthi Acharya
|Adithya Thadepalli, Harshitha Rachitha
|-
|''Oh God Beautiful (Album)''
|"Mute Love Story"
|JC Joe
|
|-
|''Indie Music Video Song''
|"Ennai Katti Kondaaye"
|Nijil Dhinakar
|Vaish
|-
|''Indie Music Album Song''
|"Eva"
|Pranaay
|
|-
|''Indie Music Album Song''
|"Uyire"
|Vaishakh Jyothis
|Sradha Prasannan
|-
|''Music Album Song''
|"Vizhudhile"
|Naren Reddy
|
|-
|2026
|''Music Video Song''
|"Ennuyire"
|[[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
|Sinduri Vishal
|-
|}

=== Telugu film songs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
|-
|rowspan="4"|2017
|''[[Nenu Local]]''
| "Champesaave Nannu"
|rowspan="2"|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|Sameera Bharadwaj
|-
|''[[Rarandoi Veduka Chudham]]''
|"Nee Vente Nenunte" (Credited as "Kapil")
|[[Shweta Mohan]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Maragadha Naanayam|Marakatha Mani]]'' (D)
|"Black Sheepu" (Credited as "Kapil")
|rowspan="2"|[[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
|[[Arunraja Kamaraj]]
|-
|"Katthi Sarada" (Credited as "Kapil")
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Next Enti?]]''
|"Na Nuve Na" (Credited as "Kapil Nair")
|[[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]
|[[Shashaa Tirupati]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
|''[[Annabelle Sethupathi]]'' (D)
| "Sakhiye"
|Krishna Kishor
|Vidhya Gopal
|-
| ''[[Rang De]]''
| "Emito Idhi"
|rowspan="2"|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| Haripriya
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2022
| ''[[Rowdy Boys]]''
| "Vesane O Nicchena"
| Sameera Bharadwaj
|-
| ''[[Sita Ramam]]''
| "Oh Prema"
| [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
| [[Chinmayi Sripaada]]
|-
|''[[Sebastian P.C. 524]]''
| "My World My Heli"
| [[Ghibran]]
|
|-
| ''[[The Ghost (2022 film)|The Ghost]]''
| "Vegam"
| Bharatt-Saurabh
| [[Ramya Behara]]
|-
|''Nuvve Naa Pranam''
| "Sandadi Vacheney" (Credited as "Kapil Nair")
| Mani Zenna
|
|-
|''Anaganaga Oka Adavi''
| "O Prema" (Credited as "Kapil Nair")
| Madhu Hegde
|
|-
|rowspan="11"| 2023
|''[[Kalyanam Kamaneeyam (film)|Kalyanam Kamaneeyam]]''
| "Ho Egire"
| Shravan Bharadwaj
|
|-
|''[[Dhoomam (2023 film)|Dhoomam]]''
| "Theerani Dhaahame"
| [[Poornachandra Tejaswi]]
|
|-
| ''[[Vinaro Bhagyamu Vishnu Katha]]''
| "Oh Bangaram"
| [[Chaitan Bharadwaj]]
|
|-
|''[[Custody (2023 film)|Custody]]''
|"Timeless Love"
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|-
|''[[Hidimbha]]''
|"Maya Maya"
|rowspan="2"|Vikas Badisa
|
|-
|''Madhave Madhusudana''
|"Inkedo Inkedo"
|Haripriya
|-
|''[[Nenu Student Sir]]''
|"Maaye Maaye"
|[[Mahati Swara Sagar]]
|
|-
|''[[Mama Mascheendra]]''
| "Gaalullona"
| [[Chaitan Bharadwaj]]
|Nutana Mohan
|-
|''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A|Sapta Sagaralu Dhaati - Side A]]'' (D)
| "Sapta Sagaralu Dhaati - Side A Title Track"
| [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
|
|-
|''[[Toby (film)|Toby]]'' (D)
| "Chethine"
| [[Midhun Mukundan]]
|
|-
|''[[Mad (film)|Mad]]''
| "Nuvvu Navvukuntu"
| [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
|
|-
| rowspan="18" | 2024
| ''[[Eagle (2024 film)|Eagle]]''
| "Gallanthe"
| Davzand
| Lynn
|-
|''[[Rathnam (2024 film)|Rathnam]]'' (D)
| "Praanam Naa Praanam"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|Ranina Reddy
|-
|''[[Om Bheem Bush]]''
| "The Wedding Song"
| [[Sunny M.R.]]
|
|-
|''[[Sriranga Neethulu]]''
| "Oohallo Oohalla"
| Ajay Arasada
|
|-
|''[[Yatra 2]]''
| "Prajasankalpa Yatra"
| [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|
|-
|''[[Maruthi Nagar Subramanyam]]''
| "Vana Megham Kaka"
|Kalyan Nayak
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[ARM (film)|ARM]]'' (D)
|"Chilake"
|rowspan="2"|[[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
|Anila Rajeev
|-
|"Bhairavan Pattu"
| Adithya K. N., Sreya K. A., Greeshma K. A., Vismaya K., Arya Madhusoodhanan, Mydhili N. P., Adarsh P. A.
|-
|''[[Darling (2024 film)|Darling]]''
|"Raahi Re"
|[[Vivek Sagar]]
|
|-
|''[[Alanaati Ramchandrudu]]''
|"Seethamma"
|Sashank Tirupathi
|Pranati, Shahbaz Khan
|-
|''[[Shivam Bhaje]]''
|"Pilla Intha Late"
|Vikas Badisa
|
|-
|[[KA (film)|''KA'']]
|"World of Vasudev"
|[[Sam C. S.]]
|
|-
|''Prema Geema Thassaadhiyya''
|"Nuvu Premava"
|Kiran Nairuth
|
|-
|''[[Dopamine @ 2.22]]'' (D)
|"Aakaasame"
|Alan Shoji
|
|-
|''[[Bhale Unnade]]''
|"Set Avuthundhaa"
|[[Shekar Chandra]]
|
|-
|''[[Roti Kapda Romance]]''
|"Arere Arere"
|RR Dhruvan
|
|-
|''[[Weapon (film)|Weapon]]'' (D)
|"Neninka Nenu Kaanu"
|[[Ghibran]]
|
|-
|''Lopaliki Ra Chepta''
|"Lady Kalla Pilla"
|Davzand
|
|-
| rowspan="13" |2025
|''[[Artiste (film)|Artiste]]''
|"Chusthu Chusthu"
|Suresh Bobbili
|
|-
|''[[Retro (film)|Retro]]'' (D)
|"Kannullona"
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|
|-
|''[[14 Days Girlfriend Intlo]]''
|"Manase"
|rowspan="2"|Mark K Robin
|[[Ramya Behara]]
|-
|''[[23 Iravai Moodu|23 (Iravai Moodu)]]''
|"Cherasala"
|[[Chinmayi Sripada]]
|-
|''Mr.X'' (D)
|"Haiyayyo"
|[[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
|
|-
|''MissTerious''
|"Aanandame"
|M L Raja
|Sameera Bharadwaj
|-
|''[[Firefly (2025 film)|Firefly]]'' (D)
|"In The Night"
|[[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
|
|-
|''[[Arjun Chakravarthy]]''
|"Megham Varshinchada"
|Vignesh Baskaran
|Meera Prakash, Sujith Sreedhar
|-
|''[[K-Ramp]]''
|"Kalale Kalale"
|Chaitan Bharadwaj
|
|-
|[[The Girlfriend (2025 film)|''The Girlfriend'']]
|"Laayi Le"
|colspan="2"| [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
|-
|''[[12A Railway Colony]]''
|"Gunde Gudilo"
|[[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
|
|-
|''Peter'' (D)
|"Sundari Sundari"
|Ritviik Muralidhar
|Sangeetha Srikanth
|-
|''[[Love OTP]]''
|"Doora Doora"
|Anand Rajavikram
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2026
|''[[Bhartha Mahasayulaku Wignyapthi]]''
|"Addham Mundhu"
|[[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Couple Friendly]]''
|"Naa Praanam"
|rowspan="2"|Aditya Ravindran
|
|-
|"Naato Raa Ila"
|
|-
|''[[Nawab Cafe]]''
|"Sakhire"
|[[Prashanth R Vihari]]
|
|-
|''Biker''
|"Emaindo"
|[[Ghibran]]
|Aditi Bhavaraju
|-
|''Jockey'' (D)
|"Singari Chillaka"
|Sakthi Balaji
|
|-
|}

=== Telugu non-film songs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Non-Film/Album
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
|-
|2023
|''Music Video Song''
|"Manasaa"
|CNU Beats
|Sireesha Bhagavatula
|-
|2024
|''Music Video Song''
|"Nachadhe"
|Bharatt-Saurabh
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|''Music Video Song''
|"My Love Album Song"
|Kranthi Acharya
|Adithya Thadepalli, Harshitha Rachitha
|-
|''Music Video Album Song''
|"Jagamule"
|Naren Reddy
|
|-
|}

=== Kannada film songs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
|-
|2017
|''[[Happy New Year (2017 film)|Happy New Year]]''
| "Baduke Neenentha Nataka" (Credited as "Kapil Nair")
| [[Raghu Dixit]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2018
|rowspan="2"|''Kattu Kathe''
|"Give Me A Sutta" (Credited as "Kapil Nair")
|rowspan="2"|Vikram Subramanya
|Vikram Subramanya, Natana Prasanth
|-
|"Nee Kanasa" (Credited as "Kapil Nair")
|
|-
|2019
| ''Bhootha Kaala''
| "Parishuddha Hridayadali" (Credited as "Kapil Nair")
| Pramod Surya
|[[Anuradha Bhat]]
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2023
|''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]''
| "Sapta Saagaradaache Ello Title Track"
| [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
|
|-
| ''[[Toby (film)|Toby]]''
| "Beralanu"
| [[Midhun Mukundan]]
|
|-
| ''[[Bad Manners (2023 film)|Bad Manners]]''
| "Oga Oga"
| Narayan Sharma
|
|-
|''Ondolle Love Story''
|"Neenu Yaaro"
|Akash SN Jadhav
|
|-
|rowspan="6"| 2024
|rowspan="2"|''[[ARM (film)|ARM]]'' (D)
|"Giniye"
|rowspan="2"|[[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
|Anila Rajeev
|-
|"Bhairavan Pattu"
| Adithya K. N., Sreya K. A., Greeshma K. A., Vismaya K., Arya Madhusoodhanan, Mydhili N. P., Adarsh P. A.
|-
|''[[Laughing Buddha (film)|Laughing Buddha]]''
|"Entha Chendane"
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Vishnu Vijay]]
|-
|''[[Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali]]''
| "Oh Anahita"
|rowspan="2"|Gagan Baderiya
|
|-
|''[[Kerebete]]''
| "Bhuvana Hudukadidhe"
|
|-
|''[[Rudra Garuda Purana]]''
| "Kann Munde Bandu"
| Priyanka Kumar
|[[Shweta Mohan]]
|-
|rowspan="9"|2025
|''[[Rakshasa (2025 film)|Rakshasa]]''
|"Oh Nanna Jeevave"
|[[Varun Unni]]
|
|-
|''[[Firefly (2025 film)|Firefly]]''
|"In The Night"
|[[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
|
|-
|''Peter''
|"Sundari Sundari"
|Ritviik Muralidhar
|Sunidhi Ganesh
|-
|''Bengaluru Inn''
|"Baanaache Ello"
|Asif A Kader, Aravind Murali
|[[Anuradha Bhat]]
|-
|''[[Devil (2025 film)|Devil]]''
|"Onde Onde Sala"
|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|[[Chinmayi Sripada]]
|-
|''[[Vrusshabha]]'' (D)
|"Chinna Chinna"
|[[Sam C. S.]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|''Maarnami''
|"Ye Maaraya"
|rowspan="2"|[[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
|[[Mangli]]
|-
|"Kaarmoda Karagi"
|Sinduri Vishal
|-
|''[[Love OTP]]''
|"Gotheyagallila"
|Anand Rajavikram
|
|-
|rowspan="6"|2026
|rowspan="2"|''[[Theertharoopa Thandeyavarige]]''
|"Nanade Jagadalli"
|rowspan="2"|Joe Costa
|
|-
|"Kaledu Hodavaru"
|
|-
|''Mango Pachcha''
|"Araginiye"
|[[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
|Saanvi Sudeep
|-
|''Graamaayana''
|"Benki"
|[[Poornachandra Tejaswi (composer)|Poornachandra Tejaswi SV]]
|Airaa Udupi
|-
|''Sukhibhavaa''
|"Kattethu Nodadha"
|Subam
|
|-
|''[[Peter (2026 film)|Peter]]''
|"Sundari Sundari"
|Rithvik Muralidhar
|Sunidhi Ganesh
|}

=== Kannada non-film songs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film/Album
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
|-
|2025
|''Music Album Song''
|"Gudugidhu"
|Naren Reddy
|
|-
|2026
|''Bhoomi 2025''
|"Kushi"
|[[Salim–Sulaiman]]
|
|-
|}

=== Malayalam film songs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
|-
|2016
|''Chennai Koottam''
| "Maattu Pongalo" (Credited as "Kapil Nair")
| Sajan K Ram
|Omar Hasan, Sinov Raj
|-
| rowspan="8"| 2022
| ''[[Bheeshma Parvam]]''
| "Aakasham Pole"
| [[Sushin Shyam]]
| Hamsika Iyer
|-
| ''[[Night Drive (film)|Night Drive]]''
| "Paathi Paathi Parayathe"
| [[Ranjin Raj]]
| [[Nithya Mammen]]
|-
|''Tha Thavalayude Tha''
|"Mizhiyilaaranu"
|Nikhil Rajan
|[[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]]
|-
|''[[Sita Ramam]]'' (D)
| "Thirike Vaa"
| [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
| [[Anne Amie]]
|-
| ''[[Kaapa]]''
| "Yamam Veendum Vinnile"
| [[Dawn Vincent]]
|
|-
| ''[[James (2022 film)|James]]'' (D)
| "Salaam Soldier" (Credited as "Kapil Nair")
| [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
|
|-
|''[[Pathrosinte Padappukal]]''
| "Theeyanu"
| [[Jakes Bejoy]]
|
|-
|''Naalaam Mura''
|"Disha Ariyathe"
| Kailas
|
|-
|rowspan="15"| 2023
|''[[Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham]]''
| "Insha Allah"
| [[Govind Vasantha]]
|
|-
|''[[Dhoomam (2023 film)|Dhoomam]]''
| "Theeye Dhaahamo"
| [[Poornachandra Tejaswi]]
|
|-
| ''[[Anuragam (2023 film)|Anuragam]]''
| "Anuraga Sundhari"
| Joel Johns
|
|-
| ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]'' (D)
| "Sakhiye Oo Sakhiye (Title Track)"
| [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
|
|-
|''[[King of Kotha]]'' (BGM Song)
|"Rathinakkallu (Reprise)"
|[[Jakes Bejoy]]
|
|-
|''[[Christy (2023 film)|Christy]]''
| "Paalmanam"
| [[Govind Vasantha]]
|Keerthana Vaidyanathan
|-
|''[[Virupaksha (film)|Virupaksha]]'' (D)
|"Manassine Mayakkiyirukannil"
|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|Merin Gregory
|-
|''[[RDX: Robert Dony Xavier]]''
| "Neela Nilave"
|rowspan="3"|[[Sam C. S.]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Bandra (film)|Bandra]]''
| "Vaarmeghame"
| [[Shweta Mohan]]
|-
|"Praanan Pol"
|
|-
|''[[Maharani (2023 film)|Maharani]]''
| "Chathayadina Paatu"
| [[Govind Vasantha]]
|
|-
|''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side B]]'' (D)
| "Uyire"
| [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
|
|-
|''[[Phoenix (2023 film)|Phoenix]]''
|"Ennile Punchiri"
| [[Sam C. S.]]
| [[K.S.Chithra]]
|-
|''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' (D)
| "Pennaale"
| JAM8
|
|-
|''[[Queen Elizabeth (2023 film)|Queen Elizabeth]]''
| "Nee Polum Ariyathe"
| [[Ranjin Raj]]
|
|-
|rowspan="18" | 2024
| rowspan="2"|''[[Premalu]]''
|"Mini Maharani"
| rowspan="2"|[[Vishnu Vijay]]
| Vagu Mazan
|-
|"Welcome To Hyderabad"
|[[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
|-
|''[[Jai Ganesh (film)|Jai Ganesh]]''
|"Aarambhamaay"
|Sankar Sharma
|
|-
|''Chithini''
|"Njanum Neeyum"
|[[Ranjin Raj]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Sanah Moidutty]]
|-
|''[[Little Hearts (2024 film)|Little Hearts]]''
|"Edan Poove"
|rowspan="2"|[[Kailas Menon]]
|-
|''[[Hunt (2024 film)|Hunt]]''
|"Vidaparayathenthe"
|
|-
|''Jananam 1947 Pranayam Thudarunnu''
|"Theerame Thaarage"
|[[Govind Vasantha]]
|
|-
|''[[ARM (film)|ARM]]''
|"Bhairavan Pattu" (Traditional Song From Malaya Community)
|[[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
|Adithya KN, Sreya KA, Greeshma KA, VismayaK, Arya Madhusoodhanan, Mydhili NP, Adarsh PA
|-
|''[[Pavi Caretaker]]''
|"Pirakilaro"
|Midhun Mukundan
|
|-
|''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]'' (D)
|"Vennilaavin Chaaral Nee"
|G.V. Prakash Kumar
|Sruthy Sivadas
|-
|''[[Nadanna Sambhavam]]''
|"Marunna Kaalam"
|Ankit Menon
|Anumita Nadesan
|-
|''[[Pallotty 90's Kids]]''
|"Kanave"
|Manikandan Ayyappa
|
|-
|''1 Princess Street''
|"Melle Melle"
|Prince George
|rowspan="2" |[[Nithya Mammen]]
|-
|''[[Kadha Innuvare]]''
|"Minnum Tharangal"
|Ashwin Aryan
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Parakramam (2024 Malayalam film)|Parakramam]]''
|"Kanmaniye"
|rowspan="2"|Anoop Nirichan
|
|-
|"Saaga Saptha"
|Athira Janakan, Christakala, Jasim Jamal
|-
|''[[Thanupp]]''
|"Mamboo Manamithaa"
|Bibin Ashok
|Sreenantha Sreekumar
|-
|''[[Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam]]''
|"Kaalam Thelinju"
|[[M. Jayachandran]]
|Nikhil Raj, Jaswinder Singh Sangha
|-
|rowspan="16"|2025
|''[[Dominic and the Ladies' Purse]]''
|"Margazhi - On Steroids"
|[[Darbuka Siva]]
|Keerthana Vaidyanathan
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Get-Set Baby]]''
|"Maname Aalolam"
|rowspan="2"|[[Sam C. S.]]
|[[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
|-
|"Athishayam"
|
|-
|''[[Rekhachithram]]''
|"Chiriye"
|[[Mujeeb Majeed]]
|
|-
|''[[Ennu Swantham Punyalan]]''
|"Kinavin Vari"
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Sam C. S.]]
|-
|''[[Lovely (2025 film)|Lovely]]''
|"Bubble Poomottukal"
|[[Vishnu Vijay]]
|
|-
|''United Kingdom Of Kerala''
|"Resamale"
|Rajesh Murugesan
|Fazzy, Rajesh Murugesan
|-
|''[[Sarkeet]]''
|"Hope Song"
|[[Govind Vasantha]]
|
|-
|''[[Azadi (2025 film)|Azadi]]''
|"Hassare Hassare"
|[[Varun Unni]]
|
|-
|''Dwayam''
|"Cherukiliyude Vaanam"
|Satheesh Ramachandran
|
|-
|''[[Sumathi Valavu]]''
|"Ottanokku"
|Ranjin Raj
|
|-
|''[[Firefly (2025 film)|Firefly]]'' (D)
|"In The Night"
|[[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
|
|-
|''[[Sahasam (2025 film)|Sahasam]]''
|"Nagaramo"
|Bibin Ashok
|Bhadra Rajin
|-
|''Ithiri Neram''
|"Madhuramoorunna"
|Basil C J
|
|-
|''Peter'' (D)
|"Sundari Sundari"
|Ritviik Muralidhar
|Sangeetha Srikanth
|-
|''[[Vrusshabha]]''
|"Penne Penne"
|[[Sam C. S.]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2026
|''Patriot''
|"Kaattu Thottappol"
|[[Sushin Shyam]]
|iSai
|-
|''Oru Durooha Saahacharyathil''
|"Njan Alkali"
|Dawn Vincent
|Neha Nair
|-
|}

=== Malayalam non-film songs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Non-Film/Album
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017
|''Christian Devotional Song''
|"Ennullam Sakrariyai"
|David George
|
|-
|''Mounam Ragamayi''
|"Peyyunnu Mazha" (Credited as "Kapil Nair")
|Emil Carlton, Soorya Shyam Gopal
|
|-
|2023
|''Album Song''
|"KOKO"
|Arun Muraleedharan
|Anila Rajeev, Krithika S, Samanvitha Prashanth, Arun Muraleedharan
|-
|2025
|''Music Album Song''
|"Pranayame"
|Naren Reddy
|
|-
|}

=== Hindi film songs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
|-
|2022
|''[[James (2022 film)|James]]'' (D)
|"Salaam Soldier" (Credited as "Kapil Nair")
|rowspan="2"|[[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]'' (D)
| "Saatho Saagar (Title Track)"
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2024
| ''[[Eagle (2024 film)|Eagle]]'' (D)
| "Jeena Hai Jeena Hai"
| Davzand
| Pavani Vasa
|-
|rowspan="2"| ''[[Ajayante Randam Moshanam]]'' (D)
| "Tu Hai"
|rowspan="2"| [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
| Anila Rajeev
|-
| "Bhairavan Pattu"
| Adithya K. N., Sreya K. A., Greeshma K. A., Vismaya K., Arya Madhusoodhanan, Mydhili N. P., Adarsh P. A.
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|''[[Retro (film)|Retro]]'' (D)
|"Gull Ainaa" (Backing Vocals)
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|Hriday Gattani
|-
|''[[Firefly (2025 film)|Firefly]]'' (D)
|"In The Night"
|[[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
|
|-
|}

=== Hindi non-film songs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
|-
|2025
|''Indie Music Album Song''
|"O Saaware"
|Pranaay
|
|-
|}

=== Marathi film songs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
|-
|2025
| ''Khavvis''
| "Berangi"
| Yogi - Nikhil
| [[Ananya Bhat]]
|-
|}

==Awards and achievements==
[[File:Kerala state award, kapil kapilan.jpg|thumb|53rd Kerala State Film Awards for Best Playback Singer ( Male)]]
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" ! style="background:#fcf3bd; width:3000px; text-align:center;"|<big>[[Awards & Achievements]]</big>
|-
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film/Other
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
| [[Mirchi Music Awards South]]
| upcoming male vocalist of the year
| [[Bachelor (2021 film)|''Bachelor'']] (Adiye)
|-
| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]] (SIIMA)
| Best Playback Singer (Male)
| [[Bachelor (2021 film)|''Bachelor'']] (Adiye)
|-
| [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| Best male playback singer
| [[Bachelor (2021 film)|''Bachelor'']] (Adiye)
|-
| [[53rd Kerala State Film Awards]]
| Best Playback Singer ( Male)
| [[Pallotty 90's Kids]] (Kanave)
|-
| J C Daniel Foundation Film Award
| Best Playback Singer
| [[Pallotty 90's Kids]] (Kanave)
|-
| rowspan="6" |2023
| [[69th Filmfare Awards South]]
| Best Playback Singer (Malayalam)
| [[RDX: Robert Dony Xavier]] (Neela Nilave)
|-
| [[69th Filmfare Awards South]]
| Best Playback Singer (Kannada)
| [[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]] ( Title Track)
|-
| Mazhavil music awards
| Best male singer
| [[RDX: Robert Dony Xavier]] (Neela Nilave)
|-
| Prajavani Cini Samman
| Best Playback Singer
| [[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]] ( Title Track)
|-
| Kalabhavan Mani memorial Award
| Best Playback Singer
| [[RDX: Robert Dony Xavier]] (Neela Nilave)
|-
| [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]] (IIFA)
| Best Playback Singer
| [[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]] ( Title Track)
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapilan, Kapil}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]

Kandivli East Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:28:31Z

Santosh pathak: creating new data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kandivli East
| constituency_no = 160
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 160-Kandivli East.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North]]
| district = [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Atul Bhatkhalkar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| incumbent_image = Atulji.jpg
| alliance =
| electors = 286,932
}}

'''Kandivli East Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies in [[Maharashtra]] state in western India.

==Overview==
Kandivli East constituency is one of the 26 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in the [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=5 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

Kandivli East is part of the [[Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Borivali Assembly constituency|Borivali]], [[Magathane Assembly constituency|Magathane]], [[Dahisar Assembly constituency|Dahisar]], [[Charkop Assembly constituency|Charkop]] and [[Malad West Assembly constituency|Malad West]] in the [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref name=ceo/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|colspan=4|{{center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Thakur Ramesh Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Atul Bhatkhalkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kandivli East<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kandivli East">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kandivli East |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13160.htm |access-date=27 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227052306/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13160.htm |archive-date=27 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Atul Bhatkhalkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 114,203 |percentage = 73.40% |change={{increase}}8.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kalu Budhelia |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,610 |percentage = 19.67% |change={{decrease}}5.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahesh Farkase |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 7,876 |percentage = 5.06% |change={{decrease}}2.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,162 |percentage = 1.39% |change={{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vikas Siddharth Shirsat |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,717 |percentage = 1.10% |change={{decrease}}0.80 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 83,593 |percentage = 53.73% |change= {{increase}}14.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 157,751 |percentage = 54.98% |change= {{increase}}5.00 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 155,589}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 286,932|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.85 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kandivli East<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Atul Bhatkhalkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 85,152 |percentage = 64.55% |change={{increase}}14.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Ajanta Rajpati Yadav |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 32,798 |percentage = 24.86% |change={{increase}}3.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hemantkumar Tulshiram Kamble |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 10,132 |percentage = 7.68% |change={{decrease}}1.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,780 |percentage = 2.11% |change={{increase}}1.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rahul Manikrao Jadhav |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,514 |percentage = 1.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 52,354 |percentage = 39.69% |change= {{increase}}11.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 134,707 |percentage = 49.98% |change= {{decrease}}3.31 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 131,907}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 269,510|ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}14.83 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kandivli East<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Atul Bhatkhalkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 72,427 |percentage = 49.73% |change={{increase}}16.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thakur Ramesh Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 31,239 |percentage = 21.45% |change={{decrease}}21.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amol Gajanan Kirtikar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 23,385 |percentage = 16.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Akhilesh Mayashankar Chaubey |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 13,208 |percentage = 9.07% |change={{decrease}}11.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shrikant R. Mishra |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 3,189 |percentage = 2.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,492 |percentage = 1.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 41,188 |percentage = 28.28% |change= {{increase}}18.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 147,171 |percentage = 53.85% |change= {{increase}}7.40 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 145,645}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 273,300|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.37 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kandivli East<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Thakur Ramesh Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 50,138 |percentage = 42.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jaiprakash Thakur |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 38,832 |percentage = 33.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Vinod Tukaram |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 24,091 |percentage = 20.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bansode Ravi Bhikaji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 950 |percentage = 0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,306 |percentage = 9.68% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 116,830 |percentage = 45.90% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 116,826}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 254,551|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kandivli]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai Suburban district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.203|72.875|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Mamukkoya

2026-04-18T16:53:01Z

Santosh pathak:

{{distinguish|text = [[Mammootty]], also called by his fans as Mammookka}}
{{Short description|Indian comedian and actor (1946–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mamukkoya
| native_name = മാമുക്കോയ
| image = Mamukoya1.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1946|07|05}}
| birth_place = [[Calicut]], [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present day [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|04|26|1946|07|05|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India
| othername = Mamukka
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian}}
| years_active = 1979{{endash}}2023
| spouse = Suhara
| children = 4
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''Mamukkoya''' (5 July 1946 – 26 April 2023) was an Indian actor known for his work predominately in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://malayalam.webdunia.com/entertainment/film/profile/0707/07/1070707070_1.htm|title=മാമുക്കോയക്ക് പിറന്നാള്‍}}</ref> He mostly appeared in comedic roles. His unique usage of [[Mappila dialect of Malayalam|Kozhikode dialect]] and style marked his presence in the industry. In a career spanning over four decades, Mamukkoya acted in more than 450 [[Malayalam film]]s and was the first winner of the [[Kerala state film award|State award]] for best comedian in Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gafoor Ka Dosth|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/gafoor-ka-dosth/article4367109.ece|access-date=15 August 2015|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Mamukkoya was born to Chalikandiyil Muhammed and Imbachi Ayisha on 5 July 1946 in [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/203720 |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714200745/http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/203720 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He had an elder brother Koyakutty. He had his primary education from MM High School, Calicut.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinidiary.com/people.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=1&no_of_displayed_rows=31&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter= |title=CINIDIARY – A Complete Online Malayalam Cinema News Portal |website=cinidiary.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518174404/http://cinidiary.com/people.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=1&no_of_displayed_rows=31&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter= |archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> Mamukkoya began working at a timber yard in [[Kallayi]] after completing his education at Pallikandi Elementary School, Kuttichira Higher Secondary School, and Kozhikode MM School. He participated in theatrical productions when he was in school. Later, he began performing in a number of amateur plays. He would perform in plays at night and work in the timber yard during the day.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhish |first=Navamy |date=26 April 2023 |title=Mamukkoya obit {{!}} An actor who could single-handedly elevate the entertainment quotient |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mamukkoya-obit-an-actor-who-could-single-handedly-elevate-the-entertainment-quotient/article66781356.ece |access-date=26 April 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mamukkoya started his career as a theatre actor. He got his chance in the film industry through ''[[Anyarude Bhoomi]]'' (1979). His second entry to Malayalam cinema was through S. Konnanatt's ''[[Surumaitta Kannukal]]''. He was recommended by [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]] for the role in the movie. After this film, he was introduced to [[Sathyan Anthikad|Sathyan Anthikkad]] by scriptwriter and actor [[Sreenivasan]]. Mamukkoya appeared in [[Sibi Malayil|Siby Malayil]]'s [[Doore Doore Oru Koodu Koottam]], written by [[Sreenivasan]]. In the film, he played an Arabic teacher. Initially, the character only appeared in two or three scenes. However, Mamukkoya's performance impressed the director and writer who added further scenes for his role. Mamukkoya would later say that after this movie he stopped going to the timber yard or appearing in plays. He then landed a role in [[Gandhinagar Second Street]], which was also written by Sreenivasan.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title=Remembering Mamukkoya (1946-2023): A look back at some of the Malayalam actor's memorable roles |url=https://scroll.in/video/1048057/remembering-mamukkoya-1946-2023-a-look-back-at-some-of-the-malayalam-actors-memorable-roles |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=Scroll.in |date=26 April 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> This was one of his first notable roles. Then came [[Sathyan Anthikad|Sathyan Anthikkad]]'s [[Sanmanassullavarkku Samadhanam]]' and '[[Rareeram]]' by Siby Malayil. His portrayal of ''Gafoor'' in [[Sathyan Anthikkad]]'s [[Mohanlal]] – [[Sreenivasan]] starring ''[[Nadodikkattu]]'' (1987) carved a niche for him in Malayalam cinema. The character ''Gafoor'' now enjoys a [[cult]] following in [[Kerala]]. An animation series was released based on this character after several years.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 November 2017|title='Pavanayi shavamaayi': Why we love the evergreen characters of 'Nadodikattu'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pavanayi-shavamaayi-why-we-love-evergreen-characters-nadodikattu-71463|access-date=15 June 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> His award-winning performance in ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]'' (2004) proved that he can handle non-comedy roles as well with ease. He again did a similar role in [[Byari (film)|Byari]], which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 July 2020|title=Happy Birthday Mamukkoya {{!}} കേരളക്കരയെ സലാം പറയിച്ച 'ഗഫൂർക്കാക്ക്' ഇന്ന് ജന്മദിനം|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-happy-birthday-mamukkoya-actor-celebrates-his-birthday-today-as-255585.html|access-date=15 June 2021|website=News18 Malayalam}}</ref> He did the title role in the film ''Korappan, the great'' (2001), which depicted him as a forest brigand like [[Veerappan]]. In 2004, he received a [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention|Special Mention]] in the [[Kerala State Film Award]] for the movie ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=M|first=Athira|date=30 August 2012|title=Measure of success|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/measure-of-success/article3839920.ece|access-date=15 June 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Mamukkoya's roles in [[Ramji Rao Speaking|Ramjirao Speaking]], [[Thalayana Manthram]], [[Shubhayathra|Shubhayatra]], [[Irupatham Noottandu]], Sreedharante Onnam Thirumurivu, [[Ponmuttayidunna Tharavu|Ponmuttayidunna Thaaravu]], [[Pattanapravesham]] and [[Dhwani]] are considered among the best of his career.

== Personal life and death ==
Mamukkoya was married to Suhara. The couple had four children; Muhammed Nisar, Shahitha, Nadiya and Abdul Rasheed.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=26 December 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJOAYjiwKQc |title="Mamukkoya Interview by TN Gopakumar"-On Record 26, December 2012 Part 1 |publisher=asianetnews |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201211534/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJOAYjiwKQc |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was residing in [[Kozhikode]] near [[Beypore]]. Mamukkoya had a very close friendship with [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]], [[S. K. Pottekkatt]] and [[M. S. Baburaj]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mamukkoya: Quintessential son of Kozhikode |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/04/26/malayalam-actor-mamukkoya-obituary-son-of-kozhikode.html |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>

On 24 April 2023, while inaugurating a [[Sevens football|sevens]] football tournament in [[Kalikavu]], Malappuram, Kerala, Mamukkoya suffered cardiac arrest and a [[Intracerebral hemorrhage|brain hemorrhage]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 April 2023 |title=Kerala: Mamukoya, veteran actor & comedy legend, passes away |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/kerala-mamukoya-veteran-actor-comedy-legend-passes-away/articleshow/99799902.cms?from=mdr |access-date=27 April 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2023 |title=Malayalam actor Mamukoya passes away |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/actor-mamukoya-dead/article66780012.ece |access-date=27 April 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He died at a private hospital in [[Kozhikode]] on 26 April 2023, aged 76.<ref>{{cite news |title=Actor Mamukkoya passes away |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/04/26/actor-mamukkoya-passes-away-kerala-cinema.html |access-date=26 April 2023 |work=[[Onmanorama]] |date=26 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=മാമുക്കോയ അന്തരിച്ചു; മാഞ്ഞത് മലബാറിന്റെ അഭിനയമൊഞ്ച്‌, ചിരിയുടെ ദോസ്ത് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2023/04/26/mollywood-actor-mamukkoya-passes-away.html |access-date=26 April 2023 |work=[[Manorama Online]] |date=26 April 2023}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{|class="wikitable"
! Award !! Year !! Category !! Film(s) !! Result !! Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Kerala State Film Award]] || 2004 || [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention|Special Jury Mention]] || ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]'' || {{Won}} || rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite web|title=State Film Awards (2000–12)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707210332/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm|archive-date=7 July 2015|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm|publisher=[[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]]|access-date=26 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2008 || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]] || ''[[Innathe Chintha Vishayam]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]] || 2004 || [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor|Second Best Actor]] || ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]'' || {{Won}} || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html | title="കേരള ഫിലിം ക്രിട്ടിക്‌സ് അവാര്‍ഡ് 1977 - 2012" | work=Kerala Film Critics Association | access-date=26 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || [[Chalachitra Prathibha Award]] || Various Films || {{Won}} || <ref>{{cite news |title=Film Critics Awards 2020: The Great Indian Kitchen wins the best film |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/09/13/film-critics-association-awards-45th-edition-winners-list-details.html |access-date=28 January 2023 |work=Malayala Manorama |date=13 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" | [[Asiavision Awards]] || 2012 || Best Supporting Actor || ''[[Molly Aunty Rocks!]]'' ''[[Vellaripravinte Changathi]]'' || {{Won}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[JaiHind TV|Jaihind TV Awards]] || 2008 || Best Comedy Artist || ''[[Innathe Chintha Vishayam]]'' || {{Won}} ||
|-
| 2009 || Kala Ratnam Award || Various Films || {{Won}} ||
|}

== Filmography ==
===Malayalam===
==== 1970s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Anyarude Bhoomi]]'' || ||
|-
|}

==== 1980s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Surumaitta Kannukal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1986 || ''[[Snehamulla Simham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Gandhinagar 2nd Street]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ennu Nathante Nimmi]]'' || Fakrudeen ||
|-
| ''[[Sanmanassullavarkku Samadhanam]]'' || Mamu/Ummer ||
|-
| ''[[Doore Doore Oru Koodu Koottam]]'' || Koya ||
|-
| ''[[Rareeram]]'' || Rickshaw Driver ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1987 || ''Sreedharante Onnam Thirumurivu'' || Narayanan ||
|-
| ''[[Athinumappuram]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Kalam Mari Katha Mari]]'' || Pareedu ||
|-
| ''[[Naalkavala]]'' || H.C. Koya ||
|-
| ''[[Unnikale Oru Kadha Parayam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Irupatham Noottandu]]'' || Koya ||
|-
| ''[[Nadodikkattu]]'' || Gafoorka ||
|-
| ''[[Adimakal Udamakal]]'' || Pokker ||
|-
| ''[[Agni Muhurtham]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1988 || ''[[August 1 (film)|August 1]]'' || Abubakker ||
|-
| ''[[Dhwani]]'' || Mamu ||
|-
| ''[[Oohakachavadam]]'' || Abdullah ||
|-
| ''[[Pattanapravesham]]'' || Gafoorka ||
|-
| ''[[Ponmuttayidunna Tharavu]]'' || Abubacker ||
|-
| rowspan=23 | 1989 || ''[[Ardham|Artham]]''|| Kunjikannan ||
|-
| ''[[Vachanam]]'' || Farm Worker ||
|-
| ''[[Vadakkunokkiyantram]]'' || Photographer ||
|-
| ''Annakutty Kodambakkam Vilikkunnu'' || Koya ||
|-
| ''[[Swagatham (1989 film)|Swagatham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Anagha'' || ||
|-
| ''Pandu Pandoru Desathu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]]'' || Constable Hameed- Najeeb's father ||
|-
| ''[[Mazhavilkavadi]]'' || Kunji Khadir ||
|-
| ''[[The News (film)|The News]]'' || Paramasivam ||
|-
| ''[[Pradeshika Varthakal]]'' || Jabbar ||
|-
| ''[[Peruvannapurathe Visheshangal]]'' || P. C. Peruvannapuram ||
|-
| ''[[Ramji Rao Speaking]]'' || Hamsakoya ||
|-
| ''[[Njangalude Kochu Doctor]]'' || Basheer, Attender in Kalapurackal Hospital ||
|-
| ''Varnatheru'' || Appunni ||
|-
| ''Pooram'' || ||
|-
| ''Aattinakkare'' || Naanu Nair ||
|-
| ''Jeevitham Oru Raagam'' || Sankaran ||
|-
| ''Nerunnu Nanmakal'' || Appunni ||
|-
| ''[[Varavelpu]]'' || Hamsa ||
|-
| ''[[Mudra (film)|Mudra]]'' || Mamu ||
|-
| ''[[Nair Saab]]'' || Chef Koya ||
|-
| ''[[Varnam (1989 film)|Varnam]]'' || Mamukkoya ||
|-
|}

==== 1990s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=31 | 1990 || ''Anantha Vruthantham'' || Thanoor Thaha ||
|-
||''[[Cheriya Lokavum Valiya Manushyarum]]'' || Abu ||
|-
||''Superstar'' || Khader/Lambodharan Pillai ||
|-
||''Paadaatha Veenayum Paadum'' || ||
|-
||''[[May Dinam]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Kuruppinte Kanakku Pustakom]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Vidhyarambham]]'' || Venkiteshan ||
|-
||''[[Pavam Pavam Rajakumaran]]'' || Sankarettan ||
|-
||''[[Ponnaranjanam]]'' || Ummukoya ||
|-
||''Enquiry'' || ||
|-
||''[[Vachanam]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Champion Thomas]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Shubhayathra]]'' || Kareem Bhai ||
|-
||''[[Pavakkoothu]]'' || Kanjarakutti ||
|-
||''[[Kalikkalam]]'' || Unni Nair ||
|-
||''[[Gajakesariyogam]]'' || Raghavan Nair ||
|-
||''[[Dr. Pasupathy]]'' || Velayudhan Kutty ||
|-
||''[[His Highness Abdullah]]'' ||| Jamal ||
|-
||''[[Kouthuka Varthakal]]'' || Ahmad Kutty ||
|-
||''[[Nagarangalil Chennu Raparkam]]'' || 'Cheriya' Raman Nair ||
|-
||''[[Malayogom]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Purappadu (1990 film)|Purappadu]]'' || ||
|-
||''Anandanum Appukuttanum Aanayundu'' || ||
|-
||''[[Orukkam]]'' || Paramu ||
|-
||''[[Rajavazhcha]]'' || Mohammadkutty ||
|-
||''[[Randam Varavu]]'' || Damu ||
|-
||''Nanma Niranjavan Sreenivasan'' || ||
|-
||''[[Saandram]]'' || Abdu/Abdullah ||
|-
||''[[Sasneham]]'' || Appukuttan ||
|-
||''[[Thalayana Manthram]]'' || Kunjananthan Mesthiri ||
|-
||''[[Thoovalsparsham]]'' || Moosaka ||
|-
|rowspan=24|1991||''[[Souhrudam]]'' || ||
|-
||''Daiva Sahayam Lucky Centre'' || Usmanikka ||
|-
||''[[Sundhari Kakka]]'' || Sulaiman ||
|-
||''[[Kanalkkattu]]'' || Moideen ||
|-
||''[[Kakkathollayiram]]'' || Akbar ||
|-
||''[[Aakasha Kottayile Sultan]]'' || Cletus ||
|-
||''Chanchattam'' || Hotel Attendant ||
|-
||''Kalari'' || ||
|-
||''Khandakaavyam'' || ||
|-
||''Georgukutty C/O Georgukutty'' || ||
|-
||''[[Apoorvam Chilar]]'' || Rajan ||
|-
||''Cheppu Kilukkunna Changathi'' || Khader ||
|-
||''[[Innathe Program]]'' || Moosa ||
|-
||''[[Kadinjool Kalyanam]]'' || Imbichi Koya ||
|-
||''[[Ennum Nanmakal]]'' || Khader ||
|-
||''Oru Tharam Randu Tharam Moonu Tharam'' || Mammu ||
|-
||''[[Onnaam Muhurtham]]'' || Sulaiman ||
|-
||''[[Amina Tailors]]'' || Malappuram Moideen/Bapputty ||
|-
||''Postbox No 27'' || ||
|-
||''[[Santhwanam]]'' || Kareem bhai ||
|-
||''[[Kankettu]]'' || Keeleri Achu ||
|-
||''[[Parallel College (film)]]'' || Rasheed ||
|-
||''[[Sandhesam]]'' || K.G. Pothuwal ||
|-
||''[[Venal Kinavukal]]'' || Ramu ||
|-
|rowspan=25|1992||''Ponnurukkum Pakshi'' || Vaidyar ||
|-
||''[[Aayushkalam]]'' || Varghese ||
|-
||''[[Aadhaaram]]'' || Kunjappu ||
|-
||''Congratulations Miss Anitha Menon'' || ||
|-
||''Valayam'' || ||
|-
||''[[Apaaratha]]'' || Jamal ||
|-
||''[[Vasudha]]'' || Jamal ||
|-
||''Rishi'' || ||
|-
||''Kallanum Policum'' || P. C. Abdulla /Abdukka ||
|-
||''[[Kamaladalam]]'' || Kala Mandiram Hydrose ||
|-
||''[[Savidham]]'' || Balakrishnan ||
|-
||''[[Ente Ponnu Thampuran]]'' || Mammotty Master ||
|-
||''[[Ayalathe Adheham]]'' || Kuttappan ||
|-
||''Grihaprevesam'' || Raman Nair ||
|-
||''[[Makkal Mahatmyam]]'' || Andru, school peon ||
|-
||''Police Diary'' || ||
|-
||''Kaazhchakkappuram'' || Uthkandan Pillai ||
|-
||''[[Kingini]]'' || Kuttappan ||
|-
||''[[Ellarum Chollanu]]'' || Adimakkannu ||
|-
||''[[Ezhara Ponnana]]'' || Aimutty Koya ||
|-
||''[[Maanyanmar]]'' || Athapaadi Anthru ||
|-
||''[[My Dear Muthachan]]'' || Punnoose ||
|-
||''[[Oru Kochu Bhoomikulukkam]]'' || Thankappan ||
|-
||''[[Poochakkaru Mani Kettum]]'' || Drama Artist ||
|-
||''[[Utsavamelam]]'' || Nair ||
|-
|rowspan=22|1993||''[[Aagneyam]]'' || Mukkathu Moosa ||
|-
||''[[Ammayane Sathyam]]'' || Mujeeb Rahman ||
|-
||''[[Ghoshayaathra]]'' || Kuttymoosa Sahib ||
|-
||''[[Samooham]]'' || Karyasthan ||
|-
||''[[Kalippattam]]'' || Ismail, Venu's friend ||
|-
||''[[Bhaagyavaan]]'' || Unni Kuruppu ||
|-
||''[[Pravachakan]]'' || Jaffer Sherif ||
|-
||''[[Golanthara Vartha]]'' || Kuruppu ||
|-
||''Ente Sreekuttikku'' || Kunju ||
|-
||''Varam'' || ||
|-
||''[[O' Faby]]'' || Teashop Owner ||
|-
||''Narayam'' || ||
|-
||''[[Addeham Enna Iddeham]]'' || Saidali ||
|-
||''[[Vakkeel Vasudev]]'' || SI Jabbar ||
|-
||''[[Ponnuchami]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bandhukkal Sathrukkal]]'' || Hamsa ||
|-
||''[[Kavadiyattam]]'' || Koya ||
|-
||''[[Janam (1993 film)|Janam]]'' || Koyakutty Sahib ||
|-
||''[[Chenkol]]'' || Police Constable Hameed ||
|-
||''Kulapathy'' || ||
|-
||''[[Ghazal (1993 film)|Ghazal]]'' || Mollakka ||
|-
||''[[Sthalathe Pradhana Payyans]]'' || Kumaran ||
|-
|rowspan=9|1994||''Bheesmacharya'' || P.K. Arogyaswami ||
|-
||''[[Chakoram]]'' || Pookunju ||
|-
||''[[Varaphalam]]'' || Broker Hamsa ||
|-
||''Cabinet'' || Abdukka ||
|-
||''Dhadha'' || Moosa ||
|-
||''[[Pakshe]]'' || Nanappan ||
|-
||''[[Sudhinam]]'' || School Teacher ||
|-
||''Vadhu Doctoranu'' || Charlie ||
|-
||''[[Commissioner (film)|Commissioner]]'' || Kunjeeswaran Pillai (Cameo) ||
|-
| rowspan=14 | 1995 || ''[[Alancheri Thamprakkal]]'' || Kunjali Haji ||
|-
| ''Punnaram'' || Mahadevan ||
|-
| ''[[No. 1 Snehatheeram Bangalore North]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Boxer'' || Manjeri Mammad ||
|-
| ''[[Sasinas]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Manassasthrajnante Diary'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Samudhayam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mannar Mathai Speaking]]'' || Photo Archive ||
|-
| ''[[Prayikkara Pappan]]'' || Veerappan ||
|-
| ''[[Kalyanji Anandji (film)]]'' || Basheer/Swami ||
|-
| ''Karma'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mangalam Veettil Manaseswari Gupta]]'' || Karipoor Koya ||
|-
| ''[[Saadaram]]'' || Veerappan (Kunjalu) ||
|-
| ''[[Vrudhanmare Sookshikkuka]]'' || Home Minister ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1996 || ''Poonilavu'' || ||
|-
||''[[Rajaputhran]]'' || Sayed Jabbar Thangal ||
|-
||''[[Sallapam]]'' || Railway worker ||
|-
||''Swarna Kireedam'' || ||
|-
||''19 April'' || ||
|-
||''Madamma'' || Vasu ||
|-
||''[[Thooval Kottaram]]'' || Moitheen Hajiar ||
|-
||''[[Kaanaakkinaavu]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan=15|1997||''[[Junior Mandrake]]'' || Constable Abu ||
|-
||''[[Asuravamsam]]'' || Moosa ||
|-
||''[[Itha Oru Snehagatha]]'' || ||
|-
||''Kannur'' || ||
|-
||''Anubhoothi'' || ||
|-
||''Guru Sishyan'' || Musthafa ||
|-
||''[[Kalyana Kacheri]]'' || Bharghavan Pillai ||
|-
||''Nagarapuranam'' || Driver ||
|-
||''Moksham'' || ||
|-
||''[[Chandralekha (1997 film)|Chandralekha]]'' || Beeran ||
|-
||''Katha Nayakan'' || Beerankutty ||
|-
||''Kalyana Uniikal'' || Al Khobar Anthruman ||
|-
||''[[Manthra Mothiram]]'' || Abdukka ||
|-
||''[[Oral Mathram]]'' || Kunjalikutty ||
|-
||''[[Sammanam (1997 film)|Sammanam]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan=10|1998||''[[Chinthavishtayaya Shyamala]]'' || Usman ||
|-
||''Chenaparambile Aanakkaryam'' || ||
|-
||''Kattathoru Penpoovu'' || ||
|-
||''Malabaril Ninnoru Manimaaran'' || ||
|-
||''Mayajalam'' || Moosa ||
|-
||''Manthrimaalikayil Manassammatham'' || ||
|-
||''[[Oro Viliyum Kathorthu]]'' || Kunjunni Nair ||
|-
||''[[Kottaram Veettile Apputtan]]'' || Kunjahammedkutty ||
|-
||''[[Kallu Kondoru Pennu]]'' || Kabeer ||
|-
||''[[Aalibabayum Aarara Kallanmarum]]'' || Head Constable Peeru Muhammed ||
|-
|rowspan=10|1999||''[[Deepasthambham Mahascharyam]]'' || Saithali ||
|-
||''English Medium'' || ||
|-
||''American Ammaayi'' || ||
|-
||''Garshom'' || ||
|-
||''Auto Brothers'' || Saithikka ||
|-
||''Swastham Gruhabharanam'' || ||
|-
||''[[Megham]]'' || Kuruppu ||
|-
||''Panchapandavar'' || Gafoorka ||
|-
||''[[Prem Poojari]]'' || Cook ||
|-
||''[[Veendum Chila Veettukaryangal]]'' || Kunjoonju ||
|-
|}

==== 2000s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2000 || ''Kannadi Kadavathu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Swayamvara Panthal]]'' || Chandran ||
|-
| ''[[Joker (2000 film)|Joker]]'' || Khader ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2001 || ''[[Narendran Makan Jayakanthan Vaka]]'' || Remya Nambeeshan ||
|-
| ''Korappan the Great'' || Ranjini Kanth ||
|-
| ''[[Sharjah to Sharjah]]'' || Velayudhan ||
|-
| ''Onnam Ragam'' || ||
|-
| ''Unnathangalil'' || Mammu ||
|-
| ''[[Dubai (2001 film)|Dubai]]'' || Kunjappukutty ||
|-
| ''Ladies and Gentleman'' || ||
|-
| ''Goa'' || Bhasheer ||
|-
| ''Bhadra'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2002 || ''[[Bamboo Boys]]'' || Harithakumari's Father ||
|-
| ''[[Puthooramputhri Unniyarcha]]'' || Aliyar ||
|-
| ''Akhila'' || Achu ||
|-
| ''Swarna Medal'' || Impayi ||
|-
| ''Kayamkulam Kanaran'' || ||
|-
| ''Kasillatheyum Jeevikkam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Yathrakarude Sradhakku]]'' || Kunjahammed ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 2003 || ''[[Mazhanool Kanav]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Manassinakkare]]'' || Kunji Khader ||
|-
| ''[[Pattanathil Sundaran]]'' || Kanaran ||
|-
| ''[[Ammakilikkoodu]]'' || Pareekutty ||
|-
| ''Soudamini'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pattalam (2003 film)|Pattalam]]'' || Hamsa ||
|-
| ''[[Padam Onnu Oru Vilapam]]'' || Hassan Moithu ||
|-
| ''[[Thilakkam]]'' || Pathrose ||
|-
| ''Choonda'' || Vijayan ||
|-
| ''[[Mullavalliyum Thenmavum]]'' || Postman ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2004 || ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]'' || Abdu ||
|-
| ''Maratha Naadu'' || Alikutty ||
|-
| ''Freedom'' || Moosakka ||
|-
| ''[[Vettam]]'' || Hamsa/Ramakartha ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2005 || ''[[Thaskaraveeran (2005 film)|Thaskaraveeran]]'' || Beerankutty ||
|-
| ''[[Boyy Friennd]]'' || Khader ||
|-
| ''Maniyarakkallan'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Naran (film)|Naran]]'' || Ahmadikka ||
|-
| ''[[Bharathchandran I.P.S.]]'' || Kunjeeswaran Pillai ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2006 || ''Shyaamam'' || Panjayathu President ||
|-
| ''[[Pachakuthira]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Photographer (film)|Photographer]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kilukkam Kilukilukkam]]''|| Gafoorka ||
|-
| ''[[Rasathanthram]]'' || Kunjoonju ||
|-
| ''[[Vargam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2007 || ''[[Katha Parayumpol]]'' || Devasia ||
|-
| ''Kaakki'' || Constable Chekkutty ||
|-
| ''Thaniye'' || Pappi ||
|-
| ''Sorrya Kireedam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aakasham]]'' || Mammalikka ||
|-
| ''[[Vinodayathra]]'' || Ananthan ||
|-
| ''[[Mayavi (2007 film)|Mayavi]]'' || Koya ||
|-
| ''[[Kaiyoppu]]'' || Alikkoya ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2008 || ''[[Bullet (2008 film)|Bullet]]'' || Chandramani ||
|-
| ''[[Magic Lamp (film)|Magic Lamp]]'' || Mamukkoya ||
|-
| ''[[Parunthu]]'' || Kunjikka ||
|-
| ''[[Minnaminnikoottam]]'' || Kunjikannan ||
|-
| ''[[Malabar Wedding]]'' || Moonga Avukkar Abubacker ||
|-
| ''[[Shalabam]]'' || Velayudhan ||
|-
| ''[[Innathe Chintha Vishayam]]'' || Shajahan ||
|-
| ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]'' || Khadar ||
|-
| rowspan=11 | 2009 || ''Sanmanasullavan Appukuttan'' || Moosa ||
|-
| ''Meghatheertham'' || Abukka ||
|-
| ''Ajantha'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Colours (2009 film)|Colours]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Changathikooottam'' || Aliyar ||
|-
| ''[[Kappal Muthalaali]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Shudharil Shudhan]]'' || Jabbar ||
|-
| ''[[Currency (film)|Currency]]'' || Koyaikka ||
|-
| ''[[Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (film)|Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja]]'' || Athan Gurukkal ||
|-
| ''Venalmaram'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhagyadevatha]]'' || Pareethu ||
|-
|}

==== 2010s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=10 | 2010 || ''Nakharam'' || ||
|-
| ''Text Book'' || ||
|-
| ''Rhythm'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Happy Husbands (2010 film)|Happy Husbands]]'' || Pakshisatrakkaran ||
|-
| ''[[Cocktail (2010 film)|Cocktail]]'' || Hakim Seth ||
|-
| ''Inganeyum Oral'' || Appu Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Koottukar (2010 film)|Koottukar]]'' || Ikka ||
|-
| ''Akasha Yathra'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kadha Thudarunnu]]'' || Mamachan ||
|-
| ''[[Kandahar (2010 film)|Kandahar]]'' || Mullah ||
|-
| rowspan=13 | 2011 || ''[[Adimadhyantham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Manushyamrugam]]'' || Anthony ||
|-
| ''[[Innanu Aa Kalyanam]]'' || Marriage Broker ||
|-
| ''Snehadaram'' || ||
|-
| ''Usthava Kanavu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Teja Bhai & Family]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kalabha Mazha]]'' || Kunjali ||
|-
| ''[[Sevenes]]'' || Usman ||
|-
| ''[[Byari (film)|Byari]]'' || ||Beary language film
|-
| ''[[Vellaripravinte Changathi]]'' || Moonnaan ||
|-
| ''[[Snehaveedu]]'' || Seyyidali ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Marubhoomikkadha]]'' || Mammadkutty Bhai ||
|-
| ''[[Indian Rupee (film)|Indian Rupee]]'' || Rayin Ikka ||
|-
| rowspan=12 | 2012 || ''Baavuttiyude Naamathil'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Puthiya Theerangal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Face to Face (2012 Malayalam film)|Face to Face]]'' || Aalikkoya ||
|-
| ''[[Ajantha (2009 film)|Ajantha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaashh]]'' || Manager ||
|-
| ''Lillies of March'' || ||
|-
| ''Kalikaalam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[916 (film)|916]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mallu Singh]]'' || Ramankutty ||
|-
| ''[[Mazhavillinattam Vare]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Molly Aunty Rocks!]]'' || Salim ||
|-
| ''[[Ustad Hotel]]'' || Ummar ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 2013 || '' [[Musafir (2013 film)|Musafir]]'' || Kunjumohammed ||
|-
| ''[[Breaking News Live]]'' || Beeran Koya ||
|-
| '' [[Vallatha Pahayan]]'' || Saithalikka ||
|-
| ''Ithu Manthramo Thanthramo Kuthantramo'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ezhamathe Varavu]]'' || Naagu ||
|-
| ''KQ'' || ||
|-
| ''Ayal'' || ||
|-
| ''Oru Soppetty Katha'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Left Right Left (film)|Left Right Left]]'' || Kasim ||
|-
| ''[[Lucky Star (2013 film)|Lucky Star]]'' || Pappan ||
|-
| rowspan=15 | 2014 || ''[[Mylanchi Monchulla Veedu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''To Let Ambadi Talkies'' || Thangal ||
|-
| ''[[Balyakalasakhi (2014 film)|Balyakalasakhi]]'' || Narayanan Master ||
|-
| ''[[Aamayum Muyalum]]'' || Kallu's Father ||
|-
| ''[[Polytechnic (film)|Polytechnic]]'' || Habeeb ||
|-
| ''Swaha'' || ||
|-
| ''On the Way'' || ||
|-
| ''Nikah'' || ||
|-
| ''Day Night Game'' || ||
|-
| ''Masala Republic'' || Beerankka ||
|-
| ''[[To Noora with Love]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Korean Padam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Karanavar'' || ||
|-
| ''Kaliyugaraman'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Salalah Mobiles]]'' || Mammad ||
|-
| rowspan=11 | 2015 || ''[[Ammakkoru Tharattu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[John Honai]]'' || Gafoor ||
|-
| ''Cinema @ PWD Rest House'' || Vijayettan||
|-
| ''[[KL 10 Patthu]]'' || Hamsakutty ||
|-
| ''[[Kunjiramayanam]]'' || Welldone Vasu ||
|-
| ''Marutha'' || ||
|-
| ''Nellikka'' || ||
|-
| ''Call Me @'' || ||
|-
| ''Oru Second Class Yathra'' || Alikkoya ||
|-
| ''Chirakodinja Kinavukal'' || Broker ||
|-
| ''[[Rajamma @ Yahoo]]'' || Aimoottikka ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2016 || ''[[Oppam]]'' || Kunjikka ||
|-
| ''[[Marubhoomiyile Aana]]'' || Gafoor ||
|-
| ''Pachakallam'' || ||
|-
| ''Sukhamayirikkatte'' || ||
|-
| ''Angane Thanne Nethave Anchettennam Pinnale'' || ||
|-
| ''Campus Diary'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2017 || ''[[Godha (film)|Godha]]'' || Pockerikka ||
|-
| ''[[Puthan Panam]]'' || Avukku ||
|-
| ''God Say'' || ||
|-
| ''Oru Visheshapetta Biriyani Kissa'' || ||
|-
| ''Onpatham Valavinappuram'' || ||
|-
| ''Hello Dubaikkaran'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aana Alaralodalaral]]'' || Ibrahim ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Aana Alaralodalaral movie review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/aana-alaralodalaral/movie-review/62210096.cms |access-date=2 April 2024 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aadu 2]]'' || Irumbu Abdullah ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2018 || ''[[Aabhaasam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ente Ummante Peru]]'' || Hamzakoya ||
|-
| ''Kaitholachathan'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 2019 || ''[[Kakshi: Amminippilla]]'' || Shanmughan ||
|-
| ''[[Mask (2019 film)|Mask]]'' || Valiyauppa ||
|-
| ''Oru Mass Kadha Veendum'' || Keshavan ||
|-
| ''Swapnarajyam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vikruthi]]'' || Muhammad ||
|-
| ''Muttayikkallanum Mammaliyum'' || ||
|-
| ''Vishudha Pusthakam'' || ||
|-
| ''Marconi Mathai'' || ||
|-
| ''Vallikkettu'' || ||
|-
| ''Madhaveeyam'' || ||
|-
|}

==== 2020s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2020 || ''[[Halal Love Story]]'' || Abukka || Cameo
|-
| ''Sameer'' || ||
|-
| ''Love FM'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sufiyum Sujatayum]]'' || Muezzin ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2021 || ''[[One (2021 film)|One]]'' || Ibrahim ||
|-
| ''[[Kuruthi]]'' || Moosa Khader ||
|-
| ''Cabin'' || ||
|-
| ''Janazah'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Marakkar: Arabikadalinte Simham]]'' || Aboobakkar Haji ||
|-
| ''[[Minnal Murali]]'' || Dr. Narayanan ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Thathvika Avalokanam]]'' || Aseem Bhai ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2022 || ''Kannadi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Member Rameshan 9aam Ward]]'' || Abu ||
|-
| ''[[Pyali]]'' || Nicholan ||
|-
| '' Thattasherikootam '' || Beeran ||
|-
| '' Niyogam'' || ||
|-
| '' Padachone Ingalu Kaatholee'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Theerppu]]'' || Musaliyar ||
|-
| ''[[Peace (2022 film)|Peace]]'' || Sukumaran ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|[[Uru (2023 film)|''Uru'']]
|Sreedharan Ashari
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=UruU |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/uru/movieshow/98282498.cms |access-date=2023-07-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sulaikha Manzil]]'' || Moothappa ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sulaikha Manzil makers release new song |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/11/sulaikha-manzil-makers-release-new-song-40913.html |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=11 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mukalparappu]]''
|
|Posthumous release<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-19 |title=A tale of theyyam and exploitation |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/a-tale-of-theyyam-and-exploitation/articleshow/103775829.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nila (2023 film)|Nila]]'' || Rahman || Posthumous release<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/nila-movie-review/|title=Nila review: This well-intentioned movie from director Indu Lakshmi celebrates womanhood|first=Arjun|last=Ramachandran|date=26 March 2023|website=The South First}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|2024
|[[Manorathangal]]
|Mammadikka
|Posthumous release Anthology series Segment:''[[Olavum Theeravum (2024 film)|Olavum Theeravum]]'' Released on [[ZEE5]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Manorathangal: MT Vasudevan Nair anthology gets a title, trailer launch to be held on this date?|newspaper=OTTPlay|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/manorathangal-mt-vasudevan-nair-anthology-gets-a-title-trailer-launch-to-be-held-on-this-date/802e082216404|date=14 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Footage (film)|Footage]]'' || ||Posthumous release<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2023 |title=Manju Warrier to star in editor Saiju Sreedharan's directorial debut|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Mar/24/manju-warrier-to-star-in-editor-saiju-sreedharans-directorial-debut-41458.html |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Cinema Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025|| ''[[Nancy Rani]]'' ||Kuttanpilla||Posthumous release<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2023 |title=Mamukkoya, Nadodikkaattu, Ramji Rao Speaking and Kuruthi actor, passes away in Kozhikode, celebs express grief|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mamukkoya-nadodikkaattu-ramji-rao-speaking-and-kuruthi-actor-passes-away-in-kozhikode-celebs-express-grief/05bb325ed6284 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=OTTPlay|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Other language films===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Language
!scope="col"| Notes
|-
|1990 || ''[[Arangetra Velai]]'' || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| 1997 || ''{{ill|Flames in Paradise|fr|Les Raisons du cœur (film, 1997)}}'' || Joseph || [[German language|German]] [[French language|French]] ||
|-
|2006 || ''[[Kasu (film)|Kasu]]'' || Taxi driver || rowspan="2"|Tamil ||
|-
|2022|| ''[[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]'' || Bhavana's grandfather ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mamukkoya-to-make-his-tamil-debut-with-cobra/articleshow/75230904.cms|title=Mamukkoya to make his Tamil debut with Cobra – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Television==
* ''Manasi'' ([[Doordarshan]])
* ''Chiri Arangu'' ([[Surya Comedy Channel]])
* ''Cinemala'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]) as Gafoor (recreation of [[Nadodikkattu]] character in one of the episode)
* ''Akkare Ikkare'' (2009) [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
*''Santhanagopalam'' (2005) [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
*''[[Badai Bungalow]]'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]) as Guest
*''Star Magic'' (2021) ([[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]]) as Guest

==Short films==
* Native Bappa by Mappila Lahala<ref>{{cite AV media |date=31 December 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opnMreZoRyQ |title=Native Bapa Official Full Video (HD) |publisher=[[Mappila Lahala]] |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825220755/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opnMreZoRyQ |archive-date=25 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Al Moidu by Zakeen TV<ref>{{cite AV media |date=21 January 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLgr3hbMirI |title=അൽ മൊയ്തു – A Man with a Mission ! Al Moidu Malayalam Shortfilm 2014 HD |publisher=ZakeenTV |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227222431/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLgr3hbMirI |archive-date=27 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Funeral of Native Son by Bodhi Silent Scape<ref>{{cite AV media |date=20 May 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11Usfe4SWAs |title=Funeral Of A Native Son {{!}} Official Video {{!}} Bijibal {{!}} Muhsin Parari {{!}} Ft Mamukkoya, Resmi, Haris |publisher=Bodhi Silent Scape |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913031152/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11Usfe4SWAs |archive-date=13 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|0541126}}
* Memoirs written by Film Star Mamukkoya with Thaha Madayi
Publisher: DC Books, Kottayam Pages: 102 Paperback
* [http://books.indulekha.com/2009/11/13/jeevitham-mamukkoyakozhikode/ Jeevitham: Mamukkoya/Kozhikode കല്ലായിക്കൂപ്പില്‍ അളവുകാരന്‍, നാടക നടന്‍, സിനിമാ നടന്‍ ഇങ്ങനെ ജീവിതത്തില്‍ വ്യത്യസ്‌ത റോളുകള്‍ ചെയ്‌ത മാമുക്കോയയുടെ ജീവിതകഥയുടെ രണ്ടാം ഭാഗം. പഴയ കോഴിക്കോടന്‍ ജീവിതത്തിലെ ചില സംഭവങ്ങളെയും വ്യക്‍തികളെയും ഓര്‍ത്തെടുക്കുകയാണ് മാമുക്കോയ ഇതില്‍.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331135059/http://books.indulekha.com/2009/11/13/jeevitham-mamukkoyakozhikode/ |date=31 March 2012 }}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Malayalam comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:People from Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]

SBI Youth for India

2026-04-18T16:10:24Z

Santosh pathak: info

{{Short description|Indian rural youth fellowship program}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = SBI Youth For India
| logo = Sbi-youth-for-india.png
| logo_size = 250px
| founded = 2011
| location = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| key_people = Sanjay Prakash<ref>https://www.sbifoundation.in/key-managment-team</ref> (MD & CEO, SBI Foundation); Jagannath Sahoo (President & COO, SBI Foundation)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sbifoundation.in/key-managment-team|title = Key {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Managment}} Team - SBI Foundation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204103957/https://www.sbifoundation.in/key-managment-team| archive-date=4 December 2019 }}</ref>
| focus = [[Education]], [[Food Security]], [[Environmental Protection]], [[self-governance]], [[Health]], [[Social Entrepreneurship]], [[Alternate Energy]], [[Technology]], [[Water]], Rural Livelihoods, Traditional Crafts, Self Governance, Women's Empowerment
| website = {{URL|youthforindia.org}}
}}

'''SBI Youth for India (SBI YFI)''' is an Indian rural fellowship programme initiated, funded and managed by the [[State Bank of India]] (SBI) in partnership with [[non-governmental organization]]s (NGOs). Fellows work with the NGOs on grassroot development projects.

The goal of the fellowship is to introduce [[social entrepreneurship]] and the [[social sector]] to youth.<ref name="first">{{cite news|author=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/geeta-verghese-indias-youth-can-be-change-agents/445761/ |title=Geeta Verghese: India's youth can be change agents |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=14 August 2011 |publisher=Business-standard.com |accessdate=2012-09-20}}</ref>

== History ==

The SBI Youth for India Fellowship was launched on 1 March 2011, in partnership with three NGOs: [[M S Swaminathan Research Foundation]], [[BAIF Development Research Foundation]] and [[Seva Mandir]].<ref name="second">{{cite news|author=Business Standard |url=http://business-standard.com/india/news/sbi-launches-/sbi-youth-for-india/-fellowship-programme/427586/ |title=SBI launches 'SBI Youth for India' Fellowship Programme |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=2011-03-07 |accessdate=2012-09-20}}</ref>

The program has been recognised by [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] (ex-[[President of India]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abdulkalam.com/kalam/jsp/display_content_front.jsp?menuid=28&menuname=Speeches+%2F+Lectures&linkid=68&linkname=Recent&content=1781&columnno=0&starts=0&menu_image=-Geeta |title=Recent content |publisher=Abdulkalam.com|accessdate=2012-09-20}}</ref> [[Ratan Tata]] (chairman, [[Tata Group]]),<ref name="second" /> [[Duvvuri Subbarao]] (Governor, [[Reserve Bank of India]]), [[O. P. Bhatt]] (Chairman, [[State Bank of India]]), and [[M. S. Swaminathan]] (the proponent of the [[Green Revolution in India]])<ref name="fourth">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/27-sbi-youth-for-india-candidates-awarded/236491-60-120.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126060922/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/27-sbi-youth-for-india-candidates-awarded/236491-60-120.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-26 |title=27 SBI youth for India candidates awarded – South India – Chennai – ibnlive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=2012-03-06 |accessdate=2012-09-20}}</ref> amongst others.

The fellows work on projects in 12 thematic program areas: education, food security, environmental protection, health, alternative energy, rural livelihoods, traditional crafts, self-governance, social entrepreneurship, women's empowerment, water, and technology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ngobox.org/full-news_SBI-Youth-For-India-Valediction-Event-Of-Batch-2018-19-October-Cohort-SBI-Foundation_22797|title = SBI Youth for India Valediction Event of Batch 2018-19 October Cohort-SBI Foundation-05 Nov . 2019}}</ref>

==International presence==

During its history, SBI YFI fellows have come from the following countries:<ref>https://youthforindia.org/faq</ref>

* {{flag| India}} (since 2011)
* {{flag| Bhutan}} (2023-)
* {{flag| Nepal}} (2023-)

== Fellows ==
Fellows range between 21–32 years of age, and are all graduates or postgraduates. Most have an engineering or management background. Fellows have worked in sectors such as information technology, education, infrastructure, non-profit, and healthcare,<ref name="third" >{{cite web|author=M.J. Prabu |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/agri-biz/article2372516.ece |title=Business Line : Industry & Economy / Agri-biz : 28 youngsters on a mission to tackle rural India's problems |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.com |date=2011-08-18 |accessdate=2012-09-20}}</ref> and at organisations such as [[Tata Group]], [[Capgemini]], [[IBM]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?272172 |title=Jolly Good Fellows |publisher=business.outlookindia.com |date=2011-06-11 |accessdate=2012-09-20}}</ref> and [[Mindtree]].<ref name="second" />

The flagship batch of the fellowship had 27 fellows<ref name="fourth" /> who worked for a year on various projects in the areas of agricultural [[supply chain]] and linkages, [[Education in India|education]], [[Public policy|public policy and awareness]], [[rural tourism]], [[Indian tribes (India)|tribal development]] and [[Environmental issues with agriculture|environment]] in eight states and union territories (namely, [[Rajasthan]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Kerala]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], [[Gujarat]], [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]).<ref name="third" /><ref>{{cite web|author=M. J. Prabhu |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/life/article2436162.ece |title=Business Line : Features / Life : How many yuppies does it take to change a village? |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.com |accessdate=2012-09-20}}</ref>

The August Cohort of the 13th Batch started their Fellowship in August 2025.<ref>https://thecsruniverse.com/articles/sbi-youth-for-india-fellowship-launches-13th-batch-at-barefoot-college-tilonia</ref>

== Partner NGOs ==

{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
# BAIF Development Research Foundation
# Dhan Foundation
# ECS
# Gram Vikas
# NBJK
# Chirag
# Seva Mandir
# Sewa Bharat
# MSSRF
# AKRSP-I
# Barefoot College SWRC
# Action for Social Advancement (ASA)
# Samaj Pragati Sahayog (SPS)
# Urmul
# The Ant
{{div col end}}

==SBI YFI Conclave==

The SBI YFI Conclave is a 2-day program that includes partner NGO meetings, showcasing the work of alumni, panel discussions, and networking.<ref>newswithchai.com/sbi-youth-for-india-organizes-the-youth-conclave-2019/6691/</ref>.Recent event concluded in Guwahati with six ventures receiving the funding.<ref>https://nagalandtribune.in/ruchinilos-kenono-foundation-among-six-social-ventures-which-secured-rs-57-lakh-of-support-funds-at-sbi-youth-for-india-conclave-2025/</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.youthforindia.org Official website]

[[Category:State Bank of India]]
[[Category:Indian youth culture]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rural development in India]]

Putta Mahesh Kumar

2026-04-17T05:17:57Z

Santosh pathak: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = Putta Mahesh Kumar Yadav
| image = Putta Mahesh Kumar.jpg
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| predecessor = [[Kotagiri Sridhar]]
| constituency = [[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|04|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Proddutur, [[Kadapa]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]] {{small|(2014 - Present)}}
| education = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad]] ([[Civil engineering|Civil Engineering]])
| father = [[Putta Sudhakar Yadav]]
| mother = Putta Vijayalakshmi
| occupation = [[Politician]] and [[Businessman|Business Man]]
| source =
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Putta Mahesh Kumar''' (born on 10 April 1988), is an Indian [[politician]] and the elected candidate for [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency]](10). <ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0110.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Telugu Desam Party]]. One of the youngest politician in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. <ref>{{cite news|title=Putta Mahesh Kumar, Championing Progressive Change In Andhra Pradesh Politics|url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/putta-mahesh-kumar-championing-progressive-change-in-andhra-pradesh-politics/81865130.html#goog_rewarded|work=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]]|access-date=11 April 2024|date=1 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Putta Mahesh Kumar thanks people of Chintalapudi constituency|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/putta-mahesh-kumar-yadav-thanks-people-of-chintalapudi-constituency-870663|work=[[The Hans India]]|access-date=6 April 2024|date=6 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=NDA leaders organises meeting in Ungutur|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/nda-leaders-organises-meeting-in-ungutur-872437|work=[[The Hans India]]|access-date=14 April 2024|date=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kapu Welfare Committee meeting held in Eluru|url=https://assets.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/kapu-welfare-committee-meeting-held-in-eluru-872661|work=[[The Hans India]]|access-date=15 April 2024|date=15 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="Businessmen {{!}} In august company">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Businessmen {{!}} In august company |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807175452/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Putta Mahesh Kumar was born to Smt. Putta Vijayalakshmi and [[Putta Sudhakar Yadav]]
in Proddutur, Kadapa district. His father is a member of [[Telugu Desam Party]] and a member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Mydukur Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/mydukur-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548332-2024-06-04#:~:text=17%3A41%20IST-,TDP%27s%20Sudhakar%20Putta%20wins%20Mydukur%20with%2096181%20votes,seat%2C%20having%20polled%2096181%20votes | title=Mydukur, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Sudhakar Putta wins Mydukur with 96181 votes | date=4 June 2024 }}</ref> He was the former chairman of the board of trustees of [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sudhakar-yadav-sworn-in-as-ttd-trust-board-chairman/article23714154.ece | title=Sudhakar Yadav sworn in as TTD Trust Board chairman | newspaper=The Hindu | date=28 April 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=TTD unveils Rs 3,116-crore budget for 2019-2020|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ttd-unveils-rs-3116-crore-budget-for-2019-2020/articleshow/68068750.cms?from=mdr|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=19 February 2019|date=19 February 2019}}</ref>

He pursued his Bachelor of Technology in [[civil engineering]] from [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad|Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University]], Hyderabad.{{fact|date=July 2024}}

==Election statistics==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Year
! Contested For
! colspan="2" | Party
! Constituency
! Opponent Party
! Votes
! Majority
|- style="text-align: center;"
|1
|[[2024 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|2024]]<ref name="2024 Andhra Pradesh Lok Sabha Election Results: Full list of winners on all 25 seats of Andhra Pradesh">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Andhra Pradesh Lok Sabha Election Results: Full list of winners on all 25 seats of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/2024-andhra-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-full-list-of-winners-on-all-25-seats-of-andhra-pradesh-9365668/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612073523/https://indianexpress.com/elections/2024-andhra-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-full-list-of-winners-on-all-25-seats-of-andhra-pradesh-9365668/ |archivedate=12 June 2024 |accessdate=12 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru]]
| [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
| 7,46,351
|1,81,857
|{{Won}}<ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0110.htm</ref>
|}
== Controversies ==

=== 2026 Hyderabad farmhouse drug case ===
In March 2026, Putta Mahesh Kumar was linked to an ongoing investigation following a police raid at a private farmhouse in Moinabad, near Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Drug bust at Hyderabad farmhouse |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/farmhouse-drug-bust-tdps-eluru-mp-tests-ve-for-meth/articleshow/129595157.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2026-03-16}}</ref>

According to media reports, Mahesh Kumar was among several individuals present at the venue. Subsequent medical tests conducted by authorities reportedly indicated the presence of banned substances in some attendees.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Farmhouse drug bust: attendees test positive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-plus/politics/tdp-mp-tests-positive-after-farmhouse-drug-bust-should-he-have-gotten-bail-when-others-didnt/articleshow/129650770.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2026-03-17}}</ref>

A case was registered under relevant provisions of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, and an investigation was initiated.<ref>{{Cite news |title=TDP issues notice to Andhra MP caught allegedly using drugs at Hyderabad farmhouse |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/andhra-pradesh/tdp-issues-notice-to-andhra-mp-caught-allegedly-using-drugs-at-hyderabad-farmhouse |work=The News Minute |date=2026-03-17}}</ref>

Mahesh Kumar denied the allegations, stating that he had attended a social gathering and had not engaged in any illegal activity.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Eluru MP Putta Mahesh says drug abuse charges baseless; ready for any probe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/eluru-mp-putta-mahesh-says-drug-abuse-charges-baseless-ready-for-any-probe/articleshow/129594108.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2026-03-17}}</ref> He also expressed willingness to cooperate with investigating agencies. His political party, the Telugu Desam Party (TDP), issued a show-cause notice seeking an explanation regarding his alleged involvement.<ref>{{Cite news |title=TDP issues show-cause notice to Eluru MP over drugs allegations
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-issues-show-cause-notice-to-eluru-mp-over-drugs-allegations/article70747211.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2026-03-17}}</ref>

As of now, the matter remains under investigation, and no court has established guilt.
==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[18th Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Improve categories|date=June 2024}}

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}

Krishnakumar Natarajan

2026-04-15T09:01:10Z

Santosh pathak: creating a biography

{{Short description|Indian Venture Capitalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Krishnakumar Natarajan
| image = Krishnakumar Natarajan.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Photo of Krishnakumar Natarajan
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| other_names = KK
| occupation = Managing Partner, Mela Ventures Ex-CEO & Executive Chairman, [[Mindtree]] Ex-Chairman, [[NASSCOM]]
| alma_mater = [[XLRI]], Jamshedpur, India, [[College of Engineering, Guindy]]
| spouse = Akila Krishnakumar <ref name=Spouse>{{cite news|title=Morning Raga |url=http://business.outlookindia.com/article_v3.aspx?artid=266752 |work=Outlook Business |date=21 Aug 2010 |accessdate=25 June 2013}}</ref>
| children =
| website = https://melaventures.in/team/krishnakumar-natarajan-kk/
}}

'''Krishnakumar Natarajan''' (KK) is a co-founder and former CEO and Executive Chairperson of Indian IT company [[Mindtree]].<ref name=CEO>{{cite news|title=Krishnakumar Natarajan became CEO of Mindtree|url=http://www.mindtree.com/company/management-team/krishnakumar-natarajan|accessdate=10 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703205220/http://www.mindtree.com/company/management-team/krishnakumar-natarajan|archive-date=3 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is currently a Managing Partner at Mela Ventures,<ref>{{cite web |title=Team |url=https://melaventures.in/team/ |website=Mela Ventures |accessdate=12 November 2020}}</ref> an early stage [[venture capital]] fund in India. He was appointed as the Chairman of [[NASSCOM]] for the year 2013–2014.<ref name=Nasscom>{{cite news|title=Krishnakumar Natarajan is new Chairman of Nasscom |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/krishnakumar-natarajan-is-new-chairman-of-nasscom/article4595272.ece|accessdate=10 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 April 2013}}</ref> He was earlier a senior executive with [[Wipro]] and is an alumnus of [[XLRI]].

==Early life and education==
KK graduated in 1979 with a degree in Mechanical Engineering from the [[College of Engineering, Guindy]], [[Chennai]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chennai.citizenmatters.in/ceg-alumni-guindy-anna-university-association-petition-6224|title=Why alumni of Chennai's College of Engineering, Guindy are a worried lot today |publisher=Citizen Matters|date=30 August 2018|author=Aruna Natarajan}}</ref> In 1981, he completed his Master's in Business Administration (MBA) majoring in marketing and systems from [[XLRI]], Jamshedpur, India.<ref name=Alumni>{{cite news |title=Krishnakumar Natarajan PGDM |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=23612393&ticker=30900595 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628035945/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=23612393&ticker=30900595 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 June 2013 |accessdate=25 June 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
KK started his career in Wipro and held various key positions there from 1982 to 1999. During this time, he started and grew the Ecommerce division as the Chief Executive of the Ecommerce and Financial Solutions Division from 1996 to 1999. He served as Group Vice President of Human Resources and also as [[Chief marketing officer|Chief Marketing Officer]] for Wipro's IT business.<ref name=Wipro>{{cite news |title=Krishnakumar Natarajan PGDM |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=23612393&ticker=MTCL:IN |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628035945/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=23612393&ticker=MTCL:IN |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 June 2013 |accessdate=26 June 2013}}</ref>

In August 1999, KK along with nine other businessmen in IT, co-founded Mindtree.<ref name=Co-founder>{{cite news |title=Mindtree debates insider vs outsider CEO issue |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-04/job-trends/38276964_1_rostow-ravanan-krishnakumar-natarajan-scott-staples |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409190825/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-04/job-trends/38276964_1_rostow-ravanan-krishnakumar-natarajan-scott-staples |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=26 June 2013}}</ref> In the early years of Mindtree, KK was instrumental in setting up the U.S. operations and played a key role in building the organization. He then drove Mindtree's expansion into Europe, Asia Pacific and the Middle East, transforming Mindtree's IT services business. He served as the CEO from August 1999 until April 2016 and as the Executive Chairman from April 2016 until Mindtree was acquired by LTI in a hostile takeover in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Laskar |first=Anirudh |date=2019-06-26 |title=With 60% stake, L&T completes its hostile takeover of Mindtree |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/l-t-acquires-52-of-mindtree-in-indian-it-industry-s-first-hostile-takeover-1561536743325.html |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently KK, along several others, resigned from the company.

In August 2019, Krishnakumar along with his Mindtree Colleague N.S. Parthasarathy founded Mela Ventures, an early stage Venture Capital firm focused on investing in DeepTech, ClimateTech, and enterprise SaaS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mela Ventures – Empathy • Experience • Expertise |url=https://melaventures.in/ |access-date=2025-08-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>

KK is an Ex-Chairman of NASSCOM and chaired the ‘emerging companies’ forum. In this capacity, he worked towards bringing together large and emerging companies to make the Indian IT industry a globally competitive ecosystem.<ref name=Nasscom_1>{{cite news |title=Nasscom appoints SMB advocate as chairman |url=http://www.zdnet.com/in/nasscom-appoints-smb-advocate-as-chairman-7000013719/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413041528/http://www.zdnet.com/in/nasscom-appoints-smb-advocate-as-chairman-7000013719/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 April 2013 |accessdate=26 June 2013}}</ref><ref name=Nasscom_3>{{cite news |title=Nasscom appoints SMB advocate as chairman |url=http://www.informationweek.in/software/13-04-08/mindtree_s_krishnakumar_natarajan_takes_over_as_chairman_of_nasscom_for_2013-14.aspx |accessdate=26 June 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628040007/http://www.informationweek.in/software/13-04-08/mindtree_s_krishnakumar_natarajan_takes_over_as_chairman_of_nasscom_for_2013-14.aspx |archive-date=28 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

KK is an active member of several professional industry organizations, such as the Manufacturer's Association for Information Technology (MAIT) and the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII).<ref name=Nasscom_2>{{cite news |title=Krishnakumar Natarajan, Co-founder, CEO & Managing Director, Mindtree Ltd |url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Research/LeaderSpeak/Krishnakumar-Natarajan-Co-founder-CEO-and-Managing-Director-MindTree-Ltd/42827939 |accessdate=26 June 2013}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
KK was ranked number 28 on the 50 highest rated CEOs list published by [[Glassdoor]], 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glassdoor.com/50-Highest-Rated-CEOs.htm|title=Top 50 CEOs – KK ranked at number 28}}</ref>

==Personal life and family==
KK is married to Akila Krishnakumar. He has two sons.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Natarajan, Krishnakumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:XLRI – Xavier School of Management alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Gopalpur, Bihar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:55:45Z

Santosh pathak: done.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Bihar legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gopalpur, Bihar Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image = 153-Gopalpur, Bihar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Shailesh Kumar Mandal]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|153]]
| established = 1957 
| electors = 276,973
| abolished = 
}}
{{for|the constituencies in other states|Gopalpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Gopalpur, Odisha Assembly constituency}}
{{Other uses|Gopalpur (disambiguation){{!}}Gopalpur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}

''' Gopalpur Assembly constituency''' is one of 243 legislative assembly constituencies of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It is a part of the [[Bhagalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bhagalpur Lok Sabha]] constituency along with other assembly constituencies viz [[Bihpur Assembly constituency|Bihpur]], [[Pirpainti Assembly constituency|Pirpainti]], [[Kahalgaon Assembly constituency|Kahalgaon]], [[Bhagalpur Assembly constituency|Bhagalpur]] and [[Nathnagar Assembly constituency|Nathnagar]].<ref name="election2014">{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/bihar/parliamentary-constituencies/bhagalpur.html | title=Bhagalpur Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher=elections.in | access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref>
The town of Gopalpur, Bihar is part of this constituency.

==Overview==
Gopalpur comprises CD Blocks [[Gopalpur (community development block)|Gopalpur]], [[Naugachhia (community development block)|Naugachhia]], [[Rangrachowk]] & [[Ismailpur (community development block)|Ismailpur]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 20 December 2013 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Gopalur Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/gopalpur.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Vedanand Jha
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Maniram Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Maya Devi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Maniram Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" |Madan Prasad Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Mani Ram Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Madan Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Gyaneshwar Prasad Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rabindra Kumar Rana|Rabindra Rana]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|Amit Rana
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Gopal Mandal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Shailesh Kumar Mandal|Shailesh Mandal]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2025]]: Gopalpur<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Gopalpur">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Gopalpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04153.htm |accessdate=16 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216052026/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04153.htm |archivedate=16 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Shailesh Kumar Mandal|Shailesh Kumar alias Bulo Mandal]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:108630}}
|percentage = 56.75
|change = {{increase}}10.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Premsagar alias Dablu Yadav
|party = Vikassheel Insaan Party
|votes = {{formatnum:50495}}
|percentage = 26.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Narendra Kumar Niraj
|votes = {{formatnum:12686}}
|percentage = 6.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Manakeshwar alias Mantu Singh
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:4701}}
|percentage = 2.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjiv Kumar Yadav Alias Moti Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:4472}}
|percentage = 2.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4782}}
|percentage = 2.5
|change = {{increase}}0.11
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:58135}}
|percentage = 30.37
|change = {{increase}}15.35
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:191402}}
|percentage = 69.1
|change = {{increase}}8.89
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Vikassheel Insan Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Gopalpur<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/gopalpur-assembly-elections-br-153/|title=Gopalpur election result}}</ref><ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Gopal Mandal]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:75533}}
|percentage = 46.39
|change = {{increase}}5.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shailesh Kumar
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:51072}}
|percentage = 31.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Sures Bhagat
|votes = {{formatnum:23406}}
|percentage = 14.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Jan Jan Party
|candidate = Sanjeev Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:4002}}
|percentage = 2.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3888}}
|percentage = 2.39
|change = {{decrease}}1.24
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:24461}}
|percentage = 15.02
|change = {{increase}}11.3
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:162823}}
|percentage = 60.21
|change = {{increase}}6.38
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2015]]: Gopalpur<ref name="Gopalpur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Gopalpur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/gopalpur |accessdate=16 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216052058/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/gopalpur |archivedate=16 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Gopal Mandal]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:57403}}
|percentage = 41.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Anil Kumar Yadav
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:52234}}
|percentage = 37.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sures Bhagat
|votes = {{formatnum:6410}}
|percentage = 4.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Brahmdeo Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:4462}}
|percentage = 3.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Amit Rana
|votes = {{formatnum:3186}}
|percentage = 2.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Amarenda Singh Nishad
|votes = {{formatnum:2807}}
|percentage = 2.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sunil Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2239}}
|percentage = 1.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Md. Mohiuddin
|votes = {{formatnum:1867}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5042}}
|percentage = 3.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5169}}
|percentage = 3.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:138807}}
|percentage = 53.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2010 Bihar legislative assembly election|Bihar assembly elections, 2010]]: Gopalpur<ref name="election2010">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2010/stat_BR_Nov2010.pdf Bihar Assembly Election 2010]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Gopal Mandal]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 53876
|percentage = 47.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Amit Rana
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 28816
|percentage = 25.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Politics of Bhagalpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]

Sarvepalli Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:46:24Z

Santosh pathak: Stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sarvepalli
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (119-Sarvepalli highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Sarvepalli Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Somireddy Chandra Mohan Reddy]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency|Tirupati]]
| constituency_no = 119
| established = 1955
| electors = 230,413
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
}}

'''Sarvepalli Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Nellore district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Somireddy Chandra Mohan Reddy]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 2019, there are a total of 230,413 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|6}} The constituency was established in 1955, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1955)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| Podalakur
|-
| Thotapalligudur
|-
| Muthukur
|-
| Venkatachalam
|-
| Manubolu
|-
|}ootukuru

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| [[Bezawada Gopala Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1955^
| V. K. Reddy
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Vemareddy Venuku Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Vemaiah Swarna
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Mangalagiri Nanadas
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Chitturu Venkata Sesha Reddy
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Pechala Reddy Chenna Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Eduru Ramakrishna Reddy
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Chitturu Venkata Seshareddy Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Somireddy Chandra Mohan Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Adala Prabhakara Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Kakani Govardhan Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| rowspan =1| [[Somireddy Chandra Mohan Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=1}}
|}
^ indicates by-election

==Election results==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarvepalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Somireddy Chandra Mohan Reddy]]
|votes = 103278
|percentage = 52.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Kakani Govardhan Reddy]]
|votes = 86990
|percentage = 44.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Chandrasekhar Poola
|votes = 1577
|percentage = 0.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 2057
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16288
|percentage = 8.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 195716
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarvepalli<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2019 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Kakani Govardhan Reddy]]
|votes = 97,272
|percentage = 51.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Somireddy Chandra Mohan Reddy]]
|votes = 83,299
|percentage = 43.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,973
|percentage = 8.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 189,392
|percentage = 88.41
|change = +3.29
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 230,446|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarvepalli<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2014 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Kakani Govardhan Reddy]]|votes=85744|percentage=49|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Somireddy Chandra Mohan Reddy]]|votes=80,298|percentage=46.29|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,446|percentage=3.14|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=173,459|percentage=85.11|change=+5.35}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 203,818|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarvepalli<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2009 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Adala Prabhakara Reddy]]
|votes = 73,760
|percentage = 47.30
|change = -3.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Somireddy Chandra Mohan Reddy]]
|votes = 63,476
|percentage = 40.71
|change = -4.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Venkata Sesha Reddy Chittoor]]
|votes = 11,553
|percentage = 7.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,284
|percentage = 6.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 155,930
|percentage = 79.80
|change = -1.30
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 195,412|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarvepalli<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2004 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref> Sarvepalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Adala Prabhakara Reddy]]
|votes = 67,783
|percentage = 50.91
|change = +10.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Somireddy Chandra Mohan Reddy]]
|votes = 60,158
|percentage = 45.18
|change = -9.11
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,625
|percentage = 5.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 133,146
|percentage = 81.10
|change = +10.37
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 164,184|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarvepalli<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1999 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Somireddy Chandra Mohan Reddy]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=61,578|percentage=54.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= [[Chitturu Venkata Sesha Reddy]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=45,486 |percentage=40.10% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,092 |percentage=14.19% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=116,000 |percentage=72.33% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,375|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarvepalli<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1994 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4051-andhra-pradesh-1994/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Somireddy Chandra Mohan Reddy]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=68,855 |percentage=62.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chitturu Venkata Sesha Reddy]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=35,080|percentage=31.99% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,775 |percentage=30.80% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=111,655 |percentage=73.72% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,459|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarvepalli<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1989 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4050-andhra-pradesh-1989/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref> [[Sarvepalli]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Chitturu Venkata Sesha Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress|votes=54,796 |percentage=54.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Poondla Dasaratharami Reddy]] |party=Telugu Desam Party |votes=41,648 |percentage=41.52% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,148 |percentage=13.11% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=103,871|percentage=69.73% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,962|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarvepalli<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1985 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4049-andhra-pradesh-1985/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref> [[Sarvepalli]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Eduru Ramakrishna Reddy]] |party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=50,423 |percentage=60.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kotamreddy Vijayakumar Reddy]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=28,857|percentage=34.76% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,566|percentage=25.98% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,006 |percentage=65.14% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,340 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarvepalli<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1983 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4048-andhra-pradesh-1983/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate = [[Penchalareddy Chenna Reddy]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=42,918 |percentage=55.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chitturu Venkata Sesha Reddy]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=27,641|percentage=35.70% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,277 |percentage=19.73% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,812 |percentage=67.48% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,760|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Indian National Congress (I)|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1978===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarvepalli<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1978 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4047-andhra-pradesh-1978/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref> by}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Chitturu Venkata Sesha Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress (I) |votes=43,851 |percentage=51.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anam Baktavatsala Reddy]] |party=Janata Party |votes=21,889 |percentage=35.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gunupati Ramachandra Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes=20,049 |percentage=23.37% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,962 |percentage=25.60% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,956 |percentage=79.57% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 110,535 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner= Indian National Congress (I)|loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1972===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarvepalli<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1972 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4046-andhra-pradesh-1972/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref> [[Sarvepalli]] (SC)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mangalagiri Nanadas]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=34,613 |percentage=71.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vemaiah Swarna]] |party= Communist Party of India |votes=11,311 |percentage=23.41% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,302 |percentage=48.22% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,310 |percentage=52.75% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,483 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= Communist Party of India |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarvepalli<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1967 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4045-andhra-pradesh-1967/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref> [[Sarvepalli]] (SC)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Vemaiah Swarna]]|party= Communist Party of India |votes=24,069 |percentage=46.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S R Jogi]] |party= Independent (politician) |votes=23,803 |percentage=46.43% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=266 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,523 |percentage=65.75% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,407 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Communist Party of India ||loser= Independent (politician) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarvepalli<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1962 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4044-andhra-pradesh-1962/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Vemareddy Venku Reddy]]|party= Independent (politician) |votes=23,441 |percentage=50.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= [[Vangallu Kodandarami Reddy]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=23,355 |percentage=49.91% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=86 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,023 |percentage=70.07% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,538 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Independent (politician) ||loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1955===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarvepalli<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1955 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4042-andhra-pradesh-1955/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate= [[Bezawada Gopala Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=25,582 |percentage=67.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= [[Koduru Balakota Reddy]] |party= Communist Party of India |votes=10,942 |percentage=29.05% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,640 |percentage=38.87% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,663 |percentage=62.67% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,095 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end }}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coord|14.29|79.97|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nellore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in Madras State]]

List of awards and nominations received by Mammootty

2026-03-29T00:51:27Z

Santosh pathak:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
[[File:Mammootty 62nd Filmfare Awards South (cropped).jpg|thumb|Mammootty at 62nd Filmfare Awards South]]

[[Mammootty]] is an Indian actor who works primarily in the Malayalam film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-17 |title=50 years of Mammootty: 50 unforgettable moments from his films |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/50-years-mammootty-50-unforgettable-moments-his-films-154014 |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> He is regarded as one of the greatest actors in Indian cinema.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} Over a career spanning five decades, he has received extensive critical acclaim and numerous honours, including three [[National Film Award for Best Actor]], eleven [[Kerala State Film Awards]], eleven Kerala Film Critics Awards and Sixteen [[Filmfare Awards South]]. Mammootty holds the record for the most appearances in the final round of the National Film Award for Best Actor. He has been honoured at international film festivals such as the [[International Film Festival of India]] and the [[Muscat|Muscat International Film Festival]].

He has received several major civilian and academic honours. In 2026, he was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] by the [[Government of India]] for his contributions to Indian cinema. Earlier, he received the [[Padma Shri]] from the Government of India in 1998 and the [[Kerala Awards|Kerala Prabha]] from the [[Government of Kerala]] in 2022. He also received honorary doctorates from the [[University of Kerala]] and the [[University of Calicut]].<ref>"44th National Film Awards" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011.</ref>

Mammootty received his first [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] in 1990 for ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]'' and ''[[Mathilukal (film)|Mathilukal]].'' In 1994, he secured his second National Film Award for Best Actor for his performances in Adoor Gopalakrishnan's ''[[Vidheyan]]'' and T. V. Chandran's ''[[Ponthan Mada]]''. In 1997, Mammootty received his third National Film Award for Best Actor for ''[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film)|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]]'', in which he portrayed the role of [[B. R. Ambedkar]].

In 2013, an online poll conducted by ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' on their website as part of the 100 years celebration of [[Indian cinema]] ranked two of his films, ''Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha'' and ''[[Anantaram]]'', amongst the "greatest Indian film ever".<ref>"IBNLive Poll: Vote for India's greatest film of all time". ''[[CNN-IBN]]''. 26 April 2013. Archived from the original on 15 November 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2013.</ref> On the centenary of Indian cinema in April 2013, ''[[Forbes (India)|Forbes]]'' included Mammootty's performance in ''Mathilukal'' on its list, "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema".<ref>[https://www.forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0 25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema]</ref> In 2019, Vogue India published a list of Biggest icons of south Indian cinema, labelled him as "Master". In 2005, [[Asianet News|Asianet]] called him "The greatest method actor to grace [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]]."<ref>"ജീവിതമെന്ന അസംബന്ധനാടകം". (in Malayalam). ''Janayugom''. 31 March 2010. Retrieved 22 July 2011.</ref>{{Better source needed|date=August 2024}}

He owned a film production company, Casino Films, which produced several of his films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Malayalam Movies under the banner Casino Films |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movieslist.php?bn=229 |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref> He formed a television [[production company]], Megabytes, which produced [[Serial (radio and television)|television serials]], the first being ''Jwalayay.''<ref>[http://www.ddktvm.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=26 Mega Serials Mega Hits] Archived 15 October 2007 at the [[Wayback Machine]]. Rediff.com. 28 October 2006. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref> In 2022, he became one of the few [[List of Indian film actors|actors in India]] to have completed 50 years in Indian cinema. Mammootty has been honoured at a few international film festivals like the [[Muscat|Muscat International Film Festival]] and [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mammootty honoured at Muscat International Film Festival - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-honoured-at-muscat-international-film-festival/articleshow/32957401.cms |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=The Times of India |date=30 March 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

== Honorary awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Honouring body
! {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|1998
| [[Padma Shri]]
| [[Government of India]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/|title=National Portal of India|website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-treats-fans-with-a-magnificent-photo-as-he-completes-50-years-in-cinema/articleshow/85178348.cms | title=Mammootty treats fans with a magnificent photo as he completes 50 years in cinema | work=Times Of India | date=9 August 2021 | access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2010
| [[Honorary degree|Honorary]] [[Doctor of Letters]] (D.Litt.)
| [[University of Kerala]]
| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article684009.ece | title=D.Litt. for Adoor, Mammootty, Umayalpuram Sivaraman | work=The Hindu | date=14 January 2010 | access-date=14 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/highly-educated-mollywood-celebs/highly-educated-mollywood-celebs/photostory/53046800.cms | title=Highly educated Mollywood celebs | work=Times Of India | access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2010
| [[Honorary degree|Honorary]] [[Doctor of Letters]] (D.Litt.)
| [[University of Calicut]]
| <ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/highly-educated-mollywood-celebs/highly-educated-mollywood-celebs/photostory/53046800.cms | title=Highly educated Mollywood celebs | work=Times Of India | access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2022
| [[Kerala Awards|Kerala Prabha]]
| [[Government of Kerala]]
| <ref>{{cite web | title=M T Vasudevan Nair chosen for Kerala's first highest state-level award | url=https://www.ptinews.com/news/national/m-t-vasudevan-nair-chosen-for-keralas-first-highest-state-level-award/445006.html | website=Press Trust of India | publisher=PTI | access-date=1 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2026
| [[Padma Bhushan]]
| [[Government of India]]
| <ref>{{cite web | title=Malayalam actor Mammootty honoured with Padma Bhushan Award by Government of India | url=https://www.madhyamam.com/india/padma-awards-2026-announced-1489333l | website=Madhyamam Daily | access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref>
|}

==National Film Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Nominated work
! Category
! Language
! {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| [[37th National Film Awards|1989]]
|{{bulleted_list|''[[Mathilukal (film)|Mathilukal]]''|''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]''}}
| rowspan="3" | [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| rowspan=2|[[Malayalam]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm37NFAAward.aspx?PdfName=37nfa.pdf |title=37th National Film Festival, 1990 |access-date=3 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018073449/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm37NFAAward.aspx?PdfName=37nfa.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[41st National Film Awards|1993]]
|{{bulleted_list|''[[Ponthan Mada]]''|''[[Vidheyan]]''}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm41thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=41NFA.pdf |title=41st National Film Festival, 1994 |access-date=3 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928072259/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm41thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=41NFA.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[46th National Film Awards|1998]]
| {{bulleted_list|''[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film)|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]]''}}
| [[English language|English]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=46th National Film Awards, 2000 |url=http://pib.nic.in/focus/fojul99/fo1907992d.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603132013/http://pib.nic.in/focus/fojul99/fo1907992d.html |archive-date=2007-06-03 |website=Press Information Bureau(India)}}</ref>
|}

==Kerala State Film Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Nominated work
! Category
! {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1981
| ''[[Ahimsa (1981 film)|Ahimsa]]''
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor|Second Best Actor]]
|<ref name="State">{{Cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234213/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm|title=Kerala State Film Awards Winners List|archivedate=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="Ref2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/southern-comfort-mammootty-is-64-20498#photo-261988|title=Southern Comfort: Mammootty is 64|publisher=NDTV|access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 1984
| ''[[Adiyozhukkukal]]''
| [[Best Actor]]
|<ref name="State"/><ref name="Ref2"/>
|-
| 1985
|''[[Yathra]]'', ''[[Nirakkoottu]]''
| [[Kerala State Film Award (Special Jury Award)|Special Jury Award]]
|<ref name="State"/><ref name="Ref2"/>
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragadha]]'', ''[[Mrigaya (1989 film)|Mrigaya]]'', ''[[Mahayanam]]''
| rowspan="5" | [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|<ref name="State"/>
|-
| 1993
|''[[Vidheyan]], [[Ponthan Mada]]'', ''[[Vatsalyam]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keralafilm.com/sfa93.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002054806/http://www.keralafilm.com/sfa93.htm|title=Kerala State Film Awards 1993|archivedate=2 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Kaazhcha]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralafilm.com/sfa04.htm |title=Kerala State Film Awards 2004 |access-date=16 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002020801/http://www.keralafilm.com/sfa04.htm |archive-date=2 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha (film)|Paleri Manikyam]] ''
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/04/09/stories/2010040951300100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629005851/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/04/09/stories/2010040951300100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2011|title='Pazhassi Raja' reigns supreme |author=P.K.Ajith Kumar|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="Ref2"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam]]''
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/07/21/kerala-state-film-awards-2022-winners-list.html|title='ന്നാ താൻ കേസ് കൊട്' ജനപ്രിയചിത്രം, ഷാഹി കബീർ മികച്ച സംവിധായകൻ: ചലച്ചിത്ര അവാർഡ് പ്രഖ്യാപിക്കുന്നു - Kerala Film Awards | date=21 July 2023 |access-date=21 July 2023 |work=Manorma Online News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/en/node/223606|title=സംസ്ഥാന ചലച്ചിത്ര പുരസ്‌കാരങ്ങൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; നൻ പകൽ നേരത്തു മയക്കം മികച്ച ചിത്രം; മമ്മൂട്ടി മികച്ച നടൻ, വിൻസി അലോഷ്യസ് നടി|date=21 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|
|-
|2023
|[[Kaathal - The Core|''Kaathal - The Core'']]
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kerala-state-film-awards-2024-winners-list-aadujeevitham-wins-big-prithviraj-urvashi-beena-chandran-take-top-honours-9517307/lite/|title=WINNERS of 70th Kerala State Film Awards - 2024|date=16 August 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Bramayugam]]''
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-03 |title=Kerala State Film Awards 2025 winners Live Updates: Mammootty, Shamla Hamza win top honours; Manjummel Boys named Best Film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kerala-state-film-awards-2025-winners-announcement-live-updates-10337046/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Kerala Film Critics Association Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Nominated work
! Category
! {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1982
|''[[Yavanika]]''
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Second Best Actor|Second Best Actor]]
|<ref name="Film Critics Awards List">[https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html "കേരള ഫിലിം ക്രിട്ടിക്‌സ് അവാര്‍ഡ് 1977 - 2012"]. [[Kerala Film Critics Association]]. Retrieved 31 January 2023.</ref>
|-
| 1984
|''[[Aksharangal]]'', ''[[Kaanamarayathu]]''
| rowspan="6" |[[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="Film Critics Awards List"/>
|-
| 1985
| ''[[Anubandham (1985 film)|Anubandham]]'', ''[[Nirakkoottu]]'', ''[[Kochu Themmadi]]''
|-
| 1987
|''[[Thaniyavarthanam]]'', ''[[New Delhi (1987 film)|New Delhi]]''
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/07/03/stories/2009070351090100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107150349/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/07/03/stories/2009070351090100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2012|title=An incomparable writer |author=Saraswathy Nagarajan|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 July 2009}}</ref>
|-
| 1989
|''[[Mathilukal (film)|Mathilukal]]'', ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]'', ''[[Mrugaya (1989 film)|Mrugaya]]''
| rowspan="3" |<ref name="Film Critics Awards List"/>
|-
| 1992
|''[[Soorya Manasam]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/sooryamanasam/awards.html|work=Filmi Beat|title=Sooryamanasam|date=22 November 2021}}</ref> ''[[Aayirappara]]'', ''[[Pappayude Swantham Appoos]]''
|-
| 1994
|''[[Sukrutham]]''
|-
| 2004
|Lifetime Achievement Award
|[[Chalachitra Ratnam Award]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/29/stories/2005012909820400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210053135/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/29/stories/2005012909820400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Dileep best actor, Geetu, Kavya share honours |date=29 January 2005}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
|''[[Karutha Pakshikal]]'', ''[[Kaiyoppu]]''
|rowspan="2" |[[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/30/stories/2007013020190300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211233915/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/30/stories/2007013020190300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 February 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|title='Karuthapakshikal' bags award|date=30 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/28833.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202024721/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/28833.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2007|title=Film Critics' Award for Mammootty, Padmapriya|work=Indiaglitz|date=30 January 2007}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
|''[[Pranchiyettan and the Saint]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/critics-award-gaddama-adjudged-best-film/755271/|title=Critics award: 'Gaddama' adjudged best film|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=26 February 2011|accessdate=26 February 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
|Lifetime Achievement Award
|[[Ruby Jubilee Award]]
|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/jallikattu-bags-film-critics-award-for-best-film/article32905878.ece|title=Mammootty felicitated: Actor Mammootty has been awarded with the Ruby Jubilee Award constituted to commemorate the 40th year of his outstanding contributions to Indian cinema|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 October 2020|accessdate=21 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

==Filmfare Awards South==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Nominated work
! Category
!Result
! {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| [[32nd Filmfare Awards South|1984]]
| ''[[Adiyozhukkukal]]''
| rowspan="8" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Best Actor – Malayalam]]
|{{won}}
|<ref name="Awards and Recognitions">{{Cite web|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/advt/movie/mammootty_birthday/awards_recognitions.htm|title=Awards and Recognitions}}</ref><ref name="Ref2"/>
|-
| [[33rd Filmfare Awards South|1985]]
| ''[[Yathra]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref name="Awards and Recognitions"/><ref name="Ref2"/>
|-
| [[38th Filmfare Awards South|1990]]
| ''[[Mathilukal]]''
|{{won}}
| <ref>http:// Refer Filmfare Magazine August 1991, [[38th filmfare awards south]]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/mathilukal/movieawards/65513391.cms |title=List of Awards won by Malayalam movie Mathilukal|work=Times Of India|accessdate=2021-11-22 }}</ref>
|-
| [[39th Filmfare Awards South|1991]]
| ''[[Amaram]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/39thAnnualFilmfareMalayalamBestActorDirectorMusic |title=39th Annual Filmfare Malayalam Best Actor Director Music |date=8 February 2017 |accessdate=2017-02-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170208063321/https://archive.org/details/39thAnnualFilmfareMalayalamBestActorDirectorMusic |archivedate= 8 February 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/amaram/movieawards/65513795.cms |title=List of Awards won by Malayalam movie Amaram|work=Times Of India|accessdate=2021-11-22}}</ref>
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Bhoothakkannadi]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref name="Awards and Recognitions"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/bhoothakkannadi/movieawards/65511646.cms |title=List of Awards won by Malayalam movie Bhoothakkannadi|work=Times Of India|accessdate=2021-11-22}}</ref>
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Arayannagalude Veedu]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/03/24/stories/0424401t.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501104755/http://www.hindu.com/2001/03/24/stories/0424401t.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 May 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Trophy time for tinseldom|date=24 March 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/arayannangalude-veedu/movieawards/65513112.cms |title=Arayannagalude Veedu Awards|work=Times Of India|accessdate=2021-11-22}}</ref>
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Kaazhcha]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref name="Awards and Recognitions"/><ref name="Mammootty Award List">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Mammootty/awards |title=Mammootty Awards|work=Times Of India|accessdate=2021-11-22}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2006
| ''[[Karutha Pakshikal]]''
|{{won}}
| rowspan=2 | <ref name="Everyone loves the black lady">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Everyone-loves-the-black-lady/articleshow/2274109.cms|title=Everyone loves the black lady|date=12 August 2007|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/54thAnnualFilmfareAwardssouthLifetimeAchievementandLegendaryawards | title=54th Annual Filmfare awards south Lifetime achievement award winners & Legendary honorary winners | date=27 January 2025 }}</ref>
|-
| {{—}}
| [[Filmfare Special Award – South|Legends (Honorary Award)]]
|{{won}}
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Azhagan]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref name="Filmfare Awards winners">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Filmfare-Awards-winners/articleshow/6280143.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811095903/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-09/news-interviews/28320515_1_filmfare-awards-winners-prakash-raj-k-j-yesudas|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Filmfare Awards winners|date=9 August 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Mammootty Award List"/>
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Swathi Kiranam]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref name="Filmfare Awards winners"/><ref name="Mammootty Award List"/>
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha (film)|Paleri Manikyam]]''
| rowspan="5" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Best Actor – Malayalam]]
|{{won}}
|<ref name="Filmfare Awards winners"/><ref name="Mammootty Award List"/>
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Pranchiyettan & the Saint|Pranchiyettan and the Saint]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/The-glitter-the-gloss-the-razzmatazz-/articleshow/9083584.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105194656/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-03/chennai/29732898_1_lifetime-achievement-award-telugu-film-director-award|url-status=live|archive-date=5 November 2012|title=The glitter, the gloss, the razzmatazz|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 July 2011|access-date=3 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="Mammootty Award List"/>
|-
| [[62nd Filmfare Awards South|2014]]
| ''[[Varsham (2014 film)|Varsham]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |title=Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South |publisher=[[Filmfare]] |date=27 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129092825/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |archivedate=29 January 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Mammootty Award List"/>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Pathemari]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |publisher=[[Filmfare]] |date=18 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702102328/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |archivedate=2 July 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Mammootty Award List"/>
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[69th Filmfare Awards South|2023]]
|rowspan='2'|[[Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam]]
|{{won}}
|rowspan='2'|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2024/malayalam/winners | title=Winners of the 69th Filmfare Awards South 2024 - Malayalam }}</ref>
|-
|Best Film
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan='2'|[[Kaathal – The Core]]
|Best Actor
|{{nom}}
| rowspan='2'|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/filmfare-awards-south-2024-full-winners-list-nanis-dasara-siddharths-chithha-win-big-101722757273293.html |title=Filmfare Awards South 2024 full winners list: Nani's Dasara, Siddharth's Chithha win big |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Best Film
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]]
|[[Bramayugam]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Malayalam|Best Actor]]
|{{won}}
|
|}

==IIFA Utsavam==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Nominated work
! Category
! Result
|-
| 2016
| Varsham
| Performance in Lead role - Male
| {{Nom}}
|}

==South Indian International Movie Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Nominated work
! Category
! Result
|-
| [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|2014]]
| ''[[Immanuel (film)|Immanuel]]''
| rowspan="5" | Best Actor
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|2015]]
| ''[[Varsham (2014 film)|Varsham]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|2016]]
| ''[[Pathemari]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|2017]]
| ''[[The Great Father]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|2020]]
| [[Unda (film)|''Unda'']]
| {{nom}}
|}

==Ramu Kariat Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Nominated work
! Category
! Result
! Ref(s)
|-
| 2009
| [[Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha (film)|''Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathira Kolapathakathinte Katha'']]
| rowspan="3" | Best Actor
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/16/stories/2009121654400400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924163844/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/16/stories/2009121654400400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Awards announced |date=16 December 2009}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Pathemari]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mangalam.com/thrissur/388444 |date=18 December 2015 |access-date=19 December 2015 |agency=[[Mangalam Publications|Mangalam]] |title=രാമു കാര്യാട്ട് ഫിലിം അവാര്ഡ്: പത്തേമാരി മികച്ച ചിത്രം മമ്മുട്ടി നടന് |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222120326/http://www.mangalam.com/thrissur/388444 |archivedate=22 December 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Mamangam (film)|Mamangam]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref>
{{cite web
| url = https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/mammootty-saniya-iyappan-anu-sithara-nyla-usha-unni-mukundan-bibin-george-receives-ramu-kariat-awards-2020/articleshow/73656559.cms
| title = മികച്ച നടന്‍ മമ്മൂട്ടി, നടി നൈല ഉഷ; രാമു കാര്യാട്ട് പുരസ്‌കാരങ്ങള്‍
| date = 27 Jan 2020
| work = സമയം
| publisher = Times of India
}}</ref>
|}

==Asiavision Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Nominated work
! Category
! {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2011
|{{—}}
| Millennium Star
|<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130707051415/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-10/kochi/30382649_1_lifetime-achievement-award-excellence-awards-movie-awards "Adaminte Makan Abu gets Asia Vision's outstanding film award"]. ''[[The Times of India]]''. 10 November 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2011.</ref>
|-
|2013
|''[[Kunjananthante Kada]]''
| rowspan="2" |Best Actor
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/mammotty-kavya-madhavan-bag-asiavision-awards-2013-11-05-1.526962 |title=Mammotty, Kavya Madhavan bag Asiavision awards |work=[[Emirates 24/7]] |date=5 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060116/http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/mammotty-kavya-madhavan-bag-asiavision-awards-2013-11-05-1.526962 |archivedate= 4 March 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| 2014
|''[[Munnariyippu]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/celebrity/india/bollywood/aishwarya-dances-mammootty-impresses-in-sharjah-1.1412654|title=Asiavision Movie Awards 2014|publisher=[[Gulfnews.com]]| date=15 November 2014 | accessdate=22 October 2015}}</ref>
|}

==Asianet Film Award==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Nominated work
! Category
! {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2000
|''[[Arayannagalude Veedu]]''
| rowspan="3" |Best Actor
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Kaazhcha]]'', ''[[Vesham]]''
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Ore Kadal]]'', ''[[Big B (film)|Big B]]'', ''[[Kadha Parayumbol]]''
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/13/stories/2008011353790500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116112601/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/13/stories/2008011353790500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 January 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Ujala-Asianet film awards announced |date=13 January 2008}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|{{—}}
|[[Asianet Film Awards#Special awards|Asianet Millennium Star Award]]
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Pranchiyettan and the Saint]]'', ''[[Best Actor (film)|Best Actor]]'', ''[[Kutty Srank]]''
|Best Actor
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20110165150&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=regional&nid=76304 |title=Mammootty, Mohanlal bag Asianet film awards yet again |publisher=[[NDTV]] |work=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=1 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714161640/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20110165150&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=regional&nid=76304 |archivedate=14 July 2011 }}</ref>
|-
|2011
|{{—}}
|[[Asianet Film Awards#Special awards|Cultural Icon of Kerala]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2012/mammootty-cultural-icon-ujala-asianet-awards-100112.html|title=Mammootty bags the Cultural Icon of Kerala at Ujala-Asianet film awards|date=10 January 2012|website=Filmibeat}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|{{—}}
|[[Asianet Film Awards#Special awards|Guest of Honour Award]]
|
|-
| 2013
|''[[Kunjananthante Kada]]'', ''[[Immanuel]]''
| rowspan="2" | Best Actor
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metromatinee.com/news-articles/16th-ujala-asianet-film-awards-2014-winners-list-7548 |title=16th Ujala Asianet Film Awards 2014 - Winners List |accessdate=2014-10-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517014018/http://www.metromatinee.com/news-articles/16th-ujala-asianet-film-awards-2014-winners-list-7548 |archivedate=17 May 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| 2014
|''[[Varsham (2014 film)|Varsham]]'', ''[[Munnariyippu]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/17th-asianet-film-awards-mammootty-manju-warrier-win-best-actor-awards-photoswinners-list-620099 |title=17th Asianet Film Awards: Mammootty, Manju Warrier Win Best Actor Awards [PHOTOS+WINNERS' LIST] |website=[[International Business Times]] |accessdate=2015-01-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021609/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/17th-asianet-film-awards-mammootty-manju-warrier-win-best-actor-awards-photoswinners-list-620099 |archivedate= 5 March 2016 }}</ref>
|}

==Vanitha Film Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Nominated work
! Category
! {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2007
|''[[Big B (film)|Big B]]'', ''[[Ore Kadal]]''
| rowspan="4" |Best Actor
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vanitha-awards-for-mammootty-meera-jasmine-malayalam-news-36410 |title=Vanitha awards for Mammootty, Meera Jasmine |date=7 February 2008 |work=indiaglitz.com |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924190651/http://www.indiaglitz.com/vanitha-awards-for-mammootty-meera-jasmine-malayalam-news-36410 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2009
|[[Loud Speaker (film)|''Loud Speaker'']], [[Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha (film)|''Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha'']], ''[[Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (film)|Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja]]''
|<ref>[http://www.keralatv.in/2010/02/vanitha-film-awards-2009-announced/ "Vanitha Film Awards 2009 Announced"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314185108/http://www.keralatv.in/2010/02/vanitha-film-awards-2009-announced/ |date=14 March 2016 }}. Keraltv.com. 2010-02-11.</ref>
|-
| 2010
|''[[Pranchiyettan and the Saint]]''
|<ref>[http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?programId=1080132927&contentId=8789715 "Mammootty, Mamtha win Vanitha Film award".] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120716085021/http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?programId=1080132927&contentId=8789715 |date=16 July 2012 }} ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''. 2011-02-10.</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[Varsham (2014 film)|Varsham]]''
|<ref>[http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?programId=1080132927&contentId=8789715 "Mammootty, Manju Warrier win Vanitha Film award".] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120716085021/http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?programId=1080132927&contentId=8789715 |date=16 July 2012 }} ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''. 2015-02-12.</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Kaathal – The Core]]'', ''[[Kannur Squad]]'', ''[[Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam]]''
|Best Actor
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-23 |title=Mohanlal Dances To Zinda Banda Song At Awards Ceremony, Plants Kiss On Mammootty's Cheek |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/mohanlal-dances-to-zinda-banda-from-jawan-article-109516259 |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Other major honors and recognitions==
*2024: Mazhavil Entertainment Awards 2024 for Entertainer of the Year (Actor)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mazhavil Entertainment Awards 2024: Jagathy is ultimate entertainer; Urvashi, Sathyan Anthikad honoured |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/08/21/mazhavil-entertainment-awards-jagathy-sreekumar-mohanlal-mammootty-amma.html |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Mazhavil Entertainment Awards 2024: Jagathy is ultimate entertainer; Urvashi, Sathyan Anthikad honoured |language=en}}</ref>
*2020: [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]] Binale Foundation Award
*2020: Critics Choice Film Awards for Best Actor (Malayalam) - ''[[Unda (film)|Unda]]''<ref>{{cite news|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-winners-list-6336210/
|title=Critics' Choice Film Awards 2020: Complete winners list |author= The Indian Express |author-link= The Indian Express }}</ref>
*2019: Makudam Award for Best Actor - ''[[Peranbu]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/news-broadcasting/news18-tamil-nadu-announces-the-third-edition-of-magudam-awards-191021|title=News18 Tamil Nadu announces the third edition of Magudam Awards|date=21 October 2019|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
*2015: P S John Endowment Award<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Mammootty-Bags-P-S-John-Award/2015/12/13/article3175273.ece|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160301215444/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Mammootty-Bags-P-S-John-Award/2015/12/13/article3175273.ece|url-status= dead|archive-date= 1 March 2016|title=Mammootty Bags P S John Award|date=13 December 2015|access-date=19 February 2016|agency=[[The New Indian Express]]|author=Express News Service }}</ref>
*2014: Kashmir International Film Festival - Lifetime Achievement Award<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/balyakalasakhi-bagged-awards-in-kashmir-international-film-festival/101963/story.htm|title='Balyakalasakhi' bagged awards in Kashmir International Film Festival|date=27 August 2014|access-date=19 February 2016|agency=NOWRUNNING}}</ref>
*2012: Thikkurussy Foundation Award for Contributions to Malayalam Cinema<ref>{{cite news|author=Press Trust of India|author-link=Press Trust of India|title='Aadminte Makan Abu chosen best film by Thikkurissy foundation |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/aadminte-makan-abu-chosen-best-film-by-thikkurissy-foundation/947678.html |accessdate=8 January 2012 |publisher=[[IBN Live]] |date=7 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119053141/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/aadminte-makan-abu-chosen-best-film-by-thikkurissy-foundation/947678.html |archivedate=19 January 2012 }}</ref>
* 2010: Amrita-FEFKA Film Awards for Best Actor - ''Pranchiyettan and the Saint''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2011/06/amrita-fefka-film-awards-announced/|title=Amrita FEFKA Film Awards Announced|date=2 June 2011|publisher=Best Media Info|accessdate=2 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/67286.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605061414/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/67286.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 June 2011|title=Amritha awards for Mammootty, Kavya and T D Dasan|date=2 June 2011|work=Indiaglitz|accessdate=2 June 2011}}</ref>
* 2010: Inspire Film Awards for Best Actor - ''Pranchiyettan and the Saint''<ref>[http://www.deshabhimani.com/newscontent.php?id=14183 ഇന്‍സ്പയര്‍ ഫിലിം അവാര്‍ഡ് പ്രാഞ്ചിയേട്ടന്‍ മികച്ച ചിത്രം]. Deshabhimani.com (22 May 2011). Retrieved on 20 December 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/malayalam/188116/ ഇന്‍സ്‌പെയര്‍ ചലച്ചിത്ര പുരസ്‌കാരം പ്രാഞ്ചിയേട്ടന്‍ മികച്ച ചിത്രം, Malayalam – Mathrubhumi Movies] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525050004/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/malayalam/188116/ |date=25 May 2011 }}. Mathrubhumi.com (22 May 2011). Retrieved on 20 December 2011.</ref>
* 2010: Vellinakshatram Film Awards for Best Actor - ''Pranchiyettan and the Saint''<ref>[http://www.kaumudiplus.com/news.php?nid=fc6de09e6ca5ea83e22be3e246b09421&mcid=3&msid=3 "പ്രാഞ്ചിയേട്ടന് മൂന്ന് അവാർഡ്".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619230001/http://www.kaumudiplus.com/news.php?nid=fc6de09e6ca5ea83e22be3e246b09421 |date=19 June 2011 }} (in Malayalam). ''Kaumudi Plus''. 17 June 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2011.</ref>
* 2009: Surya Film Award For Best Actor for ''Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathira Kolapathakathinte Katha''<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/23/stories/2010092350590200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928105823/http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/23/stories/2010092350590200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 September 2010 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Surya TV film awards announced | date=23 September 2010}}</ref>
* 2009: Jaihind Film Award For Best Actor for ''Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathira Kolapathakathinte Katha''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.gaeatimes.com/2010/08/09/mammootty-wins-jai-hind-tvs-best-actor-award-156392/|title=Mammootty Wins Jai Hind TVs Best Actor Award|publisher=Geatimes.com|date=9 August 2010}}</ref>
*2008: Jaihind Utsav Awards-Actor of the Decade (Special Award)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2009/aug/17/mammootty-wins-actor-of-the-decade-78043.html|title=Mammootty wins 'Actor of the decade'|website=The New Indian Express|date=15 May 2012 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mammootty, List of Awards And Nominations Received By}}
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor]]

Vijay Sai

2026-03-28T08:05:51Z

Santosh pathak: improved formatting further and corrected details after review

{{Short description|Indian comedian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vijay Sai
| image =
| birth_name = K. Vijay Sai<ref name="A" />
| birth_date = c. 1979 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sai-suicide-comedian-s-wife-surrenders-two-weeks-after-his-death-73804 | title=Vijay Sai suicide: Comedian's wife surrenders two weeks after his death | date=27 December 2017 }}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date|2017|12|11|df=y}} (age 37/38)
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 2000{{ndash}}2017
}}
'''Vijay Sai''', also known as '''Potti Vijay''', was an Indian comedian who worked in Telugu-language films.<ref name="A" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/dec/12/tollywood-film-fraternity-mourn-the-death-of-budding-comedian-vijay-sai-1724893.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215154134/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/dec/12/tollywood-film-fraternity-mourn-the-death-of-budding-comedian-vijay-sai-1724893.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 December 2017|title=Tollywood film fraternity mourn the death of budding comedian Vijay Sai|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Career ==
Vijay Sai made his lead film debut with ''[[Ammayilu Abbayilu]]'' (2003) before starring in ''Backpocket'' that same year. He played the lead role in both films.<ref name="A">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/film-comedian-vijay-sai-ends-life-by-hanging/article21426134.ece|title=Film comedian Vijay Sai ends life by hanging|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 December 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-backpocket.html|title=Telugu cinema - Back Pocket - Vijay Sai, Sony Raj - Sreedhar Beecharaju|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> He has since starred in sixty films including ''[[Bommarillu]]'' (2006) and ''[[Current (2009 film)|Current]]'' (2009).<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/telugu-comedian-vijay-sai-suicide-case-against-wife-two-others-registered-4980581/|title=Telugu comedian Vijay Sai suicide: Case against wife, two others registered|date=13 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/tollywood-comedian-vijay-commits-suicide/articleshow/62025496.cms|title=Tollywood comedian Vijay commits suicide - Times of India|website=The Times of India|last1=Adivi |first1=Sridhar }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 2006, he married television actress N. Vanitha Reddy.<ref name="A" /> He had been living separately from her since 2015.<ref name="auto"/> On 11 December 2017, Vijay Sai hanged himself on a ceiling fan. He was aged 38 at his death.<ref name="A" /> He had recorded a video before his death claiming his wife and two other people demanded 3 crore Indian rupees from him.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/actor-vijay-sai-hangs-self-mom-blames-wife/articleshow/62030430.cms|title=Actor Vijay Sai hangs self, mom blames wife | Hyderabad News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=12 December 2017 }}</ref>

== Selected filmography ==
{{incomplete list|date=February 2021}}

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Nuvve Kavali]]'' || Tarun's friend ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2003 || ''[[Ammayilu Abbayilu]]''|| Prasad || Lead role
|-
|''Back Pocket''|| || Lead role
|-
|''[[Okariki Okaru]]''|| Puchu ||
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2004 || ''[[Preminchukunnam Pelliki Randi]]''|| Vijay ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2005 || ''[[Youth (2005 film)|Youth]]'' || Babu's friend ||
|-
|''[[Bhageeratha (film)|Bhageeratha]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Soggadu (2005 film)|Soggadu]]''|| Cable Madhu ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2006 ||''[[Bommarillu]]''|| Vamsi ||
|-
|''[[Party (2006 film)|Party]]''|| Lab Incharge ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2007 ||| ''Aa Roje'' || ||
|-
|''[[Mantra (2007 film)|Mantra]]'' || ||
|-
||''Konte Kurrallu''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2008 || ''[[Ekaloveyudu]]'' || ||
|-
|''Gita'' || ||
|-
|2009 || ''[[Current (2009 film)|Current]]'' || Giri ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|2010 ||''Dammunodu''|| ||
|-
|''[[Taj Mahal (2010 film)|Taj Mahal]]'' || Swami ||
|-
|''[[Andari Bandhuvaya]]''|| Nandu's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Don Seenu]]''|| Seenu's friend ||
|-
|2011||''Vara Prasad Potti Prasad''|| Potti Prasad "PP" ||
|-
|2012|| ''[[Disco (2012 film)|Disco]]'' || ||
|-
|2013|| ''[[Om 3D]]'' || ||
|-
|2015||''Dhanalakshmi Talupu Tadite''|| ||
|-
|2017 || ''Vajralu Kavala Nayana'' || ||
|-
|2019 ||''Kothaga Maa Prayanam''|| || Released posthumously
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|nm3818012}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sai, Vijay}}
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Artists who died by suicide]]
[[Category:Filmed deaths in India]]
[[Category:Suicides by hanging in India]]
[[Category:2017 suicides]]

Challenge (2012 film)

2026-03-27T03:36:40Z

Santosh pathak: stub.

{{Distinguish|Challenge 2}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Challenge
| image = Challenge (2012 film).jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = Ganesan Kamaraj
| producer = Shridaran
| writer = Ganesan Kamaraj
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Nishan (actor)|Nishan]] [[Achyuth Kumar]] [[Harish Raj]] [[Sanjana Singh]] [[Dileep Raj]] [[Kalabhavan Mani]] [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] [[Riyaz Khan]] Dharma
| music = Kannan
| studio = Arubere Art Ventura Private Limited
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|08|07|Kannada|2012|11|02|Tamil|2013|3|03|Malayalam}}
| cinematography = Mahesh K. Dev
| editing = G. Ramarao
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada Tamil Malayalam
}}

'''''Challenge''''' is a 2012 Indian film directed by Kamaraj.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news |title=Yaarukku Theriyum Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/yaarukku-theriyum/movie-review/17100715.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326023729/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/yaarukku-theriyum/movie-review/17100715.cms |archive-date=26 March 2020 |access-date=12 November 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film stars [[Nishan (actor)|Nishan]], [[Sanjana Singh]], [[Achyuth Kumar]], [[Harish Raj]], [[Sanjana Singh]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], [[Riyaz Khan]] and Dharma. This film was simultaneously shot in Kannada, Tamil, and Malayalam; ''Challenge'' is the title of the Kannada version, whereas the Tamil and Malayalam versions are titled '''''Yaarukku Theriyum''''' ({{translation|Who knows?}}) and '''''120 Minutes''''', respectively.<ref name="M">{{Cite news |title='120 Minutes' is a complete thrill and suspense |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/120-Minutes-is-a-complete-thrill-and-suspense/articleshow/15117684.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228084522/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/120-Minutes-is-a-complete-thrill-and-suspense/articleshow/15117684.cms |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=25 April 2020 |website=keralaboxoffice.com|via=The Times of India}}</ref> The film is an adaptation of ''[[Unknown (2006 film)|Unknown]]'' (2006).<ref name="TOI" />

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=January 2024}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Nishan (actor)|Nishan]] as Shakthi
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Soori
* [[Harish Raj]] as Baasha
* [[Sanjana Singh]] as Mala, Baasha's wife
* [[Dileep Raj]] as Kishore
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Balaji
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Vishwanath
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as V. Gulothungan
* Dharma as Narayan
* [[Vaijanath Biradar|Biradar]] (Kannada) / [[Kovai Senthil]] (Tamil) / [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] (Malayalam) as Coconut seller
* [[Siva Narayana Murthy]] as Baasha's phone call recipient (Tamil)
}}

== Production ==
The film's director previously worked as an assistant director for ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]'' (2005).<ref name="M"/> [[Sanjana Singh]], who starred in ''[[Renigunta (film)|Renigunta]]'' (2009) was signed to play the love interest of [[Harish Raj]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sanjana Singh gets a second chance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sanjana-Singh-gets-a-second-chance/articleshow/11753462.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228084518/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sanjana-Singh-gets-a-second-chance/articleshow/11753462.cms |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=25 April 2020 |website=The Times of India|last1=Lakshmi |first1=V. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/itsy-bitsy-star-cast/article2957485.ece|title=Itsy Bitsy: Star cast|last=Raghavan|first=Nikhil|date=3 March 2012|access-date=4 May 2022|work=The Hindu|archive-date=4 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504014200/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/itsy-bitsy-star-cast/article2957485.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Kannada actor [[Harish Raj]] dubbed for himself in the Tamil version.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Harish Raj excited about thriller film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Harish-Raj-excited-about-thriller-film/articleshow/11446529.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228084529/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Harish-Raj-excited-about-thriller-film/articleshow/11446529.cms |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=25 April 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Harish Raj is excited for his next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Harish-Raj-is-excited-for-his-next/articleshow/11436742.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228084519/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Harish-Raj-is-excited-for-his-next/articleshow/11436742.cms |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=25 April 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The Malayalam version featured different characterisations than the other two versions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-new-genre-in-m-town-g-kamaraj/articleshow/15476046.cms|title=It's a new genre in M-Town: G Kamaraj|date=10 January 2017|work=The Times of India|access-date=4 May 2022|archive-date=3 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503220403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-new-genre-in-m-town-g-kamaraj/articleshow/15476046.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack consists of two songs composed by [[Kannan (music director)|Kannan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=4 February 2012 |title=Audio Beat: Yarukku Theriyum |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-yarukku-theriyum/article2860345.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112035726/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-yarukku-theriyum/article2860345.ece |archive-date=12 November 2019 |access-date=12 November 2019 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

;Kannada version
Lyrics by Chi Dattaraj and [[V. Nagendra Prasad]].
*Challenge Beku
*Enne Kudi

;Tamil version
*Yaaruku Theriyum - lyrics by [[Yugabharathi]] and sung by [[Haricharan]]
*Nandu Chicken – lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] and sung by [[Mukesh Mohamed|Mukesh]]

;Malayalam version
Lyrics by Aziz.

== Reception ==
The Kannada and Tamil versions released to polarized reviews.
===''Challenge''===
''Sify'' stated that "The film takes a slow start but picks up later with the narrative becoming interesting and it continues to engage you till the climax".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Challenge' engaging, entertaining (Kannada Movie Review) |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/challenge-engaging-entertaining-kannada-movie-review-news-national-mitsOfejjcesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112013624/https://www.sify.com/movies/challenge-engaging-entertaining-Kannada-movie-review-news-national-mitsOfejjcesi.html |archive-date=2019-11-12 |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''The Times of India'' opined that "While Dharma shines as a police officer, Harish Raj, Dilip Raj and Achuth Kumar have done justice to their roles. Sanjana Singh has little to do. Cinematography by Mahesh K Dev is impressive".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/challenge/movie-review/15531126.cms|title=CHALLENGE MOVIE REVIEW|work=The Times of India|date=17 August 2012|access-date=4 May 2022|archive-date=4 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504012830/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/challenge/movie-review/15531126.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Conversely, ''The New Indian Express'' stated that "But, director Kamaraj who had an intelligent subject at hand has lost points in his presentation and could not transcend it whole-heartedly on to the screen".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/aug/21/challenge-kannada-399204.html|title='Challenge' (Kannada)|work=The New Indian Express|date=21 August 2012|last=Sharadhaa|first=A.|access-date=4 May 2022|archive-date=4 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504012831/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/aug/21/challenge-kannada-399204.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Bangalore Mirror'' wrote that "Challenge should rank high among the films of Achyuth Kumar for his brilliant performance. Harish Raj, Dilip Raj and Kalabhavana Mani are also apt for their roles. The camera work is dull and the songs uninspiring".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/challenge-acid-challenge-fails/articleshow/21326387.cms|title=Challenge: Acid challenge fails|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=17 August 2012 |access-date=4 May 2022}}</ref>

===''Yaarukku Theriyum ''===
''The Times of India'' gave the film three out of five stars wrote that "''Yaarukku Theriyum'' is a rare movie that has brought together smaller names from the south Indian film industry". The ''Times of India'' also praised the performances of Achyuth Kumar and Harish Raj saying that "Kannada actors Achyuth Kumar and Harish Raj, as {{sic|humo|urous}} Baasha, come out on top with their performances".<ref name="TOI" />

On the contrary, ''News18'' opined that "Despite an engaging plot, the film struggles to keep you hooked and eventually graduates as one sans any thrills". ''News 18'' also criticized the use of English dialogue in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Yaarukku Theriyum' Review: It's disappointing |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/yaarukku-theriyum-review-its-disappointing-519928.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112013623/https://www.news18.com/News/India/yaarukku-theriyum-review-its-disappointing-519928.html |archive-date=2019-11-12 |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=News18|date=3 November 2012 }}</ref> The ''New Indian Express'' criticized the film and wrote that "But the characters are too many, and the numerous sub-plots linking them at times seem contrived".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Yaarukku Theriyum' (Tamil) |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/nov/04/yaarukku-theriyum-tamil-422297.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112013623/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/nov/04/yaarukku-theriyum-tamil-422297.html |archive-date=2019-11-12 |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=The New Indian Express|date=4 November 2012 }}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' wrote that "Director Ganesan Kamaraj seems to have focused his intentions on getting the audience to play the guessing game but disappointment looms as the surprises turn out to be far from clever".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/nov-12-01/yaarukku-theriyum-review.html|title=YAARUKU THERIYUM|work=Behindwoods|access-date=4 May 2022|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923053405/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/nov-12-01/yaarukku-theriyum-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''DNA India'' opined that "''Yaarukku Theriyum'' engages partly, but disappoints extremely".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-yaarukku-theriyum-tamil-is-partly-engaging-1759818|title=Review (Tamil) Yaaruku Theriyum is partly engaging|work=DNA India|access-date=4 May 2022|archive-date=3 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503220728/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-yaarukku-theriyum-tamil-is-partly-engaging-1759818|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|13387566}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:2012 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]

Girija Kumar Mathur

2026-03-26T08:39:04Z

Santosh pathak: done

{{Short description|Indian writer (1919–1994)}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Girijakumar Mathur गिरिजाकुमार माथुर
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1919|8|22}}
| birth_place = [[Ashoknagar (Madhya Pradesh)|Ashoknagar]], [[Gwalior State]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1994|1|10|1918|8|22}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| occupation = Writer, Poet
| nationality = Indian
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Nash aur Nirman'', ''Nayi Kavita: Seemae aur Sambhavnae''
| spouse = Shakunt Mathur (m. 1940)
| partner =
| children = Pawan Mathur, Amitabh Mathur, Ashok Mathur, Beena Bansal
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
| signature =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}
'''Girija Kumar Mathur''' ([[Hindi]]: गिरिजाकुमार माथुर) (22 August 1919 – 10 January 1994) was a notable Indian writer of the [[Hindi language]]. He is noted for his translation of the popular English song "[[We Shall Overcome]]" into Hindi (हम होगें कामयाब).<ref>{{cite web|title=Lyrics of Hum Honge Kaamyab (Hindi)|url=http://www.prayogshala.com/poems/hum-honge-kaamyab|website=www.prayogshala.com|publisher=Prayogshala|access-date=9 February 2017}}</ref> His father, Devicharan Mathur, was a teacher in a local school and greatly admired music as well as literature. His mother's name was Laxmidevi. Girijakumar Mathur is considered one of the most important writers in Hindi due to his efforts to modernise [[Hindi literature]] and promote it through many of his works.

==Early life==
Girijakumar Mathur was born in Ashoknagar which was tehsil of guna before 2003 [[Madhya Pradesh]], on 22 August 1919. He was homeschooled by his father in History, Geography and English. After obtaining his primary education in [[Jhansi]], he was awarded a degree of M.A (English) and L.L.B from Lucknow University. After practicing law for a few years, he started working in [[All India Radio]] and later [[Doordarshan]].

==Professional and musical career==

On obtaining his law degree, Mathur initially worked as a lawyer, but subsequently joined the [[Delhi]] office of [[All India Radio]]. After a few years there, he moved on to join the then only television broadcasting organization of India, [[Doordarshan]].<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last1=Mathur|first1=Girija Kumar|title=मुझे और अभी कहना है - गिरिजा कुमार माथुर (Mujhe aur abhi kehna hai - an autobiography of Girija Kumar Mathur)|publisher=Pustak mahal|location=Delhi|edition=First|url=http://www.pustak.org/books/bookdetails/5692|access-date=9 February 2017}}</ref>

Mathur published his first collection of poems, ''Manjir'' in 1941.<ref name="auto" />

It was during his service in Doordarshan that mathur translated the popular [[gospel]] and [[civil rights movement]] song "[[We shall overcome]]" into [[Hindi]] as "Ham Honge Kaamyab" (हम होंगे कामयाब).<ref>{{cite web|title=Biography of Girija Kumar Mathur|url=http://www.veethi.com/india-people/girija_kumar_mathur-profile-7794-25.htm|website=www.veethi.com|publisher=Veethi|access-date=9 February 2017}}</ref> It was sung by a female singer of the Doordarshan orchestra and the music was arranged by Satish Bhatia using Indian musical instruments. This version of the song was subsequently released by TVS Saregama.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bhatia|first1=Satish|title=Honge Kaamyab - 40 years of freedom|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/40-Years-of-Freedom-Pandit-Nehru/Hum-Honge-Kamyaab/IQ1ZXRdGU1g|website=www.saavn.com|publisher=Doordarshan / TVS Saregama|access-date=9 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Audio - Hum Honge Kaamyab|url=http://gaana.com/song/hum-honge-kamyaab|website=www.gaana.com|publisher=TVS Saregama / Gaana.com|access-date=9 February 2017|archive-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211235240/http://gaana.com/song/hum-honge-kamyaab|url-status=dead}}</ref> This Hindi rendition was released in 1970 as a song of social upliftment and was often broadcast by Doordarshan in the 1970s and 1980s. Doordarshan at that time was the only television station of India, and this song was especially played on days of national significance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Original Doordarsan version - Honge Kaamyab|url=http://gaana.com/song/hum-honge-kamyaab|website=www.gaana.com|publisher=Doordarshan / TVS Saregama|access-date=9 February 2017|archive-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211235240/http://gaana.com/song/hum-honge-kamyaab|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Mathur continued to work in Doordarshan, retiring in 1978 as the deputy director general.<ref name="auto" />

==Works==
Girijakumar Mathur started his career in literature in 1934 in the [[Braj language]].Greatly influenced by authors such as [[Makhanlal Chaturvedi]] and Balkrishna Sharma 'Navin', he published his first anthology, 'Manjir' in 1941. He was an important contributor to Hindi literature and used his works to spread moral messages through society.
His notable works include:
*Nash aur Nirman
*Dhup ke Dhan
*Sheilapankh Chamkile
*Bhitri Nadi Ki Yatra (Anthology)
*Janm Kaid (Play)
*Nayi Kavita:Seemae aur Sambhavnae
Girijakumar Mathur was one of the seven eminent Hindi poets included in ''[[Tar Saptak]]'',<ref>{{Cite book|title=Taar Saptak|last=Vatsyayan Ajneya|first=Sachchidanand Hiranand|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanapith|year=1966|location=Kolkata}}</ref> an anthology edited and published by Agyeya in 1943. Apart from poems, he wrote many plays, songs as well as essays. In 1991, he was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his anthology, "Main Vakt ke Hun Samne"<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#HINDI|title = Sahitya Akademi Award|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084937/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#HINDI|archive-date = 2016-03-04|url-status = dead}}</ref> as well as the [[Vyas Samman]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.kkbirlafoundation.org/vyas-r.html|title = Vyas Samman for Girijakumar Mathur|access-date = 1 January 2016|archive-date = 4 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095633/http://www.kkbirlafoundation.org/vyas-r.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> in the same year. He is noted for his translation of the popular English song "[[We Shall Overcome]]" into Hindi.<ref name="auto" />

Mathur described his life's journey in his autobiography [http://www.pustak.org/books/bookdetails/5692 Mujhe aur abhi kehna hai (मुझे और अभी कहना है)] (''I still have to say something'').<ref name="auto" />

==Death==
Girijakumar Mathur died on 10 January 1994, aged 75 in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Hindi poet Girija Kumar Mathur passes away : Signposts | publisher=India Today|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/signposts/story/19940215-hindi-poet-girija-kumar-mathur-passes-away-808829-1994-02-14| date=15 February 1994 | access-date = 2023-05-06}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Hindi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathur, Girija Kumar}}
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi]]

Iftekhar Ahmed Chowdhury

2026-03-26T07:07:35Z

Santosh pathak: add references to improve readability and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Short description|Bangladeshi diplomat}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Iftekhar Ahmed Chowdhury
|image =Iftekhar Ahmed Chowdhury Brussels 2008 portrait.jpg
|caption = Chowdhury at the European Union in [[Brussels]] (2008)

|office = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Bangladesh)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
|term_start = 2007
|term_end = 2008
|predecessor = [[Iajuddin Ahmed]]
|successor = [[Dipu Moni]]

|office1=[[Permanent Representative of Bangladesh to the United Nations]]
|term_start1=2001
|term_end1=2007
|predecessor1=[[Anwarul Karim Chowdhury]]
|successor1=[[Ismat Jahan]]

|office2=Ambassador of Bangladesh to Qatar
|term_start2=2 July 1994
|term_end2=14 December 1996
|predecessor2=Kazi Nazrul Islam
|successor2=Abdul Aziz<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former ambassadors|url=https://doha.mofa.gov.bd/en/site/page/former-ambassadors|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908035019/https://doha.mofa.gov.bd/en/site/page/former-ambassadors |archive-date=2025-09-08 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=doha.mofa.gov.bd |language=en}}</ref>

|birth_date = 25 October 1946
|birth_place = [[Dhaka District|Dacca District]],{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} [[British India]]
|alma_mater={{ubl|[[Australian National University]]|[[University of Dhaka]]}}
}}

'''Iftekhar Ahmed Chowdhury''' is a former Bangladesh Advisor (Minister) [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Bangladesh)|of Foreign Affairs]] (2007–2009), a position he held after a long career in diplomacy and the Civil Service, starting in Pakistan in 1969, thereafter transferring to Bangladesh after the nation gained independence in 1971.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-07-02 |title=Kosovo issue being mooted |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-43843 |access-date=2023-03-13 |work=The Daily Star |agency=UNB |language=en}}</ref>

Chowdhury's contributions as a global diplomat were recognized by the New York City Council; he was named as "One of the World's Leading Diplomatic Leaders". He was also awarded a Knighthood of the Order of St. Gregory the Great by Pope John Paul the Second.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-07-02 |title=One of the world's leading diplomatic leaders and Knighthood Award |url=https://www.isas.nus.edu.sg/honorary_senior/iftekhar-ahmed-chowdhury/ |access-date=2024-10-22 |work=NUS Institute of South Asian Studies (ISAS) |agency=NUS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=APLN Network Members: Iftekhar Ahmed CHOWDHURY |url=https://www.apln.network/members/bangladesh/iftekhar-ahmed-chowdhury/bio |access-date=2024-10-22 |work=The Asia-Pacific Leadership Network for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament (APLN) |agency=APLN |language=en}}</ref>

==Education==
Chowdhury obtained an MA and Ph.D., both in International Relations at the [[Australian National University]] in Canberra,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Iftekhar Ahmed Chowdhury |url=https://www.isas.nus.edu.sg/honorary_fellow/iftekhar-ahmed-chowdhury/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=www.isas.nus.edu.sg}}</ref> having stood First in First Class in Political Science Honours at the [[University of Dhaka]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=IFTEKHAR AHMED CHOWDHURY (BANGLADESH) CHAIRMAN OF SECOND COMMITTEE {{!}} UN Press |url=https://press.un.org/en/2003/bio3529.doc.htm |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=press.un.org}}</ref>

==Career==
In Bangladesh's pre-independence period, he had stood first in then-East Pakistan in the Superior Civil service examination, and joined the Civil Service of Pakistan (CSP) in 1969.<ref name="cosmos">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Iftekhar Ahmed Chowdhury |url=https://cosmosfoundation.org/dt_team/dr-iftekhar-ahmed-chowdhury/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Cosmos Foundation |date=2 December 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> He received his training in the Civil Service Academy in Lahore and began his administrative career as an assistant commissioner (probationer) in Abbottabad, in the North-West Frontiers of Pakistan (today's Khaybar Pakhtunkhwa).

Chowdhury's diplomatic career took him to Bonn, Doha, Geneva, and New York. During his longtime postings as Ambassador to the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) and to the United Nations (UN), he had been chairman of the WTO Council on Trade Policy Review,<ref name=":0" /> WTO Committee on Trade and Development, president of the Conference on Disarmament, chairman of the Committee for Social Development and chairman of the UN Information Committee, chairman of the Population and Development Commission, and chairman of the Committee on Social Development.

Upon secondment to the United Nations in 2000, Chowdhury was appointed Special Advisor to the Secretary General of the [[UN Trade and Development|UN Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD) at its headquarters in Geneva.<ref name=":1" /> In that capacity he assisted Secretary General Rubens Ricupero in organizing the Third UN Conference on Least Developed Countries that took place in Brussels that year. He was appointed the chairman of the UN Second (Economic Committee) in 2003.<ref name=":1" /> He had been associated with the UN Reforms process as a "facilitator" appointed by the president of the UN General Assembly. He was also responsible for conducting negotiations on the paragraphs on principles of the responsibility to protect in the "Outcome Document" on UN Reforms approved by global leaders in 2005.

When, following a political crisis in Bangladesh, a caretaker government was formed in January 2007, Iftekhar Chowdhury was sworn in as the foreign minister in the Fakhruddin Ahmed cabinet.<ref name=":0" /> He was also put in charge of two additional ministries, Overseas Employment and Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dispute Settlement |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/2007/06/01/d7060101096.htm |access-date=2023-03-13 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref>

In November 2008, there was a flare-up with Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal. A cabinet committee, helmed by Chowdhury, took a strong decision to send a naval patrol of four warships, forcing Myanmar to withdraw two of its vessels from disputed waters, ending a four-day stand off that almost brought the two neighbours into a serious armed conflict.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-11-12 |title=Bangladesh, Myanmar hold talks to defuse sea row |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSDHA391398 |access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Myanmar withdrawal a 'win-win' outcome: Iftekhar |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/myanmar-withdrawal-a-win-win-outcome-iftekhar |access-date=2023-03-13 |work=bdnews24.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Career after government ===
Following the change of government in 2009, Chowdhury took to a career in the academia. He joined the Institute of South Asian Studies (ISAS) at the [[National University of Singapore]] (NUS)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Iftekhar Ahmed |date=2019-06-08 |title=Duel at the Shangri-La dialogue: Implications for us all |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/perspective/news/duel-the-shangri-la-dialogue-implications-us-all-1753744 |access-date=2023-03-13 |work=The Daily Star |type=Opinion |language=en}}</ref> as the principal research fellow, where he remained till 2020, then becoming an Honorary Fellow. He also taught at the Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) at the [[Nanyang Technological University]] (NTU), and at the [[Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy]] in Singapore.

Chowdhury is on the advisory board of the New York-based [[Global Center on Cooperative Security]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-26 |title=Our Leadership - Global Center on Cooperative Security |url=https://www.globalcenter.org/our-leadership/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Global Center on Cooperative Security - Building stronger partnerships for a more secure world |language=en}}</ref> He has been attending the sessions of the [[Astana Club]], a group of eminent global leaders annually hosted by President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] of [[Kazakhstan]], and of the Beijing-based World Peace Forum.

In October 2020, he joined the private sector, when he assumed the post of senior group advisor of Meinhardt International, a multidisciplinary engineering and designing multinational firm headquartered in Singapore.<ref name="cosmos" /> He remained in that position for two years.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mohan |first1=C. Raja |last2=Singh |first2=Hernaikh |title=Coping With China-india Rivalry: South Asian Dilemmas |date=4 January 2023 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-12-6373-6 |page=122 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Coping_With_China_india_Rivalry_South_As/f7mtEAAAQBAJ?gbpv=1&pg=PA122}}</ref> He is a member of the Association of Former BCS (FA) Ambassadors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members' List – AOFA |url=https://aofabd.com/members-list/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Chowdhurys eldest brother [[Faruq Ahmed Choudhury]] was a foreign secretary, second brother [[Enam Ahmed Choudhury]] was secretary, and another brother is former ambassador [[Masum Ahmed Choudhury]].<ref name=":2" /> A brother-in-law (freedom fighter Lieutenant colonel [[Syed Abdul Hai]]) was one of the highest -level Bangladeshi Army officers to have been killed during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name=":2" />
His youngest sister, Nina Ahmed, married [[Fakhruddin Ahmed]], former chief adviser to the 2007-08 caretaker government.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2017-05-18 |title=Faruq Ahmed Choudhury passes away |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/faruk-ahmed-passes-away-1406893 |access-date=2021-12-02 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhury, Iftekhar Ahmed}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Sylhet District]]
[[Category:St. Gregory's High School and College alumni]]
[[Category:Notre Dame College, Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:Australian National University alumni]]
[[Category:Permanent representatives of Bangladesh to the United Nations]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Bangladesh to Qatar]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Bangladesh to the Holy See]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Bangladesh to Chile]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Bangladesh to Peru]]
[[Category:Ministers of foreign affairs of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Advisers of caretaker governments of Bangladesh]]

Ratri Ke Yatri (web series)

2026-03-23T04:59:33Z

Santosh pathak:

{{short description|Indian drama web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image =
| director = Deepak Thakur
| company = [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment]]
| screenplay = {{Unbulleted_list||Tanay Karnesh}}
| starring =
*[[Shakti Arora]]
*[[Adaa Khan]]
*[[Rashami Desai]]
*[[Antara Biswas]]
*[[Barkha Bisht Sengupta]]
*[[Anju Mahendru]]
*[[Shefali Jariwala]]
*[[Shiny Doshi]]
*[[Sharad Malhotra]]
*[[Priyal Gor]].
| location = India
| runtime =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Drama]]
* [[Procedural drama]]

}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 10
| last_aired = present
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2022|10|11}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| network = [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment]]
}}

'''''Ratri Ke Yatri ''''' (English: Night traveler) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama]] web series directed by Deepak Thakur for [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment]] original.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/hungama-play-launches-ratri-ke-yatri-new-hindi-original-show-featuring-5-dramatic-sensitive-stories-set-red-light-areas/|title=Hungama Play launches 'Ratri ke Yatri'|website=Bollywood hungama|date=21 July 2020 }}</ref> Monalisa cast in both season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ott-platforms-blessing-actors-says-cast-hungama-plays-upcoming-anthology-series-ratri-ke-yatri/|title="OTT platforms are a blessing for actors", says the cast of Hungama Play's upcoming anthology series, Ratri Ke Yatri|date=13 July 2020|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

The series stars [[Shakti Arora]], [[Adaa Khan]], [[Rashami Desai]], [[Antara Biswas]], [[Mansi Srivastava]], [[Barkha Bisht Sengupta]], [[Anju Mahendru]], [[Shefali Jariwala]], [[Shiny Doshi]], [[Sharad Malhotra]], and [[Priyal Gor]] in key roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/celeb-interviews/shefali-jariwala-being-a-woman-i-did-not-understand-ratri-ke-yatri-adaa-khan-monalisa-abigail-pande/|title=Shefali Jariwala "Being a woman I did not understand"|date=16 Oct 2022|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Its first season was made available for streaming on OTT platform [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment]] and his partner networks from 23 July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/ott/ratri-ke-yatri-official-trailer-a-hungama-play-original-show-anil-v-kumar/|title=Ratri Ke Yatri – Official Trailer |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=17 July 2020}}</ref>

The second season of the series was released on Hungma Play on 10 Oct, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 Oct 2022 |title=Ratri Ke Yatri 2 - Official Trailer Hungama Original Show|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HgyCxPJR40s/ |publisher=T-Series (India)}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]

Neelamegha Perumal Temple

2026-03-22T16:54:47Z

Santosh pathak: put up new location

{{Short description|Vishnu temple in Nagapattinam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Neelamegha Perumal Temple
| image = Tirukannapuram10.JPG
| alt =
| caption = View of the temple and the temple tank
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|10.8684|N|79.7042|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]]
| location = [[Thirukannapuram]], Thirumarugal Block
| elevation_m =
| deity = {{Plainlist|
* Neelamegha Perumal ([[Vishnu]])
* Thirukannapura Nayagi ([[Lakshmi]])
* Sowriraja Perumal ([[Vishnu]])
}}
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

The '''Neelamegha Perumal Temple''' or '''Sowriraja Perumal Temple''' is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temple in [[Thirukannapuram]], a village in the outskirts of [[Nagapattinam]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Vishnu]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Neelamegha Perumal (also called as Neela Meghar) and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Thirukannapura Nayagi. As per Hindu legend, the presiding deity is believed to have appeared with a wig (called ''sowri'' locally) to save a devotee, leading to the name Sowriraja Perumal (also called as Sowrirajan or Sowrirajar).

A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines and three of its seven bodies of water. The temple has a seven-tiered ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'', the temple's gateway tower and a huge temple tank in front of it. The temple is believed to have been built by the [[Cholas]], with later additions from the [[Thanjavur Nayaks]].

Six daily rituals and three yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the chariot festival, celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Vaikasi'' (April–May), is the most prominent. The temple follows the [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] mode of worship and is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
As per Hindu legend, Rangabhatta an ardent devotee and priest of the temple offered a garland to the presiding deity daily offered by a courtesan. The courtesan used to wear the garland before offering to the priest. One day, the ruling king found a hair in the garland asked the priest about it. The priest said that the hair was that of the deity himself. The king thought that priest was lying and wanted to punish him. While he checked the deity, Vishnu himself appeared with a ''sowri'' (wig). Since Vishnu appeared with Sowri, he is called Sowriraja Perumal in the temple.<ref name=M/>

As per ''[[Padma Purana]]'', a king called Vasu (also known as Uparisravas), had the ability to fly. He was killing the demons who were troubling the masses. While flying over this place, he mistook some sages as demons and attacked them. Vishnu came in as a 16-year-old boy and defeated Vasu. It took a bit of time for Vasu to realise it was Vishnu who came in disguise. He prayed to Vishnu to marry his daughter Padmini. Pleased by his devotion, Vishnu agreed to marry Padmini.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.|pages=461–2}}</ref>

==Architecture==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=left
| total_width = 400
| width1 = 3264 | height1 = 2448
| width2 = 3264 | height2 = 2448
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Tirukannapuram3.JPG
|image2=Tirukannapuram6.JPG
|footer=Shrines inside the temple
}}
The temple has a seven-tier raja[[gopuram]] about {{convert|100|ft|m|abbr=on}} and a vast temple complex measuring {{convert|1.5|acre|ha|abbr=on}}. The complex measures {{convert|316|ft|m|abbr=on}} from East to West and {{convert|210|ft|m|abbr=on}} from North to South.<ref name=Knapp>{{cite book|title=SEEING SPIRITUAL INDIA: A Guide to Temples, Holy Sites, Festivals and Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1JJCgAAQBAJ&q=thirukannapuram&pg=PT335|last=Knapp|first=Stephen|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=9780595614523|year=2008|pages=335–37}}</ref> The second gateway tower, approached from the main gateway, measures {{convert|60|ft|m|abbr=on}}. The image of the presiding deity, Neela Meghar, is housed in the sanctum, which is approached through the gateways and the Mahamandapa. The sanctum also houses the image of Sridevi and [[Bhūmi|Bhudevi]] on either side of Neela Meghar, Dandaka [[Maharishi]] and [[Garuda]]. The metal image of the festival deity, Sowriraja Perumal, is also housed in the sanctum, with four consorts namely Sridevi, Bhudevi, Padmini and [[Andal]]. There are also metal images of Santhana Krishnar and [[Sudarshan Chakra|Chakrathaalvar]]. The temple tank is situated right opposite to the temple.<ref name=M/>

The hall preceding the sanctum is called Mahamandapa and the northern part of it is called Thirumanjana Mandapam, where sacred bath is performed to the festive images during festivals. The Palliarai is the sacred chamber where the festive images of Vishnu and his consort are housed during festivals. There are separate shrines for Senai Mudaliar (the general of Vishnu's forces), Nardhana [[Krishna]], the twelve [[Alvars]], [[Rama]], Consort of presiding deity and Thaylapura Nayagi. There are four temple tanks associated with the temple, with the largest, Nityapushkarani, located opposite the temple measuring {{convert|450|ft|m|abbr=on}} by {{convert|415|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Business>{{cite news|title=Magic on the waters|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2004/08/06/stories/2004080600150300.htm|last=Sridhar|first=Lalitha|date=6 August 2004|access-date=3 June 2018|publisher=Business Line}}</ref> Ksheerapati Pushkarani, Bhootavadan and Muthakaram are other three tanks of the temple.<ref name=M/>

As per a legend, the original structure extended up to seven compounds and 13 miles leading to the seashore. The ruling Chola ruler, was against [[Vaishnavism]] and wanted to destroy the temple. An ardent devotee pleaded to Vishnu to appear and destroy the ruler. Vishnu was unmoved and in anger, the devotee threw a discus at the image, creating a scar. It is believed that the scar is seen in the image even during modern times. The presiding deity threw a discus to hurl the Chola forces. The image of the presiding deity is depicted hurling a discus.<ref name=M/><ref name=Knapp/>

In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1961: Madras|publisher=Manager of Publication, India. Office of the Registrar General|year=1973|page=483}}</ref>

==Religious significance==
[[File:Tirukannapuram.JPG|250px|thumb|left|Image of flag staff near the main entrance]]
The temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Periyazhvar|Periyalvar]], [[Andal]], [[Kulasekaraazhvaar|Kulasekara Alvar]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=A. |first=Chidambaram |year=1947 |title=CHERAMAN PERUMAL II ALIAS KULASEKARA, ALWAR ALIAS KULASEKARA PERUMAL III (Born 730 A.D.—Ascended the throne 754 A. D.—Left the throne 798 A. D.—Died 800 A.D.) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |publisher=Indian History Congress |volume=10 |at=p. 271 |jstor=44137144}}</ref> [[Nammazhwar|Nammalvar]] and [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]]. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book. The temple is next only to [[Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple]] in terms of number of hymns dedicated to the presiding deity in Nalayira Divya Prabandam.<ref name=M>{{cite book|title=15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=M.|first=Rajagopalan|pages=57–65|publisher=Govindaswamy Printers|location=Chennai, India|year=1993}}</ref><ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Neelamegha Perumal Temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=351|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=2013-09-09}}</ref> The temple is also mentioned in ''108 Tirupathi Anthathi'' by Divya Kavi Pillai Perumal Aiyangar. A work by T.S. Rajagopalan on Thirukannapuram glorifies the features of the temple.<ref name=M/>

{| class="toccolours" style="clear:right; float:right; background:#ffffff; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width:300"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" colspan="2"|'''Pancha Kannan Temples'''
|-
|align="center"| [[Loganatha Perumal Temple]]||Thirukannangudi
|-
|align="center"|[[Gajendra Varadha Temple]]||[[Kabisthalam]]
|-
|align="center"| Neelamegha Perumal Temple ||[[Thirukannapuram]]
|-
|align="center"| [[Bhaktavatsala Perumal temple, Tirukannamangai|Bhaktavatsala Perumal Temple]] ||Thirukannamangai
|-
|align="center"| [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur|Ulagalantha Perumal Temple]] ||[[Tirukkoyilur|Thirukkovilur]]
|}

This temple is one of the Panchakanna (Krishnaranya) Kshetrams and considered the foremost among the five temples.<ref name=M/> Kannan refers to [[Krishna]], the [[avatar]] of Vishnu, while ''pancha'' means five and ''Kshetrams'' refers to holy places. Four of the five temples are situated in [[Chola Nadu]], in modern times, in the region surrounding [[Kumbakonam]] and [[Nagapattinam]] and one of them in Nadu Nadu. There are five similar temples located in North India, called Pancha-dvarakas. Krishna is not the presiding deity in any of the temples. The processional deity, Krishna, led to the derivation of the names of these places.<ref>{{cite book |last=T. |first=Padmaja |title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: history, art, and traditions in Tamil Nadu |year=2002 |publisher=Shakti Malik |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7017-398-4|pages=93–94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&q=pancha+kannan&pg=PA93}}</ref> Sage [[Kanva]] is believed to have worshiped the presiding deity.<ref>{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=534|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa|isbn=9788120601512|location=New Delhi|year=1982|ref=Ayyar}}</ref>

Thirukannapuram is one among the eight temples including [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirupathi]], [[Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple|Srirangam]], Srimushnam, [[Vanamamalai Perumal Temple|Naguneri]], [[Saligram]], Pushkar and Padarikashram that are considered the eight holy centres of salvation in Vaishanavism. They are believed to stand for the Ashtakshara [[mantra]] of "[[Om Namo Narayanaya]]", with each centre representing a letter each. The temple is the place where Vishnu is believed to have represented himself in all the eight forms, the combination of all the eight temples. The temple is also called Bhuloka Vaikuntham.<ref name=M/>

==Festivals and religious practices==
[[File:Tirukannapuram2.JPG|250px|thumb|Image of pillared hall]]
The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis based on Vaiksana Agama. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed six times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 7 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m., ''Irandamkalam'' at 7:00 p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 10:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Neelamegha Perumal and Tirukannapura Nayagi. During the last step of worship, ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument) are played, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, fortnightly, and monthly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

The major festival, the twelve-day Brahmotsavam is celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of Vaikasi (April - May). Masi Mahotsavam is another ten-day festival during the Tamil month of Masi (February - March). During these festivals the legend of marriage of Padmasini with Sowrirarjan is enacted. As per the legend, Uparasiravasu, the ruler of fisherman community was trying to remove grains from a storehouse, when a watchman intercepted. Later during the day, the same watchman appeared as Vishnu to the ruler. He was pleased and got his daughter Padmasini married to Vishnu. The festive idol is so depicted to render a hand to his consort. During the festival, [[Holy water#Hinduism|sacred water]] used during the ablution of the festive deities is distributed to devotees. There are religious discourses, musical performances and floats organized during the festival. The other Vaishnavite festivals like [[Krishna Janmashtami]], Karthigai, Tamil New Year, Margali ten-day festival, Sankranti, Panguni Uttiram and Rohini Utsavam are celebrated.<ref name=M/>

==Food offering==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=left
| total_width = 400
| width1 = 3264 | height1 = 2448
| width2 = 3264 | height2 = 2448
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Tirukannapuram1.JPG
|image2=Tirukannapuram4.JPG
|footer=Gopurams inside the temple
}}

Muna Yodhran Pongal is a traditional food offered to the deity every night during the last [[Puja (Hinduism)|Pooja]]. There are two legends associated with it. According to one of them, a devotee by name Munayodharan offered the dish made of rice, lentil and ghee to Vishnu everyday in the temple. During one night, he could not offer and he felt for it. Vishnu was pleased by his devotion and appeared to him in his house during the night. Bells were ringing, lights were glowing and a path was defined from his house to the temple where smell of his offering was appearing all the way. According to another legend, Muniyodharan Pillai, a [[Chola]] feudatory was bestowed with the responsibility of collecting taxes in the region. He was a great devotee of Vishnu and stayed in Thirukannapuram. During the torrential flood, he spent all the amount collected for the welfare of the people. The king was displeased and he arrested Muniyodharan. Viraghadibhogam was a maiden that held Muniyodharan in high esteem and she pleaded with god Vishnu. Vishnu appeared in the dreams of the king and ordered him to release Muniyodharan. It is believed Viraghadibhogam offered Pongal to Vishnu and hence it came to be known as Muniyodharan Pongal.<ref name=M/>

==See also==
* [[Divya Desams]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

==Photogallery==
<gallery>
Tirukkannapuram sourirajaperumal temple1.jpg|Temple tank
Tirukkannapuram sourirajaperumal temple3.jpg|Front mandapa
Tirukkannapuram sourirajaperumal temple4.jpg|Prakara
Tirukkannapuram sourirajaperumal temple5.jpg|Vimana of goddess
Tirukkannapuram sourirajaperumal temple6.jpg|Prakara
Tirukkannapuram sourirajaperumal temple7.jpg|Prakara
Tirukkannapuram sourirajaperumal temple8.jpg|gopuras
</gallery>

[[Category:Divya Desams]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples in Nagapattinam district]]

Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation

2026-03-19T14:33:40Z

Santosh pathak:

{{Short description|Local civic body in Warangal, Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation
| native_name_lang = te
| coa_pic = GWMC Warangal logo.jpg
| coa_res = 150px
| coa_alt = Seal of the GWMC
| coa_caption = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]] of the Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation]]
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = [[Gundu Sudha Rani]] {{small|([[Indian National Congress|INC]])}}
| election1 = 7 May 2021
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = Rizwana Shameem {{small|([[Indian National Congress|INC]])}}
| election2 = 7 May 2021
| leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 = Ms. Chahat Bajpai,IAS
| structure1 = Warangal Corporation_2021.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| seats = 66
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (48)'''
*{{colorbox|#F84996}} [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]] (48)
'''Opposition (18)'''
*{{colorbox|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (10)
*{{colorbox|#00BFFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (4)
*{{colorbox|#F757575}} [[Independent Politician|IND]] (4)
| session_room = [[File:WarangalCorporation.jpg|250px|Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation]]
| meeting_place = GWMC Building
| website = {{url|http://www.gwmc.gov.in/}}
| motto =
}}

The '''Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation''' ('''GWMC''') is the civic body of [[Warangal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telanganastateofficial.com/greater-warangal-municipal-corporation-gwmc/|title=Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation GWMC|work=Telangana State}}</ref> Its geographical area covers most of that administered by the [[Kakatiya Urban Development Authority]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150202235347/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=7&edlabel=TOIH&mydateHid=24-11-2011&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar00700&format=&publabel=TOI Warangal set to become greater ]</ref>

==History==
Warangal Municipality being one of the oldest in the [[Telangana|state]] was a major municipality in 1844 [[Fasli Calendar|Fasli]]. In July 1959 it was upgraded as a special grade municipality, in July 1960 into a selection grade, and then on 18 August 1994 it was declared as [[municipal corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://gwmc.gov.in/Default.aspx?desk=site | title=Welcome to Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation}}</ref> On 28 January 2015, it is upgraded to Greater municipal corporation by [[Government of Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150129/nation-current-affairs/article/%E2%80%98greater%E2%80%99-tag-warangal-corporation | title='Greater' tag to Warangal Corporation| date=2015-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2015-01-28 |title=Warangal made Greater Warangal municipal corporation |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/warangal-made-greater-warangal-municipal-corporation-115012801550_1.html |access-date=2022-12-16}}</ref>

== Smart City ==

The citizens of Warangal can hope for better facilities as the [[Government of India|Central government]] shortlisted it under the [[Smart Cities Mission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telanganastateinfo.com/warangal-to-become-smart-city/|title=Warangal to become 'Smart City' soon|work=Telangana State|date=2015-08-28}}</ref> The program enables the city to secure funds from the central government in strengthening and extension of existing services and its infrastructure.

=== Clean Cities Championship ===
In 2012, the city of Warangal was generating 300 tonnes per day (TPD) of [[municipal solid waste]] (MSW) of which about 60% was being collected by the GWMC. The residual MSW was piling up across the city, making it look untidy and creating an unsanitary environment. In these conditions, the GWMC devised an innovative solution to addressing MSW management – the Clean Cities Championship. Taking place over one week in mid October 2012, the GWMC invited waste management professionals from 57 municipalities across the state of [[Telangana]] to compete in the Clean Cities Championship.<ref name=hindu>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/Trash-driving/article15616669.ece|title=Trash driving|last=Acharya|first=Keya|date=2012-11-24|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-04-07|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Leading up to the event, a multi-channel information and education campaign (IEC) created awareness and excitement about the event via billboards, posters, pamphlets, radio jingles, TV ads, street plays, a web portal and TV shows.<ref name=wastepractices>{{Cite web|last=Malhotra|first=Meghna|last2=Baradi|first2=Manvita|title=Compendium Of Good Practices in Solid Waste Management|date=March 2015 |url=https://www.academia.edu/22906452/Compendium_Of_Good_Practices_in_Solid_Waste_Management_March_2015 |language=en}}</ref>

All the Clean Cities Championship participants were divided into 386 teams, with each team being given the responsibility of waste collection from 500 households per day. The teams went door-to-door and demonstrated correct waste segregation techniques to the householders and gave them two bins, one each for [[Biodegradation|wet]] and [[Recycling|dry]] waste. Each team spent about fours hours per day collecting MSW from households on its route.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2012/11/making-waste-management-a-sport-in-india/|title=Making Waste Management a Sport in India {{!}} Inter Press Service|website=www.ipsnews.net|access-date=2019-04-07}}</ref> The waste was then taken to central drop-off points where it was weighed and further segregated as required. The segregated waste was then taken to waste recovery facilities, which had been prepped ahead of time, here the organic waste underwent [[Anaerobic digestion|bio-methanation]] or [[compost]]ing, the [[Recycling|recyclable]] waste was sorted and recycled and the [[Inert waste|inert]] waste was sent to Marikonda dumpsite 15 kilometers outside the city.<ref name=hindu/><ref name=wastepractices/>

[[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] (NCC) cadets were the monitors of the competition and marked the waste collection teams on attributes such as gloves worn, masks worn, etc. Each day one man and one woman from across all the teams won a prize. At the end of the week, the best team ([[Khammam Municipal Corporation]]) won the Clean Cities Championship trophy.<ref name=hindu/>

Following the Clean Cities Championship, Warangal became the first city in India to achieve 100% door-to-door MSW collection. About 70% of households started practicing two-bin MSW segregation into wet and dry waste. 420 cement bins and 128 dumpsters were removed from locations across Warangal making it a no dump city.<ref name=wastepractices/>

GWMC was able to reduce the MSW going to landfill by 30% to 40%<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.npcindia.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/7.2-Annex-for-NPC-Warangal.pdf|title=National Productivity Council India: Clean Cities Championship Case Study|access-date=6 June 2019|archive-date=7 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407083747/http://www.npcindia.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/7.2-Annex-for-NPC-Warangal.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the dumpyard with significantly reduced load is, in phases, being converted into a nature park with [[vermicompost]]ing sheds.<ref name=wastepractices/>

== Administration ==

=== Jurisdiction ===

Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation (GWMC) Inclusion of 42 Gram Panchayats into the limits.
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* Allipur
* Nakkalapally
* Ayhodhyapuram
* Tekulagudem
* Bhattupalli
* Taralapally
* Kadipikonda
* Thimmapur
* Kummarigudem
* Bheemaram
* Paidipally
* Devannapet
* Chinthagattu
* Hasanparthy
* Pegadapally
* Komatipally
* Yellapur
* Mucherla
* Mogilicherla
* Munipally
* Rampur
* Dharmaram
* Vanagapahad
* Dupakunta
* Gundlasingaram
* Gorrekunta
* Kothapeta
* Potharajpally
* Palivelpula
* Stambhampally
* Arepally
* Vasanthapur
* Enumamula
* Janpaka
* Gopalapuram
* Unikicherla
* Kothapally (H)
* Singaram
* Madikonda
* Bollikunta
* Mamunoor
* Gadepallly
{{div col end}}

=== Politics ===
'''Political party performance in 2016:'''<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/telangana-news/7202-gwmc-elections-notification.html | title=Assembly Election Results Dates Candidate List Opinion/Exit Poll Latest News, Political Consulting Survey Election Campaign Management Company India}}</ref>
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!class="unsortable"|S.No. !! Party name !! class="unsortable"|Party flag !! No. of Corporators
|-
| 01 || [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] (TRS) || [[File:Flag of Bharat Rashtra Samithi (India Nation Council).svg|75px]] || 44
|-
| 02 || [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) || || 04
|-
| 03 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) || || 01
|-
| 04 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)) || [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|75px]] || 01
|-
| 05 || Others || [[File:No flag.svg|75px]] || 08
|-
|}

== List of Mayors ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Term start
!Term end
!colspan=2 |Party
!Ref.
|-
!colspan=11 |Warangal Corporation
|-
!1
|T. Rajeshwar Rao
|
|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|bgcolor={{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
|<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Sep 10, 2002 |title=Mayors join fight against Hyderabad municipal commissioner {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/mayors-join-fight-against-hyderabad-municipal-commissioner/articleshow/21704370.cms |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!2
|Errabelli Swarna
|
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor={{Party color|Indian National Congress}}|
|
|-
!colspan=11 |Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation
|-
!1
|Nannapuneni Narender
|15 March 2016
|
|rowspan=3 |[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|bgcolor={{Party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-15 |title=Nannapuneni Narender elected Warangal Mayor |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/nannapuneni-narender-elected-warangal-mayor/article8358961.ece |access-date=2022-12-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-18 |title=Warangal Mayor takes charge |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/warangal-mayor-takes-charge/article8373535.ece |access-date=2022-12-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
!2
|Gunda Prakash Rao
|27 April 2019
|
|bgcolor={{Party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-27 |title=Gunda Prakash Rao is Warangal’s New Mayor |url=https://english.sakshi.com/telangana/2019/04/27/gunda-prakash-rao-is-warangals-new-mayor |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!3
|[[Gundu Sudha Rani]]
|7 May 2021
|''Incumbent''
|bgcolor={{Party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayabrahma |first=Roja |date=2021-05-07 |title=Telangana: Gundu Sudharani elected as Warangal new mayor |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/telangana-gundu-sudharani-elected-as-warangal-new-mayor-685271 |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.telanganastateofficial.com/greater-warangal-municipal-corporation-gwmc/ Greater Warangal NEWS]
* [http://www.gwmc.gov.in/Default.aspx?desk=site GWMC: Official Website]
* [http://www.smartcitywarangal.org/ GWMC: Smart city Warangal Website]

{{Municipal corporations in Telangana}}
{{State Agencies of Telangana}}
{{Warangal topics}}
{{Telangana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Warangal]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Telangana]]
[[Category:1844 establishments in India]]

Rainbow Awards

2026-03-19T01:41:45Z

Santosh pathak: new

{{Infobox award
| awardname = The Rainbow Awards
| website = {{URL|http://therainbowawards.in/}}
| awarded_for = Exemplary affirmative work about the lives of [[LGBTQ|sexual and gender minorities]].
| presenter = Dwijen Dinanath Arts Foundation
| image = Rainbow Awards India.png
| country = [[India]]
| firstawarded = {{Start date and age|2023|December|10}}
| eligibility = [[Indian people|Indians]], encompassing the [[Indian diaspora|Persons of Indian Origin]] as well as [[Overseas Citizenship of India|Overseas Citizens of India]].
| venue = Rainbow Lit Fest
| current_awards = 2nd Rainbow Awards
}}

The '''Rainbow Awards''' are awards presented by Dwijen Dinanath Arts Foundation of India to recognize exemplary affirmative work about the lives of [[LGBTQ|sexual and gender minorities]] in India.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

The awards are exclusively for [[Indian people|Indians]], encompassing the [[Indian diaspora|Persons of Indian Origin]] as well as [[Overseas Citizenship of India|Overseas Citizens of India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Scroll Staff |date=25 May 2023 |title=Inaugural Rainbow Awards to honour queer literature and journalism |url=https://scroll.in/article/1049736/inaugural-rainbow-awards-to-honour-queer-literature-and-journalism |access-date= |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The literature and journalism awards are only granted for English-language works, although English translations of works originally written in official Indian languages are also accepted.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rainbow Awards FAQ |url=https://therainbowawards.in/faq/ |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=Rainbow Awards |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
Sharif D Rangnekar, a former journalist, communications consultant and writer, founded Rainbow Awards. Recognizing the insufficient representation of sexual and gender minorities in mainstream awards, Rangnekar aimed to amplify their voices and ensure acknowledgment without confining them to rigid genres. Rangnekar emphasized the significance of ensuring the representation of diverse voices within sexual and gender minorities, particularly in India, given the varied cultural backgrounds and experiences of community members. Rangnekar stated that these as reason for establishment of Rainbow Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2023 |title=The Rainbow Awards for Literature and Journalism will celebrate queer-inclusive writing in India |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/the-rainbow-awards-for-literature-and-journalism-is-a-celebration-of-queer-inclusive-writing |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526140235/https://www.vogue.in/content/the-rainbow-awards-for-literature-and-journalism-is-a-celebration-of-queer-inclusive-writing |archive-date=26 May 2023 |access-date= |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Saurabh |date=11 December 2023 |title=Rainbow Lit Fest 2023: Winners of the inaugural Rainbow Awards for Literature and Journalism announced |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/lifestyle/books/rainbow-lit-fest-2023-winners-of-the-inaugural-rainbow-awards-for-literature-and-journalism-announced-11886261.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211132750/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/lifestyle/books/rainbow-lit-fest-2023-winners-of-the-inaugural-rainbow-awards-for-literature-and-journalism-announced-11886261.html |archive-date=11 December 2023 |access-date= |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

== Categories ==
As of 2023, the following categories are awarded.

=== Lifetime ===

* The Lifetime Achievement Award is presented for profound contributions to the queer literary world.<ref name=":2" />

=== Literature ===

* The Fiction of the Year is presented for novels, graphic novels or collections of short stories authored by a single author.<ref name=":0" />
* The Non-fiction of the Year is presented for memoirs, biographies, history or other non-fictional works.<ref name=":0" />

=== Journalism ===

* The Feature of the Year is presented for [[feature story]] published in digital or print media.<ref name=":0" />
* The Op-Ed of the Year is presented for [[op-ed]] piece published in digital or print media.<ref name=":0" />

== Entry process ==
The awards are exclusively for [[Indian people|Indians]], encompassing the [[Indian diaspora|persons of Indian origin]] as well as [[Overseas Citizenship of India|overseas citizens of India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Criteria & Process for Entries |url=http://therainbowawards.in/criteria-process/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221165446/http://therainbowawards.in/criteria-process/ |archive-date=21 December 2023 |access-date= |website=Rainbow Awards |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the literature category, publishers have the option to nominate a maximum of two entries per sub-category for consideration. For self-published books, authors can directly nominate up to one entry for consideration.<ref name=":1" />

In the journalism category, both digital and print media organizations, along with digital platforms that prioritize views and opinions over news, are eligible to nominate a maximum of two entries. Likewise, freelance writers have the opportunity to nominate up to two entries for consideration.<ref name=":1" />

== Selection process ==
The jury members are chosen and announced before the commencement of the entry process. The jury excludes any patrons, advisors, partners, or employees of the Dwijen Dinanath Arts Foundation and its affiliate, Rainbow Lit Fest.

The juries evaluate the submissions and decide on the award winners. They invest approximately four months in reviewing the submissions, engaging in discussions among themselves to compile a long list. If a long list exists, it will be made public. The jury then proceeds with their assessments to create a shortlist, which is also released to the public. The jury further refines their evaluation to choose the winner, whose announcement takes place during the award ceremony.<ref name=":1" />

== Winners ==

=== Lifetime ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Lifetime Achievement Award
! scope="col" style="width: 6em;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width: 28em;" | Winner
! scope="col" style="width: 64em;" | Biography
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width: 2em;" | Ref.
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| align=center |[[1st Rainbow Awards|2023]]
|[[Hoshang Merchant]]
|A Hyderabad-based poet and professor best known for his anthology ''Yaraana''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nanisetti |first1=Serish |date=10 September 2018 |title='Homosexuality is endemic where capitalism thrives,' says Hoshang Merchant |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher=thehindu.com |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/hoshang-merchant-memories-of-another-day-post-section-377/article24914467.ece}}</ref>
| align=center |<ref name=":2" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| align="center" |[[2nd Rainbow Awards|2024]]
|Minakshi Sanyal
|
| align="center" |
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| align="center" |2025
|[[Saleem Kidwai]]
|Historian
| align="center" |<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=December 8, 2025 |title=Rainbow Lit Fest, focusing on queer stories, has announced its 2025 writing awards |url=https://scroll.in/article/1089098/rainbow-lit-fest-focusing-on-queer-stories-has-announced-its-2025-writing-awards |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Literature ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Fiction of the Year
! scope="col" style="width: 6em;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width: 28em;" | Winner
! scope="col" style="width: 64em;" | Work
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width: 2em;" | Ref.
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| align=center |[[1st Rainbow Awards|2023]]
|Niladri R. Chatterjee
|''Entering the Maze: Queer Fiction of Krishnagopal Mallick<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mallick |first=Krishnagopal |title=Entering the maze: queer fiction of Krishnagopal Mallick |date=2023 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-93-91125-90-5 |location=New Delhi |translator-last=Chatterjee |translator-first=Niladri R.}}</ref>''
| align=center |<ref name=":2" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| align=center |[[2nd Rainbow Awards|2024]]
| Yashraj Goswami
| ''Cockatoo''
|align=center |<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=2024 |url=https://therainbowawards.in/2024-3/ |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=Rainbow Awards |language=en-US}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| align="center" |2025
|Santanu Bhattacharya
|''Deviants: The Queer Family Chronicles''
| align="center" |<ref name=":3" />
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Non-fiction of the Year
! scope="col" style="width: 6em;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width: 28em;" | Winner
! scope="col" style="width: 64em;" | Work
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width: 2em;" | Ref.
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| align=center |[[1st Rainbow Awards|2023]]
|Maya Sharma
|''[[Footprints of a Queer History: Life-Stories from Gujarat]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Maya |title=Footprints of a queer history: life-stories from Gujarat |publisher=Yoda Press |year=2022 |isbn=9789382579359 |location=New Delhi, India |oclc=1347785526}}</ref>''
| align=center |<ref name=":2" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| align=center |[[2nd Rainbow Awards|2024]]
| Abishek Anicca
| ''The Grammar of My Body''
|align=center |<ref name=":4" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| align="center" |2025
|Arundhati Ghosh
|''All Our Loves: Journeys with Polyamory in India''
| align="center" |<ref name=":3" />
|}

=== Journalism ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Feature of the Year
! scope="col" style="width: 6em;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width: 28em;" | Winner
! scope="col" style="width: 64em;" | Work
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width: 2em;" | Ref.
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| align=center |[[1st Rainbow Awards|2023]]
|Akhil Kang
|"Brahmin Men Who Love to Eat A**"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kang |first=Akhil |date=5 January 2023 |title=Brahmin Men who love to Eat A** |url=https://decolonizingsexualities.org/researchjournal/bwo4mub74ozwlkuwt3xuwv52bu6piy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225193840/https://decolonizingsexualities.org/researchjournal/bwo4mub74ozwlkuwt3xuwv52bu6piy |archive-date=25 December 2023 |access-date= |website=Decolonizing Sexualities Network |language=en-GB}}</ref>
| align=center |<ref name=":2" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| align=center | [[2nd Rainbow Awards|2024]]
| Smitha Tumuluru
| "Everyone Accepts Me The Way I Am"
| align=center |<ref name=":4" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| align="center" |2025
|Naina Bhargava
|"Love and Loss in Multai"
| align="center" |<ref name=":3" />
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Op-Ed of the Year
! scope="col" style="width: 6em;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width: 28em;" | Winner
! scope="col" style="width: 64em;" | Work
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width: 2em;" | Ref.
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| align=center |[[1st Rainbow Awards|2023]]
|Chittajit Mitra
|"Queering Translation: Locating Queerness in Indian Languages"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Chittajit |date=2022-09-29 |title=Essay: Queering translation: Locating queerness in Indian languages |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/essay-queering-translation-locating-queerness-in-indian-languages-101664454792509.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209061623/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/essay-queering-translation-locating-queerness-in-indian-languages-101664454792509.html |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
| align=center |<ref name=":2" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| align=center | [[2nd Rainbow Awards|2024]]
| Shruti Sunderraman
| "Where do the quiet gays go?"
| align=center |<ref name=":4" />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| align="center" |2025
|Katyayini Saksham
|"Can Trans Women Ever "Identify" as Women in India?"
| align="center" |<ref name=":3" />
|}

== See also ==

{{Portal|India|LGBTQ
}}

* [[List of LGBT-related awards]]
* [[Felix-Rexhausen Award]]
* [[GLAAD Media Award]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{LGBT in India}}

[[Category:2023 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2023 in LGBTQ history]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2023]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:LGBTQ literary awards]]
[[Category:LGBTQ literature in India]]
[[Category:Indian journalism awards]]
[[Category:Non-fiction literary awards]]
[[Category:LGBTQ journalism awards]]

Ayyankali Pada hostage protest

2026-03-15T07:54:28Z

Santosh pathak:

{{Short description|Adivasi rights protest}}

The '''Ayyankali Pada hostage protest''' was an [[Adivasi]] rights protest carried out by [[Maoist]] group [[Ayyankali]] Pada on October 4, 1996. Four members of the group, Vilayodi Sivankutty, Kanhangad Rameshan, Kallara Babu and Ajayan Mannur, took the then [[Palakkad]] [[District magistrate|district collector]], WR Reddy, hostage at the District Collectorate in Palakkad, [[Kerala]].<ref name="Bijoy Scholarly Article"/><ref name="Raman Scholarly Article"/>

==Background==

Ayyankali Pada was formed in 1992 as the youth wing of the new Kerala Communist Party after the dissolution of the [[Central Reorganisation Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|Central Reorganisation Committee, Communist Party of India]] (CRCCPI). The group was named after revolutionary leader [[Ayyankali]].<ref name="Activist Interview"/>

The activists acted partly in response<ref name="Activist Interview"/> to an amendment that had passed a week earlier on September 23, 1996<ref name="Bijoy Scholarly Article"/> to the Kerala Scheduled Tribes (Restriction on Transfer of Lands and Restoration of Alienated Lands) Act, 1975. The 1975 Act required the state to return alienated lands to Adivasis;<ref name="Bijoy Scholarly Article"/><ref name="1975 Act"/> however, since 1975 no land had been returned under invocation of the act. The amendment had legalized transfers of Adivasi land between 1960-1984, essentially nullifying the original act.<ref name="Bijoy Scholarly Article"/>

== Protest ==

The activists held Reddy hostage for 9 hours, after which the negotiating parties reached an agreement of release and the activists revealed that their weapons were fake,<ref name="Activist Interview"/><ref name="Archive Video"/> although Reddy maintains that they were real.<ref name="Reddy Interview"/> No serious injuries were reported during the protest.

On the day of the protest, the activists demanded the following:<ref name="Activist Interview"/>

* The immediate repeal of the amendment made to the Kerala Scheduled Tribes (Restriction on Transfer of Lands and Restoration of Alienated Lands) Act, 1975.
* The public release of data relating to land that has been stolen from [[Tribals in Kerala|Adivasis in Kerala]].
* The public release of personal details of those individuals and companies that have encroached on Adivasi land.
* A detailed report of the usage of state funds allocated for the benefit of Scheduled Tribes.

The activists entered the District Collectorate on October 4 after having observed the area for several days beforehand. Armed with explosives and a gun, both later claimed to be fake, they entered Reddy's office and held him hostage. Throughout the day, a crowd gathered outside of the building.<ref name="Activist Interview"/> After 9 hours the hostage was released and the activists were promised safe passage by the government and not arrested.

== Aftermath ==

Despite the promises of the state, Sivankutty, Rameshan, and Mannur were arrested in later years. Kallara Babu remained in hiding for 14 years.<ref name="Activist Interview"/>

The Kerala Scheduled Tribes Act, 1975 was repealed three years later upon the passing of The Kerala Restriction on Transfer by and Restoration of Lands to Scheduled Tribes Act, 1999.<ref name="1999 Act"/> While the 1999 Act declares all past and future land transfers between Adivasi and non-Adivasi parties illegal, it allows encroachers to keep up to five acres of previously stolen land.<ref name="1999 Act"/> The 1999 Act grants only one acre of land to landless Adivasis, whereas the previous Act had granted five.<ref name="1999 Act"/>

== In popular culture ==

The 2022 Malayalam-language film [[Pada (film)|''Pada'']] is about the incident.<ref>{{Cite web |last=J. S. |first=Shanil |date=2022-03-12 |title=Pada: When a unique protest for Adivasi rights held Kerala hostage for nine hours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/when-unique-protest-adivasi-land-rights-held-kerala-breath-7815515/ |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

<references>

<ref name="Activist Interview">{{cite news |last1=Priya |first1=Lakshmi |title=The 4-man army: Meet the Ayyankali Pada activists whose life & politics inspired Pada |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/4-man-army-meet-ayyankali-pada-activists-whose-life-politics-inspired-pada-162847 |access-date=15 December 2023 |date=12 April 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="Reddy Interview">{{cite news |last1=Priya |first1=Lakshmi |title=Ex-IAS officer held hostage by Ayyankalipada speaks on the film Pada and its politics |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/ex-ias-officer-held-hostage-ayyankalipada-speaks-film-pada-and-its-politics-162679 |access-date=15 December 2023 |publisher=The News Minute |date=6 April 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="Archive Video">{{cite web |title=Hostage Drama by Ayyankali Pada in 1996: Asianet News Archives Video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIlOhvoso7c |website=Youtube |publisher=Asianet News |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="1975 Act">{{cite web |title=The Kerala Scheduled Tribes (Restriction on Transfer of Lands and Restoration of Alienated Lands) Act, 1975 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/15581/1/full_page_photo_-_1975.pdf |website=indiacode.nic |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="1999 Act">{{cite web |title=The Kerala Restriction on Transfer by and Restoration of Lands to Scheduled Tribes Act, 1999 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/12469/1/12.pdf#search=Restriction%20on%20Transfer%20of%20Lands%20and%20Restoration%20of%20Alienated%20Lands |website=indiacode.nic |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="Bijoy Scholarly Article">{{cite journal |last1=Bijoy |first1=CR |title=Adivasis Betrayed: Adivasi Land Rights in Kerala |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=29 May 1999 |volume=34 |issue=22 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4408014 |pages=1329–1335|jstor=4408014 }}</ref>

<ref name="Raman Scholarly Article">{{cite journal |last1=Raman |first1=K. Ravi |title=Breaking New Ground: Adivasi Land Struggle in Kerala |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=9 March 2002 |volume=37 |issue=10 |pages=916–919 |jstor=4411834 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4411834 |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref>

</references>

[[Category:1996 protests]]
[[Category:Protests in India]]

R. G. Sonkawade

2026-03-15T03:57:42Z

Santosh pathak: new

{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP primary sources|date=October 2012}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2012}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = R.G. Sonkawade
| image = Prof.R.G.Sonkawade.JPG
| image_size =
| occupation = Professor, scientist, writer
| title =
| website = {{URL|http://www.sonkawade.com}}
}}

[[File:RGSwithAPJ.jpg|thumb|Prof. R. G. Sonkawade with Dr. A.P.J. Kalam (Former President of India) during inauguration of the National Conference on accelerator and low level radiation safety (New Delhi, 18 November 2009)]]
'''R. G. Sonkawade''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] professor, Department of Physics Shivaji University, Kolhapur, former dean of the School of Physical Sciences and Head of the Department of Applied Physics at [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University]], [[Lucknow]]. He has fifteen years of teaching experience for graduate and post graduate students. He has also worked as a scientist at Inter University Accelerator Centre<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iuac.res.in/ |title=IUAC, New Delhi |publisher=Iuac.res.in |date= |accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref> (formerly the Nuclear Science Centre, New Delhi, India). Sonkawade has also worked as medical physicist at the Siddhivinayak Cancer Hospital<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssgcancermiraj.org |title=Welcome to Shri Siddhivinayak Ganapati Cancer Hospital, Miraj |publisher=Ssgcancermiraj.org |accessdate=2012-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703014301/http://www.ssgcancermiraj.org/ |archive-date=3 July 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> in [[Shri]], [[Miraj]] and the Uddhav Memorial Cancer Hospital in [[Nasik]]. He has worked as a visiting scientist at High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), [[Japan]] from June to September, 2006. He is also president of Nuclear Track Society of India (NTSI).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bbau.ac.in/S%20Physics/D%20Applied%20Physics/Deprt_Physics.aspx |title=BBAU, Lucknow |publisher=bbau.ac.in |date= |accessdate=2012-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exametc.com/notices/NuclearTrack.Dtails.pdf |title=NTSI |publisher=www.exametc.com |accessdate=2012-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525202316/http://exametc.com/notices/NuclearTrack.Dtails.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Higher education ==
Sonkawade was awarded the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy from [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University]], and completed an M.Sc. in Physics with specialization in Electronics in the year 1995 at [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]]. He also acquired a Post M. Sc. Diploma in Radiological Physics (DRP) from the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]].

== Research ==
Sonkawade has worked as principal co-investigator in the Projects of Nuclear Science Centre, at the Inter University Accelerator Centre (UGC Funded University Projects), Department of Science and Technology, in New Delhi.

== Research Publications ==
He has published over fifty research papers in various Journals on topics of Physics, [[Radiation Protection]], [[radiation physics]],
radiation [[dosimetry]].

== Recognition and awards ==
* [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA), Vienna, Austria has awarded him a grant of US $3600 to facilitate the participation at the 10th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management, which was held at [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]].
* Visiting Scientist Fellowship from the Japan Society for Promotion of Sciences (JSPS).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jsps.go.jp/english/ |title=Japan Society for the Promotion of Science |publisher=Jsps.go.jp |date= |accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref>

== Statutory body membership ==
Prof. Sonkawade is Peer Team Member/Member Co-ordinator of National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), for universities and colleges assessment in India. He is member of the Board of Management, Finance Committee of the Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University. He is also member of the Finance Committee, and Scientific Advisory Committee at the Inter University Accelerator Centre for a three-year period from November 2010. He is also a member of various other committees associated to universities, engineering colleges and research institutes.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.unishivaji.ac.in/dptphy/Faculty Shivaji University Faculty Directory]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sonkawade, R. G.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scholars from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Osmanabad]]
[[Category:People from Marathwada]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University alumni]]

Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary

2026-03-13T16:33:05Z

Santosh pathak:

{{Short description|Protected area in Gujarat, India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary
| image = Chinkara.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = [[Chinkara]], a flagship species of the sanctuary
| map = India Gujarat#India
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| map_caption = Location in Gujarat
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = Gujarat, India
| nearest_city =
| coordinates = {{coord|23|37|N|68|41|E|region:IN_dim:50000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{convert|444.23|km2|sqmi}}
| created = April 1981; re-notified in 1995
| operator = [[Government of India]], [[Government of Gujarat]]
| visitation_num =
| status =
| open =
}}
'''Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary''' also popularly known as '''Narayan Sarovar Wildlife Sanctuary''' or '''Narayan Sarovar Chinkara Sanctuary'''<ref name="Forest dept begins manhunt to nab Chinkara killers; The Indian Express">[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/forest-dept-begins-manhunt-to-nab-chinkara-killers/357166/ Forest dept begins manhunt to nab Chinkara killers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004044345/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/forest-dept-begins-manhunt-to-nab-chinkara-killers/357166/ |date=2012-10-04}}; By D V MAHESHWARI; Sep 04, 2008; The Indian Express</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811034554/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-06/rajkot/28154402_1_rl-meena-kutch-kala-dungar Kutch to have chinkara conservation centre]; 6 May 2009; The Times of India</ref> notified as such in April 1981 and subsequently denotified in 1995 with reduced area, is a unique [[eco-system|ecosystem]] near [[Narayan Sarovar]] in the [[Lakhpat]] taluka of [[Kutch district]] in the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. The desert forest in this sanctuary is said to be the only one of its kind in India. Located in the arid zone, a part of it is a seasonal wetland. It has 15 threatened wildlife species and has desert vegetation comprising thorn and scrub forests. Its [[biodiversity]] has some rare animals and birds, and rare flowering plants. [[Wildlife Institute of India]] (WII) has identified it as one of the last remaining habitats of the [[cheetah]] in India and a possible [[reintroduction]] site for the [[species]].<ref name="Workshop on cheetah relocation begins, views differ; Times of India">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025174328/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-09/flora-fauna/28074792_1_cheetah-m-k-ranjitsinh-tiger-reserves Workshop on cheetah relocation begins, views differ]; PTI, 9 September 2009; The Times of India</ref> The most sighted animal here is the [[chinkara]] (population estimated in the range of 1200–1500), which is currently the flagship species of the sanctuary.<ref name=forest>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gujaratforest.gov.in/wildlife/narayan1.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121220161621/http://www.gujaratforest.gov.in/wildlife/narayan1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-12-20 |title=Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary |accessdate=2010-01-27 |publisher=Forest Department, Government of Gujarat}}</ref><ref name=info>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eicinformation.org/data/narayan.htm|title=Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary – Kutch Dist. Gujarat|work=Ecological Status of Narayan Sarovar Wildlife Sanctuary - A Management Perspective|accessdate=2010-01-30|publisher=Gujarat Ecological Education and Research(GEER) Foundation, Ghandhinagar and Forest Department-Government of Gujarat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221194737/http://www.eicinformation.org/data/narayan.htm|archive-date=2008-02-21|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Negi>{{Cite book|last=Negi|first=S.S.|title= Handbook of National parks, Wildlife sanctuaries and Biosphere reserves in India|work=Narayan Sarovar Wildlife Sanctuary|page=104|accessdate=2010-01-30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYFmoOWfmX8C&q=Narayan+Sarovar+Sanctuary&pg=PA104|publisher= Indus Publishing|year=2002|isbn=81-7387-128-0}}</ref><ref name=Baig>{{Cite book|last=Baig|first=M.A.A|title= Environment, Law and Justice|page=69 (Footnote 51: Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary)|accessdate=2010-01-30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2PTX-tpkBUC&q=Narayan+Sarovar+Sanctuary&pg=PA69|publisher= Daya Books|year=1996|isbn= 81-86030-27-1}}</ref>

==History==
The sanctuary was first notified in 1981 covering an area of {{convert|765.79|km2|mi2}}.<ref name=forest/><ref name=info/><ref name=media/>

===De-notification in favor of mining industry===

In 1992, the Gujarat state government's department of mining and geology pointed out that there were huge deposits of [[limestone]], [[lignite]] (brown coal), [[bentonite]] and [[bauxite]] inside the protected area of the sanctuary and argued that the ban on mining in the sanctuary was holding back development of the local economy.<ref name="Mining digs deep into India's wildlife refuges; NewScientist Magazine">[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14719921.500-mining-digs-deep-into-indias-wildlife-refuges.html Mining digs deep into India's wildlife refuges]; by Sanjay Kumar; 26 August 1995; NewScientist Magazine</ref>

An order dated July 27, 1993 of the Gujarat State Government initially de-notified the Sanctuary, by annulling the earlier notification of 1981 under which Narayan Sarovar had been declared a wildlife sanctuary. It issued a decree which abolished the original sanctuary and established a new one, consisting of 16 disjointed patches. This de-notification had reduced the area of the sanctuary from{{convert|765.79|km2|mi2}} to disjointed ribbons of land totaling only {{convert|94.87|km2|mi2}} in favor of commercial mining interests. The commercially biased court order reduced the area to a mere one-eighth of the original size, with a comment that the area was "substantially in excess of the requirements of a Sanctuary". Following the de-notification, the Gujarat state government planned to grant a lease to a [[cement]] company for [[open-cast mining]] in 2,000 hectares of land inside the original erstwhile Sanctuary to allow the mining of limestone, lignite and bauxite and for other industrial additives as it seemed an ideal location for a cement factory. The country's, or even Asia's, largest cement manufacturing unit was planned to be built there. Open-cast [[limestone]] mining is known to be harmful to the environment resulting in the release of large clouds of dust. Environmentalists feared that in the [[arid]] region of Kachchh district, these dust clouds would have harmful effects on both vegetation and wildlife as the limestone dust would condense in the cool nights settling on the leaves proving disastrous for the forests in the vicinity.<ref name=forest/><ref name=info/><ref name=media/><ref name="Mining digs deep into India's wildlife refuges; NewScientist Magazine"/><ref name=court>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1708/17080650.htm|title=Striking a balance - A Supreme court order asserts the ecosystem values of the Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary in the Kutch region of Gujarat, Volume 17 - Issue 08|accessdate=2010-01-30|publisher= Frontline Magazine of [[The Hindu]]|date= 2000-04-15}}</ref>

===Environmental activists challenge de-notification in court===

Several environment groups in the country challenged the de-notification decision in the courts, claiming it to be illegal because it had not been approved by the Gujarat state legislative assembly. The de-notification was challenged in the High Court of Gujarat and the [[Supreme Court of India]] resulting in a legal battle between the [[Government of Gujarat]] and the 'Environmental Activists' along with inputs (adverse impacts on the sanctuary by limestone mining within its vicinity) provided by the [[Centre for Environment Education]] (CEE), [[Ahmedabad]] which had initially brought the whole issue of de-notification to public light through its media campaign. In March 1995 the Gujarat High Court quashed the government decree, restoring the original sanctuary. But the court refused to comment on the "desirability or otherwise of the reduction of the sanctuary area".<ref name=forest/><ref name=info/><ref name=media>{{Cite web|url=http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/ic/wssd/doc3/chapter7/css/Chapter7.htm|title= Saving a Sanctuary: A media campaign puts biodiversity in the headlines|accessdate=2010-01-30|publisher=National Informatics Centre}}</ref><ref name="Mining digs deep into India's wildlife refuges; NewScientist Magazine"/><ref name=court/>

===Reduction in size of protected area to allow open-cast mining===

In August 1995, the Gujarat state legislative assembly taking advantage of the court's reluctance to support the sanctuary approved a reduction in the size of the sanctuary area from {{convert|765.79|km2|mi2}} to {{convert|444.23|km2|mi2}} thus stripping protection from more than 40 per cent of the original protected area of the sanctuary and maintained that there were around 1200 chinkaras and that the smaller area was more than adequate for them.<ref name="Mining digs deep into India's wildlife refuges; NewScientist Magazine"/>

The new boundaries of the smaller sanctuary were carefully drawn to exclude the rich limestone and mineral-bearing areas. Environment groups contest that cement makers, eager for new sources of limestone, have been the main driving force behind the Gujarat state government's actions. The industry department of the state has been receiving several applications to build cement factories in the de-notified area.<ref name="Mining digs deep into India's wildlife refuges; NewScientist Magazine"/>

The Gujarat state assembly also stressed that Gujarat with its poor power supply cannot afford to ignore its brown coal deposits. The first lignite-fueled power generation station was built inside the sanctuary in 1991 and the second is now planned in Akri.<ref name="Mining digs deep into India's wildlife refuges; NewScientist Magazine"/>

Some miners had moved inside the boundaries of the sanctuary even before the 1993 decree that had initially abolished it escalating the mining and quarrying. Local forest officials believe that chinkara population is declining in the sanctuary and that their numbers are dwindling because their habitat is being destroyed. Pollution from the power station and the heavy traffic through the protected area also disrupts wildlife. Mining has made the water table salty, driving local villagers out of the area.<ref name="Mining digs deep into India's wildlife refuges; NewScientist Magazine"/>

==Geography==
[[File:Narayan Sarovar.jpg|thumb|Narayan Sarovar]]
The sanctuary is delimited by the Kori creek on the northwest and [[mangrove]] forest on the west, while prominent land features form its northern and southern limits. While the northwest and western part exhibit a flat topography towards the sea shore, the northeastern part has undulating topography of minor hill ranges; the elevation of the sanctuary near the coast (near Tahera village) is {{convert|2.7|m|ft}} ([[above mean sea level]]). In the hill section it is {{convert|157|m|ft}} (a.m.s.l) at Manijal hill in Kaniyaro Rakhal. The rivers and streams flowing through the sanctuary are small and [[ephemeral]] in nature (Kapurasi and Kali are the two river systems) since rainfall is very scanty and erratic. Surface water is being harnessed at 15 reservoirs that surround the sanctuary. Ground water potential is meagre and water is saline in the sanctuary area. The number of villages in the sanctuary at present is reported to be 32 (1997–98) vis-à-vis 56 villages before de-notification of 1995. It is also reported that the sanctuary has been subjected to deforestation due to anthropogenic pressures; with the mining activities permitted after de-notification causing considerable stress on the sanctuary.<ref name=info/><ref name=Pondicherry>{{Cite book|author= Pondicherry University|title=Wildlife Biodiversity Conservation|work= Avifauna of Naryan Sarovar Wildlife Sanctuary|pages=114–125|accessdate=2010-01-30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vlx-ho5EvyoC&q=Narayan+Sarovar+Sanctuary&pg=PA114|publisher= Daya Books|year=2008|isbn=978-81-7035-529-8}}</ref>

;Geology
Geological formations in the sanctuary area primarily consist of [[basalt]]ic rocks on the eastern part, tertiary formation in the central part comprising [[numimulistic]] [[limestone]] and [[shale]] bordering the basaltic rocks in south and up to Lakhpat, recent [[alluvium]] in a belt of {{convert|5|-|15|km|mi}} along the coast and scattered coastal sand dunes are on the western boundary. The area is rich in minerals such as limestone in {{convert|49|km2|mi2}} belt (assessed as 1270 million tonnes) extends from the south Saran Nani village to Lakhpat, lignite in a belt of {{convert|32.5|km2|mi2}} (15 million tonnes) and bentonite; lignite and bentonite are being mined close to Panandhro and Saran villages, while the mining of limestone is yet to begin. Sandy alluvium, clay and black loam are the soil types identified in the sanctuary area. However, vegetation in the central area of the sanctuary is good in view of black loamy soil found here, which is fertile and has better moisture retaining capacity.<ref name=info/>

==Climate==
The sanctuary has a tropical climate where summer is very hot. The arid climate has recorded maximum temperature varying from {{convert|40|-|42|C|F}} and a minimum of {{convert|10|-|12|C|F}}. During summer, May and June are the hottest months with dusty storms. In winter, December and January are the coldest months. Rainfall is very meagre; the average annual rainfall of Lakhpat (Dayapar station) is reported as {{convert|349.2|mm|in}} (average of 25 years data). Evapo-transpiration rate varies between {{convert|1850|-|1900|mm|in}}/year.<ref name=info/><ref name=Negi/><ref name=Pondicherry/>

==Fauna==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2023}}
{{multiple image |align=right |image1=Eupodotis indica.jpg |width1=160 |caption1=[[lesser florican]] |image2=Sonchiriya.jpg | width2 = 160 |caption2=[[great Indian bustard]]}}
The sanctuary harbours not only three types of [[great Indian bustard]]s and the [[lesser florican]] but is also habitat for the [[black partridge]], several species of ''herpetofauna'', a large number of bird species (terrestrial and aquatic) including 19 identified species of [[Bird of prey|raptors]].<ref name=forest/><ref name=Negi/>

=== Birds ===
The avifauna study of the sanctuary was specifically undertaken at the initiative of the Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology, in 1997–98 to evolve a 'Management Plan' that conserves the bird species. The study has identified 161 species (46 families) of which 112 are resident species (of 36 families) and 38 are migrants – majority are wetland birds – belonging to 13 families, vis-a-vis an earlier study that had identified 112 species of 36 families of which 23 were migrants. The study also provides detailed information of the avifauna in respect of each habitat of the sanctuary for resident and migratory birds, region wise, season wise and feeding habit wise.<ref name=Pondicherry/>

The abundant species identified were: [[grey francolin]], [[Eurasian collared dove]], [[laughing dove]], [[Indian robin]], [[red-vented bulbul]], [[common babbler]], [[house sparrow]] and plain [[munia]]. [[Greater short-toed lark]] (''[[Calandrella brachydactyla]]'') was the common migratory bird seen here in large numbers.<ref name=Pondicherry/>

The birds sighted less frequently, called the 'specialists' were [[ortolan bunting]], [[Asian desert warbler|desert warbler]], [[pied tit]], [[white-browed fantail]], [[lesser spotted eagle]], [[sirkeer malkoha]], [[Eurasian wryneck]] and [[yellow-crowned woodpecker]].<ref name=Pondicherry/>

=== Mammals ===
{{multiple image |perrow=1 |align=right |image1=Blackbuck male female.jpg |caption1=blackbucks |image2=Caracal001.jpg |caption2=Caracal}}
Some of the mammals present include [[chinkara]], [[blackbuck]], [[caracal]], [[desert cat]], [[pangolin]], [[great Indian bustard]], [[porcupine]], [[blue bull]] or [[nilgai]] (''[[Boselaphus tragocamelus]]''), [[wild boar]] (''Sus scrofa''), [[Indian wolf]] (''Canis lupus pallipes''), [[Indian grey mongoose]] (''Urva edwardsii''), [[hare]], [[striped hyena]] (''Hyaena hyaena'') and the [[peafowl]].<ref name=info/><ref name=forest1>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gujaratforest.gov.in/wildlife/narayan2.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121218151505/http://www.gujaratforest.gov.in/wildlife/narayan2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-12-18 |title=Narayan sarovar sanctuary |accessdate=2010-01-27 |publisher=Forest Department, Government of Gujarat}}</ref>

The caracal is considered endangered in Gujarat and has been seen now in this sanctuary at Kutch after a lapse of almost 10 years. Staff of the Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology sighted two individuals in February and March 1998. Other species present include [[honey badger]] (''Mellivora capensis''), [[Indian pangolin]] (''Manis crassicaudata'') and [[red fox]] (''Vulpes vulpes'').<ref name=info/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-04-12/india/27824197_1_forest-officials-wildlife-caracal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025192055/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-04-12/india/27824197_1_forest-officials-wildlife-caracal |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-10-25 |title=Caracal spotted in Kutch after 10 years|accessdate=2010-01-30|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2006}}</ref><ref name=records>{{Cite web|url= http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/cat/hss.htm |title=Records of Small Cats in Gujarat |publisher=Envis-Government of India}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

===Reintroduction of cheetah===

{{Main|Cheetah reintroduction in India}}
Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary and [[Banni Grasslands Reserve|Banni Grasslands]], both in [[Kutch]], have been classified by [[Wildlife Institute of India]] (WII) as the last remaining habitats of the [[cheetah]] (''Acinonyx jubatus'') in India and are proposed as some of the possible sites for the [[reintroduction]] of the [[species]] in India.<ref name="Workshop on cheetah relocation begins, views differ; Times of India"/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811135332/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-03/ahmedabad/28084202_1_cheetahs-sq-km-semi-wild-enclosures Banni Grassland possible home for cheetahs]; Himanshu Kaushik, TNN, 3 October 2009; Times of India</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811135247/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-12/ahmedabad/28063993_1_cheetahs-yadvendradev-jhala-gajner Cheetahs on their way to Gujarat?] 12 September 2009; Times of India</ref> [[Asiatic cheetah]] (''Acinonyx jubatus venaticus'') that used to occur here are now locally [[extinct]] in India and elsewhere, except a very small [[critically endangered]] and [[Habitat fragmentation|fragmented]] population of last few, estimated to be below 100, thought to be surviving only in the [[Dasht-e Kavir|central desert]] of [[Iran]]. Thus cheetah experts from around the world have advised India to import and introduce the cheetah from Africa as genetically it is identical to the ones found in Asia, as latest genetic studies have revealed that the Asian population had separated from the African relatively recently only 5000 years ago which is not enough for a subspecies level differentiation.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-to-get-cheetahs-from-namibia/487160/ India to get cheetahs from Namibia]; by Neha Sinha; Jul 09, 2009; 2 Page article online; Indian Express Newspaper</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120122044658/http://www.sify.com/news/cheetah-re-introduction-plan-under-discussion-news-national-jjjkkbhjfbj.html Cheetah re-introduction plan under discussion]; IANS; 2009-09-09; Sify News. See also [http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/enviornment/cheetah-re-introduction-plan-under-discussion_100244739.html]. See also [https://web.archive.org/web/20181219095044/http://www.aol.in/news-story/cheetah-reintroduction-plan-under-discussion/581013], [https://archive.today/20120713185349/http://newshopper.sulekha.com/cheetah-re-introduction-plan-under-discussion_news_1104379.htm]</ref><ref>[http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/enviornment/experts-eye-african-cheetahs-for-reintroduction-to-submit-plan_100245817.html Experts eye African cheetahs for reintroduction, to submit plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215174940/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/enviornment/experts-eye-african-cheetahs-for-reintroduction-to-submit-plan_100245817.html|date=2018-12-15}}; ICT by IANS; September 11th, 2009; THAILAND NEWS; A news portal for Indians in Thailand. See also at sulekha news [https://archive.today/20120716204339/http://newshopper.sulekha.com/experts-eye-african-cheetahs-for-reintroduction-to-submit-plan_news_1105041.htm], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110713024758/http://www.indiaenews.com/africa/20090911/220256.htm]</ref><ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?262019 Spotted: Lean Cat Rerun - Hunted out from Indian grasslands, the cheetah may tear across the landscape again; by Shruti Ravindran; environment: wildlife; Oct 05, 2009; Outlook India magazine]</ref><ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/c5792cd0-81da-11de-9c5e-00144feabdc0 India tries cheetah diplomacy on Iran]; By James Lamont in New Delhi; August 5, 2009; Financial Times</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025174123/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-08/flora-fauna/28076680_1_cheetah-fastest-animal-relocation Plan for cheetah relocation in India]; PTI; 8 September 2009; Times of India</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Workshop-on-cheetah-relocation-begins-views-differ-/articleshow/4991394.cms Workshop on cheetah relocation begins, views differ]; PTI; 9 September 2009; Times of India</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025174335/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-11/jaipur/28067178_1_cheetah-sq-km-shahgarh-bulge More places identified for housing cheetah]; by Anindo Dey, TNN; 11 September 2009; Times of India</ref><ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8262862.stm India plans return of the cheetah - India plans to bring back the cheetah, nearly half a century after it became extinct in the country. The BBC's Soutik Biswas considers whether it is a good idea.]; 20 September 2009; BBC NEWS</ref>

However, the reintroduction project has been on hold in 2012, after the discovery that Asiatic cheetahs are genetically distinct and have been separated from the [[South African cheetah]]s (''Acinonyx jubatus jubatus'') between 32,000 and 67,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.binoygupta.com/wildlife/cheetah-275/ |title=| Travel India Guide |publisher=Binoygupta.com |date=18 May 2012 |accessdate=16 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cheetah-watch.com/portfolio/breaking-indias-plan-to-re-introduce-the-cheetah-on-hold/ |title=Breaking: India's Plan to Re-Introduce the Cheetah on Hold |website=cheetah-watch.com |date=8 May 2012 |accessdate=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211085055/http://cheetah-watch.com/portfolio/breaking-indias-plan-to-re-introduce-the-cheetah-on-hold/ |archive-date=2014-12-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Flora==
The sanctuary is generally made up of natural desert thorn forests and grasslands - a mixed forest system comprising dry [[savannah]], desert thorn, tropical [[euphorbia]] scrub forest and [[Salvadora (plant)|Salvadora]] scrub forest, Rann saline scrub and desert dune. In view of the edaphic climax of the forest, the tree height in the sanctuary ranges from {{convert|3|-|5|m|ft}}. Scanty desert vegetation in the sanctuary is attributed to five factors: salinity at all depths in most areas, scanty rainfall, high velocity of desert winds, shallow soils and undulating topography of its hill region. Thirteen vegetation communities, 32 varieties of trees and 14 varieties of climbers have been recorded.<ref name=forest/><ref name=info/><ref name=Negi/>

Specifically, the forest vegetation types identified in the sanctuary are: dry deciduous scrub, salvadora scrub, desert thorn forest, babul ''[[Acacia nilotica]]'' forests, tropical ''[[Euphorbia]]'' scrub, dry savannah type vegetation, – ''[[Salvadora (plant)|Salvadora]]'' association, gorad (''[[Senegalia senegal]]''), ''[[Zizyphus]]'' scrub and ''[[Capparis]]'' association. The predominant plant species identified are the gorad and the babul; gorad, is the main species which covers an extensive area in the eastern zone while babul is the dominant species in the western zone where limestone is the geological formation in some of the patches. The invasive species ''[[Prosopis juliflora]]'' is noted to be spreading in the sanctuary resulting in decrease of grassy and herbaceous patches. The invasive vegetation of ''[[Prosopis chilensis]]'' is reported in an area of {{convert|12.39|km2|mi2}} in the sanctuary.<ref name=forest/>

The flowering plants listed in the sanctuary include 252 species, important ones being desi baval, gorad, [[Hermas (plant)|hermo]], [[ber]], [[Pīlu|pilu]], thor, gando baval, gugal, ingorio, kerdo and [[cariso]].<ref name=forest1/>

==Habitat conservation==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Houbara035.JPG
| width1 = 150
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Yellow crowned Woodpecker (Male) I IMG 9639.jpg
| width2 = 210
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Left: [[houbara bustard]]. Right: [[yellow-crowned woodpecker]]
}}
The desert ecosystem of the sanctuary has been affected by several factors. Some of the key factors identified are: restricting the reserve area and allocating limestone areas for mining, which not only encroached on this precious forest but also disturbed the habitat of avifauna and flora of the forest; the encroachment for cultivation by farmers is also a major factor that reduces the reserve area and restricts movement of wildlife; cattle grazing and cutting of trees for fuel and other purposes has also caused denudation that affects bird habitats. The conservation measures suggested include preservation of wetland, particularly the water bodies in the sanctuary to retain and attract migratory birds, availability and creation of hole-nester by prevention of clearance of dead trees, and attention to globally or nationally threatened species by protecting their habitats; the two species specifically referred are the pied tit (white-napped tit) considered endemic to India and the [[MacQueen's bustard]] ([[houbara bustard]]); in this context, the [[yellow-crowned woodpecker]] is also mentioned, as their numbers are reported to be small.<ref name=Pondicherry/>

there is one more species of rabbit is can be seen because of animal friendly peoples and good environmental conditions and fox also here in good condition and national bird is here and easily visible and no. of reptiles are present here some are poisonous and some are friendly

==Interpretation centre==
An interpretation centre at Loriya next to the sanctuary was established in 2006 with the objective of providing important information to the public about the sanctuary. Even 30–35 hutments were constructed as part of the centre. It was inaugurated with a lot of fanfare when the 'Kutch Utsav' was organized here. Unfortunately, the centre has remained neglected without any staff to man it (funds constraint is mooted as one of the reasons). The forest officials say that the centre would function once funds are allocated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/two-years-after-its-construction-loriya-information-centre-lies-abandoned/404544/ |title=Two years after its construction, Loriya Information Centre lies abandoned |accessdate=2010-01-30 |publisher=ExpressIndia |date=2008-12-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002221241/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/two-years-after-its-construction-loriya-information-centre-lies-abandoned/404544/ |archivedate=2012-10-02}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary]] (similar name of another sanctuary)
*[[Greater Rann of Kutch]]
*[[Little Rann of Kutch]]
*[[Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary]]
*[[Kutch Bustard Sanctuary]]
*[[Banni grasslands]]
*[[Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary]]
*[[List of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries of Gujarat, India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Protected areas established in 1981]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Cheetah reintroduction in India]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Kutch district]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Gujarat]]

Antharangam

2026-03-07T05:53:28Z

Santosh pathak: adding the article basic info

{{short description|Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Antharangam
| image = Antharangam poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| native_name = 
| director = J. V. Rukmangathan
| writer = J. V. Rukmangathan
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = P. R. Lalita
| starring = {{plainlist|*Dann
*Sanjay
*Kamalika Chanda
*Sindhu
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = K. Nityanand
| editing = B. Krishna Kumar
| music = K. Rajbhaskar
| studio = Leo International
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|7|16}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Antharangam''''' ({{Translation|Privacy}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] directed by J. V. Rukmangathan and starring Dann, Sanjay, Kamalika Chanda and Sindhu.

==Plot==
A man meets a woman who went through traumatic experiences at a brothel and she tells him about her various sexual encounters.<ref name="T">{{Cite web |date=4 August 2010 |title=Is sleaze back in Kollywood? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-sleaze-back-in-kollywood/articleshow/6251908.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 February 2024 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513143708/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-sleaze-back-in-kollywood/articleshow/6251908.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Dann (Prasanna) as Madan
*Sanjay as Ramesh
*Kamalika Chanda as Mohana
*Sindhu as Sarasa

== Production ==
Prasanna, who previously starred in ''Madhumati'' (1993) and ''[[Panchalankurichi (film)|Panchalankurichi]]'' (1996), made a comeback through this film.<ref name="N"/> Sindhu, who previously starred in ''[[Angadi Theru]]'' (2010), made her lead debut through this film.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 16 July 2010 alongside a similar themed film ''Devaleelai'', ''[[Pollachi Mappillai]]'' and ''[[Virunthali]]''.<ref name="T"/>

A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "It`s no doubt a bold depiction of the murkier side of sex prevalent in society. But in revealing the hidden truth, the director has made it a voyeuristic journey of crude skin show, and titillating bedroom scenes".<ref name="N">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2010 |title=Daring but unconvincing |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2010/Jul/19/daring-but-unconvincing-170980.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214084124/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2010/Jul/19/daring-but-unconvincing-170980.html |archive-date=14 February 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' wrote that the film is music for [[Central Board of Film Certification#Certificates and guidelines|A]] cinema fans to see at B and C centres.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/397/|title=அந்தரங்கம்|language=ta|date=24 July 2010|work=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=14 February 2024|archive-date=14 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214084130/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/397/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13479294}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2010 drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Kabadam

2026-03-07T05:52:39Z

Santosh pathak: creating a data...

{{Short description|Indian thriller film by Jothimurugan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kabadam
| image = Kabadam poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Jothimurugan
| writer = M. K. Mani (dialogues)
| screenplay = Jothimurugan
| story = Jothimuguran
| based_on = 
| producer = Chozha S. Ponnuragam
| starring = Sachin [[Angana Roy]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = K. Thirunavukkarasu
| editing = K. Balasubramaniam
| music = Sazzy
| studio = Chozha Creations
| distributor = Mountain Movie Makers
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|8|22|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Friday Fury – August 22 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-22-news-tamil-oiwljtieibhje.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823020423/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-22-news-tamil-oiwljtieibhje.html |archive-date=23 August 2014 |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kabadam''''' ({{translation|Hypocrisy}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language thriller film directed by Jothimurugan and starring Sachin and [[Angana Roy]]. The films is the third Tamil remake of ''[[Across the Hall]]'' (2009) after ''[[Unnodu Oru Naal]]'' (2013) and ''[[Ner Ethir]]'' (2014) and was released to negative reviews.

== Cast ==
* Sachin as Vichu
* Adithya as Shiva
* [[Angana Roy]] as Padmini
* Ranika as Kavitha
* Kadhal Saravanan as Kalyanam, hotel room boy
* Jagadish Dharmaraj as Padmini's father
* Hema as Padmini's mother
* Ashwin as Ashwin

== Production ==
Jothimurugan previously worked as an assistant director to [[Chimbudevan]], [[Radha Mohan]] and [[Selvaraghavan]]. Sachin, who worked as a sound engineer to [[A. R. Rahman]] and acted in ''[[Yaathumagi]]'' (2010), returned to films after a hiatus. [[Angana Roy]] played a role with negative shades.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angana Walks the Road to Success |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Angana-Walks-the-Road-to-Success/2014/09/24/article2446065.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002213015/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Angana-Walks-the-Road-to-Success/2014/09/24/article2446065.ece |archive-date=2 October 2014 |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film was given an [[Central_Board_of_Film_Certification#Certificates_and_guidelines|A certificate]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2014 |title=Sachin and Angana Roy pair up for Kabadam |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140811/entertainment-kollywood/article/sachin-and-angana-roy-pair-kabadam |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The film was reportedly dubbed in Sinhalese in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2012 |title=Tamil film dubbed in Sinhalese |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-film-dubbed-in-sinhalese/articleshow/17305859.cms |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Sazzy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Kabadam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/kabadam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/870397137 |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Na. Muthukumar]].
| title1 = Aan Pen
| extra1 = Sachin
| length1 = 4:30
| title2 = Unnale Naan Maarinen
| extra2 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Sachin
| length2 = 5:25
| title3 = Hey Pulla
| extra3 = [[Sunitha Sarathy]], Sachin
| length3 = 4:45
| title4 = Sandaali
| extra4 = Sachin, Shan Sadesh
| length4 = 3:54
| title5 = Edhai Thedi
| extra5 = Mahesh Vinayagam
| length5 = 3:42
| title6 = Padmini
| extra6 = Sachin
| length6 = 2:02
| total_length = 24:18
}}

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "Not surprisingly the cast end up with some very uninspiring performances. Kabadam is the worst of the three 'remakes'".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=24 August 2014 |title=Third Tamil Rip-Off Worst of All Remakes |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2014/Aug/24/third-tamil-rip-off-worst-of-all-remakes-651817.html |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' concluded that the film was a counterfeit film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2014 |title=கபடம் |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=929 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930134546/https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=929 |archive-date=30 September 2018 |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]'' wrote that "Director Jyothi Murugan has repeated a good old story and there is nothing new about the screenplay. The first half is a bit boring but the second half maintains a good pace".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2014 |title=Kabadam |url=http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2014/08/23140703/Kabadam.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921065150/http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2014/08/23140703/Kabadam.vpf |archive-date=21 September 2014 |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|8256308}}

[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]

Lake Palace

2026-03-05T17:17:17Z

Santosh pathak: slightly improve section per sources and updated info after review

{{cleanup rewrite|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Lake Palace
| image = Udaipur Lake Palace.jpg
| caption = Boats moving near the Lake Palace
| pushpin_map = Rajasthan
| coordinates =
| location_town = [[Udaipur]]
| location_country = India
| client = [[Jagat Singh II]]
| engineer =
| construction_start_date = rebuilt in 1743
| demolished_date =
| cost =
| architectural_style = [[Rajput architecture]]
}}
'''Lake Palace''' (formerly known as '''Jag Niwas Palace''') is a former summer palace of the royal dynasty of [[Mewar]], now operated as a [[hotel]]. The Lake Palace is located on the island of Jag Niwas in [[Lake Pichola]], [[Udaipur]], [[India]], and its natural foundation spans {{convert|4|acre|m2}}.<ref name=tajhotels1>{{cite web |url=http://www.tajhotels.com/palace/Taj%20Lake%20Palace,Udaipur/ |title=Taj Lake Palace, Udaipur |publisher=Taj Hotels |access-date=2010-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805074811/http://www.tajhotels.com/palace/Taj%20Lake%20Palace%2CUdaipur/ |archive-date=5 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Jag Niwas palace was constructed of white marble circa 1743–1746 by Maharana Jagat Singh II, the 62nd custodian of the House of Mewar. The palace, built to look like it is floating on the lake, was extensively used as a summer retreat for the Mewar royal family.

Currently, IHCL is managing the hotel and has done so for the last 50 years. The palace has attained global fame for its appearance and as a location for several hit movies.

==History==
Lake Palace, and Pichola Lake was built by Rana Lakshasimha (Laakha) of [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]] [[Rajput]]s, in 1362 AD. The Lake Palace was rebuilt between 1743 and 1746<ref name="tajhotels1"/> under the direction of the Maharana [[Jagat Singh II]] (62nd successor to the royal dynasty of [[Mewar]]) of [[Udaipur, Rajasthan]] as a summer palace. It was initially called ''Jagniwas'' or ''Jan Niwas'' after its founder.

The palace was constructed for facing east, allowing its inhabitants to pray to [[Surya]], the Hindu sun god, at the crack of dawn.<ref name="indiasite1">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiasite.com/rajasthan/udaipur/lakepalace.html |title=Jag Niwas Lake Palace, Jag Niwas Palace in Udaipur India, Lake Palace Udaipur Rajasthan |publisher=Indiasite.com |access-date=2010-07-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822082159/http://www.indiasite.com/rajasthan/udaipur/lakepalace.html |archive-date=22 August 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Jagat Singh felt that the City Palace was too public to invite the beautiful young ladies of Udaipur with decadent, moonlit picnics. Therefore a palace in the centre of Lake Pichola would offer much more privacy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://millispotter.com/hotel/lake-palace-hotel/|title=Lake Palace Hotel History|access-date=2021-08-03}}</ref> The successive rulers used this palace
as their summer resort, holding their regal [[Durbar (court)|durbars]] in its courtyards lined with columns, pillared terraces, fountains, and gardens.

The walls are made of black and white marbles and are adorned by semi-precious stones and ornamented niches. Gardens, fountains, pillared terraces and columns line its courtyards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/udaipur|title=Udaipur Tourism: Places to Visit in Udaipur - Rajasthan Tourism|website=tourism.rajasthan.gov.in|language=en-IN|access-date=2016-11-16}}</ref>

{{wide image|Lakepalace-udaipur.jpg|1150px|align-cap=center|Relation of the palace to the city of Udaipur Panorama from [[Jag Mandir]] Island}}
The upper room is a perfect circle and is about {{convert|21|ft|m}} in diameter. Its floor is inlaid with black and white marble, the walls are ornamented with niches and decorated with arabesques of colored stones, the dome is exquisitely beautiful in form.<ref name="indiasite1"/>{{According to whom|date=December 2018}}

During the famous Indian Sepoy Mutiny in 1857, several European families fled from Nimach and used the island as an asylum, offered to them by Maharana Swaroop Singh. To protect his guests, the Rana destroyed all the town's boats so that the rebels could not reach the island.<ref name="indiasite1"/>

By the latter half of the 19th century, time and weather took their toll on the extraordinary water palaces of Udaipur. [[Pierre Loti]], a French writer, described Jag Niwas as "slowly moldering in the damp emanations of the lake." About the same time bicyclists [[Fanny Bullock Workman]] and her husband William Hunter Workman were distressed by the 'cheap and tasteless style' of the interiors of the water palaces with "an assortment of infirm European furniture, wooden clocks, coloured glass ornaments, and children's toys, all of which seems to the visitor quite out of place, where he would naturally expect a dignified display of Eastern splendor."<ref name="indiasite1"/>

{{wide image|Lake-palace-udaipur-rajasthan.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|Lake Palace in Udaipur}}
The reign of [[Bhupal Singh|Maharana Sir Bhopal Singh]] (1930–55) saw the addition of another pavilion, Chandra Prakash, but otherwise the Jag Niwas remained unaltered and decaying. [[Geoffrey Kendal]], the theater personality, described the palace during his visit in the 1950s as "totally deserted, the stillness broken only by the humming of clouds of mosquitoes."<ref name="indiasite1"/>
[[File:H0KNKH19.jpg|thumb|210px|Lily Pond at Lake Palace, Udaipur]]
Bhagwat Singh decided to convert the Jag Niwas Palace into Udaipur's first luxury hotel. [[Didi Contractor]], an American artist, became a design consultant to this hotel project. Didi's accounts gives an insight to the life and responsibility of the new ''Maharana'' of Udaipur:

<blockquote>I worked from 1961 to 1969 and what an adventure! His Highness, you know, was a real monarch – really like kings always were. So one had a sense of being one of the last people to be an artist for the king. It felt the way one imagines it was like working in the courts of the Renaissance. It was an experience of going back in time to an entirely different era, a different world. His Highness was actually working on a shoestring. He was not in dire straits, mind you, but when he came to the throne he inherited big problems like what to do with the 300 dancing girls that belonged to his predecessor [[Bhupal Singh|Maharana Bhopal Singh]]. He tried to offer them scholarships to become nurses but they didn't want to move out of the palace so what could he do? He had to keep them. They were old crones by this time and on state occasions I remember they would come to sing and dance with their ''ghunghats'' [veils] down and occasionally one would lift hers to show a wizened old face underneath. He had something like twelve state elephants, and he had all these properties which were deteriorating. The buildings on Jag Niwas were starting to fall down and basically the Lake Palace was turned into a hotel because it seemed the only viable way that it could be maintained ... It was really a job of conservation.<ref name="indiasite1"/></blockquote>

[[Mahendra Singh Mewar|Maharana Mahendra Singh]], the current head of the Mewar dynasty was managing the Lake Palace Hotel when it got its 5 star rating. In 1971, [[Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces]] took over management of the hotel<ref>Warren, Page 60.</ref> and added another 75 rooms.<ref>[http://www.mewarindia.com/comm/indexcom2.html Retrieved 14 April 2008.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509163437/http://www.mewarindia.com/comm/indexcom2.html |date=9 May 2008 }}</ref> In 2000, a second restoration was undertaken.

The "Royal Butlers" in the hotel are descendants of the original palace retainers.<ref name="tajhotels1"/>

Former guests have included Lord Curzon, [[Vivien Leigh]], Queen Elizabeth, the Shah of Iran, the king of Nepal and US First Lady [[Jacqueline Kennedy]].
[[File:Lake palace 05a.jpg|thumb|800px|center|{{center|Lake Palace on Lake Pichola, Udaipur, India.}}]]
The palace was used to film several movies:
* 1959: [[Fritz Lang]]'s ''[[The Tiger of Eschnapur (1959 film)|The Tiger of Eschnapur]]'' and ''[[The Indian Tomb (1959 film)|The Indian Tomb]]'' as palace of Chandra, the maharajah of the fictitious town of Eshnapur.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}
* 1983: the [[James Bond]] film ''[[Octopussy]]'', as the home of titular character [[Octopussy]] (played by [[Maud Adams]]). It was also shot in the other palaces of Udaipur: [[Jag Mandir]] and [[Monsoon Palace]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}
{{Coord|display=title|24.57507|73.68022|type:landmark_region:IN}}
[[File:Lake palace1.jpg|center|thumb|880px|{{center|Lake Palace Hotel}}]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Literature==
*{{cite book|author1=Crump, Vivien |author2=Toh, Irene | title= Rajasthan| location=London| publisher=Everyman Guides|year=1996| type = hardback| isbn = 1-85715-887-3| pages = 400 pages}}
*{{cite book|author1=Crites, Mitchell Shelby |author2=Nanji, Ameeta |title= India Sublime – Princely Palace Hotels of Rajasthan| location=New York| publisher=Rizzoli| year=2007|type = hardback| isbn = 978-0-8478-2979-8| pages = 272 pages}}
*{{cite book|author1=Badhwar, Inderjit |author2=Leong, Susan |title=India Chic| year =2006| location=Singapore| publisher=Bolding Books|isbn = 981-4155-57-8| page = 240}}
*{{cite book|author=Michell, George, Martinelli, Antonio| title=The Palaces of Rajasthan| year = 2005| publisher=Frances Lincoln| location=London| isbn = 978-0-7112-2505-3| pages = 271 pages}}
*{{cite book| last = Preston | first = Diana & Michael | title = A Teardrop on the Cheek of Time | year = 2007| type = Hardback| edition = First| publisher = Doubleday | location = London | isbn = 978-0-385-60947-0| pages = 354 pages}}
*{{cite book| last = Tillotson | first = G. H. R| title = The Rajput Palaces - The Development of an Architectural Style| year = 1987| type = Hardback| edition = First| publisher = Yale University Press| location = New Haven and London| isbn = 0-300-03738-4| pages = 224 pages}}
*{{cite book|author1=William Warren |author2=Jill Gocher | title=Asia's Legendary Hotels: The Romance of Travel| location=Singapore| publisher=Periplus Editions| year=2007| type = hardback| isbn = 978-0-7946-0174-4}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Lake Palace}}
*{{Official website|https://www.tajhotels.com/en-in/taj/taj-lake-palace-udaipur/}}

{{Udaipur}}

{{Subject bar|portal2=India |commons=yes |s=yes |s-search=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Udaipur |voy=yes}}

[[Category:Palaces in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:Hotels in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:The Leading Hotels of the World]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Udaipur]]
[[Category:Heritage hotels in India]]
[[Category:Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces]]
[[Category:Hotels in Udaipur]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1746]]

Nikita Luther

2026-03-04T14:21:40Z

Santosh pathak:

{{Short description|Indian poker player (born 1991)}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox poker player
|name=Nikita Luther
|nickname=
|image=Nikita Luther 2019.jpg
|caption=Luther in 2019
|birth_place= [[New Delhi]], India
|birth_date= {{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|01|17}}
|updated = 9 June 2025
|wsop bracelet count=1
|wsop final tables=1
|wsop money finishes=14
|wsop main event best finish rank=96th
|wsop main event best finish year=2023
|wpt titles = 0
|wpt final tables = 3
|wpt money finishes = 4
|ept titles = 0
|ept final tables = 0
|ept money finishes = 4
}}
'''Nikita Luther''' (born 20 January 1991) is an Indian professional poker player based in Greater Kailash, [[New Delhi]].<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite web |last1=David |first1=Shantanu |title=Going all in: 28-year-old Nikita Luther a math nerd but also India's finest female poker player |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2020/Jun/18/going-all-in-28-year-old-nikita-luther-a-math-nerd-but-also-indias-finest-female-poker-player-2158077.html |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |date=18 June 2020}}</ref>

Nikita is the first Indian female poker player who won a bracelet in the [[2018 World Series of Poker]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kasturi |first1=Charu Sudan |title=Game over for India's booming online gaming Industry? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/1/26/holdis-it-game-over-for-indias-booming-online-gaming-industry |website=[[Al Jazeera English]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Poker is a mental sport and women have no disadvantage: Poker champ Nikita Luther - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/buzz/poker-is-a-mental-sport-and-women-have-no-disadvantage-poker-champ-nikita-luther-4944491.htm |website=[[CNBC TV18|CNBCTV18]] |language=en |date=26 December 2019}}</ref>

Currently, she is mentoring her insights at the ‘Super Bowl’ of poker championship in India and COO of Poker Sports League.<ref name="ix">{{cite web |last1=Sen |first1=J. D. |title=Cash me in! Introducing the new-age high-flying Indian poker champion celebrity lifestyle |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/life-style/society/2019/Mar/20/cash-me-in-introducing-the-new-age-high-flying-indian-poker-champion-celebrity-lifestyle-13511.html |website=Indulgexpress |language=en |date=20 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="tele">{{cite web |title=Ace up her sleeve |url=https://obeta.ttef.in/education/ace-up-her-sleeve/cid/1674042 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Nikita Luther was born into a military family and raised in [[Delhi]]. She completed her schooling from "Sanskriti School", Delhi followed by a bachelor’s degree from [[Delhi University]].<ref name="adda">{{cite web |title=Nikita Luther - Female Indian Poker Player - Adda52 |url=https://www.adda52.com/poker/players/nikita-luther |website=Adda52.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Nikita started playing poker on an American based poker platform called [[Zynga]], until finally when she got a chance to play poker at a friend’s birthday in 2015 for real money. After realizing her penchant for poker & she started playing poker full time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who Is Nikita Luther Poker Player? Here Are Her Results! |url=https://gutshotmagazine.com/nikita-luther-poker-player/ |website=gutshotmagazine}}</ref>

She pursued poker because her passion for the game is deeply rooted in her love for mathematics and its logical structure, which she compares to solving intricate math puzzles. She was drawn to the game after recognizing that it wasn’t about luck but a skill-based sport requiring strategic thinking, probability analysis, and psychological insight, qualities she naturally excelled in through her mathematical acumen.<ref name="newindianexpress.com"/>

In 2015, Nikita won her first title which was the ladies' event at the Indian Poker Championship in Goa. She has also made it to the final table of three other big tournaments, finishing second, fourth, and eighth.<ref name="aninews.in">{{cite web |title=Meet Nikita Luther-The girl changing perception of Indian masses about POKER |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/space/meet-nikita-luther-the-girl-changing-perception-of-indian-masses-about-poker/ |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

Luther along with another poker player Raghav Bansal won Macau Poker Cup team event in February 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=MCP 26 {{!}} Online Poker News |url=https://www.onlinepokernews.in/2017/02/48181-2152017/ |website=Onlinepokernews |date=15 February 2017}}</ref> In June 2017, she won 5th place in the Aria Poker Classic Main Event, which awarded her $65,000.<ref name="adda"/>

In 2018, at the age of 27, Nikita won her career's first bracelet at [[2018 World Series of Poker]] (WSOP), Las Vegas, Nevada with her teammate, German Italian poker player Giuseppe Pantaleo. This year, participants from 88 nations entered over 123,000 entries across multiple tournaments. Only one girl, Nikita Luther, has won the WSOP gold championship.<ref>{{cite web |title=India Online Poker Championship rakes in players with rewards |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/Jul/15/india-online-poker-championship-rakes-in-players-with-rewards-2330232.html |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |date=15 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="tele"/>

Later that year, she was featured on the [https://gutshotmagazine.com/emag/ourmagazines/gutshot-june-2019/?read-more cover of Gutshot Magazine], a leading poker news and content platform based in India. The cover titled 'Bracelet Buddies' was one signifying the only two Indians to win a WSOP gold bracelet in Las Vegas - Aditya Sushant and Luther herself.

Subsequently she made x final tables throughout her career which included a 2nd place out of 1932 entries in Aria Poker Classic, Las Vegas again posting India’s first 6 figure score in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ben Farrell Wins Zynga Poker WPT500, Nikita Luther Finishes 2nd (~₹75.32 Lakhs) |url=https://pokerguru.in/poker-news/2019-wpt500-las-vegas-nikita-luther-ritesh-shah-ben-farrell/ |website=PokerGuru |date=28 June 2019}}</ref>

Nikita is the brand ambassador of Natural8 India, Asia's online poker room.<ref>{{cite web |title=Putting India on the global poker table: Natural8 India ambassador Nikita Luther takes on heavyweights at the Game of Gold, a first-of-its-kind poker reality show! |url=https://www.passionateinmarketing.com/putting-india-on-the-global-poker-table-natural8-india-ambassador-nikita-luther-takes-on-heavyweights-at-the-game-of-gold-a-first-of-its-kind-poker-reality-show/ |website=Passionate In Marketing |date=24 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nikita Luther / Pro Poker Player / WSOP Bracelet Winner / Natural8 India Ambassador {{!}} Jeff Gross - The Flow Show |url=https://jeffgrosspodcast.podbean.com/e/nikita-luther-pro-poker-player-wsop-bracelet-winner-natural8-india-ambassador/ |website=jeffgrosspodcast.podbean.com |language=en}}</ref>

Nikita Luther can also be seen in [[Karan Johar]]'s [[The Traitors India]], an [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Prime]] web series.<ref>{{cite web |title=India's Poker Queen Nikita Luther to Join Karan Johar and a Star-Studded Cast on Amazon Prime's 'The Traitors India'! |url=https://pokerguru.in/poker-news/indias-poker-queen-nikita-luther-to-join-karan-johar-and-a-star-studded-cast-on-amazon-primes-the-traitors-india/ |website=PokerGuru |date=7 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Amena |first1=Rasti |title=Karan Johar's The Traitors: Full list of 20 celebrity contestants |url=https://www.siasat.com/karan-johars-the-traitors-full-list-of-20-celebrity-contestants-3098840/ |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en |date=19 September 2024}}</ref> Where she won the show with [[Urfi Javed]].{{fact|date=August 2025}}

== Awards ==
*Olympic Gold Medal with a victory in $1,000 NLH Tag Team Event in Las Vegas in June 2018{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}
*2015 India Poker Championship Ladies Event Title<ref name="aninews.in"/>
*2017 Poker Stars Trophy, Macau Poker Cup<ref>{{cite web |last1=bhanushali |first1=aarti |title=Running deep' in the game |url=https://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/170517/running-deep-in-the-game.html |website=Asianage |language=en |date=17 May 2017}}</ref>

==World Series of Poker bracelets==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Tournament
!Prize (US$)
|-
|[[2018 World Series of Poker|2018]]
|$1,000 Tag Team No Limit Hold'em
|$175,805
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nikira, Luther}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Indian poker players]]
[[Category:World Poker Tour winners]]
[[Category:Female poker players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from New Delhi]]

Bali (2021 film)

2026-03-04T09:36:56Z

Santosh pathak: updated page

{{short description|2021 Marathi horror film by Vishal Furia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bali
| image = Bali film poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Vishal Furia
| based_on =
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Arjun Singgh Baran
* Kartk D Nishandar
}}
| story = {{plainlist|
* Swapnila Gupta
* Vishal Furia
}}
| screenplay =
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Swwapnil Joshi]]
* [[Pooja Sawant]]
}}
| music = {{ubl|'''Score:'''|Ranjan Patnaik| Brince Bora}}
| cinematography = Rajan Sohani
| editing = {{plainlist|
* Abhijeet Deshpande
* Sourabh Prabhudesai
}}
| studio = Global Sports Entertainment and Media Solutions Private Limited
| distributor = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|12|09}}
| runtime = 103 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bali''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Marathi language]] [[Horror film|horror]] film directed by Vishal Furia and produced by GSEAMS. The film bankrolled by Arjun Singh Baran and Kartik Nishandar, features [[Swapnil Joshi]]
and [[Pooja Sawant]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/story-actor-swapnil-joshi-upcoming-marathi-movie-bali-1822701.html|title='बळी' या मराठी भयपटात दिसणार स्वप्नील जोशी|trans-title=Swapnil Joshi will be seen in the Marathi horror film 'Bali'|date=1 November 2019|access-date=7 March 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=mr|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029150435/https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/story-actor-swapnil-joshi-upcoming-marathi-movie-bali-1822701.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film revolves around widowed father and his seven-year-old son, who starts talking to a mysterious nurse. It was scheduled to be theatrically released on 16 April 2021, but its release was postponed due to the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/bali-teaser-swwapnil-joshis-horror-adventure-will-give-you-chills-watch/articleshow/81566822.cms|title='Bali' teaser: Swwapnil Joshi's horror adventure will give you chills; Watch|date=18 March 2021|access-date=18 March 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/actor-swapnil-joshi-upcoming-horror-movie-bali-413083.html|title=Swapnil Joshi | स्वप्निल जोशीलाही पडलाय प्रश्न, कोण आहे एलिझाबेथ? लवकरच मिळणार उत्तर!|trans-title=Swapnil Joshi | Swapnil Joshi also has a question, who is Elizabeth? Get an answer soon!|date=6 March 2021|access-date=10 March 2021|website= TV9 Marathi|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/bali-jhimma-and-godavari-release-dates-deferred-following-stricter-covid-guidelines/articleshow/82000198.cms|title=Bali, Jhimma and Godavari release dates postponed following stricter COVID guidelines|work=Times of India|first=Mihir|last=Bhanage|date=10 April 2021|access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref> The film premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 9 December 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vishal-furias-spine-chilling-horror-thriller-bali-premiere-amazon-prime-video-december-9/|title=Vishal Furia's spine-chilling horror thriller Bali to premiere on Amazon Prime Video on December 9|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=2 December 2021|access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Life of a widowed father turns upside down when his seven-year-old son, faints and taken to hospital for a detailed diagnosis. The son starts talking to a mysterious nurse which he claims is staying in the deserted part of the hospital.

==Cast==
* [[Swwapnil Joshi]] as Shrikant Sathe<ref name="cast:toi">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/bali-swwapnil-joshi-to-join-vishal-furias-next-horror-flick/articleshow/71848281.cms|title='Bali': Swwapnil Joshi to join Vishal Furia's next horror flick|date=1 November 2019|access-date=7 March 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Pooja Sawant]] as Dr. Radhika Shenoy<ref name="cast1:toi">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/exclusive-pooja-sawant-to-play-a-doctor-in-bali/articleshow/81441780.cms|title=Exclusive: Pooja Sawant to play a doctor in Bali|first=Mihir |last=Bhanage|date=11 March 2021 |access-date=11 March 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Samarth Jadhav as Mandar Shrikant Sathe, Shrikant's son
* [[Pritam Kagne]]
* Rohit Kokate
* Sanjay Ranadive
* Shraddha Kaul
* Abhishek Bachankar
* Mahesh Bodas
* Umesh Ghalsasi

==Production==
In November 2019, [[Swapnil Joshi]] was cast to play lead role in the horror film.<ref name="cast:toi" /> The filming was completed in February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/swwapnil-joshi-on-his-first-horror-film-bali-its-been-an-extremely-scary-experience-for-me/articleshow/74175497.cms|title=Swwapnil Joshi on his first horror film 'Bali': It's been an extremely scary experience for me|date=17 February 2020|access-date=7 March 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The post-production work of the film started in June 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/bali-director-vishal-furia-kick-starts-post-production-of-his-upcoming-horror-film-shares-picture/articleshow/76335254.cms|title='Bali': Director Vishal Furia kick starts post-production of his upcoming horror film; shares picture|date=12 June 2020|access-date=7 March 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Reception==
Pooja Darade of Leisure Byte rated the film with 3 stars out of five and praised the performance of Swapnil Joshi, writing, "he as the caring and worried father, did a fantastic job". Darade appreciated the performance of Samarth Jadhav as Mandar, writing, "[Samarth Jadhav] wowed me the most, he’s highly expressive in scenes and situations that demand only the best." Concluding she wrote, "Overall, Vishal Furia has delivered yet another terrifying and wicked narrative that needs your attention." She further wrote, "The premise is gripping, the screenplay is good in parts, and the performances are fantastic."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/amazon-prime-bali-review-vishal-furia-eerie/|title=Bali Review: Vishal Furia's Another Alarming Tale|author=Pooja Darade|date=9 December 2021|access-date=10 December 2021|website=Leisure Byte}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt14194044}}

[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language horror films]]
[[Category:2021 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in hospitals]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films not released in theaters due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]
[[Category:2021 horror films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]

Premi

2026-03-04T03:44:04Z

Santosh pathak: enhance content further and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Infobox film
| name = Premi
| image = Premiposter.jpg
| caption = Premi Movie Poster
| director = [[Rabi Kinagi]]
| writer = [[Rabi Kinagi]]
| story = [[Sumanth Arts]]
| starring = [[Jeet (Actor)|Jeet]] [[Jisshu Sengupta]] [[Chandana Sharma]]
| producer = [[Surinder Films]] 
[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| studio = [[Surinder Films]] 
[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| distributor = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| cinematography = [[G.Vidyanand]]
| editing = [[Suresh Oors]]
| released = {{Film date|2004|07|30|ref1=<ref>
{{Cite news
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040805/asp/calcutta/story_3584409.asp
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203152048/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040805/asp/calcutta/story_3584409.asp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=3 February 2013
|title=Premi (U)
|publisher=telegraphindia.com
|accessdate=19 November 2008
|location=Calcutta, India
|date=5 August 2004
}}
</ref>|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| budget =
| gross =
| runtime =
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| music = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
}}

'''''Premi''''' ({{langx|bn|প্রেমী}}, translated as "Lover") is a Bengali romantic drama film released in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://rental.bigflix.com/bigflix/Movie/Bengali/2004/Premi
|title=Premi - BIGFlix.com
|publisher=rental.bigflix.com
|accessdate=19 November 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217221214/http://rental.bigflix.com/bigflix/Movie/Bengali/2004/Premi
|archive-date=17 February 2009
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.moviemart.in/details.aspx?id=2600&lan=4
|title=Premi (2004) Online With Movie Mart
|publisher=moviemart.in
|accessdate=19 November 2008
}}
</ref> Directed by [[Rabi Kinagi]], the movie featured [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]] and [[Chandana Sharma]]. This was Chandana Sharma's debut movie
<ref>
{{Cite news
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041229/asp/calcutta/story_4188463.asp
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203140652/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041229/asp/calcutta/story_4188463.asp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=3 February 2013
|title=The Telegraph - Calcutta: Metro
|publisher=telegraphindia.com
|accessdate=19 November 2008
|date=29 December 2004
|location=Calcutta, India
}}
</ref> It is a [[remake]] of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[blockbuster film]] ''[[Nee Sneham]]''.

==Plot==
Rahul and Sumit are best friends and professional players of [[Association football|international football]]. In saving Rahul from an accident, Sumit injures his own leg, and can no longer play football. Rahul makes a promise to vicariously fulfill Sumit's dreams by becoming a great football player. One day, in a taxi, he meets Puja and falls in [[love at first sight]]. She lives with her paternal grandparents. Puja meets Sumit, and admires him for his strength and grit, which survive his being invalided. Puja and her friends go to [[Goa]], and are joined there by Rahul and his friends, who had come for a football match. Puja & Rahul become mutual friends, though she is to be married to another man. That planned marriage is cancelled, after Puja is accused of unsuitable behavior involving Rahul. Puja's grandfather is unable to bear this shock, and dies. Puja misunderstands Rahul, and her friendship with him gives way to hatred.

Rahul tries secretly to help Puja; whenever she lands in any kind of trouble Rahul helps her. He even steals money from his own father, to help Puja; he remains ”in the background”, and contacts her only via letters, in which he presents himself as an unnamed friend. She “falls in love with“ this secret friend, and becomes desperate to meet him. On the day of [[Holi]], Puja, misidentifying Sumit as the secret friend, and thrilled with joy, sends a marriage proposal to his home, via her grandmother, and their wedding plans are finalised. Rahul, heartbroken at the prospect of his one true love marrying his best friend, cannot say anything to Sumit — he still feels indebted to Sumit for having saved his life. She, angered at seeing Rahul, tells him to stay away from her new life.

Finally, all these misunderstandings are resolved, with marriage between Rahul and Puja.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] as Rahul
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]] as Sumit
* [[Chandana Sharma]] as Puja, Rahul's love interest
* Kalyani Mondal as Rahul's mother
* [[Shantilal Mukherjee]] as Alok
* [[Monu Mukherjee]] as Puja's grandfather
* [[Kaushik Banerjee]]
* [[Chinmoy Roy]] as Prashanta, football coach
* [[Subhasish Mukherjee]]
* Sanghamitra Mukherjee as Suroma, Rahul's paternal aunt
* Bodhisattwa Majumdar as Jayanta, Rahul's father
* Shyamal Dutta as Nirmal, Sumit's father
* Pushpita Mukherjee
* Sagnik Chatterjee as Chintu
}}

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Premi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2004
| recorded = 2003
| venue =
| studio = [[Surinder Films]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Bengali
| label = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Bandhan (2004 film)|Bandhan]]
| next_year = 2004
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Premi
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Mone Rekho Amar E Gaan
| single1date = 31 May 2018
| single2 = Pratham Premer Pratham Chowa
| single2date = 31 May 2018
| single3 =
| single3date =
| single4 =
| single4date =
}}
}}

All songs were composed by [[Jeet Ganguli]] and this was his first film as a music director.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_writing =
| title1 = O Bandhure Bandhure Tor
| extra1 = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| length1 = 3:24
| title2 = Mone Rekho Amar Ea Gaan
| note2 = Male Version
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Mone Rekho Amar Ea Gaan
| note3 = Female Version
| extra3 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Sagarika]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Jar Chabi Eai Mon Enke Jai
| extra4 = Sonu Nigam, Chorus
| length4 = 4:46
| title5 = Eaki Sathe Eaki Pathe
| extra5 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Zubeen Garg]]
| length5 = 4:17
| title6 = Pratham Premer Pratham Chowa
| extra6 = Shaan, Shreya Ghoshal
| length6 = 4:39
| title7 = Satti Satti Jadi Pari Hoye
| extra7 = Shreya Ghoshal
| length7 = 2:34
| title8 = Mone Rekho Amar Ea Gaan
| note8 = Duet
| extra8 = Shreya Ghoshal, Sonu Nigam
| length8 = 4:55
| total_length =
}}

==Critical reception==
The two multiplexes feel the dashing combo of the two young Turks of Tollywood and their lady love has the pull to lure in the audiences. "Though it’s not the niche variety, Premi is a well-made, well-publicised urban romantic film which, we feel, will appeal to our audiences. Also because the Salt lake area consists of a large bulk of Bengali cine-goers. If this experiment succeeds, we may go for more such films", revealed a spokesperson for INOX.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}

Much on the same lines, a spokesperson for 89 Cinemas added: "Premi is targeted at the youth and we think it will click with our viewers.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}

” While an audio cassette of Premi comes free with every ticket sold (Rs 60 and Rs 80) at the Salt Lake multiplex, the Swabhumi multi-screen is offering a slashed rate of Rs 50. The film rolls out at 6.30 pm, INOX-City Centre, and at 1.15 pm, 89 Cinemas.<ref>
{{Cite news
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040814/asp/calcutta/story_3625596.asp
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203211949/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040814/asp/calcutta/story_3625596.asp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=3 February 2013
|title=Love crosses the line
|publisher=telegraphindia.com
|accessdate=19 November 2008
|location=Calcutta, India
|date=14 August 2004
}}
</ref> For masala films with local stars, the emphasis is more on glossy look and feel (read: fresh locales, trendy costumes, stylish interiors). In [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]’ Premi, the outdoors were all Gangtok, leading lady Chandana got her costumes designed from Mumbai, the wardrobe for Jeet and Jisshu Sengupta was picked up from Pantaloons, Westside and Forum. The trendy casuals that [[Koel Mallick]] sports in ''[[Shudhu Tumi]]'', at the Arunachal Pradesh shooting sites, are also from Pantaloons.<ref>
{{Cite news
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040606/asp/calcutta/story_3336133.asp
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203203247/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040606/asp/calcutta/story_3336133.asp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=3 February 2013
|title=The Telegraph - Calcutta: Metro
|publisher=...AND THE BEAUTIFUL
|accessdate=19 November 2008
|last=Sengupta
|first=Reshmi
|location=Calcutta, India
|date=6 June 2004
}}
</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Rabi Kinagi}}
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Premi}}
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2004 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:Bengali remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rabi Kinagi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jeet Gannguli]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Surinder Films films]]
[[Category:Bengali language films scored by Zubeen Garg]]

Mini (1995 film)

2026-03-03T21:20:37Z

Santosh pathak: put up new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mini
| image =
| caption =
| director = P. Chandrakumar
| producer = [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]
| writer = Iskantar Mirsa
| based_on =
| starring = Aarati Ghanashyam Chandrahasan [[Cuckoo Parameswaran]] Babu G. Nair Malini Nair Ramachandran Nair
| music = Vishnu Bhatt
| cinematography = Sukumar
| editing = Madhu Kainakari
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1995||}}
| runtime = 76 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mini''''' is a 1995 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[P. Chandrakumar]], written by Iskantar Mirsa, and produced by [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]. The film depicts the problem of [[alcoholism]] through the determined efforts of a young girl to save her father from self-destruction. It stars Aarati Ghanashyam, Chandrahasan, [[Cuckoo Parameswaran]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/cuckoo-parameswaran/article3890649.ece|title=Cuckoo Parameswaran|date=13 September 2012|access-date=16 November 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> Babu G. Nair and Malini Nair in pivotal roles. It won the [[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare]]. Aarati Ghanashyam won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist]] and Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Child Artist.

==Cast==
* Aarati Ghanashyam as Mini
* Chandrahasan as Mini's father
* [[Kukku Parameswaran]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/cuckoo-parameswaran/article3890649.ece|title=Cuckoo Parameswaran|date=13 September 2012|access-date=16 November 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> as Mini's mother
* Babu G. Nair
* Malini Nair
* N Ramachandran Nair

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1995 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films about alcoholism]]
[[Category:Best Film on Family Welfare National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Chandrakumar]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Unarvu

2026-03-03T03:03:53Z

Santosh pathak: Stub

{{Short description|2019 Indian drama film by Subu Venkat}}
{{No plot|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Unarvu
| image = Unarvu poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Venkat Bharadwaj|Subu Venkat]]
| producer = Shekar Jayaram
| writer = Kavi Velan
| story = Subu Venkat
| screenplay = Subu Venkat
| starring = [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] Aroul D. Shankar Ankitha Navya Shinav
| cinematography = David Jan
| editing = P. Chandan
| music = [[Nakul Abhyankar]]
| studio = Amrutha Film Center
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|07|19}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}

'''''Unarvu''''' ({{translation|Feelings}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[political drama]] film co-written and directed by [[Venkat Bharadwaj|Subu Venkat]]. It stars [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], Aroul D. Shankar, Ankitha Navya and Shinav. Featuring music composed by [[Nakul Abhyankar]], the film was released on 19 July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suman and Aroul Shankar's Unarvu Teaser is intriguing sans dialogues! |url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/suman-and-aroul-shankars-unarvu-teaser-is-intriguing-sans-dialogues-453629.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012100229/https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/suman-and-aroul-shankars-unarvu-teaser-is-intriguing-sans-dialogues-453629.htm |archive-date=2019-10-12 |website=in.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*Shinav as Sathish
*Ankitha Navya as Nikitha
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Muthuswamy, the Chief Minister
*Aroul D. Shankar as Prabhakaran, the corrupt Chief Minister
*Subbu as Ramadurai
*Lawrence as Thambidurai
*Kanthasamy as Mani
*Bala Guru as Thamba
*Sunny Madhavan as Thanza
*Navaneethan as Paramuthu
*A. G. S. Kumar as Handicapped Beggar
*Amarkalam Sankar as Beggar
*[[Venkat Bharadwaj]] as Ramadorai
*[[Kottachi]] as Content Manager
*Natigar Shivashankar as Old Man
*Purushottam Adiga as Government Officer
}}

==Production==
The political drama film marked the first Tamil venture of director [[Venkat Bharadwaj]], who had earlier made a ''A Day in the City'' and ''Kempirve'' (2017) in Kannada. The director changed his stagename from Venkat Bharadwaj to Subu Venkat, for the Tamil audience.<ref name="iq">{{Cite web |title=Unarvu has no heroes or heroines but is compensated by six protagonists! |url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/unarvu-has-no-heroes-or-heroines-but-is-compensated-by-six-protagonists-413069.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012100226/https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/unarvu-has-no-heroes-or-heroines-but-is-compensated-by-six-protagonists-413069.htm |archive-date=2019-10-12 |website=in.com}}</ref> He cast six important characters in the lead roles, including veteran actor [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], model Ankitha Navya, Shinav and Aroul Shankar, who had previously featured in ''[[Yaman (film)|Yaman]]''.<ref name="iq" />

Prior to release, the film was screened at the Berlin Film Festival, Dadasaheb Phalke Film Festival and Kalasamrudhi Festival in Mumbai.<ref name="iq" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=17 May 2019 |title=Political thriller offers rollercoaster ride |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/170519/political-thriller-offers-rollercoaster-ride.html |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Nakul Abhyankar]], an erstwhile assistant of [[A. R. Rahman]]. The songs were released in an audio function where [[Drums Sivamani]] appeared as a chief guest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Shilpa Sebastian |date=4 July 2019 |title=All about mind games |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kempirve-director-venkat-bharadwaj-is-back-with-a-tamil-film-unravu/article28282254.ece |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

*"Naanum Neeyum" - [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
*"Enda Poovum" - Ramya Bhat
*"Whistle Podu" - Bamba Bakya

==Release==
The film had a low profile opening across Tamil Nadu on 19 July 2019. In its review, ''The Times of India'' noted "the film is high on melodrama and tiring preachy dialogues which tests one’s patience".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unarvu: A Game On Human Brain Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/unarvu/movieshow/68900768.cms |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> News Today gave the film a mixed review, claiming "had the director focused more on the second half, ''Unarvu'' would have been a must-watch."<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2019 |title=Review: 'Unarvu' - Deals with emotions |url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/07/19/review-unarvu-deals-with-emotions/}}</ref>

The makers initially planned to dub the film into the Hindi language, but eventually did not do so.<ref name="iq" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|9716252}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2019 drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Purvanchal Expressway

2026-02-28T05:30:51Z

Santosh pathak: Updated and refined page content

{{short description|Indian expressway connecting Lucknow and Ghazipur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

{{infobox road
| country = IND
| name = Purvanchal Expressway
| alternate_name = 
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|zoom=6|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3|title=Purvanchal Expressway}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = Purvanchal Expressway in red
| length_km = 340.8
| direction_a = West
| direction_b = East
| terminus_a = [[Chand Sarai|Chand Saray]] village, [[Lucknow district]]
| junction =
| terminus_b = Haydaria village, [[National Highway 31 (India)|NH-31]], [[Ghazipur district]]
| formed = 16 November 2021
| state = Uttar Pradesh
| maint = [[Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority]] (UPEIDA)
| photo =
| image_notes = A section of Purvanchal Expressway
| length_mi = 211.8
}}

'''Purvanchal Expressway'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Purvanchal Expressway Inauguration Live Updates: पूर्वांचल एक्सप्रेस-वे की सौगात देकर बोले PM मोदी- सोचा नहीं था इस पर खुद विमान से उतरूंगा|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/uttar-pradesh/story/purvanchal-expressway-inauguration-live-updates-pm-modi-to-launch-cm-yogi-mega-project-ntc-1357842-2021-11-16|access-date=2021-11-16|website=Aaj Tak|language=hi}}</ref> is a 340.8 [[km]] long, 6-lane wide (expandable to 8) [[Controlled-access highway|access-controlled expressway]] in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|agency=Press Trust of India |date=November 13, 2021 |title=Purvanchal Expressway to be backbone of eastern UP economy: Yogi Adityanath|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/purvanchal-expressway-to-be-backbone-eastern-up-yogi-adityanath-1876214-2021-11-13|access-date=2021-11-16|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref name="foundation stone" /> The expressway connects [[Chand Sarai|Chand Saray]] village near [[Gosainganj, Lucknow|Gosainganj]] in [[Lucknow district]] with Haydaria village on [[National Highway 31 (India)|NH-31]] in [[Ghazipur district]]. It is developed by the [[Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority]] (UPEIDA). The Purvanchal Expressway has a 3.2&nbsp;km long [[runway|airstrip]] at Akhalkiri Karwat village near [[Kurebhar]] in [[Sultanpur district]] for emergency landing of aircraft.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/nov/12/pm-to-inaugurate-this-up-expressway-with-an-airstrip-for-fighter-planes-know-more-2382817.html |title=PM to inaugurate this UP expressway with an airstrip for fighter planes |work=The New Indian Express |date=12 November 2021 }}</ref> The construction work was started by the [[UPEIDA]] on 10 October 2018 and was inaugurated and opened to the public on 16 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=आज 340 KM लंबे पूर्वांचल एक्सप्रेसवे का उद्घाटन करेंगे PM मोदी, देखें 100 खबरें|url=https://www.aajtak.in/programmes/100-shahar-100-khabar/video/pm-narendra-modi-to-inaugurate-purvanchal-expressway-today-1357796-2021-11-16|access-date=2021-11-16|website=Aaj Tak|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सुल्तानपुर: प्रधानमंत्री 16 नवंबर को करेंगे पूर्वांचल एक्सप्रेस-वे का लोकार्पण, तैयारियों में जुटे अधिकारी|url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/pm-narendra-modi-will-inaugrate-poorvanchal-express-way-on-16-november|access-date=2021-11-06|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref>

The project was announced and laid down by the then [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] [[Akhilesh Yadav]] as Lucknow-Azamgarh-Ballia Samajwadi Purvanchal Expressway in May 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/up-cm-lays-foundation-of-purvanchal-expressway-667952-2016-12-22 |title=UP CM lays foundation of Purvanchal expressway |date=22 December 2016|website=India Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226221228/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/up-cm-lays-foundation-of-purvanchal-expressway/1/841015.html|archive-date=26 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/up-cm-akhilesh-yadav-lays-foundation-stone-of-samajwadi-purvanchal-expressway/videoshow/56126366.cms |title=UP CM lays foundation of Samajwadi Purvanchal Expressway |work=The Times of India |date=22 December 2016}}</ref> Later, route was changed to Lucknow-Azamgarh-Ghazipur by the [[Yogi Adityanath]] government, and upon acquisition of around 95% of required land, [[foundation stone]] of Purvanchal Expressway was laid on 14 July 2018 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-pm-narendra-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-for-india-s-longest-purvanchal-expressway-in-up-s-azamgarh-2636854 |title=PM Narendra Modi to lay foundation stone for India's longest Purvanchal Expressway in UP's Azamgarh |work=DNA India |date=14 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/purvanchal-expressway-lucknow-ghazipur-narendra-modi-5259358/ |title=PM Modi lays foundation stone of 340 km long Purvanchal Expressway |work=The Indian Express |date=14 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-lays-foundation-stone-for-purvanchal-expressway-in-azamgarh/articleshow/65001048.cms |title=PM lays foundation stone for Purvanchal Expressway in Azamgarh |work=The Times of India |date=15 July 2018 }}</ref><ref name="PIB foundation">{{cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1538649 |title=PM lays Foundation Stone for Purvanchal Expressway in Azamgarh |work=Press Information Bureau |date=14 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/purvanchal-expressway-to-take-up-to-great-heights-pm-modi201807141651160001/ |title=Purvanchal Expressway to take UP to great heights: PM Modi |work=ANI News |date=14 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ddnews.gov.in/national/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-340-km-long-purvanchal-expressway |title=PM Modi lays foundation stone of 340 km-long Purvanchal Expressway |work=DD News |date=15 July 2018 }}</ref> With a total project value of [[Indian rupee|₹]]22,494 [[crore]], including the [[land acquisition in India|land acquisition]] cost, the Expressway was India's longest expressway at the time of completion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=22,500 करोड़ की लागत, 341 KM लंबाई, पूर्वांचल एक्सप्रेस-वे का उद्घाटन आज|url=https://www.aajtak.in/programmes/9-baj-gaye/video/pm-narendra-modi-to-inaugurate-341-km-long-purvanchal-expressway-1357806-2021-11-16|access-date=2021-11-16|website=Aaj Tak|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://upeida.in/article/en/the-purvanchal-expressway|title=Details of Purvanchal Expressway project and updated status |website=UPEIDA |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref>

The expressway is to be linked with [[Varanasi]]–[[Azamgarh]] highway through a separate link road. UPEIDA is also constructing the [[Gorakhpur Link Expressway]], which will connect Jaitpur village in [[Gorakhpur district]] with Purvanchal Expressway at Salarpur village in [[Azamgarh district]]. Upon the completion of 17 [[km]] long, 4-[[lane]] wide ''Buxar–Ghazipur Elevated Road'' ([[Bharauli, Bhojpur|Bharauli]] near [[Buxar]] to Haydaria in [[Ghazipur]]), [[Lucknow]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] will be directly connected to [[Buxar]], [[Arrah]] and [[Patna]] in [[Bihar]] by Purvanchal Expressway and [[National Highway 922 (India)|NH-922]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nitish Kumar urges Centre to extend Purvanchal Expressway till Buxar |work=Business Standard |date=21 September 2020 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/nitish-kumar-urges-centre-to-extend-purvanchal-expressway-till-buxar-120092100825_1.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/new-koilwar-bridge-may-open-for-traffic-this-month/articleshow/77936824.cms |title=Bihar: New Koilwar Bridge may open for traffic this month |work=Times of India |date=5 September 2020}}</ref>

5 industrial corridors will be set up alongside Purvanchal Expressway. As on Nov., 2023, the land has been identified and process for bainama is underway. In Ghazipur district, 25% bainama of land has been done till May, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=Purvanchal Expressway - Route, Map, Toll Rates, Connectivity, News and Latest Updates - Infra Info Hub |url=https://infrainfohub.com/purvanchal-expressway-route-map-toll-rates-connectivity/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In Ghazipur IMLC, 83.89% of Proposed Land has been acquired as on 24.02.2026.[https://upeida.up.gov.in/downloadmedia/siteContent/20260224134408084793rd%20Board%20Meeting.pdf]

==Route==
The Purvanchal Expressway connects Chand Saray village near [[Gosainganj, Lucknow|Gosainganj]] in [[Lucknow district]] with Haydaria village on [[Mohammadabad, Ghazipur|Mohammadabad]]–[[Buxar]] highway ([[National Highway 31 (India)|NH-31]]) in [[Ghazipur district]]. It passes through 9 districts of [[Uttar Pradesh]] i.e. (from west to east) [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]], [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]], [[Amethi district|Amethi]], [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]], [[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]], [[Ambedkar Nagar district|Ambedkar Nagar]], [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]], [[Mau district|Mau]] and [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=Purvanchal Expressway - Route, Map, Toll Rates, Connectivity, News and Latest Updates - Infra Info Hub |url=https://infrainfohub.com/purvanchal-expressway-route-map-toll-rates-connectivity/ |access-date=2025-05-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Entry/ Exits ===
The following entry/exit points are present in the expressway:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Traffic, Toll & Financial Studies - Purvanchal Expressway |url=http://upeida.up.gov.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/package/PF-P9-a.pdf |date=7 May 2018 |access-date=1 June 2021 |work=UPEIDA }}</ref>

{| class= "wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" width=60%
|+
!Chainage
!Intersecting Road No
!Details of the Intersecting Road
!Project Structure
|-
|<nowiki>-0+270</nowiki>
|NH 56 (NH731)
|National Highway NH56/731
|Trumpet Interchange
|-
|36+870
|SH 13
|[[Haidergarh]] - [[Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh|Barabanki]] Road
|Slip Roads with toll booth
|-
|58+380
|SH 31
|[[Raebareli|Inhauna]] - [[Rudauli]] Road
|Slip Roads with toll booth
|-
|81+900
|SH 15
|[[Raebareli]] - [[Faizabad]] Road
|Interchange with Toll Plaza
|-
|121+860
|SH 9
|[[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]] - [[Faizabad]] Road
|Interchange with Toll Plaza
|-
|138+150
|NH 232 (NH-128)
|[[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]] - [[Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar|Akbarpur]] Road
|Interchange with Toll Plaza
|-
|161
|MDR 113E
|[[Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar|Akbarpur]] - [[Dostpur]] Road
|slip Roads with Toll booth
|-
|182+360
|SH 5
|[[Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar|Akbarpur]] - [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] Road
|Slip Roads with toll booth
|-
|191
|TRUMPET INTERCHANGE
|[[Gorakhpur Link Expressway]]
|ENTRY AND EXIT POINT
|-
|203
|SH 124
|[[AHIRAULA, AZAMGARH | AHIRAULA-BUDHANPUR ROAD]]
|[[SLIPS ROAD WITH TOLL BOOTH]]
|-
|234+650
|NH 233 (NH-28)
|[[Azamgarh]] - [[Tanda, Ambedkar Nagar|Tanda]] Road
|Interchange with Toll Plaza
|-

|253+850
|SH 34
|[[Azamgarh]] - [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] Road
|Slip Roads with toll booth
|-
|294+200
|SH 34
|[[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] - [[Ghazipur]] Road
|Interchange with Toll Plaza
|-
|329+500
|[[Ballia Link Expressway|Ballia Link]]
|[[Ballia]] Link Road (future)
|Slip Roads with toll booth
|-
|340+500
|NH 19 (NH-31)
|National Highway Road NH19
|Trumpet Interchange
|}

==Construction==
The [[UPEIDA]] divided the construction work of 340.8&nbsp;km long Purvanchal Expressway into 8 packages, which were awarded to 5 different contractors.<ref name="Tender" /> The design work was done by Egis India Consulting Engineers (Package 1 to 4) and Ayesa India (Package 5 to 8).

22 Flyovers, 7 Railway-over-bridges (ROB), 7 major bridges, 114 minor bridges, 6 [[Toll Plaza]]s, 45 vehicular-underpasses (VUP), 139 Light VUP, 87 pedestrian underpass and 525 [[culvert|Box culverts]] has been constructed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://upeida.up.gov.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/202108041123418416PMG_040821.pdf |title=Details of Purvanchal Expressway by Project Monitoring Group (PMG) |work=UPEIDA |access-date=4 August 2021 }}</ref> Total construction cost (excluding the cost of Land) is around [[₹]]11,216 [[crore]]s.

Following is the list of contractors:

{| class="wikitable sortable" width=60%
!Sr. No.
!Package
!Length in [[km]]
!Contractor
|-
| 1.
| Chand Saray ([[Lucknow district|Lucknow]])–Sansara ([[Barabanki district|Barabanki]])
| style="text-align:center;"|40.4
| Gayatri Projects<ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/construction/gayatri-project-bags-rs-2759-crore-worth-road-projects-in-up/articleshow/65068646.cms?from=mdr |title=Gayatri Projects Ltd bags Rs 2,759 crores worth road projects in UP |work=The Economic Times |date=20 July 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| 2.
| Sansara ([[Barabanki district|Barabanki]])–Jarai Kalan ([[Amethi district|Amethi]])
| style="text-align:center;"|39.7
| Gayatri Projects
|-
| 3.
| Jarai Kalan ([[Amethi district|Amethi]])–Siddhi Ganeshpur ([[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]])
| style="text-align:center;"|41.7
| Apco Infratech
|-
| 4.
| Siddhi Ganeshpur ([[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]])–Sansarpur ([[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]])
| style="text-align:center;"|42.7
| GR Infraprojects
|-
| 5.
| Sansarpur ([[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]])–Govindpur ([[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]])
| style="text-align:center;"|54.0
| PNC Infratech<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/pnc-infratech-bags-two-epc-packages-of-purvanchal-expressway-for-rs-2520-cr-118070900682_1.html |title=PNC Infratech bags 2 EPC packages of Purvanchal Expressway for Rs 2,520 crores |work=Business Standard |date=9 July 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| 6.
| Govindpur ([[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]])–Mojrapur ([[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]])
| style="text-align:center;"|28.2
| PNC Infratech
|-
| 7.
| Mojrapur ([[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]])–Bijaura ([[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]])
| style="text-align:center;"|46.0
| GR Infraprojects
|-
| 8.
| Bijaura ([[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]])–Haydaria ([[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]])
| style="text-align:center;"|48.0
| Oriental Structural Engineers
|}

==Inauguration==
[[Prime Minister Narendra Modi]] arrived at the inauguration site in the [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130 Hercules]] and later touch and go exercise was also performed on the expressway by the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF).<ref>{{Cite web|title=पूर्वांचल एक्सप्रेस वे: हरक्यूलिस प्लेन पर सवार होकर उद्घाटन करने पहुंचेंगे मोदी, देखें प्लान|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/uttar-pradesh/video/purvanchal-expressway-pm-narendra-modi-hercules-plane-news-in-hindi-1357777-2021-11-16|access-date=2021-11-16|website=Aaj Tak|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=अब यूपी के पूर्वांचल एक्सप्रेसवे पर उतरेंगे लड़ाकू विमान, 'टच एंड गो' के लिए पहुंचे 3 फाइटर जेट|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/story/purvanchal-expressway-inauguration-ceremony-16-november-3-fighter-jets-arrived-for-touch-and-go-operation-ntc-1355943-2021-11-12|access-date=2021-11-16|website=Aaj Tak|date=12 November 2021 |language=hi}}</ref> Indian Air Force fighter jets performed the 'touch and go' operation, under which 30 fighter planes touched the Purvanchal expressway airstrip and then took off. Fighter jets including Mirage 2000, AN-32, Jaguar, and Sukhoi performed touch and go operations and showcased a landing on the expressway. The Indian aircraft showcased tricolor in the sky.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Video: पूर्वांचल एक्सप्रेस-वे का उद्घाटन, आसमान में फाइटर प्लेन का शक्ति‍ प्रदर्शन|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/video/purvanchal-expressway-air-show-conclusion-fighter-jets-make-rainbow-in-sky-1357988-2021-11-16|access-date=2021-11-16|website=Aaj Tak|language=hi}}</ref>

==Delhi–Lucknow–Patna connectivity==
The Purvanchal Expressway is a part of [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]'s initiative to connect [[Lucknow]] with [[Ghazipur]] in order to improve transportation facilities and trade & commerce activities in [[Purvanchal|East UP]] and [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Government committed to improving the road network in Bihar |work=Times of India |date=1 September 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/govt-committed-to-improving-road-network-in-state/articleshow/70927942.cms }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/highway-projects-worth-30-000-cr-underway-in-bihar-nitin-gadkari-11607602585335.html |title=Highway projects worth Rs 30,000 crores underway in Bihar: Nitin Gadkari |work=HT Mint |date=10 December 2020 }}</ref> Upon the completion of 4-[[lane]] wide '''Buxar–Ghazipur Elevated Road''' ([[Bharauli, Bhojpur|Bharauli]] near [[Buxar]] to Haydaria in [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]), people can also travel from [[New Delhi]] to [[Patna]] in Bihar via [[Agra]] and [[Lucknow]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] by using following route:

{| class="wikitable sortable" width=60%
!Sr. No.
!Name of Road
!from
!to
!Distance in [[km]]
|-
| 1
| [[DND Flyway]]
| '''[[New Delhi]]'''
| [[Noida]]
| style="text-align:center;"|6.0
|-
| 2
| [[Noida–Greater Noida Expressway]]
| [[Noida]]
| [[Greater Noida]]
| style="text-align:center;"|24.5
|-
| 3
| [[Yamuna Expressway]]
| [[Greater Noida]]
| [[Agra]]
| style="text-align:center;"|165.5
|-
| 4
| Agra Ring Road
| Kuberpur ([[Agra]])
| Hingot Kheria ([[Agra]])
| style="text-align:center;"|~10
|-
| 5
| [[Agra–Lucknow Expressway]]
| [[Agra]]
| '''[[Lucknow]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|302.2
|-
| 6
| [[National Highway 230 (India)|Lucknow Ring Road]]
| Sarosa Bharosa ([[Lucknow]])
| [[Chand Sarai|Chand Saray]] ([[Lucknow District|Lucknow]])
| style="text-align:center;"|40
|-
| 7
| Purvanchal Expressway
| '''[[Lucknow]]'''
| [[Ghazipur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|340.8
|-
| 8
| Ghazipur–Buxar Elevated Road
| [[Ghazipur]]
| [[Buxar]]
| style="text-align:center;"|17.0
|-
| 9
| Buxar–[[Arrah]]–Patna ([[National Highway 922 (India)|NH-922]]) (Including the entire stretch of the upcoming [[Danapur-Bihta Elevated Road]])
| [[Buxar]]
| '''[[Patna]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|125.0
|}

'''Note:''' Union Minister [[Nitin Gadkari]] announced on 28 August 2021 that the [[Government of India]] will construct [[Ghazipur]]–[[Arrah]]–[[Patna]] Expressway at an event in Arrah, [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ghazipur-ara-patna-greenfield-expressway-soon-nitin-gadkari/articleshow/85723192.cms|title=Ghazipur-Arrah-Patna Greenfield Expressway soon: Nitin Gadkari |work=The Times of India |date=29 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-now-journey-from-patna-to-delhi-can-be-completed-in-eight-hours-arrah-will-be-connected-with-green-field-expressway-nitin-gadkari-rk-singh-nitish-kumar-4463862.html |title=Arrah to be connected by Ghazipur-Patna Greenfield Expressway |work=Hindustan |date=29 August 2021 }}</ref>

==Status updates==
*'''May 2015:''' Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister [[Akhilesh Yadav]] announces intention to take up the Lucknow-Ballia Expressway soon.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 22, 2015|first=Subhash|last=Mishra|title=Chinese show interest in Lucknow-Ballia expressway |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/uttar-pradesh/chinese-show-interest-in-lucknow-ballia-expressway/articleshow/47380246.cms|access-date=2021-11-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
*'''Oct 2015:''' Government of UP finalized the alignment out of three proposed alignment for expressway. [[Project plan|Detailed Project Report]] (DPR) to be prepared in three months.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/UP-finalises-alignment-for-Lko-Ballia-expressway/articleshow/49235074.cms|title=UP finalises alignment for Lucknow-Ballia Expressway |work=The Times of India |date=6 October 2015}}</ref>
* '''Nov 2015:''' The Lucknow–Azamgarh–Ballia Expressway renamed as Purvanchal Expressway.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Govt-renames-Lucknow-Ballia-expressway-after-Purvanchal/articleshow/49636458.cms|title=Govt renames Lucknow-Ballia expressway after Purvanchal |work=The Times of India |date=3 November 2015 }}</ref>
* '''Feb 2016:''' State Government allocated ₹1,500 crores for the expressway in the budget.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/uttar-pradesh-state-budget-201617-presented-1455878317-1 |title=Uttar Pradesh State Budget 2016-17 presented |date=19 February 2016 |work=Dainik Jagran }}</ref>
* '''Dec 2016:''' [[Akhilesh Yadav]], then Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh lays foundation stone of Lucknow-Azamgarh-Ballia Expressway on 22 December 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/up-cm-lays-foundation-of-purvanchal-expressway-667952-2016-12-22 |title=UP CM lays foundation of Purvanchal expressway |date=22 December 2016|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/up-cm-akhilesh-yadav-lays-foundation-stone-of-samajwadi-purvanchal-expressway/videoshow/56126366.cms |title=UP CM lays foundation of Samajwadi Purvanchal Expressway |work=The Times of India |date=22 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/cm-lays-foundation-stone-of-samajwadi-purvanchal-expressway.html |title=CM lays foundation of Samajwadi Purvanchal Expressway |work=The Pioneer |access-date=23 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/up-cm-lays-foundation-of-purvanchal-expressway-667952-2016-12-22 |title=UP CM lays foundation of Samajwadi Purvanchal Expressway |work=India Today |date=22 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/up-cm-lays-foundation-of-purvanchal-expressway-116122201129_1.html |title=UP CM lays foundation of Samajwadi Purvanchal Expressway |work=Business Standard |date=22 December 2016 }}</ref>
* '''Mar 2017:''' [[Yogi Adityanath]] of [[BJP]] became the new Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh on 19 March 2017.
* '''May 2017:''' [[Yogi Adityanath]] government cancels tenders issued by the previous [[Akhilesh Yadav]] government, stating that currently only 40.17% of needed land is acquired. The fresh tenders will be issued, when at least 80% of the required land will be acquired.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/administration/purvanchal-express-way-tender-cancelled-sp-govt-approved-that/articleshow/58936052.cms |title=पूर्वांचल एक्सप्रेस-वे का टेंडर रद्द, एसपी सरकार ने दी थी मंजूरी |work=Navbharat Times |date=1 June 2017}}</ref> UP Government orders faster land acquisition.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/yogi-govt-fastens-lucknow-ballia-purvanchal-expressway-completion-in-up-117050900792_1.html|title=Yogi govt speeds up Akhilesh's pet Lucknow-Ballia Purvanchal Expressway |date=9 May 2017 |work=Business Standard }}</ref>
* '''Sep 2017:''' 60% land acquired at cost of ₹4,500 crore. Total land acquisition may cost up to ₹6,500 crore. [[NITI Aayog]] says the [[Government of India|Central Government]] may bear construction cost, if UP government bears the land acquisition cost.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/for-cash-starved-uttar-pradesh-centre-to-fund-ayodhya-kashi-link/articleshow/60471976.cms|title=For cash-starved Uttar Pradesh, Centre to fund Ayodhya-Kashi link |work=The Times of India |date=12 September 2017}}</ref>
* '''Jan 2018:''' 85% land acquisition done, foundation stone to be laid in March 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/administration/purvanchal-expressway-work-start-from-yogi-government-one-year-complete-in-march/articleshow/62669768.cms|title=लखनऊ से गाजीपुर जाना होगा आसान, 19 मार्च को एक्‍सप्रेस-वे का शिलान्‍यास |work=Navbharat Times |date=27 January 2018}}</ref>
* '''Apr 2018:''' 91% land acquired. [[Request for proposal|Request for Proposal]] (RFP) document floated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/lucknow/up-govt-approved-rfp-for-construction-of-this-greenfield-expressway.html |title=UP Govt has approved RFP for construction of Purvanchal Expressway |work=The Pioneer |date=18 April 2018 }}</ref>
* '''Jul 2018:''' On 14 July 2018, [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] laid the [[foundation stone]] of Purvanchal Expressway (Lucknow-Azamgarh-Ghazipur Expressway) at [[Azamgarh]].<ref name="PIB foundation" /><ref name="foundation 2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/modi-to-lay-foundation-of-purvanchal-expressway/article24415518.ece|title=Modi to lay foundation of Purvanchal Expressway |date=14 July 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="foundation stone">{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-lays-foundation-stone-of-purvanchal-expressway-worth-rs-23300-cr-in-ups-azamgarh-2124532.html|title=PM Narendra Modi lays foundation stone of Purvanchal Expressway worth Rs 23,300 cr in UP's Azamgarh|date=14 July 2018 |work=Zee News}}</ref> Tender awarded for road construction to 5 firms for 8 packages.<ref name="Tender">{{Cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/roadways/five-firms-bag-purvanchal-expressway-projects/1239641/ | title=Five firms bag Purvanchal Expressway projects|work=Financial Express |date=11 July 2018}}</ref>
* '''Oct 2018:''' Construction work started on 10 October for Package 2 to 8.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/ghazipur-work-of-purvanchal-expressway-starts-18523002.html | title=पूर्वाचल एक्सप्रेस-वे का निर्माण कार्य शुरू |work=Dainik Jagran |date=11 October 2018 }}</ref>
* '''Nov 2018:''' Construction work started by Gayatri Projects on 24 November for Package-1.
* '''Feb 2019:''' The [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] allocated ₹1,194 [[crore]]s in UP Budget 2019.
* '''Jun 2019:''' [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] saves ₹620 crore in bidding process for Purvanchal Expressway.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/up-govt-saves-rs-620-cr-in-bidding-process-for-purvanchal-expressway-119060300896_1.html |title=UP Government saves Rs 620 cr in bidding process for Purvanchal Expressway |date=2019-06-03 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref> 10% of construction work has been completed.
* '''Jul 2019:''' Proposal to extend the Purvanchal Expressway to [[Ballia]].<ref name="extend">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/poorvanchal-expressway-will-now-extend-to-ballia/articleshow/69684138.cms |title=Poorvanchal Expressway will now extend to Ballia |date=June 7, 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
* '''Sep 2019:''' 97% of earth work completed. To check the progress of construction work without physical inspection, UPEIDA to launch mobile app soon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/e-way-updates-upeida-app-to-tell-you-real-time-progress/articleshow/71131692.cms |title=E-way updates: UPEIDA app to tell you real time progress |work=The Times of India |date=15 September 2019 }}</ref>
* '''Oct 2019:''' 20% of construction work is completed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/purvanchal-expressway-20-pc-work-done-main-carriageway-to-be-opened-by-2020-end/States/news/1774136.html |date=30 October 2019 |title=Purvanchal Expressway: 20% work done, main carriageway to be opened by 2020 end |work=United News of India }}</ref>
* '''Apr 2020:''' Work resumed after being on-hold for nearly a month due to [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/work-resumes-on-key-expressways/articleshow/75261339.cms|title=UP: Work resumes on key expressways |date=21 April 2020 |work=The Times of India }}</ref>
* '''Aug 2020:''' 52% of construction work completed, as of 10 August.<ref>{{cite news |title=Purvanchal Expressway to be completed by January 2021 |url=http://www.uniindia.com/purvanchal-expressway-to-be-completed-by-jan-2021-up-govt/north/news/2115312.html |work=United News of India |date=10 August 2020}}</ref>
* '''Jun 2021:''' 90% of construction work and 928 out of total 934 structures completed as of 28 June.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Progress Report of Purvanchal Expressway (June 2021) |url=http://upeida.up.gov.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/202106281350246953Purvanchal%20Expressway%20progress%20Report.pdf |access-date=28 June 2021 |work=UPEIDA }}</ref>
* '''Jul 2021:''' 95% of construction work and 930 out of total 934 structures completed as of 26 July. The deadline for construction work is October 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/up-cm-yogi-to-inaugurate-340-82-km-long-purvanchal-expressway-next-month-101625152436838.html |title=Uttar Pradesh CM Yogi to inaugurate 340 km long Purvanchal Expressway next month |work=Hindustan Times|date=1 July 2021 }}</ref>
* '''Aug 2021:''' Union Minister [[Nitin Gadkari]] announced on 28 August 2021 that the [[Government of India]] will construct [[Ghazipur]]–[[Arrah]]–[[Patna]] Expressway at an event in Arrah, [[Bihar]].
* '''Sep 2021:''' On 10 September, CM [[Yogi Adityanath]] confirmed to inaugurate the expressway in October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=पूर्वांचल एक्सप्रेसवे का लोकार्पण अक्टूबर में|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/chandauli/story-purvanchal-expressway-to-be-inaugurated-in-october-4550734.html|access-date=2021-09-10|website=Hindustan|language=hi}}</ref> 97% of construction work completed as of 20 September.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Purvanchal Expressway construction Update|url=http://upeida.up.gov.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/202109201218268274Purvanchal%20Expressway%20progress%20Report.pdf|date=2021-09-20|website=Upeida}}</ref>
*'''Nov 2021:''' The expressway was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 16 November at an event in [[Sultanpur district]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Abhishek Mishra |date=November 15, 2021 |title=PM Modi to inaugurate Purvanchal Expressway in Uttar Pradesh on Nov 16|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-up-purvanchal-express-inauguration-1876807-2021-11-15|access-date=2021-11-16|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/live/lucknow/purvanchal-expressway-inauguration-live-pm-narendra-modi-to-inaugurate-lucknow-to-ghazipur-expressway-today-up-election-news-update-in-hindi |title=PM Modi inaugurated 340 KM-long Purvanchal Expressway |work=Amar Ujala |date=16 Nov 2021 }}</ref>
*'''May 2022:''' Toll collection starts at all [[Toll Plaza]]s with effect from 1 May 2022.

== Controversies and Criticism ==

The first seasonal rains in October 2022 caused wide stretches of road caving deep in, some extending to even 15 feet deep. Accidents were reported at several places, with multiple injuries and damage to numerous cars garnering significant coverage in media. The much proclaimed dream project of [[Yogi Adityanath]], built over a whopping 22000 crore expense by the [[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry|Yogi government]] and inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in November 2021, faced subsequent backlash and criticism for the alleged irregularities and corruption in construction of the expressway which couldn't withstand the first few hours of rain within a year following its inauguration.<ref>{{cite web|title=15 feet pothole in Purvanchal Expressway|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/uttar-pradesh/story/sultanpur-15-feet-pothole-in-purvanchal-expressway-due-to-incessant-rain-lclv-1551272-2022-10-07 |date=October 22, 2022|work=Aaj Tak}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Purvanchal Expressway collapses|url= https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/politics/purvanchal-expressway-collapsed-after-a-single-rain-in-sultanpur/amp_videoshow/94704336.cms |work=NBT|date=2022-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-poorvanchal-expressway-could-not-bear-first-12-hours-of-rain-car-stuck-in-15-feet-sunken-road-going-towards-lucknow-7184236.amp.html |title=Purvanchal Expressway road cave-in|work=Hindustan |date=2022-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.jansatta.com/trending-news/purvanchal-expressway-got-submerged-in-rain-social-media-users-questions-to-yogi-adityanath-government/2413106/lite/ |title=Purvanchal Expressway caves in within one year of inauguration|work=Jansatta |date=2022-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/video/purvanchal-expressway-built-at-a-cost-of-22-thousand-crores-potholes-in-rain-on-road-1551939-2022-10-08|title=Potholes in rain on Purvanchal Expressway|work=Aaj Tak|date=2022-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Many injured after getting stuck in potholes at Purvanchal Expressway|url= https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/sultanpur-up-news-purvanchal-expressway-caved-in-due-to-rain-many-injured-after-getting-stuck-in-pit-23123521.html|work=Jagran|date=2022-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/purvanchal-expressway-portion-caves-in-4-hurt-in-car-accident-8196749/| title=Portion of expressway caves in at Sultanpur|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2022-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.timesnownews.com/india/portion-of-purvanchal-expressway-caves-in-congress-attacks-pm-modi-with-revadi-jibe-article-94709001/amp|title=Portion of Purvanchal Expressway caves in, Opposition attacks|work=Times Now|date=2022-10-07}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Delhi–Noida Direct Flyway]]
* [[Yamuna Expressway]]
* [[Agra–Lucknow Expressway]]
* [[Ganga Expressway]]
* [[Bundelkhand Expressway]]
* [[Gorakhpur Link Expressway]]
* [[Danapur-Bihta Elevated Road]]
* [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]]
* [[Expressways in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11590441
* [https://www.gayatri.co.in/ Gayatri Projects]
* [https://www.apcoinfra.com/ Apco Infratech]
* [https://www.grinfra.com/ GR Infraprojects]
* [https://www.pncinfratech.com/ PNC Infratech]
* [https://www.orientalindia.com/ Oriental Structural Engineers]

{{Highways in India}}

[[Category:Expressways in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Transport in Ghazipur]]

Jaipur Junction railway station

2026-02-22T09:45:37Z

Santosh pathak:

{{Short description|Indian railway station}}
{{Multiple issues|{{third-party|date=January 2019}}
{{one source|date=February 2019}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|JAIPUR JUNCTION}}
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|40px]] [[Express trains in India|Express train]] and [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
रंगीलो म्हारो देस.jpg
| image_caption = Jaipur Junction railway station
| address = Hasanpura, [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.9208|75.7866|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|428|m|ft}}
| line = {{plainlist|
* [[Delhi]]–[[Ahmedabad]]
* [[Delhi]]–[[Jodhpur]]
* [[Jaipur]]–[[Sawai Madhopur]]
* [[Jaipur]]–[[Ringas]]–[[Sikar]]–[[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]]
}}
| other = {{ric|Jaipur Metro}} {{rcb|Jaipur Metro|Pink|croute}} [[Railway Station metro station|Railway Station]]
| structure =
| platform = 8 (1, 2, 2A, 3, 4, 5, 1A, 1B)
| tracks = 16 [[broad gauge]]
| parking = Available
| opened = {{start date and age|1895}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{start date and age|2020}}
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}} Available
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = JP
| zone = [[North Western Railway]]<ref>{{cite web |date=1 April 2025 |title=System Map - North-Western Railway |url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Maps/Systemmaps/NWR.pdf |website=elocos.railnet.gov.in |publisher=[[Indian Railways]] |access-date=31 December 2025}}</ref>
| division = {{rwd|Jaipur}}<ref>{{cite web |date=1 February 2018 |title=System Map - Jaipur Division, North-Western Railway |url=https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1531985277056-SYSTEM%20MAP%20-%20%20%20(ROUTE%20WISE)%20(WTT)1-4-2018%20Jaipur%20Division.pdf |website=nwr.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher=[[Indian Railways]] |access-date=31 December 2025}}</ref> 
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railways]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year = 35,000
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Jaipur#India Rajasthan#India
| map_dot_label = '''Jaipur Junction'''
| map_caption = Location in [[Jaipur]]##Location in Rajasthan
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jaipur Junction''' (Code: '''JP''') is a railway station in [[Jaipur]], the capital and largest city of the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. It serves as the headquarters of [[Jaipur railway division]] and [[North Western Railway (India)|North Western Railway]] zone of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref name="hq">{{cite web |url=http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 |title=About North Western Railway |date=2 March 2022 |website=nwr.indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Jaipur station was built in 1875 and is situated at the centre of Rajasthan. Serving almost 35,000 passengers daily, Jaipur Junction is the busiest station in Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Jaipur Junction|url=https://www.jaipurjunction.in/about/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127132953/https://www.jaipurjunction.in/about/|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 November 2020|access-date=2021-03-10|website=www.jaipurjunction.in}}</ref> The cornerstone of the existing Jaipur railway station building was laid on 4 May 1956 by [[Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II]] of Jaipur and construction took three years to complete.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Railways|first=North Western|title=A historical view - Jaipur Division|url=https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1328523668343-A%20Historical%20Preview%20Jaipur%20Division.html|access-date=29 January 2021|website=North Western Railways / Indian Railways Portal}}</ref> The station harnesses solar energy technology to power its operations.

Being centrally located, Jaipur Junction hosts or is close to other transportation facilities such as the inter-state bus terminal [[Sindhi Camp]], and the newly constructed [[Jaipur metro|Jaipur Metro]] at its [[Railway Station metro station]]. One of India's luxury trains, the [[Palace on Wheels]], also makes a scheduled stop in Jaipur.<ref name="pow">{{Cite web |url=http://www.palacesonwheels.com/jaipur/ |title=Palace on Wheels - Jaipur |access-date=13 February 2011 |archive-date=20 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920233051/http://www.palacesonwheels.com/jaipur |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Infrastructure and amenities ==

The Jaipur railway station has provided free Wi-Fi for the convenience of passengers since 2015.<ref name="Jaipur Reference 1">{{cite news |title=Wi-Fi facility at Jaipur railway station by March |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/wi-fi-facility-at-jaipur-railway-station-by-march/articleshow/49663706.cms?from=mdr |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=The Economic Times |publisher=The Economic Times |date=4 November 2015}}</ref> A water recycling plant with a 500 kl/day capacity and waste-to-energy plant that converts plastic waste to diesel has also been set up. In 2019, the northwestern zone of Indian Railways upgraded the Jaipur Junction railway station by installing LED lights to improve the brightness inside the station.<ref name="Jaipur Reference 2">{{cite news |last1=Devanjana |first1=Nag |title=How Indian Railways has given its Jaipur station an 'airport-like' feel; beautiful images of makeover |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/how-indian-railways-has-given-its-jaipur-station-an-airport-like-feel-beautiful-images-of-makeover/1453241/ |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=The Financial Express |publisher=Financial Express |date=24 January 2019}}</ref> The station has been brought up to "airport standard" by Indian Railways through modernization and new facilities. A plan has been created by the Railways Board to further improve lighting in concourse halls, station platforms, circulating areas, waiting rooms, reservation counters, inquiry counters, foot bridges (FOB), stairs, parking areas, escalators and lifts, among other places.<ref name="Jaipur Reference 2" /> Recently, the Indian Government also introduced retiring rooms and can be booked from Jaipur Junction Railway station.<ref>{{cite news |title=Passengers can again enjoy safe, comfortable stay at stations! Indian Railways likely to reopen retiring rooms |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/passengers-can-again-enjoy-safe-comfortable-stay-at-stations-indian-railways-likely-to-reopen-retiring-rooms/2205965/ |work=The Financial Express |date=4 March 2021}}</ref>

== Lines ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
The main lines passing through [[Jaipur]] are:<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Jaipur Junction - About Us |url=https://www.jaipurjunction.in/about/ |website=jaipurjunction.in |location= |publisher= |access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref>
* [[Delhi]]–[[Jodhpur]] line via [[Makrana]], [[Degana]], [[Merta City|Merta road]] (double broad-gauge electrified line)
* [[Delhi]]–[[Ahmedabad]] line via [[Bandikui]], [[Jaipur]], [[Ajmer]] (double broad-gauge electrified line)
* [[Sawai Madhopur]]–[[Jaipur]] line terminates at Jaipur (single broad-gauge electrified line)<ref>{{cite tweet |number=1399253246812647425 |user=NWRailways |title=जयपुर-सवाई माधोपुर के बीच जल्द दौड़ेगी विद्युत इंजन से ट्रेन।  |date=31 May 2021}}</ref>
* [[Jaipur]]–[[Sikar]] (single broad-gauge electrified line)

== Nearby railway stations ==
* [[Gandhinagar Jaipur railway station]]
* [[Getor Jagatpura railway station]]
* [[Durgapura railway station]]
* [[Dahar Ka Balaji railway station]]
* [[Bais Godam railway station]] (Decommissioned and used for unscheduled halts only)
* [[Kanakpura railway station]]
* [[Sanganer railway station]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Jaipur 03-2016 30 Jaipur railway station.jpg|Train at platform
Jaipur Junction platform scene, 2008 (8).JPG|Platform
Jaipur 03-2016 36 Jaipur Metro.jpg|[[Railway Station metro station|Railway station]] on the [[Jaipur Metro]] [[Pink Line (Jaipur Metro)|Pink Line]]
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|272}}
{{Railway stations in Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1875]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Jaipur]]
[[Category:North Western Railway zone]]
[[Category:Jaipur railway division]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-railstation-stub}}

Ahmedabad district

2026-02-21T19:04:18Z

Santosh pathak: further added article per sources and fixed typos for clarity

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Ahmedabad|other districts with similar names|Ahmadabad District (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement

| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Gujarat|District]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Shree Swaminarayan Mandir Kalupur Ahmedabad Gujarat.jpg
|photo1b = Lothal (6).JPG
|photo2a = Kankaria Carnival 2 Ahmedabad.JPG
|photo2b = The Lovely Couple.jpg
|photo3a = Ahmedabad Metro Red Line 26.jpg
|photo3b = Satyagraha Ashram.JPG

}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[Swaminarayan Temple, Ahmedabad|Swaminarayan Temple]], [[Lothal|Lothal archaeological site]], [[Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary]], [[Sabarmati Ashram]], [[Ahmedabad Metro]], [[Kankaria Lake]]
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| mapframe = yes
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|type:adm2nd_region:IN-GJ|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Ahmedabad]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[District Collector]]
| leader_name = Sujeet Kumar, IAS
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| total_type =
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 8087
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_sq_mi =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| population_total = 7,214,225
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="districtcensus"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_est =
| population_rank = 1 of 33 in Gujarat
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 380xxx
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 04142
| blank_info_sec2 = {{increase}} 0.783
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#GJ.E2.80.94Gujarat|GJ]]-1, GJ-27, GJ-38
| blank1_name_sec1 = Largest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ahmedabad]]
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = 904 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank4_info_sec1 = 85.31%
| blank5_name_sec1 = Legislature type
| blank5_info_sec1 = elected
| blank6_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank6_info_sec1 = [[Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad East]], [[Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad West]]
| blank7_name_sec1 = [[IUCN protected area categories|IUCN category]]
| blank7_info_sec1 = 
| blank1_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|41.5|°C|°F}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|11.8|°C|°F}}
| website = {{Official website|https://ahmedabad.nic.in/}}
{{URL|https://ahmedabad.gujarat.gov.in/}}
| footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=District wise Statistics {{!}} NITI Aayog, (National Institution for Transforming India), Government of India |url=http://164.100.94.191/niti/best-practices/district-wise-statistics |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=164.100.94.191}}</ref>
| official_name = Ahmedabad district
| image_dot_map =
| dot_mapsize =
| dot_map_base_alt =
| dot_map_alt =
| dot_map_caption =
| dot_x =
| dot_y =
| collector =
| parts_type = [[Taluka|Taluks]]
| parts = [[Ahmedabad city Taluka|Ahmedabad City]], [[Daskroi Taluka|Daskroi]], [[Sanand Taluka|Sanand]], [[Viramgam Taluka|Viramgam]], [[Detroj-Rampura Taluka|Detroj-Rampura]], [[Mandal Taluka|Mandal]], [[Bavla Taluka|Bavla]], [[Dholka Taluka|Dholka]], [[Dhandhuka Taluka|Dhandhuka]], [[Dholera Taluka|Dholera]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati Language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
| subdivision_type3 = Municipalities
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bareja (area)|Bareja]], [[Dholka]], [[Viramgam]], [[Bavla]], [[Dhandhuka]], [[Sanand]]
}}

'''Ahmedabad (Amdavad) district''' is a district comprises the city of [[Ahmedabad]], in the central part of the state of [[Gujarat]] in [[western India]]. It is the seventh most populous district in India (out of [[Districts of India|739]]).<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Ahmedabad |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/404/download/1264/DH_2011_2407_PART_A_DCHB_AHMADABAD.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Ahmedabad District Surrounded By [[Kheda district]] in the east, [[Mehsana district]] in the north, [[Anand district]] in the south and [[Surendranagar district]] in the west.

== Etymology ==
{{Main|History of Ahmedabad}}

The area around Ahmedabad has been inhabited since the 11th century, when it was known as ''[[Ashaval]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|first= Jane|last= Turner|title=The Dictionary of Art|publisher=Grove|volume=1|isbn=978-1-884446-00-9|page=471|year=1996}}</ref> At that time, [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]], the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya]] (Solanki) ruler of Anhilwara (modern [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]), waged a successful war against the [[Bhil]] king of Ashaval,<ref>{{Cite book| first=George| last=Michell|author2=Snehal Shah| author3-link=John Burton-Page|author3= John Burton-Page |author4=Mehta, Dinesh|title=Ahmadabad|publisher=Marg Publications|date=28 July 2006|isbn=81-85026-03-3|pages=17–19}}</ref> and established a city called ''Karnavati'' on the banks of the Sabarmati River.<ref name=Madan>{{cite book|title=India Through the Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/173 173]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref>

In 1411, this area came under the control of [[Muzaffar Shah I]]'s grandson, Sultan [[Ahmed Shah of Gujarat|Ahmed Shah]], who selected the forested area along the banks of the Sabarmati river for a new capital city. He laid the foundation of a new walled city near Karnavati and named it Ahmedabad after himself.<ref name="baba">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/baba-maneknath-s-kin-keep-alive-600yr-old-tradition/698967 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411035148/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/baba-maneknath-s-kin-keep-alive-600yr-old-tradition/698967 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Baba Maneknath's kin keep alive 600-yr old tradition |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 October 2010 |access-date=21 February 2013 |author=More, Anuj}}</ref><ref>This ambiguity is similar to the case of [[Tsar]] [[Peter the Great]] naming his new capital "[[Saint Petersburg]]", referring officially to [[Saint Peter]] but in fact also to himself.</ref> According to other versions, he named the city after four Muslim saints in the area, who all had the name Ahmed.<ref name="AMC History">{{cite web|title=History of Ahmedabad |url=http://www.egovamc.com/AhmCity/history.aspx |publisher=Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, egovamc.com |access-date=14 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223012426/http://egovamc.com/AhmCity/history.aspx |archive-date=23 February 2016}}</ref>

==Climate==
{{Weather box
| location = Ahmedabad
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan high C = 28.3
| Feb high C = 30.4
| Mar high C = 35.6
| Apr high C = 39.8
| May high C = 41.5
| Jun high C = 38.4
| Jul high C = 33.4
| Aug high C = 31.8
| Sep high C = 34.0
| Oct high C = 35.8
| Nov high C = 32.8
| Dec high C = 29.3
| year high C = 41.5
| Jan low C = 20.1
| Feb low C = 13.9
| Mar low C = 18.9
| Apr low C = 23.7
| May low C = 26.2
| Jun low C = 27.2
| Jul low C = 25.6
| Aug low C = 24.6
| Sep low C = 24.2
| Oct low C = 21.1
| Nov low C = 16.6
| Dec low C = 13.2
| year low C = 11.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 2.0
| Feb rain mm = 1.0
| Mar rain mm = 0
| Apr rain mm = 3.0
| May rain mm = 20
| Jun rain mm = 103.0
| Jul rain mm = 247.0
| Aug rain mm = 288.0
| Sep rain mm = 83.0
| Oct rain mm = 23.0
| Nov rain mm = 14.0
| Dec rain mm = 5.0
| year rain mm = 789
| Jan rain days = 0.3
| Feb rain days = 0.3
| Mar rain days = 0.1
| Apr rain days = 0.3
| May rain days = 0.9
| Jun rain days = 4.8
| Jul rain days = 13.6
| Aug rain days = 15.0
| Sep rain days = 5.8
| Oct rain days = 1.1
| Nov rain days = 1.1
| Dec rain days = 0.3
| unit rain days = 0 mm
| Jan sun = 288.3
| Feb sun = 274
| Mar sun = 279
| Apr sun = 307
| May sun = 329
| Jun sun = 237.0
| Jul sun = 130
| Aug sun = 111.6
| Sep sun = 222
| Oct sun = 291
| Nov sun = 273
| Dec sun = 288.3
| year sun = 3020
| source 1 = HKO<ref>{{cite web|title=Ahmedabad Climate Record|url=http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/india/ahmedabad_e.htm|access-date=1 May 2012|archive-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815210058/http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/india/ahmedabad_e.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| date = August 2015
| source =
}}

==Talukas==
[[File:Ahmedabad District Map 1877.jpg|thumb|Map of Ahmedabad district under Bombay Presidency, British India 1877]]
[[File:Ahmedabad Gujarat map.svg|500px|thumb|Talukas of Ahmedabad district before formation of [[Dholera taluka]]]]
[[File:અમદાવાદ જિલ્લો તાલુકાઓ સાથે.svg|thumb|Talukas of Ahmedabad district]]

Following are the talukas of Ahmedabad district:
=== Talukas in Ahmedabad City - East===
# [[Maninagar]]
# [[Asarwa]]
# [[Vatva]]

=== Talukas in Ahmedabad City - West===
# [[Vejalpur]]
# [[Sabarmati]]
# [[Ghatlodiya]]

=== Talukas in Ahmedabad Suburban===
# [[Daskroi Taluka|Daskroi]]
# [[Sanand (tehsil)|Sanand]]

=== Talukas in Rural North Ahmedabad===
# [[Viramgam Taluka|Viramgam]]
# [[Detroj-Rampura]]
# [[Mandal taluka, Ahmedabad district|Mandal]]

=== Talukas in Rural South Ahmedabad===
# [[Bavla (tehsil)|Bavla]]
# [[Dholka Taluka|Dholka]]
# [[Dhandhuka (tehsil)|Dhandhuka]]
# [[Dholera]]

== Villages ==

*[[Badarkha]]

==Politics==
{{transcluded section|source=15th Gujarat Assembly}}
{{#section:15th Gujarat Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:15th Gujarat Assembly|Ahmedabad district}}
|}

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=6,81,713|13=1911|14=7,17,107|15=1921|16=7,65,900|17=1931|18=8,50,077|19=1941|20=11,78,608|21=1951|22=15,16,191|23=1961|24=20,16,668|25=1971|26=27,65,925|27=1981|28=37,06,573|29=1991|30=46,31,351|31=2001|32=58,93,164|33=2011|34=72,14,225|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=middle}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Ahmedabad district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 7,214,225,<ref name="districtcensus"/> roughly equal to [[Hong Kong]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 13, 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Hong Kong 7,122,508 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> or the U.S. state of [[Washington (state)|Washington]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=2011-09-30
|quote=Washington 6,724,540
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225031104/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=2010-12-25
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 8th in India (out of a total of [[List of districts in India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 983 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 22.31%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Ahmedabad has a [[sex ratio]] of 903 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 86.65%.<ref name="districtcensus" />

The divided district has a population of 7,045,313, of which 6,028,152 (85.56%) lived in urban areas. Ahmedabad had a sex ratio of 904 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 747,806 (10.61%) and 88,911 (1.26%) of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" />

=== Cities and Towns ===
The population of all cities and towns in the Ahmedabad district by census years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/india/gujarat/ |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=citypopulation.de}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Name{{efn|Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (web), Delimitation Commission of India (web), Rand McNally International Atlas 1994, School of Planning & Architecture (web)}}
!Status
!Population
Census
1991-03-01
!Population
Census
2001-03-01
!Population
Census
2011-03-01
|-
|[[Ahmedabad|Ahmadabad]]
|Municipal Corporation with Outgrowth ([[Metropolis]])
|2,876,710
|3,694,974
|5,633,927
|-
|[[Ahmedabad Cantonment|Ahmadabad Cantonment]]
|Cantonment (Board)
|11,967
|14,706
|7,588
|-
|[[Barejadi|Bareja]]
|Municipality
|...
|15,427
|19,690
|-
|[[Barwala Taluka|Barwala]]
|Municipality
|...
|16,048
|17,951
|-
|[[Bavla]]
|Municipality with Outgrowth
|25,391
|30,871
|42,458
|-
|[[Bopal]]
|Census Town
|...
|12,181
|37,635
|-
|[[Dhandhuka]]
|Municipality
|27,781
|29,572
|32,475
|-
|[[Dholka]]
|Municipality with Outgrowth
|49,860
|61,569
|80,945
|-
|[[Nandej]]
|Census Town
|6,878
|7,642
|9,176
|-
|[[Ranpur, Gujarat|Ranpur]]
|Census Town
|...
|14,486
|16,944
|-
|[[Sanand]]
|Municipality with Outgrowth
|25,674
|32,417
|95,890
|-
|[[Singarva]]
|Census Town
|8,183
|9,889
|12,547
|-
|[[Viramgam]]
|Municipality
|50,788
|53,094
|55,821
|}

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Ahmedabad district (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|83.54}}
{{bar percent|[[Gujarati Muslims|Islam]]|green|12.38}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Gujarat|Jainism]]|brown|2.96}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Gujarat|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.72}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.40}}
}}

[[Hindus]] are 5,885,869 while [[Gujarati Muslims|Muslims]] are 871,887, [[Jainism in Gujarat|Jains]] are 208,575 and [[Christianity in Gujarat|Christians]] 50,631.<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11373/download/14486/DDW24C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Ahmedabad district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value1 = 74.21 |color1 = skyblue
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 16.01 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 2.78 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |value4 = 1.80 |color4 = limegreen
|label5 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value5 = 1.64 |color5 = red
|label6 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value6 = 1.55 |color6 = maroon
|label7 = Others |value7 = 2.01 |color7 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 74.21% of the population spoke [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], 16.01% [[Hindi]], 2.78% [[Urdu]], 1.80% [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], 1.64% [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and 1.55% [[Marwari language|Marwari]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Acharya Hemachandra]] (1089–1172) [[Jain]] [[polymath]]. Born in [[Dhandhuka]].<ref name=Hema>{{cite web | title =Hemacandra | publisher =Jain World | url =http://www.jainworld.com/literature/story28.htm | access-date =2008-05-06 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080429205050/http://www.jainworld.com/literature/story28.htm | archive-date =April 29, 2008 | url-status =dead }}</ref>
*[[Joravarsinh Jadav]] (born 1940), folklorist

==Notes==
{{notes|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://paarivahan.com/gujarat/ahmedabad-gj01 Ahmedabad RTO]
* {{osmrelation-inline|1953566}}

{{Subject bar |book=Ahmedabad district |portal3=India|commons=yes |commons-search=Category:Ahmedabad district |n=yes |n-search=Category:Ahmedabad district |wikt=yes |b=yes |q=yes |s=yes |v=yes |voy=yes |d=yes |d-search=Q401686}}

{{Ahmedabad district}}
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Ahmedabad district
|North = [[Mahesana district]]
|Northeast = [[Gandhinagar district]]
|East = [[Kheda district]] [[Anand district]]
|Southeast = [[Gulf of Khambhat]]
|South = [[Bhavnagar district]] [[Gulf of Khambhat]]
|Southwest = [[Botad district]]
|West = [[Surendranagar district]]
|Northwest = [[Surendranagar district]]
}}

{{Gujarat}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ahmedabad district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Gujarat]]

2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference

2026-02-19T20:24:56Z

Santosh pathak: quick added intro and corrected details

{{Short description|26th UN Climate Change conference held in Glasgow, Scotland}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox event
|title = 2021 United Nations {{nowrap|Climate Change Conference}}
|image = COP26 Logo.svg
|image_size =
|date = {{start and end dates|2021|10|31|2021|11|13|df=y}}
|place = [[SEC Centre]], [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]]
|coordinates = {{Coord|55|51|40|N|04|17|17|W|region:GB|display=inline,title}}
|also known as = COP26 ([[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|UNFCCC]]) CMP16 ([[Kyoto Protocol]]) CMA3 ([[Paris Agreement]])
|organisers = [[United Kingdom]] and [[Italy]]
|participants =
|blank_label=[[President for COP26|President]]|blank_data=[[Alok Sharma]]|blank1_label = Previous event
|blank1_data = [[2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference|← Madrid 2019]]
|blank2_label = Next event
|blank2_data = [[2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference|→ Sharm El Sheikh 2022]]
|website = {{Official URL}}
}}
The '''2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference''', more commonly referred to as '''COP26''', was the 26th [[United Nations Climate Change conference]], held at the [[SEC Centre]] in [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]], from 31 October to 13 November 2021. The [[President for COP26|president of the conference]] was UK cabinet minister [[Alok Sharma]].<ref name="eciu"/><ref name="govuk-newdates">{{cite press release |date=28 May 2020 |title=New dates agreed for COP26 United Nations Climate Change Conference |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-dates-agreed-for-cop26-united-nations-climate-change-conference |url-status=live |access-date=21 August 2021 |publisher=[[Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy|UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy]]; [[Alok Sharma]] |archive-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531022338/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-dates-agreed-for-cop26-united-nations-climate-change-conference}}</ref> Delayed for a year due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last1=Dennis |first1=Brady |last2=Mooney |first2=Chris |date=1 April 2020 |title=Amid pandemic, U.N. cancels global climate conference |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/04/01/un-climate-coronavirus-cop26/ |access-date=1 April 2020 |archive-date=2 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402010156/https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/04/01/un-climate-coronavirus-cop26/ |url-status=live}}</ref> it was the 26th [[Conference of the parties|Conference of the Parties]] (COP) to the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC), the third meeting of the parties to the 2015 [[Paris Agreement]] (designated [[2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference|CMA1]], [[2017 United Nations Climate Change Conference|CMA2]], '''CMA3'''), and the 16th meeting of the parties to the [[Kyoto Protocol]] ('''CMP16''').

The conference was the first since the Paris Agreement of [[2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP21]] that expected parties to make enhanced commitments towards [[Climate change mitigation|mitigating climate change]]; the Paris Agreement requires parties to carry out a process colloquially known as the '[[#Ratchet mechanism|ratchet mechanism]]' every five years to provide improved [[Nationally determined contribution|national pledges]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://blog.alfaenergygroup.com/the-importance-of-cop26/ |title=The Importance of COP26 |first=Nick |last=Fedson |date=21 August 2019 |website=The Energy Compass |access-date=2 April 2020 |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730173920/https://blog.alfaenergygroup.com/the-importance-of-cop26/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The result of COP26 was the [[Glasgow Climate Pact]], negotiated through consensus of the representatives of the 197 attending parties. Owing to late interventions from India and China that weakened a move to end [[coal power]] and [[fossil fuel subsidies]], the conference ended with the adoption of a less stringent resolution than some anticipated.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 November 2021 |title=Cop26 ends in climate agreement despite India watering down coal resolution |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/13/cop26-countries-agree-to-accept-imperfect-climate-agreement |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114003957/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/13/cop26-countries-agree-to-accept-imperfect-climate-agreement |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hook |first1=Leslie |last2=Hodgson |first2=Camilla |last3=Pickard |first3=Jim |date=13 November 2021 |title=India and China weaken pledge to phase out coal as COP26 ends |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/471c7db9-925f-479e-ad57-09162310a21a |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114010445/https://www.ft.com/content/471c7db9-925f-479e-ad57-09162310a21a |url-status=live}}</ref> Nevertheless, the pact was the first climate deal to explicitly commit to [[Coal phase-out|reducing the use of coal]]. It included wording that encouraged more urgent [[greenhouse gas emissions]] cuts and promised more [[climate finance]] for [[developing countries]] to [[Climate change adaptation|adapt to climate impacts]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Shasi |first=Anula |title=COP26 keeps 1.5C alive and finalises Paris Agreement |url=https://ukcop26.org/cop26-keeps-1-5c-alive-and-finalises-paris-agreement/ |website=ukcop26.org |date=13 November 2021 |access-date=13 November 2021 |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113213717/https://ukcop26.org/cop26-keeps-1-5c-alive-and-finalises-paris-agreement/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the midst of the conference, on 6 November 2021, a march against inadequate action at the conference, as well as for other climate change-related issues, became the largest protest in Glasgow since [[15 February 2003 anti-war protests|anti-Iraq War marches in 2003]].<ref name="BBC Nov6"/> Additional rallies took place in 100 other countries.

== Background ==

===Presidency===
[[File:Boris Johnson and Giuseppe Conte at the launch of COP26.jpg|thumb|Italian Prime Minister [[Giuseppe Conte]] (left) and UK Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]] (right) in London at the launch of COP26 in February 2020, prior to it being postponed a year]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the Prime Minister of Israel, Mr. Naftali Bennett, in Glasgow, Scotland on November 02, 2021 (2).jpg|thumb|Israeli Prime Minister [[Naftali Bennett|Naftali Bennet]] and Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] at COP26]]
The United Kingdom holds the presidency of COP26 until the start of [[COP27]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Harvey |first=Fiona |author-link=Fiona Harvey |date=15 November 2021 |title=Climate leaders call for pressure on stubborn nations before Cop27 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/15/climate-leaders-call-for-pressure-on-stubborn-nations-before-cop27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117115934/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/15/climate-leaders-call-for-pressure-on-stubborn-nations-before-cop27 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB}}</ref> Initially, the [[Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy|Minister of State for Energy and Clean Growth]], [[Claire Perry]], was appointed as president of the conference, but she was removed on 31 January 2020, several months after she had stepped down as an [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Shukman |first=David |date=31 January 2020 |title=Climate change: UK sacks its UN conference president |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-51334031 |access-date=31 January 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307035703/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-51334031 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Merrick |first=Jane |date=February 2020 |title=Climate change summit chief sacked by PM ahead of Cabinet reshuffle |work=[[i (newspaper)|i]] |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/climate-change-summit-chief-claire-perry-o-neill-sacked-1382226 |access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206014154/https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/climate-change-summit-chief-claire-perry-o-neill-sacked-1382226 |url-status=live}}</ref> Former [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[David Cameron]] and former [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|Foreign Secretary]] [[William Hague]] declined to take the role.<ref>{{cite news |last=Harvey |first=Fiona |author-link=Fiona Harvey |date=7 February 2020 |title=UK unprepared for COP 26 conference, warn climate leaders |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/feb/07/mary-robinson-attacks-unhelpful-uk-over-cop-26-climate-talks |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424005805/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/feb/07/mary-robinson-attacks-unhelpful-uk-over-cop-26-climate-talks |archive-date=24 April 2021 |access-date=7 February 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> On 13 February 2020, [[Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy|Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Secretary]] [[Alok Sharma]] was appointed.<ref>{{cite news |last=Harvey |first=Fiona |author-link=Fiona Harvey |date=13 February 2020 |title=Alok Sharma appointed chair of COP26 climate conference in reshuffle |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/feb/13/alok-sharma-appointed-chair-of-cop26-climate-conference-in-reshuffle |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721095031/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/feb/13/alok-sharma-appointed-chair-of-cop26-climate-conference-in-reshuffle |archive-date=21 July 2021 |access-date=13 February 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> On 8 January 2021, Sharma was succeeded by [[Kwasi Kwarteng]] as Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Secretary and moved to the [[Cabinet Office]], in order to focus on the presidency full-time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harrabin |first=Roger |date=8 January 2021 |title=COP26: Alok Sharma leaves business job to focus on climate role |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-55588750 |access-date=9 January 2021 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214173447/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-55588750 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Nigel Topping]], the former CEO of climate change action organization We Mean Business, was appointed the UK Government's High Level Climate Action Champion for COP26.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 January 2020 |title=Nigel Topping appointed UK High Level Climate Action Champion |url=https://www.ukcop26.org/nigel-topping-appointed-uk-high-level-climate-action-champion/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=UN Climate Change Conference (COP26) |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426035026/https://ukcop26.org/nigel-topping-appointed-uk-high-level-climate-action-champion/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Topping |first=Nigel |date=18 December 2019 |title=Getting ready for the decade of delivery |url=https://www.wemeanbusinesscoalition.org/blog/nigel-topping-2/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 April 2020 |website=We Mean Business Coalition |publisher= |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225221819/https://www.wemeanbusinesscoalition.org/blog/nigel-topping-2/}}</ref>

Italy partnered with the UK in leading COP26. For the most part, their role was in preparatory work such as the hosting of a pre-COP session and an event for young people called Youth4Climate 2020: Driving Ambition. These events took place between 28 September and 2 October 2020 in [[Milan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Towards COP26: Pre-COP and Youth Event: "Youth4Climate: Driving Ambition" |url=https://www.minambiente.it/pagina/towards-cop26-pre-cop-and-youth-event-youth4climate-driving-ambition |access-date=28 June 2020 |work=Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare|trans-work=Ministry of the Environment and the Protection of the Territory and the Sea |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612091748/https://www.minambiente.it/pagina/towards-cop26-pre-cop-and-youth-event-youth4climate-driving-ambition |url-status=dead|language=en}}</ref>

===Postponement===
Because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], in April 2020 the conference was postponed to 31 October – 12 November 2021.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{cite web |title=UN Climate Change Conference (UNFCCC COP 26) |url=https://sdg.iisd.org/events/2020-un-climate-change-conference-unfccc-cop-26/ |url-status=live |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=SDG Knowledge Hub |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017192030/https://sdg.iisd.org/events/2020-un-climate-change-conference-unfccc-cop-26/}}</ref> Both host countries, [[COVID-19 pandemic in Italy|Italy]] and the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|UK]], were heavily affected by the pandemic, and the venue of the conference, the SEC Centre in Glasgow, was converted in May 2020 into a [[NHS Louisa Jordan|temporary hospital]] for [[COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland|COVID-19 patients in Scotland]].<ref>{{cite press release |date=19 April 2020 |title=Construction of NHS Louisa Jordan complete |url=https://www.gov.scot/news/construction-of-nhs-louisa-jordan-complete/ |url-status=live |access-date=6 May 2020 |publisher=Scottish Government |archive-date=12 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012160846/https://www.gov.scot/news/construction-of-nhs-louisa-jordan-complete/}}</ref>

Convention Secretary [[Patricia Espinosa]] tweeted that "in light of the ongoing, worldwide effects of COVID-19, holding an ambitious, inclusive, COP26 in November 2020 is not possible."<ref name=":2">{{Cite tweet |last=Espinosa C. |first=Patricia |author-link=Patricia Espinosa |date=1 April 2020 |title=The Bureau decided to also postpone #COP26 , in a date to be set after the #COP26 presidency consults with all Parties. The Bureau assessed that in light of the ongoing, worldwide effects of #COVIDー19, holding an ambitious, inclusive COP26 in November 2020 is no possible. |url=https://twitter.com/PEspinosaC/status/1245452695219159040 |access-date=2 April 2020 |number=1245452695219159040 |user=PEspinosaC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030112256/https://twitter.com/PEspinosaC/status/1245452695219159040 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She also indicated that economies restarting would be an opportunity to "shape the 21st-century economy in ways that are clean, green, healthy, just, safe and more resilient."<ref name=":2"/> The rearranged date was announced in May 2020.<ref name="govuk-newdates"/> Earlier in 2021, the UK and Italy hosted summits of the [[47th G7 summit|G7]] and [[2021 G20 Rome summit|G20]], respectively.<ref>{{cite news |last=Murray |first=James S |date=29 May 2020 |title=COP26: Delayed Glasgow Climate Summit confirmed for November 2021 |url=https://www.businessgreen.com/news/4015797/cop26-delayed-glasgow-climate-summit-confirmed-november-2021 |access-date=5 June 2020 |website=businessgreen.com |archive-date=29 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929115641/https://www.businessgreen.com/news/4015797/cop26-delayed-glasgow-climate-summit-confirmed-november-2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Independent observers noted that though not directly related, the postponement gave the international community time to respond to the outcome of the [[2020 United States presidential election|United States presidential election]], held in November 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gustin |first=Georgina |date=1 April 2020 |title=COP's Postponement Until 2021 Gives World Leaders Time to Respond to U.S. Election |url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/01042020/cop-26-glasgow-delay-coronavirus-covid-united-nations |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=InsideClimate News |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921124344/https://insideclimatenews.org/news/01042020/cop-26-glasgow-delay-coronavirus-covid-united-nations/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Farand|first1=Chloé|last2=Doyle|first2=Alister|date=1 April 2020 |title=Cop26 climate talks postponed to 2021 amid coronavirus pandemic |url=https://www.climatechangenews.com/2020/04/01/cop26-climate-talks-postponed-2021-amid-coronavirus-pandemic/ |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=Climate Home News |archive-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404132430/https://www.climatechangenews.com/2020/04/01/cop26-climate-talks-postponed-2021-amid-coronavirus-pandemic/ |url-status=live}}</ref> President [[Donald Trump]] [[United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement|had withdrawn the United States]] from the Paris Agreement, although this could not take effect until the day after the election; while his [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] challengers pledged to immediately rejoin and increase ambition to reduce [[greenhouse gas emissions|greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions]].<ref name="wapost biden rejoin">{{cite news |date=8 November 2020 |last1=Viser|first1=Matt|last2=Kim|first2=Seung Min|last3=Linskey|first3=Annie|title=Biden plans immediate flurry of executive orders to reverse Trump policies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/biden-first-executive-orders-measures/2020/11/07/9fb9c1d0-210b-11eb-b532-05c751cd5dc2_story.html |access-date=9 November 2020 |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115170957/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/biden-first-executive-orders-measures/2020/11/07/9fb9c1d0-210b-11eb-b532-05c751cd5dc2_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Joe Biden]] did so upon being elected as president.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 January 2021 |title=Biden returns US to Paris climate accord hours after becoming president |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jan/20/paris-climate-accord-joe-biden-returns-us |access-date=1 March 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=11 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311140721/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jan/20/paris-climate-accord-joe-biden-returns-us |url-status=live}}</ref> At the conference, Biden apologized for Trump's withdrawal from the agreement.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biden apologizes for Trump's pulling the U.S. out of Paris climate accord |url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/biden-apologizes-trumps-pulling-u-164025980.html |access-date=4 November 2021 |website=au.news.yahoo.com |date=November 2021 |language=en-AU |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103182733/https://au.news.yahoo.com/biden-apologizes-trumps-pulling-u-164025980.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Sponsors===
Previous summits have been sponsored by [[fossil fuel industry|fossil fuel companies]]. To reduce this influence, the UK government decided that sponsors "have to have real commitments in place to help them reach [[Carbon neutrality|net zero]] in the near future".<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Frost |first=Rosie |date=20 August 2020 |title=COP26 may refuse sponsorship from big polluters |url=https://www.euronews.com/living/2020/08/20/cop26-may-refuse-sponsorship-from-big-polluters |access-date=3 January 2021 |work=[[Euronews]] |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120132336/https://www.euronews.com/living/2020/08/20/cop26-may-refuse-sponsorship-from-big-polluters |url-status=live}}</ref> The first principal partners included three British energy companies and a banking and insurance company.<ref>{{Cite press release |date=16 November 2020 |title=First sponsors for COP26 announced with one year to go until the climate summit |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/first-sponsors-for-cop26-announced-with-one-year-to-go-until-the-climate-summit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821053650/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/first-sponsors-for-cop26-announced-with-one-year-to-go-until-the-climate-summit |archive-date=21 August 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |publisher=[[Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy|UK Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy]]; [[Alok Sharma]]}}</ref>

== Location and participation ==
[[File:International leaders sign joint statement at COP26 (51649202102).jpg|thumb|From left to right: Bangladeshi Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]], Estonian Prime Minister [[Kaja Kallas]], Tanzanian President [[Samia Suluhu]] and Scottish First Minister [[Nicola Sturgeon]] at COP26]]
Before the summit councils in and around Glasgow pledged to plant 18 million trees during the following decade: the Clyde Climate Forest (CCF) is projected to increase tree coverage in the urban areas of the Greater Glasgow region to 20%.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2021 |title=Glasgow to plant 18m trees as city readies for Cop26 climate summit |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jun/01/glasgow-to-plant-18m-trees-as-city-readies-for-cop26-climate-summit |access-date=2 June 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028131140/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jun/01/glasgow-to-plant-18m-trees-as-city-readies-for-cop26-climate-summit |url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2021, the conference was urged by [[Climate Action Network]] to ensure attendees would be able to attend in spite of [[travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic]]. In the months before the conference, the British government had [[The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021|restrictions on travel from certain countries]] in place, and [[COVID passports in the United Kingdom|COVID passports]] were required in certain venues. Critics suggested unequal [[deployment of COVID-19 vaccines]] worldwide could exclude the participation of representatives of poorer countries most affected by climate change.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 September 2021 |title=Cop26 will be 'rich nations stitch-up' if poorer countries kept away by Covid |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/sep/07/cop26-will-be-rich-nations-stitch-up-if-poorer-countries-kept-away-by-covid |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101111226/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/sep/07/cop26-will-be-rich-nations-stitch-up-if-poorer-countries-kept-away-by-covid |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=COP26: Fresh concerns that unequal vaccine access may jeopardise key UN climate talks |work=[[Sky News]] |url=https://news.sky.com/story/cop26-fresh-concerns-that-unequal-vaccine-access-may-jeopardise-key-un-climate-talks-12368229 |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028195350/https://news.sky.com/story/cop26-fresh-concerns-that-unequal-vaccine-access-may-jeopardise-key-un-climate-talks-12368229 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 2021 |title=Cop26 will be whitest and most privileged ever, warn campaigners |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/30/cop26-will-be-whitest-and-most-privileged-ever-warn-campaigners |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101112157/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/30/cop26-will-be-whitest-and-most-privileged-ever-warn-campaigners |url-status=live}}</ref> The UK subsequently relaxed travel rules for delegations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2021 |title=COP26: Covid travel rules relaxed for overseas delegates |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-58153616 |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031181735/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-58153616 |url-status=live}}</ref> Only four Pacific Islands nations sent delegations due to COVID-19 travel restrictions, with most island nations compelled to send smaller teams than they otherwise would have.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 October 2021 |title='Thin' Pacific island teams at COP26 spark fears of inequity |work=Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/article/climate-science-lifestyle-glasgow-travel-ef4243532251d2a4830ea402effae676 |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101085220/https://apnews.com/article/climate-science-lifestyle-glasgow-travel-ef4243532251d2a4830ea402effae676 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2021 |title=COP26: What do the poorest countries want from climate summit? |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59054696 |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101013648/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59054696 |url-status=live}}</ref> Organizers have in place numerous COVID-19 rules for attendees, dependent on vaccination status.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2021 |title=What are the Covid rules at Cop26 and why did maskless PM sit next to Attenborough? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/cop26-covid-rules-david-attenborough-boris-johnson-b1949721.html |access-date=2 November 2021 |work=[[The Independent]] |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102122511/https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/cop26-covid-rules-david-attenborough-boris-johnson-b1949721.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 4 June 2021, a nighttime light projection onto the [[Glasgow Tolbooth|Tolbooth Steeple]] was installed, under the [[Climate Clock]] initiative. The projected Deadline and Lifeline statistics count the time window before [[Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C|1.5 °C warming]] would become inevitable, and the percentage of [[World energy supply and consumption|global energy]] delivered through [[Renewable energy|renewables]], respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Paul English, Christina O'Neill |date=2021-06-04 |title=Historic clock in Glasgow to become daily reminder of climate crisis |language=en |work=GlasgowLive |url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/glasgow-climate-clock-20741668 |accessdate=2022-04-15 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613175643/https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/glasgow-climate-clock-20741668 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Scottish Events Campus (SEC), known as the Blue Zone, temporarily became United Nations territory: the other main venue is the Green Zone at [[Glasgow Science Centre]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 October 2021 |title=COP26: Climate summit venue becomes UN territory |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-59089946 |access-date=30 October 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030032434/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-59089946 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The summit was described as receiving "the cleanest electricity in the UK", as 70% was supplied from [[Low-carbon power|low-carbon]] [[nuclear power]] from plants in [[Torness nuclear power station|Torness]] and [[Hunterston B nuclear power station|Hunterston B]], while the rest mostly came from [[wind power]].<ref>{{cite web |title=COP26 and southern Scotland receive cleanest power in the U.K. -- ANS / Nuclear Newswire |url=https://www.ans.org/news/article-3401/cop26-and-southern-scotland-receive-cleanest-power-in-the-uk/ |access-date=4 November 2021 |website=ans.org |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104173053/https://www.ans.org/news/article-3401/cop26-and-southern-scotland-receive-cleanest-power-in-the-uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Medical cover ===
The provision of medical services for the event was provided by [[BASICS Scotland]], Amvale Medical and the Scottish Ambulance Service. The medical centre was visited by both Scottish National Clinical Director [[Jason Leitch]] and [[Cabinet Secretary for NHS Recovery, Health and Social Care|Scottish Health Secretary]] [[Humza Yousaf]] during the conference.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1458078802135994368 |title=While at #COP26 the @scotgovhealth Health Secretary Humza Yousaf and the National Clinical Director Jason Leitch called in to see our staff supporting our response to the conference.|date=2021-11-09|last=O'Meara|first=Pat|access-date=2022-01-23 |user=PatOMearaSAS|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111102715/https://twitter.com/patomearasas/status/1458078802135994368|archive-date=2022-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |title=Health Secretary Humza Yousaf met with ambulance staff and doctors who have been providing support at #COP26. He visited the medical centre in the Blue Zone to thank them for their work to keep everyone safe at #COP26, and during the #coronavirus pandemic.|number=1458129519160725504 |user=scotgovhealth|author=Scot Gov Health|date=2021-11-10|access-date=2022-01-23|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111102851/https://twitter.com/scotgovhealth/status/1458129519160725504|archive-date=2022-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Attendees ===
{{multiple image
| perrow = 1|
| align = right
| image1 = President Joe Biden at COP26.jpg
| caption1 = US President [[Joe Biden]] at the opening ceremony
| image2 = COP26 Behind the Scenes (cop26 0244) (51648113330).jpg
| caption2 = Indonesian attendees in traditional dress, on the first day of the conference
| image3 = Bilateral Meeting Damilola Ogunbiyi (cop26 0065) (51646992314).jpg
| caption3 = [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]] Director General [[Rafael Grossi|Rafael Mariano Grossi]] meeting with CEO and Special Representative of the [[UNSG]] for [[Sustainable Energy]] for all and Co-Chair on UN Energy [[Damilola Ogunbiyi]]
}}
Twenty-five thousand delegates from nearly 200 countries were expected to attend,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harvey |first=Fiona |author-link=Fiona Harvey |date=11 October 2021 |title=What is Cop26 and why does it matter? The complete guide |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/11/what-is-cop26-and-why-does-it-matter-the-complete-guide |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117080109/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/11/what-is-cop26-and-why-does-it-matter-the-complete-guide |archive-date=17 November 2021 |access-date=20 November 2021 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2021 |title=COP26: What is the Glasgow climate conference and why is it important? |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-56901261 |access-date=30 October 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030022121/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-56901261 |url-status=live}}</ref> and around 120 [[Head of state|heads of state]] came.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2021 |title=COP26: Boris Johnson addresses world leaders at Glasgow summit |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-59118835 |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101110524/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-59118835 |url-status=live}}</ref> Among the attendees were UN secretary-general [[António Guterres]], United States president [[Joe Biden]], Canadian prime minister [[Justin Trudeau]], Dutch prime minister [[Mark Rutte]], Egyptian president [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]], European Commission president [[Ursula von der Leyen]], French president [[Emmanuel Macron]], German chancellor [[Angela Merkel]], Spanish prime minister [[Pedro Sánchez]], Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]], Indonesian president [[Joko Widodo]], Israeli prime minister [[Naftali Bennett]], Japanese prime minister [[Fumio Kishida]], Nigerian president [[Muhammadu Buhari]], Polish prime minister [[Mateusz Morawiecki]], Swedish prime minister [[Stefan Löfven]], and Ukrainian president [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Tanaka |first=Miya |title=Japan PM Kishida pledges $10 bil. to aid Asia's zero emission path |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2021/11/6df268f9cda6-japan-pm-kishida-leaves-for-cop26-after-general-election.html |access-date=3 November 2021 |work=Kyodo News |location=Edinburgh, Scotland |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102160349/https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2021/11/6df268f9cda6-japan-pm-kishida-leaves-for-cop26-after-general-election.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 2021 |title=President Jokowi Arrives in Glasgow for COP26 Climate Summit |work=Tempo |location= Jakarta|url=https://en.tempo.co/read/1523375/president-jokowi-arrives-in-glasgow-for-cop26-climate-summit |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101124927/https://en.tempo.co/read/1523375/president-jokowi-arrives-in-glasgow-for-cop26-climate-summit |editor-last=Bhwana|editor-first=Petir Garda|translator-last=Nugraha|translator-first=Ricky Mohammad|last=Adyatama|first=Egi|url-status=live}}</ref> Former United States president [[Barack Obama]]<ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: Obama tells young people to stay angry on climate fight |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-59210395 |work=BBC News |date=8 November 2021 |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112155343/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-59210395 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Somini |title=Obama, in Climate Speech Focused on Youth, Has Words for Republicans, Too. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/08/climate/obama-cop26-climate-summit.html |work=The New York Times |date=8 November 2021 |access-date=18 November 2021 |location=Glasgow|archive-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117040031/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/08/climate/obama-cop26-climate-summit.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and English broadcaster and natural historian [[David Attenborough]], who was named COP26 People's Advocate, spoke at the summit.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Victor |first=Daniel |date=1 November 2021 |title=David Attenborough urges summit participants to help 'rewrite our story.' |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/01/world/europe/david-attenborough-cop26.html |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101141046/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/01/world/europe/david-attenborough-cop26.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Australian prime minister [[Scott Morrison]] spoke.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murphy|first=Katharine|location=Glasgow|date=1 November 2021 |title=Scott Morrison tells Cop26 Australia will exceed 2030 target in bid to fend off criticism |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/02/scott-morrison-tells-cop26-australia-will-exceed-2030-target-in-bid-to-fend-off-criticism |access-date=2 November 2021 |work=The Guardian |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102002328/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/02/scott-morrison-tells-cop26-australia-will-exceed-2030-target-in-bid-to-fend-off-criticism |url-status=live}}</ref>
Czech prime minister [[Andrej Babiš]] denounced the proposed [[European Union]] [[Fit for 55]] laws, part of the [[European Green Deal]], saying that the bloc "can achieve nothing without the participation of the largest polluters such as China or the USA".<ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 2021 |title=Andrej Babiš: It is absolutely crucial for individual states to choose their own energy mix to achieve carbon neutrality |work=Government of the Czech Republic |publisher= |url=https://www.vlada.cz/en/clenove-vlady/premier/speeches/andrej-babis-it-is-absolutely-crucial-for-individual-states-to-choose-their-own-energy-mix-to-achieve-carbon-neutrality-191508/ |access-date=3 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101231706/https://www.vlada.cz/en/clenove-vlady/premier/speeches/andrej-babis-it-is-absolutely-crucial-for-individual-states-to-choose-their-own-energy-mix-to-achieve-carbon-neutrality-191508/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles]] addressed the opening ceremony in person.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2021 |title=COP26: Charles to say 'war-like footing' needed |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59115203 |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101173743/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59115203 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth]], having been advised to rest by doctors, addressed the conference by video message.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2021 |title=COP26: Act now for our children, Queen urges climate summit |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59125350 |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101224426/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59125350 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bill Gates]] called for a "green industrial revolution" to beat the climate crisis.<ref>{{cite news |last=Feinberg|first=Andrew|location=Washington, DC|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/bill-gates-cop26-green-industrial-revolution-b1950629.html |title=Bill Gates calls for 'Green industrial revolution' to beat climate crisis |date=3 November 2021 |work=The Independent |access-date=3 November 2021 |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104030608/https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/bill-gates-cop26-green-industrial-revolution-b1950629.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The fossil fuel industry was the largest delegation at the conference, with 503 people accredited.<ref name="bbc0">{{Cite news |date=8 November 2021 |title=COP26: Fossil fuel industry has largest delegation at climate summit |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59199484 |access-date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=8 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108001710/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59199484 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Non-attendees ===
In October 2021, China's leader [[Xi Jinping]] announced he would not be attending the conference in person<ref>{{cite news |date=29 October 2021 |title=China's revised climate pledge 'casts shadow' over Glasgow summit |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/29/china-offers-few-new-climate-targets-ahead-of-un-conference |access-date=29 October 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029082129/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/29/china-offers-few-new-climate-targets-ahead-of-un-conference |url-status=live}}</ref> and instead delivered a written address as the organizers did not provide an opportunity for a video address.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/china-says-xi-given-no-094132995.html |title=REFILE-China says Xi was given no option for video address to COP26 |website=ca.finance.yahoo.com |date=2 November 2021 |access-date=6 November 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106040734/https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/china-says-xi-given-no-094132995.html |url-status=live}}</ref> With [[greenhouse gas emissions by China]] being the world's largest, [[Reuters]] said this made it less likely the conference would result in a significant climate deal.<ref name="reuters">{{Cite news |last=Faulconbridge |first=Guy |date=15 October 2021 |title=China's Xi will not attend COP26 in person, UK PM Johnson told |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/chinas-xi-snub-cop26-uk-pm-johnson-told-times-2021-10-15/ |access-date=15 October 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030125514/https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/chinas-xi-snub-cop26-uk-pm-johnson-told-times-2021-10-15/ |url-status=live}}</ref> However, a Chinese delegation led by climate change envoy [[Xie Zhenhua (politician)|Xie Zhenhua]] did attend.<ref>{{cite web |last=Edward |first=Debi |date=1 November 2021 |title=Is COP26 doomed to fail without China's Xi Jinping? |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2021-11-01/is-cop26-doomed-to-fail-without-chinas-xi-jinping |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=ITV News |language=en |archive-date=5 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105160612/https://www.itv.com/news/2021-11-01/is-cop26-doomed-to-fail-without-chinas-xi-jinping |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[2021 global energy crisis]] intensified pressures on China ahead of the summit.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 October 2021 |title=China's Energy Crisis Complicates Its Plans for Climate Announcements Ahead of COP26 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-energy-crisis-complicates-its-plans-for-climate-announcements-ahead-of-cop26-11635252471 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211026130045/https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-energy-crisis-complicates-its-plans-for-climate-announcements-ahead-of-cop26-11635252471 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=29 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 October 2021 |title=China and India cast pall over climate ambitions ahead of COP26 |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/eef90c01-4cbe-48b7-8b2c-2beb398a4fb1 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211028201151/https://www.ft.com/content/eef90c01-4cbe-48b7-8b2c-2beb398a4fb1 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=29 October 2021}}</ref> The prime ministers or heads of state of [[South Africa]], [[Russia]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Iran]], [[Mexico]], [[Brazil]], [[Turkey]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Vatican City]] also did not attend the meeting.<ref name=":6">{{cite news |title=Factbox: COP26 in Glasgow: Who is going and who is not? |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/cop26-glasgow-who-is-going-who-is-not-2021-10-15/ |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101101434/https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/cop26-glasgow-who-is-going-who-is-not-2021-10-15/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 October 2021 |title=Which world leaders are attending COP26 and who has snubbed Glasgow climate conference? |work=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]] |url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/politics/world-leaders-attending-cop26-who-25257330 |access-date=29 October 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029161758/https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/politics/world-leaders-attending-cop26-who-25257330 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 2021 |title=Vatican statement signals pope won't attend COP26 climate conference |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/vatican-delegation-cop26-be-headed-by-secretary-state-meaning-pope-not-going-2021-10-08/ |access-date=16 October 2021 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019135301/https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/vatican-delegation-cop26-be-headed-by-secretary-state-meaning-pope-not-going-2021-10-08/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Move to address climate change |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/10/12/move-to-address-climate-change |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=The Star |date=12 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=12 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012071855/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/10/12/move-to-address-climate-change |url-status=live}}</ref>

Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] said his non-attendance was due to concerns relating to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite news |last=McKeever |first=Vicky |date=13 October 2021 |title=Putin says he may not attend climate summit COP26 over Covid fears |work=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/13/russian-president-vladimir-putin-says-he-may-not-attend-cop26.html |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022230549/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/13/russian-president-vladimir-putin-says-he-may-not-attend-cop26.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Iranian president [[Ebrahim Raisi]] did not attend;<ref name=":6"/> a formal request had been made by [[Struan Stevenson]] and Iranian exiles of the [[National Council of Resistance of Iran]] to the Scotland police, to arrest Raisi for [[crimes against humanity]] if he attended based on the legal concept of [[universal jurisdiction]].<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2021 |title=COP26: Calls to ban Iran's President Ebrahim Raisi from Scotland |work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/politics/19644953.cop26-calls-ban-irans-president-ebrahim-raisi-scotland/ |access-date=29 October 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029161758/https://www.heraldscotland.com/politics/19644953.cop26-calls-ban-irans-president-ebrahim-raisi-scotland/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Iranian exiles file rights abuse claim in UK against Raisi |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211013-iranian-exiles-file-rights-abuse-claim-in-uk-against-raisi |website=france 24 |date=13 October 2021 |access-date=3 November 2021 |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103080614/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211013-iranian-exiles-file-rights-abuse-claim-in-uk-against-raisi |url-status=live}}</ref> Saudi crown prince [[Mohammed bin Salman]] also did not attend the summit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Saudi Arabia's climate plan relies on more oil |url=https://www.eenews.net/articles/saudi-arabias-climate-plan-relies-on-more-oil/ |work=E&E News |date=8 November 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111110010/https://www.eenews.net/articles/saudi-arabias-climate-plan-relies-on-more-oil/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Brazilian president [[Jair Bolsonaro]], who faced international condemnation over rising [[deforestation of the Amazon rainforest]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Brazil brings big green plans to COP26. But its track record is dismal |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/11/01/americas/brazil-cop26-environmental-committments-analysis-intl-latam/index.html |work=CNN |date=1 November 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111110013/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/11/01/americas/brazil-cop26-environmental-committments-analysis-intl-latam/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> also decided not to attend the summit personally.<ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: President Bolsonaro's no-show is no embarrassment, says Brazil's lead negotiator |url=https://news.sky.com/story/cop26-president-bolsonaros-no-show-is-no-embarrassment-says-brazils-lead-negotiator-12464053 |work=Sky News |date=9 November 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111110009/https://news.sky.com/story/cop26-president-bolsonaros-no-show-is-no-embarrassment-says-brazils-lead-negotiator-12464053 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The non-attendance of both Putin and Xi received criticism from U.S. president Joe Biden<ref>{{cite news |title=Biden Rebukes Russia, China Leaders After Apologizing for American Inaction |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2021-11-02/biden-rebukes-russia-china-leaders-for-skipping-cop26-climate-summit-theyve-walked-away |access-date=11 November 2021 |agency=US News |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111023249/https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2021-11-02/biden-rebukes-russia-china-leaders-for-skipping-cop26-climate-summit-theyve-walked-away |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: Biden attacks China and Russia leaders for missing summit |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-59138578 |access-date=11 November 2021 |agency=BBC |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111023302/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-59138578 |url-status=live}}</ref> and former American president Barack Obama.<ref>{{cite news |title=Obama faults Russia, China for 'lack of urgency' on climate |url=https://apnews.com/article/climate-donald-trump-joe-biden-united-nations-barack-obama-33aacb939b5ee0b8aa1add7688cb267a |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=Associated Press |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111023249/https://apnews.com/article/climate-donald-trump-joe-biden-united-nations-barack-obama-33aacb939b5ee0b8aa1add7688cb267a |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Myanmar]] and [[Afghanistan]] were entirely absent; both countries had their UN-recognized governments ousted militarily in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210927-no-one-from-afghanistan-myanmar-will-address-world-leaders-at-united-nations |title=No one from Afghanistan, Myanmar will address world leaders at United Nations |date=27 September 2021 |website=France 24 |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028222013/https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210927-no-one-from-afghanistan-myanmar-will-address-world-leaders-at-united-nations |url-status=live}}</ref> The Myanmar [[Tatmadaw|military junta]] was blocked from entry to the summit.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/snubbed-11102021183951.html |title=Myanmar's junta blocked from attending global climate summit |website=Radio Free Asia |date=10 November 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112003253/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/snubbed-11102021183951.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Six exiled Afghan climate experts had their applications rejected by the UNFCCC.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/30/afghans-cop26-delegate-applications-rejected |title=Afghans have Cop26 delegate applications rejected days before event |date=30 October 2021 |work=The Guardian |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112165942/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/30/afghans-cop26-delegate-applications-rejected |url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, the island nation of [[Kiribati]] did not send participants, while fellow island nations [[Vanuatu]] and [[Samoa]] registered but did not send a delegation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-which-countries-have-sent-the-most-delegates-to-cop26 |title=Analysis: Which countries have sent the most delegates to COP26? |date=3 November 2021 |website=Carbon Brief |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112165606/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-which-countries-have-sent-the-most-delegates-to-cop26 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Ratchet mechanism ==

Under the Paris Agreement, countries submitted pledges called [[Nationally Determined Contributions|nationally determined contributions]], to limit their [[greenhouse gas]] emissions. Under the framework of the Paris Agreement, each country is expected to submit enhanced nationally determined contributions every five years, to ratchet up the ambition to mitigate climate change.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement |title=The Paris Agreement |website=unfccc.int |access-date=2 April 2020 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319205057/https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement |url-status=live}}</ref> When the Paris Agreement was signed at [[COP21]], the conference of 2020 was set to be the first ratcheting up. Even though the 2020 conference was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, dozens of countries still had not updated their pledges by early October 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bashir |first=Nada |date=2 October 2021 |title=John Kerry says emissions cuts are 'do-able' as ministers wrap last meeting ahead of COP26 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/02/europe/john-kerry-cop26-climate-intl/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=2 October 2021 |work=[[CNN]] |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027141257/https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/02/europe/john-kerry-cop26-climate-intl/index.html}}</ref> Collective progress towards implementation of the Paris Agreement in mitigation, adaptation and finance flows and means of implementation and support will be measured by [[global stocktake]]s, the first of which is due to be completed in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Stocktake |url=https://unfccc.int/topics/global-stocktake |url-status=live |access-date=3 November 2021 |website=unfccc.int |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103202323/https://unfccc.int/topics/global-stocktake}}</ref>

== Outcomes ==
{{Main|Glasgow Climate Pact}}
On 13 November 2021, the participating 197 countries agreed to a new deal, known as the Glasgow Climate Pact, aimed at staving off dangerous [[climate change]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Dewan |first=Angela |title=COP26 climate agreement reached in Glasgow with unprecedented reference to fossil fuels |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/11/13/world/cop26-agreement-final-climate-intl/index.html |access-date=13 November 2021 |agency=CNN |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113195515/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/11/13/world/cop26-agreement-final-climate-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The pact "Reaffirms the Paris Agreement temperature goal of holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels" and "Recognizes that limiting global warming to 1.5 °C requires rapid, deep and sustained reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions, including reducing global carbon dioxide emissions by 45 per cent by 2030 relative to the 2010 level and to net zero around midcentury, as well as deep reductions in other greenhouse gases."<ref name=Glasgow>{{cite book |title=Glasgow Climate Pact |publisher=The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement |location=Glasgow |page=3 |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma3_auv_2_cover%20decision.pdf |access-date=19 November 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115132413/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma3_auv_2_cover%20decision.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> However, achieving the target is not ensured, as with existing pledges the emissions in the year 2030 will be 14% higher than in 2010.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Masood |first1=Ehsan |last2=Tollefson |first2=Jeff |title='COP26 hasn't solved the problem': scientists react to UN climate deal |journal=Nature |date=14 November 2021 |volume=599 |issue=7885 |pages=355–356 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-03431-4 |pmid=34782787 |bibcode=2021Natur.599..355M |s2cid=244132496 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The final agreement explicitly mentions coal, which is the single biggest contributor to climate change. Previous COP agreements have not mentioned coal, [[oil]] or [[gas]], or even [[fossil fuels]] in general, as a driver, or major cause of climate change, making the Glasgow Climate Pact the first ever climate deal to explicitly plan to reduce unabated coal power. The wording in the agreement refers to an intention to "phase down" use of unabated coal power, rather than to phase it out.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shalima |first=Halim |title=COP26: New global climate deal struck in Glasgow. |work=BBC News |date=13 November 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-59277788 |access-date=13 November 2021 |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113195412/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-59277788 |url-status=live}}</ref> From this wording it implicitly follows that utilizing coal power with "abation" (net-zero emission), e.g. by neutralizing the resulting carbon dioxide via the CO2-to-stone process, need not be reduced. However, this [[carbon capture and storage]] is too expensive for most [[coal fired power stations]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Is carbon capture too expensive? – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/is-carbon-capture-too-expensive |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=IEA |date=17 February 2021 |language=en-GB |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024201314/https://www.iea.org/commentaries/is-carbon-capture-too-expensive |url-status=live}}</ref>

Over 140 countries pledged to reach net-zero emissions. This includes 90% of global GDP.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 November 2021 |title=New Glasgow Climate Pact offers some 'breakthroughs' but also 'deep disappointment' |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20211114-new-glasgow-climate-pact-offers-some-breakthroughs-but-also-deep-disappointment |access-date=15 November 2021 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115015023/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20211114-new-glasgow-climate-pact-offers-some-breakthroughs-but-also-deep-disappointment |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Joko Widodo at the opening ceremony of COP26 (10).jpg|thumb|[[Indonesia]]n President [[Joko Widodo]] promised to end and reverse [[deforestation in Indonesia]] by 2030.]]
More than 100 countries, including Brazil, pledged to reverse [[deforestation]] by 2030.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-11-02|title=COP26: World leaders promise to end deforestation by 2030|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59088498|access-date=2022-02-09|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121032101/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59088498|url-status=live}}</ref>

The final text of the [[Glasgow Climate Pact]] include a call to: "accelerating efforts towards... phase-out of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies".<ref name=Glasgow/> 34 countries with several banks and financial agencies pledged to stop international funding for "unabated fossil fuel energy sector by the end of 2022, except in limited and clearly defined circumstances that are consistent with a 1.5°C warming limit and the goals of the Paris Agreement" and increase financing of more sustainable projects,<ref name="ukcop26">{{cite web |title=Statement on international public support for the clean energy transition |url=https://ukcop26.org/statement-on-international-public-support-for-the-clean-energy-transition/ |website=UN climate change conference UK 2021 |date=4 November 2021 |publisher=United Nations Climate Change, UK government |access-date=24 November 2021 |archive-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123173907/https://ukcop26.org/statement-on-international-public-support-for-the-clean-energy-transition/ |url-status=live}}</ref> including [[Canada]]—the main provider of such finances, [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]] and [[Spain]]—the biggest financers in [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilkinson |first=Daniel |title=COP26 Is Over – What's Next for Forests, Coal, and Fossil Fuel Finance? |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/16/cop26-over-whats-next-forests-coal-and-fossil-fuel-finance |website=Humans Rights Watch |date=16 November 2021 |access-date=24 November 2021 |archive-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123231202/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/16/cop26-over-whats-next-forests-coal-and-fossil-fuel-finance |url-status=live}}</ref>

More than 40 countries pledged to move away from coal.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Plumer |first1=Brad |last2=Friedman |first2=Lisa |date=4 November 2021 |title=Over 40 Countries Pledge at U.N. Climate Summit to End Use of Coal Power |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/04/climate/cop26-coal-climate.html |access-date=15 November 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115061302/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/04/climate/cop26-coal-climate.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The United States and China reached an agreement about cooperation on measures to stop climate change, including lowering methane emissions, phasing out the use of coal, and forest conservation.<ref name="reuters1">{{cite news |title=U.S. and China unveil deal to ramp up cooperation on climate change |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/china-us-make-joint-statement-cop26-climate-summit-2021-11-10 |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=Reuters |archive-date=10 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110234317/https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/china-us-make-joint-statement-cop26-climate-summit-2021-11-10/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

39 countries and institutions signed the [[Glasgow Statement]], an international agreement to shift international public finance away from fossil fuels towards clean energy. If implemented properly, the Glasgow Statement will shift $28 billion per year from fossil fuels to clean energy.<ref name="ukcop26"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Report: Countries could shift almost USD 28 billion/year from fossil fuels to jump-start the energy transition—if they follow through on their pledges |url=https://www.iisd.org/articles/press-release/glasgow-statement-could-shift-annual-28-billion-to-clean |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=International Institute for Sustainable Development |language=en |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620125334/https://www.iisd.org/articles/press-release/glasgow-statement-could-shift-annual-28-billion-to-clean |url-status=live }}</ref>

India promised to draw half of its energy requirement from renewable sources by 2030 and achieve [[carbon neutrality]] by 2070.<ref>{{cite news |title=India pledges net-zero emissions by 2070 — but also wants to expand coal mining |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/11/03/1051805674/modi-india-cop26-coal-renewable-energy?t=1636899927203 |work=NPR |date=3 November 2021 |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114145317/https://www.npr.org/2021/11/03/1051805674/modi-india-cop26-coal-renewable-energy?t=1636899927203 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Governments of 24 developed countries and a group of major [[Automotive industry|car manufacturers]] such as GM, Ford, Volvo, BYD Auto, Jaguar Land Rover, and Mercedes-Benz have committed to "work towards all sales of new cars and vans being zero emission globally by 2040, and by no later than 2035 in leading markets".<ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: Deal to end car emissions by 2040 idles as motor giants refuse to sign |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8c4a1809-902f-4582-a29e-1c83a97b9dff |work=Financial Times |date=8 November 2021 |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114145317/https://www.ft.com/content/8c4a1809-902f-4582-a29e-1c83a97b9dff |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: Every carmaker that pledged to stop selling fossil-fuel vehicles by 2040 |url=https://www.carexpert.com.au/car-news/cop26-every-carmaker-that-pledged-to-stop-selling-fossil-fuel-vehicles-by-2040 |work=CarExpert |date=11 November 2021 |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114145318/https://www.carexpert.com.au/car-news/cop26-every-carmaker-that-pledged-to-stop-selling-fossil-fuel-vehicles-by-2040 |url-status=live}}</ref> Major car manufacturing nations like China, the US, Japan, Germany, and South Korea, as well as Toyota, Volkswagen, Nissan-Renault-Mitsubishi, Stellantis, Honda, and Hyundai had not signed up to the pledge.<ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: Germany fails to sign up to 2040 combustion engine phaseout |url=https://www.dw.com/en/cop26-germany-fails-to-sign-up-to-2040-combustion-engine-phaseout/a-59777202 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=10 November 2021 |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114122411/https://www.dw.com/en/cop26-germany-fails-to-sign-up-to-2040-combustion-engine-phaseout/a-59777202 |url-status=live}}</ref>

New pledges for financial help for climate change mitigation and adaptation were announced.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rannard |first=Georgina |title=COP26: World headed for 2.4C warming despite climate summit - report |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59220687 |access-date=14 November 2021 |agency=BBC |date=10 November 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114053515/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59220687 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Climate Action Tracker]] on 9 November 2021, described the results as follows: the global temperature will rise by 2.7 °C by the end of the century with current policies. The temperature will rise by 2.4 °C if only the pledges for 2030 are implemented, by 2.1 °C if the long-term targets are also achieved and by 1.8 °C if all the announced targets are fully achieved.<ref name="climateactiontracker1">{{cite web |title=Glasgow's 2030 credibility gap: net zero's lip service to climate action |url=https://climateactiontracker.org/publications/glasgows-2030-credibility-gap-net-zeros-lip-service-to-climate-action/ |website=climateactiontracker.org |access-date=9 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109140537/https://climateactiontracker.org/publications/glasgows-2030-credibility-gap-net-zeros-lip-service-to-climate-action/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero ([[GFANZ]]) announced that financial institutions controlling $130 trillion were now signed up to 'net zero' emissions pledges by 2050.<ref>{{Cite web |title=As the dust settles on COP26, what did it deliver for the world's forests? |url=https://www.globalwitness.org/en/blog/as-the-dust-settles-on-cop26-what-did-it-deliver-for-the-worlds-forests/ |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Global Witness |language=en |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024115109/https://www.globalwitness.org/en/blog/as-the-dust-settles-on-cop26-what-did-it-deliver-for-the-worlds-forests/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Negotiations ==
The world leaders' summit was on 1 and 2 November, with each leader giving a national statement.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World Leaders Summit at COP 26 |url=https://unfccc.int/cop26/world-leaders-summit |url-status=live |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=unfccc.int |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029074019/https://unfccc.int/cop26/world-leaders-summit/}}</ref>

An important goal of the conference organizers is to keep a {{cvt|1.5|C-change}} temperature rise within reach.<ref>{{cite web |title=COP26 Goals |url=https://ukcop26.org/cop26-goals/ |access-date=28 October 2021 |website=UN Climate Change Conference (COP26) at the SEC – Glasgow 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030100218/https://ukcop26.org/cop26-goals/ |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the BBC, negotiators who may be key to the dealmaking include [[Xie Zhenhua (politician)|Xie Zhenhua]], Ayman Shasly, [[Sheikh Hasina]] and [[Teresa Ribera]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2021 |title=Climate change: Five dealmakers who will influence the outcome at COP26 |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59053257 |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102011200/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59053257 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[China]] said it aims to peak {{CO2}} emissions before 2030 and to become [[Carbon neutrality|carbon neutral]] by 2060.<ref name="guard0">{{cite news |title=China's new climate plan falls short of Cop26 global heating goal, experts say |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/28/disappointing-but-not-unexpected-china-climate-goal-leaves-experts-unsatisfied |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 October 2021 |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102112339/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/28/disappointing-but-not-unexpected-china-climate-goal-leaves-experts-unsatisfied |url-status=live}}</ref> It was asked to set a clear earlier date as this would have a very large "positive impact" on the Paris Agreement targets.<ref>{{cite news |last=Friedman |first=Lisa |title=What Happened at COP26 on Wednesday: China and U.S. Say They'll 'Enhance' Climate Ambition |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/11/10/world/cop26-glasgow-climate-summit |work=The New York Times |access-date=12 November 2021 |date=10 November 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112000959/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/11/10/world/cop26-glasgow-climate-summit |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="guard0"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Abnett |first=Kate |title=EU, China climate chiefs to meet face-to-face ahead of COP26 talks |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/eu-china-climate-chiefs-meet-face-to-face-ahead-cop26-talks-2021-10-26/ |access-date=12 November 2021 |work=Reuters |date=26 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112122207/https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/eu-china-climate-chiefs-meet-face-to-face-ahead-cop26-talks-2021-10-26/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Officials later said the 2030 target was something to "strive to" and not something to be ensured.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3159418/caution-carbon-china-realises-key-role-coal-energy-mix|title = Caution on carbon as 'China realises key role of coal'|date = 13 December 2021|access-date = 15 December 2021|archive-date = 15 December 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211215164324/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3159418/caution-carbon-china-realises-key-role-coal-energy-mix|url-status = live}}</ref>

=== Deforestation ===
[[File:COP26-UNFCCC (51653176649).jpg|thumb|[[Brazil]], home to 60% of the [[Amazon rainforest]], promised to halt and reverse [[deforestation]] by 2030.<ref>{{cite news |title=COP26 deforestation: Brazil backtracks on forests pledge before conference is even over |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/environment/cop26-deforestation-brazil-backtracks-forests-pledge-before-conference-over-1294831 |work=[[i (newspaper)|i]] |date=10 November 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111110008/https://inews.co.uk/news/environment/cop26-deforestation-brazil-backtracks-forests-pledge-before-conference-over-1294831 |url-status=live}}</ref> (National Confederation of Industry virtual cast from [[Brasília]] on 3 September 2021)]]
Leaders of more than 100 countries with around 85% of the world's forests, including [[Deforestation in North America|Canada]], [[Deforestation in Russia|Russia]], the [[Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] and the [[Deforestation in the United States|United States]],<ref name=BBC-Deforestation/> agreed to end [[deforestation]] by 2030, improving on a similar 2014 agreement by now including [[Deforestation in Brazil|Brazil]],<ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: Don't Be Fooled by Bolsonaro's Pledges |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/02/cop26-dont-be-fooled-bolsonaros-pledges |work=Human Rights Watch |date=2 November 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111110007/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/02/cop26-dont-be-fooled-bolsonaros-pledges |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Deforestation in Indonesia|Indonesia]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Hot air: Scepticism over Indonesia's COP26 deforestation pledges |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/9/hot-air-scepticism-over-indonesias-cop26-deforestation-pledges |work=Al Jazeera |date=9 November 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111110008/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/9/hot-air-scepticism-over-indonesias-cop26-deforestation-pledges |url-status=live}}</ref> businesses<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2 November 2021 |title=The world should prove its love for forests by putting carbon prices on them |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international/the-world-should-prove-its-love-for-forests-by-putting-carbon-prices-on-them/21806086 |access-date=3 November 2021 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102220548/https://www.economist.com/international/the-world-should-prove-its-love-for-forests-by-putting-carbon-prices-on-them/21806086 |url-status=live}}</ref> and more financial resources.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=3 November 2021 |title=COP26 climate change summit: So far, so good-ish |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59150807 |access-date=3 November 2021 |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103150119/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59150807 |url-status=live}}</ref> Signatories of the 2014 agreement, the [[New York Declaration on Forests]], pledged to half deforestation by 2020 and end it by 2030; however, in the 2014–2020 period deforestation increased.<ref name=BBC-Deforestation>{{cite news |title=COP26: World leaders promise to end deforestation by 2030 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-59088498 |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=BBC News |date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106222053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-59088498 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Indonesia]]'s environment minister [[Siti Nurbaya Bakar]] stated that "forcing Indonesia to zero deforestation in 2030 is clearly inappropriate and unfair".<ref>{{cite news |title=Indonesia walks back zero-deforestation pledge at COP26 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211104-indonesia-walks-back-zero-deforestation-pledge-at-cop26 |work=France 24 |date=4 November 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112175732/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211104-indonesia-walks-back-zero-deforestation-pledge-at-cop26 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Article 6 ===
{{see also|Cooperative mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement}}
[[Paris Agreement#Mitigation provisions and carbon markets|Article 6 of the Paris Agreement]], which describes rules for an international [[carbon market]] (such as for trees in the deforestation agreement<ref name=":7"/>) and other forms of international cooperation, is being discussed as it is the last piece of the rulebook remaining to be finalized.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Kizzier |first1=Kelley |last2=Levin |first2=Kelly |last3=Rambharos |first3=Mandy |date=2 December 2019 |title=What You Need to Know About Article 6 of the Paris Agreement |journal=World Resources Institute |url=https://www.wri.org/insights/what-you-need-know-about-article-6-paris-agreement |access-date=19 October 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030050455/https://www.wri.org/insights/what-you-need-know-about-article-6-paris-agreement |url-status=live}}</ref> Although the parties have agreed in principle to avoid double counting of emission reduction across more than one country's [[greenhouse gas inventory]], exactly how much double counting will actually occur remains unclear.<ref name=":4"/> Carrying forward [[Clean Development Mechanism|pre-2020 Kyoto carbon credits]] will be discussed, but is highly unlikely to be agreed.<ref name=":5"/> Therefore, Article 6 rules could make a big difference to future emissions.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |last=Yadav |first=Kanchan |date=6 August 2021 |title=Resolution to Article 6 of Paris accord high on market's list before COP26 |url=https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/electric-power/080621-resolution-to-article-6-of-paris-accord-high-on-markets-list-before-cop26 |access-date=19 October 2021 |website=spglobal.com |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028221948/https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/electric-power/080621-resolution-to-article-6-of-paris-accord-high-on-markets-list-before-cop26 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Finance ===
[[Climate finance]] for [[Funding for climate change adaptation|adaptation]] and [[Climate change mitigation|mitigation]] was one of the principal topics of negotiation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Briefing for ministerial discussions on Article 6 of the Paris Agreement |url=https://carbonmarketwatch.org/publications/briefing-for-ministerial-discussions-on-article-6-of-the-paris-agreement/ |access-date=19 October 2021 |website=Carbon Market Watch |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020060209/https://carbonmarketwatch.org/publications/briefing-for-ministerial-discussions-on-article-6-of-the-paris-agreement/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Poor countries want more money for adaptation, whereas donors prefer to finance mitigation as that has a chance of making a profit.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2021 |title=COP26: Time to sober up |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59193769 |access-date=7 November 2021 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107004733/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59193769 |url-status=live}}</ref> Appointed to the role of Climate Finance Adviser was [[Mark Carney]], former [[Governor of the Bank of England]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mark Carney to drive finance action for UK climate talks |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/mark-carney-to-drive-finance-action-for-uk-climate-talks |website=gov.uk |access-date=19 November 2021 |date=16 January 2020 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119224903/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/mark-carney-to-drive-finance-action-for-uk-climate-talks |url-status=live}}</ref> The Paris agreement included US$100 billion annually in finance by 2020 for developing countries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2021 |title=NDCs, climate finance and 1.5C: your Cop26 jargon buster |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/11/cop26-jargon-buster |access-date=25 October 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030065243/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/11/cop26-jargon-buster |url-status=live}}</ref> However, wealthy countries failed to live up to that promise, with members of the [[OECD]] behind in their commitments and unlikely to reach the agreed amount before 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 November 2021 |title=COP26: What do the poorest countries want from climate summit? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59054696 |access-date=4 November 2021 |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103213316/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59054696 |url-status=live}}</ref> A group of large finance companies committed to net zero portfolios and loan books by 2050.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 November 2021 |title=What is happening at COP26? |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2021/11/03/what-is-happening-at-cop26 |access-date=4 November 2021 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104000717/https://www.economist.com/international/2021/11/03/what-is-happening-at-cop26 |url-status=live}}</ref> Scotland became the first country to contribute to a [[loss and damage (climate change)|loss and damage]] fund.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2021 |title=COP26: UK pledges £290m to help poorer countries cope with climate change |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59202129 |access-date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=8 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108034108/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59202129 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Ursula von der Leyen attends the 2021 UN Climate Change Conference (24).jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], European Commission President [[Ursula von der Leyen]] and US President [[Joe Biden]] at COP26]]

===Coal===
South Africa is set to receive $8.5 billion to end its [[Coal in South Africa|reliance on coal]], details are sparse regarding capping mines, exports and local community support for the workers in the industry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2021 |title=COP26: South Africa hails deal to end reliance on coal |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-59135169 |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102181706/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-59135169 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2021 |title=COP26 latest: Europe to invest €1bn in clean technologies such as green hydrogen |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/4bf0f579-d44c-4e21-91bc-88058fa297fa |access-date=2 November 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211102222131/https://www.ft.com/content/4bf0f579-d44c-4e21-91bc-88058fa297fa |archive-date=2 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Countries including [[Coal in Chile|Chile]], [[Coal in Poland|Poland]], [[Coal in Ukraine|Ukraine]], [[Energy in South Korea|South Korea]], [[Coal in Indonesia|Indonesia]] and [[Coal in Vietnam|Vietnam]] also agreed to [[Coal phase-out|phase out coal]] in the 2030s for major economies, and the 2040s for poorer nations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 November 2021 |title=COP26: 190 nations and organisations pledge to quit coal |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59159018 |access-date=4 November 2021 |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104010149/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59159018 |url-status=live}}</ref> These nations include some of the world's most intensive users of coal.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |last=Vetter |first=David |title='The End Of Coal': COP26 Forges New Global Agreement To Retire Dirtiest Fossil Fuel |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidrvetter/2021/11/03/the-end-of-coal-cop26-forges-new-global-agreement-to-retire-dirtiest-fossil-fuel/ |access-date=4 November 2021 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103231506/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidrvetter/2021/11/03/the-end-of-coal-cop26-forges-new-global-agreement-to-retire-dirtiest-fossil-fuel/ |url-status=live}}</ref> However, they do not include the world's largest users of the fuel, [[Coal in China|China]], [[Coal in India|India]], and [[Coal mining in the United States|the United States of America]].<ref name="auto"/>
Japan is to invest $100 million in the transformation of fossil-fired plants into ones based on [[ammonia#Applications|ammonia]] and [[hydrogen fuel]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2 November 2021 |title=COP26: Japan to invest $100 mil to convert fossil-fired plants to ammonia, hydrogen based |url=https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/110221-cop26-japan-to-invest-100-mil-to-convert-fossil-fired-plants-to-ammonia-hydrogen-based |work=[[S&P Global]] |access-date=28 November 2021 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128023230/https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/110221-cop26-japan-to-invest-100-mil-to-convert-fossil-fired-plants-to-ammonia-hydrogen-based |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Methane ===
The US and many other countries agreed to limit [[methane emissions]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2021 |title=Biden to unveil pledge to slash global methane emissions by 30% |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/02/joe-biden-plan-cut-global-methane-emissions-30-percent |access-date=2 November 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102072117/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/02/joe-biden-plan-cut-global-methane-emissions-30-percent |url-status=live}}</ref> More than 80 countries signed up to a global methane pledge, agreeing to cut emissions by 30% by the end of the decade. The US and European leaders say tackling the potent greenhouse gas is crucial to keeping warming limited to {{cvt|1.5|C-change}}.<ref>{{Cite news |title=COP26: US and EU announce 'game-changing' methane plan |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-59125188 |access-date=2 November 2021 |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102102031/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-59125188 |url-status=live}}</ref> Australia, China, Russia, India and Iran did not sign the deal, but it is hoped more countries will join later.<ref name=":8"/>

[[Russia]] demanded [[Economic sanctions|sanction]] relief on green investment projects for [[Petroleum industry in Russia|energy companies]] such as [[Gazprom]]. Russia's climate envoy Ruslan Edelgeriyev accused Western countries of hypocrisy for urging Russia "to reduce [[methane leakages]] and yet we have Gazprom under sanctions".<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia to Lobby for Sanctions Relief on Climate Projects at COP26 – Bloomberg |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/10/22/russia-to-lobby-for-sanctions-relief-on-climate-projects-at-cop-26-bloomberg-a75372 |work=The Moscow Times |date=22 October 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112172945/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/10/22/russia-to-lobby-for-sanctions-relief-on-climate-projects-at-cop-26-bloomberg-a75372 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Net-zero targets ===
Many attendees committed to [[Carbon neutrality|net-zero carbon emissions]], with India and Japan making specific commitments at the conference. India, [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions|the third-largest emitter of carbon dioxide by jurisdiction]], set the latest target date planning to be net-zero by 2070. Japan is to offer up to $10 billion in additional funding to support decarbonization in Asia.<ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: India and Japan pledge carbon neutrality, China's top leader Xi stays home |url=https://www.dw.com/en/cop26-india-and-japan-pledge-carbon-neutrality-chinas-xi-stays-home/a-59692137 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=2 November 2021 |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102125237/https://www.dw.com/en/cop26-india-and-japan-pledge-carbon-neutrality-chinas-xi-stays-home/a-59692137 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Vittozzi |first=Katerina |title=COP26: India has given a distant net-zero target and is now asking the world for cash |url=https://news.sky.com/story/cop26-india-has-given-a-distant-net-zero-target-and-is-now-asking-the-world-for-cash-12457388 |work=[[Sky News]] |date=1 November 2021 |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120235328/https://news.sky.com/story/cop26-india-has-given-a-distant-net-zero-target-and-is-now-asking-the-world-for-cash-12457388 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: India PM Narendra Modi pledges net zero by 2070 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-59125143 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2 November 2021 |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102123119/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-59125143 |url-status=live}}</ref> Earlier in October, China—the largest emitter of carbon dioxide by jurisdiction—had committed to net-zero carbon emissions by 2060,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Climate change: China unlikely to move its net zero carbon emissions target by COP26, UN climate chief says |url=https://news.sky.com/story/climate-change-china-unlikely-to-move-its-net-zero-carbon-emissions-target-by-cop26-un-climate-chief-says-12421259 |access-date=2 November 2021 |work=[[Sky News]] |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102134808/https://news.sky.com/story/climate-change-china-unlikely-to-move-its-net-zero-carbon-emissions-target-by-cop26-un-climate-chief-says-12421259 |url-status=live}}</ref> and it was believed by the British government that India would issue a similar commitment.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Webster |first1=Ben |last2=Burgess |first2=Kaya |last3=Philp |first3=Catherine |title=Cop26: India puts off net zero to 2070 and deals blow to climate hopes |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/cop26-india-sets-2070-net-zero-target-and-demands-1-trillion-in-funding-68gm3tvpp |work=[[The Times]] |url-access=subscription |date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211102010609/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/cop26-india-sets-2070-net-zero-target-and-demands-1-trillion-in-funding-68gm3tvpp |archive-date=2 November 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> However, this was the first time that a date for carbon neutrality had been given as part of [[Climate change in India#Policies and legislation|India's climate policy]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Vaughan |first=Adam |title=COP26: Why India's 2070 net zero pledge is better news than it sounds |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2295762-cop26-why-indias-2070-net-zero-pledge-is-better-news-than-it-sounds/ |work=[[New Scientist]] |date=2 November 2021 |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102123129/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2295762-cop26-why-indias-2070-net-zero-pledge-is-better-news-than-it-sounds/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Green hydrogen]] has emerged as one of the major areas where companies can collaborate to help decarbonize hard to abate industries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 November 2021 |title=COP26: Key developments related to the hydrogen market |website=H2Bulletin |url=https://www.h2bulletin.com/knowledge/cop26-key-developments-related-to-the-hydrogen-market/ |access-date=5 November 2021 |archive-date=5 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105151325/https://www.h2bulletin.com/knowledge/cop26-key-developments-related-to-the-hydrogen-market/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Fumio Kishida met with Australian PM Morrison at the COP26 (2).jpg|thumb|Japanese Prime Minister [[Fumio Kishida]] and Australian Prime Minister [[Scott Morrison]] at COP26 ]]

=== Adaptation ===
Big city mayors concerned about climate—the [[C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group]]—such as Istanbul Mayor [[Ekrem İmamoğlu]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Lepeska|first=David|title=There's still time for Turkey to improve its spotty climate record |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/comment/2021/11/08/theres-still-time-for-turkey-to-improve-its-spotty-climate-record/ |access-date=10 November 2021 |website=The National |date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109205227/https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/comment/2021/11/08/theres-still-time-for-turkey-to-improve-its-spotty-climate-record/ |url-status=live}}</ref> called for more urban climate adaptation, especially in low-income countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cop26: mayors release action agenda to accelerate global response |url=https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/cop26-mayors-release-action-agenda-to-accelerate-global-response-7113 |access-date=10 November 2021 |website=Smart Cities World |language=En |archive-date=10 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110081052/https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/cop26-mayors-release-action-agenda-to-accelerate-global-response-7113 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Socioeconomic transformation ===
==== Agriculture ====
45 countries, including the UK, U.S., [[Japan]], [[Germany]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Morocco]], Vietnam, Philippines, Gabon, Ethiopia, Ghana and [[Uruguay]], pledged to give more than $4 billion for transition to sustainable agriculture. The organization "Slow Food" expressed concern about the effectivity of the spendings, as they concentrate on technological solutions and reforestation in place of "a holistic agroecology that transforms food from a mass-produced commodity into part of a [[Sustainable food system|sustainable system]] that works within natural boundaries".<ref>{{cite news |last=Rosane |first=Olivia |title=45 Countries Pledge Over $4 Billion to Support Sustainable Agriculture, But Is It Enough? |url=https://www.ecowatch.com/cop26-sustainable-agriculture-2655521091.html |access-date=11 November 2021 |agency=Ecowatch |date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111122917/https://www.ecowatch.com/cop26-sustainable-agriculture-2655521091.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Transportation ====
[[File:390121 - EUS.jpg|thumb|[[Avanti West Coast]] [[British Rail Class 390|Class 390]] in COP26 Climate livery departs from [[Euston railway station|London Euston]].]]
The conference placed electric vehicles and pledges for vehicle electrification at the centre, including the electric OX truck,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-10 |title=Ox BEV displayed at COP26 climate conference |url=https://www.newpowerprogress.com/news/ox-bev-displayed-at-cop26-climate-conference/8016181.article |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=New Power Progress |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809174319/https://www.newpowerprogress.com/news/ox-bev-displayed-at-cop26-climate-conference/8016181.article |url-status=live }}</ref> while, according to activists, better investment and political will for sustainable transport modes have not been forced through with the focus not being on public transport and cycling.<ref>{{cite news |title='What if we just gave up cars?': Cop26 leaders urged to dream big |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/10/what-if-we-just-gave-up-cars-activists-press-cop26-leaders-to-dream-big |access-date=12 November 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=10 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112022910/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/10/what-if-we-just-gave-up-cars-activists-press-cop26-leaders-to-dream-big |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Fossil fuels ====
A draft text published on 10 November asked governments to accelerate phase-outs and [[Energy subsidy|desubsidization of fossil fuels]], the largest source of (anthropogenic) global greenhouse gas emissions,<ref>{{cite web |title=Greenhouse gases' effect on climate - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/energy-and-the-environment/greenhouse-gases-and-the-climate.php |website=eia.gov |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228232630/https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/energy-and-the-environment/greenhouse-gases-and-the-climate.php |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change Information Sheet 22 |url=https://unfccc.int/cop3/fccc/climate/fact22.htm |website=unfccc.int |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112122204/https://unfccc.int/cop3/fccc/climate/fact22.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change: Causation Archives |url=http://earthcharts.org/category/climate-change/climate-change-causation/ |website=EarthCharts |access-date=12 November 2021 |quote=In 2015 global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were about 47 GtCO2e, or 50GtCO2e including emissions from Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF). The majority of emissions (75% of total emissions) consist of CO2, and most of these are generated by burning of fuels (62% of total emissions). |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112144007/http://earthcharts.org/category/climate-change/climate-change-causation/ |url-status=live}}</ref> but was opposed by several countries with large fossil fuels based economic sectors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kottasová |first1=Ivana |last2=Cassidy |first2=Amy |title=Young people call for fossil fuel non-proliferation treaty as delegates spar over coal, oil and gas |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/11/11/world/fossil-fuels-cop26-young-activists-climate-intl/index.html |access-date=12 November 2021 |work=CNN |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111191453/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/11/11/world/fossil-fuels-cop26-young-activists-climate-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kottasová |first1=Ivana |last2=Dewan |first2=Angela |last3=Regan |first3=Helen |title=New draft of COP26 agreement includes unprecedented but weakened reference to fossil fuels |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/11/12/world/cop26-agreement-climate-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=12 November 2021 |work=CNN |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112075146/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/11/12/world/cop26-agreement-climate-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Abnett |first1=Kate |last2=Piper |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Jessop |first3=Simon |title=COP26 draft deal treads fine line to spur climate action |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/cop26-publishes-new-draft-declaration-kicking-off-more-horse-trading-2021-11-12/ |access-date=12 November 2021 |work=Reuters |date=12 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112081746/https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/cop26-publishes-new-draft-declaration-kicking-off-more-horse-trading-2021-11-12/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
===Beforehand and at the outset===
Business leaders and politicians including [[Jeff Bezos]], Prince Charles, Boris Johnson, Joe Biden and Angela Merkel who travelled to Glasgow in private airplanes were accused of hypocrisy by commentators and campaigners. Event planners, however, insisted that the conference would be carbon-neutral.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Beals |first=Rachel |date=2 November 2021 |title=Climate hotshots in hot seat over private jets and other habits expanding carbon footprint at COP26 |work=MarketWatch |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/climate-hotshots-in-hot-seat-over-private-jets-and-other-habits-expanding-carbon-footprint-at-cop26/ar-AAQf9i1 |access-date=3 November 2021 |issn= |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102220852/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/climate-hotshots-in-hot-seat-over-private-jets-and-other-habits-expanding-carbon-footprint-at-cop26/ar-AAQf9i1 |url-status=live}}</ref> Around 400 private jets arrived at Glasgow for the talks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/eco-hypocrite-leaders-businessmen-arrive-in-fuel-guzzling-private-jets-at-cop26-425903 |title='Eco-hypocrite': Leaders, businessmen arrive in fuel-guzzling private jets at COP26 |website=WION |date=November 2021 |access-date=6 November 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106041506/https://www.wionews.com/world/eco-hypocrite-leaders-businessmen-arrive-in-fuel-guzzling-private-jets-at-cop26-425903 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2021, the [[BBC]] reported that a huge leak of documents revealed that [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Japan]] and [[Australia]] were among countries asking the UN to play down the need to move rapidly away from [[fossil fuel]]s. It also showed that some wealthy nations (including [[Switzerland]] and Australia) were questioning paying more to poorer states to move to [[Environmental technology|greener technologies]]. The BBC reported that the lobbying raised questions for the COP26 climate summit.<ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: Document leak reveals nations lobbying to change key climate report |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-58982445 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=23 October 2021 |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102110331/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-58982445 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Australian government has been criticized for hosting a fossil fuel company at the summit, not enhancing its ambitions closer to its capacities, not pledging to reduce methane emissions and not pledging to phase out coal.<ref>{{cite news |last=Morton |first=Adam |title=Australian government refuses to join 40 nations phasing out coal, saying it won't 'wipe out industries' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/05/australia-refuses-to-join-40-nations-phasing-out-coal-as-angus-taylor-says-coalition-wont-wipe-out-industries |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=5 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107022713/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/05/australia-refuses-to-join-40-nations-phasing-out-coal-as-angus-taylor-says-coalition-wont-wipe-out-industries |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Funnell |first=Dominica |title=Australia dodges pledge to phase out coal by 2030s |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/australia-withholds-signature-from-cop26-pledge-to-phase-out-coal-by-2030s/news-story/4abef8f0ef59a1ee91a44c30505506d2 |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=SkyNews |date=4 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107234850/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/australia-withholds-signature-from-cop26-pledge-to-phase-out-coal-by-2030s/news-story/4abef8f0ef59a1ee91a44c30505506d2 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Crellin |first=Zac |title=Inside Australia's COP26 'propaganda' pavilion, which went viral for touting fossil fuel companies |url=https://thenewdaily.com.au/news/national/2021/11/03/australia-cop26-pavilion/ |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=[[The New Daily]] |date=3 November 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621004655/https://thenewdaily.com.au/news/national/2021/11/03/australia-cop26-pavilion/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Morton |first=Adam |title=Australia puts fossil fuel company front and centre at Cop26 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/nov/03/australia-puts-fossil-fuel-company-front-and-centre-at-cop26 |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=2 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106152048/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/nov/03/australia-puts-fossil-fuel-company-front-and-centre-at-cop26 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Paul |title=Coalition member hits out at PM over Macron, climate change on Q+A |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-05/australia-morrison-criticised-cop26-coal-macron-stoush-qa/100596086 |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=ABC News |date=4 November 2021 |language=en-AU |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106184110/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-05/australia-morrison-criticised-cop26-coal-macron-stoush-qa/100596086 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In an interview shortly before the conference, [[Greta Thunberg]], asked how optimistic she was that the conference could achieve anything, responded "Nothing has changed from previous years really. The leaders will say 'we'll do this and we'll do this, and we will put our forces together and achieve this', and then they will do nothing. Maybe some symbolic things and creative accounting and things that don't really have a big impact. We can have as many COPs as we want, but nothing real will come out of it."<ref name="hattenstone">{{Cite news |title=Interview: The transformation of Greta Thunberg |last=Hattenstone |first=Simon |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=25 September 2021 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2021/sep/25/greta-thunberg-i-really-see-the-value-of-friendship-apart-from-the-climate-almost-nothing-else-matters |access-date=25 September 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030164705/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2021/sep/25/greta-thunberg-i-really-see-the-value-of-friendship-apart-from-the-climate-almost-nothing-else-matters |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] voiced concerns in a private conversation overheard via a [[hot mic]], saying: "It's really irritating when they talk, but they don't do."<ref name="reuters"/>

COP26 feedback from experts like Edmond Fernandes, Fatemeh Rezaei<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fatemeh Rezaei |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=om3RNOMAAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> stated that a public health in all policies approach, built on a singular agenda to strengthen risk reduction initiatives, reduce the disease burden and also equip health systems to handle surge capacities will be critical for sustainability.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=Edmond |last2=Rezaei |first2=Fatemeh |date=2021-12-20 |title=Climate Actions, COP 26 and Implications on Public Health for Asia Pacific Region |url=https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/EpidemInternational/article/view/858 |journal=Epidemiology International |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1–2 |issn=2455-7048}}</ref>

=== Protests ===
[[File:Blah blah blah sign - Fridays for Future pre-COP26 Milano, Lombardy, Italy - 2021-10-01.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|alt=Enough blah blah blah sign|A sign at a [[Fridays for Future]] protest in [[Milan]], Italy, on 1 October 2021 (''basta'' means 'enough')]]
By 1 November, at the outset of the conference, the climate change activist Greta Thunberg criticized the summit at a protest in Glasgow with members from the organization [[School Strike for Climate|Fridays for Future]], saying "This COP26 is so far just like the previous COPs and that has led us nowhere. They have led us nowhere."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lukpat |first1=Alyssa |last2=Santora |first2=Marc |date=1 November 2021 |title=Greta Thunberg joins a protest in Glasgow. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/01/world/europe/greta-thunberg-cop26-glasgow.html |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101230425/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/01/world/europe/greta-thunberg-cop26-glasgow.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2021 |title=COP26: Thunberg tells Glasgow protest politicians are pretending |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-59116611 |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102021402/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-59116611 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 5 November, a [[Fridays for Future]] protest at which Thunberg spoke gathered thousands of people, largely schoolchildren. Attendees supported more immediate and far-reaching action on climate change. [[Glasgow City Council]] and most neighbouring councils stated that students would not be punished if parents informed their schools of the absence.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-59165781 |title=COP26: Greta Thunberg tells protest that COP26 has been a 'failure' |publisher=BBC News |date=5 November 2021 |accessdate=7 November 2021 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107005400/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-59165781 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 November—the Global Day of Action for Climate Justice—around 100,000 people joined a march in Glasgow, according to [[BBC News]], with coaches and group cycle rides organized for participants to travel from around the United Kingdom. The protests were the largest in Glasgow since [[15 February 2003 anti-war protests|anti-Iraq War marches in 2003]]. A London march drew 10,000 people according to police and 20,000 according to organizers.<ref name="BBC Nov6"/><ref name="Guardian Nov6"/> ''[[The Times]]'' anticipated that total participants would number over two million.<ref name="Horne">{{cite news |last=Horne |first=Marc |title=Extinction Rebellion, demos and disruption — Cop26 security challenges |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/scotland/article/cop26-glasgow-security-challenges-extinction-rebellion-kkzkmsg85 |work=[[The Times]] |date=26 October 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211026131303/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/cop26-glasgow-security-challenges-extinction-rebellion-kkzkmsg85 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=28 October 2021}}</ref> An additional 100 marches took place elsewhere in the country, with a total of 300 protests across 100 countries, according to ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name="Guardian Nov6"/> On 8 November, Fridays for Future activists including [[Dominika Lasota]] and [[Nicole Becker]] held a protest prior to a speech by former US president [[Barack Obama]], arguing that he had failed to fulfill his promise to provide {{USD|100}} billion in climate funding to developing countries. The protestors held banners stating, "Show us the money".<ref name="CNET_show_us_the_money"/>

[[Vanessa Nakate]] and indigenous activists gave speeches at Glasgow. Issues highlighted by protesters included putting corporate interests at the forefront and politicians' failure to address the climate emergency with the required urgency as well as its underlying causes. [[Kahnawake Mohawk]] people, ecology scientists, vegan activists, trade unionists and socialists were present at marches.<ref name="BBC Nov6">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-59185007 |title=COP26: Thousands march for Glasgow's biggest protest |publisher=BBC News |date=6 November 2021 |accessdate=7 November 2021 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107005359/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-59185007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Guardian Nov6">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/06/nicola-sturgeon-says-glasgow-climate-march-will-be-policed-appropriately |title='The time for change is now': demonstrators around the world demand action on climate crisis |work=[[The Guardian]] |last1=Brooks |first1=Libby |last2=Lakhani |first2=Nina |last3=Watts |first3=Jonathan |last4=Taylor |first4=Matthew |last5=Strzyżyńska |first5=Weronika |date=6 November 2021 |access-date=7 November 2021 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107005359/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/06/nicola-sturgeon-says-glasgow-climate-march-will-be-policed-appropriately |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Event organisation ===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Cop26 (51653407658).jpg
| image2 = COP26 Global Day of Action - Melbourne (51658363528).jpg
| caption1 = Protesters in Glasgow on 3 October
| caption2 = Protesters in [[Melbourne, Australia]], on 6 November, the Global Day of Action for [[Climate Justice]]
}}
One intended participant, the Israeli energy minister [[Karine Elharrar]], was unable to attend on 1 November due to [[Accessibility|wheelchair accessibility]] issues.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Disabled Israeli minister left out of inaccessible climate conference |url=https://www.jpost.com/environment-and-climate-change/disabled-israeli-minister-left-out-of-inaccessible-climate-conference-683730 |access-date=2 November 2021 |website=The Jerusalem Post |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102000840/https://www.jpost.com/environment-and-climate-change/disabled-israeli-minister-left-out-of-inaccessible-climate-conference-683730 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2021 |title=COP26: Boris Johnson apologises to minister over wheelchair access |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-59132811 |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102102037/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-59132811 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The sustainability of the COP26 menu was criticized by the animal and climate justice group [[Animal Rebellion]], with almost 60% of the menu being meat and dairy based, and [[Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture|dishes labelled as high-carbon]] being served at food stands.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 November 2021 |title=The COP26 menu is 'like serving cigarettes at a lung cancer conference' |url=https://www.bigissue.com/news/environment/cop26-haggis-the-most-unsustainable-dish-at-glasgow-climate-conference/ |access-date=3 November 2021 |website=The Big Issue |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103023404/https://www.bigissue.com/news/environment/cop26-haggis-the-most-unsustainable-dish-at-glasgow-climate-conference/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The head of catering at COP26, Lorna Wilson, said that staff had been "working towards" a catering strategy of 95% food from the UK and 5% from abroad. Wilson said the menu was 40% plant-based and 60% vegetarian overall. The event eliminated single-use cups and plastics.<ref>{{cite news |title=How green was the COP26 climate summit? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-59248023 |date=13 November 2021 |access-date=14 November 2021 |work=BBC News |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114010005/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-59248023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

There was concern about the inclusion and influence of large delegations of industries, particularly big polluting companies, and financial organizations involved in the causes of greenhouse gas emissions at the conference.<ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: Lobbying threat to global climate action |date=5 November 2021 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/cop26-lobbying-threat-to-global-climate-action/a-59726541 |access-date=12 November 2021 |work=Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com) |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112020341/https://www.dw.com/en/cop26-lobbying-threat-to-global-climate-action/a-59726541 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bbc0"/>

=== Further criticism ===
Further criticisms{{Who|date=November 2021}} of the results include that it needs not only commitments but also clear directions for mitigation and adaptation and robust mechanisms put in place for the relevant parties to be held accountable to their commitments.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Specia |first1=Megan |last2=Castle |first2=Stephen |title=Young Activists Want Action as Protesters Rally at COP26 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/05/world/europe/cop-protests.html |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=5 November 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106225147/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/05/world/europe/cop-protests.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[CNBC]], [[BBC]], [[Axios (website)|Axios]] and [[CBS News]] found that financial firms are not prevented from making [[Investment management|private investments]] in fossil fuels,<ref name="cnbc1"/><ref name="bbc2"/> that there is a lack of focus on and transparency of the quality—rather than quantity or amounts—of pledges,<ref name="cnbc1">{{cite news |last=Meredith |first=Sam |title=Flagship finance pledges at COP26 criticized for 'missing the point' on fossil fuels |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/03/cop26-climate-finance-pledges-missing-the-point-on-fossil-fuels.html |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=CNBC |date=3 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106170344/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/03/cop26-climate-finance-pledges-missing-the-point-on-fossil-fuels.html |url-status=live}}</ref> that ending deforestation by 2030 is too late,<ref>{{cite news |title=COP26 pledge will see nations commit to ending deforestation by 2030 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/deforestation-end-pledge-2030-cop26/ |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=CBS News |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106220604/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/deforestation-end-pledge-2030-cop26/ |url-status=live}}</ref> that countries need to publish comprehensive policy-plans on how they will achieve their targets,<ref name="bbc2">{{cite news |title=Climate change: What do scientists want from COP26 this week? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59212185 |access-date=9 November 2021 |work=BBC News |date=9 November 2021 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109014115/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59212185 |url-status=live}}</ref> and that the pledges are not mandatory, with no punishment mechanisms getting established at the conference<ref>{{cite web |last=Garfinkel |first=Noah |title=The major climate pledges made at COP26 so far |date=4 November 2021 |url=https://www.axios.com/cop26-pledges-list-country-organization-2c10af98-dc6d-4697-9514-2843e24b2e72.html |publisher=Axios |access-date=7 November 2021 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107123952/https://www.axios.com/cop26-pledges-list-country-organization-2c10af98-dc6d-4697-9514-2843e24b2e72.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and apparent content with a "self-regulation" approach for relevant organizations. According to critics, such issues could turn the conference into a "[[greenwashing]]" event of empty promises.<ref name="cnbc1"/><ref>{{cite news |title='COP26 is a failure': Thunberg leads youth from around the globe in Glasgow protests |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-06/greta-thunberg-leads-cop26-protests-climate-change-glasgow-youth/100599934 |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=ABC News |date=5 November 2021 |language=en-AU |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106173856/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-06/greta-thunberg-leads-cop26-protests-climate-change-glasgow-youth/100599934 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Le Dong Hai |title=California's carbon-offset disaster reveals why COP26 was a big disappointment |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/contributors/valley-voice/2021/11/27/californias-carbon-offset-disaster-and-disappointment-cop-26/8740979002/ |access-date=2021-11-27 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US |archive-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127175236/https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/contributors/valley-voice/2021/11/27/californias-carbon-offset-disaster-and-disappointment-cop-26/8740979002/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

There is a criticism about the lack of people from [[Most Affected People and Areas|most affected people and areas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=de Ferrer |first=Marthe |date=2021-11-01 |title=The missing voices of the most affected: Who isn't at COP26? |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/11/01/the-missing-voices-of-cop26-who-is-being-left-out-of-the-climate-conversation |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=euronews |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801161306/https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/11/01/the-missing-voices-of-cop26-who-is-being-left-out-of-the-climate-conversation |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kaossara Sani]] became one of the persons who came from this place and sent her criticism by sending her manifesto to [[Forbes]] about what happened in [[Sahel]] and her criticism to COP26.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vetter |first=David |date=2 November 2021 |title='Oppose This Climate Slavery': A Manifesto To COP26 From A West African Climate Activist |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidrvetter/2021/11/02/oppose-this-climate-slavery-a-manifesto-to-cop26-from-a-west-african-climate-activist/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315111429/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidrvetter/2021/11/02/oppose-this-climate-slavery-a-manifesto-to-cop26-from-a-west-african-climate-activist/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Academicians and practitioners on the field have floated several missing links of COP26 particularly the approach to climate change, disasters and public health consequences stemming from the meeting and how the neglect of healthcare will impact the Asia Pacific Region as a whole.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Actions, COP 26 and Implications on Public Health for Asia Pacific Region |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=jcGWKRsAAAAJ&citation_for_view=jcGWKRsAAAAJ:3fE2CSJIrl8C |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=scholar.google.com |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622224840/https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=jcGWKRsAAAAJ&citation_for_view=jcGWKRsAAAAJ:3fE2CSJIrl8C |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Misinformation ===
According to the [[Institute for Strategic Dialogue]] and a network of journalism organizations, the COP meeting became a target for climate misinformation, prominently "narratives of delay".<ref>{{Cite web |last=King |first=Jennie |title=Deny, Deceive, Delay: Documenting and Responding to Climate Disinformation at COP26 and Beyond |url=https://www.isdglobal.org/isd-publications/deny-deceive-delay-documenting-and-responding-to-climate-disinformation-at-cop26-and-beyond-full/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=ISD |language=en-GB |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610095053/https://www.isdglobal.org/isd-publications/deny-deceive-delay-documenting-and-responding-to-climate-disinformation-at-cop26-and-beyond-full/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Results ===
On 9 November, [[Climate Action Tracker]] reported that the global human [[civilization]] is on track for a 2.7 °C temperature increase [[Earth system science#Climate science|in the Earth system]] by the end of the century with current policies. The temperature will rise by 2.4 °C if the pledges for 2030 will be implemented, by 2.1 °C if the long-term targets will be implemented also and by 1.8 °C if in addition all the targets in discussion will be fully implemented. Current targets for 2030 remain "totally inadequate". Coal and natural gas consumption are the main cause for the gap between pledges and policies. They assessed pledges by 40 countries that account for 85% of pledged net-zero emissions cuts and found that only polities responsible for 6% of global greenhouse gas emissions—[[EU]], [[UK]], [[Chile]] and [[Costa Rica]]—have pledged a set of targets that they rated to be "acceptable" for comprehensiveness and for having a published detailed official policy{{nbhyph}}[[plan]] that describes the steps and ways by which these targets could be realized.<ref name="climateactiontracker1"/><ref name="stockwell-etal-2021">{{cite book |last1=Stockwell |first1=Claire |last2=Geiges |first2=Andreas |last3=Ramalope |first3=Deborah |last4=Gidden |first4=Matthew |last5=Hare |first5=Bill |last6=de Villafranca Casas |first6=Maria José |last7=Moisio |first7=Mia |last8=Hans |first8=Frederic |last9=Mooldijk |first9=Silke |last10 = Höhne |first10 = Niklas |last11=Fekete |first11=Hanna |title=Glasgow's one degree 2030 credibility gap: net zero's lip service to climate action |date=9 November 2021 |publisher=Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute |location=Berlin, Germany and Cologne, Germany |url=https://climateactiontracker.org/documents/997/CAT_2021-11-09_Briefing_Global-Update_Glasgow2030CredibilityGap.pdf | access-date = 10 November 2021| archive-date = 9 November 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211109231956/https://climateactiontracker.org/documents/997/CAT_2021-11-09_Briefing_Global-Update_Glasgow2030CredibilityGap.pdf | url-status = live}} {{open access}}</ref><ref name="harvey-2021">{{cite news |last=Harvey |first=Fiona |author-link=Fiona Harvey |date=9 November 2021 |title=Cop26: world on track for disastrous heating of more than 2.4C, says key report |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/09/cop26-sets-course-for-disastrous-heating-of-more-than-24c-says-key-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110005549/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/09/cop26-sets-course-for-disastrous-heating-of-more-than-24c-says-key-report |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=10 November 2021 |work=The Guardian |location=London, United Kingdom |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="hare-and-hoehne-2021">{{cite news |last1=Hare |first1=Bill |last2=Höhne |first2=Niklas |title=Cop26 is creating false hope for a 1.5C rise — the stark reality is very different |date=9 November 2021 |work=The Guardian |location=London, United Kingdom |issn=0261-3077 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/nov/09/cop26-false-hope-climate-analysis-targets | access-date = 10 November 2021| archive-date = 10 November 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211110014801/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/nov/09/cop26-false-hope-climate-analysis-targets | url-status = live}}</ref>

On 10 November, it was reported that the United States and China agreed on a framework to reduce [[carbon emissions]] by cooperating on measures to lower the use of [[methane]], phase out the use of coal and increased [[Forest protection|protection of forests]].<ref name="reuters1"/>

On 11 November, the [[Like-Minded Developing Countries]] (LMDC), a group of 22 countries including China and India, asked for the commitment to [[mitigation]] to be entirely removed from the draft text, as they apparently [[argument|argue]] that developing countries should not be held to the same deadlines as wealthier nations.<ref name="cnn20211111">{{cite news |last=Dewan |first=Angela |date=11 November 2021 |title=China and India among 22 nations calling for key section on emissions be ditched from COP26 agreement |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/11/world/china-india-bolivia-cop26-climate-intl/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 November 2021 |website=CNN |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111121227/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/11/world/china-india-bolivia-cop26-climate-intl/index.html}}</ref> The request was criticized as illogical and self-defeating as it would end up harming people in developing countries the most<ref name="cnn20211111"/> and an article in the ''[[The Daily Beast|Daily Beast]]'' described the request as an attempt by China to sabotage the draft commitment.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Jamie |title=China Is Sabotaging Big Climate Pledge at COP26 Conference, Says Report |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/china-is-sabotaging-big-climate-pledge-at-cop26-conference-says-report |agency=The Daily Beast |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111145106/https://www.thedailybeast.com/china-is-sabotaging-big-climate-pledge-at-cop26-conference-says-report |url-status=live}}</ref> China was responsible for around 27% of the world's current [[Greenhouse gas|GHG emission]]s in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=CO2 Emissions: All Countries - 2015–2020 - Climate TRACE |url=https://climatetrace.org/inventory#country |website=climatetrace.org – all countries |access-date=12 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112122206/https://climatetrace.org/inventory#country |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Schonhardt |first=Sara |title=China's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Exceed Those of All Other Developed Countries Combined |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chinas-greenhouse-gas-emissions-exceed-those-of-all-other-developed-countries-combined/ |access-date=13 June 2021 |work=Scientific American |language=en |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613210411/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chinas-greenhouse-gas-emissions-exceed-those-of-all-other-developed-countries-combined/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=China's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Exceeded the Developed World for the First Time in 2019 |url=https://rhg.com/research/chinas-emissions-surpass-developed-countries/ |website=[[Rhodium Group]] |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-date=17 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617173916/https://rhg.com/research/chinas-emissions-surpass-developed-countries/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference]]
* [[Politics of climate change]]
* [[Climate change in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Climate change in Scotland]]
* [[2021 in climate change]]

==References==
<references>
<ref name="eciu">{{cite web |url=https://eciu.net/briefings/international-perspectives/cop-26 |title=UK to host 2020 UN climate summit, COP26 |publisher=The Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit | access-date=16 December 2019 | archive-date=16 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216235142/https://eciu.net/briefings/international-perspectives/cop-26 | url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="CNET_show_us_the_money">{{cite news | last=Collins | first=Katie | title='Show us the money!' Young activists react to Barack Obama at COP26 | date=2021-11-08 |newspaper=[[CNET]] | url=https://www.cnet.com/news/politics/show-us-the-money-young-activists-react-to-barack-obama-at-cop26 |access-date= 2022-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717223453/https://www.cnet.com/news/politics/show-us-the-money-young-activists-react-to-barack-obama-at-cop26 |archive-date= 2022-07-17 |url-status=live }}</ref>
</references>

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web |date=11 February 2022 |title=Vietnam Releases Guidance on Implementation of COP26 Commitments |url=https://www.mayerbrown.com/en/perspectives-events/publications/2022/02/vietnam-releases-guidance-on-implementation-of-cop26-commitments |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Mayer Brown |language=en}}
* {{cite web |date=15 November 2021 |title=COP26: Key outcomes agreed at the UN climate talks in Glasgow |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop26-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-climate-talks-in-glasgow |access-date=16 November 2021 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/conferences/glasgow-climate-change-conference UNFCCC]
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/cgdwpywgeegt/cop26 BBC]
* [https://www.ipcc.ch/reports/ IPCC Reports]
* [https://climatefringe.org/ Fringe Events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108072134/https://climatefringe.org/ |date=8 January 2022 }}

{{United Nations climate change conferences}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:United Nations Climate Change Conference, 2021}}
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[[Category:Organised events in Glasgow]]
[[Category:Events postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:October 2021 in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:November 2021 in the United Kingdom]]
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[[Category:Presidency of Joe Biden]]
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Frans Balthazar Solvyns

2026-02-15T04:40:12Z

Santosh pathak:

{{Short description|Belgian painter, brought print-making to India (1760–1824)}}
[[File:François Balthazar Solvyns self-portrait.jpg|right|thumb|250px|''Self-portrait'']]

'''Frans Balthazar Solvyns''' or '''François Balt(h)azar(d)'''<ref>Birth name; Franciscus Balthazar Solvyns, also known as: Frans Balthazar Solvijns and Balthazar Solvijns</ref><ref name=rkd>[https://rkd.nl/explore/artists/73851 Frans Balthazar Solvyns] at the [[Netherlands Institute for Art History]]</ref><ref name=gilde>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SFhNAAAAcAAJ Peeters-Van Genechten, ''Jaerboek der vermaerde en kunstryke Gilde van Sint Lucas binnen de stad Antwerpen''], P. th. Moons-Van der Straelen, 1855, pp. 316-317 {{in lang|nl}}</ref> (6 July 1760 – 10 October 1824) was a [[Flemish people|Flemish]] marine painter, printmaker and ethnographer. While living and working in India from 1791 to 1803, he made many drawings of the manners and customs of the Indians, especially of Calcutta, which he later etched and published.<ref name=solv>[https://www.kaowarsom.be/en/notices_bio_solvyns_francois_balthazar Jan Vandersmissen, ''SOLVYNS (François Balthazar)''] at the Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences {{in lang|nl}}</ref> He is, along with [[Thomas Daniell]], considered one of the early pioneers in the field of print-making in India.<ref name="R3">{{cite web|url=http://www.laits.utexas.edu/solvyns-project/hardgraveportrait.html |title=Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr., ''Baltazard Solvyns in Calcutta - 1791-1804''|publisher=Laits.utexas.edu |date= |access-date=2012-02-10}}</ref><ref name="bal">{{cite web|url=http://www.forumrarebooks.com/application/upload/forum/files/pdf/cat-110.pdf |title=SOLVYNS, Baltazar - Les Hindous - p.140-141 |date= |access-date=2012-02-10}}</ref>

His collection of etchings provide a portrait of Calcutta's 18th century history, and the people and customs of [[Bengal]]. His encyclopaedic and systematic approach made him a pioneer of the systematic ethnography of the Indian population. His work had an important influence on 19th century Indian painting.<ref name="bal"/><ref name="R2">[http://www.laits.utexas.edu/solvyns-project/rlh.html The Solvyns Project - Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr. - The University of Texas at Austin]</ref>

==Life==
[[File:Marquis Cornwallis in 1793.jpg|thumb|260px|''Portrait of Il Netunno, later Marquis Cornwallis'']]
Solvyns was born in [[Antwerp]] in 1760 as the son of Maximiliaan (Maximilianus) Solvyns, a merchant, and Maria Elisabeth Abeloos. He studied from 1775 to 1778 at the [[Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp)|Academy of Fine Arts]] in Antwerp under the guidance of [[Andreas Bernardus de Quertenmont]]. On 30 April 1778 he enrolled in Paris at the Ecole de l'[[Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture]].<ref name=rkd/>

He pursued a career as a marine painter. His work as a painter and graphic artist enjoyed the appreciation of the Austrian governor-general at the court in Brussels. This led to government commissions to paint harbour views, including paintings of Antwerp shipping companies. The government's appreciation was also reflected in his appointment - at the age of sixteen - as captain of [[Fort Lillo]] on the left bank of the river [[Scheldt]] in Antwerp. [[Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen]], wife of the governor general of the [[Austrian Netherlands]] [[Albert Casimir, Duke of Teschen]], particularly favoured him. Thanks to her intervention, he was appointed captain of [[Royal Palace of Laeken|Laken Castle]], the residence of the governor general near Brussels. As his appointment was purely honorary, Solvyns was free to pursue his artistic career.<ref name=nbw>Hostyn, N., "Solvyns, Frans-Balthasar", in ''Nationaal Biografisch Woordenboek''], vol. X, Brussels: Koninklijke Academie van België, 1983, col. 594-599 {{in lang|nl}}</ref> He was commissioned by the government to make a large painting of the port of [[Ostend]]. The painting was successful and was soon copied and widely distributed through the print he asked the Frenchman [[Robert Daudet]] to make after the painting.<ref name=gilde/><ref name=solv/> The governor general commissioned him to make a painting of the city and port of Antwerp depicting the occasion on which the Imperial banner had been hoisted on the river Scheldt. He was later appointed captain of the frigate that guarded the Scheldt with effect from 10 August 1786. This position carried the benefit of a spacious home in Antwerp.<ref name=gilde/>
[[File:Budgerow (cropped).jpg|thumb|280px|''Budgerow'']]

He was one of the founders of a society of artists known as the ''Genootschap ter aanmoediging der Schoone Kunsten'' (known under its short form as the ''Konstmaatschappij'' (the 'Art Society')), which was established in Antwerp on 12 November 1788.<ref name=nbw/> Other founders included [[Balthasar Paul Ommeganck]], [[Pieter Faes]], Miss Herry, [[Jan Josef Horemans the Younger]], Ferdinand Verhoeven, [[Hendrik Aarnout Myin]], [[Hendrik Frans de Cort]], [[Mattheus Ignatius van Bree]], [[Maria Jacoba Ommeganck]], [[Marten Waefelaerts]] and many others. The objective of the society was the promotion and appreciation of the artworks of its various members in an informal setting<ref name=wil>Reginald Howard Wilenski, ''Flemish Painters: 1430–1830'', Viking Press, 1960, p. 418</ref>
[[File:Ramsinga.jpg|thumb|200px|left|''Ramsinga'']]

After the [[Brabant Revolution]] and the forced departure of the Austrians from the Austrian Netherlands in 1789, he decided to board in Ostend the ship ''Etrusco'' which set sail for Bengal in 1790. He arrived in Calcutta in 1791. He initially worked as journeyman artist making decorations for the upper middle class in the British [[Factory (trading post)|factory]], ensuring the luster of their festivals and spectacles, restoring works of art and decorating carriages. Solvyns made several trips through the interior of the Indian subcontinent. Inspired by the British Orientalist and [[Sanskrit]] scholar [[William Jones (philologist)|Sir William Jones]] who had founded the [[Asiatic Society]], he devised in 1794 the scheme to create a series of etchings that depict the everyday life of the inhabitants of the subcontinent.<ref name=solv/>
[[File:Richard Goodlad house in India 1793 2.jpg|thumb|290px|''The Residence of Richard Goodlad at Baruipur'']]

He published his first collection of about 250 etchings under the title ''A Collection of Two Hundred and Fifty Coloured Etchings: Descriptive of the Manners, Customs and Dresses of the Hindoos'' in Calcutta in 1796. More etchings followed in 1799. His etchings covered the [[Indian caste system|castes]] and their professions, costumes, means of transportation, modes of smoking, fakirs, musical instruments, and festivals.<ref name="R2"/> The project was a financial failure. The reason for the failure may have been that according to the prevailing European artistic tastes of his time his drawings were too monotonous and somber in colour. The themes themselves appealed to the popular imagination, and Edward Orne, a publisher in London, published in 1807 without permission of Solvyns a successful pirate version, dedicated to the costumes, with redesigned prints in warmer colours.<ref name=solv/>

After the failure of his project Solvyns returned to Europe in 1803.<ref name="bal"/>
Solvyns married the wealthy Mary Anne Greenwood, daughter of an English family residing in Ghent. The couple had three children. Their youngest son Hendrik (Henri) Solvyns acquired fame as a Belgian diplomat and was later ennobled.<ref name=solv/> In France, he reworked his etchings for a bilingual French/English edition (translated into English by his wife) entitled ''Les Hindous'', which was published in Paris in four volumes between 1808 and 1812 with the financial assistance of his wife. The publication comprised 48 parts with a total of 288 colour-printed plates, all finished by hand.<ref name=head>[http://www.donaldheald.com/pages/books/27627/frans-balthazar-solvyns/les-hindous SOLVYNS, Frans Balthazar (1760-1824) Les Hindoûs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229034420/http://www.donaldheald.com/pages/books/27627/frans-balthazar-solvyns/les-hindous |date=2014-12-29 }} at Donald A. Head</ref> This publication was again a commercial failure possibly as a result of the unrest caused by the [[Napoleonic Wars]], its high cost of production and the lack of interest among the local populace.<ref name="bal"/> The publication was to become an influential model for the so-called '[[Company style]]' of Indian painting in the 19th century with its drawings of 'occupations' for the British serving in India.<ref name=head/>

After the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], which included the former Austrian Netherlands, was formed in 1814 Solvyns returned to his birthplace Antwerp. [[William I of the Netherlands]] appointed him [[Captain of the Port]] in recognition of his accomplishments as an artist. Solvyns died in Antwerp on 10 October 1824.<ref name="bal"/><ref name="R2"/>

==Works==
* ''A Collection of Two Hundred and Fifty Coloured Etchings: Descriptive of the Manners, Customs and Dresses of the Hindoos'', Calcutta, 1796, [https://dams.antwerpen.be/asset/p1pBtHGsTUmFbDbXHiyQTZyw 1799].
* ''A Catalogue of 250 Coloured Etchings; Descriptive of the Manners, Customs, Character, Dress, and Religious Ceremonies of the Hindoos'', Calcutta: Mirror Press, 1799 (a 28 page-brochure).
* ''Les Hindoûs'', 4 vols. Paris: Chez L'Auteur, 1808–1812.
* ''The Costume of Indostan'' [pirated edition], London: Edward Orme [1804-05], 1807.

==Further reading==
* Borchgrave, de (Baron), "SOLVYNS (François Balthazar)", in ''Biographie Nationale'', vol. XXII, Bruxelles: Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, 1921–1924, [http://www.academieroyale.be/Academie/documents/FichierPDFBiographieNationaleTome2071.pdf col. 134-138].
* De Paepe, P., "Biographie Belge: Balthazard Solvyns, d'Anvers", ''Revue Belge'', vol. 7, 1837, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9e8UAAAAQAAJ p. 83-92].
* Delvenne, Guillaume, ''Biographie du royaume des Pays-Bas'', Liège: J. Desoer, vol. 2, 1829, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-bIDAAAAYAAJ p. 417-418].
* L(esbroussart), Philibert, "Notice biographique sur François-Balthazar Solvyns, auteur des Hindous", ''Messager des sciences et des arts. Recueil'' (Ghent), 1826, [https://archive.org/details/messagerdesscien1826soci/page/68 p. 68-76].

==References and notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PCk4AQAAIAAJ Portrait of the Hindus: Balthazar Solvyns & the European image of India, 1760-1824]''. Oxford University Press in association with Mapin Pub., 2004. {{ISBN|0-19-522041-2}}, 9780195220414
* [http://www.laits.utexas.edu/solvyns-project/hardgraveportrait.html A Portrait of Black Town - Baltazard Solvyns in Calcutta]
* [http://www.laits.utexas.edu/solvyns-project/sikhs.html An Early Portrayal of the Sikhs]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120118060210/http://www.adolphus.nl/xcrpts/xchardgr.html Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr. ''A Portrait of the Hindus: Balthazar Solvyns & the European Image of India 1760-1824 '']

{{Authority control (arts)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solvyns, Frans Balthazar}}
[[Category:1760 births]]
[[Category:1824 deaths]]
[[Category:Flemish marine artists]]
[[Category:Flemish landscape painters]]
[[Category:18th-century Flemish engravers]]
[[Category:Artists from Antwerp]]
[[Category:Ethnographers]]
[[Category:Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp) alumni]]
[[Category:18th-century Flemish painters]]
[[Category:18th-century male artists]]
[[Category:19th-century Flemish painters]]
[[Category:19th-century male artists]]

Sayed Tanveer Hashmi

2026-02-11T07:14:39Z

Santosh pathak: corrected formatting to improve readability

{{tone|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sayed Tanveer Hashmi
| image = File:Sayed Tanveer Hashmi New.jpg
| caption =
| other_names = Tanveer-e-Millat
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1972|11|22}}
| birth_place = [[Bijapur, Karnataka]], India
| alma_mater = [[Karnatak University]]
| known_for = President of [[Jamaat-e-Ahle Sunnat Karnataka]]
| occupation = President, Al Hashmi Educational Welfare & Charitable Trust
| children = 3
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sayed Mohiuddin Hussaini Peerzade''', also known as Sayed Tanveer Hashmi, is a [[Sufi]] leader and spiritual master from Bijapur Sharif, a [[Pir Hashim|Sufi shrine]] in Karnataka, India. Tanveer Hashmi is a patron of various academic, social, and other activities of Sufi Sunni Muslims in [[India]]. He belong to Hussiani Hashmi Family, the family of [[Ahl al-Bayt]]. His official name in Shajra Shareef (Sufi Order) is Syed Mohiuddin Hussaini Hashmi al-Qadri.

He was recently appointed as President of [[Jamaat-e-Ahle Sunnat Karnataka|Jamaat E Ahle Sunnat]], Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Peer Syed Tanveer Hashmi's views on Dr. Tahir ul Qadri|url=https://tahirulqadriquotes.blogspot.com/2019/01/peer-syed-tanveer-hashmis-views-on-dr.html|access-date=2021-05-20|website=Dr. Tahir ul Qadri Quotes|archive-date=29 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029121025/https://tahirulqadriquotes.blogspot.com/2019/01/peer-syed-tanveer-hashmis-views-on-dr.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He is also Founder President of Al Hashmi Educational Welfare & Charitable Trust, which is providing Islamic & Formal Education.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-11|title=Jamia Hashimpeer {{!}} Leading Islamic Educational Institute|url=https://jamiahashimpeer.org/|access-date=2021-05-20|website=Jamia Hashimpeer|language=en-US|archive-date=29 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029125528/https://jamiahashimpeer.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> He is The President of Muslim Muttahida Council (MMC),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/news/69545-karnataka-should-become-alcohol-free-says-a-p-aboobakar-musliyar|title=Karnataka should become alcohol-free, says A P Aboobakar Musliyar|date=2014-10-28|website=Coastaldigest.com - The Trusted News Portal of India, Coastal Karnataka|language=en|access-date=2020-02-28|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629055744/http://www.coastaldigest.com/news/69545-karnataka-should-become-alcohol-free-says-a-p-aboobakar-musliyar|url-status=live}}</ref> a consortium of Muslim organizations. He is also member of [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board|Muslim Personal Law Board]].

== Family ==
He was born on 22 November 1972, in Sufi City of Bijapur, in highly religious Sufi family of [[Pir Hashim]]. Hashimpeer came to Bijapur, Karnataka, which was under the rule of Ibrahim Adil Shah II. Under his influence Ibrahim Adil Shah then gave up un-Islamic practices.

Qutbul Aqtab Hashimpeer (Died: 7 of Ramdhan 948 Hijari 1646 AD) came to Bijapur, Karnataka on specific instructions from the Prophet of Islam. He was brought up in a highly scholastic atmosphere under the influence of Sayedna Vajhuddin Hussaini Gujrati, popularly known as Haider Ali Sani. It was during the rule of Ibrahim Adil Shah-II when Hazrath Hashimpeer arrived in Bijapur and it was his influence on the Adil Shahi dynasty that transformed the dynasty which was following Un-Islamic and Heretic practices. Hashim Pir was born in 1576–77 in the family of a wealthy judge of Ahmedabad, Qazi Burhan al-Din.Hazrat Hashimpeer was brought up in an incredibly educational environment as this was an effect of [[Wajihuddin Alvi|Sayed Shah Wajihuddin Hussaini Gujarati]], popularly known as Haider Ali Sani. This family belong to a prophetic lineage.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

== Activism ==
[[File:Sayed Tanveer hashmi With Shawki Ibrahim Abdel Karim Allam, Grand Mufti of Egypt.jpg|thumb|Sayed Tanveer Hashmi with [[Shawki Allam]], Grand Mufti of Egypt, during the World Sufi Forum in [[New Delhi]].]]

He has been attending various seminars and conferences including international conferences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aiumb.org/sunni-conference-amethi/|title=Sunni Conference Jagdishpur, Amethi,15 Dec 2013 – All India Ulama & Mashaikh Board|website=www.aiumb.org|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-date=2 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902071032/http://www.aiumb.org/sunni-conference-amethi/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sayed Tanveer Hashmi organised a protest against cartoons of [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/muslims-protest-against-cartoons-on-prophet/article3177984.ece|title=Muslims protest against cartoons on Mohamad|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 February 2006|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-date=29 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029123343/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/muslims-protest-against-cartoons-on-prophet/article3177984.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Sufis]]
* [[List of Maturidis]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.jamateahlesunnat.com/}}
*[http://imamhussain.org/english/newsandreports/26861 President of Ahle Sunnah Wal Jamaat of Karnataka, India: Through Imam al-Sajjad, we differentiate between Islam and terrorism]
*[https://english.varthabharati.in/karnataka/maulana-tanveer-hashmi-appeals-all-muslims-to-take-covid-vaccine Maulana Tanveer Hashmi appeals all Muslims to take Covid vaccine]
*[https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/is-the-vaccine-haram-doctors-dispel-myths-among-muslims-23178039 Karnataka’s influential Mulana Sayed Tanveer Hashmi, spoke in Bijapur about the benefits of vaccination]
*[http://www.milligazette.com/news/16780-unanimous-stand-of-indian-muslim-organizations-on-kashmir Unanimous stand of Indian Muslim Organisations on Kashmir]
*[https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/sc-to-decide-constitutional-validity-of-revocation-of-article-370-muslim-bodies/478336 SC to decide constitutional validity of revocation of Article 370: Muslim bodies]
*[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/people-who-believe-in-the-idea-of-india-will-continue-to-protest/article30335577.ece ‘Indian Muslims are so patriotic that they will live and die in India but never think of going to Pakistan’]

{{Sufi}}
{{Portal bar|Islam|Biography|India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hashmi, Sayed Tanveer}}
[[Category:Indian Sufi religious leaders]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bijapur, Karnataka]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Social leaders]]
[[Category:Barelvis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Muslim reformers]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Sunni Sufis]]

S. D. Sundharam

2026-02-10T03:11:12Z

Santosh pathak: data

{{Short description|Indian writer (1921–1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
|name = S. D. Sundharam
|image = S.d.sundaram.jpg
|caption =
|birth_name = Salem Doraisamy Aiya Sundaram
|birth_date ={{birth date|df=yes|1921|7|22}}
|birth_place = Athur, Salem District
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1979|3|10|1921|7|22}}
|death_place = Chennai
|other_names =
|known_for = Playwright, Screenplay writer, Lyricist
|education = Vidwan ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| occupation = Writer<ref>[http://www.tamilauthors.com/writers/india/S.D.Sundaram.html Writers] (in Tamil)</ref>
| title =
| spouse= Jayalakshmi Ammal
|children= 1 Daughter 3 Sons
|parents= Doraisamy Aiya Poongodhai Ammal
|relatives= Professor K. Kannar (Son-inlaw)
|signature =
|website=
|}}
'''S. D. Sundharam''' also written as '''S. D. Sundaram''', (22 July 1921 – 10 March 1979) was an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]] playwright, dialogue writer and lyricist. He also co-directed one Tamil feature film and produced and directed one documentary film. He played minor roles in a few films.<ref name=kavi>{{cite book|title=Kaviyin Kanavu|publisher=Vignesh Publishers, 19 New Colony, Joshya Street, Chennai -34 Phone: 28211134|year=2005|pages=3–6}}</ref>

==Early years==
He mastered memorising Tamil poetries such as Athichoodi, Konrai Vendhan, Pattinathar songs and Vallalar's Thiruarudpa. When he was 12 years old, he joined the drama troupe of Nawab Rajamanickam. Observing his proficiency in Tamil literature, Nawab Rajamanickam admitted him to the State College of Arts in Tiruvaiyaru. He graduated from there as ''Tamil Vidwan'' in First class.{{citation needed|date= December 2022}}

In 1942 he joined the Independence struggle and was sentenced to 9 months imprisonment at Thanjavur jail.<ref name=kavi />

==Drama career==
He again joined Nawab Rajamanickam's drama troupe after release from prison. While he was serving his sentence, he wrote a play titled ''Kaviyin Kanavu'' ({{langx|en|Poet's Dream}}) that was mostly his own dreams about Independence and a better world.<ref name=kavi />

With the blessings of his Guru, he joined Sakthi Krishnaswamy and staged his drama under the banner of ''Sakthi Naadaga Sabha'' ({{langx|en|Sakthi Drama Society}}). The drama was staged in 1945 with [[Sivaji Ganeshan]], [[M. N. Nambiar]] and S. V. Subbaiah in the lead roles.<ref name=kavi />

''Kaviyin Kanavu'' was so popular that in all it was staged more than 1500 times. Once, when the drama was staged in [[Nagapattinam]], the railway arranged a special train called "Kaviyin Kanavu Special" and took passengers from Thiruchi to Nagapattinam.<ref name=kavi />

==Film career==
He entered the film world writing dialogues for the film [[Mohini (1948 film)|Mohini]] that featured [[M. G. Ramachandran]] paired with [[V. N. Janaki]] for the first time.<ref name=kavi />

In 1953 he directed the film [[Manidhanum Mirugamum]] together with K. Vembu. He also wrote the dialogues and lyrics for the film. [[Sivaji Ganeshan]], [[K. Sarangapani]], Madhuri Devi and [[T. R. Ramachandran]] featured in the film.<ref name=kavi />

He produced and directed a documentary film titled ''Singanaadham Kedkudhu, Cheena Nagam Odudhu'' during the India - China war of 1962. The film was screened all over Tamil Nadu. All major artistes including Sivaji Ganeshan featured in this documentary.<ref name=kavi />

==Public service==
*He was elected and served as a member of the Upper House of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]] (upper house) from 1964 till 1968.<ref name=kavi />
*He served as the Secretary of the Tamil Nadu State Iyal Isai Naadaga Manram from 1968 till 1976.<ref name=kavi />

==Accolades==
*He was conferred with the award for best dialogue writer by the Tamil Nadu State Music and Drama Society in 1965.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
*In 1973, then-Prime Minister of India [[Indira Gandhi]] awarded him a bronze medal in connection with the 25th anniversary of India's independence. He was given the medal for staging a play titled ''Veera Suthandhiram'' commemorating those who died fighting for India's independence.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
*He was conferred with the President's Award for best dialogue writer by the Central Music and Drama Society in 1975.<ref name=kavi />

==Publications==
*Nam Thaai ({{langx|en|Our Mother}}) (Play) 1947)
*Vaanamudham - a collection of his poems. Published in the presence of [[Kannadasan]]. K. Kamarajar presided over the event. (1964)
*Gandhi Yugam ({{langx|en|Gandhi Era}})
*Kaviyin Kural ({{langx|en|Voice of (a) poet}}) (1974)
*Sirippadhikaaram (1974)
*Kaviyin Kanavu ({{langx|en|(a) Poet's Dream}}) - 4th Edition (1974)
*Maha Buddhisaaligal (1976)
*Indhiyaa Enge ({{langx|en|Where is India}}) (1976)

He also published a monthly magazine titled ''Ulaga Naadagam'' ({{langx|en|World Drama}}) from 1977<ref name=kavi />

==Filmography as screenwriter and lyricist==
*[[Mohini (1948 film)|Mohini]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mohini-1948/article3023927.ece | title=Mohini 1948 | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=19 October 2007 | accessdate= 3 February 2017|last=Guy|first=Randor|authorlink=Randor Guy | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20161102140201/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mohini-1948/article3023927.ece| archivedate=2 November 2016}}</ref>
*[[Laila Majnu (1949 film)|Laila Majnu]] (Telugu film dubbed into Tamil)<ref name=kavi />
*[[Manidhanum Mirugamum]] (1953)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp1.htm|title=Nadigar Thilagam Filmography|publisher=nadigarthilagam.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140904155229/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp1.htm|archive-date=4 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Vipra Narayana]] (1954)<ref name=kavi />
*[[Kalvanin Kadhali (1955 film)|Kalvanin Kadhali]] (1954)<ref name=kavi />
*[[Kokilavani]] (1956)
*[[Sarangadhara (1958 film)|Sarangadhara]] (1958)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp5.htm|title=Nadigar Thilagam Filmography|publisher=nadigarthilagam.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714151951/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp5.htm|archivedate=14 July 2011}}</ref>
*[[Kappalotiya Thamizhan]] (1961)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp8.htm|title=Nadigar Thilagam Filmography|publisher=nadigarthilagam.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140908155017/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp8.htm|archive-date=8 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Death==
He participated in the Vividh Bharati's ''Thaen Kinnam'' ({{langx|ta|தேன் கிண்ணம்}}) program produced by All India Radio, Chennai Station on 8 March 1979. The program was recorded on that date but was broadcast two days later, that was the day he died.<ref name=kavi />

He died on 10 March 1979 due to cardiac arrest.<ref name=kavi />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sundharam, S. D.}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:Actors in Tamil theatre]]
[[Category:Tamil dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Salem district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Mesua ferrea

2026-02-04T09:10:52Z

Santosh pathak: enhance structure based on references and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Ceylon ironwood
| image = Mesua ferrea at Kepong Botanical Garden 20230625 111956.jpg
| image_caption = Ceylon ironwood in Selangor, Malaysia.
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |last1=Amitha Bachan |first1=K.H. |last2=Devika |first2=M.A. |year=2024 |title=''Mesua ferrea'' |volume=2024 |article-number=e.T61987931A61987933 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T61987931A61987933.en |access-date=4 February 2026}}</ref>
| genus = Mesua
| species = ferrea
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="WorldFloraOnline"/>
| synonyms = ''Mesua coromandelina'' [[Robert Wight|Wight]] ''Mesua nagassarium'' ([[Burm.f.]]) [[Kosterm.]] ''Mesua pedunculata'' [[Robert Wight|Wight]] ''Mesua roxburghii'' [[Robert Wight|Wight]] ''Mesua sclerophylla'' [[Thw.]] ''Mesua speciosa'' [[Jacques Denys Choisy|Choisy]]
 ''Mesua stylosa''
}}

'''''Mesua ferrea''''', the '''Ceylon ironwood''', or '''cobra saffron''',<ref name="flowers">{{cite web|publisher=Flowers of India|url=http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Nag%20Kesar.html|title=Nag Kesar}}</ref> is a species in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Calophyllaceae]] native to the [[Indomalayan realm]]. This slow-growing tree is named after the heaviness and hardness of its [[timber]]. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental for its graceful shape, grayish-green [[foliage]] with a striking pink to red flush of drooping young leaves, and its large, fragrant white flowers. It is the [[national tree]] of [[Sri Lanka]], as well as the state tree of [[Mizoram]] and state flower of [[Tripura]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tripuratourism.gov.in/symbol|title=State Symbols of Tripura {{!}} Tripura Tourism Development Corporation Ltd.|website=tripuratourism.gov.in|access-date=2017-04-28}}</ref>

== Vernacular Names ==
In the Indian subcontinent, ''Mesua ferrea'' is known by various vernacular names. In Hindi and Sanskrit, it is called {{transliteration|hi|Nagkesar}} ({{lang|hi|नागकेसर}}). In Tamil, it is known as {{transliteration|ta|Vagai}} ({{lang|ta|வாகை}}); in Telugu, {{transliteration|te|Nagakesaramu}} ({{lang|te|నాగకేశరము}}); in Kannada, {{transliteration|kn|Nagakesara}} ({{lang|kn|ನಾಗಕೇಸರ}}); in Malayalam, {{transliteration|ml|Naagappoo}} ({{lang|ml|നാഗപ്പൂ}}); in Bengali, {{transliteration|bn|Nagkeshar}} ({{lang|bn|নাগকেশর}}) ; in Assamese {{transliteration|as|Nahor}} ({{lang|as|নাহৰ}}).<ref>{{cite book |last=Warrier |first=P. K. |title=Indian Medicinal Plants: A Compendium of 500 Species |volume=4 |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1995 |pages=253–254 |isbn=978-8173717055}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nadkarni |first=K. M. |title=Indian Materia Medica |volume=1 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2002 |pages=798–799 |isbn=978-8171548194}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
The species was first published in [[Carl Linnaeus]]'s book ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' on page 515 in 1753.''<ref name="Powo">{{cite web |title=''Mesua ferrea'' L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:428832-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=16 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>''

''Mesua ferrea'' is a [[Species complex|complex]] species and had been split into several species and varieties.<ref name="biotik">{{cite web |title=Mesua ferrea L. – Clusiaceae |url=http://www.biotik.org/india/species/m/mesuferr/mesuferr_en.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001052/http://www.biotik.org/india/species/m/mesuferr/mesuferr_en.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2012-12-06 |publisher=biotik.org}}</ref> A.J.G.H. Kostermans and Gunatilleke et al. call the tree described in this article ''Mesua nagassarium''.<ref name="Kostermans">{{cite book |last=Kostermans |first=A.J.G.H. |title=A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon |year=1980 |editor1-last=Dassanayaka |editor1-first=M.D. |volume=I |location=New Delhi |pages=107–110 |chapter=Clusiaceae (Guttiferae) |editor2-last=Fosberg |editor2-first=F.R.}}</ref><ref name="Gunatilleke">{{cite book |last1=Ashton |first1=M |url=http://www.wht.lk/storage/book_downloads/-Trees%20%20Shrubs.pdf |title=A Field Guide to the Common Trees and Shrubs of Sri Lanka |last2=Gunatilleke |first2=S |last3=de Zoysa |first3=N |last4=Dassanayake |first4=MD |last5=Gunatilleke |first5=N |last6=Wijesundera |first6=S |year=1997 |location=Colombo |page=140 |access-date=2012-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606141603/http://www.wht.lk/storage/book_downloads/-Trees%20%20Shrubs.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kostermans lists several subspecies of ''Mesua nagassarium''.<ref name="Kostermans" />

These authors list ''Mesua ferrea'' as a separate species, that is endemic to Sri Lanka and is a small, 15 meters high tree that grows near streams and in marshes in the southwest of Sri Lanka, where it is called "Diya Na" in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], meaning "Water Na Tree". This "Diya Na" is not cultivated.<ref name="Kostermans" /><ref name="Gunatilleke" /> Gunatilleke et al. (p. 139), however, remark in a footnote: "In the most recent revision ''diya na'' is named as ''[[Mesua thwaitesii]]'' and ''na'' as ''Mesua ferrea''".<ref name="Gunatilleke" />

Kostermans and Gunatilleke et al. classify ''Mesua ferrea'' in the family [[Clusiaceae]], while in the AgroForestryTree Database it is allocated to the [[Guttiferae]].<ref name="Kostermans" /><ref name="Gunatilleke" /> In [[Plants of the World Online]],<ref name="Powo"/> and [[World Flora Online]] it is in the [[Calophyllaceae]] family.<ref name="WorldFloraOnline">{{cite web |title=''Mesua ferrea'' L. |url=https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0001296121 |website=worldfloraonline.org |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref>

===Varieties===
* ''Mesua ferrea'' var. ''coromandeliana'' {{au|(Wight) N.P.Singh}}
* ''Mesua ferrea'' var. ''ferrea''

==Description==
[[File:നാഗപ്പൂവു്.jpg|thumb|right]]
The tree can grow over {{convert|30|m|abbr=on}} tall, often buttressed at the base with a trunk up to {{convert|2|m|abbr=on}} in diameter. The bark of younger trees has an ash grey color with flaky peelings, while of old trees the bark is dark ash-grey with a red-brown blaze. It has simple, opposite, narrow, oblong to lanceolate, blue-grey to dark green leaves that are {{convert|7–15|cm|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1.5–3.5|cm|abbr=on}} wide, with a whitish underside.The emerging young leaves are red to yellowish-pink and characteristically drooping. In contrast, mature leaves exhibit a dark-green adaxial surface, while the abaxial surface appears whitish due to a waxy coating. This wax layer contains nanoscale structures that render the surface water-repellent and hydrophobic, thereby helping to deter insect adhesion.<ref>{{cite journal
|last1=Dubey
|first1=M. C.
|last2=Mohanta
|first2=D.
|last3=Sikarwar
|first3=B. S.
|title=Distinct partial and complete droplet bouncing states on (super)hydrophobic leaf surfaces with ultra-low-to high-adhesion textural features
|journal=Journal of Applied Physics
|volume=138
|issue=5
|pages=054703
|year=2025
|doi=10.1063/5.0272845
|doi-access=free
}}</ref> The branches are slender, terete and glabrous. The bisexual [[flower]]s are {{convert|4–7.5|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter, with four white petals and a center of numerous orange yellow stamens. The fruit is an ovoid to globose capsule with one to two seeds.<ref name=biotik/>

== Distribution and habitat ==
It is native to wet, tropical parts of Sri Lanka, India, southern [[Nepal]], [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], [[Indochina]], the [[Philippines]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], where it grows in evergreen forests, especially in river valleys. In the eastern Himalayas and [[Western Ghats]] in India it grows up to elevations of {{convert|1500|m|abbr=on}}, while in Sri Lanka up to {{convert|1000|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="biotik" /><ref name="Kostermans" /><ref name="Gunatilleke" />

==In culture and heritage==

===History of the tree in Sri Lanka===
In the dry zone of Sri Lanka, where ironwood trees normally do not grow wild, large, old ironwood trees can be seen around the remains of ancient Buddhist monasteries on rocky hills around [[Dambulla]] such as [[Na Uyana Aranya]], Namal Uyana, Na-golla Aranya, Pidurangala near [[Sigiriya]], Kaludiya Pokuna near [[Kandalama]], and [[Ritigala]]. They are probably the descendants of trees planted as ornamentals in the monasteries in ancient times during the [[Anuradhapura]] period. Older trees form suckers or shoots from the base of the trunk, which become new trees when the old trunk falls down; therefore the bases and roots of some ironwood trees in these sites might be very old.<ref>{{cite web|first=Bhikkhu|last=Nyanatusita|url=http://www.bps.lk/library_other_publi.php%20|title=Forest Monasteries and Meditation Centres in Sri Lanka}}</ref>

===Buddhism===
In [[Theravada Buddhism]], this tree is said to have used as the tree for achieved enlightenment, or Bodhi by four past [[Buddha]]s: [[Maṅgala Buddha|Mangala]] (මංගල), Sumana (සුමන), Revata (රේවත), and Sobhitha (සෝභිත).

Buddhists believe that the next Buddha [[Maitreya]] will also [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|awaken]] under this tree. In Buddhist texts, it is often called ''nāgapuṣpa'' in Sanskrit and ({{lang|zh|龍華樹}} {{transliteration|zh|lónghuā shù}}) in Chinese.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/3/0/3023#:~:text=Oldest%20man%2Dmade%20forest%20in,tree%2C%20and%20Maitreya%20is%20traditionally|title=NParks Mesua ferrea}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Shōtarō|last1=Iida|first2=Jane|last2= Goldstone|url=https://www.bdkamerica.org/product/the-sutra-that-expounds-the-descent-of-maitreya-buddha-and-his-enlightenment-and-the-sutra-of-manjusris-questions/|title=The Sutra That Expounds the Descent of Maitreya Buddha and His Enlightenment}}</ref>

==Uses==
As the English name indicates, the wood of this tree is very heavy, hard and strong. The density is 940 to 1,195 kg/m3 (59 to 75 lb/ft3) at 15% moisture content. The colour is deep dark red. It is hard to saw and is mainly used for railroad ties and heavy structural timber.

In Sri Lanka the pillars of the 14th century Embekke Shrine near Kandy are made of iron tree wood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatmirror.com/index.cfm?navid=978|title=Sri Lanka: Embekke}}</ref>

The flowers, leaves, seeds and roots are used as herbal medicines in India, Malaysia, etc.<ref name=biotik/><ref name=flowers/> and in [[Nag Champa|nag champa]] incense sticks.

In the northeastern state of [[Assam]], India, its seed oil was used daily for lighting in the evenings (while mustard oil was used for religious, health and culinary purposes) before the introduction of [[kerosene]] by the British.

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Mesua ferrea leaf.png|alt=Mesua ferrea leaf
File:Mesua ferrea - Young leaves.jpg|alt=Mesua ferrea - Young leaves and flowers.|Young leaves and flowers
File:Mesua ferrea - Young leaves and flowers..jpg|alt=Mesua ferrea - Young leaves and flowers|Young leaves and flowers
File:Mesua ferrea – Young fruit.jpg|alt=Mesua ferrea – Young fruit|Young fruit
File:Mesua ferrea – Ripe fruits.jpg|alt=Mesua ferrea – Ripe fruits|Ripe fruits
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian timber trees]]
*[[Nagkesar seed oil]]

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=Elsevier/Mosby |isbn=0-7234-3410-7 }} Contains a detailed monograph on ''Mesua ferrea'' (Nagakeshara) as well as a discussion of health benefits and usage in clinical practice. Available online at https://web.archive.org/web/20101229121750/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/312-nagakeshara
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070312182749/http://www.acs.ac.th/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=239&Itemid=203 Sriracha College: ''Mesua ferrea''](in [[Thai language|Thai]]; numerous photos)

{{Tripura}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2001737}}

[[Category:Mesua|ferrea]]
[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]
[[Category:National symbols of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Symbols of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Symbols of Tripura]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Trees in Buddhism]]

List of countries and territories where Tamil is an official language

2026-01-31T21:56:06Z

Santosh pathak: General cleanup and improvements

{{short description|None}}[[File:Tamil Verbreitung.png|thumb|Distribution of Tamil speakers in the [[Indian subcontinent]].]][[File:Rajendra map new.svg|thumb|Historical map of the [[Chola Empire]], where Tamil was the language of administration.]]
The following is a '''list of [[sovereign state]]s and [[Territory (country subdivision)|territories]] where [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is an [[official language]]''' or language of government.

Tamil is the 17th [[List of languages by number of native speakers|most spoken language]] in the world. Tamil language speakers make up approximately 1.06% of the world population. The Tamil language is native to [[Tamil Nadu]] ([[India]]), [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] (India) and [[Sri Lanka]], where most of the native Tamil speaking population is highly concentrated. Tamil is also recognized as a [[Classical language in India|classical language]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2004 and was the first language to achieve such status.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stein|first=Burton|date=1977-01-01|title=Circulation and the Historical Geography of Tamil Country|jstor=2053325|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=37|issue=1|pages=7–26|doi=10.2307/2053325}}</ref> Tamil is one of the 22 official languages of India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rajbhasha.nic.in/en/languages-included-eighth-schedule-indian-constution|title=Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian {{as written|Const|ution [sic]}} {{!}} Department of Official Language {{!}} Ministry of Home Affairs {{!}} GoI|website=www.rajbhasha.nic.in|access-date=2019-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512053054/http://www.rajbhasha.nic.in/en/languages-included-eighth-schedule-indian-constution|archive-date=2018-05-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Tamil was one of the prominent languages of trade in the region during the pre-colonial era. Tamil mercantile guilds like [[Ainnurruvar]] were active in Southeast Asia, and several Tamil inscriptions and coins can be found in parts of Asia and Africa such as in China, Cambodia, Egypt and Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archaeologyindia.com/tamilinscriptions.asp | publisher=Archaeology India | title=Tamil Inscriptions | quote=Tamil Inscriptions of Egypt and Thailand | access-date=2013-05-07 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117153259/http://archaeologyindia.com/tamilinscriptions.asp | archive-date=2013-01-17 | url-status=dead }}</ref> During the 18th century, [[British Empire|British]] and [[French colonial empire|French]] colonial rulers relocated several Tamil citizens to their other colonial possessions in Asia and Africa, which today contain sizeable Tamil-speaking communities as a result.

==Sovereign states==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sovereign state
! Tamil-speaking population{{Ref|population|1}}
! Notes
|-
| nowrap | {{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Singapore]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2000/sp24112000_print.htm | publisher=Ministry of Education, Government of Singapore | title=Education in a Multicultural Setting - The Singapore Experience | first=Aline | last=Wong | access-date=2009-01-18 | date=2000-11-24 | quote=There are four official languages: English, Chinese, Malay and Tamil. | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504182452/http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2000/sp24112000_print.htm | archive-date=2008-05-04 }}</ref>
|align="left" | 688,591<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf|title=Department of Statistics, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Republic of Singapore|website=Census of population 2010|publisher=Department of statistics Singapore|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516214219/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf|archive-date=2017-05-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| Co-official language, along with [[English language|English]], [[Malay language|Malay]], and [[Singaporean Mandarin|Mandarin]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lanka]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.languagesdept.gov.lk/ | title=Language Dept Sri Lanka |quote=Tamil and Sinhala official language of Sri Lanka}}</ref>
|align="left" | 4,200,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/Activities/Reports/FinalReport/Population/Table%20A3.pdf|title=Census of Population and Housing of Sri Lanka, 2012|website=Census of Population and Housing of Sri Lanka, 2012|publisher=Department of Census and Statistics-Sri Lanka}}</ref>
| Co-official and national language, along with [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
|}

==Dependent entities==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Entity
! Tamil-speaking population
! Notes
|-
| nowrap | {{flagicon|India}} [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]a<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/puducherry/1965/1965Pondicherry3.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911084318/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/puducherry/1965/1965Pondicherry3.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=September 11, 2014|title=The Pondicherry Official Languages Act, 1965|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref> || {{nts|1,244,464}} || Co-official language, along with [[Malayalam]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| nowrap | {{flagicon|India}} [[Tamil Nadu]]b<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/tamil_nadu/1956/1956TN39.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216072926/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/tamil_nadu/1956/1956TN39.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=February 16, 2016|title=The Tamil Nadu Official Language Act, 1956|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref> || {{nts|72,138,958}} || Official language, whereas [[English language|English]] may be used as an associate language for official purposes.
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan = "3" |a. [[Union territory]] of [[India]]. b. State of India.
|}

==International institutions==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Institution
! Languages
|-
| [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN)
| [[English language|English]] (working language), [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Filipino language|Filipino]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Khmer language|Khmer]], [[Lao language|Lao]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Thai language|Thai]] and [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/images/2013/resources/publication/2012%20-%20The%20ASEAN%20Charter%20in%20English%20and%20ASEAN%20Languages%20(May).pdf |title=The ASEAN Charter |work=ASEAN}}</ref>
|}

==Recognised as a minority language==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Country
! Tamil-speaking population
! Notes
|-
| {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Malaysia]] || {{nts|1,800,000}} || The Malaysian government recognizes Tamil as a minority language along with [[Chinese language|Chinese]]. The "national-type" school's medium of instruction is either in Tamil or Chinese.<ref>[https://unchronicle.un.org/article/national-identity-and-minority-languages National Identity and Minority Languages]</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Mauritius}} [[Mauritius]] || {{nts|72,089}} || Tamils were the first immigrants to be brought to Mauritius by the [[French colonial empire|French]]. Later, the [[British Empire|British]] would also bring Tamils to fight against the French. In recognition of their impact on the country's history, Tamil is one of the languages featured on the [[Mauritian rupee|currency of Mauritius]].<ref>[http://tamilelibrary.org/teli/mauritius1.html A Brief History of the Tamils of Mauritius]</ref>
|-
| nowrap | {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South Africa]] || {{nts|600,000}} || The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 1: Founding Provisions states that "A Pan South African Language Board established by national legislation must promote and ensure respect for all languages commonly used by communities in South Africa, including... Tamil" along with several other minority languages.<ref>[http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 1: Founding Provisions - South African Government]</ref>
|}

==Dependent entities and territories where Tamil was formerly an official language==
{| class="wikitable"
! Entity
!Population
!Time period
! Notes
|-
| nowrap | {{flagicon|India}} [[Haryana]]a
|10,572
|1969–2010
|Tamil was once given nominal official status in Haryana as a rebuff against [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. Although, it never served any practical purpose. However, it was later replaced with Punjabi in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-punjabi-edges-out-tamil-in-haryana-1356124|title=Punjabi edges out Tamil in Haryana|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref>
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan = "4" |a. State of India. b. Former [[List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies|unrecognized]] [[quasi-state]] in [[North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|northeastern]] [[Sri Lanka]].
|}

==See also==
* [[Tamil population per nation]]
* [[Tamil population by cities]]
* [[States of India by Tamil speakers]]
* [[Tamil Loanwords in other languages]]
* [[Tamil language]]
* [[Tamil people]]
* [[List of languages by first written accounts]]
* [[Tamil keyboard]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Geographical distribution of languages}}
{{Countries and languages lists}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Countries and territories}}
[[Category:Tamil language-related lists|*]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Tamil is an official language|*]]

List of countries and territories where Tamil is an official language

2026-01-31T21:56:06Z

Santosh pathak: General cleanup and improvements

Gurusaday Museum

2026-01-18T22:40:28Z

Santosh pathak: cleanup article for clarity and fixed typos

{{Short description|Folk arts and crafts museum in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Gurusaday Museum
| logo =
| image = Gurusaday Museum.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}}
| former_name =
| established = {{Start date and age|1963}}
| dissolved = 
| location = P6, Diamond Harbour Rd, Diamond Park, [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] 700104
| type = [[Ethnographic museum]]
| accreditation =
| key_holdings =
| collections =
| collection_size =
| visitors =
| founder = [[Gurusaday Dutt]]
| executive_director =
| director =
| president =
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| publictransit =
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| embedded =
}}
The '''Gurusaday Museum''' is a folk arts and crafts museum located in [[Kolkata]], [[India]].

==History==
The eminent Indian [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] officer and folklorist, [[Gurusaday Dutt]] collected over 3000 artifacts in the course of his entire career, spanning from 1905 to 1941. The bulk of the artifacts were collected between 1929 and 1939. Dutt has been referred to as, arguably, one of the foremost pioneers in the field of conservation of folk art and culture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hauser |first=Beatrix |date=2002 |title=From Oral Tradition to 'Folk Art': Reevaluating Bengali Scroll Paintings |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178679 |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |publisher=Nanzan University |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=105–122 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Pika |date=2005 |title=Narrating Kṛṣṇa's Biography: Temple Imagery, Oral Performance, and Vaiṣṇava Mission in Seventeenth-Century Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25261819 |journal=Artibus Asiae |publisher=Artibus Asiae Publishers |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=39–85 }}</ref> The notable Bengali historian [[Niharranjan Ray|Nihar Ranjan Roy]] once commented: "Gurusaday Dutt had revealed the origin and flow of folk art and culture with the insight of an expert jeweller, who can easily identify a real stone".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chakrabarti |first=Asis K |date=2008 |title=The Tradition of Scroll Paintings with a Special Emphasis on Lord Jagannatha |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2008/November-2008/engpdf/13-18.pdf |journal=Orissa Review |pages=13–18 |via=Odisha Government}}</ref>

After his passing away his belongings, especially the artifacts, were collected in an estate which was placed under the supervision of a trust of which the two original trustees were his brother-in-law, Major (Honorary) Basanta Kumar De, Commercial Traffic Manager (retired),<ref name="liveslessforgotten1">{{Cite web |url=http://rajsaday.com/?p=1950 |title=Lives Less Forgotten: Basanta Kumar De |access-date=21 August 2017 |archive-date=29 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029154559/http://rajsaday.com/%3Fp%3D1950 |url-status=dead }}</ref> of the [[Bengal Nagpur Railway|BNR]], who was the family nominee on the board of the trust and Shri Subimal Ray, [[Barrister|Bar-at-law]], formerly Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]], who was the legal adviser to the trust. Dutt's son, Birendrasaday Dutt, Esq.,<ref name="liveslessforgotten">{{Cite web |url=http://rajsaday.com/?p=83 |title=Lives Less Forgotten: Birendrasaday Dutt |access-date=21 August 2017 |archive-date=29 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029154554/http://rajsaday.com/%3Fp%3D83 |url-status=dead }}</ref> formerly of the Burma Shell, was also closely involved in the management of these artifacts. Based on the recommendations made by the two members of the trust and his son, the Bengal Bratachari Society founded the museum. Later, these artifacts were shifted to the newly established museum built in Joka, Kolkata. The museum building was formally opened in the presence of the then-chief minister of West Bengal, Dr. [[Bidhan Chandra Ray]] in 1961 and the galleries were opened in the presence of the education minister of India, [[Professor]] [[Humayun Kabir (Bengal politician)|Humayun Kabir]] in 1963.

The museum was administered by Dutt's daughter-in-law, [[Aroti Dutt]], who was its long-time chairperson. The historian, [[Barun De]], was a family nominee on the board of the museum for several years.<ref name="liveslessforgotten2">{{Cite web |url=http://rajsaday.com/?p=1958 |title=Lives Less Forgotten: Barun De |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=29 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029154558/http://rajsaday.com/?p=1958 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The museum is an autonomous body, which has been under the guidance of the Ministry of Textiles of the Government of India since 1984.

==Collections==
Its collection includes archaeological objects, deities, manuscripts, masks, musical instruments, paintings, textiles and woodwork.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gurusadaymuseum.org/collection.htm |title=Collections of the Gurusaday Museum |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-date=31 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031191648/http://www.gurusadaymuseum.org/collection.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Pika |title=Making Kantha, Making Home: Women at Work in Colonial Bengal |publisher=The University of Washington Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780295746999 |location=Seattle}}</ref>

== Present status ==
In 2017, the central government stopped funding for the Gurusaday Museum and since then the museum had resorted to crowd-funding in order to sustain itself.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Anasuya |date=February 23, 2020 |title=Centre's plan to shift artefacts from Gurusaday Museum to the Indian Museum |work=The Telegraph India Online |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/centre-s-plan-to-shift-artefacts-from-gurusaday-museum-to-the-indian-museum/cid/1748001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Anasuya |date=January 15, 2018 |title=Folk museum faces closure |work=The Telegraph India Online |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/folk-museum-faces-closure/cid/1408467}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Snigdhendu |date=April 18, 2019 |title=World Heritage Day: Only museum of Bengal’s cultural history looks to crowdfunding for survival |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/world-heritage-day-only-museum-of-bengal-s-cultural-history-looks-to-crowdfunding-for-survival/story-h23qaIJm5w1y694jngG2wJ.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dutta Majumdar |first=Arkamoy |date=April 21, 2018 |title=Will the curtain fall on Gurusaday Museum? |work=Livemint |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/will-the-curtain-fall-on-gurusaday-museum-111645378888680.html}}</ref> The central government proposed to transfer all the artefacts present in the Gurusaday Museum to the [[Indian Museum]]. This decision which may have been taken independently of the staff at Gurusaday Museum was met with widespread criticism.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujaan |date=February 16, 2018 |title=If this rare Kolkata museum shuts down, Bengal will lose a part of its soul |work=Scroll.in |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/868443/if-this-rare-kolkata-museum-shuts-down-bengal-will-lose-a-part-of-its-soul}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Indrajit |date=March 3, 2018 |title=Bengali diaspora laments close down of Gurusaday Museum |work=Get Bengal |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/bengali-diaspora-laments-close-down-of-gurusaday-museum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 18, 2020 |title=Kolkata's Gurusaday Museum seeks financial support from Centre |work=ANI News |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/kolkatas-gurusaday-museum-seeks-financial-support-from-centre20200518112904/}}</ref> As of December 2022, the museum has been temporarily closed to visitors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 20, 2022 |title=Gurusaday Museum shut down: “A National Treasure of Indian Heritage” and unique collection of Dokra Metal craft – West Bengal |work=Tribal Cultural Heritage in India |url=https://indiantribalheritage.org/?p=36733#gsc.tab=0}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of museums in West Bengal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.gurusadaymuseum.org}}

[[Category:Museums in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]
[[Category:Folk art museums and galleries]]

{{India-museum-stub}}
{{ethnographic-museum-stub}}

Centre for Airborne Systems

2026-01-08T15:51:24Z

Santosh pathak: corrected formatting and added references per sources

{{Short description|Indian defence research organisation}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Laboratory
|name = Centre for Airborne Systems
|motto = Meet the technological challenges of Airborne Surveillance Systems
|logo =
|image =
|established = 1 February 1991
|city = [[Bengaluru]]
|research_field = Airborne electronic systems
|type =
|director = Shri Sandhya
|staff =
|budget =
|operating_agency = [[DRDO]]
|affiliations =
|address =

|campus =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
The '''Centre for Airborne Systems (CABS)''' is a laboratory of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) of [[India]]. Located in [[Bengaluru]], its primary function is development and evaluation of airborne electronic systems for military applications.

== History ==
{{main|Airborne Surveillance Platform}}
CABS was set up in 1991 to lead the Airborne Surveillance Platform (Airawat) project. Its task was to develop airborne electronic systems on a flying platform for early warning, command and control functions.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/asp.htm |title=Airborne Surveillance Platform |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date=1999-01-12 |accessdate=2012-01-28}}</ref> The programme was carried on until 1999 when the flying platform HS 748 crashed in Tamil Nadu killing all the eight people on board [4 from IAF and 4 from DRDO out of which two were from CABS (Mr P Elango and Mr Shaju)].

==EMB 145 AEW&C project==
[[Embraer]] and the [[Government of India|Indian Government]] have signed a deal for three [[Embraer ERJ 145|Embraer 145]] AEW&C ([[Airborne early warning and control|Airborne Early Warning & Control]]) jets. The contract includes a comprehensive logistics package comprising training, technical support, spare parts, and ground support equipment.

The ERJ 145 platform, currently being used on [[Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance|Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance]] (ISR) missions in Brazil, Mexico and Greece, will join the [[DRDO AEW&CS|AEW&C programme]] under the responsibility of India's Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO).<ref name=acig>{{cite web|url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_533.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060111124408/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_533.shtml |url-status=usurped |archive-date=11 January 2006 |title=India's flying Testbeds |publisher=Acig.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-28}}</ref>

On 17 August 2012, India received the first Embraer 145 Airborne Early Warning and Control Aircraft, built with Indian technology. It is claimed as a major breakthrough in mounting an electronic eye in the sky for India.<ref name="then">{{cite web |title=India gets first Embraer jet with Indian airborne radar tech |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article3785186.ece |accessdate= 18 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="ie">{{cite web |title=India gets first Embraer jet with Indian airborne radar tech |date=17 August 2012 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-gets-first-embraer-jet-with-indian-airborne-radar-tech/989584/0 |accessdate= 18 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="bus">{{cite web |title=DRDO takes delivery of aircraft designed for AEW&C |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/drdo-takes-delivery-of-aircraft-designed-for-aew-c-112081700550_1.html|date=25 January 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|accessdate=5 July 2018}}</ref>

The aircraft is fitted with Indian airborne [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar, giving it the capability to detect missiles and hostile fighters at all angles. Programme Director, Christopher was quoted by the media as saying, "The new EMB 145 would have airborne Active Electronic Scanned Array (AESA) radar designed by DRDO’s Bengaluru-based Centre for Airborne Systems (CABS). DRDO will integrate other mission systems in India and deliver the aircraft to the [[Indian Air Force]]".<ref name="then" />

Dr Elangovan, Chief Controller Research & Development of DRDO, said the aircraft was upgraded to have major capabilities such as "in-fight refuelling system, significant increase in electric and cooling capacity and a comprehensive set of structural changes to allow installation of advanced mission systems."<ref name="then" />

== External links ==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071210070622/http://www.drdo.org/labs/aero/index.shtml DIRECTORATE OF AERONAUTICS]}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120708234218/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/CABS/English/index.jsp?pg=homebody.jsp Centre for Air Borne Systems(CABS)]
*[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/media/AeroIndia2007/Brochures/Centre+for+Airborne+Systems+-+High+Tech+Avionics+Flight+Test+Bed.jpg.html Centre for Airborne Systems - High Tech Avionics Flight Test Bed]
* [https://www.intelligenceonline.com/international-dealmaking/2024/03/21/l3harris-and-thales-in-contention-to-equip-new-indian-spy-plane,110194292-gra L3Harris and Thales in contention to equip new Indian spy plane], [[Intelligence Online]], March 21, 2024 (requires free registration)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DRDO Laboratories}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation laboratories]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1991]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Karnataka]]

Balakrishnan Thevar

2026-01-07T23:31:09Z

Santosh pathak: adding a data basic info

{{Short description|Indian Film Producer director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|{{BLP sources|date=April 2017}}{{no footnotes|date=April 2017}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2017}}
}}

'''Balakrishnan Thevar''' (born 25 April 1972), fondly called Bala, is associated with the Indian film industry as associate director, executive producer and actor. He has straddled the world of both feature and ad films in different capacities. One of the landmark movies he has been a part of, on the Direction team is ''[[Neerja]]'', which bagged two honours at the [[64th National Film Awards]].

Bala forayed into the Indian film industry in 2007 with ''Gandhi, My Father'', as the director's assistant and supervising sound editor. He also acted in this [[Feroz Abbas Khan]]-directed film. Thereafter, he worked with leading production houses like [[Dharma Productions]] (''[[Kurbaan (2009 film)|Kurbaan]]'', ''[[Student of the Year]]'', ''[[Ungli]]'') and [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali|Sanjay Leela Bhansali Films]], [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]] & [[Shabina Khan|Shabinaa Khan]]'s (''[[Gabbar Is Back|Gabbar is Back]]''), [[Hari Om Entertainment]] and [[Farah Khan]]'s (''[[Joker (2012 film)|Joker]]''), amongst others and auteur directors like [[Pankaj Kapur]] (''[[Mausam (2011 film)|Mausam]]''), [[Rensil D'Silva]] (''[[Kurbaan (2009 film)|Kurbaan]]'') and [[Ram Madhvani]]'s (''[[Neerja]]''). In the recently released film, ''[[Noor (2017 film)|Noor]]'' (21 April 2017), directed by Sunhil Sippy, he was on board as associate director.

He has gained global cinematic experience by working on German films and a Hollywood movie, (''[[Basmati Blues]]''), directed by Dan Baron.

== Early and personal life ==
Bala was born in Mumbai to Subbiah Thevar and Rukhmini Thevar. His paternal uncle [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]], owner of the famous banner [[Devar Films]], was an eminent producer of Tamil films in the mid-1950s, 1960s and 1970s. He has produced numerous movies with [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as the lead actor, and was famous for his films featuring animals. Sandow had also produced the [[Rajesh Khanna]]'s hit film ''[[Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)|Haathi Mere Saathi]]'' (1971).

Bala graduated from SIES College with a degree in arts, and he was always creatively inclined with a keen passion for photography.

During his growing years, he gained knowledge about construction, as his father was in that field. After school, Bala started building his career and at the same time completed his education. While he was still in college, he did still photography for the popular TV serial, ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharata]]'', made under the [[Baldev Raj Chopra|B. R. Chopra]] banner. After college, he started his own agency Thevar Design Studio, where he designed below the line campaigns for numerous prominent brands.

== Career ==

=== Films ===
Bala's journey in the Indian film industry began with [[Feroz Abbas Khan]]'s ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]'' in 2007, which was produced by [[Anil Kapoor]]. He had just wrapped up his agency and was taking a break, when the film came his way. The film was his training ground and charted the future course of his film career. Not only was he the director's Assistant and Supervising Sound Editor on the film, he also managed to bag a small role in it.

In the years to follow, he donned different hats like First Assistant Director (''[[Drona (2008 film)|The Legend of Drona]]'', ''[[Mausam (2011 film)|Mausam]]'', ''[[Neerja]]''), Chief Assistant Director (''[[Kurbaan (2009 film)|Kurbaan]]'', ''[[Student of the Year]]'', ''Shimla Mirch'' {unreleased}), associate director (''[[Joker (2012 film)|Joker]]'', ''[[Gabbar Is Back|Gabbar is Back]]'', ''[[Noor (2017 film)|Noor]]''), Post Production Supervisor (''Pehla Sitara'') and Schedule Planner (''Arranged Marriage'' {unreleased}).

Internationally, Bala has worked on several German films and was the First Assistant Director on the Hollywood movie, ''[[Basmati Blues]]'', directed by Dan Baron and starring [[Brie Larson]], [[Scott Bakula]], and [[Donald Sutherland]]. It was shot in the picturesque [[Kerala]] in 2013.

=== Television ===
Bala was a college student, when driven by his passion for photography he bagged the Still Photography project for the blockbuster serial, ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharata]]'' by [[Baldev Raj Chopra|B. R. Chopra]].

Later in his television career, Bala directed an important episode of ''[[Razia Sultan (TV series)|Razia Sultan]]'' and ''[[Jodha Akbar (TV series)|Jodha Akbar]]'' of the historical serial ''Rakkt'' on [[Epic (TV channel)|Epic channel]].

Ambitious of reviving his family banner, Devar Films, Bala produced certain episodes of the [[Doordarshan]] series, ''[[Main Kuch Bhi Kar Sakti Hoon|Main Kuchh Bhi Kar Sakti Hoon]]'', which addresses regressive practices against women. The series is directed by [[Feroz Abbas Khan]] and has [[Farhan Akhtar]] as its narrator.

=== Ad Films ===

==== Chief Assistant Director ====
Bala's repertoire includes numerous ad films for noted brands including Lux, [[Domino's Pizza]], [[West Bengal Tourism]], [[Milo (drink)|Milo]], [[Coca-Cola]], i-Pad Air, [[Meswak]], and Bru Coffee.

==== Executive producer ====
On the herbal toothpaste brand, [[Meswak]], Bala also took charge as Executive Producer.

==== Actor ====
In addition to direction and production, Bala has faced the camera for Bru Coffee in which he played a pivotal role.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Film
! Year of release
! Role
|-
|[[Noor (2017 film)|Noor]]
|2017
|Associate Director
|-
|''[[Basmati Blues]]''
|2017
|First Assistant Director
|-
|''[[Neerja]]''
|2016
|First Assistant Director
|-
|''[[Gabbar Is Back]]''
|2015
|Associate Director
|-
|''[[Ungli]]''
|2014
|Chief Assistant Director
|-
|''[[Student of the Year|Student Of the Year]]''
|2012
|Chief Assistant Director
|-
|''[[Joker (2012 film)|Joker]]''
|2012
|Associate Director
|-
|''Pehla Sitara''
|2012
|Post Production Supervisor
|-
|''[[Mausam (2011 film)|Mausam]]''
|2011
|First Assistant Director
|-
|''[[Kurbaan (2009 film)|Kurbaan]]''
|2009
|Chief Assistant Director
|-
|''[[Drona (2008 film)|The Legend Of Drona]]''
|2008
|First Assistant Director
|-
|''[[Gandhi, My Father]]''
|2007
|Assistant to Director, Supervising Sound Editor
|-
|''Shimla Mirchi''
|In Post Production
|Chief Assistant Director
|-
|''Arranged Marriage''
|NA
|Schedule Planner
|-
|GOLD
|2018
|First Assistant Director
|-
|SYERAA
|2019(In Production)
|First Assistant Director
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links==
* {{IMDb name|2040704}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thevar, Balakrishnan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]

Anantheshwara Temple, Udupi

2026-01-07T17:40:04Z

Santosh pathak: brief refined references per sources and fixed typos based on references

{{short description|Hindu temple in Udupi}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Anantheshwara Temple of Udupi
| image = Shri Ananteshwara temple, Udupi.jpg
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Udupi district]]
| locale = [[Udupi]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| architecture = [[Kerala]] temple architecture
| temple_quantity =
}}

'''Udupi Anantheshwara Temple''' is a [[Hinduism|Hindu temple]] dedicated to Ananteshwara [[Shiva]] worshipped by [[parashurama]]). The Anantheshwara temple is located in [[Udupi]], [[India]]. The temple is a unique temple where Parashurama worshipped Shivalingam <ref>{{cite book|title=Tulu Tales: A Soota Chronicle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMRlAAAAMAAJ|author=G. Kameshwar|publisher=Rupa & Company|year=2004|page=31|isbn = 9788129104274|quote=The association of Parasurama, an incarnation of Vishnu, with the Linga, came to be known as Anantheshwara and the place of worship is the present Anantheshwara temple.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Steeped in history, the region is a pilgrim's delight|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/steeped-in-history-the-region-is-a-pilgrims-delight/article2806625.ece|website=The Hindu|accessdate=18 April 2015}}</ref> Writer [[Roshen Dalal]] says, "According to texts, the city formed part of Parashurama Kshetra, the area is said to be claimed by Parashurama from the sea. Legends state that a king named Ramabhoja worshipped shiva in the form of Linga, which then manifests on a silver seat (rajata pitha). Thus in Sanskrit texts, the city is known as Rajata Pitha".<ref>{{cite book|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ|page=1267|author=Roshen Dalal|publisher=Penguin UK|date=18 April 2014|isbn = 9788184752779}}</ref> [[Madhva Brahmins]] are priests in this temple. They have been following poojas and rituals in the temples as per [[Madhva Sampradaya]] and Tantra Sara Sangraha written by [[Madhvacharya]] for the past 700 years.<ref>{{cite book|title=Potency of the Vernacular Settlements: Recent Scholarships in Vernacular Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FL0MEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT453|page=453|author=Pratyush Shankar|publisher=Taylor & Francis|date=24 June 2024|isbn=9781040132913}}</ref>

The temple was built during the reign of the [[Alupa dynasty|Alupas]] in the 8th century C.E. and is considered among the oldest in the [[Tulu Nadu]] region. The Ananteshwara [[shiva]]Temple is close to Chandramouleshwara Temple of [[Shiva]].

The temple is the oldest in Udupi managed by [[Puttige Matha]], one of the [[Ashta Mathas of Udupi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=326203|title=Udupi: Internal differences between Swamijis of eight Maths pour out into open|publisher=Daijiworld News|date=10 June 2015}}</ref> This is the place where Madhvacharya wrote many of his [[Tattvavada]] scripts, taught it to his disciples and got adrushya (disappeared) to [[Badrinath|Badari]] to stay along with [[Vedavyasa]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Doctrine of Reincarnation and Liberation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6tWAAAAMAAJ|author=Keshavadas|publisher=Dasashrama Research Publications|year=1972|page=77|quote=It also creates awe and wonder to know that Madhwa disappeared in the air from Udipi Ananteshwara Temple while he was lecturing on the Aitaraya Upanishad which is why it is known that he was the incarnation of the wind god.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Contribution of Karaṇāṭaka to Sanskrit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPNjAAAAMAAJ|page=352|author1=C. Panduranga Bhatta|author2=G. John Samuel|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies|year=1997}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:8th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Parashurama temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Udupi district]]

{{India-Hindu-temple-stub}}

Sabita Tamilini

2026-01-05T19:47:59Z

Santosh pathak: info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=July 2023}}
{{Notability|biographies|reason=I didn't found any information on any newspaper, Google books or any research|date=July 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Sabitha Tamilini''' is a Doctorate in Social Work and politician of [[Tamil Nadu]]. She is the [[Tamil Nadu]] State president of [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/all-india-trinamool-congress-party-state-secretary-assumes-charge-928684 | title=அகில இந்திய திரிணாமுல் காங்கிரஸ் கட்சி மாநில செயலாளர் பொறுப்பேற்பு | date=27 March 2023 }}</ref> She is also the [[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondicherry Union Territory]] in-charge of the party.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamilini, Sabitha}}

[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politicians from Puducherry]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Bunt (community)

2025-12-28T17:06:20Z

Santosh pathak: done.

{{Short description|Community in South-Western India}}
{{about||other things called Bunt|Bunt (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}

The '''Bunt''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ʌ|n|t}},<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kāmat|first1=Sūryanātha|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: South Canara|date=1973|publisher=Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press|page=108|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrG1AAAAIAAJ|access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref> {{IPA|tcy|bɐɳʈɐɾɯ|lang}}) people are an ethnic [[tuluva]] community who historically have inhabited the [[Tulu Nadu]] region in [[South India]].<ref name=":0" /> The Bunts were traditionally a [[Kshatriya|warrior-class]] or martial caste community,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wendt|first=Reinhard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCHZ_pDUnVAC&dq=bunts+warrior+class&pg=PA143|title=An Indian to the Indians?: On the Initial Failure and the Posthumous Success of the Missionary Ferdinand Kittel (1832–1903)|date=2006|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05161-3|pages=143|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=K. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ&q=bunt|title=India's Communities|last2=India|first2=Anthropological Survey of|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563354-2|pages=573|language=en}}</ref> with agrarian origins,<ref name=":0" /> forming the [[landed gentry]] of the region.<ref name=Alagodi2006p143>{{cite book |chapter=The Basel Mission in Mangalore: Historical and Social Context |first=S. D. L. |last=Alagodi |title=An Indian to the Indians?: on the initial failure and the posthumous success of the missionary Ferdinand Kittel (1832–1903) |volume=9 |series=Studien zur aussereuropäischen Christentumsgeschichte |editor-first=Reinhard |editor-last=Wendt |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |year=2006 |isbn=978-3-447-05161-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCHZ_pDUnVAC |page=143 |access-date=2011-12-29}}</ref> They are the dominant land-owning, farming and banking community of [[Tulu Nadu]] and speak [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and [[Kundagannada]] as their mother tongue.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhat|first=N. Shyam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0nZzbFDSAoC&pg=PA212|title=South Kanara, 1799–1860: A Study in Colonial Administration and Regional Response|date=1998-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-586-9|pages=212|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tambs-Lyche|first=Harald|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOsrDwAAQBAJ|title=Transaction and Hierarchy: Elements for a Theory of Caste|date=2017-08-09|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-39396-6|pages=128|language=en}}</ref> Today,{{When|date=September 2025}} the Bunts are a largely urbanised community, with a population size of less than one million worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/blogs/india/d-p-satish/shilpa-shetty-aishwarya-rai-bunts-and-bubblies-5-11027-739168.html|title=Shilpa Shetty, Aishwarya Rai – Bunts and Bubblies – D P Satish' Blog|date=2007-01-29|website=News18|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref><ref name="Bunts feel at home wherever they are – DNA" />

==Etymology==
The word ''Bunt'' means ''powerful man'' or ''warrior'' in [[Tulu language]].<ref name="Alagodi2006p143" /> Bunts are also referred to as ''okkelme,'' which means farmers or cultivators and references their agrarian origins.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Upadhya|first1=Carol|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDBiDwAAQBAJ|title=Provincial Globalization in India: Transregional Mobilities and Development Politics|last2=Rutten|first2=Mario|last3=Koskimaki|first3=Leah|date=2018-06-27|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-63107-5|pages=245|language=en}}</ref>

==History==

[[File:Buntfamilyofkodialguttu.jpg|thumb|Kodial Guthu family (circa 1900). This particular Bunt family were landlords in the city of [[Mangalore]], India [[File:KULOOR BOODU HOUSE 2022.jpg|thumb|Kuloor Boodu house has a history of more than two hundred years. This is the main house in northern Kasaragod]]]]

American anthropologist Sylvia Vatuk states that the Bunt community was a loosely defined social group.<ref name="Vatuk" /> The [[matrilineality|matrilineal]] kin groups that constituted the caste were linguistically, geographically and economically diverse, which were united by their arrogation of aristocratic status and power.<ref name="Vatuk">{{cite book|last1=Vatuk|first1=Sylvia|title=American Studies in the Anthropology of India|date=1978|publisher=Manohar|pages=236–239|isbn=9780836403190|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlCDAAAAMAAJ|access-date=16 February 2018}}</ref> The Bunts speak [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and [[Kundagannada]] as their native language and were traditionally an agrarian caste engaged in rice cultivation.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Research|first1=Indian Council of Agricultural|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4P1IAAAAMAAJ&q=bunt+caste+agricultural|title=Farmers of India,: Madras, Andhra Pradesh, Mysore & Kerala, by M. S. Randhawa and others|last2=Randhawa|first2=Mohindar Singh|last3=Nath|first3=Prem|date=1959|pages=269|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=sree>{{cite book|last1=J. Sreenath, S. H. Ahmad|title=All India anthropometric survey: analysis of data. South Zone|date=1989|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=9788185579054|page=41|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3EyAAAAAMAAJ|access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="sathyan">{{cite book|last1=Sri Sathyan|first1=B. N.|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: South Kanara|year=1973|publisher=Director of Print., Stationery and Publications at the Government Press|page=108|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jooBAAAAMAAJ|access-date=16 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhat|first=N. Shyam|title=South Kanara, 1799–1860: A Study in Colonial Administration and Regional Response|date=1998-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-586-9|pages=212|language=en}}</ref> The Bunts follow a [[Matrilineality|matrilineal system]] of inheritance called [[Aliyasantana]].<ref name=Iyer>{{cite book|last1=Iyer|first1=L. A. Krishna|title=The Coorg tribes and castes|date=1969|publisher=Gordon Press Madras and Johnson|pages=67–70|edition=reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4HowAQAAIAAJ|access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref> They have 93 clan names or surnames and are divided into 53 matrilineal [[sept]]s called Bari.<ref name="Siraj">{{cite book|last1=Siraj|first1=S. Anees|title=Karnataka State: Udupi District|date=2012|publisher=Government of Karnataka, Karnataka Gazetteer Department|page=179|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LGiex76a5-kC|access-date=16 February 2018}}</ref> Members of the same bari did not intermarry.<ref name="Siraj" />{{efn|S. Anees Siraj quotes [[Ganapathi Rao Aigal]], one of the earliest historians to document the history of the Kanara region}} According to S. D. L. Alagodi, the Bunts "originally belonged to the [[Kshatriya|warrior class]]. Being the martial race of Tulu Nadu, they served the ruling chiefs which brought them considerable benefits and allowed them to become the landowners and nobles of the region."<ref name="Alagodi2006p143" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Hegde|first=Krishna|title=Feudatories of Coastal Karnataka|year=1990|publisher=[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]|page=10 |quote=Coastal Karnataka was home to number of feudatory rulers. All of them being Bunts following matrilineal inheritance called Aliya Santana and favouring both the Hindu and [[Jain]] Faith}}</ref>

Bunt clans claim descent from the ancient [[Alupa dynasty]] (circa 2nd century CE – 15th century CE). Historian [[P. Gururaja Bhat]] mentions that the Alupa royal family were of local origin possibly belonging to the Bunt caste.<ref name="Bhatt">{{cite book|last1=Bhatt|first1=P. Gururaja|title=Antiquities of South Kanara|date=1969|publisher=Prabhakara Press|page=iii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdMCAAAAMAAJ |access-date=14 February 2018}}</ref> The title Alupa (Alva) survives until this day among the Bunts according to historian [[Bhaskar Anand Saletore]].<ref name="Saletore">{{cite book|last1=Saletore|first1=Bhaskar Anand|title=Ancient Karnāṭaka, Volume 1|date=1936|publisher=Oriental Book Agency|page=154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=whZHAAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Some ruling and feudal clans of North [[Kerala]] adjacent to Tulu Nadu were also likely descended from Bunts. Indian anthropologist [[A. Aiyappan|Ayinapalli Aiyappan]] states that a powerful and warlike clan of the Bunts was called ''Kola Bari'' and the [[Kolathiri|Kolathiri Raja]] of [[Kolathunadu]] was a descendant of this clan.<ref name="Aiyappan">{{cite book |last1=Ayinapalli |first1=Aiyappan |title=The Personality of Kerala |date=1982 |publisher=Department of Publications, [[University of Kerala]] |page=162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXFuAAAAMAAJ |access-date=27 July 2018 |quote=A very powerful and warlike section of the Bants of Tulunad was known as Kola bari. It is reasonable to suggest that the Kola dynasty was part of the Kola lineages of Tulunad.}}</ref>

Norwegian anthropologist [[Harald Tambs-Lyche]], states that the Bunts were warriors of the [[Jain]] kingdoms.<ref name="Tambs-Lyche">{{cite book |last1=Tambs-Lyche |first1=Harald|title=Transaction and Hierarchy: Elements for a Theory of Caste(Feudal Fiefs and Mosaic Patterns in South Kanara) |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351393966|pages=376|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOsrDwAAQBAJ|access-date=14 February 2018}}</ref> Jainism gained a foothold in the [[Kanara|Canara]] region during the rule of the [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysala dynasty]] who were themselves Jains.<ref name="hoysala">{{cite book |last1=Hānūru |first1=Kr̥ṣṇamūrti |title=Encyclopaedia of the Folk Culture of Karnataka |date=1991 |publisher=Institute of Asian Studies (Madras, India) |page=555 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pVZuAAAAMAAJ |access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref> The Hoysala Ballal kings are known to have appointed Bunts as military officers.<ref name="hoysala" /> A section of Bunts believe that they were originally Jains who later became a caste group.<ref name="Gopa">{{cite book|last1=Sabharwal|first1=Gopa|title=Ethnicity and Class: Social Divisions in an Indian City|date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195678307|pages=138–139|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gEhPAAAAMAAJ|access-date=14 February 2018}}</ref> A legend prevalent among the Bunts states that one of the Jain kings of the Bunts abandoned Jainism and took to eating peacock meat to cure a disease.<ref name="Gopa" /> [[Veerendra Heggade]], the hereditary administrator of the [[Dharmasthala Temple]] has also publicly spoken about the Jain origin of the Bunts.<ref name="Heggade">{{cite news|last1=Bantwal|first1=Rons|title=Mumbai: Dharmadhikari Dr Veerendra Heggade Lauds Social Welfare of Bunts Sangh|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=118641|access-date=14 February 2018|agency=Daijiworld Media Network Mumbai (RD)|date=11 October 2011}}</ref> Heggade is the current head of the Pattada Pergade family of Bunt heritage which continues to practice the Jain religion.<ref name="dharmasthala">{{cite news|last1=R. Krishnamurthy|title=In the lap of the Western Ghats|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/look-at-temples-in-dakshin-kannada-district/article7180658.ece|access-date=14 February 2018|agency=The Hindu|date= 21 May 2015}}</ref>

The concept of personal landed property existed in [[South Canara |South Canara district]] from at least the 12th century and also a military tenure not very different from the feudal system of Europe.<ref name="landtax">{{cite book |title=Perspectives on Dakshina Kannada and Kodagu |date=1991 |publisher=Mangalore University |page=145 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2tuAAAAMAAJ |access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref>{{clarify|reason=this is gibberish |date=September 2018}} The Bunts, being a martial caste, were exempt from paying land taxes.<ref name="landtax" /> Around the 15th century, the Bunts had consolidated themselves as a land-owning feudal caste grouping. Among the Bunts existed rich landlords as well as poor labourers who were often exploited by the former.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhagat-Ganguly|first=Varsha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7b29CwAAQBAJ&dq=Bunts+upper+caste&pg=PA122|title=Land Rights in India: Policies, movements and challenges|date=2015-12-14|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-35402-4|pages=122|language=en}}:"The Bunts were also a landlord class but there were tenants and labourers among them who were subject to exploitation by their own bunt landlords."</ref> Bunt families controlled several villages and lived in a [[manor house]]. Several villages were generally united under a single Bunt chiefdom, and the chiefdoms had considerable autonomy despite being vassals to the Jain kings. The Bunt chiefs and petty princes became virtually independent after the rise of the [[Nayakas of Keladi]].<ref name="Tambs-Lyche"/> The Haleri Rajas, who were likely a cadet branch of the Nayakas of Keladi invited Bunt families to settle in [[Kodagu district]] after establishing the [[Kingdom of Coorg]].<ref name="coorgb">{{cite book |last1=Cariappa |first1=Ponnamma |title=The Coorgs and their origins |date=1981 |publisher=Geetha Book House |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8otAAAAMAAJ |access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="kodagub">{{cite book |last1=Kāmat |first1=Sūryanātha |title=Karnataka State gazetteers, Volume 1 |date=1993 |publisher=Office of the Chief Editor, Karnataka Gazetteer |page=147 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVVuAAAAMAAJ |access-date=22 June 2018 |quote=The Bants migrated from Dakshina Kannada and Kasargod to Kodagu. It is said that Haleri kings sent for these people from Manjeshwara, Kumble, Bantwala and Puttur to come and inhabit in Kodagu region.}}</ref>

At the start of the 16th century, the [[Tuluva dynasty]] came to control the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] with its capital at [[Hampi]] in [[North Karnataka]].<ref name="pollock">{{cite book |last1=Pollock |first1=Sheldon |title=Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800 |date=2011 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=9780822349044 |pages=74–81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=740AqMUW8WQC |access-date=16 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="Tuluva">{{cite book |last1=Peter Fibiger Bang |first1=Dariusz Kolodziejczyk |title=Universal Empire: A Comparative Approach to Imperial Culture and Representation in Eurasian History |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107022676 |pages=222–223 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiKtT85kYloC |access-date=16 June 2018}}</ref> It has been suggested by scholars Mysore Hatti Ramasharma and Mysore Hatti Gopal that the Tuluva rulers were of Bunt origin.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mysore Hatti Gopal |first1=Mysore Hatti Rama Sharma |title=The history of the Vijayanagar Empire, Volume 1 |date=1978 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |page=101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmVuAAAAMAAJ |access-date=22 June 2018 |quote=The word Tuluva includes all the natives of the Tulu region. In a restricted sense, however, this word has been confined to the Bunts who form the majority of the cultivating class of the districts of North and South Kanara. Some of these Bunts prospering in trade have called themselves [[shetty|shetties]] or shresties and tried to raise themselves in the social scale. Although the later kings of Tuluva dynasty have called themselves [[Yadu|Yadavas]] of the [[Lunar dynasty|Lunar line]] and as having descended from [[Turvashas|Turvasu]], there is little doubt that they were related by blood to this class of shetties.}}</ref> A section of Bunts called Parivara Bunt have also traditionally claimed to be [[Nayak (title)|Nayaks]] (chieftains) of the Vijayanagara Empire.<ref name="parivaranaik">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kumar Suresh |title=India's communities, Volume 1; Volume 5 |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=575–577 |isbn=9780195633542 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ |access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref>

The feudal life and society of Bunt began to disintegrate during the [[British Raj|colonial period]], leading to a period of increasing urbanisation.<ref name="Bunts feel at home wherever they are – DNA">{{cite web|author=M Raghuram|date=19 April 2010|title=Bunts feel at home wherever they are – DNA|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-bunts-feel-at-home-wherever-they-are-1373019|access-date=23 July 2016|publisher=DNA}}</ref>

==Religion==
[[File:Belle Badagumane Ballal Jumadi.jpg|thumb|Image of the deity [[Jumadi]] at the ''Badagumane'' shrine in [[Belle, Udupi]]]]
The Bunts practice [[Hinduism]] as well as [[Jainism]].<ref name="Kasaragod Bunts Jayashanker">{{cite book|last1=S. Jayashanker |title=Temples of Kasaragod District|date=2001|publisher=Controller of Publications, Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala|pages=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WnLXAAAAMAAJ|quote=Bants of Kasaragod are a military class. They are mostly Hindus except for few Jains and they include four divisions, Masadika Bants, Nadava Bants, Parivara Bants and Jaina Bants}}</ref> Alagodi wrote in 2006 of the Tulu Nadu population that, "Among the Hindus, a little over ten per cent are ''[[brahmin]]s'', and all the others, though nominally Hindus, are really propitiators or worshippers of [[Tutelary deity|tutelary deities]] and ''[[Bhoota (ghost)|bhutas]]''."<ref name=Alagodi2006p142>{{cite book |chapter=The Basel Mission in Mangalore: Historical and Social Context |first=S. D. L. |last=Alagodi |title=An Indian to the Indians?: on the initial failure and the posthumous success of the missionary Ferdinand Kittel (1832–1903) |volume=9 |series=Studien zur aussereuropäischen Christentumsgeschichte |editor-first=Reinhard |editor-last=Wendt |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |year=2006 |isbn=978-3-447-05161-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCHZ_pDUnVAC |page=142 |access-date=2018-03-15}}</ref> [[Amitav Ghosh]] describes the Tulu Butas as protective figures, ancestral spirits and heroes who have been assimilated to the ranks of minor deities. The [[Cult (religious practice)|cult]] worship of the Butas is widely practiced in Tulu Nadu by a large section of the population. The Bunts being the principal landowners of the region were the traditional patrons of the [[Buta Kola]] festival which included aspects akin to theatrical forms like [[Yakshagana]].<ref name="Ghosh">{{cite book|last1=Ghosh|first1=Amitav|title=The Imam and the Indian: Prose Pieces |date=2002|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=9788175300477|pages=192–200|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQHp9wsWaZcC|access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref>

Butas and daivas ([[Tutelary deity|tutelary deities]]) are not worshiped on a daily basis like mainstream Hindu gods.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Suzuki|first=Masataka|date=2008|title=Bhūta and Daiva: Changing Cosmology of Rituals and Narratives in Karnataka.|journal=Senri Ethnological Studies |volume=71 |pages= 51–85}}</ref> Their worship is restricted to annual ritual festivals, though daily [[Puja (Hinduism)|pujas]] may be conducted for the ritual objects, ornaments, and other paraphernalia of the būta. Unlike with the better-known Hindu gods of the [[Puranas|puraṇic]] variety, buta worship is congregational and every caste in the Tulu speaking region has its own set of butas and daivas that they worship.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

Depending on the significance of the people who worship them, butas or daivas can be family deities (kuṭuṃbada buta), local or village deities (jageda buta, urada buta), or deities associated with administrative units such as manorial estates (Guțțus, e.g., Adve Moodra Guthu, Andemaar Guthu, Kinnimajal Guthu, Kudal Guthu.) (Beedus, e.g., Malarbeedu, Kuloor Beedu). groups of estates (Magane, e.g., Aila Magane uppala, districts (sime) or even small kingdoms (royal butas or rajandaivas).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Fürstliche Fest: Text und Rituale der Tuḷu-Volksreligion an der Westküste Südindiens.|last=Brückner|first=Heidrun|publisher=Harrassowitz|year=1995|location=Wiesbaden|pages=199–201}}</ref> The deity Jumadi is cited as an example of a Rajandaiva, i.e. a royal deity who reigns over a former small kingdom or large feudal estate. Jumadi is worshiped mainly by the rich land-owning Bunts who are the chief patrons of his cult. In the myth, as well as in the religious Buta Kola dance, Jumadi is always accompanied by his warrior attendant, called Bante, who appears to be specially related to the patrons of the Bunt caste.<ref name="Jumadi">{{cite book |last1=Brückner |first1=Heidrun |title=On an Auspicious Day, at Dawn -: Studies in Tulu Culture and Oral Literature |date=2009 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=9783447059169 |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MehF3uSdHxgC |access-date=2 July 2018}}</ref> ''Kodamanthaye'', ''Kukkinanthaye'', ''Jaranthaye'', ''Ullaya'' and ''Ullalthi'' are some of the other deities from the royal Buta cult.<ref>{{cite book |last1=K. Sanjiva Prabhu |title=Special Study Report on Bhuta Cult in South Kanara District |date=1977 |publisher=Controller of Publications |pages=39–60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xwgaAAAAMAAJ |access-date=2 July 2018}}</ref>

==Manor houses==
[[File:Nayarbettu.JPG|thumbnail|right| Kowdoor Nayarabettu: A medieval Bunt manor house.]]

Most Bunts followed a matrilineal system of inheritance and the eldest male member in the female line was the head of the family.<ref name="nadi" /> This head of the family was called ''Yajmane'' and he would preside over the manorial court during the feudal era.<ref name="nadi" />

The Nadibettu Aramane house in [[Shirva, India|Shirva]] was built in the 14th century and has copper plate inscriptions of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]<ref name=nadi>{{cite news|last1=Siraj|first1=M. A.|title=You can go back in time here|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-propertyplus/you-can-go-back-in-time-here/article2955938.ece|access-date=14 May 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 March 2012}}</ref> Chavadi Aramane of [[Nandalike]], the manorial house of the ''[[Hegde (village)|Heggade]]'' chieftaincy has inscriptions from the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=P. Gururaja Bhatt |title=Antiquities of South Kanara |date=1969 |publisher=Prabhakara Press |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdMCAAAAMAAJ |access-date=5 July 2018}}</ref> Suralu Aramane of the Tolaha dynasty is another house of chieftains in [[Udupi district]]; it dates from the 15th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Suralu Aramane (Mud Palace) |url=https://www.udupitourism.com/Explore?Udupi-Suralu-Palace |website=www.udupitourism.com/ |publisher=Department of Tourism, Government of Karnataka |access-date=5 July 2018}}</ref> The [[Suralu Mud Palace]] is currently under the ownership of Sudarshan Shetty, a descendant of the Tolahas who is leading a restoration project.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Moodubelle |first1=Sheeja |title=This 600-year old mud palace desperately needs a face-lift |url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/features/this-600-year-old-mud-palace-desperately-needs-a-face-lift |access-date=5 July 2018 |agency=NewsKarnataka}}</ref> The Suralu Palace is a [[List of State Protected Monuments in Karnataka|State protected Monument]] which was partially restored in 2016 with help from the [[Government of Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prabhu |first1=Ganesh |title=Udupi's 500-year-old mud palace gleams anew |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/udupis-500yearold-mud-palace-gleams-anew/article8622961.ece |access-date=5 July 2018 |agency=The Hindu |date=20 May 2016}}</ref>

Some other houses of the Bunts that preserve medieval architecture include the Kodial Guthu house of Mangalore.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Monteiro|first1=John|title=Mangalore: Kodial Guthu House Restored to Glory|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=878|publisher=[[Daijiworld Media]]|access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Monteiro|first1=John|title=Mangalore: Once a Place of Pride, Kodialguttu now under Siege|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=442|publisher=[[Daijiworld Media]]|access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref> Badila Guthu<ref>{{cite web|last1=Team Mangalorean|title=Badila Guthu House – a Century-old Heritage|url=http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=176932|website=Mangalorean.com|access-date=14 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108093630/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=176932|archive-date=8 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> in [[Kannur, Dakshina Kannada|Kannur]], Shetty Bettu,<ref name="BuntManor">{{cite web|url=http://indianquarterly.com/mansions-at-dusk/|title=Mansions at Dusk|last1=ARNI|first1=CLARE|website=www.indianquarterly.com|publisher=The Indian Quarterly|access-date=5 July 2018}}</ref> Puthige Guthu, Markada Guthu<ref name="BuntManor" /> and Kodethur Guthu.<ref name="guthu1">{{cite news |last1=Kamila |first1=Raviprasad |title=Guthu mane: a historical treasure |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/homes-and-gardens/guthu-mane-a-historical-treasure/article19203377.ece |access-date=5 July 2018 |agency=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="guthu2">{{cite news |last1=Kamila |first1=Raviprasad |title=This Guttu Mane is 100 years old |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/this-guttu-mane-is-100-years-old/article13387789.ece |access-date=5 July 2018 |agency=The Hindu |issue=31 January 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Sural palace5.jpg|thumb|Suralu Mud Palace]]

==Organisation==
The traditional community council of the Bunts have been replaced by a body of elected members called the Buntara Yane Nadavara Mathr Sangha (Bunt and Nadava Association). It was established in 1908 in Mangalore<ref>{{cite book |last1=K. Abhishankar |first1=Sūryanātha Kāmat |title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: South Kanara |date=1973 |publisher=Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press |page=697 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrG1AAAAIAAJ |access-date=5 July 2018}}</ref> and has been called the apex body of the Bunt community by ''[[The Hindu]]'' newspaper.<ref>{{cite news |title=Corridors of power |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/corridors-of-power-raids-rumours-and-television/article19440394.ece |access-date=5 July 2018 |agency=The Hindu |date=6 August 2017}}</ref> Similar regional and international organisations operate in areas where the Bunts have migrated.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prasad |first1=Shodhan |title=Dubai: Glamour blended with tradition at UAE Bunts' 44th anniversary celebration |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=509752 |access-date=5 July 2018 |agency=Daijiworld Media |issue=16 May 2018}}</ref>

The Bunt association, including its regional bodies, also runs schools, colleges, hostels and dispensaries.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhandary |first1=Shreya |title=Colleges want MU to push first semester exam to December |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/colleges-want-mu-to-push-first-semester-exam-to-december/story-tI2E7fnVq0jW12Fbf8yEdM.html |access-date=5 July 2018 |agency=Hindustan Times |date=22 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="BSHistory">{{cite news |last1=Monteiro |first1=John B |title=Mangalore: Bunts Hostel marks aborted centenary – A brief history |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=233662 |access-date=5 July 2018 |agency=Daijiworld Media |issue=8 May 2014}}</ref>

== Varna classification ==

The traditional ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|chaturvarna]]'' system is largely not found in South India. According to [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Buchanan]] and historians like P.N Chopra, Gundimeda Sambaiah and Sanjay Subrahmanyam etc., Bunts belong to the [[Sat-Sudra|Sat-Shudras]] or "Upper" Shudras category in the Hindu [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] system.<ref name="Gundimeda">{{Cite book|last=Gundimeda|first=Sambaiah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjjbCgAAQBAJ|title=Dalit Politics in Contemporary India|date=2015-10-14|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-38105-1|pages=19|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Subrahmanyam1990">{{cite book|author=Sanjay Subrahmanyam|title=Merchants, Markets and the State in Early Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbZIAAAAYAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-562569-1|pages=24, 46|quote=p.24.Inland, and away from the narrow strip of Brahmin settlements along the coast, the land was held and cultivated by the Bants, a caste of ' clean ' Sudras . p.46.The agrarian economy was dominated on the one hand by communities of Saiva Brahmins and their institutions, particularly off the coast, and on the other by a Sudra cultivating caste, the Bants, to the inland}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |date=2007|title=The quarterly journal of the Mythic society., Volume 98|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gm8EQrkyJO0C&q=buntars|location=Bangalore|publisher=The Mythic Society, Daly Memorial Hall|page=54}}:"He says Buntars are of the highest rank of sudras in Tuluva."</ref><ref name="Chopra">{{cite book |last=Chopra|first=Pran Nath|date=1982|title=Religions and Communities of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ggtuAAAAMAAJ&q=Early+Christian+era|location=India |publisher=Orient Paperbacks |page=122 |isbn=9780391027480}}:"The Bunts are Sudras, although they played the role of Kshatriyas early in the Christian era when they and the Nadavas were the military Chieftains of the area"</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Udaya|first1=Barkur|title=Landlords and Peasantry in Medieval Karnataka Coast|year=2006|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44147941 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=67|publisher=Indian History Congress|pages=226 |doi= |jstor=44147941|access-date=18 April 2021}}:"The rich peasant farmers particularly the Brahmans and the high caste sudras such as Nadavas or Bunts, Billavas and Mogavirs owned paddy fields, large areas of gardens of coconut, arecanut and other products."</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= G. Shiri|date=1985|title=Wholeness in Christ: The Legacy of the Basel Mission in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYAcAAAAMAAJ&q=Aliya+kattu+law|location=India|publisher=Karnataka Theological Research Institute|page=195|isbn=|quote=The Aliya Kattu law (inheritance law), which was widely practised by Billavas, Mogers and Bunts, and number of other Shudra castes, was not applied to... }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Madhava |first=K. G. Vasantha |date=1991|title=Western Karnataka, Its Agrarian Relations, 1500–1800 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0AaAAAAIAAJ&q=bunt+sudra|location=New Delhi |publisher=Navrang |page=176|isbn=9788170130734 }}:"For instance, the tax structure and the process of its collection of the Vijayanagara rulers and their feudatories enabled the Brāhamans, the Jains and the highcaste Sudras namely the Bunts the Nāyaks and the Gowdas to emerge as powerful landed gentry."</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Punja|first=P. R. Ranganatha |date=1948|title=India's legacy, the world's heritage : Dravidian |volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLg1h6j5HcQC&q=brahminical+scale|location=Mangalore |publisher=Basel Mission Book Depot |page=123}}:"Like the Nairs in Malabar, the Bunts and Tulu Gowdas in Canara and the Vakkaligas ' and Gowdas of Nagara, the Coorgs are : in the brahminical scale – Sudra's"</ref> In Southern India, the upper Shudras were generally the landholding ruling classes of South India and were analogous to [[Kshatriya]]s and [[Vaishya]]s in North India.<ref name="Gundimeda"/><ref name="Chopra"/> According to Dr. D. N. Yogeeswarappa, Bunts are [[Nāga|Nagavanshi]] [[kshatriyas]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Yogeeswarappa|first=D. N.|title= The Study of Nayakatana in the Vijayanagara empire with special reference to Tuluva Dynasty|date=2012|pages=28–29|url=http://sscwtumkur.org/sscwcms/uploads/activities/permanent/2018/12/13/7_1544721945_nayakatana.pdf|language=en}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Citation is not peer reviewed. It is an unpublished minor research work replete with errors.|date=August 2021}}

Bunts today are considered a forward upper caste community.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhagat-Ganguly|first=Varsha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7b29CwAAQBAJ&dq=Bunts+upper+caste&pg=PA122|title=Land Rights in India: Policies, movements and challenges|date=2015-12-14|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-35402-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rani|first=K. Suneetha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8RpBDwAAQBAJ&dq=Bunts+upper+caste&pg=PT136|title=Influence of English on Indian Women Writers: Voices from Regional Languages|date=2017-09-25|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-81345-34-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwJuAAAAMAAJ&q=Bunts+upper+caste|title=Indian Journal of Secularism: IJS : a Journal of Centre for Study of Society & Secularism|date=2000|publisher=The Centre|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shand|first=Richard Tregurtha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g22GAAAAIAAJ&q=Bunts+upper+caste|title=Off-farm Employment in the Development of Rural Asia: Papers Presented at a Conference Held in Chiang Mai, Thailand, 23 to 26 August 1983|date=1986|publisher=National Centre for Development Studies, Australian National University|isbn=978-0-86784-729-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kukreja|first1=Veena|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUMeAAAAMAAJ&q=Bunts+forward+caste|title=The Congress Century|last2=Basu|first2=Rumki|date=1988|publisher=National Book Organisation|isbn=978-81-85135-24-3|language=en}}</ref>

==Reservation status==

Bunts are categorized as [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC) in the state of Karnataka (not be confused with central list of OBC's)<ref name="Category III(B)">{{Cite web|url=https://bcw.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/caste%20list.new.pdf|title=Backward Classes, Karnataka|page=2,15}}:p2."Candidates belonging to Category-ll(A),. 1(B), III(A), and III(B) shall be entitled to reservation in the manner specified in the new Comprehensive Creamy Layer policy";p15. Bunt/Bant is listed under III(B)</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://karepass.cgg.gov.in/CasteReport.do?actionParameter=CasteWise&castecat_code=5|title=Caste Report|year=2021|website= Karnataka ePASS(Electronic Payment and Application System of Scholars)|publisher=Department of Backward Classes Welfare, Government of Karnataka|access-date=6 March 2021|quote=}}</ref>

They are not included in the Central List of OBCs of the state of Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/cl/karnataka.pdf|title=PDF – National OBC list for Karnataka}}</ref> However their central status is contested as legal petitions have allowed members of the Bunt community to avail OBC reservation at the national level as '[[Nadavara|Nadavas]]'.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Ananya R Shetty vs The State Of Karnataka|reporter=WRIT PETITION NO.25977/2014 (GM-CC)|court=Karnataka High Court|date=11 June 2014|url=http://judgmenthck.kar.nic.in/judgmentsdsp/bitstream/123456789/1220/1/WP25977-14-11-06-2014.pdf|access-date=19 April 2021|quote=Hence, a direction is issued to respondent No.2 to reconsider the application of the petitioner seeking issue of OBC Certificate by keeping in view the observations as made by this Court and by perusing the documents furnished by the petitioner in respect of the application.}}</ref><ref>{{cite court |litigants=Sri. Naveen Kushal Shetty vs The State Of Karnataka|reporter=WRIT PETITION NO.39894/2012 (GM-CC)|court=Karnataka High Court|date=10 October 2012|url=http://judgmenthck.kar.nic.in/judgments/bitstream/123456789/779388/1/WP39894-12-10-10-2012.pdf|access-date=20 May 2021|quote=Petitioner claims that he belongs to ‘Nadava’ community/caste. It finds place at Sl. No. 122 in the Central List of OBCs for the state of Karnataka. The Tahsildar rejected the petitioner's application by one line order stating that there is no option for bunts in OBCs list...The Tahsildar shall grant an opportunity to the petitioner to file additional documents, if he so desires and also personal hearing before passing order on the petitioner's application. The Tahsildar shall pass a speaking order and communicate the same to the petitioner immediately thereafter.}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Tulu people]]
* [[List of Bunts]]
* [[Kolathiri]]
* [[Alupa dynasty]]

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}

{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Further reading==

{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |title=Kinship organization of the Bunt-Nadava caste complex |last= Claus |first= Peter J. |publisher= Duke University|year= 1975 }}
*{{cite book |title=History Of Bunts – Medieval Age To Modern Times |last= Hegde |first= Krishananda |publisher= Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|year= 2008 }}
*{{cite book |title=Bunts in History and Culture|last= Rao |first= Surendra |publisher= Rastrakavi Govind Pai Research Institute|year= 2010 | isbn=9788186668603}}
*{{cite book |title=Bunts: (a Socio-cultural Study)|last= Heggaḍe|first= Indirā|publisher= Kuvempu Bhasha Bharati Pradhikara|year= 2015 | isbn=9788192627212}}
{{refend}}

{{commons category|Bunt community}}

[[Category:Bunt (community)| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Tuluva]]
[[Category:Hindu ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Jain communities]]
[[Category:Mangalorean society]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]

Amrita Schools of Business

2025-12-10T14:37:27Z

Santosh pathak: adding a article and citations

{{Short description|Private Business schools in India}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Amrita Schools of Business
| image = Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham coimbatore campus.jpg
| type = Private Business Schools
| established = 1996
| founder = [[Mata Amritanandamayi Devi]]
| parent = [[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham]]
| accreditation = [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business]]
| affiliation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]], [[National Board of Accreditation]]
| chancellor = [[Mata Amritanandamayi]]
| dean = Dr. Nava Subramaniam <ref>{{cite web |url=https://sciprofiles.com/profile/4133223? |title=Profile: Dr. Nava Subramaniam |website=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref>
| city = [[Coimbatore]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = multiple sites
| campus_size = {{Convert|1300|acre}}
| language = [[English language|English]]
| logo =
| logo_size = 200
| website = {{URL|https://www.amrita.edu/school/business}}
}}
'''Amrita Schools of Business''' are private business schools of [[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham]] University in [[India]], which is spread across its five campuses in [[Amritapuri]] (Kollam), [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Kochi]], [[Coimbatore]] and [[Amaravati]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-05|title=Business {{!}} Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham|url=https://amrita.edu/school/business/|access-date=2022-02-13|website=amrita.edu|language=en-US}}</ref> The schools offer full-time [[MBA]] program, MBA-MS program, management-related doctoral programs, and many executive and online education programs.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-05|title=About - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham|url=https://amrita.edu/school/business/coimbatore/|access-date=2022-02-13|website=amrita.edu|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amrita School of Business (ASB) Coimbatore: Admission, Fees, Courses, Placements, Cutoff, Ranking|url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/amrita-school-of-business-coimbatore|access-date=2022-02-13|website=www.careers360.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-29|title=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Professors make it in the Top 2% Scientists of Stanford's List Second Time in a Row|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/amrita-vishwa-vidyapeetham-professors-make-it-in-the-top-2-scientists-of-stanfords-list-second-time-in-a-row/|access-date=2022-02-13|website=India Education {{!}} Latest Education News {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News|language=en-US}}</ref>

The schools are 11th School in India and is among the world's Top 5% of Business schools accredited by [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business]] (AACSB), the Global Standards for B- Schools.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-11 |title=Here’s everything you need to know about Amrita Business School and what makes it one of the top B-schools in India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/heres-everything-you-need-to-know-about-amrita-business-school-and-what-makes-it-one-of-the-top-b-schools-in-india/articleshow/96728171.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-15 |title=AACSB International Accreditation for Amrita School of Business (ASB) - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/news/amrita-school-business-asb-earns-aacsb-international-accreditation/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>

The schools were founded by [[Mata Amritanandamayi|Mata Amritanandamayi Devi]] in 1996, and are managed by her international humanitarian organization [[Mata Amritanandamayi Math]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-20|title=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/amrita-vishwa-vidyapeetham|access-date=2022-02-13|website=Times Higher Education (THE)|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The Amrita School of Business, Coimbatore was established in 1996, in the village of [[Ettimadai]] at the foothills of Bouluvanpatty ranges, about 20 km away from the [[Coimbatore]] city. As Amrita's first campus, it is still home to the administrative headquarters of [[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham|Amrita University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Engineering {{!}} Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham|url=https://www.amrita.edu/school/engineering|access-date=2021-04-08|website=www.amrita.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A B-school leveraging education and spirituality |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/fc7AsICSSHfE4ziScrgCVK/A-Bschool-leveraging-education-and-spirituality.html |website=www.livemint.com |accessdate=29 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amma's speech University at Buffalo |url=http://www.buffalo.edu/ubreporter/archive/2010_05_26/AmmaSpeech.pdf |website=University at Buffalo |accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=An MBA on the cheap is possible, but cram cram cram |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/ba3w9StVhiYL2JVTt2iWXK/An-MBA-on-the-cheap-relatively-is-possible-but-cram-cram.html |website=Livemint |accessdate=4 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=In conversation with past dean |url=http://www.coolavenues.com/b-school-updates/in-conversation-with-dr.-gurumurthy-kalyanaram-dean-amrita-school-of-business |website=coolavenues.com |accessdate=4 October 2015}}</ref>

Currently, the university has schools of business in 5 of its 7 campuses<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amrita School of Business Coimbatore: Fee, Cut off, Admission|url=https://www.mbauniverse.com/college/coimbatoremba/amrita-school-of-business-asb-coimbatore|access-date=2022-02-13|website=www.mbauniverse.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=manu.varghese|title=Free webinar : മാനേജ്മെന്റ് വിദ്യാഭ്യാസവും സാധ്യതകളും; സൗജന്യ ഓൺലൈൻ വെബിനാറുമായി അമൃത സ്കൂൾ ഓഫ് ബിസിനസ്|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/careers/free-webinar-series-by-amrita-school-of-business-r6kbio|access-date=2022-02-13|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=ml}}</ref>

In 2022, a business school started operating in its new campus at Amaravati, the capital city of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Relief for Amrita University as Andhra govt approves exemption from stamp duty, registration charges|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2020/feb/29/relief-for-amrita-university-as-andhra-govt-approves-exemption-from-stamp-duty-registration-charges-2110105.html|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Campuses ==

=== Amrita School of Business, Coimbatore ===
[[File:Amrita_Vishwa_Vidyapeetham_Amritapuri_Campus.jpg|thumb|Amritapuri campus]]
The school of Business in the Coimbatore campus started in 1996. Being the headquarters of the university, it has the largest intake of students annually, and offers and full time [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] and doctoral courses.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2019-11-05|title=School of Business, Coimbatore Campus {{!}} Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham|url=https://amrita.edu/school/business/coimbatore/|access-date=2022-02-13|website=amrita.edu|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=AVV MBA Admission 2022 begins |url=https://news.careers360.com/avv-mba-admission-2022-begins-check-details-here |access-date=2022-02-13 |website=news.careers360.com |language=en}}</ref> This campus also houses the IBM Business Analytics Lab.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />

=== Amrita School of Business, Bengaluru ===
The school of Business in the Bengaluru campus offers two management programs, a full-time [[MBA]]-[[Master of Science|MS]]. and a part-time Executive [[MBA]]-[[Master of Science|MS]] in Business Analytics with [[University at Buffalo]]. It also offers doctoral programs.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-05|title=School of Business Bengaluru - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham|url=https://amrita.edu/school/business/bengaluru/|access-date=2022-02-13|website=amrita.edu|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Amrita School of Business, Kochi ===
The school of Business in the Kochi campus is started functioning in 1998. It offers full-time [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] and doctoral programs.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-05|title=School of Business Kochi - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham|url=https://amrita.edu/school/business/kochi/|access-date=2022-02-13|website=amrita.edu|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Amrita School of Business, Amritapuri Kollam ===
The school of Business in the Amritapuri campus started in 2002. It offers and full time [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] and doctoral courses.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-24|title=School of Business Amritapuri - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham|url=https://amrita.edu/school/business/amritapuri/|access-date=2022-02-13|website=amrita.edu|language=en-US}}</ref>

The schools also offers [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] approved online [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]], [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]] and other management courses.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=2021-02-10|title=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham launches online degree courses|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/amrita-vishwa-vidyapeetham-launches-online-degree-courses/article33796574.ece|access-date=2022-02-13|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BBA {{!}} AHEAD - Online Degree Programs|url=https://www.amrita.edu/ahead/online-bba/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIg-ue5f_89QIV15JmAh2gugp1EAAYASAAEgK79vD_BwE|access-date=2022-02-13|website=www.amrita.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BBA {{!}} AHEAD - Online Degree Programs|url=https://www.amrita.edu/ahead/online-bba/|access-date=2022-02-13|website=www.amrita.edu}}</ref>

=== Amrita School of Business, Amaravati ===
The school of Business in the Amaravati campus started in 2022. It offers and full time [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]], [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] and doctoral courses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham's new off-campus centre at Amaravati to offer 8 courses |url=https://news.careers360.com/amrita-vishwa-vidyapeethams-new-off-campus-centre-at-amaravati-offer-8-courses |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=news.careers360.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=B. B. A. - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://amrita.edu/program/b-b-a/ |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Rankings ==
{{Infobox India university ranking|NIRF_B_2024=28}}

Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham was ranked 801–1000 in the world by the ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]'' of 2021<ref name="Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-21|title=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/amrita-vishwa-vidyapeetham|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Times Higher Education (THE)|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Times Higher Education rating of Amrita University |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/amrita-university?ranking-dataset=133819 |website=Times Higher Education |accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref> The [[QS World University Rankings]] of 2020 ranked it in 261–270 band in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=QS Asia World University Rankings|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2021|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Top Universities|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/amrita-vishwa-vidyapeetham/undergrad|access-date=2022-02-13|website=Top Universities|language=en}}</ref> [[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham]] of which Amrita Schools of Business is a constituent part, has been ranked 151-200 according to QS ranking of BRICS universities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amrita university ranked 151-200 in BRICS |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/brics-rankings/2015#sorting=rank+country=+stars=false+search= |website=Top Universities QS ranking |accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref> It was ranked 5th best in India among universities by the ''[[National Institutional Ranking Framework]]'' in 2021. The [[Government of India]] awarded [[Institutes of Eminence|Institute of Eminence]] status to the university.<ref>{{Citation|title=Amrita gets Institute of Eminence Status|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-tAd6Qr1ONk|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211118/-tAd6Qr1ONk|language=en|access-date=2021-04-08|archive-date=2021-11-18|url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) Reports {{!}} Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham|url=https://www.amrita.edu/nirf|access-date=2021-09-13|website=www.amrita.edu}}</ref> The university is also accredited with A++ by NAAC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Gets A++ Grade From NAAC|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/amrita-vishwa-vidyapeetham-gets-grade-from-naac|access-date=2022-02-13|website=NDTV.com|language=en}}</ref>

Amrita School of Business, Coimbatore was ranked as 19th in the Top private B-schools in India by careers360 magazine for the year 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Private B-schools in India |url=http://www.bschool.careers360.com/top-100-b-schools-in-india-2014 |website=Careers360 |accessdate=2 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Careers 360 clusters |url=http://www.careers360.com/careers360_cms/newsimages/file/cluster.pdf |website=Careers 360 |accessdate=4 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amrita School of Business (ASB) Coimbatore: Admission, Fees, Courses, Placements, Cutoff, Ranking |url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/amrita-school-of-business-coimbatore |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.careers360.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Academics ==

=== Academic programmes ===
The school offers [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]], [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] and online courses in management.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amrita School of Business|url=https://collegedunia.com/college/17174-amrita-school-of-business-asb-coimbatore}}</ref> The schools offer MBA specializations in Finance, Marketing, Human Resources (HR), Operations Management, Entrepreneurship and Business Analytics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-11 |title=Here’s everything you need to know about Amrita Business School and what makes it one of the top B-schools in India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/heres-everything-you-need-to-know-about-amrita-business-school-and-what-makes-it-one-of-the-top-b-schools-in-india/articleshow/96728171.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In addition, it offers a [[dual degree]] program leading to an MS in information technology and [[MBA]] in collaboration with [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York|State University of New York at Buffalo]], for working professionals at the Bangalore campus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-09-22 |title=The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Coimbatore News : Amrita - New York universities launch joint programmes |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/03/stories/2006010302200200.htm |access-date=2022-02-13 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922152808/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/03/stories/2006010302200200.htm |archive-date=22 September 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The school also emphasizes on [[Sustainable Development]], [[Business Ethics]] and [[Social Responsibility]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vanadana Shiva's lecture in Amrita School of Business |url=http://seedfreedom.in/event1/report-on-lecture-given-by-dr-vandana-shiva-at-the-international-conference-on-sustainable-development-and-governance-icsdg/ |website=seedfreedom |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Report on Sustainability conference at Amrita School of Business |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Institutions-should-promote-organic-seeds-Agro-activist/articleshow/17592255.cms |website=Times of India |date=13 December 2012 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Experts call for making sustainability sustainable |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/experts-call-for-making-sustainability-sustainable/article4194240.ece |website=The Hindu |date=12 December 2012 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Deakin University report Sustainability conference Amrita School of Business |url=http://www.unprme.org/reports/PRMEReport2013AprilFinal.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531012751/http://www.unprme.org/reports/PRMEReport2013AprilFinal.pdf |archive-date=2015-05-31 |access-date=5 October 2015 |website=UNPRME}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Intellecap MD gives keynote address on Amrita School of Business Conference |url=http://intellecap.com/news-and-events/news/intellecaps-managing-director-gives-keynote-address-international-conference |website=Intellecap |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sustain group sponsoring Amrita School of Business conference on Sustainability |url=http://www.sustaingroup.net/#!india-and-pakistan/c7do |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008045058/http://www.sustaingroup.net/#!india-and-pakistan/c7do |url-status=usurped |archive-date=October 8, 2010 |website=Sustain Group |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Former Indian President Dr APJ Abdul kalam's address in Amrita School of Business Sustainability Conference |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/providing-urban-quality-life-to-rural-masses-is-the-biggest-challenge-kalam/article4206813.ece |website=The Hindu Business Line |date=16 December 2012 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rediff Interview with the past dean |url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-career-interview-with-gurumurthy-kalyanaram-dean-amrita-school-of-business/20110722.htm |website=Rediff |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Workshop on Legal Pluralism in Natural Resource Management |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/workshop-on-legal-pluralism-at-amrita-on-march-30-31/article3260282.ece |website=The Hindu |date=29 March 2012 |access-date=20 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Conference on Legal Pluaralism |url=http://commission-on-legal-pluralism.com/client_files/files/legal%20pluralism%20seminar%20coimbatore%2030-31%20march%202012.pdf |website=Commission on Legal Pluralism |access-date=20 October 2015}}</ref> The university has collaborations with many foreign universities including the [[University of California]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Telecom ecole de management partners |url=http://www.telecom-em.eu/en/content/international-partners |website=TEM Paris |access-date=2 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amrita University ties-up with University of California |url=http://kalvimalar.dinamalar.com/news-details.asp?id=12344&cat=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085843/http://kalvimalar.dinamalar.com/news-details.asp?id=12344&cat=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |website=Dinamalar Tamil Newspaper |access-date=20 October 2015}}</ref>

=== Curriculum ===
Curriculum at Amrita Schools of Business is created by its Academic Council based on the intellectual contributions of Industry experts, Academic researches, Faculty, Alumnus and industry expectations.<ref>{{cite web |title=De-coding MBA curriculum |url=http://www.bschool.careers360.com/articles/decoding-mba-curriculum |website=Careers 360 |accessdate=4 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=B-school review |url=http://getahead.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/feb/17/slide-show-1-career-business-school-review-amrita-school-of-business.htm |website=Rediff GetAhead |accessdate=4 October 2015}}</ref>

The school in Coimbatore houses the IBM Business Analytics Lab which was inaugurated by Mr. Kaushik Bhaskar, Vice President of Information Integration & Governance Software and India Software Labs IBM India.<ref name=":6">{{cite web |title=IBM ASB analytics lab inauguration |url=https://www.amrita.edu/news/ibm-inaugurates-business-analytics-lab-asb-coimbatore |website=Amrita School of Business |accessdate=2 October 2015}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite web |title=IBM inaugurates Business Analytics Lab at Amrita School of Business |url=http://www.theher.in/news/ibm-inaugurates-business-analytics-lab-at-amrita-school-of-business-nid-256.html |website=Higher Education Review}}</ref>

== Admissions and Aid ==

=== Admission ===
Admission to [[Master of Business Administration]] degree programs are through score in [[Common Admission Test]], [[Management Aptitude Test]], [[Common Management Admission Test]] or [[Graduate Management Admission Test]] and interview.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=How to get into B-schools: A road map for MBA entrance exams |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/career/how-to-get-into-b-schools-a-road-map-for-mba-entrance-exams/cid/1839946 |access-date=2022-02-13 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amrita School of Business, Coimbatore, Admissions 2022-23, Placements, Fees, Address|url=https://www.eduvidya.com/Colleges/Amrita-School-of-Business,-Coimbatore|access-date=2022-02-13|website=www.eduvidya.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=deevika |title=Amrita University begins admissions for post-graduate management programs |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/career/amrita-university-begins-admissions-for-post-graduate-management-programs-dnm-r5ccm3 |access-date=2022-02-13 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2021-06-01 |title=Pandemic, delayed exam put question mark over student's MBA admission |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/pandemic-delayed-exam-put-question-mark-over-students-mba-admission/article34703071.ece |access-date=2022-02-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Admission for online courses is based on score in qualifying examination.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-19 |title=Amrita School of Business |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/amrita-school-business |access-date=2022-02-13 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref>

=== Scholarships ===
The schools also offer scholarship based on [[Common Admission Test]], [[Graduate Management Admission Test]] scores and Cumulative grade point average.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-10|title=Admissions, research news, MOUssigned, scholarships and more...|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/admissions-research-news-moussigned-scholarships-and-more/article35248218.ece|access-date=2022-02-13|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{authority control}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Business schools in India]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges affiliated with the Mata Amritanandamayi Math]]
[[Category:Business schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Business schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Business schools in Karnataka]]

Lux (soap)

2025-12-02T13:37:30Z

Santosh pathak:

{{Short description|Beauty brand marketed by Unilever}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{missing information|the history of Lux in modern times|date=December 2021}}
{{Other uses|Lux (disambiguation)}}
{{infobox brand
| name = Lux
| logo = LUX (soap) logo.png
| caption =
| type = Personal care
| currentowner = [[Unilever]]
| origin = United Kingdom
| introduced = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1899}}
| discontinued =
| related =
| markets =
Worldwide| previousowners =
| trademarkregistrations =
| ambassadors =
| tagline =
| website = {{URL|https://www.lux.com/|lux.com}}
|producedby=[[Hindustan Unilever]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lux|url=https://www.hul.co.in/brands/personal-care/lux.html|access-date=2021-04-10|website=Hindustan Unilever Limited website|language=en}}</ref> [[Unilever Sri Lanka]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lux launches Star Soap Collection|url=https://www.unilever.com.lk/news/press-releases/2015/lux-launches-star-soap-collection.html|access-date=2021-04-10|website=Unilever Sri Lanka|language=en}}</ref> [[Unilever Pakistan]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lux|url=https://www.unilever.pk/brands/our-brands/lux.html|website=Unilever Pakistan website|language=en}}</ref>}}

'''Lux''' is a global personal care brand developed by [[Unilever]].

Lux is marketed primarily in [[South Asia|South Asian]] countries, such as [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Nepal]]. It is also marketed in [[Malaysia]], [[Brazil]], [[Japan]], [[Thailand]], the Middle East and [[South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.unilever.com/brands/personalcarebrands/lux/index.aspx | title=Lux – personal care brand of Unilever | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093144/http://www.unilever.com/brands/personalcarebrands/lux/index.aspx | archive-date=27 December 2010 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==History==
===Origins and history===
[[Image:Printads 20s.jpg|thumb|200px|left|''Lux'' Print ads – Early 20s]]
The brand was founded by the firm [[Lever Brothers]], now known as [[Unilever]], in 1899.<ref>"Our approach to sustainability". unilever.com. Retrieved 21 March 2015.</ref>
[[File:Early beginnings.jpg|thumb|150px|''Lux'' beginnings]]

===Advertising history===
Lux [[Soap]] was introduced to America in 1925 by the Lever Brothers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Ward|first=W. Peter|url=|title=The clean body : a modern history|date= 2019|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP |isbn=978-0-2280-0063-1|oclc=1104796443}}</ref> It was a white soap packaged in pastel colors designed to be comparable to the finer French soaps, but more affordable.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Sivulka|first=Juliann|title=Stronger than dirt : a cultural history of advertising personal hygiene in America, 1875–1940|date=2001|publisher=Humanity Books|isbn=1-57392-952-2|location=Amherst, N.Y.|oclc=46785266}}</ref> Once Lux Soap began its national campaign in 1926, it was also advertised for men and children.<ref name=":1" /> The Thompson agency began a campaign in 1928 to get endorsements from Hollywood actresses by sending 425 actresses cases of Lux Soap. It received 414 endorsements in return, leading them to claim that 9 out of 10 stars in Hollywood use Lux Soap.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Among the actresses who participated in the campaign was [[Louise Brooks]], whose ads ran between 1928 and 1931.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Louise Brooks & Lux Soap - United States and Canada |url=https://www.pandorasbox.com/louise_brooks_archive/louise-brooks-and-lux-soap-united-states-canada/ |access-date=July 25, 2024 |website=Louise Brooks Society}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Louise Brooks & Lux Soap - Elsewhere Around the World |url=https://www.pandorasbox.com/louise_brooks_archive/louise-brooks-and-lux-soap-elsewhere-around-the-world/ |access-date=July 25, 2024 |website=Louise Brooks Society}}</ref>

In 1933, advertisements claimed that Lux Soap was used by 686 out of 694 more well-known actresses.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Segrave|first=Kerry|title=Endorsements in advertising : a social history|date=2005|publisher=McFarland & Co|isbn=0-7864-2043-X|location=Jefferson, N.C.|oclc=57515046}}</ref> Lux Soap's Hollywood campaign along with its many other advertising efforts, would assist Lux Soap in becoming a worldwide leader in soap sales.<ref name=":0" /> As the focus of advertising shifted from the use of Hollywood starlets to a focus on everyday women, Lux Soap declined in sales and was removed from the shelves in the 1990s. Lever Brothers shifted their focus to another soap, [[Dove (toiletries)|Dove]].<ref name=":0" />

Lux Soap followed Colonial Great Britain to Zimbabwe, Africa, in the 1920s, but it took until the mid-20th century before Africans became familiar with toilet soap, and few used it.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Burke|first=Timothy|title=Lifebuoy men, lux women : commodification, consumption, and cleanliness in modern Zimbabwe|date=1996|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0-8223-1753-2|location=Durham|oclc=33282205}}</ref> In the 1940s Lever Brothers began mass advertising for Lux, introducing their product as a soap associated with glamour and intelligence, and started using existing advertisements of international celebrities endorsing their products.<ref name=":2" /> Lever Brothers began to offer different colored bars other than white and used depictions of African people with slogans that insinuated intelligent people used only Lux Soap.<ref name=":2" /> In the 1960s and 1970s Lux Soap advertising shifted back to emphasizing glamour but this time used local models and singers instead of international stars.<ref name=":2" />

==See also==

* [[Lux Radio Theatre]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Lux (soap)}}
* {{Official website|https://www.lux.com/}}

{{Unilever}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lux}}
[[Category:Orkla ASA]]
[[Category:British brands]]
[[Category:Soap brands]]
[[Category:Unilever brands]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1899]]