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Howrah Uttar Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T07:54:42Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: started new entry needs work

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Howrah Uttar
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Howrah Uttar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Howrah Uttar Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Gautam Chowdhuri]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Howrah Lok Sabha constituency|Howrah]]
| constituency_no = 170
| established = 1951
| electors = 171,318
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Howrah Uttar Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Howrah district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

== Overview ==

As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 170 Howrah Uttar Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Ward Nos. 1 to 7 and 10 to 16 of [[Howrah Municipal Corporation]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 July 2015|work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Howrah Uttar Assembly constituency is part of No. 25 [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
!colspan="4"|''Howrah North''
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Biren Banerjee
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Samar Mukhopadhyay
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Saila Kumar Mukherjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Nirmal Kumar Mukherjee
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="2"|Shankar Lal Mukherjee
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Chittabrata Majumdar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Ashok Ghosh (TMC politician)|Ashok Ghosh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan="4"|Lagan Deo Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
!colspan="4"|''Constituency renamed as Howrah Uttar from 2011''
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[Ashok Ghosh (TMC politician)|Ashok Ghosh]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Laxmi Ratan Shukla]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Gautam Chowdhuri]]
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Umesh Rai]]
|
|
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2026 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Howrah Uttar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Umesh Rai
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 67,539
|percentage = 50.76
|change = {{increase}}6.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gautam Chowdhuri
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 56,289
|percentage = 42.3
|change = {{decrease}}5.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gautam Roy
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 5,997
|percentage = 4.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Om Prakash Jaiswal
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 920
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 848
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,250
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,32,347
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser = TMC
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Howrah|Howrah Uttar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Gautam Chowdhuri]]
|votes = 71,575
|percentage = 47.81
|change = {{increase}}1.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Umesh Rai
|votes = 66,053
|percentage = 44.12
|change = {{increase}}20.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Pawan Singh
|votes = 8,133
|percentage = 5.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 1,670
|percentage = 1.12
|change = {{increase}}0.33
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Subhash Kumar Singhi
|votes = 911
|percentage = 0.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 5,522
|percentage = 3.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,49,762
|percentage = 68.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing = {{increase}}1.41
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin
|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Howrah|Howrah Uttar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Laxmi Ratan Shukla]]
|votes = 61,917
|percentage = 46.4
|change = {{decrease}} 2.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Santosh Kumar Pathak
|votes = 34,958
|percentage = 26.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Roopa Ganguly]]
|votes = 31,416
|percentage = 23.5
|change = {{increase}} 12.28
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Subodh Pathak
|votes = 1,146
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 1,070
|percentage = 0.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 26,959
|percentage = 20.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,34,764
|percentage = 67.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing = {{decrease}} 2.85
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Howrah|Howrah Uttar]]<ref name="vidhansabha2011">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=170|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011|work = Howrah Uttar|publisher = Empowering India|access-date = 1 May 2011|archive-date = 19 May 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519163303/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=170|url-status = usurped}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Ashoke Ghosh
|votes = 61,468
|percentage = 49.25
|change = {{increase}} 7.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Nemai Samanta
|votes = 41,858
|percentage = 33.54
|change = {{decrease}} 20.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Umesh Rai
|votes = 16,494
|percentage = 13.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Hitendranath Mondal
|votes = 1,514
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Siddhartha Sarkar
|votes = 761
|percentage = 0.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 19,610
|percentage = 15.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,24,865
|percentage = 72.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = {{increase}} 27.75
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977–2006 ===

In the 2006, 2001, 1996 and 1991 state assembly elections Lagan Deo Singh of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Howrah North assembly seat defeating his nearest rivals Bani Singha of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2006, Asok Ghosh of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in the three other years. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Asok Ghosh of Congress defeated Lagan Deo Singh of CPI(M) in 1987 and [[Chittabrata Majumdar]] of CPI(M) in 1982. Chittabrata Mazumdar of CPI(M) defeated Supriya Basu of Congress in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp162.htm |title =162 - Howrah North Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 November 2010 }}</ref>

=== 1967–1972 ===

Shankarlal Mukherjee of Congress won in 1972<ref name="vidhansabha1972">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name="vidhansabha1971">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Nirmal Kumar Mukherjee of Congress won in 1969.<ref name="vidhansabha1969">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> S.K.Mukherjee of Congress won in 1967.<ref name="vidhansabha1967">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>

=== 1951–1962 ===

During the period Howrah had four Vidhan Sabha constituencies.

==== Howrah North ====

Saila Mukherjee of Congress won in 1962.<ref name="vidhansabha1962">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Samar Mukhopadhyay of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1957.<ref name="vidhansabha1957">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Biren Banerjee of CPI won in 1951.<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>

==== Howrah West ====

Anadi Dass, Independent, won in 1962.<ref name=vidhansabha1962/> Bankim Chandra Kar of Congress won in 1957<ref name=vidhansabha1957/> and 1951.<ref name=vidhansabha1952/>

==== Howrah East ====

Bejoy Bhattacharyya of Congress won in 1962.<ref name=vidhansabha1962/> Beni Charan Dutta of Congress won in 1957.<ref name=vidhansabha1957/> Saila Kumar Mukhopdhyay of Congress won in 1951.<ref name=vidhansabha1952/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Howrah topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Howrah district]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:Howrah]]

Udaynarayanpur Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T01:00:39Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: Done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Udaynarayanpur
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Udaynarayanpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Udaynarayanpur Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Samir Kumar Panja]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
| constituency_no = 182
| established = 1962
| electors = 190,722
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Udaynarayanpur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Howrah district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 182 Udaynarayanpur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Udaynarayanpur (community development block)|Udaynarayanpur]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Anulia, Balichak, Basantapur, Kanpur and Khosalpur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Amta I]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 July 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Udaynarayanpur Assembly constituency is part of No. 26 [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Arabinda Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="3"|Pannalal Maji
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Saroj Karar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="4"|Pannalal Maji
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|rowspan="2"|Nani Gopal Chowdhury
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Chandralekha Bag
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="3"|Samir Panja
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Udaynarayanpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Samir Kumar Panja]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Prabhakar Pandit
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shasthi Maji
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Asit Bakuly
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Udaynarayanpur constituency}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Samir Kumar Panja]]
|votes = 101,510
|percentage = 51.21
|change = -0.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sumit Ranjan Karar
|votes = 87,512
|percentage = 44.15
|change = +39.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Aloke Koley
|votes = 5,178
|percentage = 2.61
|change = -36.45
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Arnab Adhikary
|votes = 1,718
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,220
|percentage = 0.62
|change = -0.46
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Samit Karmakar
|votes = 1,073
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 198,211
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Udaynarayanpur constituency}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Samir Kumar Panja]]
|votes = 94,828
|percentage = 52.12
|change = -2.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Saroj Ranjan Karar
|votes = 71,070
|percentage = 39.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Samui Bhola
|votes = 8,356
|percentage = 4.59
|change = +2.34.
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Indian Unity Centre
|candidate = Satyanarayan Rajwar
|votes = 2,466
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,971
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Banamali Gayen
|votes = 1,415
|percentage = 0.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pradip Maiti
|votes = 1,120
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Debananda Maji
|votes = 705
|percentage = 0.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 181,931
|percentage = 87.42
|change = -2.30
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Udaynarayanpur constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=182| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519163814/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=182| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 19 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Udaynarayanpur| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 1 May 2011 }}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Samir Panja
|votes = 91,879
|percentage = 55.11
|change = +8.45#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Chandralekha Bag
|votes = 67,988
|percentage = 40.78
|change = -9.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tapan Dhara
|votes = 3,746
|percentage = 2.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Narayan Chandra Bhunyia
|votes = 1,724
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gobinda Pandit
|votes = 1,386
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 166,723
|percentage = 87.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 17.58#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Chandralekha Bag of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Udaynarayanpur seat defeating her nearest rival [[Samir Kumar Panja]] of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Nani Gopal Chowdhury of CPI(M) defeated Sukhendu Sekhar Roy of Trinamool Congress in 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and Shyamal Ranjan Karar of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref> Pannalal Maji of CPI(M) defeated Saroj Ranjan Karar of Congress in 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp176.htm |title =176 - Udaynarayanpur Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 November 2010 }}</ref>

===1962–1977===
Saroj Karar of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Pannalal Maji of CPI(M) won in 1971,<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Arabinda Roy of Congress won in 1962.<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Prior to that the Udaynarayanpur seat did not exist.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Howrah topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Howrah district]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]

Natham Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T13:49:48Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: Starting the article first draft!

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Natham
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 131
| map_image = Constitution-Natham.svg
| established = 1977
| district = [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency|Dindigul]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Natham R. Viswanathan]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 261,152
}}
'''Natham''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Dindigul district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 131. It comes under [[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 23 January 2017}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. Elections and winners from this constituency are listed below.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Winner
!colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=6| [[M. Andi Ambalam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (I)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
| [[1999–2000 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections|1999]]
|rowspan=4| [[Natham R. Viswanathan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[M. A. Andi Ambalam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| rowspan="2"|Natham R. Viswanathan
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.15}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.32}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.87}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.62}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|57.33}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|73.02}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|33.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|68.48}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|46.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.97}}

}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Natham}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Natham R. Viswanathan]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. K. Selvakumar<ref> Tamilar Desam Katchi candidate contesting under DMK symbol</ref>|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate|candidate=Rajasekaran<ref>https://www.dinamalar.com/amp/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-chennai/fifth-list-released-by-ramadoss/4189822</ref>|party=[[Ayya Pattali Makkal Katchi|APMK]] |color= #FFFF00 |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= A. Azhagammal|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. N. Ramesh|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =258603 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=AIADMK|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Natham<ref>{{cite web|title=Natham Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a131|access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Natham R. Viswanathan|Natham. R. Viswanathan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=107,762 |percentage=48.15 |change=+3.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. A. Andi Ambalam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=95,830 |percentage=42.82 |change=-2.5 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. V. Sivasankaran |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=14,762 |percentage=6.60 |change=+5.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Raja |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,721 |percentage=0.77 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,444 |percentage=0.65 |change=-0.25 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,932 |percentage=5.33 |change=4.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=223,800 |percentage=79.01 |change= -1.01 }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=331|percentage=0.15 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 283,267 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Natham<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. A. Andi Ambalam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=93,822 |percentage=45.32 |change=+21.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Shajahan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=91,712 |percentage=44.30 |change=-9.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Karthikeyan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=9,373 |percentage=4.53 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. V. Sivasankaran |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,393 |percentage=1.16 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,844 |percentage=0.89 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Vadivel |party=Independent politician |votes=1,182 |percentage=0.57 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Seerangan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,155 |percentage=0.56 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Murugasan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,065 |percentage=0.51 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sandhanakrishan |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,044 |percentage=0.50 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=207,011 |percentage=80.01 |change= -4.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 258,718 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Natham<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Natham R. Viswanathan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=94,947 |percentage=53.87 |change=+7.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Vijayan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,858 |percentage=23.75 |change=-20.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. A. Andi Ambalam]] |party=Independent politician |votes=29,834 |percentage=16.93 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Durai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,870 |percentage=1.06 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Venkatesan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,038 |percentage=0.59 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Kuttiyan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=980 |percentage=0.56 |change=-0.22 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=53,089 |percentage=30.12 |change=27.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=207,464 |percentage=84.95 |change= 10.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,251 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Natham<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Natham R. Viswanathan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,292 |percentage=46.62 |change=-2.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. A. Andi Ambalam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,532 |percentage=43.81 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ganeshan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=7,754 |percentage=5.80 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Vedikaran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,762 |percentage=1.32 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Saravanan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,038 |percentage=0.78 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Murugesan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=711 |percentage=0.53 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,760 |percentage=2.81 |change=-6.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=133,614 |percentage=74.49 |change= 12.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,371 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Natham<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Natham R. Viswanathan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,604 |percentage=49.41 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ku. Pa. Krishnan]] |party=Thamilar Bhoomi |votes=45,002 |percentage=39.99 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chellam |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,311 |percentage=4.72 |change=-5.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. George |party=Independent politician |votes=1,596 |percentage=1.42 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=O. P. Raman |party=Independent politician |votes=1,019 |percentage=0.91 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Muthuramalingam |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=935 |percentage=0.83 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Andi Ambalam |party=Independent politician |votes=879 |percentage=0.78 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkata Subramani K |party=Independent politician |votes=590 |percentage=0.52 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Rajangam |party=Independent politician |votes=589 |percentage=0.52 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,602 |percentage=9.42 |change=-23.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=112,540 |percentage=62.04 |change= -6.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,487 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -7.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Natham<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Andi Ambalam]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=62,527 |percentage=57.33 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Asai Alangaram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,891 |percentage=24.66 |change=-48.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chellam |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=10,864 |percentage=9.96 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Balasubramaniam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=6,524 |percentage=5.98 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. R. Chellamani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,489 |percentage=1.37 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,636 |percentage=32.67 |change=-15.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=109,063 |percentage=68.81 |change= 3.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,867 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -15.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Natham<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Andi Ambalam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=71,902 |percentage=73.02 |change=+39.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Cheliam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,124 |percentage=24.50 |change=-1.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Mani |party=Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam |votes=797 |percentage=0.81 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Karamagam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=770 |percentage=0.78 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=47,778 |percentage=48.52 |change=43.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=98,465 |percentage=65.10 |change= -9.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,966 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 39.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Natham<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Andi Ambalam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,019 |percentage=33.21 |change=-35.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Visvanathan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,567 |percentage=27.73 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chellam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,048 |percentage=26.20 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. A. Veeriah |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=10,653 |percentage=10.71 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Veeranan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,174 |percentage=1.18 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pillai. Ramalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=649 |percentage=0.65 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,452 |percentage=5.48 |change=-41.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=99,426 |percentage=74.64 |change= 1.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,669 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -35.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Natham<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Andi Ambalam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=57,214 |percentage=68.48 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Alagirisamy |party=Tamil Nadu Congress (K) |votes=18,004 |percentage=21.55 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Thiagarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,755 |percentage=5.69 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Periakaruppan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,842 |percentage=2.20 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Andi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,215 |percentage=1.45 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Sockalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=519 |percentage=0.62 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,210 |percentage=46.93 |change=1.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,549 |percentage=73.18 |change= 12.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,608 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 22.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Natham<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. Alagarsamy |party=Independent politician |votes=32,471 |percentage=46.21 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Somasundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=509 |percentage=0.72 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Manickam |party=Independent politician |votes=422 |percentage=0.60 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,962 |percentage=45.49 |change= 33.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,261 |percentage=60.96 |change= 3.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,138 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Natham<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Andi Ambalam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,055 |percentage=44.97 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Murugan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,093 |percentage=32.65 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. A. Vellayappa |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=10,515 |percentage=16.27 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Perumalsamy |party=Janata Party |votes=3,161 |percentage=4.89 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Somasundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=786 |percentage=1.22 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,962 |percentage=12.32 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,610 |percentage=57.82 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,284 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|10.23|78.23|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dindigul district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Mylapore

2026-05-04T11:42:44Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: Starting first info from scratch

{{Short description|Neighbourhood of Chennai}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mylapore
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Mylapore Theppam Festival.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0368|N|80.2676|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai District]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chennai metropolitan area|Chennai]]
| subdivision_type4 = Ward
| subdivision_name4 = 147
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Mylapore
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.914
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 53
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Mylapoorans
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 600 004
| registration_plate = '''TN-06'''
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = South Chennai
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Mylapore<ref>[http://www.eci.gov.in/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp13.htm Partywise Comparison Since in Assembly Elections since 1977] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527051946/http://www.eci.gov.in/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S22/partycomp13.htm |date=27 May 2006 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/election2006/pollupd/ac/states/s22/Acnstcand13.htm Profile of candidates who contested 2006 Assembly Elections from Mylapore constituency] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320050203/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/election2006/pollupd/ac/states/s22/Acnstcand13.htm |date=20 March 2008 }}</ref>
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]]
| leader_title = [[Parliament of India|National representation]] ([[Lok Sabha|MP]])
| leader_name = [[Thamizhachi Thangapandian]] ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])
| leader_title1 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|State representation]] ([[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|MLAs]])
| leader_name1 = [[P. Venkataramanan|P. Venkataramana Iyer]] ([[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|TVK]])
| website = {{URL|www.chennai.tn.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mylapore''' (also spelt '''Mayilapur'''{{refn|group=note|''Mylapore'' is the [[British English]] spelling, and ''{{IAST|Mayilāppūr}}'' is the accurate [[Indian English]] spelling.}}), or '''Thirumayilai''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajagopal |first=Geetha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgVPAQAAIAAJ&q=tirumayilai+mylapore |title=Music Rituals in the Temples of South India |date=2009 |publisher=D. K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0538-7 |page=31 |language=en}}</ref> is a neighbourhood in the central part of the city of [[Chennai]], [[Republic of India|India]]. It is one of the oldest residential parts of the city. The locality is claimed to be the birthplace of the celebrated [[Tamil language|Tamil]] philosopher [[Valluvar]], and the Hindu saint and philosopher, [[Peyalwar|Peyalvar]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} It is also believed by Christians to be the place of martyrdom of [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas the Apostle]], who preached along the Malabar Coast, and established the [[Saint Thomas Christians|Malankara Nasrani community]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Thomas {{!}} Apostle of Jesus, India Missionary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

Mylapore is known for its tree-lined avenues, [[Kapaleeshwarar Temple]], [[Katcheri]] seasons, and [[Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai|Ramakrishna Matha]] among many others.<ref name="Kapaleeswarar">{{cite web |url=http://kapaleeswarartemple.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704063443/http://kapaleeswarartemple.com/ |archive-date=4 July 2013 |title=Kapaleeshwarar Temple, Mylapore, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Lord Shiva Temple, Siva Temple}}</ref> [[St. Thomas Cathedral Basilica, Chennai]] which is believed to house the tomb of [[Thomas the Apostle]], is in Mylapore.<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/592851/Saint-Thomas|title = St. Thomas | Christian Apostle}}</ref><ref name="Neil">{{cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|title=A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=29}}</ref><ref name="Farmer">{{cite book|last=Farmer|first=David|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, Fifth Edition Revised|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=418|isbn=978-0-19-959660-7}}</ref><ref name="Erwin Fahlbusch"/>

==Etymology==
The word ''Mylapore'' is the anglicized form of the Dravidian word ''Mayilāppūr''. It is derived from the Tamil phrase {{lang|ta|மயில் ஆர்ப்பரிக்கும் ஊர்}} {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Mayil ārpparikkum ūr}}, which means 'land of the peacock scream'.<ref name="Saints, Goddesses and Kings">Saints, Goddesses and Kings By [[Susan Bayly]]</ref> Historically, peacocks have been known to thrive in the area, which is evident from the several statues in the [[Kapaleeshwarar Temple]] towers and in the emblem of the [[San Thome Basilica]]. [[Sambandar|Thirugnanasambandar]] has also mentioned ''mayil'' (peacocks) in his songs in [[Tevaram]]. Mylapore is also known as Thirumayilai.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

==History==
Mylapore is an ancient settlement. As the available historical and archaeological evidence show, it could well be the oldest part of Chennai, with written records of early settlements going back to the first century BCE.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/kapaleeshwarar-temple
| title = Chennai, India: Kapaleeshwarar Temple
| last = Ram Mohan
| first = Kavya
| date = 8 March 2017
| website = Atlas Obscura
| publisher =
| access-date = 8 April 2025
| quote = }}</ref> [[Thiruvalluvar]], the Tamil poet-philosopher, is believed to have been born here in 31 BCE.<ref name="ValluvarMalar">{{cite journal|title = Thiruvalluvar Ninaivu Malar| year=1935| page = 117}}</ref> It was known for its ancient port with a flourishing trade with the Roman Empire, receiving gold in exchange for its products like pepper and fine cloth. [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas the Apostle]] allegedly died at Mylapore in 72 CE.<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="Neil"/><ref name="Farmer"/><ref name="Erwin Fahlbusch"/> Marco Polo visited the place in the late 13th century and visited the tomb of [[Saint Thomas the Apostle]] was in Mylapore.<ref>[https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/12410/pg12410-images.html#NoteAnchor_XVIII21 The Travels of Marco Polo by Henry Yule, Vol 2, Book 3, Chapter XVIII, note 1 (Project Gutenberg)]</ref>

It was considerable maritime time and the ancient German and Greek maps refer to the town as 'Maliarpha'. The later Scottish researchers like [[James Playfair (minister)|James Playfair]] referred it "Meliapour"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l79BAQAAMAAJ&q=maliarpha+india&pg=PA816|title=A System of Geography: Ancient and Modern|last1=Playfair|first1=James|year=1813}}</ref><ref name="Playfair1813">{{cite book|author=James Playfair|title=A System of Geography: Ancient and Modern|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l79BAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA816|year=1813|publisher=P. Hill|pages=373 and 816}}</ref> Mylapore was occupied by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] in 1523, who established the [[viceroyalty]] of "[[Portuguese India|São Tomé de Meliapor]]" or "Saint Thomas of Mylapore." Portuguese rule lasted until 1749, except for a brief interregnum between 1662 and 1672 when the town was conquered first by the Sultans of Golconda, then by a French expeditionary force for two years, and up to 1687, when the town was occupied by the [[Dutch India|Dutch]].

After 1749, the [[British East India Company]] took possession of the settlement in the name of [[Mohamed Ali Khan Walajan|Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah]], the [[Nawab of Arcot]].<ref>[http://www.chennaicorporation.com/aboutcoc/che_history08.htm A brief history of Chennai, From the official website of the Corporation of Chennai]</ref> In that same year, Mylapore was incorporated into the [[Madras Presidency|administration of the Presidency of Madras]].{{cn|date=April 2026}}

==Location==
[[File:Mylapore tank at dawn panorama.jpg|thumb|[[Kapaleeshwarar Temple]] water tank during a sunset ]]
Mylapore is located a few kilometres to the south of the British-built Chennai city. The neighborhood is bordered by [[Triplicane]] in the north, [[Royapettah]] in the northwest, [[Alwarpet]] in the west, and [[Mandaveli]] in the south. The [[Bay of Bengal]] coast is in the east of Mylapore. It extends for around 4 km from north to south and 2 km from east to west.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

==Demographics==
The population of Mylapore was estimated in 2006 to be around 150,000 to 300,000.<ref>[http://specials.rediff.com/election/2006/apr/10sld1.htm Voter population of Mylapore Legislative Assembly constituency]</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Pey Azhwar|Peyalvar]], one of the twelve [[azhwar|alvar]] saints of South India, in held in popular tradition to have been found in the lily flower in the pond of the [[Adi Kesava Perumal temple, Mylapore|Adi Kesava Perumal Temple]] in Mylapore in 4203 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=pey+alwar&pg=PA539|page=539}}</ref>
* [[Valluvar]], the Tamil poet philosopher and the author of the [[Tirukkural]], was born in Mylapore in 31 BCE.<ref name="ValluvarMalar"/>
* According to legends, [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas the Apostle]] attained martyrdom at [[Parangimalai]] in south Chennai in 72 CE.<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="Erwin Fahlbusch"/> [[San Thome Basilica]] is built over his original tomb in Mylapore. His relics were moved to [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessa]] in the third century.<ref>"St Thomas Christians" Catholic Encyclopedia (Newadvent.org). http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14678a.htm . nd. web. accessed FEB 19, 2010.</ref>

== Notable places==
[[File:Kapaleeswarar1.jpg|thumb|Kapaleeswarar Temple]]
[[File:Universal Temple, Mylapore, Chennai.jpg|thumb|Entrance of the Universal Temple]]
[[File:Thiruvalluvar Temple.JPG|thumb|A [[Thiruvalluvar Temple, Mylapore|temple]] for [[Thiruvalluvar]] in Mylapore]]
[[File:St Thomas Basilica, Mylapore, Chennai.jpg|thumb|[[St. Thomas Cathedral Basilica, Chennai]]]]
* [[Kapaleeswarar Temple]]
* [[Thiruvalluvar Temple, Mylapore|Thiruvalluvar Temple]], Dates to at least the early 16th century.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Thiruvalluvar's shrine|author=Pradeep Chakravarthy |author2=Ramesh Ramachandran |date=16–31 August 2009|journal=Madras Musings|volume=19|issue=9|url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%209/thiruvalluvars_shrine.html}}</ref>
* [[San Thome Basilica]], built over the tomb of [[Thomas the Apostle]], is a [[Roman Catholic]] minor basilica at [[Santhome]].<ref name="Erwin Fahlbusch">The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 5 by Erwin Fahlbusch. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing - 2008. p. 285. {{ISBN|978-0-8028-2417-2}}.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qhKGPprbQaYC&q=St.+Thomas The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities] by Orpa Slapak. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 2003. p. 27. {{ISBN|965-278-179-7}}.</ref>
* [[Luz Anjaneya Temple]]
* [[Madras Music Academy]]
* [[Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College|Vivekananda College]]
* [[Lighthouse, Chennai]]

==Culture==
[[File:MylaiTamizhSangam.jpg|thumb|Convention of the Mylai Tamizh Sangam, early 1900s]]
[[File:Mylapore Theppam Seasonal festival.jpg|thumb|Kapaleeswarar Temple Theppam Festival]]
{{See also|Culture of Chennai}}
The [[Parthasarathy Swami Sabha]] in Mylapore is the oldest Sabha (Assembly) in Tamil Nadu. The [[Madras Music Academy]] in the north of the district is a location for art events in the city.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

The 10-day ''Panguni Brahmotsavam'', a series of procession events of the Kapaleeshwarar temple and related shrines around the temple during the Tamil month of ''Panguni'' (March–April), is the most important annual event of the neighbourhood. People from around the country and abroad participate in the events.<ref name="MoodsOfMylapore"/> The main deities of the Kapaleeshwarar temple, including Shiva, Parvathi, and Nandhi taken on a 13-meter-tall chariot,<ref name="Hindu_ArubathuMoovar">{{cite news | last = Venkataraman | first = Geetha | title = Today is Arubathu Moovar | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 4 April 2020 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/today-is-arubathu-moovar/article31258856.ece | access-date = 21 November 2021}}</ref> led by Vinayakar chariot and followed by the attendant pantheon of nayanmars (Shaivite saints) in a series of palanquins and other deities of the surrounding shrines including Mundagakanni Amman, Kolavizhi Amman, [[Vasuki (wife of Valluvar)|Vasuki]] with Valluvar, Draupadi Amman, Ankalaparameshwari Amman, Vairamudi Swami, and [[Chintadripet]] Muthukumaran are taken in procession.<ref name="Hindu_ArubathuMoovar"/><ref name="Bhatt2020">{{cite journal|title=Arupathu Moovar – 110 years ago|author=Karthik Bhatt |date=March 16–31, 2020|journal=Madras Musings|volume=XXIX|issue=23|url=http://www.madrasmusings.com/vol-29-no-23/arupathu-moovar-110-years-ago/}}</ref><ref name="OI_2020">{{cite news | last = Jeyalakshmi | first = C | title = பங்குனி திருவிழா: கபாலீஸ்வரர் கோவிலில் மார்ச் 29ல் கொடியேற்றம் - ஏப் 5ல் அறுபத்துமூவர் | newspaper = One India | location = Chennai | language = Tamil | publisher = OneIndia.com | date = 16 March 2020 | url = https://tamil.oneindia.com/astrology/news/kapaleeshwarar-temple-arubathu-moovar-festival-begin-on-march-29-2020-379909.html?story=2 | access-date = 18 June 2022}}</ref> The ''Arubathimoovar'' on day eight draws the maximum crowd during which the 63 [[nayanmar]]s along with the idol of philosopher-saint Valluvar as the 64th nayanmar are taken in procession.<ref name="MoodsOfMylapore">{{cite news | last = Swaminathan | first = Chitra | title = Moods of Mylapore | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 10 March 2014 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/moods-of-mylapore/article5770312.ece | access-date = 21 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="Bhatt2020"/><ref name="BrimmingWithCulture">{{cite news | last = Ramachandran | first = Charumathi | title = Mylapore still brimming with culture, music and history | newspaper = Deccan Chronicle | location = Chennai | date = 2 April 2016 | url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/020416/mylapore-still-brimming-with-culture-music-and-history.html | access-date = 21 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="GrandPalanquins">{{cite news | title = Grand palanquins carry 63 Nayanmars in fest | newspaper = Deccan Chronicle | location = Chennai | date = 22 March 2016 | url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/220316/grand-palanquins-carry-63-nayanmars-in-fest.html | access-date = 21 November 2021}}</ref> The festival is dated back to 7th century CE.<ref name="TH_Sriram">{{cite news | last = Lalithasai | title = Significance of Panguni Uthiram | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 21 May 2012 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/significance-of-panguni-uthiram/article3449280.ece | access-date = 18 June 2022}}</ref>
Mylapore Website provides news about arts and culture of Chennai City.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mylapore.net|title=Mylapore {{!}} Margazhi Isai Festival - Local, News, Events, Updates, margazhi isai festival|website=Mylapore {{!}} Margazhi Isai Festival|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-13}}</ref>

==Politics==
The Mylapore assembly constituency is part of [[Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies |access-date = 2008-10-08 |work = Tamil Nadu |publisher = Election Commission of India |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |archive-date = 4 May 2006 }}</ref>

==Education==
===Colleges===
* [[Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College]]

===CBSE affiliated Schools===
* [[P. S. Senior Secondary School]]
* [[Vidya Mandir Senior Secondary School]]
* [[Sir Sivaswami Kalalaya|Sir Sivaswami Kalalaya Senior Secondary School]]

===Others===
* [[ICAT Design & Media College]]
* Mindscreen Film Institute

==Rail transit==
[[Thirumayilai (Chennai MRTS)|Thirumayilai Railway Station]], on the [[Chennai Metro|Mass Rapid Transit System]] network, connects Mylapore to [[Chennai Beach]] to the north and [[Velachery]] on the south.

==See also==
* [[History of Chennai]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5NxaYhfHtc Festivals of Mylapore]
{{commons category}}
* [http://specials.rediff.com/election/2006/apr/10sld1.htm Mylapore page on Rediff]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090519070740/http://www.mylaikapaleeswarar.com/ Website of Kapaleeswarar Temple]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070107140940/http://www.rkmhq.org/ Official website of Ramakrishna Mutt, Chennai]
* [http://www.santhomechurch.com/ Website of Santhome church Mylapore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060703103907/http://www.santhomechurch.com/ |date=3 July 2006 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091121233739/http://www.santhomecathedral.com/ Website of Santhome Cathedral Mylapore]

{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Neighbourhoods adjacent to Mylapore'''
|Northwest = [[Gopalapuram, Chennai|Gopalapuram]]
|North = [[Royapettah]]
|Northeast = [[Triplicane]]
|West = [[Alwarpet]]
|Centre = Mylapore
|East = [[Santhome]]
|Southwest = [[Mandavelli]] & [[Raja Annamalaipuram]]
|South = [[Mandavelli]] & [[Raja Annamalaipuram]]
|Southeast = [[Santhome]] & [[Foreshore Estate]]
}}
{{Neighborhoods of Chennai}}
{{Chennai Topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Chennai]]
[[Category:Coastal neighbourhoods of Chennai]]

Kolhapur Local Authorities constituency

2026-04-29T14:27:18Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: started some data and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
'''Kolhapur Local Authorities constituency''' is one of 78 Legislative Council seats in [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]. This constituency covers [[Kolhapur district]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-02 |title=Satej Patil to be Cong-NCP candidate for MLC election |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/satej-patil-to-be-cong-ncp-candidate-for-mlc-election/articleshow/87471518.cms|work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-16 |title=Meet Satej Patil: The man behind Congress' victory in Kolhapur|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/meet-satej-patil-the-man-behind-congress-victory-in-kolhapur-101650129070531-amp.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-30 |title=Maharashtra Legislative Council polls: Congress wins 3, Shiv Sena 2, others bag 1 seat each |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/maharashtra-legislative-council-polls-congress-wins-3-shiv-sena-2-others-bag-1-seat-each/articleshow/50380461.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-14 |title=Maharashtra MLC polls: BJP wins 4 of 6 seats; wrests Akola-Buldhana-Washim seat from Shiv Sena |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-mlc-polls-bjp-wins-4-of-6-seats-wrests-akola-buldhana-washim-seat-from-shiv-sena/articleshow/88274086.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Council ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1998
|rowspan=3|Mahadevrao Mahadik
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|2004
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|2010
|-
|2016
|rowspan=2|[[Satej Patil]]
|-
|2022
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Local Authorities constituencies in India]]
[[Category:Council constituencies of Maharashtra]]

Mohla-Manpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:31:18Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: Starting first details w/ sources

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mohla-Manpur
| type = SLA
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Tej Kunwar Netam
| constituency_no = 78
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Rajnandgaon district|Rajnandgaon]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajnandgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajnandgaon]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Indrashah Mandavi]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| electors = {{formatnum:168008}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| map_image = Mohla-Manpur Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Mohla-Manpur''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoMap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Rajnandgaon district|Rajnandgaon]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|colspan=4 |''Prior to 2008: Constituency did not exist''
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Shivraj Singh Usare
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|Tej Kunwar Netam
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
| rowspan="2" | [[Indrashah Mandavi]]
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mohla-Manpur<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Indrashah Mandavi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 77,454
|percentage = 57.79
|change = +17.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sanjeev Shah|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=45,713|percentage=34.11|change=+10.55}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Yuvraj Netam|party=Hamar Raj Party|votes=1,316|percentage=0.98|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Hemlal Darro|party=Forward Democratic Labour Party|votes=1,254|percentage=0.94|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bramharam Mandavi|party=Independent politician|votes=1,225|percentage=0.91|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=3,354|percentage=2.5|change=-0.88}}
{{Election box majority|votes=31,741|percentage=23.68|change=+6.89}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=134,027|percentage=79.77|change=-0.51}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Mohla-Manpur<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Indrashah Mandavi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 50,576
|percentage = 40.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kanchan Mala Bhuarya|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=29,528|percentage=23.56|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sanjeet Thakur|party=Janta Congress Chhattisgarh|votes=28,740|percentage=22.93|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Smt. Khagesh Thakur|party=Independent politician|votes=3,769|percentage=3.01|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Siyaram Nuroti|party=Ambedkarite Party of India|votes=1,461|percentage=1.17|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dhanesh Koliyare|party=Independent politician|votes=1,394|percentage=1.11|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pyarelal Koratia|party=Shiv Sena|votes=1,371|percentage=1.09|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arjun Mandavi|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=1,269|percentage=1.01|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kanak Nagvansi|party=Independent politician|votes=1,153|percentage=0.92|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=4,238|percentage=3.38|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=21,048|percentage=16.79|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=124,903|percentage=80.28|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Rajnandgaon district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|20.58|80.75|display=title}}

[[Category:Rajnandgaon district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Badharghat Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:17Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: made a details.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Badharghat
| constituency_no = 14
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[West Tripura district|West Tripura]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura West]]
| established = 1977
| reservation = SC
| type = SLA
| map_image = Badharghat Assembly constituency map.svg
| mla = [[Mina Rani Sarkar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:62207}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Badharghat''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/7249-tripura/ |title=Delimitation Commission of India - Notification |website=eci.gov.in |date=12 May 2005 |author=Shangara Ram |accessdate= 25 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=district-AC-Map>{{cite web |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |title=District/AC Map - Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura |website=ceotripura.nic.in |access-date= 23 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405133941/http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |archive-date=5 April 2014}}</ref> It is part of [[West Tripura district|West Tripura]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]]. It is also part of [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|West Tripura Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/badharghat.html Sitting and Previous MLAs from Badharghat Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/TRP2013_Reports.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2013 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF TRIPURA]</ref><ref>[http://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/ne/6133-list-of-assembly-constituency-of-tripura.html List of assembly constituency of Tripura]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=2 | Jadab Majumder || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || [[Dilip Sarkar (Tripura politician)|Dilip Sarkar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Jadab Majumder || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || [[Dilip Sarkar (Tripura politician)|Dilip Sarkar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Subrata Chakraborty || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=3 | [[Dilip Sarkar (Tripura politician)|Dilip Sarkar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 elections in India#Tripura|2019 by-election]] || [[Mimi Majumder]]
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Mina Rani Sarkar]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Badharghat<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mina Rani Sarkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,427 |percentage=48.94% |change={{increase}}3.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Partha Ranjan Sarkar|party=All India Forward Bloc|votes=26,138|percentage=46.64%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sushil Chandra Das|party=Independent politician|votes=1,036|percentage=1.85%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mridul Kanti Sarkar|party=Independent politician|votes=723|percentage=1.29%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=720|percentage=1.28%|change={{decrease}}0.19}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,289 |percentage=2.30% |change= {{decrease}}9.35 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=56,044|percentage=90.24%|change={{increase}}12.24}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,207 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 elections in India#Tripura|2019 Tripura Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Badharghat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mimi Majumder]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,487 |percentage=45.25% |change={{decrease}}7.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bulti Biswas |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=15,211 |percentage=33.60% |change={{decrease}}9.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ratan Chandra Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,105 |percentage=20.11% |change={{increase}}19.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=667 |percentage=1.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mridul Kanti Sarkar |party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) |votes=470 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,276 |percentage=11.65% |change= {{increase}}1.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,273 |percentage=78.96% |change= {{decrease}}15.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,150 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Badharghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dilip Sarkar (Tripura politician)|Dilip Sarkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=28,561 |percentage=52.86% |change={{increase}}51.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jharna Das(Baidya) |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=23,113 |percentage=42.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ratan Chandra Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=505 |percentage=0.93% |change={{decrease}}48.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=474 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,448 |percentage=10.08% |change= {{increase}}8.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,033 |percentage=92.10% |change= {{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,661 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Badharghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dilip Sarkar (Tripura politician)|Dilip Sarkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,309 |percentage=49.29% |change={{increase}}0.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samar Das |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=23,666 |percentage=47.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bidyut Das |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=529 |percentage=1.07% |change={{decrease}}0.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subal Sarkar |party=Amra Bangali |votes=510 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asit Das |party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) |votes=308 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=643 |percentage=1.30% |change= {{increase}}0.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,322 |percentage=93.70% |change= {{increase}}0.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,672 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Badharghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dilip Sarkar (Tripura politician)|Dilip Sarkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,724 |percentage=48.43% |change={{increase}}1.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subrata Chakraborty |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=29,349 |percentage=47.82% |change={{decrease}}1.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rama Prasad Paul |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=731 |percentage=1.19% |change={{decrease}}0.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subrata Chakraborty |party=Independent politician |votes=689 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilip Dutta |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=380 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dwijendra Sahaji |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=310 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=375 |percentage=0.61% |change= {{decrease}}1.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,371 |percentage=92.96% |change= {{increase}}12.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,149 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.37 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}0.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Badharghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Subrata Chakraborty |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=22,773 |percentage=49.21% |change={{increase}}3.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dilip Sarkar (Tripura politician)|Dilip Sarkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,825 |percentage=47.16% |change={{decrease}}2.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hrishikesh Dey |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=789 |percentage=1.71% |change={{decrease}}3.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subrata Chakraborty |party=Independent politician |votes=390 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyam Kumar Das |party=Independent politician |votes=374 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=948 |percentage=2.05% |change= {{decrease}}1.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,275 |percentage=80.01% |change= {{decrease}}0.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,836 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Badharghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dilip Sarkar (Tripura politician)|Dilip Sarkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,372 |percentage=49.25% |change={{increase}}4.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jadab Majumder |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=17,823 |percentage=45.32% |change={{decrease}}6.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shipra De |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,905 |percentage=4.84% |change={{increase}}3.19 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,549 |percentage=3.94% |change= {{decrease}}2.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,331 |percentage=81.46% |change= {{increase}}0.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,098 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Badharghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jadab Majumder |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=19,563 |percentage=51.55% |change={{increase}}2.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dilip Sarkar (Tripura politician)|Dilip Sarkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,096 |percentage=45.05% |change={{decrease}}5.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sipra De |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=628 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,467 |percentage=6.50% |change= {{increase}}5.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,952 |percentage=80.62% |change= {{decrease}}3.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,808 |ref = |change= {{increase}}42.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1988 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Badharghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dilip Sarkar (Tripura politician)|Dilip Sarkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,923 |percentage=50.15% |change={{increase}}7.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ila Bhattacherje |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=13,597 |percentage=48.98% |change={{decrease}}7.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nikhil Roy |party=Independent politician |votes=141 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=326 |percentage=1.17% |change= {{decrease}}12.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,763 |percentage=84.04% |change= {{increase}}1.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,534 |ref = |change= {{increase}}36.61 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Badharghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jadab Majumder |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=11,244 |percentage=56.37% |change={{decrease}}18.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Niranjan Paul |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,551 |percentage=42.87% |change={{increase}}34.11 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,693 |percentage=13.50% |change= {{decrease}}48.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,948 |percentage=82.65% |change= {{increase}}2.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,547 |ref = |change= {{increase}}33.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}18.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Badharghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jadab Majumder |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=10,816 |percentage=74.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sachindra Lal Singha |party=Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=1,844 |percentage=12.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manik Chandra Chakraborty |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,266 |percentage=8.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harendra Kishore Roy Barman |party=Janata Party |votes=528 |percentage=3.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,972 |percentage=62.07% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,454 |percentage=80.06% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,391 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[West Tripura district]]
* [[Badharghat]]
* [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|23.8|91.27|display=title}}

[[Category:West Tripura district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Tripura]]

Prachin Panth Prakash

2026-04-09T09:09:04Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: added a data

{{Short description|Sikh text of the 19th century by Rattan Singh Bhangu}}
{{Infobox book
| image = Panth_Prakash_MS_797.jpg
| caption = Panth Prakash manuscript, Panjab University, Chandigarh, MS 797
| name = Panth Prakash {{small| Prācīn Panth Prakāsh}}
| language = [[Braj bhasha|Braj]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] mix
| genre = Sikhism
| published = Early 1810's (G. S. Mann), 1841 (V. Singh)
| author = Rattan Singh Bhangu
| country = [[Sikh Empire]]
| title_orig = Sri Gur Panth Prakash
}}
{{italic title}}
{{Sikh literature}}
'''''Panth Prakash''''' ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਪੰਥ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼), also called '''''Prācīn Panth Prakāsh''''' ("Old Panth Prakash", not to be confused with the "''Naveen'' [new] ''Panth Prakash''" by Giani Gian Singh) (Gurmukhi: ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ ਪੰਥ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ''lit.'' "The Rise of the Honorable Guru Panth/Sikh Community"),<ref name="Mann, Gurinder Singh 2016. page 15">Mann, Gurinder Singh. 2016. 'Sri Guru Panth Prakash: Its text, Context and Significance'. In Journal of Sikh & Punjabi Studies. Volume 23, page 15</ref> is a historical chronicle about [[History of Sikhism|Sikh history]] in the 1700s by [[Rattan Singh Bhangu]] and was completed in the early 1810s.{{Refn|The original title of the work was 'Panth Prakash', it is not to be confused with a later work with a similar name by [[Giani Gian Singh]], in-which it is differentiated from it by the addition of the word 'Prachin' meaning "old" before the title.|group=note}}<ref name="Mann, Gurinder Singh 2016. page 15"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sekhon |first=Sant Singh |title=PRĀCHĪN PANTH PRAKĀSH |url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/PRACHIN%20PANTH%20PRAKASH.html |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition) |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala}}</ref> The text's opening foundation briefly covers the lives of the ten Sikh Gurus, then traces the accomplishments of the Sikh community from 1708 to the establishment of Sikh rule in Punjab.<ref name="Mann, Gurinder Singh 2016. page 15"/><ref name=":2" /> The text provides the most comprehensive compilation of stories related to the feats of Sikh warriors in the 18th century, the evolving Sikh martial formations, and the internal power dynamics between Sikh [[Misl]] groups.<ref name=":032">{{Cite book |last=Chawla|first=Pratibha|title=The Silent Voices and the Creation of a New Universe: Sikh Gurus on Women and Society|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|year=2024|isbn=9781837652396|pages=371–372|chapter=A Note on Primary Sources}}</ref>

== Description ==
The work was originally written by Bhangu for Captain Murray a British official stationed at Ludhiana. The British were curious about the Sikhs and wanted to know their history, however they sponsored a Muslim named [[Bute Shah]] of Malwa to write them a historical account of the Sikhs. Learning about this, Rattan Singh thought a Muslim writer would be biased against the Sikhs so he offered his service instead. Bhangu would orally explain Sikh history to Murray during the day and convert what he had said earlier into writing during the night, which would produce the work.<ref name=":2" /> Bhangu wrote the work in the Bunga of Sham Singh that had existed near the Golden Temple in Amritsar. The work was authored in Punjabi verse.<ref name=":2" />

The original title of the work is ''Sri Gur Panth Prakash''.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=20}} The work can be divided into two parts:<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=15}}

# Human guruship period: the period of the Sikh gurus, from the life of Guru Nanak until Guru Gobind Singh's death in 1708.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=15}}
# Post-human guruship period: covers the period from 1708 until the establishment of Sikh authority in the Punjab through the founding of the [[Sikh Empire]] by [[Ranjit Singh]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=15}}
The work only goes into depth on Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh, with some events related to Guru Hargobind and Guru Tegh Bahadur also being mentioned. Furthermore, the conquests of Banda Singh Bahadur and other prominent Sikhs of the era are noted. After Bhangu's account of Bhai Mani Singh's execution, the text loses its continuity and becomes more episodic in its recording of history. The episodes from Sikh history that Bhangu decided to included in this episodic section relate to the killing of [[Massa Ranghar]], the martyrdoms of [[Bota Singh]], [[Bhai Subeg Singh|Subeg Singh]], [[Bhai Taru Singh|Taru Singh]], and [[Mehtab Singh Bhangu|Mehtab Singh]], the ''[[Chhota Ghallughara]]'', the ''[[Vadda Ghallughara]]'', the [[Battle of Sirhind (1764)|third Sikh attack on Sirhind]] and death of [[Zain Khan Sirhindi]], and [[Sikh attacks on Delhi|Sikh attacks near Delhi]].<ref name=":2" />

B. S. Dhillon enumerated the total number of ''[[sakhi]]s'' in the work text as being 163, J. S. Sital claimed the number was 170, and Vir Singh stated it was 199.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=21}}According to G. S. Mann, the earliest manuscript recension of the text contains 100 sakhis.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=19}} The work contains Indic poetic metres, such as the ''[[Doha (poetry)|dohra]]'' and ''[[Chaupai (poetry)|chaupai]]''.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=29}} The work criticizes Banda Singh Bahadur's conduct, such as him altering the salutation of the Khalsa, changing the colours from blue to red, enforcing vegetarianism, and not respecting Guru Gobind Singh's widowed wife.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=33, 37}} The [[Gangushahi]]s under Kharak Singh's leadership are criticized for reintroducting the ''[[Amrit Sanskar|charan pahul]]'' admission ceremony.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=37}} Bhangu also admonishes the [[cis-Sutlej states]] for accepting the suzerainty of the British East India Company, revealing a pro-Majha and anti-[[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]] inclination in his perspective.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=37}} Prominent Sikhs mentioned in the text are identified by their caste-background, yet Bhangu identifies all Sikhs as being equals through the ''amrit sanchar'' ceremony.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=37}} The enemies of the Sikhs of the time are identified as being Mughals or Afghans, but also Hindu Rajputs working for them.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=38}}

There are stylistic and substantive variations between the manuscript and print form of the text.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=19}} Certain passages found in the precursory manuscript version have been edited-out in the print editions, such as references to [[Hindu deities|Indic deities]], removing references to [[Hindu mythology|Indic mythology]], and replacing the word "Hindu" with "Sikh".<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=19}} According to Harinder Singh, these changes occurred due to the dominant theme of Sikhs and Hindus being totally different communities with no relation to one another, a viewpoint that arose during the Singh Sabha movement in the later part of the 19th century.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=19}} Thus, the original work was edited to align with this understanding of Sikhism.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=19}}

== History ==
=== Purpose ===
[[Rattan Singh Bhangu]] indicates that the original drive to write the text was to provide an accurate account of the Sikh Panth to the [[East India Company]] officials, as he deemed other accounts biased.<ref name="Mann, Gurinder Singh 2016. page 17">Mann, Gurinder Singh. 2016. 'Sri Guru Panth Prakash: Its text, Context and Significance'. In Journal of Sikh & Punjabi Studies. Volume 23, page 17.</ref> Bhangu met with Captain William Murray, the head of the local British army of Colonel [[David Ochterlony]], who then listened to the stories recounted by Bhangu.<ref name="Mann, Gurinder Singh 2016. page 17"/><ref>Sri Gur Panth Prakash, English Translation by Kulwant Singh. 2006. Institute of Sikh Studies. Chandigarh. Page xIv</ref> Even still, Dhavan argues the text was written for Punjabi-speaking Sikh audience, as opposed to a British one.<ref>Dhavan, “Reading the Texture,” 521.</ref> William Murray was interested in [[Chronology|historical chronology]], thus Rattan Singh worked toward producing a work to satisfy this.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=29}} Dhavan argues Bhangu asks "the Khalsa Sikh reader to participate in both witnessing and rememorializing the Sikh past … both as a form of spiritual practice and as a curb on the self-interest of the Khalsa warrior."<ref>Murphy, Anne. 2012. The Materiality of the Past: History and Representation in the Sikh Tradition. Oxford University Press. Page 123</ref><ref>McLeod, Textual Sources, Page 67.</ref>

[[W. H. McLeod]] claims the text "vigorously arms the distinctive nature of the Khalsa identity and the claim that this was the identity which Guru Gobind Singh intended his followers to adopt".<ref>Murphy, Anne. 2012. The Materiality of the Past: History and Representation in the Sikh Tradition. Oxford University Press. Page 121</ref> The text holds great esteem within the [[Nihang]] Sikh community, for they believe Rattan Singh himself to have been a Nihang.<ref>Fenech, Louis E. 2021. The Cherished Five in Sikh History. Book, Whole. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref>

=== Dating ===
Whilst the text had been dated to 1841 by Vir Singh, recent scholarship of Gurinder Singh Mann dates it to the early 1810s instead.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=15–17|quote=The received wisdom dates the completion of Sri Gur Panth Prakash to 1841 and
declares it to be one of the most significant sources of early Sikh history. In this essay,
I argue for the text having been written in the early 1810’s and then examine the implications of this shift in its origin for interpreting the information it contains}} Vir Singh believed that Rattan Singh spent around thirty years working on compiling the text, which is why he dated it to 1841.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Mann |first=Gurinder Singh |url=http://giss.org/jsps_vol_23/2_mann.pdf |title=Sri Gur Panth Prakash: Its Text, Context, and Significance |publisher=Global Institute for Sikh Studies |year=2016 |location=New York |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=17–18}} This is due to Vir Singh interpreting a cryptic passage within the text to be referring to its date of completion.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=17–18}} However, this passage within the text does not appear in all of the available manuscript recensions of the text.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=17–18}}

As per G. S. Mann, Rattan Singh likely finished the work between 1810 and 1813.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=27}}This is due to how Rattan Singh makes no mention of the Sikh Empire's acquisition of the Kohinoor diamond in June 1813.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=27–28}} [[Jvala Singh]] dates the work to circa 1809.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jvala |title=Panth Prakash |url=https://manglacharan.com/1880+Panth+Prakash+Giani+Gian+Singh/Panth+Prakash |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=Manglacharan}}</ref> [[Louis E. Fenech]] dates the work to ca.1810–1819.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |date=11 April 2021 |title=Dr. Lou Fenech on the Panj Pyare {{!}} Sikh Heritage Month Ottawa 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6M0n_tzRSos |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=YouTube |publisher=Sikh Heritage Month Ottawa |at=Timestamp 50:46}}</ref>

=== Sources ===
[[Rattan Singh Bhangu]], being the grandson of [[Mehtab Singh Bhangu]], was privy to rare oral histories, often the author remarks how he had heard the story from an elder.<ref>Sri Gur Panth Prakash, English Translation by Kulwant Singh. 2006. Institute of Sikh Studies. Chandigarh. Page xxi</ref><ref name="Mann, Gurinder Singh 2016. page 28">Mann, Gurinder Singh. 2016. 'Sri Guru Panth Prakash: Its text, Context and Significance'. In Journal of Sikh & Punjabi Studies. Volume 23, page 28.</ref> His other grandfather was [[Sham Singh of Narli|Sham Singh]] of the [[Singh Krora Misl|Karorsinghia Misl]], which afforded him information to events regarding Banda Singh Bahadur.<ref name=":2" /> According to Sant Singh Sekhon, Bhangu used the Janamsakhis, Gurbilases, and oral tradition from his relatives to author the text.<ref name=":2" /> For Bhangu's account on Guru Tegh Bahadur's execution, he borrows from Guru Gobind Singh's ''[[Bachittar Natak]]''.<ref name=":2" />

Regarding the sources [[Rattan Singh Bhangu]] utilizes, [[Gurinder Singh Mann|G.S. Mann]] writes:
:The text of Sri Gur Panth Prakash makes it clear that its author was a person of considerable learning with access to wide range of Sikh sources, which included the Guru Granth and historical documents ranging from the Puratan Janam Sakhi (1580s), Gurdas Bhalla’s Vars (pre-1630), Sainapati’s Sri Gur Sobha (pre-1710), and Sukha Singh’s Sri Gur Bilas (1797). He also refers to his access to non-Sikh documents, some of which were written in Sanskrit, Bhakha, and [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref name="Mann, Gurinder Singh 2016. page 28"/>
The author Rattan Singh had access to a version of a work by [[Bute Shah]], which documented Sikh history.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=27}}

Rattan Singh likely had access to the following ''[[Janamsakhis]]'' to construct his account on the life of Guru Nanak within the work:<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=31}}

* ''Puratan Janamsakhi'' – even mentioning to the reader to consult with the Puratan Janamsakhi in the work itself<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=31}}
* ''Miharban Janamsakhi''<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=31}}
* ''Bhai Bala Janamsakhi''<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=31}}

As for his accounts of the later gurus within the text, he likely consulted the following sources:<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=|pages=31–32}}

* ''[[Varan Bhai Gurdas|Vaaran]]'' of [[Bhai Gurdas]]<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=|pages=31–32}}
* Compositions attributed to Guru Gobind Singh found within the [[Dasam Granth]], namely ''[[Jaap Sahib]]'', ''[[Akal Ustat|Akaal Ustat]]'', ''[[33 Savaiye|32 Svayyie]]'', ''Khial'', ''[[Zafarnama (letter)|Zafarnama]]'', ''Apani Katha'', and ''[[Chandi Di Var|Chandi di Var]]''<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=|pages=31–32}}
* ''[[Sri Gur Sobha]]'' of Sainapati<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=|pages=31–32}}
* ''Sri Gur Bilas'' of Sukha Singh (primary source used for Guru Gobind Singh's life)<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=|pages=31–32}}
He sources from secondhand accounts for his documentation on [[Banda Singh Bahadur|Banda Singh Bahadur's]] period.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=33}}

=== Availability ===

==== Manuscripts ====
[[File:MS 1 of the Panth Prakash of Rattan Singh Bhangu, ca.1810–13 (1).jpg|thumb|MS 1 of the ''Panth Prakash'' of Rattan Singh Bhangu, ca.1810–13. Possibly the original manuscript of the work.]]
Around ten manuscripts of the work are known to scholars, with only five of them still being accessible today.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=26}}

Some of the presently available manuscripts of the work are as follows:<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=39}}

* MS 1 – unrecorded date of writing or scribe, 415 folios, kept in a private collection.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=|pages=39, 48–56}} According to G. S. Mann, this is the original manuscript of the work based upon internal evidence present within it, thus it may have been written by Bhangu himself.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=48–49}}
* MS 2 – written circa February–March 1842, scribed by Dial Singh, 380 folios, kept in a private collection.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=|pages=39, 48–56}}
* MS 276 – unrecorded date of writing or scribe, containing 331 folios (last folio missing), kept in the collection of Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=|pages=39, 48–56}}
* MS 797 – unrecorded date of writing, containing 247 folios, kept in the collection of Panjab University, Chandigarh<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=39}}
* Undated manuscript – opening and closing folios missing.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=55–56}} A digitized copy is in the possession of Balwant Singh Dhillon of Guru Nanak Dev University.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=55–56}}

Formerly known manuscripts which are no longer extant or available are as follows:<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=55–56}}

* Manuscript dated to 1842 – in the custody of Bhagwant Singh of Khanpur, Sangrur.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=55–56}}
* Manuscript dated to 1858 – mentioned in the colophon, refer to Vir Singh's edition of 1939.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=55–56}}
* MS 35 – manuscript dated to 1866, 314 folios, kept at Moti Bagh, Patiala (MS 35).<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=55–56}} This was probably the manuscript that Vir Singh referred to in his text.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=55–56}}
* Undated manuscript – associated with the Rarewala family.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=55–56}}
* Undated manuscript – was last available in the library of Punjab University, Lahore.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=55–56}}

==== Printed editions ====
[[Vir Singh (writer)|Vir Singh]] was the first to publish the text in 1914 at the Wazir-i-Hind Press, Amritsar after he found a manuscript of the work (Vir Singh is the one who is attributed as having added the ''Prachin'' ["old"] prefix to the work's title to distinguish it from Giani Gian Singh's later work),<ref name=":2" /> but this version has been criticized by scholars, such as Louis E. Fenech and Harinder Singh, for editing and chopping out sections.<ref>Harinder Singh. 1990. “Bhai Vir Singh’s Editing of Panth Prakāsh by Rattan Singh Bhangu.” Ph.D. Thesis. Amritsar: Guru Nanak Dev University. Page 188.</ref><ref>Lou Fenech, Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition: Playing the “Game of Love.” (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000).</ref> An annotated edition by Jit Singh Sital was published in 1984 by [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=20}} [[Akali Santa Singh|Baba Santa Singh]] also published a Punjabi commentary in 2000.<ref>Prachin Panth Prakash, 2 vols., 2000. Text and commentary by Baba Santa Singh. Damdama, Chalda Vahir.</ref> Another edition was created by Harinder Singh.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=20}} A revised edition, based on manuscripts, was published by Balwant Singh Dhillon in 2004.<ref>Sri Gur Panth Prakash, edited by Balwant Singh Dhillon. Amritsar: Singh Brothers. 2004.</ref> Balwant Singh Dhillion's edition of the text has been criticized for not utilizing the earliest manuscript recensions and not documenting the changes to the text between these various manuscriptural versions.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=19}}

== Translation ==
In 2006, the text was made available in English in two volumes through a translation by Kulwant Singh, sponsored and published by the Institute of Sikh Studies (Chandigarh).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhangu |first=Rattan Singh |title=Sri Gur Panth Prakash (in two volumes) |publisher=Institute of Sikh Studies |year=2006 |isbn=9788185815282 |translator-last=Singh |translator-first=Kulwant}}</ref><ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=39}} Another English translation, in two volumes, was prepared by Gurtej Singh and published by Singh Bros. in January 2015, with a second edition following in February 2021.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhangu |first=Rattan Singh |title=Sri Gur Panth Prakash (in two volumes) |date=February 2021 |publisher=Singh Brothers |isbn=8172055285 |edition=2nd |translator-last=Singh |translator-first=Gurtej}}</ref> Online translations of the work by Jaswinder Singh Sehmbi can be found at gurupurshotam.com.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sehmbi |first=Jaswinder Singh |title=Pracheen Panth Parkash |url=https://gurupurshotam.com/pracheen-panth-parkash/ |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=Gurupurshotam}}</ref> Other online translations of select passages of the text can be found at manglacharan.com.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jvala |title=1809 Gur Panth Prakash Ratan Singh Bhangu |url=https://manglacharan.com/ |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=Manglacharan}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
According to Gurinder Singh Mann, the ''Sri Gur Panth Prakash'' initiated a genre of literature that specialized on the wider Khalsa community's mission and history in the post-guruship period.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=15–16}} Communal exegesis of the text continues at gurdwaras and traditional Sikh educational institutions til the present-day.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=15–16}} Many other works written after it adopted the same title.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=16}} Giani Gian Singh wrote his own Panth Prakash in 1880, as he felt the poetry in Bhangu's work was lacking and that he had excluded the history of the Malwai Sikhs.<ref name=":1" /> According to Sant Singh Sekhon, the work is evidently biased toward the Majhai Sikhs at the expense of the Malwai Sikhs.<ref name=":2" /> However, Sant Singh Sekhon notes that Bhangu's account of the life of Banda Singh Bahadur and the chronology he presents remains accepted as reliable in Sikh historiography.<ref name=":2" /> [[Akali Santa Singh|Santa Singh]] requested that the text should be circulated in the form of audio-commentary, and called for the creation of such a commentary.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=18}} According to Surjit Singh Hans, the work elevated Bhangu to become a "great historian" and that the work itself was a mark of Sikh historiography reaching a "ripe maturity".<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=18}}

== Editions ==

* 1914: ''Prachin Panth Prakash'', ed. Bhai Vir Singh. Amritsar: Wazir Hind Press, 8th reprint 2008.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mann |first=Gurinder Singh |url=http://giss.org/jsps_vol_23/2_mann.pdf |title=Sri Gur Panth Prakash: Its Text, Context, and Significance |publisher=Global Institute for Sikh Studies |year=2016 |location=New York |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=56}}
* 1974: ''Sri Gur Panth Prakash'', edited by Jit Singh Sital. Amritsar: Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee, 3rd reprint 2004.<ref name=":0" />
* 2000: ''Prachin Panth Prakash'', 2 vols., text and commentary by Baba Santa Singh. Damdama: Chalda Vahir.<ref name=":0" />
* 2004: ''Sri Gur Panth Prakash'', edited by Balwant Singh Dhillon. Amritsar: Singh Brothers.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Rattan Singh Bhangu]]
* [[Suraj Parkash]]
* [[Twarikh Guru Khalsa]]
* [[Mahan Kosh]]
* [[Kavi Santokh Singh]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== External links ==
* [https://sikhinstitute.org/gpp_v1.pdf Volume 1]
* [https://sikhinstitute.org/sgpp_ful_vol_2.pdf Volume 2]
* [[commons:File:Panth_Parkash.pdf|Digitized manuscript of the ''Prachin Panth Prakash'']]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian biographies]]
[[Category:Indian poetry]]
[[Category:Sikh mass media]]
[[Category:Sikh literature]]

Khanyar

2026-04-08T07:29:54Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: started basic post first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khanyar
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|34|05|29|N|74|49|10|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Srinagar district]]
| established_title = Settled
| established_date = Ancient
| founder =
| chief minister =
| leader_title1 =
| Governor =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1592
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| url =
| title =
| work =
| publisher =
| date =
| accessdate =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 190003
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0194
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|JK01]]
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from Delhi
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|808|km|mi}}
| blank4_name_sec1 = Distance from Mumbai
| blank4_info_sec1 = {{convert|2229|km|mi}}
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| blank2_name_sec2 =
| blank2_info_sec2 =
| blank3_name_sec2 =
| blank3_info_sec2 =
| blank4_name_sec2 =
| blank4_info_sec2 =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
}}

'''Khanyar''' is a locality in [[Downtown Srinagar|downtown]] from Khayam to Khwaja Bazar in [[Srinagar district]] in [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir, India]]. It lies about 4 kilometers north from [[Lal Chowk|Lal Chowk, Srinagar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps|access-date=2021-02-14|website=Google Maps|language=en}}</ref> This locality is known for the shrine of [[Dastgeer Sahib]], [[Roza Bal]], tomb of [[Yuz Asaf]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0110_PART_A_DCHB_SRINAGAR.pdf | title=Jammu & Kashmir - District census handbook - Srinagar | website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

==Places==
Known for its shrine of [[Abdul Qadir Gilani]], a renowned scholar, also called as Dastgeer sahib by locals. This shrine was built in 1806 A.D. from where the relic, which was given by an Afghan traveller to then governor of the state, Sardar Abdullah Khan, was displayed on various religious festivals. The shrine was enlarged in 1877 A.D. by Khwaja Sanaullah Shawl.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/history-of-the-dastgeer-sahib-shrine-106943-2012-06-25|title=History of the Dastgeer Sahib shrine|date=25 June 2012|website=India Today}}</ref>

The tomb of [[Yuz Asaf]] in [[Roza Bal]] is also situated here. In 1899 [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] claimed that it was the tomb of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]]<ref>[[J. Gordon Melton]] ''The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena'' 2007 "Ahmad specifically repudiated Notovitch on Jesus' early travels to India, but claimed that Jesus did go there late in His life. The structure identified by Ahmad as Jesus' resting place is known locally as the Roza Bal (or Rauza Bal)."</ref> Others have dismissed this as nothing but a way to attract tourists.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tomb-Raider-Jesus-buried-in-Srinagar/articleshow/5906304.cms?referral=PM|title=Tomb Raider: Jesus buried in Srinagar? - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/8587838.stm|title=Visiting 'Jesus tomb' in Kashmir|last=Miller|first=Sam|date=2010-03-27|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=2018-11-22|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Khanyar is surrounded on one side by once a freshwater lake known as [[Brari Nambal]] which at present day is in highly deteriorated condition due to official negligence and choking of it drainage canals. It was once drained by a famous canal [[Nallah Mar]], which was filled up and converted to a road called Nallah Mar Road.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Nov/17/govt-sits-on-brari-nambal-conservation-49.asp|title=Brari Nambal Conservation|date=17 November 2013|work=Greater Kashmir|access-date=20 Mar 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402213207/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Nov/17/govt-sits-on-brari-nambal-conservation-49.asp|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/srinagar-city/official-apathy-pushes-brari-nambal-lagoon-on-verge-of-extinction/294499.html|title=Official apathy pushes Brari Nambal lagoon on verge of extinction|date=27 August 2018|work=Greater Kashmir|archive-date=21 November 2018|access-date=21 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121120516/https://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/srinagar-city/official-apathy-pushes-brari-nambal-lagoon-on-verge-of-extinction/294499.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Srinagar]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Srinagar district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election

2026-04-03T12:20:10Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: made a data

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = March 2020}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1962 Mysore Legislative Assembly election
| popular_vote1 = 3,164,811
| percentage1 = 50.22%
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 1.86%
| party2 = Praja Socialist Party
| leader_since2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| last_election2 = 18
| seats2 = 20
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 = 887,363
| percentage2 = 14.02%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 0.02%
| map_size =
| map_image =
| map_alt =
| map =
| map_caption = 
| title = [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|CM]]
| before_election = [[B. D. Jatti]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[S. R. Kanthi]]
| image2 = {{eppt|Praja Socialist Party|height=80|width=80}}
| leader2 =
| registered =
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1957 Mysore Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1957
| election_date = 1962
| elected_members =
| next_election = 1967 Mysore Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1967
| majority_seats = 105
| seats_for_election = All 208 seats in the [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]]
| country = India
| turnout =
| image1 =Siddavanahalli Nijalingappa stamp (cropped).jpg
| leader1 =
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since1 =
| leaders_seat1 =
| last_election1 = 150
| seats1 = 138
| seat_change1 =
| type = parliamentary
| after_party = Indian National Congress
}}The '''1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election''' was held in the [[India]]n state of [[Mysore State|Mysore]] (currently [[Karnataka]]) to elect 208 members to the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Mysore Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3773-karnataka-1962/|title=Karnataka 1962|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515061757/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3773-karnataka-1962/ |archive-date=15 May 2019 |access-date=}}</ref>

== Results ==
{{election table|title=Summary of results of the Mysore Legislative Assembly election, 1962|sortable=yes}}
|-
!colspan=10|[[File:India Mysore Legislative Assembly 1962.svg]]
|-
!colspan=2|Political Party
!Contestants
!Seats won
!Seat change
!Votes
!Vote share
!Net change
|-style="background: #90EE90;"
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||208||138||{{decrease}} 12||3,164,811||50.22%||{{decrease}} 1.80
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||84||20||{{increase}} 2||887,363||14.08%||{{increase}} 0.02
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||59||9||||450,713 ||7.15%||
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti}}||6||6||||136878||2.17%||
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Sewak Sangh}}||17||4||||159,545||2.53%||
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 31 || 3 || || 143835 || 2.28%
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}} || 9 || 1 || || 62809 || 1.00%
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}||||27||{{decrease}} 9||1,091,011||17.31%||''N/A''
|-
!colspan=2|'''Total'''!!!!'''208'''!!!!!!!!
|-
|}

=== Results by constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results by constituency |
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
|-
|1||[[Santpur Assembly constituency|Santpur]]||34.96%||Prabhoo Rao Dhondiba||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,098||47.82%||G. Vithal Rao Kamble||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||7,893||41.49%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,205'''
|-
|2||[[Bhalki Assembly constituency|Bhalki]]||54.90%||Bhimanna Shivlingappa||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||12,114||48.34%||Vijay Kumar Bheemanna Khandre||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||6,577||26.25%||style="background:{{party colour|Praja Socialist Party}}"|'''5,537'''
|-
|3||[[Bidar Assembly constituency|Bidar]]||42.15%||Maqsood Ali Khan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,277||67.85%||R. V. Bidap||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||6,161||29.28%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''8,116'''
|-
|4||[[Hulsoor Assembly constituency|Hulsoor]]||61.67%||Bapu Rao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||13,424||43.09%||Subhadra Bai||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13,386||42.97%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''38'''
|-
|5||[[Basavakalyan Assembly constituency|Kalyani]]||48.26%||Annapurna Bai||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||12,868||52.11%||Krishnaji Shastry||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||6,481||26.25%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,387'''
|-
|6||[[Humnabad Assembly constituency|Humnabad]]||50.44%||Gopal Rao Mudbi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||11,476||50.61%||Vishwanath||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||11,201||49.39%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''275'''
|-
|7||[[Chincholi Assembly constituency|Chincholi]]||46.42%||[[Veerendra Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13,391||56.40%||Sharangowda Sidramayya||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||10,353||43.60%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,038'''
|-
|8||[[Kamalapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Kamalapur]]||44.58%||L. Chandrashekhar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,484||69.60%||Hanmanth Rao Sharnappa||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||3,949||18.98%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,535'''
|-
|9||[[Aland Assembly constituency|Aland]]||38.93%||Devappa Shamanna||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||11,631||65.11%||B. Shamsunder||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||4,141||23.18%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''7,490'''
|-
|10||[[Gulbarga Assembly constituency|Gulbarga]]||52.28%||Gangadhar Namoshi||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||14,208||53.72%||Mohammed Ali Mehtab Ali||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||10,920||41.29%||style="background:{{party colour|Communist Party of India}}"|'''3,288'''
|-
|11||[[Afzalpur Assembly constituency|Afzalpur]]||35.27%||Anna Rao Basappa Ganamukhi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,078||86.52%||Sharnappa Rukkappa||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||1,411||8.67%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''12,667'''
|-
|12||[[Kalgi Assembly constituency|Kalgi]]||37.99%||S. Rudrappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||10,608||60.49%||Sharangowda Siddaramayya||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||3,779||21.55%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,829'''
|-
|13||[[Chittapur Assembly constituency|Chittapur]]||43.26%||Vijaya Devi Raghavender Rao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||11,296||53.01%||Shantmallappa Anna Rao Bhankur||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||6,167||28.94%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,129'''
|-
|14||[[Sedam Assembly constituency|Sedam]]||39.46%||Jamadanda Papiah Sarvesh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||10,012||58.92%||Devendra Kumar||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||6,981||41.08%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,031'''
|-
|15||[[Gurmitkal Assembly constituency|Gurmitkal]]||50.99%||[[Vidyadhar Guruji Sayanna]]||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||19,378||67.18%||Mallappa Lingappa Kollur||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,469||32.82%||style="background:{{party colour|Swatantra Party}}"|'''9,909'''
|-
|16||[[Jevargi Assembly constituency|Jevargi]]||49.45%||Nilkanthappa Sharnappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||12,251||51.38%||K. Channabasappa Dandappa||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||11,595||48.62%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''656'''
|-
|17||[[Yadgir Assembly constituency|Yadgir]]||53.53%||Bhoj Raj||{{party name with color|Lok Sewak Sangh}}||15,872||53.51%||Konappa Rudrappa Nadagouda||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13,788||46.49%||style="background:{{party colour|Lok Sewak Sangh}}"|'''2,084'''
|-
|18||[[Shahapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shahapur]]||37.79%||Mahantswami Verupakshaya||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||11,915||59.55%||Virupakshappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||8,094||40.45%||style="background:{{party colour|Swatantra Party}}"|'''3,821'''
|-
|19||[[Shorapur Assembly constituency|Shorapur]]||52.44%||Raja Pidnaik Raja Krishtappa Naik||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||18,841||70.64%||Dharmrao Sharnappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,830||29.36%||style="background:{{party colour|Swatantra Party}}"|'''11,011'''
|-
|20||[[Badami Assembly constituency|Badami]]||62.30%||Venkanagouda Hanumantagouda Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,573||58.93%||Shankarappa Shankarappa Pattanshetti||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||11,585||38.85%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,988'''
|-
|21||[[Guledgud Assembly constituency|Guledgud]]||59.29%||Madivalappa Rudrappa Pattanshetti||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,160||61.24%||Shrinivas Ramjivan Kasta||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||11,496||38.76%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,664'''
|-
|22||[[Hungund Assembly constituency|Hungund]]||62.12%||[[S. R. Kanthi]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,010||66.71%||Gaigayya Padadappayya Nanjayanmath Alias Parayya||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||8,427||28.09%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,583'''
|-
|23||[[Bagalkot Assembly constituency|Bagalkot]]||54.18%||Muranal Basappa Tammanna||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,212||78.28%||Ganapat Dattatray Kamble||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||6,439||21.72%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''16,773'''
|-
|24||[[Mudhol Assembly constituency|Mudhol]]||68.31%||Ningappa Kallappa Naik||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,575||52.78%||Nadgouda Krishnappa Pandappa||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||17,105||46.12%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,470'''
|-
|25||[[Bilgi Assembly constituency|Bilgi]]||59.51%||Rachappa Mallappa Desai||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,158||74.32%||Gurupadayya Guruachayya Advimath||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||4,359||13.99%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''18,799'''
|-
|26||[[Jamkhandi Assembly constituency|Jamkhandi]]||68.55%||[[B. D. Jatti|Basappa Danappa Jatti]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,776||63.71%||Murgod Mahadevappa Shivappa||{{party name with color|Lok Sewak Sangh}}||11,844||33.13%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,932'''
|-
|27||[[Tikota Assembly constituency|Tikota]]||51.51%||[[M. B. Patil|Patil Basanagouda Mallanagouda]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,957||83.22%||Bhimangouda Gurupadappa Biradar||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||4,024||16.78%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''15,933'''
|-
|28||[[Bijapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Bijapur]]||60.49%||Revansiddapa Sharanappa Navadagi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13,828||49.71%||Nabisab Maktumsab Balasing||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||4,846||17.42%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''8,982'''
|-
|29||[[Basavana Bagevadi Assembly constituency|Basavana Bagevadi]]||52.35%||Sushilabai Hirachand Shah||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||11,941||51.57%||Ramangouda Gurappa Patil||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||6,113||26.40%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,828'''
|-
|30||[[Muddebihal Assembly constituency|Muddebihal]]||54.92%||Pranesh Sidhanti||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13,969||56.67%||Shrishailappa Channappa Masali||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||10,680||43.33%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,289'''
|-
| 31 || [[Talikoti Assembly constituency|Talikot]] || - || Gadigeppagouda Ningangouda Patil|| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
! colspan="8" | {{center|''Elected unopposed''}}
|-
|32||[[Indi Assembly constituency|Indi]]||60.11%||Gurulingappa Devappa Patil||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||14,624||51.11%||Mallappa Karabasappa Surpur||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13,673||47.79%||style="background:{{party colour|Swatantra Party}}"|'''951'''
|-
|33||[[Baradol Assembly constituency|Baradol]]||33.13%||Jatteppa Laxman Kabadi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,792||65.61%||Shivappa Dhareppa Kamble||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||2,623||17.57%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''7,169'''
|-
|34||[[Sindagi Assembly constituency|Sindagi]]||52.11%||Channappa Madiwalappa Desai||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,012||57.42%||Shidappa Nijalingappa Raddewadgi||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||7,432||30.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,580'''
|-
|35||[[Athani Assembly constituency|Athani]]||62.97%||Dhairyashil Bhojraj Pawar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,119||66.96%||Narasagauda Yalagauda Patil||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||9,307||30.98%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,812'''
|-
|36||[[Kagwad Assembly constituency|Kagwad]]||61.35%||Shankaragaud Veeranagoud Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,302||66.33%||Jinadatta Gundappa Desai||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||7,371||25.33%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,931'''
|-
|37||[[Raibag Assembly constituency|Raibag]]||60.50%||Balu Shidraya Soudagar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,049||89.29%||Vasant Gurupad Pattan||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||3,125||10.71%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''22,924'''
|-
|38||[[Chikkodi Assembly constituency|Chikkodi]]||66.35%||Mallappa Virappa Shetti||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||17,994||57.52%||Shankarrao Dadasaheb Kothaval Alias Dadoba||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13,287||42.48%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''4,707'''
|-
|39||[[Sadalga Assembly constituency|Sadalga]]||74.70%||Shidagouda Shivagouda Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,092||62.31%||Krishna Balappa Telavekar||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||10,195||27.51%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''12,897'''
|-
|40||[[Nippani Assembly constituency|Nippani]]||73.04%||Govind Krishna Manavi||{{party name with color|Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti}}||27,280||74.63%||Balarishna Keshav Patwardhan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,274||25.37%||style="background:{{party colour|Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti}}"|'''18,006'''
|-
|41||[[Sankeshwar Assembly constituency|Sankeshwar]]||56.51%||Champabai Piraji Bhogale||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,273||60.09%||B. Shankaranand||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||9,478||39.91%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,795'''
|-
|42||[[Hukkeri Assembly constituency|Hukkeri]]||54.01%||Satigouda Satagouda Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,161||69.36%||Virupaxappa Chanabasappa Heddurshetti||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||7,139||30.64%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,022'''
|-
|43||[[Belagavi City Assembly constituency|Belagavi City]]||74.39%||Sunthankar Balakrishna Rangrao||{{party name with color|Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti}}||27,643||67.00%||Sidaram Basappa Kanabargi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13,614||33.00%||style="background:{{party colour|Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti}}"|'''14,029'''
|-
|44||[[Belgaum I Assembly constituency|Belgaum I]]||64.75%||Vithal Seetaram Patil||{{party name with color|Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti}}||17,778||57.18%||Vithal Kallojirao Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13,312||42.82%||style="background:{{party colour|Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti}}"|'''4,466'''
|-
|45||[[Belgaum II Assembly constituency|Belgaum II]]||71.77%||Nagendra Omanna Samaji||{{party name with color|Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti}}||18,505||51.26%||Chandrappa Lingapa Pattanshetti||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,592||48.74%||style="background:{{party colour|Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti}}"|'''913'''
|-
|46||[[Gokak I Assembly constituency|Gokak I]]||56.69%||Ningappa Appayya Karlingan Navar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,245||69.70%||Shivangouda Mallangouda Patil||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||8,366||30.30%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,879'''
|-
|47||[[Gokak II Assembly constituency|Gokak II]]||48.33%||Panchagavi Appanna Ramappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,420||82.39%||Kamappa Bhimappa Hosamani||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||2,754||12.32%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''15,666'''
|-
|48||[[Ramdurg Assembly constituency|Ramdurg]]||72.29%||Ramanagouda Shivashiddappagouda Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,287||51.94%||Pattan Mahadevappa Shivabasappa||{{party name with color|Lok Sewak Sangh}}||17,849||48.06%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,438'''
|-
|49||[[Parasgad Assembly constituency|Parasgad]]||67.06%||Venkaraddi Shidaraddi Timmaraddi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,811||53.89%||Padaki Shankarrao Bindurao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||15,242||46.11%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,569'''
|-
|50||[[Sampagaon I Assembly constituency|Sampagaon I]]||60.79%||Kallur Alias Wali Chanappa Shankarappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,370||66.71%||Basavaraj Gurunaik Naik||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||9,665||33.29%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,705'''
|-
|51||[[Sampagaon II Assembly constituency|Sampagaon II]]||78.68%||Nagnur Mugatsab Nabisab||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,856||57.79%||Parwatgouda Basangouda Patil||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||14,592||38.58%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''7,264'''
|-
|52||[[Khanapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Khanapur]]||69.23%||Laxman Balaji Birje||{{party name with color|Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti}}||25,162||63.26%||Rohinibai Pandurang Wagale||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,614||36.74%||style="background:{{party colour|Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti}}"|'''10,548'''
|-
|53||[[Karwar Assembly constituency|Karwar]]||57.93%||Balsu Pursu Kadam||{{party name with color|Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti}}||20,510||61.66%||Anant Gundu Bale||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||12,752||38.34%||style="background:{{party colour|Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti}}"|'''7,758'''
|-
|54||[[Ankola Assembly constituency|Ankola]]||51.93%||Shakar Pundlik Shet Phayde||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,235||61.68%||Narashimha Tammayya Hebbar||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||8,502||27.26%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,733'''
|-
|55||[[Kumta Assembly constituency|Kumta]]||53.62%||Vasantlata. V. Mirjankar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,225||50.48%||Narayan Keshav Pai||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||11,197||39.73%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,028'''
|-
|56||[[Honnavar Assembly constituency|Honawar]]||58.30%||Shamsuddin Bin Hussain Saheb Jukaku||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,506||58.47%||Honna Goydappa Naik||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||10,986||34.71%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''7,520'''
|-
|57||[[Sirsi Assembly constituency|Sirsi]]||71.28%||[[Ramakrishna Hegde]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,817||53.33%||H. Ganapatiyappa||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||9,421||25.35%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,396'''
|-
|58||[[Hirekerur Assembly constituency|Hirekerur]]||69.79%||Gubbi Shankarrao Basalingappagouda||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,284||64.27%||Shiddanagouda Shivabasanagouda Karegoudar||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||12,946||35.73%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,338'''
|-
|59||[[Ranibennur Assembly constituency|Ranibennur]]||65.40%||Yallawa Dharmappa Sambrani||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,715||58.56%||Yallappa Venkapa Jogannowar||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||12,596||39.41%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,119'''
|-
|60||[[Byadgi Assembly constituency|Byadgi]]||69.14%||Shiddamma Mahadevappa Mailar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,092||60.18%||Mahadeva Gadigeppa Banakar||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||13,958||39.82%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''7,134'''
|-
|61||[[Hangal Assembly constituency|Hangal]]||76.53%||Gururao Narasingarao Desai||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,843||51.23%||Basanagouda Rudragouda Patil||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||18,890||48.77%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''953'''
|-
|62||[[Shiggaon Assembly constituency|Shiggaon]]||54.19%||Fakkirappa Shiddappa Taware||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,838||75.93%||Fakkiragouda Tirakanagouda Patil||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||6,606||24.07%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''14,232'''
|-
|63||[[Haveri Assembly constituency|Haveri]]||68.51%||Magavi Basavaraj Veerappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,945||57.78%||Shivaraj Rachappa Nelavigi||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||9,790||29.86%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,155'''
|-
|64||[[Shirahatti Assembly constituency|Shirahatti]]||70.86%||Kashimath Shiddaiah Veeraiah||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||17,347||50.75%||Magadi Leelavati Venkatesh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,832||49.25%||style="background:{{party colour|Swatantra Party}}"|'''515'''
|-
|65||[[Kundgol Assembly constituency|Kundgol]]||62.67%||Timmanna Kenchappa Kamble||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13,265||44.15%||Somanna Rayappa Bommai||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||11,465||38.16%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,800'''
|-
|66||[[Hubli City Assembly constituency|Hubli City]]||65.84%||Koppal Rajesab Abdulsab||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,169||57.28%||Shettar Sadashiva Shankarappa||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||11,900||32.20%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,269'''
|-
|67||[[Hubli Rural Assembly constituency|Hubli]]||59.53%||P. M. Ramangouda||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,356||74.82%||Tadasadmath Shivalingayya Madevayya||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||4,489||14.38%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''18,867'''
|-
|68||[[Kalghatgi Assembly constituency|Kalghatgi]]||59.23%||Fakirappa Muddappa Hasbi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13,842||45.95%||Basavraj Appayya Desai||{{party name with color|Lok Sewak Sangh}}||12,047||39.99%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,795'''
|-
|69||[[Dharwad Assembly constituency|Dharwad]]||55.16%||Hasansab Maktumsab Dasankop||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,092||68.65%||Yellappagouda Shankergouda Patil||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||5,185||20.83%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,907'''
|-
|70||[[Navalgund Assembly constituency|Navalgund]]||69.61%||Ramanagouda Marigouda Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,618||58.23%||Mallappa Kariveerappa Kulkarni||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||13,183||37.23%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''7,435'''
|-
|71||[[Nargund Assembly constituency|Nargund]]||60.67%||Adiveppagouda Siddanagouda Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,601||73.40%||Shiddangouda Hanamantgouda Patil||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||7,951||23.72%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''16,650'''
|-
|72||[[Gadag Assembly constituency|Gadag]]||78.34%||Gadag Kuberappa Parappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,539||49.19%||Kristagouda Hanamantgouda Patil||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||17,234||45.72%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,305'''
|-
|73||[[Mundargi Assembly constituency|Mundargi]]||54.65%||Chanabasappa Sadashivappa Hulkoti||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,303||66.46%||Tamminagouda Yallappagouda Patil||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||7,574||27.50%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,729'''
|-
|74||[[Ron Assembly constituency|Ron]]||64.80%||[[Andanappa Doddameti]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,640||63.92%||Sivamurtayya Madiwalayya Math||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||8,543||29.30%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,097'''
|-
|75||[[Raichur Assembly constituency|Raichur]]||34.45%||M. Mohiuddin Ghouse||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,699||53.84%||Narayanappa Gandhal||{{party name with color|Lok Sewak Sangh}}||8,317||46.16%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,382'''
|-
|76||[[Kalmala Assembly constituency|Kalmala]]||22.86%||Nagamma||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,396||68.35%||B. Bheemayya||{{party name with color|Lok Sewak Sangh}}||3,035||28.05%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,361'''
|-
|77||[[Devadurga Assembly constituency|Devadurga]]||43.49%||Sharanappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,143||71.03%||C. M. Devindra Naik||{{party name with color|Lok Sewak Sangh}}||6,583||28.97%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,560'''
|-
|78||[[Manvi Assembly constituency|Manvi]]||42.66%||Baswarajeshwari||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,139||69.09%||Ramachandrarao Vinayak Rao||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||3,856||17.60%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,283'''
|-
|79||[[Lingsugur Assembly constituency|Lingsugur]]||53.05%||Linganna||{{party name with color|Lok Sewak Sangh}}||13,289||56.35%||Raja Kilcha Naik||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,551||32.02%||style="background:{{party colour|Lok Sewak Sangh}}"|'''5,738'''
|-
|80||[[Sindhanur Assembly constituency|Sindhanur]]||51.16%||Baswantrao Bassanagouda||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,073||51.47%||Amaregouda||{{party name with color|Lok Sewak Sangh}}||14,212||48.53%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''861'''
|-
|81||[[Kushtagi Assembly constituency|Kushtagi]]||55.51%||Kata Rao||{{party name with color|Lok Sewak Sangh}}||15,233||51.77%||Pundalikappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,194||48.23%||style="background:{{party colour|Lok Sewak Sangh}}"|'''1,039'''
|-
|82||[[Yelburga Assembly constituency|Yelburga]]||51.70%||Veerabhadrappa Irappa||{{party name with color|Lok Sewak Sangh}}||16,104||52.95%||Shankargouda Basangouda||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,310||47.05%||style="background:{{party colour|Lok Sewak Sangh}}"|'''1,794'''
|-
|83||[[Koppal Assembly constituency|Koppal]]||52.18%||Malikarjungouda Sanganagouda||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||10,701||50.82%||Patreppa Kenchappa Madnur||{{party name with color|Lok Sewak Sangh}}||10,355||49.18%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''346'''
|-
|84||[[Gangawati Assembly constituency|Gangawati]]||41.41%||Tirumaladeva Rayalu Rangadevarayalu||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,823||72.42%||Shanamukhappa Bhimappa||{{party name with color|Lok Sewak Sangh}}||6,027||27.58%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,796'''
|-
|85||[[Hadagali Assembly constituency|Hadagali]]||64.50%||Angadi Channabasappa||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||22,694||57.95%||Bhavi Lingappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,469||42.05%||style="background:{{party colour|Praja Socialist Party}}"|'''6,225'''
|-
|86||[[Hospet Assembly constituency|Hospet]]||72.54%||Murari Kamala. M. Sreeramulu||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||21,913||64.95%||R. Nagana Gowda||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||11,153||33.06%||style="background:{{party colour|Praja Socialist Party}}"|'''10,760'''
|-
|87||[[Siruguppa Assembly constituency|Siruguppa]]||67.79%||C. M. Revana Siddaiah||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||22,517||62.00%||H. Linga Reddy||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||12,940||35.63%||style="background:{{party colour|Swatantra Party}}"|'''9,577'''
|-
|88||[[Kurugodu Assembly constituency|Kurugodu]]||64.51%||[[Allum Veerabhadrappa]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,995||62.13%||Hampa Reddy||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||11,580||37.87%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''7,415'''
|-
|89||[[Bellary Assembly constituency|Bellary]]||52.90%||T. G. Sathyanarayan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,250||51.68%||R. A. Subhan||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||15,560||46.62%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,690'''
|-
|90||[[Sandur Assembly constituency|Sandur]]||50.49%||[[M. Y. Ghorpade]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,893||81.40%||Hanumantappa||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||4,118||14.03%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''19,775'''
|-
|91||[[Harapanahalli Assembly constituency|Harapanahalli]]||79.99%||Sirasappa Ijari||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,440||56.81%||Sanganna Mudenur||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||21,620||43.19%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,820'''
|-
|92||[[Kudligi Assembly constituency|Kudligi]]||58.84%||V. Nagappa||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||15,687||54.22%||Basavva||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||8,704||30.08%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''6,983'''
|-
|93||[[Molakalmuru Assembly constituency|Molakalmuru]]||71.05%||S. H. Basanna||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,845||54.04%||G. Veeranna||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||15,041||38.99%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,804'''
|-
|94||[[Challakere Assembly constituency|Challakere]]||65.16%||B. L. Gowda||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||17,067||43.14%||Ratnagiri Venkatarangan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,075||35.57%||style="background:{{party colour|Praja Socialist Party}}"|'''2,992'''
|-
|95||[[Jagalur Assembly constituency|Jagalur]]||54.35%||M. N. Krishna Singh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||12,390||44.23%||K. V. Venkatappa||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||7,938||28.34%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,452'''
|-
|96||[[Davanagere Assembly constituency|Davanagere]]||65.89%||[[Kondajji Basappa]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,739||55.28%||C. Keshava Murthy||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||17,977||41.86%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,762'''
|-
|97||[[Harihar Assembly constituency|Harihar]]||73.18%||Ganji Veerappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,528||51.26%||Y. Neelappa||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||20,127||45.80%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,401'''
|-
|98||[[Chitradurga Assembly constituency|Chitradurga]]||62.15%||H. C. Boraiah||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,897||56.67%||M. Gangadharaiah||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||15,215||43.33%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,682'''
|-
|99||[[Holalkere Assembly constituency|Holalkere]]||55.12%||G. Duggappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,752||61.41%||B. Rangappa||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||8,926||32.72%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''7,826'''
|-
|100||[[Hiriyur Assembly constituency|Hiriyur]]||73.28%||V. Masiyappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,018||56.83%||P. T. Eswarappa||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||11,655||22.82%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''17,363'''
|-
|101||[[Hosadurga Assembly constituency|Hosadurga]]||73.64%||G. T. Rangappa||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||22,024||57.45%||S. Nijalingappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,315||42.55%||style="background:{{party colour|Praja Socialist Party}}"|'''5,709'''
|-
|102||[[Channagiri Assembly constituency|Channagiri]]||65.75%||Kundur Rudrappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,368||58.37%||[[J. H. Patel]]||{{party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}||14,041||38.36%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''7,327'''
|-
|103||[[Bhadravati Assembly constituency|Bhadravati]]||57.01%||T. D. Devendrappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,604||51.57%||B. Krishna Bhatt||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||15,256||40.13%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,348'''
|-
|104||[[Shimoga Assembly constituency|Shimoga]]||54.10%||Ratnamma Madhava Rao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,087||44.44%||G. M. Channappa||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||9,011||28.43%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,076'''
|-
|105||[[Honnali Assembly constituency|Honnali]]||71.82%||D. Parameswarappa||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||20,192||54.80%||H. S. Rudrappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,475||39.28%||style="background:{{party colour|Praja Socialist Party}}"|'''5,717'''
|-
|106||[[Shikaripura Assembly constituency|Shikaripura]]||51.48%||Veerappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,313||54.90%||G. Basavanappa||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||12,385||39.28%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,928'''
|-
|107||[[Sagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Sagar]]||55.18%||V. S. Laxmikanthappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,854||51.83%||[[Kagodu Thimmappa]]||{{party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}||17,555||43.63%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,299'''
|-
|108||[[Tirthahalli Assembly constituency|Tirthahalli]]||62.25%||[[Shantaveri Gopala Gowda]]||{{party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}||18,649||56.25%||K. T. Danamma||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,085||18.35%||style="background:{{party colour|Socialist Party (India)}}"|'''12,564'''
|-
|109||[[Sullia Assembly constituency|Sullia]]||53.24%||K. Subbayya Naika||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||12,787||49.38%||Venkappa Naika||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||9,991||38.58%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,796'''
|-
|110||[[Puttur Assembly constituency|Puttur]]||55.52%||K. Venkatramana Gowda||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,259||48.45%||K. Uggappa Shetty||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||8,163||27.74%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,096'''
|-
|111||[[Belthangady Assembly constituency|Belthangady]]||60.31%||[[Bantwal Vaikunta Baliga]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,991||46.18%||K. B. Jinaraja Hegde||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||12,486||36.06%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,505'''
|-
|112||[[Panemangalore Assembly constituency|Panemangalore]]||61.55%||[[K. Nagappa Alva|Dr. Alva Nagappa. K]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,170||47.69%||M. H. Krishnappa||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||10,805||31.87%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,365'''
|-
|113||[[Mangalore City Assembly constituency|Mangalore I]]||80.20%||M. Shrinivasa Nayak||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,785||41.37%||A. Shantharam Pai||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||11,059||27.26%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,726'''
|-
|114||[[Ullal Assembly constituency|Mangalore II]]||75.61%||A. Krishna Shetty||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||17,725||42.37%||[[B. M. Idinabba]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,912||40.42%||style="background:{{party colour|Communist Party of India}}"|'''813'''
|-
|115||[[Surathkal Assembly constituency|Surathkal]]||53.30%||Sanjeevanath Aikal||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||13,148||48.90%||K. Doomappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,981||37.12%||style="background:{{party colour|Praja Socialist Party}}"|'''3,167'''
|-
|116||[[Kapu Assembly constituency|Kaup]]||58.18%||B. Bhaskar Shetty||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||13,624||48.77%||F. X. D. Pinto||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13,441||48.12%||style="background:{{party colour|Praja Socialist Party}}"|'''183'''
|-
|117||[[Udupi Assembly constituency|Udupi]]||72.56%||M. Madhvaraja||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,511||53.58%||Upendra Nayak||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||8,003||24.49%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,508'''
|-
|118||[[Brahmavar Assembly constituency|Brahmavar]]||57.51%||S. D. Samrajya||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,601||53.47%||Sheenappa Shetty||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||6,915||25.32%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''7,686'''
|-
|119||[[Kundapura Assembly constituency|Kundapura]]||59.26%||[[S. S. Kolkebail]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,975||52.57%||V. Srinivasa Shetty||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||14,858||46.01%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,117'''
|-
|120||[[Byndoor Assembly constituency|Byndoor]]||50.44%||Y. Manjayya Shetty||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,591||49.01%||H. Subba Rao||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||14,752||43.58%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,839'''
|-
|121||[[Karkala Assembly constituency|Karkala]]||64.63%||Dayanand. R. Kalle||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||17,234||59.05%||K. K. Hegde||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||11,372||38.97%||style="background:{{party colour|Praja Socialist Party}}"|'''5,862'''
|-
|122||[[Moodabidri Assembly constituency|Moodabidri]]||44.54%||Gopal Salenna||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||10,431||50.63%||Manjappa Ullal||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||10,173||49.37%||style="background:{{party colour|Swatantra Party}}"|'''258'''
|-
|123||[[Sringeri Assembly constituency|Sringeri]]||62.39%||[[Kadidal Manjappa]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,824||70.49%||N. P. Govinda Gowda||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||9,587||27.22%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''15,237'''
|-
|124||[[Tarikere Assembly constituency|Tarikere]]||64.99%||T. R. Parameshwaraiah||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,357||47.13%||Hanji Shivanna||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||17,990||46.19%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''367'''
|-
|125||[[Kadur Assembly constituency|Kadur]]||58.96%||G. Marulappa||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||21,736||67.79%||D. H. Rudrappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||10,329||32.21%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''11,407'''
|-
|126||[[Chikmagalur Assembly constituency|Chikmagalur]]||44.66%||B. L. Subbamma||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,717||44.67%||C. M. S. Sasthri||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||6,378||29.32%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,339'''
|-
|127||[[Mudigere Assembly constituency|Mudigere]]||43.27%||K. H. Ranganath||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||10,423||47.19%||L. H. Thimmabhovi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||10,373||46.97%||style="background:{{party colour|Praja Socialist Party}}"|'''50'''
|-
|128||[[Arsikere Assembly constituency|Arsikere]]||57.36%||P. B. Bommanna||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||14,639||52.20%||A. R. Karisiddappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||11,655||41.56%||style="background:{{party colour|Praja Socialist Party}}"|'''2,984'''
|-
|129||[[Belur Assembly constituency|Belur]]||34.85%||B. H. Lakshmanaiah||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||10,801||60.69%||Ranga Boyi||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||2,734||15.36%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''8,067'''
|-
|130||[[Sakleshpur Assembly constituency|Sakleshpur]]||55.71%||S. A. Vasanna Setty||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,623||63.30%||N. B. Shetty||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||8,437||28.68%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,186'''
|-
|131||[[Arkalgud Assembly constituency|Arkalgud]]||68.08%||G. A. Thimmappa Gowda||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,967||57.50%||H. N. Nanje Gowda||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||11,870||35.99%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''7,097'''
|-
|132||[[Hassan Assembly constituency|Hassan]]||57.22%||Yashodharamma||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||11,498||41.47%||H. B. Jwalaniah||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||9,265||33.42%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,233'''
|-
|133||[[Gandasi Assembly constituency|Gandasi]]||42.93%||H. R. Keshava Murthy||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||8,637||36.02%||Chikkegowda||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||8,267||34.48%||style="background:{{party colour|Praja Socialist Party}}"|'''370'''
|-
|134||[[Shravanabelagola Assembly constituency|Shravanabelagola]]||70.29%||S. Shivappa||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||21,136||62.87%||K. Lakkappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||12,483||37.13%||style="background:{{party colour|Praja Socialist Party}}"|'''8,653'''
|-
|135||[[Holenarasipur Assembly constituency|Holenarasipur]]||63.55%||[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||12,622||42.49%||H. D. Doddegowda||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,338||24.70%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''5,284'''
|-
|136||[[Turuvekere Assembly constituency|Turuvekere]]||72.78%||B. Hutche Gowda||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||18,695||54.49%||T. Subramanya||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,615||45.51%||style="background:{{party colour|Praja Socialist Party}}"|'''3,080'''
|-
|137||[[Tiptur Assembly constituency|Tiptur]]||58.44%||K. P. Revanasiddappa||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||17,754||56.83%||M. S. Neelakantaswamy||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13,484||43.17%||style="background:{{party colour|Praja Socialist Party}}"|'''4,270'''
|-
|138||[[Chikkanayakanahalli Assembly constituency|Chikkanayakanahalli]]||60.14%||C. H. Lingadevaru||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,473||53.49%||C. S. Ananthaiah||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||9,371||30.43%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''7,102'''
|-
|139||[[Sira Assembly constituency|Sira]]||64.73%||C. J. Muckkannappa||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||21,746||53.25%||Mali Mariappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,002||44.08%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''3,744'''
|-
|140||[[Pavagada Assembly constituency|Pavagada]]||43.68%||R. Kenchappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||12,976||55.32%||N. B. Hanumantha Rayappa||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||7,478||31.88%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,498'''
|-
|141||[[Gubbi Assembly constituency|Gubbi]]||57.73%||V. M. Deo||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||10,420||35.22%||R. S. Aradhya||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,896||33.45%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''524'''
|-
|142||[[Chandrashekarapura Assembly constituency|Chandrashekarapura]]||71.80%||N. Huchamasthy Gowda||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,012||37.28%||G. Thammanna||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||13,138||34.95%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''874'''
|-
|143||[[Kunigal Assembly constituency|Kunigal]]||67.94%||Andanaiah||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||17,410||51.90%||T. N. Mudalagiri Gowda||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,165||27.32%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''8,245'''
|-
|144||[[Hebbur Assembly constituency|Hebbur]]||72.15%||[[K. Lakkappa]]||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||21,822||54.61%||K. L. Narasimhaiah||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,140||45.39%||style="background:{{party colour|Praja Socialist Party}}"|'''3,682'''
|-
|145||[[Tumkur Assembly constituency|Tumkur]]||59.25%||G. C. Bhageerathamma||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,178||48.63%||T. S. Mallikarjunaiah||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||10,919||34.99%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,259'''
|-
|146||[[Koratagere Assembly constituency|Koratagere]]||39.35%||R. Channigaramaiah||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,053||46.69%||S. Anjaiah||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||8,885||45.82%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''168'''
|-
|147||[[Madhugiri Assembly constituency|Madhugiri]]||65.07%||T. S. Shivanna||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||19,083||51.63%||G. T. Govinda Reddy||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,492||41.92%||style="background:{{party colour|Praja Socialist Party}}"|'''3,591'''
|-
|148||[[Gauribidanur Assembly constituency|Gauribidanur]]||72.25%||R. N. Lakshmipathi||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||24,391||59.33%||K. H. Venkata Reddy||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,718||40.67%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''7,673'''
|-
|149||[[Chikballapur Assembly constituency|Chikballapur]]||64.35%||C. V. Venkatarayappa||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||23,362||63.60%||T. S. Venkataramanaiah||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13,373||36.40%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''9,989'''
|-
|150||[[Bagepalli Assembly constituency|Bagepalli]]||46.08%||B. Subbarayappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||12,949||50.77%||K. M. Muniyappa||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||12,556||49.23%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''393'''
|-
|151||[[Sidlaghatta Assembly constituency|Sidlaghatta]]||70.27%||S. Avala Reddy||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,696||57.57%||J. Venkatappa||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||15,989||42.43%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,707'''
|-
|152||[[Chintamani Assembly constituency|Chintamani]]||69.86%||M. C. Anjaneya Reddy||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||21,664||56.13%||V. Seethappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,931||43.87%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''4,733'''
|-
|153||[[Srinivasapur Assembly constituency|Srinivasapur]]||61.94%||G. Narayana Gowda||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,311||57.39%||B. L. Narayanaswamy||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||15,082||42.61%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,229'''
|-
|154||[[Mulbagal Assembly constituency|Mulbagal]]||35.45%||J. Narayanapp. A||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||12,070||64.69%||P. Muniyappa||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||4,021||21.55%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''8,049'''
|-
|155||[[Kolar Assembly constituency|Kolar]]||62.37%||P. Venkatagiriappa||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||20,898||57.78%||D. Abdul Rasheed||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,272||42.22%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''5,626'''
|-
|156||[[Robertsonpet Assembly constituency|Robertsonpet]]||60.81%||D. Venkata Ramiah||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,536||69.73%||V. M. Govindan||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||2,935||14.08%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,601'''
|-
|157||[[Kolar Gold Field Assembly constituency|Kolar Gold Field]]||76.23%||S. Rajagopal||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||6,886||26.71%||C. M. Armugam||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||6,758||26.21%||style="background:{{party colour|Communist Party of India}}"|'''128'''
|-
|158||[[Bangarapet Assembly constituency|Bangarapet]]||54.74%||E. Narayana Gowda||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||19,626||64.40%||K. V. Narayana Reddy||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,513||31.22%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''10,113'''
|-
|159||[[Malur Assembly constituency|Malur]]||67.65%||[[S. V. Rame Gowda]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||17,135||51.15%||H. C. Linga Reddy||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,723||46.94%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''1,412'''
|-
|160||[[Malleshwaram Assembly constituency|Malleshwaram]]||55.23%||K. Devaya||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||8,097||22.41%||K. Sriramulu||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,832||21.67%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''265'''
|-
|161||[[Gandhi Nagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Gandhi nagar]]||51.76%||Nagarathnamma Hiremath||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||12,958||48.67%||H. L. Nanjappa||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||7,041||26.45%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,917'''
|-
|162||[[Chickpet Assembly constituency|Chickpet]]||58.34%||Y. Ramachandra||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||10,777||44.49%||K. M. Naganna||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||6,430||26.54%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,347'''
|-
|163||[[Chamrajpet Assembly constituency|Chamrajpet]]||46.92%||R. Dayananda Sagar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||11,897||53.25%||M. Rangaiah Naidu||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||7,882||35.28%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,015'''
|-
|164||[[Basavanagudi Assembly constituency|Basavanagudi]]||53.58%||[[M. Krishnappa (politician, born 1918)|M. Krishnappa]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||12,676||48.45%||V. T. Sreenivasan||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||6,053||23.14%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,623'''
|-
|165||[[Cubbonpet Assembly constituency|Cubbonpet]]||67.95%||B. Nanjappa||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||18,750||66.03%||[[V. P. Deenadayalu Naidu]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,874||24.21%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''11,876'''
|-
|166||[[Halasuru Assembly constituency|Halasuru]]||59.78%||[[Grace Tucker]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,753||27.10%||D. Bashkaran||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||6,177||24.79%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''576'''
|-
|167||[[Broadway Assembly constituency|Broadway]]||56.74%||H. R. Abdul Gaffar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,243||27.86%||H. Syed Ahamed||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||4,718||21.06%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,525'''
|-
|168||[[Yeshvanthapura Assembly constituency|Yeshvanthapura]]||58.61%||[[Krishna Byre Gowda]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,215||44.59%||B. Narayanaswamappa||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||13,570||42.57%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''645'''
|-
|169||[[Yelahanka Assembly constituency|Yelahanka]]||60.74%||[[Y. Ramakrishna]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,217||62.79%||C. Balasundaram||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||5,403||19.71%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,814'''
|-
|170||[[Hosakote Assembly constituency|Hoskot]]||69.54%||B. Chanabyre Gowda||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||20,643||56.32%||N. Chikke Gowda||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,012||43.68%||style="background:{{party colour|Swatantra Party}}"|'''4,631'''
|-
|171||[[Devanahalli Assembly constituency|Devanahalli]]||37.80%||R. Muniswamiah||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||12,103||62.98%||H. V. Nanjaiah||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||7,115||37.02%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,988'''
|-
|172||[[Doddaballapur Assembly constituency|Doddaballapur]]||73.28%||G. Rame Gowda||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||25,288||63.36%||A. Neelakantaiah||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,450||23.68%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''15,838'''
|-
|173||[[Solur Assembly constituency|Solur]]||66.62%||Alur Hanumanthappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||12,858||44.06%||K. V. Nanjappa||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||8,346||28.60%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,512'''
|-
|174||[[Nelamangala Assembly constituency|Nelamangala]]||49.15%||K. Prabhakar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||10,352||53.48%||Lokesvaniratha. M. Hanumanthaiah||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||6,591||34.05%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,761'''
|-
|175||[[Magadi Assembly constituency|Magadi]]||61.55%||C. R. Range Gowda||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||20,441||69.20%||T. D. Maranna||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,100||30.80%||style="background:{{party colour|Praja Socialist Party}}"|'''11,341'''
|-
|176||[[Ramanagara Assembly constituency|Ramanagara]]||56.85%||[[T. Madiah Gowda]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,517||54.06%||C. Ramaiah||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||9,870||34.39%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,647'''
|-
|177||[[Channapatna Assembly constituency|Channapatna]]||79.60%||B. J. Linge Gowda||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,256||58.17%||B. K. Puttaramaiah||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||16,003||41.83%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,253'''
|-
|178||[[Virupakshipura Assembly constituency|Virupakshipura]]||76.33%||[[K. L. Shivalinge Gowda]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,666||55.36%||B. Sidde Gowda||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||15,860||44.64%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,806'''
|-
|179||[[Kanakapura Assembly constituency|Kanakapura]]||77.22%||S. Kariyappa||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||21,085||51.96%||K. G. Thimme Gowda||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,492||48.04%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''1,593'''
|-
|180||[[Uttarahalli Assembly constituency|Uttarahalli]]||61.53%||J. Srinivasa Reddy||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||17,139||53.53%||A. V. Narasimha Reddy||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,881||46.47%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''2,258'''
|-
|181||[[Bangalore South Assembly constituency|Bangalore South]]||62.28%||D. Munichinnappa||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||17,441||52.79%||B. Basavalingappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||11,540||34.93%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''5,901'''
|-
|182||[[Anekal Assembly constituency|Anekal]]||72.67%||R. K. Prasad||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,755||51.65%||B. N. Venkataramana Reddy||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||17,559||48.35%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,196'''
|-
|183||[[Krishnarajpete Assembly constituency|Krishnarajpete]]||65.22%||N. Nanje Gowda||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||18,236||53.20%||M. K. Bomme Gowda||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,040||46.80%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''2,196'''
|-
|184||[[Pandavapura Assembly constituency|Pandavapura]]||60.86%||B. Y. Neelegowda||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,089||45.32%||N. A. Channegowda||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||11,084||35.65%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,005'''
|-
|185||[[Shrirangapattana Assembly constituency|Shrirangapattana]]||58.46%||A. G. Bandigowda||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,809||70.81%||A. G. Chunche Gowda||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||9,389||27.92%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''14,420'''
|-
|186||[[Mandya Assembly constituency|Mandya]]||74.98%||J. Devaiah||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||23,299||47.32%||K. V. Shankara Gowda||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,639||45.97%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''660'''
|-
|187||[[Malavalli Assembly constituency|Malavalli]]||73.46%||[[G. Made Gowda]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,167||64.10%||M. C. Doddaiah||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||11,149||33.76%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,018'''
|-
|188||[[Kirugavalu Assembly constituency|Kirugavalu]]||56.23%||M. Mallikarjunaswamy||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,039||60.30%||M. Chikkalingaiah||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||9,901||39.70%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,138'''
|-
|189||[[Maddur Assembly constituency|Maddur]]||80.83%||[[S. M. Krishna]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||24,269||50.07%||H. K. Veeranna Gowda||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,313||46.04%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''1,956'''
|-
|190||[[Nagamangala Assembly constituency|Nagamangala]]||70.65%||T. N. Madappa Gowda||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||19,275||56.15%||K. Singarigowda||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,050||43.85%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''4,225'''
|-
|191||[[Palya Assembly constituency|Palya]]||68.58%||G. Venkatai Gowda||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||19,132||50.09%||H. Nagappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,065||49.91%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''67'''
|-
|192||[[Bannur Assembly constituency|Bannur]]||57.84%||S. Siddiah||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||13,849||51.07%||T. P. Boraiah||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13,268||48.93%||style="background:{{party colour|Praja Socialist Party}}"|'''581'''
|-
|193||[[Kollegal Assembly constituency|Kollegal]]||45.43%||B. Basavaiah||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||12,721||60.04%||M. Puttaswamy||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||4,729||22.32%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''7,992'''
|-
|194||[[T. Narasipur Assembly constituency|T. Narasipur]]||67.29%||[[M. Rajasekara Murthy]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,469||47.54%||J. B. Mallaradhya||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||12,300||37.80%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,169'''
|-
|195||[[Mysore City South Assembly constituency|Mysore City]]||53.46%||K. S. Suryanarayana Rao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,571||31.52%||Srikantasharma||{{party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}||4,007||16.68%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,564'''
|-
|196||[[Mysore City North Assembly constituency|Mysore City North]]||55.58%||B. K. Puttaiah||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||8,546||36.59%||M. J. Mohamad Yakub||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,018||21.49%||style="background:{{party colour|Praja Socialist Party}}"|'''3,528'''
|-
|197||[[Mysore Taluk Assembly constituency|Mysore]]||58.73%||[[Kalastavadi Puttaswamy]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,946||56.13%||T. V. Srinivasa Rao||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||7,191||22.49%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,755'''
|-
|198||[[Nanjangud Assembly constituency|Nanjangud]]||61.30%||N. Rachaiah||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,855||51.36%||L. Srikantaiah||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||12,070||41.73%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,785'''
|-
|199||[[Biligere Assembly constituency|Biligere]]||43.44%||D. M. Siddaiah||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,417||81.26%||C. Devaiah||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||2,053||10.82%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''13,364'''
|-
|200||[[Santhemarahalli Assembly constituency|Santhemarahalli]]||67.82%||[[B. Rachaiah]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,796||53.32%||B. Basaviah||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||14,240||45.21%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,556'''
|-
|201||[[Chamarajanagar Assembly constituency|Chamarajanagar]]||69.97%||M. C. Basappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,783||55.18%||U. M. Madappa||{{party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||15,255||44.82%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,528'''
|-
|202||[[Gundlupet Assembly constituency|Gundlupet]]||76.49%||[[K. S. Nagarathnamma]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||22,765||53.22%||H. K. Shivarudrappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,010||46.78%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''2,755'''
|-
|203||[[Heggadadevankote Assembly constituency|Heggadadevankote]]||58.69%||R. Peeranna||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||14,788||47.24%||N. Rachaiah||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,942||31.76%||style="background:{{party colour|Swatantra Party}}"|'''4,846'''
|-
| 204 || [[Hunasuru Assembly constituency|Hunasuru]] || - || [[D. Devaraj Urs]]|| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
! colspan="8" | {{center|''Elected unopposed''}}
|-
|205||[[Krishnarajanagara Assembly constituency|Krishnarajanagara]]||70.33%||K. S. Gowdaiah||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||20,976||53.06%||H. M. Channabasappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,557||46.94%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''2,419'''
|-
|206||[[Periyapatna Assembly constituency|Periyapatna]]||55.21%||K. M. Devayya||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,359||53.99%||T. Venkataram||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||13,943||46.01%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,416'''
|-
|207||[[Virajpet Assembly constituency|Virajpet]]||59.60%||A. P. Appanna||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,292||50.55%||Checkera. B. Muthanna||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||6,973||23.05%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''8,319'''
|-
|208||[[Madikeri Assembly constituency|Madikeri]]||69.15%||K. Mallapa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,914||49.15%||B. D. Appaiah||{{party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||9,969||24.60%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,945'''
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Karnataka elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Karnataka]]
[[Category:1962 State Assembly elections in India|Mysore]]
[[Category:Government of Mysore]]

Murder of Hannah Foster

2026-04-02T08:36:54Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: Starting basic article w/ infobox!

{{Short description|2003 murder of English schoolgirl}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}

{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Murder of Hannah Foster
| location = Southampton and West End, [[Hampshire]], England
| coordinates = {{coord|50.9168|-1.3853|display=inline}}
| date = 14–16 March 2003
| type = Abduction, rape, and murder
| fatalities = 1
| victims = Hannah Foster
| perpetrators = Maninder Pal Singh Kohli
| charges =
| convicted = Maninder Pal Singh Kohli
| verdict = Guilty
| convictions = Life imprisonment with a 24-year non-parole period
}}
'''Hannah Foster''' was a 17-year-old British student who was abducted after a night out in [[Southampton]] in mid-March 2003. Murdered by [[Indians in the United Kingdom|Indian]] immigrant Maninder Pal Singh Kohli, who had come to the UK in 1993, her body was found in nearby [[West End, Hampshire]], two days after she disappeared.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/3518651/Hannah-Fosters-killer-Maninder-Pal-Singh-Kohli.html | title = Hannah Foster's killer: Maninder Pal Singh Kohli | work = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | author = Caroline Gammell | date = 25 November 1972 | location=London}}</ref> A few days later, Kohli fled to his family's home in [[Chandigarh]], India, later assuming a new identity in [[Darjeeling]], but was [[Extradition|extradited]] in 2007. He is the first Indian citizen to be extradited to the UK.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|last=Real Stories|title=Hannah's Killer: Nowhere To Hide|date=2009|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EB-PRnR3zwM&app=desktop|access-date=2019-07-13}}</ref> He was found guilty of the crime in 2008, and was sentenced to [[life imprisonment]] with a 24-year non-parole period.

==Background==
Hannah Claire Foster {{nobreak|(31 August 1985 –}} {{nobreak|14 March 2003)}} was an [[A-Level]] student who had been preparing to study medicine at university. She lived with her parents, Hilary and Trevor, and younger sister, Sarah, in Southampton. On {{nobreak|14 March 2003,}} she went out socialising with a friend in Southampton visiting both [[The Hobbit, Southampton|The Hobbit]] and nearby Sobar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://casefilepodcast.com/case-117-hannah-foster/|title=Case 117: Hannah Foster|date=2019-07-12|website=Casefile: True Crime Podcast|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-13}}</ref> At around 10:50{{nbsp}}p.m., her friend caught a bus home on Portswood Road, while Foster decided to walk the half-mile (800{{nbsp}}metres) to her home alone. A sandwich delivery man, Maninder Pal Singh Kohli, had also been drinking in the area. While driving home in a company van, he noticed Foster alone on the darkened streets, and abducted her as she passed his parked vehicle.<ref name=":0" />

==Investigation==
Foster's parents noticed that she had not come home at around 5 o'clock the next morning, and by 10:30{{nbsp}}a.m. the local police were informed of her disappearance. Initial investigation focused on her prepaid mobile phone, which was still active, and police were able to trace its movements south using signal tower records.<ref name=":0" /> In [[Portsmouth]], at a recycling centre, her phone and bag were found dumped in a bottle recycle bin.<ref name=":0" /> On 16{{nbsp}}March, Foster's body was found dumped in bushes on Allington Lane, West End, just outside Southampton. A [[post-mortem examination]] revealed she had been beaten, raped, and strangled<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/7741562.stm|title=Man found guilty of Hannah Murder|date=25 November 2008|publisher=BBC|access-date=8 June 2013}}</ref> but the semen found on her clothing could not be matched to anyone on the database.

Investigators also traced her phone calls. Unknown to Kohli, while being driven south along the [[M27 motorway|M27]], Foster secretly made a 999 call to emergency services around 11:00{{nbsp}}p.m. in the hope they would realise she was in trouble. However, as there was no direct communication with the operator, and as the voices were indistinct, the call was treated as a probable [[Misdialed call|misdial]] and forwarded to Silent Solutions, a 2-minute-long recorded message telling people in need of assistance to dial 55.<ref name=":0" /> Investigators then enhanced the recording, and were able to learn that Foster was in the back of a van being driven by a man with a [[south Asia]]n accent.<ref name=":0" /> After identifying seven vans on CCTV footage that might fit the route taken, a public appeal for information was made by the parents on 26{{nbsp}}March via ''[[Crimewatch]]''.<ref name=":0" />

A supervisor at Hazlewood Foods identified Kohli, one of the company's drivers as a possible suspect. He had taken a van home that night, as he did not own his own vehicle, had a similar delivery route, had a fresh scratch on his face, and was unable to complete his shift the next day.<ref name=":0" /> Investigators, noting the same van on their shortlist, soon found blood and semen in the vehicle, and retraced its route in and around Southampton, the M27, Portsmouth, and the recycling centre. Now identified by investigators as the prime suspect, it was soon realised that Kohli had already travelled from [[Heathrow Airport|Heathrow]] to [[Delhi]] on 18{{nbsp}}March ostensibly to visit his comatose mother.<ref name=":1" /> Finding his house vacated, they also interviewed his wife and took a DNA sample from one of his two sons.<ref name=":0" /> Kohli's wife, a UK citizen, and his brother, a policeman in India, however, denied his involvement in the murder.

== Extradition ==
The case stalled for the next 15 months after Indian police were not able to prioritise the crime and media attention was low. On 10 July 2004, however, Foster's parents went to [[Chandigarh]] themselves and made a public appeal for information of his whereabouts. During their 10-day visit, the Fosters held a series of press conferences as well as opening a telephone "hotline". Their visit soon became a subject of high nation-wide interest in the Indian press.<ref name=":1" /> Hampshire police, in conjunction with ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'', announced a reward of '''[[Indian rupee sign|₹]]'''5 million to anyone whose information led to the arrest of Kohli.<ref name=":1" />

On 15 July, after a number of tip-offs, Kohli was arrested by an off-duty policeman in [[West Bengal]]'s Darjeeling district (where he had been working under an alias for the Red Cross) while trying to board a bus from [[Kalimpong]] to [[Nepal]] with his new wife. While in police custody, Kohli stated he was "tired of running". On 28 July, Kohli admitted to raping and murdering Foster in an interview with a private television channel, and said that he was forced to kill Foster after raping her because she refused to not report his crime. In August 2004, he retracted his statement saying it was "not by my own will".<ref name=":1" /> Kohli was then held in judicial custody in [[New Delhi]] pending extradition to the United Kingdom, and the case underwent 100 court proceedings and 35 appeals.<ref name=":0" /> After three years of wrangling, a final decision to extradite him to the UK was handed down on 8 June 2007.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/6920436.stm | publisher = BBC News | title = Hannah suspect arrives back in UK | date = 28 July 2007 }}</ref>

== Trial ==
On 28 July, Kohli arrived at Heathrow and was arrested and charged with the kidnap, rape, and murder of Foster. He was also charged with manslaughter, [[false imprisonment]], and perverting the course of justice. On 10 December 2007, Kohli entered a plea of not guilty to the charges at [[Winchester Crown Court]]. Kohli initially argued he simply found someone had broken into his van and dumped Foster's body there, causing him to panic.<ref name=":1" /> He later argued, after DNA evidence was produced, that criminals had forced him to rape and murder Foster.<ref name=":0" />

On 25 November 2008, Kohli, then aged 41, was found guilty of all charges and sentenced to life imprisonment, with a recommended minimum term of 24 years, less two years for time already served in the UK on remand.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/briefing/hannahfoster/3876021.Life_for_Hannah_Foster_s_murderer/ | work = Southern Daily Echo | title = Life for Hannah Foster's murderer Maninder Pal Singh Kohli | date = 25 November 2008 }}</ref>

Foster's family expressed their disappointment in the sentence, having hoped the killer would spend the rest of his life in prison.<ref>{{cite news |last=Makin |first=Jenny |date=26 November 2008 |title= Kohli should spend rest of life behind bars |url=http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/briefing/hannahfoster/3876041.Hannah_s_killer_should_never_be_freed__say_parents/ |newspaper=[[Southern Daily Echo]] |location=[[Southampton]] |access-date=7 December 2014 }}</ref> Under the trial judge's recommendation, Kohli is expected to remain in prison until at least 2030 at the age of 63.

==Legacy==
An important link to the arrest of Kohli was information from [[taxi]] driver Jason Lepcha, who was regularly hired by Kohli partly because of his understanding of English. Lepcha, one of 12 reward recipients, received '''[[Indian rupee|₹]]'''367,000 for his role in the arrest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hannahmemorialacademy.org/jasons-story/|title=Jason's story – Hannah Memorial Academy|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-07-13}}</ref><ref name="times">[http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/news/News/School-named-after-Hannah.html "School named after Hannah in Darjeeling"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004173911/http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/news/News/School-named-after-Hannah.html |date=4 October 2011 }} ''[[The Times of India]]'' 30 September 2007</ref> He used this money to buy land to establish a school for disadvantaged children which was named The Hannah Memorial Academy in Foster's memory.<ref name="times" /><ref>[http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/briefing/hannahfoster/3922279.A_wonderful_tribute_to_Hannah/ "A wonderful tribute in India to Hannah Foster"] ''[[Southern Daily Echo]]'' 27 November 2008</ref> When visiting Darjeeling in 2006, Foster's parents heard his story, and on their return to England, worked with others to set up a registered charity which supports Lepcha's school.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
*[[List of solved missing person cases (2000s)]]
*[[Murder of Colette Aram]]
*[[Murder of Jacqueline Thomas]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news | url = http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/hannahfoster | title = Archive of the Hannah Foster murder trial | work = Southern Daily Echo | date = 25 November 2008 }}
*{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4611290.stm|publisher=BBC News|title=Extradition still awaited|date=13 January 2006|access-date=13 May 2010}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWncPB0D1uc&app=desktop Hannah Foster Murder Verdict] - Sky News
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EB-PRnR3zwM&app=desktop Hannah's Killer: Nowhere To Hide] - [[Real Crime]]

{{Rape in India}}
{{Murders in the United Kingdom in the 2000s}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Foster, Hannah}}
[[Category:2003 in England]]
[[Category:2003 murders in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:March 2003 in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:March 2003 crimes]]
[[Category:2000s in Southampton]]
[[Category:Borough of Eastleigh]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in England]]
[[Category:Deaths by strangulation in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Deaths from asphyxiation]]
[[Category:History of Southampton]]
[[Category:Kidnappings in England]]
[[Category:Murder in Hampshire]]
[[Category:Rape in England]]
[[Category:Female murder victims in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Violence against women in England]]
[[Category:British Indian history]]
[[Category:Murdered students]]
[[Category:Child murder in England]]

Inspector Balram

2026-03-20T07:23:05Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Inspector Balram
| image = Inspector Balram.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[I. V. Sasi]]
| producer = Liberty Basheer
| writer = [[T. Damodaran]]
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Kiran Kumar]] [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| cinematography = [[J. Williams (cinematographer)|J. Williams]]
| editing = [[K. Narayanan]]
| studio = Liberty Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1991|4|26|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Inspector Balram''''' is a 1991 [[Malayalam film]] directed by [[I. V. Sasi]], scripted by [[T. Damodaran]], and starring [[Mammootty]]. It is a sequel to the 1986 film ''[[Aavanazhi]]'' and was followed by a sequel, ''[[Balram vs. Taradas]]'', in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/dec/20/mammoottys-1991-film-inspector-balaram-had-a-real-life-lathi-charge-sequence-padmakumar-shares-h-1731783.html|title = Mammootty's 1991 film 'Inspector Balaram' had a real-life lathi charge sequence: Padmakumar shares his shooting experiences| date=20 December 2017 }}</ref>

The movie was produced and distributed by Liberty Productions. It was a commercial success and ran for over 240 days at the box office.<ref name="thenewsminute.com">{{cite web|author=Monday, January 25, 2016 – 17:13 |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/malayali%E2%80%99s-all-time-favourite-comic-roles-kalpana-38133 |title=A Malayali's all-time favourite comic roles of Kalpana |publisher=The News Minute |date=2016-01-25 |accessdate=2022-04-19}}</ref><ref name="mathrubhumi.com">{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/books/books-news/t-damodaran-the-multi-faceted-maverick-english-news-1.784692|title=T Damodaran – The multi-faceted maverick|website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref name="stancemagazine.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.stancemagazine.in/kali/|title=Stance Magazine|website=www.stancemagazine.in|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513165809/http://www.stancemagazine.in/kali/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="news18.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/malayalam-scriptwriter-t-damodaran-dead-459865.html|title=Malayalam scriptwriter T Damodaran dead|website=News18|date=28 March 2012}}</ref>

==Plot==
Four years after the events of ''[[Aavanazhi]]'', Circle Inspector Balram is now married to Seetha. They have a daughter and live a normal life. Seetha is then killed by Sathyaraj's men. Balram sends his daughter to be taken care of by nuns, along with the help of his superior officer, Commissioner Madhavan Nair. Balram faces his enemies, including Indira Shankar and Sayed Mohammad Shah, and Preethi avenges her father's death with the help of Balram.

==Cast==
* [[Mammootty]] as Circle Inspector Balram
* [[Kiran Kumar]] as Sayed Mohammed Shah
* [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as City Police Commissioner Madhavan Nair IPS
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Seetha
* [[Manjula Vijayakumar]] as Indira Shankar
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Preethi Pillai
* [[Jagadish]] as Sudhakaran
* [[M. G. Soman]] as Sahadevan
* [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Sub Inspector Dakshayani
* [[Kundara Johny]] as CI Alex George
* [[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]] as Customs Officer Nambiar
* [[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Constable Radhakrishnan aka "Shamshyam" Vasu
* [[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]] as Sub Inspector Ummer
* Ramu as Siddique
* [[Kanakalatha]] as Madhavan's Wife
* [[V. K. Sreeraman]] as Hussain Sahib
* [[Bheeman Raghu]] as D'Cruz Pereira
* [[M. S. Thripunithura]] as Krishna Pillai
* Ragini as Rajamma
* [[Kollam Thulasi]] as Chandrachoodan, Home Minister
* [[Vineeth Kumar]] as Jithu

==Box office==
The film was a commercial success,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/iv-sasi-kingmaker-behind-mammootty-and-mohanlal-70549?amp|title=IV Sasi: The kingmaker behind Mammootty and Mohanlal|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=25 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="thenewsminute.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/roudram-malayalam-movie-preview-9887.html|title=Roudram Malayalam Movie Preview cinema review stills gallery trailer video clips showtimes|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref name="mathrubhumi.com"/><ref name="stancemagazine.in"/><ref name="news18.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-v-sasi-has-been-a-trendsetter-in-the-film-industry/article19924652.ece|title=The End of an Epoch|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 October 2017}}</ref> and it attained cult status.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/10/24/iv-sasi-hitmaker-mammootty-films.html|title=IV Sasi: the hitmaker who discovered Mammootty, the actor|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=24 October 2017}}</ref>

==Additional information==
Some of the challenging shots in action scenes by the late cinematographer [[J. Williams (cinematographer)|J. Williams]] have received recognition.<ref>{{Cite news|title=സ്ഫടികവും ബട്ടർഫ്ലൈസും ബൽറാമും; വില്യംസിന്റെ റിസ്കി ഷോട്ടുകൾ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2022/09/14/kaloor-dennis-about-cameraman-j-williams.html|author=Kaloor Dennis| publisher=Manorama Online|date=14 September 2022}} </ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0244549}}

{{I. V. Sasi}}

[[Category:1991 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:1990s crime action films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thalassery]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kannur]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by T. Damodaran]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films in series|Balram2]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shyam (composer)]]
[[Category:Films directed by I. V. Sasi]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}
{{1990s-crime-film-stub}}

Asian Paints Sharad Shamman

2026-03-19T13:23:17Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: made data.

{{Short description|Indian Award}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Asian Paints Sharad Shamman
| image = Apaints.JPG
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Asian Paints Sharad Shamman
| current_awards =
| awarded_for = Excellence in [[artist]]ic achievements
| presenter = [[Asian Paints]]
| country = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| year = October, 1985
| website = [http://sharadshamman.asianpaints.com/default.htm www.asianpaints.com]
}}
'''Asian Paints Sharad Shamman''' ({{langx|bn|এশিয়ান পেইন্টস শারদ সম্মান}}) is an excellence award given to the best decorated [[Durga Puja]] [[Pandal]] in [[Kolkata]] during the festival in October. Since its inception in 1985, Asian Paints Sharad Shamman has been heralded as the true achievement for excellence in decorating the abodes for [[Goddess]] [[Durga]]. As time has progressed there have been numerous awards being given by many other companies for creative excellence, but still Asian Paints Sharad Shamman is considered the most important award and the rightful judgement for excellence. It is a trendsetter for all the later awards.<ref>[https://best-12-durga-puja-kolkata-2007.blogspot.com/ Kolkata's best Durga Puja award, Asian Paints Sharad Shamman]</ref>

==About the Award==
"Asian Paints Sharad Shamman" was started in 1985 as a means for awarding the best decorated puja pandal during Durga Puja in [[Kolkata]]. Sharad means "Autumn (as the festival takes place at that season)" and Shamman means "Award/Respect", and was sponsored by [[Asian Paints]], hence the name Asian Paints Sharad Shamman. Out of about 3000 puja pandals in Kolkata, few get shortlisted and among them six are given the awards.<ref>[http://classified.rediff.com/search/detail/Khidderpore_/2202106_2194515?srch_key=kolkata&srch_loc=india&srch_area=&camp_crid=2197101&srch_campowner=&srch_city=Kolkata&srch_state=West%20Bengal&srch_country=India About Asian Paints Sharad Shamman] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010155248/http://classified.rediff.com/search/detail/Khidderpore_/2202106_2194515?srch_key=kolkata&srch_loc=india&srch_area=&camp_crid=2197101&srch_campowner=&srch_city=Kolkata&srch_state=West%20Bengal&srch_country=India |date=10 October 2008 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.india-seminar.com/2006/559/559%20anjan%20ghosh.htm Commercialization of Durga Puja awards]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/catalyst/2002/10/17/stories/2002101700100300.htm Success for Asian Paints after the Sharad Shamman]</ref>

==Award Categories==
Total six awards are given to six puja pandals. When Sharad Shamman started in 1985 only three awards were given to three Best Puja pandals. From 1994 a special award called "Discovery of the Year" was introduced to honour a completely unknown pandal for its excellence. This four categories were continued for the next six years. But in 2000 Asian Paints felt the awards were too similar, there was no demarcation to identify Best Decoration of the pandal or the Best looking Idol. Hence in 2000 two new categories were introduced - "Creative Excellence (Nobbo Nakshi)", which focussed on the Best decorated Pandal, and "Best Artisan", given to the artist of the Best looking Idol. In 2010, the "Creative Excellence" was renamed to "Innovative Excellence" and it was continued for five years. Although in 2015, the Asian Paints committee didn't pick any puja for "Innovative Excellence" but the number of awards remained unaltered by introducing one more puja in "Discovery of the year" category. Keeping in mind the large growth and globalization in Kolkata Durga Puja, Asian Paints committee introduced another special award namely "Special Jury Award" on overall excellence. At present these seven categories (three for Best Pujas, two for Discovery of the year, one for Best Artisan and one for Special Award) represent Asian Paints Sharad Shamman. Some of the parameters for awarding the pandals include the overall beauty and grandeur of a pandal based on a chosen theme, the beauty of the Durga protima, how well the sanctum of the protima has been shown, and the finesse in the work done on the pandal.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080914/jsp/calcutta/story_9829146.jsp | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912035306/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080914/jsp/calcutta/story_9829146.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 September 2012 | title=Puja company - The old-world, chaanda-dependent festivity is passe. The sponsors are here | date=14 September 2008 | newspaper=The Telegraph | location=India | accessdate=30 April 2018 }}</ref> In 2020, due to nationwide [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the Asian Paints Sharad Shamman judges didn't make a physical appearance on the participating pandels, the whole process had been successfully organised online by the APSS committee.

===Best Puja (Shrestho Pujo)===
'''years active (1985–present)''' 
 
[[File:5429g suruchi-pratima.jpg|250px|thumb|right|New Alipore Suruchi Sangha which won ''Best Puja'' in 2003 and ''Creative Excellence'' in 2007]]
This award was the first award given when APSS started in 1985. Three puja pandals are selected based on everything, i.e., Decorative excellence, best looking idol, ambiance, lighting etc. No demarcations are there like winner, first runner-up: instead all three pujas are considered to be the ''Best Puja''. Normally winners in these category used to be the well-known Pujas, but nowadays many unknown Pujas have cropped up with the technical excellence to bag this award. At present, Durga Pujas in Kolkata are more ''theme'' oriented. Some specific theme like [[Madhubani art]] or earthen cups or a place like Kerala, will be the base for the decoration. In 2001, "Bosepukur Sitalamandir" decorated its pandal completely of earthen cups and was so popular that it won the Best Puja award hands down. There have been many Pujas which has won this award many times. "Suruchi Sangha" leads the list with twelve wins. A puja, once been declared a winner in this list cannot be declared in the "Discovery of the Year" award though it can win "Creative Excellence" or "Best Artisan" award.
[[File:Tala Barowari 2015 best artisan by Avijit Pal.jpg|alt='Hydridosuramardini' best artisan of the year by Subrata Banerjee and Avijit Pal at Tala Barowari|thumb|In 2015, the theme ''‘Hydridosuramardini’'' at Tala Barowari, crafted by Subrata Banerjee and Avijit Pal, was honored with the title of ''Best Artisan of the Year''.]]
Among the asian paints sharad samman winners (see the above list "Most wins") "Laketown Natunpally Pradeep Sangha" is the first puja committee who had win the prestigious durga puja award (Best Puja or, Shrestho Pujo) for ''consecutive three years'' (2006, 2007 and 2008) for the first time in North Kolkata and for the second time in Kolkata after Adi Ballygunge. In 2019, another puja from North Kolkata namely "Talapark Pratyay" also achieved this unique record after "Natunpally Pradeep Sangha". Till date "Suruchi Sangha", "Naktala Udayan Sangha" and "[[Behala]] Natun Dal" had also achieved the award for three consecutive years.

===Discovery of the Year (Bochorer Bismoy)===
'''years active (1994–present)''' 
''Discovery of the Year'' was first introduced in 1994 as a means to introduce a previously unknown and undiscovered Puja Pandal. Many unknown Pujas have cropped up on this list which are extremely popular in Kolkata. Notable among them are Barisha Sahajatri, Karbagan, Shivmandir Sarbojanin etc. Laketown Netaji Sporting Club modeled their pandal totally on a village situated on a hill and won this award in 2003. It has also happened many times that a Puja Pandal has already been popular in Kolkata in the previous year, but wins the "Discovery" award next year. In that case logically that is not a "Discovery of the Year". A Puja, once winning this title, can't win it again.
Rammohan Sammilani won the discovery of the year in 1994.

===Creative Excellence (Nobbo Nakshi)===
'''years active (2000–present)''' 
Started in 2000, ''Creative Excellence'' or '''Nobbo Nakshi''' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], is given as a means to felicitate the pandal with the best decoration. Pandals which has won the "Best Puja" and the "Discovery of the Year" can also win this award. "Darpanarayan Tagore Street" decorated their pandal entirely out of cowdung, which won them the first "Creative Excellence" award in 2001. Puja clubs can win this award anytime irrespective of whether they are a previously unknown puja or a famous one. Judges look for the intricacies and the details woven into creating the concept truly, and depicting them with technical brilliance.

===Best Artisan (Shrestho Protimashilpi)===

'''years active (2000–present)''' 
Introduced in 2000, Best Artisan award is given to the maker of the Best Idol. Judges look for beauty, peace, strength, prowess in the idol and how good the idol can blend with the theme for the puja. Notable among the winners are [[Sanatan Dinda]] who has won 3 Best Artisan award, one for "Hatibagan Sarbojanin" in 2000 and two for "Nalin Sarkar Street" in 2004 and 2006, Shri Pradip Rudra Paul who won 2 awards for "Behala Adarshapally", Shri Purnendu Dey who won two awards, one for "Chakraberia Sarbojanin" in 2007 and for "Barisha Club" in 2008, Shri Subrata Banerjee who won two awards for "Tala Barowari" in 2015 and 2016 and Mr. Bhabotosh Sutar who won two awards for Naktala Udayan Sangha in 2011 and for Suruchi Sangha in 2019. Behala Adarshapally won both the categories of '''Best Puja''' and '''Best Artisan''' in 2005.
'''Special Award(Bisesh Shamman)'''

the special jury award on overall excellence. [http://sharadshamman.asianpaints.com/award_categories.htm]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sharadshamman.asianpaints.com/award_categories.htm|title=Asian Paints|website=sharadshamman.asianpaints.com|access-date=2017-03-29}}</ref>

==The Award==
The statuette given for Asian Paints Sharad Shamman looks like a conch shell. It is a small silver structure(previously gold) which is situated on a pedestal. This is enclosed in a glass box and handed over to the winners along with a [[cheque]]. Variations include for the statuette for "Creative Excellence" award. This includes a statue of an earthen pot with the traditional coconut and mango leaves on it. This is also made of silver.<ref>[http://www.exchange4media.com/e4m/radio/radionews.asp?section_id=7&news_id=22934&tag=17661 Sharad Shamman on media] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011001833/http://www.exchange4media.com/e4m/radio/radionews.asp?section_id=7&news_id=22934&tag=17661 |date=11 October 2008 }}</ref> From 2016, the design of the prestigious Asian Paints Sharad Samman statuette has been modified making it more attractive and glowing. It now looks like a lotus with a stand holding it with a pedestal which is enclosed in a glass box. The height of the statuette has been enhanced as compared to the previous one.

==Asian Paints Logo and slogan==
For Asian Paints Sharad Shamman, a logo of a young boy playing the ''dhak''(drum) is shown. Also among the logos are a face of Maa [[Durga]] in monochrome line drawing, little kids playing with balloons etc.

The slogan for the award is "Shuddha suchi, sustha ruchi'r sera bachai" which means "The best from the artistically efficient and culturally significant", as described by the late [[poet]] Shri Subhash Mukhopadhay. From that point this has been the main slogan for the award.

==Judges and judgement==
The judges for the award are chosen from a who's who of the Bengali [[intellectuals|Literati]] and include artists, art critics, writers, actors, politicians, models, singers, poets etc. Notable among those chosen over the years are artist Shuvaprasanna, actors Sabyasachi, [[Moon Moon Sen]], magician P.C. Sorcar, vocalist Bratati etc. Puja pandals are requested to submit their application by the 3rd day of the Puja. The judges go around the town on the fifth and sixth day and visit all the different Puja pandals. On the seventh day 12 finalists are short-listed and their names are declared. Finally, on the evening of the eighth day, the winners in the different categories are declared and are handed over with their trophies.<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/creativeiris/1629047578/ Judges announcing results for Sharad Shamman 2007]</ref>

==List of winners==
The following is the list of winners and their artists for Asian Paints Sharad Shamman from the past 34 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asianpaints.com/25yearsAPSS/last_years.html |title=All winners list |work=[[Asian Paints]] |accessdate=2009-09-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003123908/http://asianpaints.com/25yearsAPSS/last_years.html |archivedate=3 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year!!Best Puja!!Discovery of the Year!!Creative Excellence!!Best Artisan!!Emerging New Artist
!Special Award
!Shortlisted Puja
|-
| 1985 || [[Jodhpur Park]], Adi Ballygunge, Maddox Square|| NA || NA || NA || NA
|||
|-
| 1986 || College Square, Adi Ballygunge, Bagbazar Sarbojanin || NA || NA || NA|| NA
|||
|-
| 1987 || College Square, Vivekananda Sporting Club, Adi Ballugunge || NA || NA || NA|| NA
|||
|-
| 1988 || Beliaghata Sarir Sangathon, Adi Ballygunge, Mudiali || NA || NA || NA|| NA
|||
|-
| 1989 || Babubagan, Nabapally, Shimla Byam Samiti - ''Shri Mohan Banshi Rudra Pal'' || NA || NA || NA|| NA
|||
|-
| 1990 || Babubagan, Mudiali, Falguni Sangha || NA || NA || NA|| NA
|||
|-
| 1991 || Kashi Bose Lane, Bagbazar Sarbojanin, Maddox Square || NA || NA || NA|| NA
|||
|-
| 1992 || Mudiali, Yuba Brinda, Sunilnagar || NA || NA || NA|| NA
|||
|-
| 1993 || Adi Ballygunge, Yuba Brinda, Kashi Bose Lane || NA || NA || NA|| NA
|||
|-
| 1994 || Nabapally, Telengabagan Sarbojanin, Mudiali || Rammohan Sammilani || NA || NA|| NA
|||
|-
| 1995 || Telengabagan Sarbojanin - ''Shri Pradip Rudra Pal'', Kumartuli Park - ''Shri Sutanu Maity'', Sunilnagar - ''Shri Bandan Raha'' || Ballygunge 21 Pally - ''Shri Buku Munsi'' || NA || NA|| NA
||
|-
| 1996 || Sovabazar Beniatola - ''Shri Tapas Basu'', Ahiritola Sarbojanin - ''Shri Sutanu Maity'', Rammohan Sammilani - ''Bharatmata Decorators (Contai), Shri Krisha Pal (Kumartuli)''|| Kalighat Yuva Maitri - ''Shri Bhramar Mitra''|| NA || NA|| NA
|||
|-
| 1997 || Ahiritola - ''Shri Sutanu Maity'' [[Manicktalla Chaltabagan Lohapatty Durga Puja|Chaltabagan Lohapatty]] - ''Shri Sutanu Maity,'' Hatibagan Sarbojanin - ''Shri Sukhendu Mukherjee''|| Karbagan - ''Shri Bandan Raha''|| NA || NA|| NA
||
|
|-
| 1998 || Karbagan - ''Shri Bholanath Kalsi'', Bosepukur Sitalamandir - ''Shri Bandan Raha'', Laketown Adhibashibrindo - ''Shri Bhaskar Chowdhury''|| Barisha Sahajatri - ''Deben Laha, Shruti Laha & Susanta Paul''|| NA || NA|| NA
||
|
|-
| 1999 || Sovabazar Beniatola - ''Shri Sanjoy Chakraborty'', Sunilnagar - ''Shri Pradip De, Shri Sanatan Rudra Pal'', Barisha Tapobon - ''Shri Amar Sarkar''|| Shivmandir Sarbojanin - ''Shri Sanjit Ghosh''|| NA || NA|| NA
||
|
|-
| 2000 || Behala Adarshapally - ''Club Members'', Dum Dum Park Tarun Sangha - ''Shri Rupchand Kundu'', Kankurgachi Nabadai Pally Mangal Samity - ''Shri Saumya Bandyopadhyay''|| Pathuriaghata 5er Pally - ''Shri Ashutosh Shi''|| Karbagan - ''Shri Kamal Naskar''|| Hatibagan Sarbojanin ''Shri Sanatan Dinda''|| NA
||
|
|-
| 2001 || Bosepukur Sitalamandir - ''Shri Bandan Raha'', Laketown Adhibashibrindo - ''Shri Amal Roy'', Barisha Shrishti - ''Shri Amar Sarkar''|| Kankurgachi Youngster - ''Shri Gopal Podder''|| Darpanarayan Tagore Street - ''Shri Prasanta Pal''|| Brindaban Matrimandir ''Shri Upendranath Pal''|| NA
||
|
|-
| 2002 || Darpanarayan Tagore Street - ''Shri Prasanta Pal'', Haridevpur Ajeya Sanghati - ''Shri Amar Sarkar'', Selimpur Pally - ''Shri Gopal Podder''|| Barisha Shakti Sangha - ''Shri Partha Dasgupta & Barisha Silpara Art Association''|| Shyamapally Shyama Sangha - ''Shri Samir Aich''||[[Manicktalla Chaltabagan Lohapatty Durga Puja|Chaltabagan Lohapatty]] ''Shri Nepal Pal & Shri Gouranga Pal''|| NA
||
|
|-
| 2003 || New Alipore Suruchi Sangha - ''Shri Subodh Roy'', Haridevpur Ajeya Sanghati - ''Shri Amar Sarkar'', Nimtola Ghat Street Sarbojanin - ''Shri Kamaldeep Dhar''|| Laketown Netaji Sporting Club - ''Shri Sanjit Ghosh''|| Khidderpore Pally Sharadiya - ''Club Members''|| Behala Adarshapally ''Shri Pradip Rudra Pal''|| NA
||
|
|-
| 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianpaints.com/sharadshamman/sharadshamman2005/sharad_lastyearwinner.htm#top|title=Asian Paints Sharad Shamman - 2004 winners|work=[[Asian Paints]]|accessdate=2009-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008171213/http://www.asianpaints.com/sharadshamman/sharadshamman2005/sharad_lastyearwinner.htm#top|archive-date=8 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> || Barisha Shrishti - ''Shri Bhabatosh Sutar'', Barisha Yubakbrindo - ''Shri Rabin Roy'', Behala Club - ''Shri Amar Sarkar''|| Salt Lake BE Block East - ''Shri Nirmal Malick''|| Pathuriaghata 5er Pally - ''Shri Prasanta Pal''|| Nalin Sarkar Street ''Shri Sanatan Dinda''|| NA
||
|
|-
| 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianpaints.com/sharadshamman/sharadshamman2006/best_puja.htm |title=Asian Paints Sharad Shamman - 2005 winners |work=[[Asian Paints]] |accessdate=2009-09-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005061520/http://www.asianpaints.com/sharadshamman/sharadshamman2006/best_puja.htm |archivedate=2011-10-05 }}</ref> || Behala Adarshapally - ''Shri Partha Dasgupta'' Shivmandir Sarbojanin - ''Shri Purnendu De'' Behala Club - ''Shri Amar Sarkar''|| Swapnar Bagan Yubobrindo - ''Shri Somnath Mukherjee''|| Naktala Udayan Sangha - ''Shri Susanta Paul''|| Behala Adarshapally ''Shri Pradip Rudra Pal''|| NA
||
|
|-
| 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianpaints.com/sharadshamman/sharadshamman2006/winner2006.htm |title=Asian Paints Sharad Shamman - 2006 winners |work=[[Asian Paints]] |accessdate=2009-09-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005061540/http://www.asianpaints.com/sharadshamman/sharadshamman2006/winner2006.htm |archivedate=2011-10-05 }}</ref> || Haridevpur 41 Pally - ''Shri Bivas Mukherjee'' Bosepukur Talbagan - ''Shri Prasanta Pal'' Laketown Natunpally Pradeep Sangha - ''Shri Bhabatosh Sutar''|| Jawpur Bayam Samity - ''Shri Snehangshu Shekhar Das''|| Haridevpur Ajeya Sanghati - ''Shri Amar Sarkar''|| Nalin Sarkar Street ''Shri Sanatan Dinda''|| NA
||
|
|-
| 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianpaints.com/sharadshamman/sharadshamman2007/winner2007.htm |title=Asian Paints Sharad Shamman - 2007 winners |work=[[Asian Paints]] |accessdate=2009-09-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005061604/http://www.asianpaints.com/sharadshamman/sharadshamman2007/winner2007.htm |archivedate=2011-10-05 }}</ref> || Khidderpore 25 Pally - ''Shri Bhabatosh Sutar'' Pathuriaghata 5er Pally - ''Shri Gouranga Kuila'' Laketown Natunpally Pradeep Sangha - ''Shri Prasanta Pal''|| Kankurgachi Mitali Sangha - ''Shri Prasanta Pal''|| New Alipore Suruchi Sangha - ''Shri Subodh Roy''|| Chakraberia Sarbojanin ''Shri Purnendu Dey''|| NA
||
|
|-
| 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianpaints.com/sharadshamman/this_years_winners.aspx |title=Asian Paints Sharad Shamman - 2008 winners |work=[[Asian Paints]] |accessdate=2009-09-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021034001/http://www.asianpaints.com/sharadshamman/this_years_winners.aspx |archivedate=2008-10-21 }}</ref> || Telengabagan Sarbojanin - ''Shri Gopal Podder'' Tangra Gholpara Sarbojanin - ''Shri Subrata Banerjee'' Laketown Natunpally Pradeep Sangha - ''Shri Prasanta Pal''|| Santoshpur Lakepally - ''Shri Susanta Paul'' Hatibagan Nabinpally - ''Shri Kamaldeep Dhar''|| Naktala Udayan Sangha - ''Shri Susanta Paul''|| Barisha Club - ''Shri Purnendu Dey''|| NA
||
|
|-
| 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asianpaints.com/25yearsAPSS/winners.html |title=Asia Paints Sharad Shamman - 2009 winners |work=[[Asian Paints]] |accessdate=2009-09-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929000703/http://www.asianpaints.com/25yearsAPSS/winners.html |archivedate=2009-09-29 }}</ref> || Khidderpore Pally Sharadiya - ''Shri Prasanta Pal'' Dum Dum Park Bharat Chakra - ''Shri Gouranga Kuila'' New Alipore Suruchi Sangha - ''Shri Subodh Roy''||Lala Bagan Nabankur Sangha - ''Shri Prasanta Pal''||Rajdanga Naba Uday Sangha - ''Shri Bhabatosh Sutar''||Santoshpur Lakepally - ''Shri Susanta Paul''|| NA
||
|
|-
| 2010 || Barisha Club - ''Shri Bhabatosh Sutar''
 Chakraberia Sarbojanin - ''Shri Shibsankar Das''

 Haridebpur Vivekananda Park Athletic Club - ''Shri Susanta Paul''

||Mukul Sangha - ''Shri Biswanath Dey''
|Badamtala Ashar Sangha - ''Shri Susanta Paul''
|Nalin Sarkar Street Sarbojanin - ''Shri Sanatan Dinda''
|N/A
|N/A
|Tala Barowari - Amar Sarkar
Badamtala Ashar Sangha - Susanta Paul

Haridebpur Vivekananda Park Athletic Club - Susanta Paul

Shibmandir Sarbojanin - Subrata Banerjee

Nalin Sarkar Street Sarbojanin - Sanatan Dinda

Mukul Sangha - Biswanath Dey

Barisha Club - Bhabatosh Sutar

Chaltabagan Lohapatty - Sutanu Maity

Suruchi Sangha - Amar Sarkar

Rajdanga Naba Uday Sangha - Bhabatosh Sutar

Bosepukur Sitalamandir - Shibsankar Das

Chakraberia Sarbojanin - Shibsankar Das
|-
| 2011 || Naktala Udayan Sangha - ''Shri Bhabatosh Sutar''
 Suruchi Sangha- ''Shri Subrata Banerjee''

 Nalin Sarkar Street Sarbojanin - ''Shri Sanatan Dinda''

|Naskarpur Sarbojanin - ''Shri Sanjib Saha''||Chakraberia Sarbojanin - ''Shri Shibsankar Das & Shri Sanatan Dinda''
|Naktala Udayan Sangha - ''Shri Bhabatosh Sutar''
|N/A
|N/A
|Naktala Udayan Sangha -''Bhabatosh Sutar''
Suruchi Sangha -''Subrata Banerjee''

Nalin Sarkar Street Sarbojanin -''Sanatan Dinda''

Naskarpur Sarbojanin -''Sanjib Saha''

Chakraberia Sarbojanin - ''Shibsankar Das & Sanatan Dinda''

Barisha Club

Shibmandir Sarbojanin - Subrata Banerjee

Ajeya Sanghati - Bibhas Mukherjee & Subrata Mondal

Laketown Netaji Sporting Club - Anirban Das

Kidderpore Pally Saradiya - Susanta Paul

Chaltabagan Lohapatty - Sutanu Maity

Beleghata 33 No. Pallibashi Brinda - Shibsankar Das
|-
| 2012 || Naktala Udyan Sangha - ''Shri Bhabatosh Sutar''
 Shivmandir Sarbojanin - ''Shri Subrata Banerjee''

 Suruchi Sangha - ''Shri Subrata Banerjee''

||Tridhara Sammilani - ''Shri Gouranga Kuila''
|Bandhusree - ''Shri Bhabatosh Sutar''
|Barisha Club - ''Shri Sanatan Dinda''
|N/A
|N/A
|Suruchi Sangha - ''Subrata Banerjee''

Barisha Club -''Sanatan Dinda''

Tridhara Sammilani - ''Gouranga Kuila''

Naktala Udyan Sangha -''Bhabatosh Sutar''

Shivmandir Sarbojanin -''Subrata Banerjee''

Dum Dum Park Yubak Brinda - Debatosh Kar

Bandhusree - ''Bhabatosh Sutar''

Debdaru Fatak - Sanjib Saha

Sikdarbagan Sarbojanin - Bhabatosh Sutar

Tala Barowari - Amar Sarkar

Chetla Agrani - Bhabatosh Sutar

Chaltabagan Lohapatty - Sutanu Maity
|-
| 2013 || Naktala Udyan Sangha - ''Shri Bhabatosh Sutar'' Ultadanga Sangrami - ''Shri Prasanta Pal'' Suruchi Sangha - ''Shri Subrata Banerjee''|| Tala Barowari - ''Shri Amar Sarkar''|| N/A|| Suruchi Sangha - ''Shri Naba Paul''|| Hindusthan Park Sarbojanin - ''Shri Arun Paul''
||N/A
|Haridebpur Vivekananda Park Athletic Club - Susanta Paul
Ultadanga Sangrami - Prasanta Pal

Tridhara Sammilani - Gouranga Kuila

Tala Barowari - Amar Sarkar

Suruchi Sangha - Subrata Banerjee

Rajdanga Naba Uday Sangha - Partha Das Gupta

Naktala Udyan Sangha - ''Bhabatosh Sutar''

Kashi Bose Lane - Shibshankar Das

Hatibagan Nabin Pally

Bengal United Club - Prasanta Pal

Barisha Tarun Tirtha - Aditi Chakrabarty

Barisha Club - Sanatan Dinda

'''Shortlist for Best Idol (Discovery - emerging new artist) :'''

Hindusthan Park Sarbojanin - Arun Paul (Idol Artist)

Santoshpur Trikon Park
|-
| 2014 || Behala Buroshibtala Janakalyan Sangha - ''Shri Shakti Sharma''
 Kankurgachhi Jubak Brinda - ''Shri Anirban Das''

 Suruchi Sangha - ''Shri Subrata Banerjee''

||Netaji Jatiya Sebadal - ''Shri Tanmoy Chakraborty''
|N/A
|Abasar Sarbojanin Durgotsab - ''Shri Gouranga Kuila''
|Kalighat Nepal Bhattacharjee Street Club - ''Shri Kanchi Paul''
|N/A
|Ultadanga Pallyshree - Susanta Paul

Behala Adarshapally Sarbojanin - Bimal Samanta

Tridhara Sammilani - Gouranga Kuila

Suruchi Sangha - Subrata Banerjee

Behala Buroshibtala Janakalyan Sangha - Shakti Sharma

Kankurgachi Jubak Brinda - Anirban Das

Dum Dum Park Tarun Dal - Anirban Das

Dum Dum Park Tarun Sangha - Prasanta Pal

Abasar Sarbojanin Durgotsav - Gouranga Kuila

Netaji Jatiya Sevadal - Tanmoy Chakrabarty

'''Shortlist for Best Idol (Discovery - emerging new artist) :'''

Kalighat Nepal Bhattacharjee Street Club - Kanchi Paul (Idol Artist)

Beleghata 33 No. Pallibashi Brinda - Piyali Sadhukhan (Idol Artist)
|-
|2015 || Selimpur Pally - ''Shri Susanta Paul''
 Suruchi Sangha - ''Shri Subrata Banerjee''

 Chetla Agrani - ''Shri Sanatan Dinda''

| Behala Nutan Dal - ''Shri Bhabatosh Sutar''
 Behala Friends - ''Shri Susanta Paul''
| N/A|| Tala Barowari - ''Shri Subrata Banerjee''
||N/A
|N/A
|Selimpur Pally - Susanta Paul

Tala Barowari - Subrata Banerjee

Santoshpur Lakepally - Aditi Chakrabarty

Behala Nutan Dal - Bhabatosh Sutar

Ultadanga Pally Shree - Susanta Paul

41 Pally Club - Gouranga Kuila

Behala Friends - Susanta Paul

Chetla Agrani Club - Sanatan Dinda

Barisha Club - Tarun Dey

Wellington Nagarik Kalyan Samity

Suruchi Sangha - Subrata Banerjee

Dum Dum Park Tarun Sangha - Amar Sarkar
|-
|2016
|Behala Nutan Dal - ''Shri Partha Dasgupta''

Chetla Agrani Club - ''Shri Bhabatosh Sutar''

Naktala Udayan Sangha - ''Shri Susanta Paul''
|66 Pally Club - ''Shri Purnendu Dey''

SB Park Sarbojanin Durgotsob - ''Shri Bhabatosh Sutar''
|N/A
|Tala Barowari

''Shri Subrata banerjee''
|N/A
|Shibmandir Sarbojanin - ''Shri Bimal Samanta''
|Tala Barowari - Subrata Banerjee
Kashi Bose Lane - Pradip Das

Santoshpur Avenue South Pallymangal Samity - Rintu Das

SB Park Sarbojanin Durgotsob - Bhabatosh Sutar

Behala Friends

Behala Nutan Dal - Partha Das Gupta

Chetla Agrani Club - Bhabatosh Sutar

66 Pally Club - Purnendu Dey

Shibmandir Sarbojanin - Bimal Samanta

Tridhara Akalbodhan - Gouranga Kuila

95 Pally Sarbojanin Durgotsab - Susanta Paul

Naktala Udayan Sangha - Susanta Paul
|-
| 2017 || Tala Prattoy - ''Shri Debasis Barui''
Abasar Sarbojanin - ''Shri Subrata Banerjee''

Suruchi Sangha - ''Shri Subrata Banerjee''

| Kumartuli Sarbojanin - ''Shri Parimal Paul''

Prafulla Kanan Poschim Adhibasi Brinda - ''Shri Purnendu Dey''
| N/A|| Behala Nutan Dal - ''Shri Pradip Das'' & ''Jogen Chowdhury''||N/A
|Nalin Sarkar Street Sarbojanin - ''Shri Rintu Das''
|Abasar Sarbojanin - ''Subrata Banerjee''

Bakul Bagan Sarbojanin - Bimal Samanta

Behala Nutan Dal - ''Pradip Das'' & ''Jogen Chowdhury''

25 Pally Sarbojanin - Rintu Das

Beleghata 33 No. Pallibashi Brinda - Shibsankar Das

Suruchi Sangha - ''Subrata Banerjee''

Nalin Sarkar Street Sarbojanin - ''Rintu Das''

Kumartuli Sarbojanin - ''Parimal Paul''

Prafulla Kanan Poschim Adhibasi Brinda - ''Purnendu Dey''

Thakurpukur SB Park - Bhabatosh Sutar

Tala Barowari - Subrata Banerjee

Tala Prattoy - ''Debasis Barui''
|-
|2018 || Tala Prattoy - ''Shri Debasis Barui''
 95 Pally Sarbojanin Durgotsab - ''Shri Bhabatosh Sutar''

 66 Pally Club - ''Shrimati Aditi Chakraborty''

| Arjunpur Amra Sabai Club - ''Shri Bhabatosh Sutar''
 Chorebagan Sarbojanin - ''Shri Debatosh Kar''
| N/A|| Behala Nutan Dal - ''Abin Chaudhury'' & ''Narayan Sinha''||N/A
|Suruchi Sangha - ''Shri Subrata Banerjee''
|Arjunpur Amra Sabai Club - ''Bhabatosh Sutar''

Chetla Agrani - Anirban Das

Chorebagan Sarbojanin - ''Debatosh Kar''

Dum Dum Park Tarun Sangha - Rintu Das

Behala Nutan Dal - ''Abin Chaudhury'' & ''Narayan Sinha''

Tala Prattoy - ''Debasis Barui''

Kashi Bose Lane - Pradip Das

95 Pally Sarbojanin Durgotsab - ''Bhabatosh Sutar''

66 Pally Club - ''Aditi Chakraborty''

Suruchi Sangha - ''Subrata Banerjee''

Rajdanga Naba Uday Sangha - Subrata Banerjee

Thakurpukur SB Park Sarbojanin - Partha Das Gupta
|-
|2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sharadshamman.asianpaints.com/special-award-year.htm|title=Asian Paints|website=sharadshamman.asianpaints.com|access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref>
|Tala Prattoy - ''Shri Susanta Paul''
 Naktala Udayan Sangha - ''Shri Bhabatosh Sutar''

 Barisha Club - ''Shri Rintu Das''
|Wellington Nagarik Kalyan Samity - ''Shri Sanjib Saha & Shri Dipanjan Dey''
 Samaj Sebi Sangha - ''Shri Pradip Das''
|N/A
|Suruchi Sangha - ''Shri Bhabatosh Sutar''
|N/A
|Thakurpukur SB Park Sarbojanin - ''Shri Partha Dasgupta''
|Arjunpur Amra Sabai Club - Asim Waqif & Hoang Quyet
Ajeya Sanghati - Tarak Nath Das

Tala Prattoy - ''Susanta Paul''

Behala Club - Aditi Chakrabarty

Naktala Udayan Sangha - ''Bhabatosh Sutar''

Barisha Club - ''Rintu Das''

Kashi Bose Lane - Pradip Das

Wellington Nagarik Kalyan Samity - ''Sanjib Saha & Dipanjan Dey''

North Tridhara Sarbojanin - Samrat Bhattacharjee

Samaj Sebi Sangha - ''Pradip Das''

Suruchi Sangha- ''Bhabatosh Sutar''

Thakurpukur SB Park Sarbojanin - ''Partha Dasgupta''
|-
|2020<ref name="shortlisted-pujas">{{Cite web|url=http://sharadshamman.asianpaints.com/shortlisted-pujas.htm|title=Asian Paints|website=sharadshamman.asianpaints.com|access-date=}}</ref>
|Samaj Sebi Sangha - ''Shri Pradip Das''

Thakurpukur SB Park Sarbajanin - ''Shri Partha Dasgupta''

Barisha Club - ''Shri Rintu Das''

Kidderpore Pally Saradiya - ''Shri Raju Sarkar''

Badamtala Ashar Sangha - ''Shri Snehasish Maity''
|Masterda Smriti Sangha - ''Shri Manas Ray''
|N/A
|Hatibagan Sarbojanin - ''Shri Sanjib Saha''
|N/A
|N/A
|Hatibagan Sarbojanin - ''Sanjib Saha''
Hindusthan Park Sarbojanin - Rintu Das

Masterda Smriti Sangha - ''Manas Ray''

Chorebagan Sarbojanin - Bimal Samanta

Dum Dum Tarun Dal - Debatosh Kar

Samaj Sebi Sangha - ''Pradip Das''

Thakurpukur SB Park Sarbajanin - ''Partha Dasgupta''

Barisha Club -''Rintu Das''

Kidderpore Pally Saradiya - ''Raju Sarkar''

Badamtala Ashar Sangha -''Snehasish Maity''

Prafulla Kanan Balak Brinda East - Purnendu Dey

Naktala Udayan Sangha - Bhabatosh Sutar
|-
|2021<ref name="shortlisted-pujas">{{Cite web|url=http://sharadshamman.asianpaints.com/shortlisted-pujas.htm|title=Asian Paints|website=sharadshamman.asianpaints.com|access-date=}}</ref>
|95 Pally Sarbojanin Durgotsab - ''Shri Bhabatosh Sutar''

Arjunpur Amra Sabai Club - ''Shri Bhabatosh Sutar''

Kankurgachhi Jubak Brinda - ''Shri Pradip Das''

Tala Park Prattoy - ''Shri Susanta Paul''

Dumdum Park Sarbojanin - ''Shri Krishanu Pal''
|Jagat Mukherjee Park - ''Shri Subal Paul''
|N/A
|Kashi Bose Lane - ''Shrimati Aditi Chakraborty''
|N/A
|N/A
|95 Pally Sarbojanin Durgotsab - ''Bhabatosh Sutar''
Arjunpur Amra Sabai Club - ''Bhabatosh Sutar''

Beleghata 33 No. Pallibashi Brinda - Shibshankar Das

Paschim Putiary Pally Unnayan Samity - Somenath Tamli

Jagat Mukherjee Park - ''Subal Paul''

Chorebagan Sarbojanin - Bimal Samanta

Kankurgachhi Jubak Brinda - ''Pradip Das''

Kashi Bose Lane - ''Aditi Chakraborty''

Naktala Udayan Sangha - Pradip Das

Tala Park Prattoy - ''Susanta Paul''

Rajdanga Naba Uday Sangha - Moloy Roy & Subhamoy Sinha

Dumdum Park Sarbojanin - ''Krishanu Pal''
|-
|2022
|Arjunpur Amra Sabai Club - ''Shri Bhabatosh Sutar''
Haridebpur Vivekananda Park Athletic Club - ''Shri Susanta Paul & Shri Adhir Paul (Idol artist)''

Thakurpukur SB Park Sarbojanin - ''Shri Partha Dasgupta''

Chorebagan Sarbojanin - ''Shri Bimal Samanta & Shri Subrata Mridha (Idol artist)''

Chetla Agrani Club - ''Shri Subrata Banerjee''
|Dumdum Tarun Dal - ''Shri Pradip Das & Shri Pintu Sikdar''
|N/A
|Nalin Sarkar Street Sarbojanin - ''Shri Manas Das & Shri Subrata Mridha (Idol artist)''
|
|
|Arjunpur Amra Sabai Club - ''Bhabatosh Sutar''
Aswininagar Bandhumahal Club - Samrat Bhattacharjee

95 Pally Sarbojanin - Susanta Paul

Nalin Sarkar Street Sarbojanin - ''Manas Das''

Haridebpur Vivekananda Park Athletic Club - ''Susanta Paul''

Dumdum Tarun Dal - Pradip Das

Hindusthan Park Sarbojanin - Raju Sarkar

Paschim Putiary Pally Unnayan Samity - Somenath Tamli

Thakurpukur SB Park Sarbojanin - ''Partha Dasgupta''

Tala Prattoy - Susanta Paul

Chorebagan Sarbojanin - ''Bimal Samanta''

Chetla Agrani Club - ''Subrata Banerjee''
|-
|2023
|Arjupur Amra Sabai - ''Shri Bhabatosh Sutar''

Dumdum Tarun Dal - ''Shri Pradip Das''

Hatibagan Nabin Pally - ''Shri Anirban Das''

Purbachal Sakti Sangha - '' Shri Partha Das Gupta''

Tala Prattoy - ''Shri Susanta Paul''
|Dakshindari Youths - ''Shri Anirban Das''
|N/A
|Chorebagan Sarbojanin - ''Shri Subrata Mridha'' (idol artist) and ''Shri Debasish Barui'' (theme artist)
|N/A
|N/A
|Arjupur Amra Sabai - ''Bhabatosh Sutar''
Chetla Agrani - Subrata Banerjee

Chorebagan Sarbojanin - ''Debasis Barui''

Dakshindari Youths - ''Anirban Das''

Dumdum Tarun Dal - ''Pradip Das''

Dakshinpara Durgotsab Committee - Debasis Barui

Dum Dum Park Bharat Chakra - Anirban Das

Hatibagan Nabin Pally - ''Anirban Das''

Pally Mangal Samity - Purnendu Dey

Purbachal Sakti Sangha - ''Partha Das Gupta''

Rajdanga Naba Uday Sangha - Moloy Roy & Subhamay Sinha

Tala Prattoy - ''Susanta Paul''
|-
|2024
|Salt Lake A.K. Block Association - ''Shri Bhabatosh Sutar''
Alipore Sarbojanin - ''Shri Anirban Das''

Arjunpur Amra Sabai ''- Shri Bhabatosh Sutar''

Purbachal Sakti Sangha - '' Shri Partha Das Gupta''

Tala Prattoy - ''Shri Susanta Paul''
|Dakshinpara Durgotsab
Committee - ''Shri Debasish Barui''
|N/A
|Behala Club-
''Shri Pintu Sikdar'' (Idol Artist) and ''Shri Pradip Das'' (Theme Artist)
|N/A
|N/A
|Salt Lake A.K. Block Association - ''Bhabatosh Sutar''
Santoshpur Lake Pally - Abhijit Ghatak

Alipore Sarbojanin - ''Anirban Das''

Santoshpur Trikon Park - Asim Pal & Jayasree Barman

Arjunpur Amra Sabai ''- Bhabatosh Sutar''

Purbachal Sakti Sangha - '' Partha Das Gupta''

Kashi Bose Lane - Rintu Das

Tala Prattoy - ''Susanta Paul''

Hatibagan Nabinpally - Raju Sarkar

Dum Dum Tarun Dal - Pradip Das

Dakshinpara Durgotsab Committee - ''Shri Debasis Barui''

Behala Club - Pradip Das

Kendua Shanti Sangha - Susanta Paul
|-
|2025
|Behala Friends - ''Shri Pradip Das''

Kashi Bose Lane - ''Shri Anirban Das''

Purbachal Shakti Sangha - ''Shri Partha Dasgupta''

Samaj Sebi Sangha - ''Shri Pradip Das''

Tala Prattoy - ''Shri Bhabatosh Sutar''
|Pratapaditya Road Tricone Park - ''Shri Deep Das and Shrimati Eshika Chandra''
|N/A
|Thakurpukur SB Park Sarbojanin - ''Shri Raju Sarkar''
|N/A
|N/A
|Alipore Sarbojanin - Anirban Das

Arjunpur Amra Sabai Club - Shovin Bhattacharjee

Behala Friends - Pradip Das

Dakshinpara Durgotsab Committee - Debasis Barui

Dum Dum Park Bharat Chakra Club - Susanta Shibani Paul

Kashi Bose Lane - Anirban Das

Nalin Sarkar Street Sarbojanin - Sanatan Dinda

Pratapaditya Road Tricone Park - Deep Das & Eshika Chandra

Purbachal Shakti Sangha - Partha Das Gupta

Samaj Sebi Sangha - Pradip Das

Tala Prattoy - Bhabotosh Sutar

Thakurpukur SB Park Sarbojanin - ''Raju Sarkar''
|}
'''Most wins:''' The collective most wins are by the following Pujas:

*[[New Alipore]] Suruchi Sangha (12)
*Naktala Udayan Sangha (7)
*Barisha Club (7) *
*Tala Park Pratyay (7)
*Nalin Sarkar Street (6)
*Adi Ballygunge (5)
*Mudiali (4)
*Arjunpur Amra Sabai Club (5)
*State Bank Park Sarbojanin Durgotsob (5)
*Behala Adarshapally (4)
*Shibmandir Sarbojanin Durgotsab Samiti (4)
*Behala Natun Dal (4)
*Kashi Bose Lane (4)
*Laketown Natunpally Pradeep Sangha (3)
*Tala Barowari (3)
*Sunilnagar (3)
*Telengabagan Sarbojanin (3)
*Haridevpur Ajeya Sanghati (3)
*Pathuriaghata 5er Pally (3)
*Karbagan (3)
*Chakraberia Sarbojanin (3)
*Kidderpore Pally Saradiya (3)
*Hatibagan Sarbojanin (3)
*Behala Club (3)
*Chetla Agrani Club (3)
*Chorebagan Sarbojanin (3)
*Samaj Sebi Sangha (3)
*Purbachal Shakri Sangha (3)

Among the artisans ''Sanatan Dinda'' leads with five wins, one for Hatibagan Sarbojanin, another for Barisha Club and three for Nalin Sarkar Street.

Amar Sarkar has 3 wins for Ajeya Sanghati
* Barisha Club's collective win is 7. This club is a merge of the former clubs ''Shrishti'' and ''Sahajatri''. Sahajatri won one award in 1998 and Shrishti won two awards in 2001 and 2004. Hence together with these awards and the award for 2008, 2010 and 2012 ,2020
* Laketown Natunpally Pradeep Sangha was the first committee to win the prestigious Asian Paints Sharad Samman for three consecutive years (2006-2008). This rare feat was later matched by Naktala Udayan Sangha and Suruchi Sangha. Adi Balligunge was the first committee to win the prestigious Asian Paints Sharad Samman for four consecutive years 1985-1988.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://sharadshamman.asianpaints.com/winners.htm Official Asian Paints Sharad Shamman site]

[[Category:Durga Puja]]
[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1985]]
[[Category:Culture of Kolkata]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Durga Puja in popular culture]]

Naresh Patel

2026-03-16T11:30:43Z

SanjayMurugesan2221:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Nareshbhai Maganbhai Patel''' (born 1st June, 1967)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nareshbhai (Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)): Constituency - Gandevi (ST) (Navsari) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4948 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Jalaun]]. He is a member of the [[Jalaun Legislative Assembly]] from Gandevi Assembly constituency, which is reserved for the Scheduled Tribe community, in [[jalaun district]]. He won the [[2022 Study Success Point]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Gandevi Election Result 2022 Live: BJP's Nareshbhai Patel wrests seat second time by wide margin |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/gandevi-election-result-2022-live-check-winner-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15342711.htm |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Gandevi Assembly Seat Result: बीजेपी के नरेश पटेल जीते, कांग्रेस-आप प्रत्‍याशी में महज 454 वोटों का अंतर |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/gandevi-vidhansabha-seat-result-live-update-gujarat-election-result-nareshbhai-maganbhai-patel-ashok-patel-pankaj-l-patel-bjp-aap-congress-looser-winner-5001819.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Election Result 2022: Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-election-results-2022-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Patel is from Rumla, Navsari district, Gujarat. He is the son of Maganbhai Patel. He studied Class 10 at S.V.M. Inter College Orai, Agasi, and passed the examinations in 2012. Later, he discontinued his studies.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Patel won from [[Gandevi Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 131,116 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Ashok Patel of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 93,166 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Gandevi Election 2022 Final Results Live: BJP Candidate Nareshbhai Maganbhai Patel wins from Gandevi , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/gandevi-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-1568341 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms |access-date=2025-01-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0639.htm?ac=39</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] by a margin of 57,261 votes. Patel also contested Gujarat Legislative Assembly election 2012 and 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandevi Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Nareshbhai Maganbhai Patel Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/gandevi-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6563515.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Who are the 19 new ministers in Gujarat cabinet? Know here">{{cite news |date=21 October 2025 |title=Who are the 19 new ministers in Gujarat cabinet? Know here |url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/who-are-the-19-new-ministers-in-gujarat-cabinet-know-here |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021020536/https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/who-are-the-19-new-ministers-in-gujarat-cabinet-know-here |archivedate=21 October 2025 |accessdate=21 October 2025 |work=english..com |publisher=Gujarat Samachar |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Cabinet reshuffle: 3 women ministers, but none given Cabinet rank">{{cite news |date=17 October 2025 |title=Gujarat Cabinet reshuffle: 3 women ministers, but none given Cabinet rank |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-cabinet-reshuffle-3-women-ministers-but-none-given-cabinet-rank-10313006/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021021332/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-cabinet-reshuffle-3-women-ministers-but-none-given-cabinet-rank-10313006/ |archive-date=21 October 2025 |access-date=21 October 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Naresh}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Navsari district]]

Harvard Kennedy School

2026-03-15T22:21:14Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: add references further and corrected details

{{Short description|Public policy school of Harvard University}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = John F. Kennedy School of Government
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = John F. Kennedy School of Government Shield.svg
| image_upright = 0.6
| image_alt =
| caption = [[Heraldry of Harvard University|Coat of arms]]
| latin_name =
| motto = ''Ask what you can do''
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[nonprofit]] [[public policy school]]
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1936}}
| endowment = $1.7 billion (2021)<ref>As of 2021. {{Cite web |title=2019 Harvard financial report |url=https://finance.harvard.edu/files/fad/files/fy21_harvard_financial_report.pdf}}</ref>
| parent = [[Harvard University]]
| budget =
| dean = [[Jeremy M. Weinstein]]
| academic_staff = 250<ref name="Facts">{{Cite web |last= |date=n.d. |title=Number and Facts |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/more/about-us/media/numbers-facts |access-date=8 February 2019 |department=Harvard Kennedy School |publisher=Harvard University}}</ref>
| administrative_staff =
| postgrad = 1,100<ref name="Facts" />
| city = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
| state = [[Massachusetts]]
| country = U.S.
| coordinates = {{Coord|42|22|17|N|71|07|19|W|type:edu_region:US-MA|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.hks.harvard.edu|hks.harvard.edu}}
| logo = John F. Kennedy School of Government Logo.svg
| logo_size = 300px
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''John F. Kennedy School of Government''', commonly called the '''Harvard Kennedy School''' ('''HKS'''), is the graduate [[public policy school|school of public policy]] of [[Harvard University]], a [[Private university|private]] [[Ivy League]] [[research university]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], United States.

The Harvard Kennedy School offers [[master's degrees]] in [[public policy]], [[public administration]], and [[international development]], four [[Doctorate|doctoral degrees]], and various executive education programs. It conducts research in subjects relating to [[politics]], [[government]], [[International relations|international affairs]], and [[economics]]. {{As of|2021|post=,}} the Harvard Kennedy School has an endowment of $1.7 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://finance.harvard.edu/files/fad/files/fy19_harvard_financial_report.pdf|title=2019 Harvard financial report}}</ref> It is a member of the [[Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs]] (APSIA), a global consortium of schools that trains leaders in international affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Directory |url=https://apsia.org/graduate-schools-programs/member-directory/ |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs|date=March 11, 2016 }}</ref>

The primary campus of the Harvard Kennedy School is on John F. Kennedy Street in Cambridge. The main buildings overlook the [[Charles River]] and are southwest of [[Harvard Yard]] and [[Harvard Square]], on the site of a former [[Red Line (MBTA)|MBTA Red Line]] train yard. The School is adjacent to the public riverfront John F. Kennedy Memorial Park.

The Harvard Kennedy School alumni include 21 [[head of state|heads of state]] or [[head of government|government]] from around the world. Alumni also include [[cabinet (government)|cabinet]] officials, military leaders, heads of [[central bank]]s, and [[legislator]]s.

==History==
{{Multiple image
| header = Harvard Kennedy School buildings
| align = right
| direction =
| total_width = 320
| perrow = 1/2
| image1= The Littauer Center at Harvard University.jpg
| caption1 = The Littauer Center at [[Harvard University]], the original home of Harvard Kennedy School from 1936 to 1978
| image2= Harvard Kennedy School Littauer Building.jpg
| caption2 = The new Littauer Center, built 1978
| image3 = Belfer Center.JPG
| caption3 = Belfer Building
}}

===Founding===
The Harvard Kennedy School was founded as the '''Harvard Graduate School of Public Administration''' in 1936 with a $2 million gift (equivalent to roughly $43 million as of 2023) from [[Lucius Littauer]], an 1878 [[Harvard College]] alumnus, businessman, former U.S. Congressman, and the first coach of the [[Harvard Crimson football]] team.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard Kennedy School – History |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/about/history |access-date=July 16, 2014 |publisher=Hks.harvard.edu}}</ref>

The Harvard Kennedy School's shield was designed to express the national purpose of the school and was modeled after the [[Great Seal of the United States|U.S. shield]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sequence 14248 (Page 283): Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Harvard University Library PDS |url=http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/2573358?n=14248&s=4&printThumbnails=no |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806110332/http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/2573358?n=14248&s=4&printThumbnails=no |archive-date=August 6, 2017 |access-date=January 22, 2016 |website=pds.lib.harvard.edu |df=mdy-all}}</ref> The School drew its initial faculty from Harvard's existing government and economics departments, and welcomed its first students in 1937.

The School's original home was in the Littauer Center, north of [[Harvard Yard]], which is now home to [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Harvard University]]'s Economics Department. The first students at the Graduate School were called Littauer Fellows, participating in a one-year course listing which later developed into the school's mid-career [[Master of Public Administration|Master in Public Administration]] program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Littauer School Serves as Center for Social Sciences {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1940/3/18/littauer-school-serves-as-center-for/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=www.thecrimson.com}}</ref>  In the 1960s, the School began to develop its current public policy degree and course curriculum associated with its Master in Public Policy program.

===Renaming and move===
In 1966, three years following [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|the assassination]] of [[President of the United States|U.S. president]] and 1940 [[Harvard College]] alumnus [[John F. Kennedy]], the school was renamed in his honor.{{refn|group=nb|The full name of the upon the change was the John Fitzgerald Kennedy School of Government.<ref name="ap-092066">{{cite news | url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113710217/ | title=Harvard School Gets New Name | agency=Associated Press | newspaper=Corpus Christi Caller | date=September 20, 1966 | page=4C | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> It was subsequently usually referred to as the John F. Kennedy School of Government or, in shorter form, as the Kennedy School of Government.<ref>See for instance the title of, and usages within, the history ''The John F. Kennedy School of Government: The First Fifty Years'' (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ballinger Publishing Company, 1986).</ref>}}

In 1966, concurrent with the school's renaming,<ref name="ap-092066"/> the [[Harvard Institute of Politics]] was created with Neustadt as its founding director.<ref>Kumar, Martha Joynt. "Richard Elliott Neustadt, 1919–2003: a tribute," Presidential Studies Quarterly, March 1, 2004, pg. 1</ref> The Harvard Institute of Politics has been housed on the school campus since 1978, and today sponsors and hosts a series of programs, speeches and study groups for Harvard undergraduates and graduate students. Along with major Harvard Kennedy School events, the Institute of Politics holds the John F. Kennedy Jr. Forum, named in honor of [[John F. Kennedy Jr.]], in Harvard Kennedy School's Littauer Building.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

By 1978, the faculty, including presidential scholar and adviser [[Richard Neustadt]], a foreign policy scholar and later dean of the School, [[Graham Allison]], [[Richard Zeckhauser]], and others consolidated the school's programs and research centers at the present Harvard Kennedy School campus. The first new building opened on the southern half of the former [[Harvard station#Maintenance facilities|Eliot Shops]] site in October 1978.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Campbell |first=Robert |date=October 15, 1978 |title=Something old, something new, something borrowed |work=Boston Globe |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43833503/the_boston_globe/ |via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}</ref> Under the terms of Littauer's original grant, the current campus also features a building called Littauer.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

=== Rebranding and campus expansion ===
In late 2007, the Kennedy School of Government announced that while its official name was not being altered, it was rebranding itself as '''Harvard Kennedy School''' effective Fall 2008.<ref name="patledg-2007">{{cite news | url=https://www.patriotledger.com/story/news/education/2007/12/07/kennedy-school-to-rebrand-itself/40168516007/ | title=Kennedy School to rebrand itself | author-first=Edward B. | author-last=Colby | newspaper=The Patriot Ledger | location=Quincy, Massachusetts | date=December 6, 2007 }}</ref> The goal was to make clearer the school's connection with Harvard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kennedy School Web site asks what you can do |author-first1=Doug|author-last1=Gavel|date=13 December 2007|url=http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/12.13/04-ksgweb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217091343/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/12.13/04-ksgweb.html |archive-date=December 17, 2007 |work=The Harvard University Gazette}}</ref> It was also thought that the new branding would reduce confusion with other entities named after Kennedy, including the [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts|Kennedy Center]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] and the [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|Kennedy Library]] in [[Boston]].<ref name="patledg-2007"/> The rebranding had the support of John F. Kennedy's brother, U.S. Senator [[Edward M. Kennedy]], and [[Caroline Kennedy]], the former president's daughter.<ref name="patledg-2007"/>

In 2012, the Harvard Kennedy School announced a $500 million fundraising campaign, $120 million of which was to be used to significantly expand the Harvard Kennedy School campus, adding 91,000 square feet of space including six new classrooms, a new kitchen, and dining facility, offices and meeting spaces, a new student lounge and study space, more collaboration and active learning spaces, and a redesigned central courtyard. Groundbreaking commenced on May 7, 2015, and the project was completed in late 2017. The new Harvard Kennedy School campus opened in December 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kennedy School Completes Campus Renovations |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/12/8/hks-renovations-unveiled/ |access-date=January 9, 2019 |work=The Harvard Crimson|author-first1=Lucas|author-last1=Ward|date=8 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="auto1">[https://admissions.hks.harvard.edu/www/documents/HKS%20Campus%20Map%202018.pdf "HKS Campus Map & Directory"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115090659/https://admissions.hks.harvard.edu/www/documents/HKS%20Campus%20Map%202018.pdf|date=January 15, 2025}}, [[Harvard]] Kennedy School (Namesakes on the map include [[David Rubenstein]], [[Les Wexner#Jeffrey Epstein association|Leslie Wexner]], [[A. Alfred Taubman#Philanthropy|Alfred Taubman]], [[Lucius Nathan Littauer]], [[Robert A. Belfer]], Batia & [[Idan Ofer]], [[Malcolm H. Wiener]], [[Joan Shorenstein]], etc.)</ref>

From 2004 to 2015, the Harvard Kennedy School's dean was [[David T. Ellwood]], a [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] official in the [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Bill Clinton administration]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2004 |title=Harvard Kennedy School – David Ellwood |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/about/faculty-staff-directory/david-ellwood |access-date=November 4, 2015 |publisher=Harvard Kennedy School}}</ref>

In 2015, [[Douglas Elmendorf]], a former director of the U.S. [[Congressional Budget Office]], was named both dean of the Harvard Kennedy School and the school's Don K. Price Professor of Public Policy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2015 |title=Elmendorf to lead Kennedy School |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/06/elmendorf-to-lead-kennedy-school/ |access-date=November 4, 2015 |work=Harvard Gazette}}</ref> Elmendorf announced in September 2023 that he would step down as dean at the end of the academic year 2023/2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2023/09/douglas-elmendorf-to-step-down-as-dean-of-harvard-kennedy-school/#:~:text=D.,engage%20in%20teaching%20and%20research. | title=Douglas Elmendorf to step down as dean of Harvard Kennedy School | date=September 7, 2023 }}.</ref>

In July 2024, Jeremy M. Weinstein, a political scientist at [[Stanford University]] and former chief of staff to the [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|U.S. ambassador to the United Nations]], succeeded Elmendorf as dean.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/4/30/jeremy-weinstein-harvard-kennedy-school-dean/ | title=Jeremy Weinstein Will Serve as Next Harvard Kennedy School Dean, Garber Confirms | date=April 30, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/04/jeremy-m-weinstein-named-dean-of-harvard-kennedy-school/ | title=Jeremy M. Weinstein named dean of Harvard Kennedy School | date=April 29, 2024}}</ref>
{{Wide image|Harvard University Skyline 2.png|900px|3=<div align=center>[[John W. Weeks Footbridge|Weeks Footbridge]] crossing the [[Charles River]] at sunset with [[Harvard Business School]] on the left and Harvard Kennedy School on the right</div>|dir=rtl}}

== Academics ==
=== Degrees ===
The Harvard Kennedy School offers four master's degree programs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard Kennedy School – Office of Admissions |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/admissions/overview |access-date=July 16, 2014 |publisher=Hks.harvard.edu}}</ref> The two-year [[Master of Public Policy|Master in Public Policy]] (MPP) program focuses on [[policy analysis]], [[economics]], [[management]], ethics, statistics and negotiations in the public sector.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Master in Public Policy {{!}} Harvard Kennedy School |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/education/masters-programs/master-public-policy |access-date=October 2, 2017 |website=www.hks.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> There are three separate [[Master in Public Administration]] (MPA) programs: a one-year Mid-Career Program (MC/MPA) intended for professionals who are more than seven years removed from their college graduation; a two-year MPA program intended for professionals who have an additional graduate degree and are more recently out of school; and a two-year international development track (MPA/ID) focused on [[economic development|development]] studies with a strong emphasis on [[economics]] and [[Quantitative research|quantitative analysis]].

Members of the mid-career MPA class also include Mason Fellows, who are public and private executives from developing countries. Mason Fellows typically constitute about 50 percent of the incoming class of Mid-Career MPA candidates. The Mason cohort is the most diverse at Harvard in terms of nationalities and ethnicities represented. It is named after [[Edward Sagendorph Mason]], the former Harvard professor who, from 1947 to 1958, was dean of Harvard's Graduate School of Public Administration, now known as Harvard Kennedy School.

In addition to the master's programs, the Harvard Kennedy School administers three doctoral programs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard Kennedy School – Doctoral Programs|url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/educational-programs/doctoral-programs |access-date=March 24, 2023 |publisher=Hks.harvard.edu}}</ref> [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] degrees are awarded in [[public policy]], in [[social policy]] in conjunction with Harvard's departments of government and [[sociology]], and in [[health policy]] in conjunction with FAS and the [[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health|Harvard School of Public Health]].

==== Joint and concurrent degrees ====
The Harvard Kennedy School has a number of joint and concurrent degree programs within Harvard and with other leading universities, which allow students to receive multiple degrees in a reduced period of time. Joint and current students spend at least one year in residence in Cambridge taking courses. The Harvard Kennedy School joint degree programs are run with the [[Harvard Business School]], the [[Harvard Law School]], and the [[Harvard Graduate School of Design]], and concurrent programs are offered with the [[Harvard Divinity School]] and the [[Harvard Medical School]].

Beyond Harvard, the Harvard Kennedy School has concurrent degree arrangements with other law, business, and medical schools, including the [[Stanford Graduate School of Business]]; the [[MIT Sloan School of Management]]; the [[Tuck School of Business]] at [[Dartmouth College]]; [[The Wharton School]] of the [[University of Pennsylvania]]; the [[Columbia Law School]]; the [[Duke University School of Law]]; the [[Georgetown University Law Center]]; the [[New York University School of Law]], the [[Northwestern University School of Law]]; the [[Stanford Law School]]; the [[University of California, Berkeley School of Law]]; the [[University of Michigan Law School]]; the [[University of Pennsylvania Law School]]; the [[Yale Law School]]; and the [[UCSF School of Medicine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard Kennedy School – Joint & Concurrent Degrees |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/degrees/masters/joint-degrees |access-date=July 16, 2014 |publisher=Hks.harvard.edu}}</ref>

Abroad, the Harvard Kennedy School offers a dual degree with the [[Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies]] in [[Geneva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dual Master with Harvard Kennedy School {{!}} IHEID |url=https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/HKS-dual-master |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=www.graduateinstitute.ch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dual Degree |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/educational-programs/masters-programs/joint-concurrent-degrees/dual-degree |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=www.hks.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref>

=== HKS courses ===
The Harvard Kennedy School maintains six academic divisions each headed by a faculty chair. In addition to offerings in the Harvard Kennedy School course listing, students are eligible to cross-register for courses at the other graduate and professional schools at Harvard and at [[MIT Sloan School of Management]], [[Fletcher School at Tufts University]], and the [[MIT School of Architecture and Planning]]. MPP coursework is focused on one of five areas, called a Policy Area of Concentration (PAC),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/educational-programs/masters-programs/master-public-policy/curriculum | title=Curriculum }}</ref> and includes a year-long research seminar in their second year, which includes a master's thesis called a Policy Analysis Exercise.<ref name="HKS Course Listing">{{Cite web |title=HKS Course Listing |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/degrees/teaching-and-courses/courses |access-date=July 16, 2014 |publisher=Hks.harvard.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/educational-programs/masters-programs/master-public-policy/curriculum/policy-analysis-exercise | title=Policy Analysis Exercise }}</ref>

=== International collaboration ===
The university is an active member of the [[University of the Arctic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members |url=https://www.uarctic.org/members/member-profiles/ |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=UArctic |language=en-US}}</ref> UArctic is an international cooperative network based in the Circumpolar Arctic region, consisting of more than 200 universities, colleges, and other organizations with an interest in promoting education and research in the Arctic region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.uarctic.org/about-us/ |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=UArctic - University of the Arctic |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Rankings ==
The Harvard Kennedy School has routinely ranked as the best, or among the best, of the world's public policy graduate schools. ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' ranks it the best graduate school for social policy, the best for health policy, and second best for public policy analysis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. News and World Report re-issues grad school rankings – The Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy at the University of Michigan |url=http://fordschool.umich.edu/news/2015/us-news-and-world-report-re-issues-grad-school-rankings |website=fordschool.umich.edu}}</ref> In 2015 rankings, the Harvard Kennedy School is ranked first in the subcategory of health policy and second in the category of public policy analysis and social policy.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=Harvard University | Best Public Affairs School | US News |url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-public-affairs-schools/harvard-university-166027 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402213222/http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-public-affairs-schools/harvard-university-166027 |archive-date=April 2, 2016 |access-date=2016-05-04 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Rankings – Public Affairs – Graduate Schools – Education – US News |url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-public-affairs-schools/rankings |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101052808/http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-public-affairs-schools/rankings/ |archive-date=January 1, 2011 |access-date=2011-05-25 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The Harvard Kennedy School's foreign affairs programs have consistently ranked at the top or near the top of ''[[Foreign Policy (magazine)|Foreign Policy]]'' magazine's ''[[Inside the Ivory Tower]]'' survey, which lists the world's top twenty academic [[international relations]] programs at the undergraduate, Master's, and Ph.D. levels.<ref name="ivorytower2012">{{Cite news |last=Avey |display-authors=etal |date=Jan–Feb 2012 |title=Ivory Tower |work=Foreign Policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/ivory_tower |access-date=February 6, 2012}}</ref> In 2012, for example, the survey ranked the Harvard Kennedy School first overall for doctoral and undergraduate programs and third overall in the Master's category.<ref name="tripsurvey">{{Cite web |title=TRIP Around the World: Teaching, Research, and Policy Views of International Relations Faculty in 20 Countries |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/ivory_tower |access-date=February 6, 2012 |website=Institute for the Theory and Practice of International Relations |publisher=College of William & Mary}}</ref>

==Student organizations==
[[File:KSG 1996 women.png|thumb|The Harvard Kennedy School's women's rowing team at [[Weld Boathouse]] in the [[Head of the Charles Regatta]] rowing race on [[Charles River]] in 2006]]
The Harvard Kennedy School maintains a range of student activities, including interest-driven student caucuses, Kennedy School Student Government, known as KSSG, student-edited policy journals, including ''Harvard Journal of Hispanic Policy'', ''Kennedy School Review'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kennedy School Review |url=http://harvardkennedyschoolreview.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508001915/http://harvardkennedyschoolreview.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=May 8, 2013 |website=Kennedy School Review}}</ref> the ''Journal of Middle Eastern Politics and Policy'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Journal of Middle Eastern Politics and Policy |url=http://hksjmepp.com |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150418164704/http://hksjmepp.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 18, 2015 |website=Journal of Middle Eastern Politics and Policy}}</ref> a student newspaper, ''The Citizen'', and a number of student athletic groups.

Students can join the [[Harvard Graduate Council]], which is the centralized student government for the twelve graduate and professional schools of [[Harvard University]]. The Harvard Graduate Council is responsible for advocating student concerns to central administrators, including the [[president of Harvard University]], provost, deans of students, and deans for the nearly 15,000 graduate and professional students across the twelve schools, organizing large university-wide initiatives and events, administering and providing funding for university-wide student groups,<ref>{{Cite web |title=USG « Harvard Graduate Student Government |url=http://hgc.harvard.edu/usg/ |access-date=July 16, 2014 |publisher=Hgc.harvard.edu |archive-date=November 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112190522/http://hgc.harvard.edu/usg |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khanna |first=Saira |title=University-Wide Groups Approved | News | The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2011/4/13/harvard-student-universitywide-groups/ |access-date=July 16, 2014 |publisher=The Crimson}}</ref> and representing the Harvard graduate student population to other universities and external organizations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard at a Glance | Harvard University |url=http://www.harvard.edu/harvard-glance |access-date=July 16, 2014 |publisher=Harvard.edu |archive-date=June 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629093652/http://www.harvard.edu/harvard-glance |url-status=dead }}</ref> Harvard Graduate Council is known for spearheading the "One Harvard" movement, which aims to bring all of Harvard's graduate schools together through closer collaboration and social interaction.<ref name="harvard.edu">{{Cite web |title=There's only one Harvard |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2013/09/first-youre-harvard/ |access-date=11 November 2016 |website=harvard.edu|date=September 10, 2013 }}</ref>

== Centers ==
The Harvard Kennedy School is home to 14 centers, including:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard Kennedy School – Centers |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/centers-programs/centers |access-date=July 16, 2014 |publisher=Hks.harvard.edu}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/>
* [[Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard – Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation |url=https://ash.harvard.edu/ |access-date=May 25, 2023 |publisher=Ash.harvard.edu}}</ref>
* [[Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard – Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs |url=https://www.belfercenter.org/ |access-date=July 16, 2014 |publisher=Belfercenter.org}}</ref>
* [[Bloomberg Center for Cities at Harvard University]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-21 |title=Bloomberg Center for Cities at Harvard University |url=https://cities.harvard.edu/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Bloomberg Center for Cities |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Carr Center for Human Rights Policy]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carr Center for Human Rights Policy | John F. Kennedy School of Government | Harvard University |url=https://hks.harvard.edu/cchrp/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606135047/http://www.hks.harvard.edu/cchrp/ |archive-date=June 6, 2012 |access-date=July 16, 2014 |publisher=Hks.harvard.edu |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* [[Center for International Development]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harvard Kennedy School |title=Harvard Kennedy School – Center for International Development |url=https://cid.harvard.edu}}</ref>
* [[Center for Public Leadership]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Center for Public Leadership – Harvard Kennedy School |url=http://www.hks.harvard.edu/leadership |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926155627/http://www.hks.harvard.edu/leadership/ |archive-date=September 26, 2010 |access-date=July 16, 2014 |publisher=Hks.harvard.edu}}</ref>
* [[Edmond & Lily Safra Center for Ethics]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edmond J. Safra Foundation Center for Ethics : Home |url=https://ethics.harvard.edu |access-date=July 16, 2014 |publisher=Ethics.harvard.edu}}</ref>
* [[Harvard Institute of Politics|Institute of Politics]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 29, 2014 |title=Harvard University Institute of Politics |url=https://www.iop.harvard.edu |access-date=July 16, 2014 |publisher=Iop.harvard.edu}}</ref>
* [[Joint Center for Housing Studies]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard University's Joint Center for Housing Studies – Home Page |url=http://www.jchs.harvard.edu |access-date=July 16, 2014 |publisher=Jchs.harvard.edu}}</ref>
* [[Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2014 |title=Shorenstein Center home page |url=https://shorensteincenter.org |access-date=July 16, 2014 |publisher=Shorensteincenter.org}}</ref>
* [[Mossavar Rahmani Center for Business and Government]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business & Government |url=https://hks.harvard.edu/m-rcbg/ |access-date=July 16, 2014 |publisher=Hks.harvard.edu}}</ref>
* [[Rappaport Institute for Greater Boston]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rappaport Institute of Greater Boston |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/rappaport/ |access-date=July 16, 2014 |publisher=Hks.harvard.edu}}</ref>
* [[Taubman Center for State and Local Government]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2014 |title=The Taubman Center |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/taubmancenter/ |access-date=July 16, 2014 |publisher=Hks.harvard.edu}}</ref>
* [[Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard Kennedy School – Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/socpol/ |access-date=July 16, 2014 |publisher=Hks.harvard.edu}}</ref>
* [[Women and Public Policy Program]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women and Public Policy Program |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/wappp/ |access-date=July 16, 2014 |publisher=Hks.harvard.edu}}</ref>

The majority of centers offer research and academic fellowships through which fellows can engage in research projects, lead study groups into specific topics and share their experiences with industry and government with the student body.

== Controversies ==
Under Dean Elmendorf, the school has tried to focus its engagement across the political spectrum, which has caused controversy at times. The school came under criticism for offering a fellowship to [[Chelsea Manning]] on September 13, 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stack |first=Liam |date=2017-09-13 |title=Sean Spicer and Chelsea Manning Join Harvard as Visiting Fellows |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/13/us/spicer-manning-harvard.html |access-date=2020-03-04 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":0a">{{Cite news |last=Seelye |first=Katharine Q. |date=2017-09-15 |title=With Chelsea Manning Invitation, Harvard Got a Discussion It Didn't Want |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/15/us/chelsea-manning-harvard.html |access-date=2020-03-04 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> It then publicly rescinded the offer on September 15, 2017, after [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] director [[Mike Pompeo]] canceled a speaking engagement at Harvard and sent a letter condemning the university for awarding the fellowship.<ref name=":0a" /><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Haag |first1=Matthew |last2=Bromwich |first2=Jonah Engel |date=2017-09-14 |title=Harvard Disinvites Chelsea Manning, and the Feeling Is Mutual |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/14/us/chelsea-manning-harvard-fellow-cia.html |access-date=2020-03-04 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

An investigative report in 2021 by student group Fossil Fuel Divest Harvard found that many of the centers' climate initiatives were funded in part by [[fossil fuel]] companies, and that some of the centers had allegedly taken several steps to cover up that fact.<ref>{{Citation|last=Hudson|first=Marc|title=Enacted Inertia: Australian Fossil Fuel Incumbents' Strategies to Undermine Challengers|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28076-5_8|work=The Palgrave Handbook of Managing Fossil Fuels and Energy Transitions|year=2020|pages=195–222|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-28076-5_8|isbn=978-3-030-28075-8|s2cid=211786959|access-date=2021-11-23|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Fossil Fuel Divest Harvard|title=Beyond the Endowment|url=http://www.divestharvard.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/BeyondTheEndowmentFFDH.pdf}}</ref>

The Kennedy School's [[Carr Center for Human Rights Policy]] in 2022 invited [[Kenneth Roth]], former executive director of [[Human Rights Watch]], a leading global [[human rights]] organizations, to join it as a senior fellow. The Kennedy School eventually rescinded the invitation to Roth because Human Rights Watch's 2021 investigation of [[Israel]]'s treatment of [[Palestinian]]s concluded that it met the threshold for the "[[crime of apartheid]]".<ref>The Nation, 5 Jan. 2023 [https://www.thenation.com/article/society/hrw-harvard-israel-kennedy-school/"Why the Godfather of Human Rights Is Not Welcome at Harvard: Kenneth Roth, Who Ran Human Rights Watch for 29 Years, Was Denied a Fellowship at The Kennedy School. The Reason? Israel"]</ref> After condemnation by faculty, students, the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] and others, the dean of the school reversed this decision.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGreal |first1=Chris |title=Harvard reverses decision on role for Israel critic after outcry |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2023/jan/19/harvard-kenneth-roth-fellowship-israel-criticism |access-date=13 February 2023 |work=The Guardian|date=20 Jan 2023}}</ref>

==Awards==

The Robert F. Kennedy Award for Excellence in Public Service is awarded to "a graduating student whose commitment, activities, and contributions to public service are extraordinary". Several other awards are also awarded on Class Day annually at the end of May.<ref>{{cite web | title=Class Day Awards | website=Harvard Kennedy School | url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/more/events/honoring-class-2020/class-day-awards |date= May 2020| access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
{{See also|Category:Harvard Kennedy School alumni}}
The Harvard Kennedy School has over 63,000 alumni, many of whom have gone on to notable careers around the world in government, business, public policy, and other fields. Its alumni include 20 [[head of state|heads of state]] and dozens of leaders of government department and agencies, non-profit public policy organizations, the military, thought leadership and advocacy, academia, and other fields:<ref name="Facts" />

===Government and politics===
====Heads of government and state====
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Felipe Calderón]] (MPA '00), former [[president of Mexico]]
* [[Miguel de la Madrid]] (MPA '65), former president of Mexico
* [[Carlos Salinas de Gortari]] (MPA '73, PhD '76), former president of Mexico
* [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]] (MPA '02), former [[President of Mongolia|president]] and [[Prime minister of Mongolia|prime minister]] of [[Mongolia]]
* [[Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene]] (MPA ‘15), former [[Prime Minister|prime minister]] of [[Mongolia]]
* [[Abdiweli Gaas]] (MPA '99), former [[List of prime ministers of Somalia|prime minister of Somalia]]
* [[John Haglelgam]] (MPA '93), former [[president of the Federated States of Micronesia]]
* [[Lee Hsien Loong]] (MPA '80), former [[prime minister of Singapore]]
*[[Daniel Noboa]] (MCMPA '20), current president of [[Ecuador]]
* [[Tharman Shanmugaratnam]] (MPA '89), current [[president of Singapore]]
* [[José María Figueres|José María Figueres Olsen]] (MPA '91), former [[president of Costa Rica]] and former [[World Economic Forum]] CEO
* [[Maia Sandu]] (MPA '10), current [[President of Moldova|president]] and former [[Prime Minister of Moldova|prime minister]] of [[Moldova]]
* [[Juan Manuel Santos]] (MPA '81), former [[president of Colombia]] and [[Nobel Peace Prize]] laureate
* [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] (MPA '71), former [[president of Liberia]] and [[Nobel Peace Prize]] laureate
* [[Frederick Sumaye]] (MPA '07), former [[prime minister of Tanzania]]
* [[Tshering Tobgay]] (MPA '04), former [[List of prime ministers of Bhutan|prime minister]] and current leader of [[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]] in [[Bhutan]]
* [[Pierre Trudeau]] (MA '45), former [[prime minister of Canada]]
* [[Donald Tsang]] (MPA '82), former [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong]]
* [[Morgan Tsvangirai]] ('02), former [[prime minister of Zimbabwe]]
* [[Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé]] (MPA '88), former [[president of Bolivia]]
* [[Jamil Mahuad|Jamil Mahuad Witt]] (MPA '89), former [[president of Ecuador]]
*[[Lawrence Wong]] (MPA '04), current prime minister of [[Singapore]]
{{div col end}}

====Government administrators and officials====
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Rizwan Ahmed (civil servant)|Rizwan Ahmed]] (MPA), former [[Maritime Secretary of Pakistan|Maritime Secretary]] of [[Pakistan]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2 April 2019 |title=Rizwan new secretary maritime affairs |url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Apr-2019/rizwan-new-secretary-maritime-affairs |access-date=2 April 2019 |publisher=Nation.com.pk}}</ref>
* [[Sartaj Aziz]] (MNA), served in several Ministerial positions in Pakistan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/26-Aug-16/sartaj-unveils-fata-reforms-package|title=Dailytimes {{!}} Sartaj unveils FATA reforms package|website=dailytimes.com.pk|date=25 August 2016|access-date=28 August 2016}}</ref>
* [[Tariq Bajwa]] (MPA), former [[Finance Secretary (Pakistan)|Finance Secretary of Pakistan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tariq Bajwa Appointed As the New SBP Governor |url=https://www.propakistani.pk/2017/07/07/tariq-bajwa-appointed-new-sbp-governor/amp/ |website=www.propakistani.pk|date=July 7, 2017 }}</ref>
* [[Nisrin Barwari]] (MPA '99), former Minister of Municipalities and Public Works of [[Iraq]]
* [[Gankhuurai Battungalag]], Director General of the Department for Europe of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of [[Mongolia]]
* [[Charles A. Blanchard (lawyer)|Charles Blanchard]] (MPP '85), former [[General Counsel of the Army]] and [[General Counsel of the Air Force]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations Before the Senate Armed Services Committee, First Session, 111th Congress |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111shrg55953/html/CHRG-111shrg55953.htm |access-date=December 25, 2014 |publisher=GPO}}</ref>
* [[J. Richard Blankenship]] (MPA '08), former [[List of ambassadors of the United States to the Bahamas|U.S. ambassador to The Bahamas]]
* [[André Boisclair]] (MPA '05), former leader of [[Parti Québécois]] and former Minister of Citizenship and Immigration of [[Quebec]], Canada
* [[Nick Boles]] (MPP '89), former [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Grantham and Stamford (UK Parliament constituency)|Grantham and Stamford]] and former director of [[Policy Exchange]] in the [[United Kingdom]]
* [[Emilia Boncodin]] (MPA '86), former [[Secretary of Budget and Management]] for the [[Philippines]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paper Crane #16 |url=http://papercraneproject.wordpress.com/tag/emilia-boncodin/ |access-date=December 25, 2014 |publisher=Paper Crane Project}}</ref>
* [[Anna Escobedo Cabral]] (MPA '90), former [[Treasurer of the United States]]
* [[Piper Campbell]] (MPA '99), former U.S. ambassador to [[Mongolia]] and [[Chargé d'affaires|''Chargé d'affaires ad interim'']] at the [[United States Ambassador to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations|U.S. Mission to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations]]
* [[Rajkumar Chellaraj]] (MPA '86), former [[Assistant Secretary of State for Administration|U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for Administration]]
* [[Frank Chikane]] (MPA '95), member, [[African National Congress]] and advisor to [[President of South Africa]]
* [[Aneesh Chopra]] (MPP '97), former [[Chief Technology Officer of the United States|U.S. Chief Technology Officer]]
* [[Albert Chua]] (MPA '00), former Permanent Representative of [[Singapore]] to the [[United Nations]]
* [[Henry Cisneros]] (MPA '73), former [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]]
* [[Mark Daly (politician)|Mark Daly]] (MPA, '11), member, [[Ireland]]'s [[Seanad Éireann]]
* [[Božidar Đelić]] (MPA '91), former [[Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia|deputy prime minister of Serbia]] and [[Ministry of Finance (Serbia)|Minister of Finance]] of [[Serbia]]
* [[Stephen Donnelly]] (MPA '08), [[Minister for Health (Ireland)|Ireland Minister of Health]] and member, [[Teachta Dála]], representing [[Wicklow (Dáil constituency)|Wicklow]]
* [[Shaun Donovan]] (MPA '95), former [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]] and [[Office of Management and Budget]] director
* [[Theodore L. Eliot Jr.]] (MPA '56), former U.S. ambassador to [[Afghanistan]]
* [[Robert S. Gelbard]] (MPA '79), former U.S. ambassador to [[Indonesia]] and [[Bolivia]]
* [[Héctor Gramajo]] (MPA '95), former [[Ministry of Defence (Guatemala)|Defense Minister of Guatemala]]
* [[Yoshimasa Hayashi]] (MPA '94), [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]] of [[Japan]]
* [[Liu He (politician)|Liu He]] (MPA '95), [[Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China]]
* [[Teo Chee Hean]] (MPA '86), [[Coordinating Minister for National Security (Singapore)|Coordinating Minister for National Security]] for [[Singapore]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabinet Appointments Mr TEO Chee Hean |url=http://www.cabinet.gov.sg/content/cabinet/appointments/mr_teo_chee_hean.html |access-date=December 11, 2014 |publisher=Singapore Cabinet Office}}</ref>
* [[Pete Hegseth]] (MPP '13), current [[United States Secretary of Defense]]
* [[Keith Hennessey]] (MPP '94), former [[National Economic Council (United States)|National Economic Council]] director
* [[Rafael Hui]] (MPA '83), former [[Chief Secretary for Administration]] of [[Hong Kong]]
* [[Muhammad Ibrahim (banker)|Muhammad Ibrahim]] (MPA '93), former [[Central Bank of Malaysia]] governor
* [[Natalie Jaresko]] (MPP '89), former [[Ministry of Finance (Ukraine)|Ukrainian Minister of Finance]]
* [[Vuk Jeremić]] (MPA '03), former [[president of the United Nations General Assembly]] and former [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Serbia)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] for [[Serbia]]
* [[Ajay Narayan Jha]], former [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer, former [[Secretary to Government of India|Expenditure Secretary]], and former [[Finance Secretary (India)|Finance Secretary]] of [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajay Narayan Jha – Executive Record Sheet |url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14358&PageId= |access-date=January 21, 2018 |website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Mitzi Johnson]] (MPA '13), former [[Speaker of the Vermont House of Representatives]]
* [[Daniel J. Jones]], lead investigator for [[Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture|U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA Torture]]
* [[Phillip Jones (politician)|Phillip Jones]] (MPA '21), Politician, Mayor of [[Newport News, Virginia]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=White |first1=April |title=Soldier On |url=https://www.alumni.hbs.edu/stories/Pages/story-bulletin.aspx?num=9318 |website=Harvard Business School |date=October 11, 2023 |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref>
* [[Lim Hng Kiang]] (MPA '85), former [[Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)|Minister for Trade and Industry]] of [[Singapore]]
* [[Ban Ki-moon]] (MPA '84), former [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] and former [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (South Korea)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] of [[South Korea]]
* [[Raymond Kelly]] (MPA '84), [[New York City Police Commissioner]]
* [[Rajive Kumar]] (MPA), [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer and former [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] in [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gradation list of Uttar Pradesh Cadre IAS officers – 2016 |url=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/DOCUMENTS/IAS-GradationList2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021010956/http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/DOCUMENTS/IAS-GradationList2016.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-21 |access-date=August 15, 2017 |website=Department of Appointment and Personnel, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajive Kumar – Executive Record Sheet |url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14247&PageId= |access-date=January 14, 2018 |website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Andrew Leigh]] (PhD '04), [[Treasurer of Australia|Assistant Minister for Competition, Charities and Treasury]] for [[Australia]] and former [[Australian House of Representatives]] member
*[[Pita Limjaroenrat]] (MPP), former Member of the [[House of Representatives (Thailand)]]
* [[Nabiel Makarim]] (MPA '84), former [[Ministry of Environment and Forestry|Minister of Environment and Forestry]] for [[Indonesia]]
* [[Mark McClellan]] (MPA '91), former U.S. [[Commissioner of Food and Drugs|Commissioner]] of the [[Food and Drug Administration]]
* [[Yam Ah Mee]] (MPA '91), chief executive director, [[People's Association]] in [[Singapore]]
* [[Sanjay Mitra (civil servant)|Sanjay Mitra]] (MPA), [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]] and former [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]] of [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Mitra – Executive Sheet |url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14370&PageId= |access-date=January 10, 2018 |website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2017 |title=Sanjay Mitra Takes Over as the New Defence Secretary |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=162116 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110054514/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=162116 |archive-date=2018-01-10 |access-date=January 10, 2018 |website=[[Press Information Bureau of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Nripendra Misra]] (MPA), former [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]] and [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India]]<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/former-telecom-regulator-nripendra-misra-appointed-principal-secretary-to-narendra-modi/articleshow/35624499.cms|title=Former telecom regulator Nripendra Misra appointed principal secretary to Narendra Modi|last1=Dhoot|first1=Vikas|date=27 May 2014|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=7 August 2018|last2=Mankotia|first2=Anandita Singh|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=61311680}}</ref>
* [[Eurídice Monteiro]] Cape Verdean politician and Secretary of State for Higher Education from 2021 to 2025
* [[Toshimitsu Motegi]] (MPP '83), Secretary-General of [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]] and former [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] for [[Japan]]
* [[George Muñoz]] (MPP '78), former Assistant Secretary and CFO of the [[United States Department of the Treasury|U.S. Department of Treasury]] and former president and CEO of [[Overseas Private Investment Corporation|OPIC]]
* [[Andrew Natsios]] (MPA '79), former [[United States Agency of International Development|U.S. Agency for International Development]] administrator and U.S. Special Envoy to [[Sudan]]
* [[Amon Nikoi]] (MPA '56), former [[Minister for Finance and Economic Planning]], [[Bank of Ghana]] governor, and Permanent Representative of [[Ghana]] to the United Nations
* [[Patrick Nip]] (MPA '01), former [[Secretary for the Civil Service]] of [[Hong Kong]]
* [[Christine Nixon]] (MPA '85), former chief police commissioner for [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia
* [[Herbert S. Okun]] (MPA '59), former [[List of ambassadors of the United States to East Germany|U.S. Ambassador to East Germany]] and former U.S. Deputy Ambassador to the [[United Nations]]
* [[Nóirín O'Sullivan]] (Exec '07), former [[Garda Commissioner|national police commissioner]] for [[Ireland]]
* [[Marcus Peacock]] (MPP '86), former Deputy Administrator, U.S. [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]]
* [[Angelo Reyes]] (MPA '90), Secretary of Energy of the Philippines and former Secretary of National Defense of the [[Philippines]]
* [[Jesse Robredo]] (MPA '99), Secretary of Interior and Local Government of the Philippines
* [[Henry Rotich]] (MPA '), Cabinet Secretary for National Treasury of [[Kenya]]
* [[Pete Rouse]] (MPA '77), former [[White House Chief of Staff]]
* [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai]], Executive Governor of Kaduna State in Nigeria, former Minister of FCT, and Director General of Bureau of Public Enterprises of [[Nigeria]]
* [[T. N. Seshan]] (MPA '68), former [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]] and former [[Chief Election Commissioner of India|Chief Election Commissioner]] and [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]] of India
* [[Yasuhisa Shiozaki]] (MPA '82), former Chief [[Cabinet Secretariat (Japan)|Cabinet Secretary]] of [[Japan]]
* [[Corazon Soliman]] (MPA '98), former Secretary of the [[Department of Social Welfare and Development]] of the Philippines
* [[T. S. R. Subramanian]] (MPA), former [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer and [[Cabinet Secretary of India]]
* [[Sardar Ahmad Nawaz Sukhera]] (MPA), [[Commerce Secretary of Pakistan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited – Official Website |url=https://www.sngpl.com.pk/web/page.jsp?pgids=1483&pgname=PAGES_NAME&secs=ss7xa852op845&cats=ct456712337&artcl=artuyh709123465 |publisher=www.sngpl.com.pk}}</ref>
* [[Nancy Sutley]] (MPP '86), [[White House]] [[Council on Environmental Quality]] director
* [[Syahrir]] (MPA '80, PhD '83), economic adviser, [[Republic of Indonesia]]'s Council of Presidential Advisors
* [[Mark E. Talisman]] (1972), [[United States Congress|U.S. congressional]] aide and lobbyist
* [[William B. Taylor Jr.]] (MPP '77), U.S. ambassador to [[Ukraine]]
* [[Conrad Tillard]] (born 1964), [[Baptists|Baptist]] minister, radio host, author, civil rights activist, and politician
* [[John Tsang]] (MPA '82), [[Financial Secretary of Hong Kong]]
* [[Paul Volcker]] (MA '51, GSPA), former chairman of the U.S. [[Federal Reserve]] and U.S. presidential economic advisor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul A. Volcker |url=https://www.newyorkfed.org/aboutthefed/PVolckerbio.html |access-date=2018-09-16 |publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of New York}}</ref>
* [[Solomon Areda Waktolla]] (MPA '13 and LLM'14), Judge at [[United Nations Dispute Tribunal]], Judge of the Administrative Tribunal of the [[African Development Bank]]. Former Deputy chief justice of the [[Federal Supreme Court of Ethiopia]] and member of [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] at [[Hague]] [[Netherlands]]
* [[Yin Yong (politician)|Yin Yong]] (MPA), [[mayor of Beijing]]
* [[Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono]] (MPA), Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning of [[Indonesia]]
* [[Adolfo Aguilar Zínser]] (MPA '78), former national security adviser and ambassador to the [[United Nations]] for [[Mexico]]
{{div col end}}

====Elected federal officials====
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Doug Bereuter]] (MPA '73), former U.S. Congressman for [[Nebraska's 1st congressional district]]
* [[Brendan Boyle]] (MPP '05), U.S. Congressman for [[Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district]]
* [[Katherine Clark]] (MPA '97), U.S. Representative, [[Massachusetts's 5th congressional district]]
* [[Gerry Connolly]] (MPA '79), former U.S. Congressman, [[Virginia's 11th congressional district]]
* [[Dan Crenshaw]] (MPA '17), U.S. Congressman, [[Texas's 2nd congressional district]]
* [[John Fetterman]] (MPP '99), U.S. Senator from [[Pennsylvania]] and former [[Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania]]
* [[Alan Grayson]] (MPP '83), former U.S. Congressman, [[Florida's 8th congressional district]]
* [[Katherine Harris]] (MPA '97), former Congresswoman, [[Florida's 13th congressional district]] and former [[Secretary of State of Florida]]
* [[Brian Higgins]] (MPA '96), U.S. Congressman, [[New York's 26th congressional district]]
* [[Steve Horn]] (MPA '55), former U.S. Congressman, [[California's 38th congressional district]]
* [[James Langevin]] (MPA '94), former U.S. Congressman, [[Rhode Island's 2nd congressional district]]
* [[Stephen Lynch (politician)|Stephen Lynch]] (MPA '99), U.S. Congressman, [[Massachusetts's 8th congressional district]]
* [[Dan Maffei]] (MPP '95), former U.S. Congressman, [[New York's 24th congressional district]]
* [[Jim Moody]] (MPA '67), former U.S. Congressman, [[Wisconsin's 5th congressional district]]
* [[Larry Pressler]] (MPA '66), former U.S. Senator from South Dakota
* [[William Proxmire]] (MPA '48), former U.S. Senator from Wisconsin
* [[Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)|Jack Reed]] (MPP '73), U.S. Senator from Rhode Island
* [[Joe Sestak]] (MPA '80, PhD '84), former U.S. Congressman, [[Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district]]
* [[Rob Simmons]] (MPA '79), former U.S. Congressman, [[Connecticut's 2nd congressional district]]
* [[Ralf Stegner]] (MPA '89), former leader of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] in [[Germany]]
* [[Peter G. Torkildsen]] (MPA '90), former U.S. Congressman, [[Massachusetts's 6th congressional district]] and former chair of [[Massachusetts]] [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]
* [[Robert Torricelli]] (MPA '80), former U.S. Senator from New Jersey
* [[Chris Van Hollen]] (MPP '85), U.S. Senator from Maryland
* [[Sujeet Kumar (politician)]] (MPP '2011), Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha (Upper House) of Indian Parliament
{{div col end}}

====Elected state and municipal officials====
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Jeffrey Amestoy]] (MPA), former chief justice, [[Vermont Supreme Court]], and [[Vermont Attorney General]]
* [[Bob Anthony]] (MPA), [[Oklahoma Corporation Commission]] member<ref name=":0b">{{Cite web|url=https://oklahoman.com/article/5614245/anthony-wins-a-sixth-term-as-a-corporation-commissioner/|title=Anthony wins a sixth term as a Corporation Commissioner|date=2018-11-07|website=Oklahoman.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-04}}</ref>
* [[Robert Castelli]] (MPA '96), former member, [[New York State Assembly]]
* [[Jacqueline Y. Collins]] (MPA '01), former member, [[Illinois Senate]]
* [[Joseph Curtatone]] (MPA '11), former mayor, [[Somerville, Massachusetts]]
* [[Fernando Martín García]] (MPP '74), former [[New Hampshire House of Representatives|New Hampshire State Representative]]
* [[Marilinda Garcia]] (MPA '10), member of the [[New Hampshire House of Representatives]]
* [[Paul Heroux]], (MPA '11), [[Bristol County, Massachusetts]] sheriff, former [[Attleboro, Massachusetts]] mayor, and former Massachusetts State Representative
* [[Mark Levine (New York politician)|Mark Levine]] (MPP '95), [[Manhattan]] [[borough president]] and former [[New York City Council]]man
* [[Elias Mudzuri]] (MPA ), former mayor of [[Harare]], Zimbabwe
* [[Charles A. Murphy]], (MPA '02), former member, [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=charles 'charley' a. murphy's biography |url=http://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/13670/charles-murphy#.UQ8R9r99w1M |access-date=February 2, 2013 |publisher=Project Vote Smart}}</ref>
* [[Naheed Nenshi]] (MPP '98), former mayor of [[Calgary]], Alberta
* [[Barry T. Smitherman]] (MPA), member of the [[Texas Railroad Commission]]<ref>[http://www.chron.com/news/article/Houston-native-takes-over-Railroad-Commission-3367396.php "Houston native takes over Railroad Commission"], [[Associated Press]] in ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'', February 28, 2012.</ref>
* [[Miro Weinberger]] (MPP '98), former mayor of [[Burlington, Vermont]]
* [[Kevin White (mayor)|Kevin White]] (MA '57, GSPA), former [[Mayor of Boston]]
* [[Anthony A. Williams]] (MPP '87), former [[mayor of Washington, D.C.]]
* [[Anthony Winza Probowo]] (MPA'2024), former [[Jakarta Regional House of Representatives]] member
{{div col end}}

====Royalty====
* [[Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant]], [[heir apparent]], [[Monarchy of Belgium|Belgian throne]] after her father, [[Philippe of Belgium]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant |url=https://www.monarchie.be/en/royal-family/princess-elisabeth-duchess-of-brabant |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=The Belgian Monarchy |language=en}}</ref>

=== Academia ===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[William Alonso]] (MPP '56), economist, former director of Harvard Center for Population Studies
* [[Bernadette Atuahene]] (MPA '02), property law scholar, James E. Jones Chair at the [[University of Wisconsin Law School]]
* [[Lawrence S. Bacow]] (MPP '76, PhD '76), former [[Harvard University]] president, former [[Tufts University]] president, former [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] chancellor
* [[Steve Charnovitz]] (MPP '83), international law professor, [[George Washington University Law School]]
* [[Ronald A. Heifetz]] (MPA '83), co-founder, [[Center for Public Leadership]], and public leadership lecturer at Harvard Kennedy School
* [[Steve Horn]] (MPA '55), former president of [[California State University, Long Beach]]
* [[Ira A. Jackson|Ira Jackson]] (MPA '86), dean, [[Peter F. Drucker and Masatoshi Ito Graduate School of Management]] at [[Claremont Graduate University]]
*[[Garry Jenkins]] (MPP '98), legal scholar, president, [[Bates College]]
* [[Nancy Koehn]] (MPP), author, historian, and [[Harvard Business School]] business history professor
* [[Mark Lilla]] (MPP '80), professor of humanities, [[Columbia University]]
* [[Bruce Ovbiagele]] (Exec Public Leadership, '18; Exec Non-profit Leadership, '19), professor of neurology, associate dean, and healthcare system leader at [[University of California, San Francisco]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Honoree committed to preventing strokes around the globe |url=https://www.heart.org/en/around-the-aha/honoree-committed-to-preventing-strokes-around-the-globe |website=www.heart.org |access-date=24 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Hollis Robbins]] (MPP '90), dean of humanities, [[University of Utah]]
* [[Mark Schuster]] (MPP '88), dean and founding CEO, [[Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine]]
*[[Steven Tepper]] (MPP '96), sociologist, president, [[Hamilton College]]
* [[Stephen Joel Trachtenberg]] (MPA '66), former [[President of the George Washington University|president]], [[George Washington University]]
* [[William E. Trueheart]] (MPA '73), former president, [[Bryant University]]
* [[Jonathan Zittrain]] (MPA '95), professor of international law, [[Harvard Law School]] and co-founder of Harvard's [[Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society]]
{{div col end}}

===Arts===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Will Butler]] (MPA '17), musician and former member of [[Arcade Fire]]
* [[Jessica Chastain]] (MPA ‘27), Actress
* [[Ashley Judd]] (MPA '10), actress and activist
* [[Hill Harper]] (MPA '92), actor and author
* [[Mary Lambeth Moore]] (MPP), writer and podcaster
* [[Thor Steingraber]] (MPA '09), opera director
* [[Damian Woetzel]] (MPA '07), former principal dancer, [[New York City Ballet]]
{{div col end}}

=== Business ===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Rune Bjerke]] (MPA '97), CEO, [[DNB ASA]]
* [[Gregory C. Carr]] (MPP '86), founder, Boston Technology
* [[Leonard S. Coleman Jr.]] (MPA '75), former president, [[National League (baseball)|National League]]
* [[Benjamin Fernandes]] (Exec. Ed'17), [[Tanzania]]n entrepreneur
* [[Philip Johnston (entrepreneur)|Philip Johnston]] (MPA '19), Co-Counder and CEO of [[Starcloud]]
* [[Debra L. Lee]] (MPP '80), president and CEO, [[Black Entertainment Television]]
* [[Daniel Mudd]] (MPA '86), former president and CEO, [[Fannie Mae]]
* [[Carolina Müller-Möhl]] (Women's Leadership Council), businesswoman, philanthropist, and women's rights activist
* [[Hilda Ochoa-Brillembourg]] (MPA '71), founder, president, and CEO of Strategic Investment Group
* [[Greg Rosenbaum]] (MPP '77), CEO, [[Empire Kosher Poultry, Inc.]]
* [[Peter Sands (banker)|Peter Sands]] (MPA '88), Group CEO, [[Standard Chartered]]
* [[Klaus Schwab]] (MPA '67), founder and executive chairman, [[World Economic Forum]]
* [[Faryar Shirzad]] (MPP '89), managing director, [[Goldman Sachs]], former [[Deputy National Security Advisor|U.S. Deputy National Security Advisor]]
* [[Chris Voss]], adjunct professor, [[McDonough School of Business]]
{{div col end}}

===Media===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Malik Siraj Akbar]] (MPA, '16), editor-in-chief, ''The Baloch Hal'', and exiled Pakistani journalist
* [[Kevin Corke]] (MPA '04), White House Correspondent, [[Fox News]]
* [[Komla Dumor]] (MPA,'03), television news presenter, [[BBC World News]] and ''Africa Business Report''
* [[Justin Fox]] (born 1964), financial journalist, commentator, and writer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv.cuny.edu/bio/justin_fox|title=Justin Fox|website=CUNY TV}}</ref>
* [[Caroline Glick]] (MPP '00), deputy managing editor, ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]''
* [[Wajahat Saeed Khan]], Pakistani journalist, [[Dunya News]] and [[NBC News]]
* [[Mark A. R. Kleiman]] (MPP, PhD '85), author
* [[Kaj Larsen]] (MPP '07), former [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] [[United States Navy SEALs|SEAL]], journalist for [[Vice News]]
* [[Dambisa Moyo]] (MPA '07), economist and author
* [[Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)|Bill O'Reilly]] (MPA '96), political commentator
* [[Andrew Sullivan]] (MPA, PhD '90), journalist, ''[[The Atlantic]]''
{{div col end}}

=== Military ===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[John C. Acton]] (Exec '05), retired [[United States Coast Guard]] [[Rear admiral (United States)|rear admiral]] who serves as the Director of Operations Coordination for [[Department of Homeland Security|DHS]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Homeland Security Leadership structure |url=https://www.dhs.gov/xabout/structure/gc_1157655281546.shtm |access-date=February 24, 2010}}</ref>
* [[John R. Allen Jr.]] (Exec '85), retired [[United States Air Force]] brigadier general and highly decorated command pilot
* [[William J. Begert]] (Exec '95), commander, [[Pacific Air Forces]], and Air Component Commander for the Commander, [[United States Pacific Command]]
* [[Franklin J. Blaisdell]] (Exec), U.S. Air Force Major General{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
* [[Sally Brice-O'Hara]] (MPA '93), 27th [[Vice Commandant of the United States Coast Guard]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uncharted Waters |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/news-events/publications/hks-magazine/archives/autumn-2011/sally-brice-ohara/ |access-date=December 25, 2014 |publisher=Harvard Kennedy School}}</ref>
* [[Dan Crenshaw]] (MPA '17), former [[United States Navy SEAL]] [[Lieutenant Commander]]
* [[Peter V. Neffenger]] (MPA '95), 29th [[Vice Commandant of the United States Coast Guard]] and former Administrator of the [[Transportation Security Administration]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 28, 2015 |title=President Obama Announces his Intent to Nominate Peter V. Neffenger to lead the Transportation Security Administration |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/04/28/president-obama-announces-his-intent-nominate-peter-v-neffenger-lead-tra}}</ref>
* [[Michael E. Fortney]] (Exec '11), U.S. Air Force Brigadier General
* [[Jeffrey Fowler]] (MPA '90), U.S. Navy vice admiral and superintendent, [[United States Naval Academy]]
* [[John C. Harvey]] (MPA '88), U.S. Navy admiral; Commander, [[U.S. Fleet Forces Command]]
* [[Muhammad Haszaimi]] (Exec '16), [[Commander of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces|Royal Brunei Armed Forces Commander]]
* [[Robert C. Hinson]] (Exec), U.S. Air Force Lieutenant General{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
* [[William E. Ingram Jr.]] (Exec '02), U.S. Army Lieutenant General and Director of the [[Army National Guard]]
* [[Richard C. Johnston]] (Exec), U.S. Air Force Brigadier General{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
* [[Andrew F. Krepinevich Jr.]] (MPA '80), U.S. Army lieutenant colonel and author, ''The Army and Vietnam''
* [[Rick Linnehan]] (MPA '09), astronaut
* [[Christopher Loria]] (MPA '04), astronaut
* [[Robert W. Parker (general)|Robert W. Parker]] (Exec '91), U.S. Air Force Major General
* [[Timothy S. Sullivan]] (Exec), U.S. Coast Guard Rear Admiral{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
* [[Guy C. Swan III]] (MPA '86), U.S. Army Major General, Commanding General of the Military District of Washington
* [[Jack Weinstein (general)|Jack Weinstein]] (Exec '06), U.S. Air Force Major General
{{div col end}}

===Non-profit organizations===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Ramaswami Balasubramaniam]] (MPA'10), founder and president, [[Swami Vivekananda Youth Movement]]
* [[Lester R. Brown]] (MPA '62), founder and president, [[Earth Policy Institute]]
* [[Rick Doblin]] (PhD '01), founder and executive director, Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS)
* [[Robert Kagan]] (MPP '91), co-founder, [[Project for a New American Century]]
* [[Nancy LeaMond]] (MPP '74), executive vice president, [[AARP]]
* [[Giovanna Negretti]] (MPA '05), co-founder and executive director, ¿Oiste?
* [[Ayisha Osori]], former CEO, [[Nigerian Women's Trust Fund]]
* [[Orondaam Otto]], founder, Slum2School Africa
* [[Michelle Rhee]] (MPP '97), founder, [[The New Teacher Project]], and chancellor, Washington, D.C. public school system
* [[Bryan Stevenson]] (MPP '85), founder and executive director, [[Equal Justice Initiative]], and author of ''Just Mercy''
{{div col end}}

=== Science ===
*[[Susan C. Gardner]], environmental scientist<ref>{{Cite web |last=Programme |first=United Nations Environment |date=2018-12-03 |title=Susan Gardner |url=http://www.unep.org/people/susan-gardner |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=UNEP |language=en}}</ref>

=== Spies ===
* [[Donald Heathfield]] (real name: Andrey Bezrukov) (MPA '00) – [[KGB]] and [[Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)|SVR]] operative until his [[Illegals Program|disclosure in the United States]] in 2010

== Notable faculty ==
{{div col|colwidth=14em}}
* [[Graham Allison]]
* [[Alan A. Altshuler]]
* [[Jacinda Ardern]]
* [[Christopher N. Avery]]
* [[Mary Jo Bane]]
* [[David J. Barron]]
* [[Jacqueline Bhabha]]
* [[Linda Bilmes]]
* [[Robert Blendon]]
* [[Derek Bok]]
* [[George Borjas]]
* [[Matthew Bunn]]
* [[R. Nicholas Burns]]
* [[Felipe Calderón]]
* [[Albert Carnesale]]
* [[Ashton Carter]]
* [[Erica Chenoweth]]
* [[William C. Clark]]
* [[Richard A. Clarke|Richard Clarke]]
* [[Susan P. Crawford]]
* [[David Cutler]]
* [[David Deming (economist)|David Deming]]
* [[Michael Dukakis]]
* [[David T. Ellwood|David Ellwood]]
* [[Jeffrey Frankel]]
* [[Jason Furman]]
* [[Marshall Ganz]]
* [[David Gergen]]
* [[Edward Glaeser]]
* [[Robert R. Glauber]]
* [[Stephen Goldsmith]]
* [[Ricardo Hausmann]]
* [[J. Bryan Hehir]]
* [[Ronald Heifetz]]
* [[John P. Holdren]]
* [[Swanee Hunt]]
* [[Michael Ignatieff]]
* [[Sheila Jasanoff]]
* [[Christopher Jencks]]
* [[Alex Jones (journalist)|Alex Jones]]
* [[Dale Jorgenson]]
* [[Juliette Kayyem]]
* [[Alexander Keyssar]]
* [[Alexandra Killewald]]
* [[Robert Z. Lawrence]]
* [[Jennifer Lerner]]
* [[Tarek Masoud]]
* [[Rana Mitter]]
* [[Joseph Newhouse]]
* [[Pippa Norris]]
* [[Joseph Nye]]
* [[Meghan O'Sullivan]]
* [[George Papandreou]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Contact: Esten Perez |date=July 10, 2012 |title=Harvard Kennedy School |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/layout/set/popup/news-events/news/press-releases/iop-fall-fellows-2012 |access-date=July 16, 2014 |publisher=Hks.harvard.edu}}</ref>
* [[Roger B. Porter]]
* [[Michael Porter]]
* [[Samantha Power]]
* [[Lant Pritchett]]
* [[Robert Putnam]]
* [[Carmen M. Reinhart]]
* [[Leni Robredo]]
* [[Dani Rodrik]]
* [[Todd Rogers (behavioral scientist)]]
* [[Kevin Rudd]]
* [[John Ruggie]]
* [[Juan Manuel Santos]]
* [[Frederic M. Scherer]]
* [[Bruce Schneier]]
* [[Leslie Rogne Schumacher]]
* [[Jeffrey L. Seglin]]
* [[Sarah Sewall]]
* [[Kathryn Sikkink]]
* [[Carol Ruth Silver]]
* [[Lawrence Summers]]
* [[Dennis Frank Thompson]]
* [[Stephen Walt]]
* [[Shirley Williams, Baroness Williams of Crosby]]
* [[John P. White]]
* [[William Julius Wilson]]
* [[Richard Zeckhauser]]
* [[Dorothy Zinberg]]
* [[Jonathan Zittrain]]
* [[Robert Zoellick]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[List of memorials to John F. Kennedy]]
* [[Public policy school]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="nb"}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Harvard Kennedy School}}
* {{official website}}

{{Harvard University}}
{{APSIA}}
{{John F. Kennedy}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Harvard Kennedy School| ]]
[[Category:1936 establishments in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Harvard University schools]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to John F. Kennedy in the United States|School of Government]]
[[Category:Public administration schools in the United States]]
[[Category:Public policy schools]]
[[Category:Schools of international relations in the United States]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1936]]
[[Category:University subdivisions in Massachusetts]]

Postage stamps and postal history of the postal convention states of India

2026-03-14T07:29:22Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: put up some details and citations...

{{Short description|none}} 
{{further|Postage stamps and postal history of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{main|Postage stamps and postal history of the Indian states}}
[[File:Chamba Eight Annas Edward VII SG37.jpg|thumb|right|125px|A typical convention state postage stamp is a [[British India]] issue overprinted with the state's name]]
[[File:Gwalior Re one Queen Victoria service error 1896.jpg|thumb|right|125px|Error in Devanagari script on an 1896 Victoria head of Gwalior]]
The [[Indian Postal Service|Post Office of India]] of the [[British Raj]] entered into '''postal conventions''' with a few native '''[[Princely state|state]]s of [[India]]'''. As per the postal convention (or agreement), existing adhesive [[postage stamp|stamps]] and [[postal stationery]] of [[British India]] were overprinted with the name of the state for use within each convention State, for mail from one convention state to another, and to destinations in British India. The state administrations, in turn, had to conform to a number of agreements covering the issuance of stamps, the rates of postage, and the exchange of mail.

For philatelic purposes such states were referred to as ''convention states'' as distinct from the ''feudatory states'' which had no postal agreement with British India. The feudatory states issued their own stamps, the postage validity of which was within the borders of the state itself. The collection of convention states is considered to be a part of ''classical philately'' as they are plain, unembellished, produced to order for bona fide use and under conditions strictly-controlled by the British Government.

==Convention states of India==
The convention states of India were:
* [[Chamba State|Chamba]] (1887–1948)
* [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]] (feudatory 1879–1887; convention 1887–1901)
* [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]] (1885–1948)
* [[Jind State|Jind]] (feudatory 1874–1885; convention 1885–1948)
* [[Nabha State|Nabha]] (1885–1948)
* [[Patiala State|Patiala]] (1884–1947)

Of these princely states, Chamba was located in the [[Himalayas]], Gwalior was a central Indian state and the other four were [[cis-Sutlej states]] located in the east Punjab. The four Punjabi states were closely allied and were referred to as "Phulkian" states; Jind, Nabha and Patiala having been formed in the eighteenth century by descendants of Chaudhary Phul Singh of the Sidhu-Barar clan while Faridkot was founded by a related family.<ref name="IGN">''Imperial Gazetter'' Vol 18. (1908). 'Nabha state'. Pp [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_268.gif 262] – [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_277.gif 271].</ref> The states had close relations with the British during the time of Ranjit Singh which wavered in some cases during the Anglo-Sikh Wars. During the 1857 Rebellion and later, the states proved their loyalty and enjoyed British patronage. Such states enjoyed greater advantages from the British Raj, the signing of the postal conventions being considered one of them.<ref name="Stewart-Wilson II"/>{{rp|''Note''}} The close alliance of the convention states to the British crown also be seen from the fact that all six convention states were ''[[salute states]]'' – 21 guns were entitled in the protocollary cannon or gun salute in the case of Gwalior, seventeen for Patiala, thirteen in the cases of Jind and Nabha and eleven for Chamba and Faridkot.<ref>[http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/main.html Henry Soszynski's website on ''Indian Princely States'']</ref>

The first Convention State was Patiala, in 1884, followed by others in the next few years. The stamps of the convention states all became invalid on 1 January 1951, when they were replaced by the stamps of the independent Republic of India, valid from 1 Jan 1950.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Postage Stamps:: Postage Stamps,Stamp issue calendar 2014, Paper postage, Commemorative and definitive stamps, Service Postage Stamps, Philately Offices, Philatelic Bureaux and counters, Mint stamps|url=https://postagestamps.gov.in/CommemorativePostageStamps.aspx|access-date=2021-09-08|website=postagestamps.gov.in}}</ref>

Both Faridkot and Jind, as feudatory states, had issued their own stamps before they joined the Postal Convention. Jind joined in July, 1885; its stamps from the feudatory period became invalid for postage, but they continued to be used for revenue purposes. Faridkot joined on 1 January 1887.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

==Postal conventions==
The postal conventions signed by each state were almost identical in their provisions:<ref name="Stewart_Wilson_I">Stewart Wilson, Vol I. (1897).</ref>{{rp|''General remarks''}}
{{quote|As per the terms of the convention, each party thereto recognises the franking power within its own territory of the postage stamps issued by the other party, provided that they are of the nature laid down in the convention. These conventions further bind the Government of India to supply these States, on indent, with stamps current in British India surcharged with the name of the indenting State. The charge made to the latter for this service is the actual price paid by the Government of India to the contractors in England for printing the stamps, plus the freight to India, and the actual cost of surcharging. No profit is made on the transaction.|Sir Charles Stewart-Wilson, '' British Indian Adhesive Stamps surcharged for Native States, Vol I''.}}

In practice, the convention states were supplied with British Indian postage stamps (the majority of stamps supplied depicted the monarch's head), which were overprinted in the name of the state and also the word 'SERVICE' in case of official stamps. The rates of charging for postage services were in tune with that of British India.

===Production===
The postage stamps were produced by the British Raj following due bureaucratic process. Most of the stamps are monarch heads as pictorial commemoratives had not been brought into use till the 1920s. Proofs were produced by the Govt Central Press, Calcutta, on orders of the Director General Post Office. The initial proofs were sent to the princely state concerned for approval. Sometimes, as in the case of Jind, the state desired that a representation of the coat of the arms also be included; however the proposals fell through on grounds of economy as they represented considerable additional expense to the state. Following the approval, printing of issues was carried out. The typescript changed often and various type faces are found for each convention state. Though the stamps were produced under close supervision, the manual processes of printing introduced a variety of errors and misprints which are today of considerable value.

The printing process is described by Stewart-Wilson:<ref name="Stewart_Wilson_I"/>{{rp|''General remarks''}}
{{quote|They are produced under the following conditions :- The surcharging is done in Calcutta at the Government of India Central Printing Press, under conditions of supervision etc., which make underhand dealings impossible. The stamps to be surcharged are supplied by the Superintendent of Stamps and Stationery under special precautions, and a like number have to be returned to him after receiving the surcharge. The employees cannot bring into the office, or introduce extraneous matter, such as unused stamps bought for the purpose, into the machines; and cannot manipulate the setting of the surcharge when once passed. All work done by human beings is liable to a want of accuracy. This is specially the case when the human beings are Orientals not sufficiently educated to have lost the queer belief that want of accuracy is absolutely essential to avert the dreaded "Evil Eye." Further, the chance of error which occurs in one setting of type is greatly increased when that type has to be set 240 times, as it has to be for every supply of surcharged star-watermarked stamps. And when we remember that these 240 settings have to be made not once, but often and at varying intervals of time, it is hardly wonderful that mistakes do occur. There are some mistakes which ''will'' occur, no matter what care is taken. Type ''will'' break while in use, and minute portions of a letter ''will'' now and then take up too much or too little ink.... ...but a genuine collector despises such deviations.|Sir Charles Stewart-Wilson, '' British Indian Adhesive Stamps surcharged for Native States, Vol I''.}}

==Chamba==
[[File:Chamba One Anna Queen Victoria SG2a 1897.jpg|thumb|125px|One [[Anna (monetary subunit)|anna]] [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] head of [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]], 1897]]
[[File:Faridkot One Rupee Queen Victoria 1898 Service SGO15.jpg|thumb|125px|One [[Indian rupee|rupee]] Victoria head of [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]], 1898]]
[[File:Gwalior Twelve Annas King George VI SG137.jpg|thumb|125px|Twelve annas [[George VI]] head of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]], 1949]]
[[File:Jhind Queen Victoria Head Half Anna Error 1899 SG17a.jpg|thumb|125px|Half-anna Victoria head of [[Jind State|Jind]], 1899]]
[[File:Nabha Five Rupees King George V 1932 used.jpg|thumb|125px|Five rupee [[George V]] head of [[Nabha State|Nabha]], 1932]]
[[File:Patiala one rupee Queen Victoria 1885 SG10.jpg|thumb|125px|One rupee Victoria head of [[Patiala State|Patiala]], 1885]]
[[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]] was a princely state in the Himalayas, located in present-day [[Himachal Pradesh]] state of northern India (32.57 N 76.13 E).<ref>Geoffrey Hacks Fine Stamps & Postal History [http://www.tibetanpost.com/tpost.php?op=subsection&id=118 web-page on "Chamba"]. Retrieved 1 February 2010.</ref> A rural Hill state under the political control of the [[British Raj|British Government]] of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], it was situated between the territories of [[Kashmir]] and the Punjab districts of [[Kangra district|Kangra]] and [[Gurdaspur]]. Chamba State had a postal convention with British India from 1887 onwards and issued stamps till 1947.<ref name="Stewart_Wilson_I"/>{{rp|9}}<ref>Stanley Gibbons Stamp Catalogue Commonwealth & British Empire Stamps (1840–1970). (2008). London.</ref>{{rp|281–283}}

Chamba convention state stamps can viewed at [http://www.dalhousie.net/museum.htm Bhuri Singh Museum] in Chamba and the Postal Museum in Canada.<ref>{{aut|Mahajan, Dr Kewal}}, ''Chamba State Stamps'' on Dalhousie.net.[http://www.dalhousie.net/chambastamps.htm]. Retrieved 1 February 2010.</ref>

Chamba issued a total of 120 stamps and 86 official stamps from 1885 till 15 April 1948 when it became part of the [[India]]n state of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name="SG"/>{{rp|281–283}}

==Faridkot==
[[Faridkot State|Faridkot]], a state in the Punjab, was the second princely state to sign a postal convention with the Post Office of India and the smallest of all the Punjabi convention states. Predominantly agricultural it had an area of {{convert|634|sqmi|km2|sigfig=2}} and population of just 115,040 in 1898.<ref name="Stewart_Wilson_I"/>{{rp|33}} Ruled by a Sikh dynasty from 1763 onwards, the ruler at the time of the postal convention was Raja Bikram Singh.

Faridkot is one of the two convention states which had issued stamps independently from 1879 to January 1887 when it signed a postal convention. Accordingly, the postal history of Faridkot state is considered separately for its issues as a feudatory state for that period from its postal history as a convention state. It ceased to use overprinted stamps after 31 Mar 1901.<ref name="SG"/>{{rp|283}} Consequently, all Faridkot stamps bear the bust of Queen Victoria.

As a convention state, Faridkot issued 17 stamps and 15 official stamps.<ref name="SG"/>{{rp|283}} It had the shortest period of issue, and also issued less stamps than any convention state.

==Gwalior==
Largest of the princely states located in [[Central India]], [[Gwalior]] signed a postal convention on 1 Jul 1885. It possessed an efficient postal system with its headquarters at the capital city of Lashkar (present day Gwalior city) on the same principles as the Imperial British Indian Post Office.<ref name="Stewart_Wilson_I"/> Like all convention states, Gwalior used [[British India]] postage stamps overprinted at first at the Government of India Central Printing Press, [[Calcutta]] till 1926 and later at the Security Press in [[Nashik]].<ref name="SG">Stanley Gibbons Stamp Catalogue 2008 – Commonwealth and British Empire stamps (1840–1970).</ref> Like the stamps of the other states, Gwalior's stamp issues have a rich collection of errors and varieties. Gwalior was also unusual in that its overprinting consisted of the word 'Gwalior' alone and the suffix 'state', as used in all other convention states, was never used.<ref name="Stewart_Wilson_I"/>

Gwalior issued a total of 137 stamps and 94 official stamps from 1885 till 1949.<ref name="SG"/>{{rp|283–285}}

==Jind==
[[Jind State|Jind]] was another of the cis-Sutlej states which signed a postal convention on 1 July 1885.<ref name="Stewart-Wilson II"/>{{rp|1}} Having an area of just {{convert|1333|sqmi|km2|sigfig=2}}, the territory of Jind, like all the Phulkian states, was fragmented; comprising three main enclaves and some isolated villages.<ref name="IGJ">''Imperial Gazetter'' Vol 18. (1908). 'Jind state'.Pp [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_171.gif 165] – [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_182.gif 176].</ref>{{rp|165}} The Sikh ruler of Jind, Raja Ranbir Singh was a minor at the time of signing of the postal convention; the state being ruled by a Council of Regency at that point in time.<ref name="IGJ"/>{{rp|169}}

Prior to becoming a convention state, Jind issued stamps as a feudatory state from 1864 to 1885. The philatelic history of Jind is usually dealt with differently for each of the periods. The spelling of 'Jind' on the surcharge has changed from time to time and overprints have been spelt as 'JIND', 'JHIND', and 'JEEND' in addition to 'JEIND' as an error variety.

During its period as a convention state, Jind issued a total of 149 stamps and 86 official stamps from 1885 till 20 Aug 1948 when it was absorbed into the Patiala and East Punjab states union.<ref name="SG"/>{{rp|285–286}}

==Nabha==
[[Nabha]] was a small princely convention state in the Punjab ruled by a Sikh dynasty from the "Phulkian" lineage. The territory of Nabha, {{convert|966|sqmi|km2|sigfig=2}}<ref name="IGN"/> consisted of twelve enclaves scattered amongst the tracts of land belonging to Patiala and Jind and the enclave of ''Bawal'' to the southeast. The ruler of Nabha, at the time of signing the convention was Raja Hira Singh (1843–1911).

The realm maintained 15 post offices,<ref name="Stewart-Wilson II">Stewart-Wilson, Vol II. (1898).</ref> controlled by a postmaster general,<ref name="IGN"/> and connecting main lines.<ref name="Stewart-Wilson II"/> Though Nabha was a rural state, it was notable for having twice the number of literate people as neighbouring Jind even though they had almost equal populations.<ref name="Stewart-Wilson II"/>

Nabha issued a total of 117 stamps and 68 official stamps from 1885 till 20 Aug 1948 when it was absorbed into the Patiala and East Punjab states union.<ref name="SG"/>{{rp|286–287}}

==Patiala==
[[Patiala]] was a princely state in the Punjab. The largest, wealthiest and most populous of the Phulkian states,<ref name="IGP">''Imperial Gazetter'' Vol 20. (1908). 'Patiala state'. Pp [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_037.gif 31] – [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_056.gif 50].</ref> it had the highest precedence amongst them.<ref name="Stewart-Wilson II"/>{{rp|''Note''}} Patiala was the first of the Phulkian states to sign a postal convention which it did on 1 October 1884.<ref name="Stewart-Wilson II"/>{{rp|63}} The convention was later modified in 1900.<ref name="IGP"/>{{rp|44}} At the time of the signing of the convention, the ruler Maharaja Rajendra Singh,<ref name="Stewart-Wilson II"/>{{rp|63}} was a minor and the state administered by a Council of Regency.<ref name="IGP"/>{{rp|38}}

Under an earlier agreement conducted in 1872, a telegraph line from [[Ambala]] to Patiala was constructed by the British at the expense of the state, which collected the receipts and taxes therefrom for the maintenance of that telegraph line.<ref name="IGP"/>{{rp|44}}

Typical of the Phulkian states, the territory of Patiala state consisted of three separate enclaves including a number of villages interspersed in the territory of Nabha, Jind and [[Maler Kotla]]; including the British Indian districts of [[Karnal]], [[Ferozepore]] and [[Ludhiana]].<ref name="IGP"/>{{rp|31}}

Patiala issued a total of 115 stamps and 84 official stamps from 1884 till 20 Aug 1948 when it was absorbed into the Patiala and East Punjab states union.<ref name="SG"/>{{rp|288–289}}

==Convention states philately==
Convention states philately is an obscure branch of classical Indian philately. The scope of stamps is relatively small but a large variety of errors and changes in printing settings for different batches provide adequate scope for philately. However, due to the nature of the stamps (overprinting on British Indian stamps of the period), Indian convention state philately faces problems of forgeries, especially in high values and errors.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{aut|Meyer, W.S.; Burn, R.; Cotton, J.S. & Risley, H.H.}}. (1908–1931). ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India''. Twelve vols. Accessed [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ online] on 17 Feb 2010.
* {{aut|Stewart-Wilson, C.}} (1897). ''British Indian Adhesive Stamps surcharged for Native States. Vol I – Chamba, Faridkot, Gwalior''. The Philatelic Society of India. Calcutta. Accessed [https://archive.org/details/BritishIndiaAdhesiveStampsSurchargedForNativeStatesPartI-Chamba online] on 17 Feb 2010.
* {{aut|Stewart-Wilson, C.}} (1898). ''British Indian Adhesive Stamps surcharged for Native States. Vol II – Jhind, Nabha, Patiala.'' The Philatelic Society of India. Calcutta. Accessed [https://archive.org/details/BritishIndiaAdhesiveStampsSurchargedForNativeStatesPartIi-Jhind online] on 17 Feb 2010.
* Various [[Stanley Gibbons]] catalogues.

{{PostalhistoryAsia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Postage Stamps And Postal History of the Postal Convention States of India}}
[[Category:Princely states of India|*]]
[[Category:Postal system of India|States, Convention]]
[[Category:Philately of India]]

Gaza City

2026-03-12T17:49:23Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: basic update references per sources further and added references

{{Short description|City in Palestine}}
{{Distinguish|Gaza Strip}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gaza City
| native_name = {{lang|ar|مدينة غَزَّة}}
| translit_lang1 = Arabic
| translit_lang1_type = Latin (official)
| translit_lang1_info = Ghazzah
| translit_lang1_type1 = Latin ([[DIN 31635]])
| translit_lang1_info1 = Ġazzah
| other_name = Gaza
| type = [[List of cities administered by the Palestinian Authority|Municipality type A (City)]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|perrow = 1/2/2/1
|border = infobox
|total_width = 280
|image1 = Images of war 23-25 from Gaza, by Jaber Badwen, IMG 6315.jpg
|caption1 = [[Omar Mukhtar Street]] in February 2025
|image2 = Omari Mosque in Gaza City.jpg
|caption2 = [[Great Mosque of Gaza]]
|image3 = Tolerance - panoramio.jpg
|caption3 = [[Church of Saint Porphyrius]]
|image4 = قصر الباشا في غزة.jpg
|caption4 = [[Qasr al-Basha]]
|image5 = ساحة مسجد السيد هاشم.jpg
|caption5 = [[Sayed al-Hashim Mosque]]
|image6 = Ucas20.jpg
|caption6 = [[Rimal]] before the [[Gaza war]]{{efn|On 30 December 2023, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' reported, "According to analysis of satellite data by remote-sensing experts at the [[City University of New York]] and [[Oregon State University]], as many as 80% of the buildings in northern Gaza, where the bombing has been most severe, are damaged or destroyed."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malsin |first1=Jared |last2=Shah |first2=Saeed |title=The Ruined Landscape of Gaza After Nearly Three Months of Bombing |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gaza-destruction-bombing-israel-aa528542# |newspaper=WSJ |access-date=31 January 2024 }}</ref>}}
|image7 = Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 28.jpg
|caption7 = Rimal in October 2023
}}
| image_blank_emblem = Gaza coat.png
| blank_emblem_type = Coat of arms of Gaza City
| pushpin_map = Palestine Gaza Strip#Palestine
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Gaza within [[Palestine]]
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| grid_name = [[Palestine grid|Palestine grid]]
| grid_position =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Palestine]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Governorates of Palestine|Governorate]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gaza Governorate|Gaza]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 15th century BC
| government_footnotes = 
| government_type = [[List of cities administered by the Palestinian Authority|City]] (from 1994<ref name="PASSIA" />)
| leader_title1 = [[Mayor of Gaza City|Mayor]]
| leader_name1 = [[Yahya Al-Sarraj]]
| unit_pref = dunam
| area_footnotes = <ref name="GazaMunicipality" />
| area_total_km2 = 45
| area_total_dunam =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_max_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="pop2017">{{cite web |url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2364-1.pdf |title=Main Indicators by Type of Locality - Population, Housing and Establishments Census 2017 |access-date=19 January 2021 |publisher=[[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS) |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128121306/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2364-1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| population_total = 590,481
| population_as_of = 2017 Census
| population_est = 220,000<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=27 September 2025 |title=IDF says 780,000 have fled Gaza City; Hamas says dozens killed in unrelenting strikes |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-says-780000-have-fled-gaza-city-hamas-says-dozens-killed-in-unrelenting-strikes/ |access-date=28 September 2025 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en |quote=Around 780,000 Palestinians have so far evacuated Gaza City to the Strip’s south, the Israel Defense Forces said Saturday [...] Around one million Palestinians were estimated to be residing in Gaza City before the IDF launched the major offensive earlier this month. }}</ref>
| pop_est_as_of = 2025
| population_note =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| website = [https://www.mogaza.org/ mogaza.org]
| coordinates = {{Coord|31|30|27|N|34|27|35|E|region:PS|display=title}}
}}

'''Gaza City''',{{efn|{{langx|ar|مَدِينَةُ ﻏَﺰَّة‎|Madīnat Ghazzah}}}} often simply called '''Gaza''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|g|ɑː|z|ə|audio=Gaza pronunciation.mp3}} {{respell|GAH|zə}};<ref name="OED-Gaza Strip">''The New Oxford Dictionary of English'' (1998), {{ISBN|0-19-861263-X}}, p. 761 "'''Gaza Strip''' /'gɑːzə/ a strip of territory in Palestine, on the SE Mediterranean coast including the town of Gaza...".</ref> {{langx|ar|غَزَّة|Ġazzah}}, {{IPA|ar|ˈɣazza|IPA|audio=Ar-Gaza.oga}}; [[Palestinian Arabic]]: ''Ġazzeh'', IPA: [ˈɣæ.zɜ]}} is a city in the [[Gaza Strip]], Palestine, and the capital of the [[Gaza Governorate]]. Located on the Mediterranean coast, {{Convert|76.6|km|mi}} southwest of [[Jerusalem]], it was home to [[Port of Gaza|Palestine's only port]]. With a population of 590,481 people as of 2017,<ref name="pop2017" /> Gaza City was the most populous city in [[Palestine]] until the [[Gaza war]] caused most of the population to be displaced.

Inhabited since at least the 15th century BC,<ref name = DicHistPl>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Gaza (Gaza Strip) |encyclopedia=International Dictionary of Historic Places |volume=4 |pages=87–290 |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers |year=1996 }}</ref> Gaza City has been dominated by different peoples and empires throughout its history. The [[Philistines]] made it a part of their [[Philistia|pentapolis]] after the [[ancient Egypt]]ians had ruled it for nearly 350 years. Under the [[Roman Empire]], Gaza City experienced relative peace and its [[Port of Gaza|Mediterranean port]] flourished. In 635 AD, it became the first city in the [[Palestine (region)|Palestine region]] to be conquered by the [[Rashidun army]] and quickly developed into a centre of [[Fiqh|Islamic law]]. However, by the time the [[Crusader states]] were established in 1099, Gaza City was in ruins. In later centuries, Gaza City experienced several hardships—from [[Mongol raids into Palestine|Mongol raids]] to severe flooding and [[locust swarm]]s, reducing it to a village by the 16th century, when it was incorporated into the [[Ottoman Empire]]. During the first half of Ottoman rule, the [[Ridwan dynasty]] controlled Gaza City and the city went through an age of great commerce and peace. The municipality of Gaza City was established in 1893.

Gaza City fell to British forces during [[World War I]], becoming a [[Gaza Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine|part]] of [[Mandatory Palestine]]. As a result of the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], Egypt administered the newly formed Gaza Strip territory and several improvements were undertaken in the city. Its population rose sharply after the influx of [[Palestinian refugees]] displaced by the war and the ensuing [[Nakba]]. Gaza City was [[Israeli occupied territories|occupied]] by [[Israel]] in the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967, and in 1993, the city was transferred to the newly created [[Palestinian National Authority]]. In the months following the 2006 election, an [[Fatah-Hamas conflict|armed conflict]] broke out between the Palestinian political factions of [[Fatah]] and [[Hamas]], resulting in the latter [[Battle of Gaza (2007)|taking power in Gaza]]. The Gaza Strip was then subject to an Israeli-led, Egyptian-supported [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|blockade]].<ref name="IBRAHIM BARZAK 07/ 5/11 08:34 AM ET" /> Israel eased the blockade allowing consumer goods in June 2010, and Egypt reopened the [[Rafah Border Crossing]] in 2011 to pedestrians.<ref name="IBRAHIM BARZAK 07/ 5/11 08:34 AM ET">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/05/gaza-economy-benefits-fro_n_890181.html Gaza Benefiting From Israel Easing Economic Blockade]</ref><ref name="IBRAHIM BARZAK 06/21/11 08:13 AM ET">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/21/gaza-border-opening-bring_n_881127.html Gaza Border Opening Brings Little Relief]</ref> The city has been largely destroyed by Israeli airstrikes since the Gaza war began in October 2023, including a [[Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip|large amount of significant cultural heritage]] in the [[Old City of Gaza]].

The primary economic activities of Gaza City are small-scale industries and agriculture. However, the blockade and recurring conflicts have put the economy under severe pressure.<ref name="Oxfam" /> The majority of Gaza City's Palestinian inhabitants are [[Muslim]], although there is also a [[Palestinian Christians|Christian minority]]. Gaza City has a very young population, with roughly 75% under the age of 25. As of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, many residents have fled or been evacuated to the Southern Gaza Strip, or killed as a result of Israel's actions in the north. Therefore, previous recorded or estimated population numbers have become outdated.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/palestinians-gaza-israel-bombing-destruction-hamas-reconstruction-f299a28410b70ee05dd764df97d8d3a0 |title=Gaza has become a moonscape in war. When the battles stop, many fear it will remain uninhabitable |date=23 November 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023 |work=AP }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Gaza'' first appears in the military records of [[Thutmose III]] of [[New Kingdom of Egypt]] in the 15th century BC,<ref>{{cite journal |author=H. Jacob Katzenstein |title=Gaza in the Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=102 |issue=1 |year=1982 |pages=111–113 |doi=10.2307/601117 |jstor=601117 |issn=0003-0279 }}</ref> and was mentioned in the [[Amarna correspondence]] as {{Transliteration|akk|Āl Ḫazzati|lit=city of Gaza⁠}} and other variant spellings.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rainey |first=Anson F. |title=The El-Amarna Correspondence |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |volume=1 |year=2015 |pages=1120–1121 |isbn=978-90-04-28147-9 }}</ref> In [[Neo-Assyrian]] sources, reflecting the late [[Philistine]] period, it was known as ''Ḫāzat''.<ref>Seymour Gitin, 'Philistines in the Book of Kings,' in [[André Lemaire]], Baruch Halpern, Matthew Joel Adams (eds.)[https://books.google.com/books?id=1SXbIFYu-ZAC&pg=PA312 ''The Books of Kings: Sources, Composition, Historiography and Reception,''] BRILL, 2010 pp.301–363, for the Neo-Assyrian sources p.312: The four city-states of the late Philistine period (Iron Age II) are ''Amqarrūna'' ([[Ekron]]), ''Asdūdu'' ([[Ashdod]]), ''Hāzat'' (Gaza), and ''Isqalūna'' ([[Ascalon]]), with the former fifth capital, [[Gath (city)|Gath]], having been abandoned at this late phase.</ref> It is clear that the name originates from none of these languages, however.

Based on the city's [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] name, {{lang|he|עַזָּה}} {{Transliteration|he|ʻAzzā}}, a common [[false etymology|folk etymology]] insists the name stems from the [[Semitic root]] {{Script/Hebrew|ע-ז-ז}} ''[[ʻayin]]''-''[[zayin]]''-''zayin'', from which words related to strength and fierceness are derived,<ref name="Masalha">{{cite book |last1=Masalha |first1=Nur |author-link1=Nur Masalha |title=Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History |date=2018 |publisher=Zed Books Ltd. |isbn=9781786992758 |page=81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb2rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT81 }}</ref> but this is unlikely. The {{Script/Hebrew|ע}} in the root {{Script/Hebrew|ע-ז-ז}} corresponds to a [[Proto-Semitic]] *''ʻ'' sound (compare Hebrew {{lang|he|עַז}} {{Transliteration|he|ʻaz}} with [[Arabic]] {{lang|ar|عَزَّ}} {{Transliteration|he|ʻazza}}, both meaning "to be strong, powerful, mighty"), while it is clear from city's name in Arabic ({{lang|ar|غَزَّة}}, {{Transliteration|ar|Ġazza}}), [[Koine Greek]] ({{lang|grc|Γάζα}}, {{Transliteration|grc|Gáza}}), and [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] ({{Transliteration|egy|gꜣḏꜣtw}}) that the name of Gaza was likely originally pronounced with an initial *''ġ'' ({{IPAslink|ʁ}}) sound, and thus cannot have been from the same {{Script/Hebrew|ע-ז-ז}} root as {{lang|he|עַז}} {{Transliteration|he|ʻaz}}.

Historically, Muslims often referred to the city as ''Ġazzat Hāšim'' in honor of [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf]], the great-grandfather of [[Muhammad]] who, according to [[Islamic mythology|Islamic tradition]], is buried in the city.<ref name=Shahinp414>Shahin, 2005, p. 414.</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Gaza|l1=History of Gaza City}}
Gaza's history of habitation dates back 5,000 years, making it one of the oldest cities in the world.<ref name=Dumper>Dumper et al., 2007, p. 155.</ref> Located on the [[Via Maris|Mediterranean coastal route]] between North Africa and the [[Levant]], for most of its history it served as a key [[entrepôt]] of southern Palestine and an important stopover on the [[spice trade]] route traversing the [[Red Sea]].<ref name=Dumper /><ref name = BBC>{{cite news |author=Alan Johnston |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4365440.stm |title=Gaza's ancient history uncovered |work=BBC News |access-date=16 February 2009 |date=22 October 2005 }}</ref>

Settlement in the region of Gaza dates back to the [[ancient Egyptian]] fortress built in [[Canaan]]ite territory at [[Tell es-Sakan]], to the south of present-day Gaza. The site was inhabited until about 3000 BC. In about 2600 BC, the settlement was re-founded and this time inhabited by the Canaanites. Tell es-Sakan was abandoned again about 2300 BC.<ref>de Miroschedji & Sadeq 2008</ref> Another urban center known as [[Tell el-Ajjul]] began to grow along the [[Wadi Ghazza]] riverbed.<ref name="Filfil">{{cite web |url=http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=2564&ed=157&edid=157 |title=The Other Face of Gaza: The Gaza Continuum |first1=Rania |last1=Filfil |first2=Barbara |last2=Louton |work=This Week in Palestine |date=September 2008 |access-date=30 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207121431/http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=2564&ed=157&edid=157 |archive-date=7 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> During the reign of Thutmose III (r. 1479–1425 BC), the city became a stop on the [[King's Highway (ancient)|King's Highway]], a crucial [[trade route]] of the [[Levant]], and was mentioned in the 14th-century Amarna letters as ''Azzatu''.<ref name="STF-J"/> Gaza later served as Egypt's administrative capital in [[Canaan]].<ref>Michael G. Hasel (1998) Domination and Resistance: Egyptian Military Activity in the Southern Levant, Ca. 1300–1185 B.C. BRILL, {{ISBN|90-04-10984-6}} p 258</ref> Gaza remained under Egyptian control for 350 years until it was conquered by the [[Philistine]]s in the 12th century BC.<ref name="STF-J">{{cite web |url=http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mad/discussion/123discuss.html |title=Gaza – (Gaza, al -'Azzah) |date=19 December 2000 |publisher=Studium Biblicum Franciscanum – Jerusalem |access-date=16 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019040545/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mad/discussion/123discuss.html |archive-date=19 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the 12th century BC Gaza became part of the [[Philistia|Philistine "pentapolis"]].<ref name="STF-J"/> Gaza achieved relative independence and prosperity under the [[Persian Empire]].{{cn|date=August 2025}}

===Hellenistic period ===
[[File:Monnaie - Drachme, argent, Gaza, Philistie - btv1b11318002p (2 of 2).jpg|right|thumb|Silver drachma minted in Gaza, Palestine (450-331 BC)<ref>[https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb417474860 Notice bibliographique]</ref>]]
[[File:Münze Gaza.png|thumb|right|Hellenistic coin from the Gaza mint.]]
[[Siege of Gaza (332 BC)|Alexander the Great besieged Gaza]], the last city to resist his conquest on his path to Egypt, for five months before capturing it 332 BC;<ref name="STF-J"/> the inhabitants were either killed or taken captive. Alexander brought in people from neighbouring localities to populate Gaza and organized the city into a ''[[polis]]'' (or "[[city-state]]").
[[File:The Battle of Gaza 312 BCE.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Gaza (312 BC)|Battle of Gaza]] in 312 BC]]
Under the [[Seleucid Empire]], [[Seleucus I Nicator]] or one of his successors renamed Gaza as ''Seleucia'' to control the surrounding area against the Ptolemies.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} [[Greek culture]] consequently took root and Gaza earned a reputation as a flourishing center of [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] learning and philosophy.<ref name="Ring and Salkin">Ring and Salkin, 1994, p.287.</ref> During the [[Third War of the Diadochi]], [[Ptolemy I Soter]] defeated [[Demetrius I Poliorcetes]] in [[Battle of Gaza (312 BC)|the Battle of Gaza]] in 312 BC. In 277 BC, following [[Ptolemy II]]'s successful campaign against the [[Nabataeans]], the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic]] fortress of Gaza took control of the [[spice trade]] with [[Gerrha]] and [[South Arabia]].

Gaza experienced another siege in 96 BC by the [[Hasmonean]] king [[Alexander Jannaeus]], who "utterly overthrew" the city, killing 500 senators who had fled into the temple of [[Apollo]].<ref name=Pataip149>Patai, 1999, p. 149.</ref>

===Roman period ===
[[File:4551 - Istanbul - Museo archeol. - Zeus - sec. II d.C. - da Gaza - Foto G. Dall'Orto 28-5-2006.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of [[Zeus]] that was unearthed in Gaza in the 20th century]]
[[Josephus]] notes that Gaza was resettled under the rule of [[Antipater the Idumaean|Antipater]], who cultivated friendly relations with Gazans, [[Ascalon]]ites and neighboring cities after being appointed governor of [[Idumea|Idumaea]] by Jannaeus.<ref name=Shatzmanp79>Shatzman, 1991, p. 79.</ref>

Rebuilt after it was incorporated into the [[Roman Empire]] in 63 BC under the command of [[Pompey Magnus]], Gaza then became a part of the [[Roman Judea|Roman province of Judaea]].<ref name="STF-J"/> It was targeted by Jewish forces during their rebellion against Roman rule in 66 and was partially destroyed.<ref name=Pataip142>Patai, 1999, p. 142.</ref> It nevertheless remained an important city, even more so after the destruction of [[Jerusalem]] during the [[First Jewish–Roman War]].<ref name="Dowling1">Dowling, 1913, p. [https://archive.org/stream/gazacityofmanyba00dowlrich#page/33/mode/1up 33]</ref> Following this, and again at the end of the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]] (132–136 CE), captives were sold into slavery in Gaza.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=William V. |date=1980 |title=Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4238700 |journal=Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome |volume=36 |pages=128 |doi=10.2307/4238700 |issn=0065-6801 |jstor=4238700 |quote=Slaves were sold at Gaza after the fall of Jerusalem and at the end of the Jewish rebellion in 135, and it may perhaps have been an important slaving center even in ordinary times. |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Throughout the Roman period, Gaza was a prosperous city and received grants and attention from several emperors.<ref name="STF-J"/> A 500-member senate governed Gaza, and a diverse variety of [[Hellenistic|Greeks]], Romans, [[Phoenicia]]ns, [[Jews]], [[Egyptians]], [[Persians]], and [[Bedouin]] populated the city. Gaza's [[Mint (facility)|mint]] issued [[coin]]s adorned with the busts of [[Roman Pantheon|gods]] and [[Roman emperor|emperors]].<ref name="Doughty">{{cite web |url=http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1958&ed=133&edid=133 |title=Gaza: Contested Crossroads |access-date=30 January 2009 |last=Doughty |first=Dick |date=November 2006 |publisher=This Week in Palestine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907165624/http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1958&ed=133&edid=133 |archive-date=7 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> During his visit in 130 AD,<ref name="mah">{{cite web |url=http://www.ville-ge.ch/mah/expos/pdf/212/Gaza_timeline.pdf |title=Gaza at the crossroads of civilisations |access-date=23 January 2008 |author=Remondino |date=5 June 2007 |work=Exhibition: Gaza at the crossroads of civilisations (27 April to 7 October 2007) |publisher=Art and History Museum, [[Geneva]], Switzerland }}</ref> Emperor [[Hadrian]] personally inaugurated [[wrestling]], [[boxing]], and [[orator]]ical competitions in Gaza's new [[Roman theatre (structure)|stadium]].{{dubious|Probably stadium, unlikely for a Roman theatre, except for oratory.|date=December 2019}} The city was adorned with many pagan temples; the main cult being that of [[Dagon#Marnas|Marnas]]. Other temples were dedicated to [[Zeus]], [[Helios]], [[Aphrodite]], [[Apollo]], [[Athena]] and the local [[Tyche]].<ref name="STF-J"/> [[Christianity]] began to spread throughout Gaza in 250 AD, including in the [[Port of Gaza|port of Maiuma]].<ref>Jennifer Lee Hevelone-Harper (1997) Disciples of the Desert: Monks, Laity, and Spiritual Authority in Sixth-century Gaza (JHU Press) {{ISBN|0-8018-8110-2}} pp 11- 12</ref><ref>Hagith Sivan (2008) ''Palestine in late antiquity'' Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-928417-2}} p 337</ref><ref>Andrea Sterk (2004) ''Renouncing the World Yet Leading the Church: The Monk-bishop in Late Antiquity'' Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|0-674-01189-9}} p 207</ref><ref>Gerald Butt (1995) ''Life at the crossroads: a history of Gaza'' Rimal Publications, {{ISBN|1-900269-03-1}} p 70</ref>
First evidence of a Bishop of Gaza is from early 4th century, when [[Silvanus of Gaza (hieromartyr)|St. Sylvan]] served in that capacity.<ref>[https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06399c.htm "Gaza" from the Catholic Encyclopedia]</ref>

===Byzantine period ===
Following the [[division of the Roman Empire]] in the 3rd century, Gaza remained under the control of the [[Eastern Roman Empire]], which in turn became the [[Byzantine Empire]]. The city prospered and was an important center for southern Palestine.<ref name="Kaegi">Kaegi, W. ''Byzantium and the early Islamic conquests'', p. 95</ref> A Christian [[bishopric]] was established at [[Diocese of Gaza|Gaza]]. Conversion to Christianity in Gaza was accelerated under [[Porphyry of Gaza]] between 396 and 420. In 402, [[Theodosius II]] ordered all eight of the city's pagan temples destroyed,<ref name="STF-J"/> and four years later Empress [[Aelia Eudocia]] commissioned the construction of a church atop the ruins of the Temple of Marnas.<ref name="Pringle">Pringle, 1993, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA208 208]</ref> It was during this era that the Christian philosopher [[Aeneas of Gaza]] called Gaza, his hometown, "the [[Athens]] of Asia."<ref>J.S. Tunison: "Dramatic Traditions of the Dark Ages", Burt Franklin, New York, p.11 [https://books.google.com/books?id=AB2ZqhFdZ4cC&pg=PA11]</ref> The large [[Gaza synagogue]] existed in the 6th century, according to excavations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.english.imjnet.org.il/popup?c0=13127 |title=King David playing the lyre |access-date=28 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517032359/http://www.english.imjnet.org.il/popup?c0=13127 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Early Islamic period===
[[File:Umm ar-Rasas mosaic Gaza.png|thumb|right|Depiction of a Gaza building in the Byzantine [[Umm ar-Rasas mosaics]], {{circa|8th century}}, during the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]]]

In {{circa|638}} Gaza was captured by [[Rashidun Caliphate|Arab Muslim]] forces under [[Amr ibn al-As]], in the years following the [[Battle of Ajnadayn]] between the [[Byzantine Empire]] and the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] in central Palestine.<ref>Kennedy, 2007, p. 88.</ref> It was captured by Amr's forces about three years later. Believed{{by whom|date=September 2025}} to be the site where [[Muhammad]]'s great-grandfather [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf]] was buried,{{cn|date=September 2025}} Gaza was not destroyed and its inhabitants were not attacked by Amr's army despite the city's stiff and lengthy resistance, though its Byzantine garrison was massacred.<ref name="Filiu18-19">Filiu, 2014, pp. 18–19.</ref>

The arrival of the Muslim Arabs brought significant changes to Gaza; at first, some of its [[church (building)|churches]] were transformed into [[mosque]]s, including the present [[Great Mosque of Gaza]] (the oldest in the city). It was later rebuilt by Sultan [[Baybars]], who endowed it with a huge manuscript library containing over 20,000 [[manuscript]]s in the 13th century.<ref name="Filiu18-19" /> A large segment of the population swiftly adopted Islam,<ref name="Filiu23">Filiu, 2014, pp. 23.</ref><ref name="Ring and Salkin2">Ring and Salkin, 1994, p. 289.</ref> and [[Arabic]] became the official language.<ref name="Ring and Salkin2" /> In 767 [[Al-Shafi'i|Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi'i]] was born in Gaza and lived his early childhood there; he founded the [[Shafi'i school]], one of the four major schools of [[fiqh]] (law) in [[Sunni Islam]].<ref name="Gil">Gil, 1992, p.292.</ref>

Security, which was well-maintained during the early Muslim rule, was a key factor in Gaza's prosperity. Although [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] was banned in Islam, the Jewish and Christian communities were allowed to maintain [[viticulture]], and [[grape]]s, a major cash crop of the city, were exported, primarily to [[Egypt]].<ref name="Sharon17-18">{{cite book |last1=Šārôn |first1=Moshe |title=Handbook of Oriental Studies: Handbuch Der Orientalistik. The Near and Middle East. Corpus inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae (CIAP). G |date=1997 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-17085-8 |pages=17–18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2LtyFVNJmcC&pg=PA17 |language=en }}</ref>

Because it bordered the [[Negev]], Gaza was vulnerable to warring nomadic groups.<ref name="Sharon17-18" /> It was destroyed at the end of the [[Qays–Yaman war (793–796)]] between two powerful [[tribes of Arabia]].<ref name="Dowling2">Dowling, 1913, p. [https://archive.org/stream/gazacityofmanyba00dowlrich#page/37/mode/1up 37]</ref> However, by the 10th century, the city had been rebuilt by the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]; during Abbasid rule, the geographer [[al-Maqdisi]] described Gaza as "a large town lying on the highroad to Egypt on the border of the desert."<ref>[[al-Muqaddasi]] quoted in le Strange, 1890, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/442/mode/1up 442]</ref> In 978, the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] established an agreement with [[Alptakin]], the Turkic ruler of Damascus, whereby the Fatimids would control Gaza and the land south of it, including Egypt, while Alptakin controlled the region north of the city.<ref>Gil, 1992, p.349.</ref>

===Crusader and Ayyubid periods===
The [[First Crusade|Crusaders]] conquered Gaza in 1100 and King [[Baldwin III of Jerusalem|Baldwin III]] built a castle in the city for the [[Knights Templar]] in 1149.<ref name="Pringle" /> He also had the Great Mosque converted back into a church, the Cathedral of Saint John.<ref name="mah" /> In 1154, Arab traveller [[al-Idrisi]] wrote that Gaza "is today very populous and in the hands of the Crusaders."<ref>[[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] quoted in le Strange, 1890, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/442/mode/1up 442]</ref> In 1187 the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]], led by Sultan [[Saladin]], captured Gaza and in 1191 destroyed the city's fortifications. [[Richard the Lionheart]] apparently refortified the city in 1192, but the walls were dismantled again as a result of the [[Treaty of Ramla]] in 1193.<ref name="Pringle" /> Ayyubid rule ended in 1260, after the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] under [[Hulagu Khan]] completely destroyed Gaza, which became his southernmost conquest.<ref name="Ring and Salkin2" />

===Mamluk period===
Following Gaza's destruction by the Mongols, Muslim slave-soldiers based in Egypt known as the [[Bahri dynasty|Mamluks]] began to administer the area. In 1277, the Mamluks made Gaza the capital of a province that bore its name, ''Mamlakat Ghazzah'' (Governorship of Gaza). This district extended along the coastal plain of Palestine from [[Rafah]] in the south to just north of [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]], and to the east as far as the [[Samaria]]n highlands and the [[Hebron Hills]]. Other major towns in the province included [[Qaqun]], [[Lod|Ludd]], and [[Ramla]].<ref name="Ring and Salkin2" /><ref name="Sharon">Sharon, 1997, pp.XII-XIII.</ref>{{full citation needed|date=June 2024}} Gaza, which entered a period of tranquility under the Mamluks, was used by them as an outpost in their offensives against the Crusaders which ended in 1290.<ref>Sharon, 2009, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P2LtyFVNJmcC&pg=PA26 26]</ref> In 1294 an earthquake devastated Gaza, and five years later the Mongols again destroyed all that had been restored by the Mamluks.<ref name="Ring and Salkin2" /> [[Syria (region)|Syrian]] geographer [[Shams al-Din al-Ansari al-Dimashqi|al-Dimashqi]] described Gaza in 1300 as a "city so rich in trees it looks like a cloth of brocade spread out upon the land."<ref name="Doughty" /> Under the governorship of Emir [[Sanjar al-Jawli]], Gaza was transformed into a flourishing city and much of the [[Mamluk architecture|Mamluk-era architecture]] dates back to his reign between 1311 and 1320 and again in 1342.<ref>Sharon, 2009, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P2LtyFVNJmcC&pg=PA87 87]</ref><ref>Meyer, 1907, p. [https://archive.org/stream/historyofcityofg00meyeuoft#page/83/mode/1up 83]</ref> In 1348 the [[bubonic plague]] spread to the city, killing the majority of its inhabitants and in 1352, Gaza suffered from a destructive flood, which was rare in that arid part of Palestine.<ref name="Ring and Salkin3">Ring and Salkin, 1994, p.290.</ref> However, when Arab writer [[Ibn Battuta]] visited the city in 1355, he noted that it was "large and populous, and has many mosques."<ref>[[Ibn Battuta]] quoted in le Strange, 1890, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/442/mode/1up 442]</ref> The Mamluks contributed to Gazan architecture by building mosques, [[madrassa|Islamic colleges]], hospitals, [[caravansaries]], and [[Bath house|public baths]].<ref name="Filfil" />

The Mamluks allowed Jews to return to the city, after being expelled by the Crusaders, and the Jewish community prospered during Mamluk rule. Towards the end of the Mamluk period, the Jewish community in Gaza was the third largest in Palestine, after the communities in Safad and Jerusalem.{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}} In 1481, an Italian Jewish traveller, [[Meshulam of Volterra]], wrote of Gaza:<blockquote>It is a fine and renowned place, and its fruits are very renowned and good. Bread and good wine is to be found there, but only Jews make wine. Gaza has a circumference of four miles and no walls. It is about six miles from the sea and situated in a valley and on a hill. It has a population as numerous as the sands of the sea, and there are about fifty (sixty) Jewish householders, artisans. They have a small but pretty Synagogue, and [[vineyard]]s and fields and houses.<ref>{{cite book |author=Elkan Nathan Adler |title=Jewish Travellers in the Middle Ages |url=https://archive.org/details/jewishtravellers00elka |url-access=registration |publisher=Dover |year=1987 |orig-year=1930 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/jewishtravellers00elka/page/180 180–181] |isbn=9780486253978 }}</ref></blockquote>

===Ottoman period===
[[File:David Roberts - Gaza - 1927.138 - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|Painting of Gaza by [[David Roberts (painter)|David Roberts]], 1839, in ''[[The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia]]'']]
[[File:1840–41 Royal Engineers map of Gaza.jpg|thumb|left|Gaza in 1841, as [[1840–41 Royal Engineers maps of Palestine, Lebanon and Syria|mapped by the British Royal Engineers]] after the [[Oriental Crisis of 1840]]]]
[[File:Gaza (1881-1884) (A).jpg|thumb|Muslims studying the [[Qur'an]] with Gaza in the background, painting by [[Harry Fenn]], circa 1884]]
[[File:Francis Frith, Gaza (The Old Town).jpg|thumb|The Old Town, Gaza (1862–1863). Picture by [[Frances Frith]]]]

In 1516 Gaza—at the time, a small town with an inactive port, ruined buildings and reduced trade—was incorporated into the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name="Ring and Salkin3" /> The Ottoman army quickly and efficiently crushed a small-scale uprising,<ref>Ze'evi, 1996, p.2.</ref> and the local population generally welcomed them as fellow Sunni Muslims.<ref name="Ring and Salkin3" /> The city was then made the capital of the [[Sanjak of Gaza|Gaza Sanjak]], part of the larger [[Ottoman Syria|Province of Damascus]].<ref>Doumani, 1995, p.35.</ref> The [[Ridwan dynasty|Ridwan family]], named after governor Ridwan Pasha, was the first dynasty to govern Gaza and would continue to rule the city for over a century.<ref name="Ze'evi">Ze'evi, 1996, p.40.</ref> Under [[Ahmad ibn Ridwan]], the city became a cultural and religious center as a result of the partnership between the governor and prominent Islamic jurist [[Khayr al-Din al-Ramli]], who was based in the nearby town of al-[[Ramla]].<ref>Ze'evi, 1996, p.53.</ref>

According to [[Theodore Edward Dowling|Theodore E. Dowling]], writing in 1913, a [[Samaritan]] community existed in Gaza in 1584. They possessed a large [[Synagogue#Samaritan synagogues|synagogue]] and two bathhouses. "One of them still bears the name "[[Hamam al-Sammara|the Bath of the Samaritans]]." It is believed the Samaritans were expelled from the city before the turn of the 16th century.<ref>Dowling, 1913, pp.38-39.</ref>

During the rule of [[Husayn Pasha]], strife between the settled population and the nearby [[Bedouin]] tribes was dramatically reduced, allowing Gaza to peacefully prosper. The Ridwan period is described as a [[golden age]] for Gaza, a time when it served as the virtual "capital of Palestine."<ref>Dowling, 1913, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/gazacityofmanyba00dowlrich#page/70/mode/1up 70]-71</ref><ref>Meyer, 1907, p. [https://archive.org/stream/historyofcityofg00meyeuoft#page/98/mode/1up 98]</ref> The Great Mosque was restored, and six other mosques constructed, while [[Turkish bath]]s and market stalls proliferated.<ref name="Ring and Salkin3" /> After the death of [[Musa Pasha ibn Hasan Ridwan|Musa Pasha]], Husayn's successor, Ottoman officials were appointed to govern in place of the Ridwans. The Ridwan period was Gaza's last golden age during Ottoman rule. After the family was removed from office, the city gradually declined.<ref name="Ze'evi2">Ze'evi, 1996, p.41.</ref>

Starting in the early 19th century, Gaza was culturally dominated by neighboring Egypt; [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]] conquered Gaza in 1832.<ref name="mah" /> American scholar [[Edward Robinson (scholar)|Edward Robinson]] visited the city in 1838, describing it as a "thickly populated" town larger than Jerusalem, with its Old City lying upon a hilltop, while its suburbs laid on the nearby plain.<ref name="Robinson1">Robinson, 1841, vol 2, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearc00smitgoog#page/n396/mode/1up 374]-375</ref> The city benefited from trade and commerce because of its strategic position on the caravan route between Egypt and northern Syria as well as from producing soap and cotton for trade with the government, local Arab tribes, and the Bedouin of [[Wadi Arabah]] and [[Ma'an]].<ref name="Robinson2">Robinson, 1841, vol 2, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearc00smitgoog#page/n399/mode/1up 377–378]</ref> The [[bazaar]]s of Gaza were well-supplied and were noted by Robinson as "far better" than those of Jerusalem.<ref>Robinson, 1841, vol 2, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearc00smitgoog#page/n400/mode/1up 378]</ref> Robinson noted that virtually all of Gaza's vestiges of ancient history and antiquity had disappeared due to constant conflict and occupation.<ref>Robinson, 1841, p.38.</ref> By the mid-19th century, Gaza's port was eclipsed by the ports of Jaffa and [[Haifa]], but it retained its fishing fleet.<ref name="Abu-Lughod" />

The bubonic plague struck Gaza again in 1839 and the city, lacking political and economic stability, went into a state of stagnation. In 1840 Egyptian and Ottoman troops battled outside of Gaza. The Ottomans won control of the territory, effectively ending Egyptian rule over Palestine. However, the battles brought about more death and destruction in Gaza.<ref name="Ring and Salkin3" />

During the late Ottoman period, British ships docking in Gaza were loaded with [[barley]], which was primarily intended for marketing in [[Scotland]] for [[Scotch whisky|whisky]] production. Due to the absence of a British consular agent, precise data on the financial value and quantities of the goods are unavailable.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grossman |first=David |title=Arab Demography and Early Jewish Settlement in Palestine: Distribution and Population Density during the Late Ottoman and Early Mandate Periods |publisher=The Hebrew University Magness Press, Jerusalem |year=2004 |isbn=978-965-493-184-7 |location=Jerusalem |pages=8 |language=he }}</ref>

===Stages of conflict and occupation===
[[File:Gaza after WWI 2.jpg|thumb|Gaza after surrender to British forces, 1918|left]]
While leading the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Forces]] during World War I, the British won control of the city during the [[Third Battle of Gaza]] in 1917.<ref name="Ring and Salkin3" /> After the war, Gaza was included in Mandatory Palestine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merip.org/palestine-israel_primer/brit-mandate-pal-isr-prime.html |title=Palestine, Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict A Primer |access-date=19 January 2009 |publisher=Middle East Research Information Project |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122095032/http://merip.org/palestine-israel_primer/brit-mandate-pal-isr-prime.html |archive-date=22 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the 1930s and 1940s, Gaza underwent major expansion. New neighborhoods were built along the coast and the southern and eastern plains. International organizations and missionary groups funded most of this construction.<ref name="Abu-Lughod">Dumper and Abu-Lughod, 2007, p.155.</ref>

In the 1947 [[United Nations Partition Plan]], Gaza was assigned to be part of an Arab state in Palestine but was [[Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt|occupied by Egypt]] following the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Gaza's growing population was augmented by an influx of refugees from nearby cities, towns and villages that were captured by Israel. In 1957, Egyptian president [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] made a number of reforms in Gaza, which included expanding educational opportunities and the civil services, providing housing, and establishing local security forces.<ref name="Feldman">Feldman, 2008, pp.8–9.</ref>

=== Israeli occupation and colonisation ===
Gaza was occupied by Israel during the 1967 [[Six-Day War]] following the defeat of the [[Egyptian Army]]. Frequent conflicts have erupted between Palestinians and the Israeli authorities in the city since the 1970s. The tensions led to the [[First Intifada]] in 1987. Gaza was a center of confrontation during this uprising,<ref name="Ring and Salkin3" /> and economic conditions in the city worsened.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.palestinechronicle.com/sara-roy-the-gaza-economy/ |author-link=Sara Roy |title=The Economy of Gaza |access-date=19 January 2009 |last=Roy |first=Sara |work=Palestine Chronicle |date=4 October 2006 |publisher=Palestine Information Center }}</ref><gallery mode="packed">
File:117184 nahal netzarim PikiWiki Israel.jpg|Construction by the [[Nahal]] of the Israeli settlement of [[Netzarim]], in the south Gaza-city, November 1972.
File:ילדות בית ספר - עזה 1986.jpg|Palestinian schoolgirls returning home come across Israeli soldiers frisking a group of Palestinian men, November 1986
File:Intifada in Gaza Strip (FL45884501).jpg|Palestinian demonstration during [[First Intifada]] in Gaza Strip, 21 December 1987
File:Residents run away during a home demolition in Gaza during the second intifada.jpg|Armed Israeli bulldozer destroying a Palestinian home in Gaza during the [[Second Intifada]], 2001
</gallery>

===Palestinian control===
{{See also|Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)|Gaza Strip evacuations}}
In September 1993, the leaders of Israel and the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) signed the [[Oslo Accords]]. The agreement called for Palestinian administration of the Gaza Strip and the [[West Bank]] town of [[Jericho]], which was implemented in May 1994. Israeli forces withdrew from Gaza, leaving a new [[Palestinian National Authority]] (PNA) to administer and police the city.<ref name="Ring and Salkin" /> The PNA, led by [[Yasser Arafat]], chose Gaza as its first provincial headquarters. The newly established [[Palestinian National Council]] held its inaugural session in Gaza in March 1996.<ref name="Abu-Lughod" />[[File:Gaza City.JPG|thumb|Gaza City in 2007]]In 2005, Israel withdrew its troops from the Gaza Strip and removed the thousands of Israelis who had settled in the territory.<ref name="BBCProfile" /> (''See'' [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan of 2004]].) Since the Israeli withdrawal, [[Hamas]] has been engaged in a sometimes violent power struggle with its rival Palestinian organisation [[Fatah]]. On 25 January 2006, [[Hamas]] won a surprise victory in the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|elections]] for the [[Palestinian Legislative Council]], the legislature of the [[Palestinian National Authority]]. In 2007, [[Fatah–Hamas battle in Gaza|Hamas overthrew Fatah forces]] in the Gaza Strip and Hamas members were dismissed from the PNA government in the West Bank in response. Hamas, recognized as a terror organization by most western countries, has ''de facto'' control of the city and Strip.<ref name="BBC07">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6754499.stm |title=Abbas sacks Hamas-led government |access-date=19 January 2009 |date=15 July 2007 |work=[[BBC News]] }}</ref>
In March 2008, a coalition of human rights groups charged that the Israeli blockade of the city had caused the humanitarian situation in Gaza to have reached its worst point since Israel occupied the territory in the 1967 Six-Day War,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/05/israel.gaza.crisis.ap/index.html |title=Human rights coalition: Gaza at worst since 1967 |access-date=19 January 2009 |date=6 March 2008 |publisher=[[CNN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506111500/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/05/israel.gaza.crisis.ap/index.html |archive-date=6 May 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and that Israeli air strikes targeting militants in the densely populated areas have often killed bystanders as well.<ref name="BBCProfile">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5122404.stm |title=Gaza crisis: key maps and timeline |access-date=16 June 2009 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=6 January 2009 }}</ref> In 2008, Israel commenced an [[2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict|assault against Gaza]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7811386.stm |title=Gaza conflict: Who is a civilian? |access-date=19 January 2009 |date=5 January 2009 |work=[[BBC News]] |first=Heather |last=Sharp }}</ref> Israel stated the strikes were in response to repetitive rocket and mortar attacks from the Gaza Strip into Israel since 2005, while the Palestinians stated that they were responding to Israel's military incursions and [[blockade of the Gaza Strip]]. In January 2009, at least 1,300 Palestinians were killed in the conflict.<ref name="idf_updated_death_toll">{{cite news |last=Lappin |first=Yaakov |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=137286 |title=IDF releases Cast Lead casualty numbers |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=26 March 2009 |access-date=6 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7835981.stm |title=Rocket salvo tests Gaza ceasefire |access-date=19 January 2009 |date=16 January 2009 |work=[[BBC News]] }}</ref>
[[File:Destroyed Gaza area.PNG|thumb|Destruction in Gaza-city after Israeli bombardment, 22 November 2012]]
In November 2012, after [[Operation Pillar of Defense|a week of conflict]] between Israel and Palestinian militant groups, a ceasefire brokered by Egypt was announced on 21 November.<ref>Najjar, Nasser and Lynch, Sarah. [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/11/21/cease-fire-gaza-resident-hope-reaction/1719997/ Cease-fire brings hope to weary residents of Gaza]. ''[[USA Today]]''. 21 November 2012.</ref> In the [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict]], 2,205 Palestinians (including at least 1,483 civilians) and 71 Israelis (including 66 soldiers) and one foreign national in Israel were killed, according to [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|UN OCHA]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/content.aspx?id=1010361 |title=Occupied Palestinian territory, Gaza Crisis |work=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] |date=15 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725191044/http://www.ochaopt.org/content.aspx?id=1010361 |archive-date=25 July 2015 }}</ref> During the [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis]], the 13-story Hanadi Tower, which contained a political office of Hamas, was destroyed by an Israeli airstrike.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 May 2021 |title=Rockets target Tel Aviv after Gaza tower destroyed |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-57066275 |access-date=12 May 2021 }}</ref>

=== Gaza War ===
[[File:Continued Israeli airstrike of the Gaza Strip.jpg|left|thumb|Residential tower in Gaza destroyed by Israeli bombardment on the morning of 8 October 2023]]
In 2023, the city was again targeted during the [[Gaza war]]. On 2 November, the [[siege of Gaza City]] started.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 November 2023 |title=IDF chief: Israeli forces have Gaza city surrounded |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-771374 |work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=12 November 2023 }}</ref> As of January 2024, Israel’s offensive has either damaged or destroyed 70–80% of all buildings in northern Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |title=Over 50% of Gaza buildings damaged or destroyed in Israel's bombardment |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/01/14/gaza-building-damage-israel-war |work=Axios |date=5 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The numbers that reveal the extent of the destruction in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/08/the-numbers-that-reveal-the-extent-of-the-destruction-in-gaza |work=The Guardian |date=8 January 2024 }}</ref> Gaza was left largely deserted, with about only 300,000 people staying in the city.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Diaz |first1=Jaclyn |title=Many Gaza residents remain trapped in the north after short evacuation window |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/11/04/1210645183/israeli-military-announces-brief-window-people-in-northern-gaza-to-flee-south |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=npr.org |date=4 November 2023 |publisher=NPR }}</ref> The remaining population was subjected to a [[Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)|humanitarian crisis]] and [[Gaza Strip famine|starvation]] brought on by the war.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. aid official says famine has begun in northern Gaza |date=11 April 2024 |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/04/11/us-official-famine-northern-gaza |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412031951/https://www.axios.com/2024/04/11/us-official-famine-northern-gaza |archive-date=12 April 2024 |access-date=24 April 2024 }}</ref>[[File:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 26.jpg|thumb|[[Rimal|Rimal district]] in Gaza City on 9 October 2023]]Seventy percent of the city was destroyed by airstrikes,<ref>{{cite web |title=Gaza Strip in maps: How life has changed Published |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-20415675 |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=bbc.com |date=22 November 2012 |publisher=BBC }}</ref> and at least 64,964 people were killed in the Strip.<ref name="AJ">{{cite web |title=Israel-Gaza war in maps and charts: Live tracker |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2023/10/9/israel-hamas-war-in-maps-and-charts-live-tracker |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=aljazeera.com |publisher=Aljazeera }}</ref> Israel has been accused of committing a [[Gaza genocide|genocide]] of Palestinians in Gaza during the war, with South Africa [[South Africa's genocide case against Israel|initiating proceedings]] at the [[International Court of Justice]] against Israel.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is South Africa's genocide case against Israel at the ICJ? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67922346 |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=bbc.com |date=10 January 2024 |publisher=BBC }}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Gaza Beach.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Beach in Gaza City in 2006]]
Central Gaza is situated on a low-lying and round hill with an elevation of {{convert|14|m|ft}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gaza |url=https://medcities.org/member/gaza-2/ |website=MedCities |access-date=1 October 2023 |date=20 July 2021 }}</ref> Much of the modern city is built along the plain below the hill, especially to the north and east, forming Gaza's suburbs. The beach and the port of Gaza are located {{convert|3|km|mi}} west of the city's nucleus and the space in between is entirely built up on low-lying hills.<ref name="Robinson1" />

The municipal jurisdiction of the city today constitutes about {{convert|45|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name=GazaMunicipality>{{cite web |url=http://www.mogaza.org/gazacity.htm |title=Gaza City |publisher=Gaza Municipality |access-date=16 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620101738/http://www.mogaza.org/gazacity.htm |archive-date=20 June 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gaza is {{convert|78|km|mi}} southwest of [[Jerusalem]], {{convert|71|km|mi}} south of [[Tel Aviv]],<ref>[http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/distanceresult.html?p1=702&p2=676 Distance from Gaza to Tel Aviv] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611204838/http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/distanceresult.html?p1=702&p2=676 |date=11 June 2011 }} and [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/distanceresult.html?p1=702&p2=110 Distance from Gaza to Jerusalem] {{Webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611204928/http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/distanceresult.html?p1=702&p2=110 |date=11 June 2011 }} Time and Date AS.</ref> and {{convert|30|km|mi}} north of [[Rafah]].<ref>[http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Rafah_1500/index.html Welcome to Rafah] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219042214/http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Rafah_1500/index.html |date=19 February 2010 }} Palestine Remembered.</ref> Surrounding localities include [[Beit Lahia]], [[Beit Hanoun]], and [[Jabalia]] to the north, and the village of [[Abu Middein]], the [[Palestinian refugee camp|refugee camp]] of [[Bureij]], and the city of [[Deir al-Balah]] to the south.<ref name="PR">{{cite web |url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Gaza_526/SatelliteView.html |title=Satellite View of Gaza |access-date=19 January 2009 |publisher=Palestine Remembered |archive-date=30 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830035547/http://palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Gaza_526/SatelliteView.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The population of Gaza depends on groundwater as the only source for drinking, agricultural use, and domestic supply. The nearest [[wadi|stream]] is Wadi Ghazza to the south, sourced from Abu Middein along the coastline. It bears a small amount of water during the winter and virtually no water during the summer.<ref name="Chilton" /> Most of [[Water supply and sanitation in the State of Palestine|its water supply]] is diverted into Israel.<ref>Lipchin, 2007, p.109.</ref> The Gaza Aquifer along the coast is the main [[aquifer]] in the Gaza Strip and it consists mostly of [[Pleistocene]] sandstones. Like most of the Gaza Strip, Gaza is covered by quaternary soil; clay minerals in the soil absorb many organic and inorganic chemicals which has partially alleviated the extent of groundwater contamination.<ref name="Chilton">Chilton, 1999, p.77. Excerpt from report by Mohammad R. Al-Agha from the [[Islamic University of Gaza]].</ref>
[[File:Map of Gaza Strip with no-go zone 2012.jpg|thumb|Gaza Strip with Israeli-controlled borders and limited fishing zone, as of December 2012]]
A prominent hill southeast of Gaza, known as [[Tell al-Muntar]], has an elevation of {{convert|270|ft|m}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]]. For centuries it has been claimed as the place to which [[Samson]] brought the city gates of the Philistines. The hill is crowned by a Muslim [[shrine]] (''[[Maqam (shrine)|maqam]]'') dedicated to Ali al-Muntar. There are old Muslim graves around the surrounding trees,<ref name="Briggs1">Briggs, 1918, p.258.</ref> and the lintel of the doorway of the ''maqam'' has two medieval Arabic scriptures.<ref name="STF-J" />

=== Old City ===
{{main|Old City of Gaza}}

The Old City forms the main part of Gaza's nucleus. It is roughly divided into two quarters; the northern [[al-Daraj|Daraj Quarter]] (also known as the Muslim Quarter) and the southern [[al-Zaytun|Zaytun Quarter]] (which contained the Jewish and Christian quarters.) Most structures date from the Mamluk and Ottoman eras, and some were built on top of earlier structures. The ancient part of the Old City is about {{convert|1.6|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="Abu-Lughod" />

There were seven historic gates to the Old City: Bab Asqalan (Gate of Ascalon), Bab al-Darum (Gate of Deir al-Balah), Bab al-Bahr (Gate of the Sea), Bab Marnas (Gate of Marnas), Bab al-Baladiyah (Gate of the Town), Bab al-Khalil (Gate of Hebron), and Bab al-Muntar (Gate of Tell al-Muntar).<ref>Pringle, 1993, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA209 209]</ref>

Some of the older buildings in Gaza's Old City use the ''[[ablaq]]'' style of decoration which features alternating layers of red and white masonry, prevalent in the Mamluk era. Daraj contains the [[Gold Market|Gold (Qissariya) Market]] as well as the [[Great Mosque of Gaza]] (oldest mosque in Gaza)<ref name="Sheehan">Sheehan, 2000, p. 429.</ref> and the [[Sayed al-Hashim Mosque]].<ref name="Sharon31">Sharon, 2009, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P2LtyFVNJmcC&pg=PA31 31]</ref> In Zaytun lies the [[Saint Porphryrius Church]], the [[Katib al-Wilaya Mosque]], and [[Hamam as-Sammara]] ("the Samaritan's Bathhouse.")<ref name="TWP">{{cite web |url=http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1985&ed=134&edid=134 |title=Hammat al-Sammara/Hammam es-Samara/Sammara Public Baths |first=Laila |last=El-Haddad |author-link=Laila el-Haddad |date=December 2006 |work=This Week in Palestine |access-date=16 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907170107/http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1985&ed=134&edid=134 |archive-date=7 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Districts ===
[[File:غزة.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Eastern Gaza City in 2013]]
Gaza is composed of thirteen districts (''hayy'') outside of the Old City.<ref name="OCHA">{{Cite map |title=Gaza Strip: Communities and Neighborhoods Map |publisher=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] |edition=2009 |url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_crisis_neighbourhoods_map_2009_01_26.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219092947/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_gaza_crisis_neighbourhoods_map_2009_01_26.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2009 }}</ref> The first extension of Gaza beyond its city center was the district of [[Shuja'iyya]], built on a hill just east and southeast of the Old City during the [[Ayyubid]] period.<ref name="Sharon30">Sharon, 2009, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P2LtyFVNJmcC&pg=PA30 30]</ref> In the northeast is the Mamluk-era district of [[Tuffah]],<ref name="Butt">Butt, 1995, p. 9.</ref> which is roughly divided into eastern and western halves and was originally located within the Old City's walls.<ref name="Sheehan" />

During the 1930s and 1940s, a new residential district, [[Rimal]] (currently divided into the districts of Northern Rimal and Southern Rimal),<ref name="OCHA" /> was constructed on the sand dunes west of the city center, and the district of [[Zeitoun, Gaza|Zeitoun]] was built along Gaza's southern and southwestern borders, while the Judeide ("the New") and Turukman neighborhoods of Shuja'iyya expanded into separate districts in the northeast and southeast, respectively.<ref name="Abu-Lughod" /><ref name="MET">{{cite web |url=http://www.mideasttravelling.net/palestine/gaza/gaza_culture.htm |title=Travel in Gaza |publisher=MidEastTravelling |access-date=16 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823050026/http://www.mideasttravelling.net/palestine/gaza/gaza_culture.htm |archive-date=23 August 2013 }}</ref> [[Judeide]] (also known Shuja'iyyat al-Akrad) was named after the [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] military units who settled there during the Mamluk era, while [[Turukman]] was named after the [[Oghuz Turks|Turkmen]] military units who settled there.<ref name="Sharon30" />
[[File:Aerial view of destruction in Beach refugee camp, Gaza Strip.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the [[Al-Shati refugee camp]], 3 July 2024, with significant damage caused by Israeli airstrikes.]]
The areas between Rimal and the Old City became the districts of [[Sabra, Gaza|Sabra]] and Daraj.<ref name="Butt" /> In the northwest is the district of [[Nasser, Gaza|Nasser]], built in the early 1950s and named in honor of Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser.<ref name="Husseini" /> The district of [[Sheikh Radwan]], developed in the 1970s, is {{convert|3|km|mi}} to the north of the Old City and is named after Sheikh Radwan—the tomb of whom is located within the district.<ref name="Butt" /><ref>Bitton-Ashkelony, 2004, p. 75.</ref> Gaza has absorbed the village of al-Qubbah near [[Green Line (Israel)|the border with Israel]], as well as the [[Palestinian refugee camp]] of [[al-Shati]] along the coast,<ref name="PR" /> although the latter is not under the city's municipal jurisdiction. In the late 1990s, the PNA built the more affluent neighborhood of [[Tel al-Hawa]] along the southern edge of Rimal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maannews.net/en/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=35061 |title=Tel Al-Hawa: The invasion and then after |publisher=[[Ma'an News Agency]] |date=17 January 2009 |access-date=16 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822045032/http://www.maannews.net/en/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=35061 |archive-date=22 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Along the southern coast of the city is the neighborhood of [[Sheikh Ijlin]].<ref name="OCHA" />

=== Climate ===
Gaza has a [[hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BSh''), with Mediterranean characteristics, featuring mild, rainy winters and hot, humid summers (though with very little precipiation).<ref>{{cite report |last1=Sansur |first1=Dr. Ramzi M. |title=Environment and development in the WB and Gaza Strip-UNCTAD study |date=21 April 1995 |publisher=United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-176121/ |access-date=1 October 2023 }}</ref> Spring arrives around March or April and the hottest month is August, with the average high being {{convert|31.7|°C|°F|1|sp=us}}. The coolest month is January with temperatures usually peaking at {{convert|18.3|°C|°F|1|sp=us}}. Rain is scarce and falls almost exclusively between November and March, with annual rainfall totalling approximately {{convert|395|mm|in|1|disp=or}}.<ref name="MSN">{{cite web |url=http://weather.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx?&wealocations=wc%3a11884&q=Gaza%2c+Gaza+Strip&setunit=C |title=Monthly Averages for Gaza, Gaza Strip |publisher=MSN Weather |access-date=15 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210101355/http://weather.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx |archive-date=10 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Gaza
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan high C = 18.3
|Feb high C = 18.9
|Mar high C = 21.1
|Apr high C = 24.4
|May high C = 27.2
|Jun high C = 29.4
|Jul high C = 30.6
|Aug high C = 31.7
|Sep high C = 30.6
|Oct high C = 28.9
|Nov high C = 25.0
|Dec high C = 20.6
|year high C = 25.6
|Jan mean C = 13.9
|Feb mean C = 14.5
|Mar mean C = 16.4
|Apr mean C = 19.1
|May mean C = 21.8
|Jun mean C = 24.5
|Jul mean C = 26.0
|Aug mean C = 27.0
|Sep mean C = 25.6
|Oct mean C = 23.3
|Nov mean C = 19.8
|Dec mean C = 16.1
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = 9.4
|Feb low C = 10.0
|Mar low C = 11.6
|Apr low C = 13.8
|May low C = 16.4
|Jun low C = 19.5
|Jul low C = 21.4
|Aug low C = 22.2
|Sep low C = 20.5
|Oct low C = 17.7
|Nov low C = 14.5
|Dec low C = 11.6
|year low C = 15.7
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 104
|Feb rain mm = 76
|Mar rain mm = 30
|Apr rain mm = 13
|May rain mm = 3
|Jun rain mm = 1
|Jul rain mm = 0
|Aug rain mm = 1
|Sep rain mm = 3
|Oct rain mm = 18
|Nov rain mm = 64
|Dec rain mm = 81
| Jan humidity = 85
| Feb humidity = 84
| Mar humidity = 83
| Apr humidity = 82
| May humidity = 84
| Jun humidity = 87
| Jul humidity = 86
| Aug humidity = 87
| Sep humidity = 86
| Oct humidity = 74
| Nov humidity = 78
| Dec humidity = 81
| year humidity = 83
| Jan sun = 204.6
| Feb sun = 192.1
| Mar sun = 241.8
| Apr sun = 264.0
| May sun = 331.7
| Jun sun = 339.0
| Jul sun = 353.4
| Aug sun = 337.9
| Sep sun = 306.0
| Oct sun = 275.9
| Nov sun = 237.0
| Dec sun = 204.6
|year sun = 3288.0
| Jand sun = 6.6
| Febd sun = 6.8
| Mard sun = 7.8
| Aprd sun = 8.8
| Mayd sun = 10.7
| Jund sun = 11.3
| Juld sun = 11.4
| Augd sun = 10.9
| Sepd sun = 10.2
| Octd sun = 8.9
| Novd sun = 7.9
| Decd sun = 6.6
|yeard sun = 9.1
|source 1 = Arab Meteorology Book<ref name=climate>{{cite web |url=http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf |title=Appendix I: Meteorological Data |publisher=Springer |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072830/http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

== Demographics ==

=== Population ===
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:15px;"
|-
! Year
! Population
|- style="background:#add8e6;"
| 1596 || style="text-align:center;"|6,000<ref name="Hut" />
|- style="background:#add8e6;"
| 1838 || style="text-align:center;"|15,000–16,000<ref name="Robinson2" />
|- style="background:#add8e6;"
| 1882 || style="text-align:center;"|16,000<ref name="Meyer">Meyer, 1907, p.[https://archive.org/stream/historyofcityofg00meyeuoft#page/108/mode/1up 108]</ref>
|- style="background:#add8e6;"
| 1897 || style="text-align:center;"|36,000<ref name="Meyer" />
|- style="background:#add8e6;"
| 1906 || style="text-align:center;"|40,000<ref name="Meyer" />
|- style="background:#add8e6;"
| 1914 || style="text-align:center;"|42,000<ref name="IIPA">IIPA, 1966, p. 44.</ref>
|- style="background:#add8e6;"
| [[1922 census of Palestine|1922]] || style="text-align:center;"|17,480<ref name="Report and General Abstracts of the census of 1922">Barron, 1923, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n8/mode/1up 6]</ref>
|- style="background:#add8e6;"
| [[1931 census of Palestine|1931]] || style="text-align:center;"|17,046<ref name="Census of Palestine 1931">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas |title=Census of Palestine 1931. Population of villages, towns and administrative areas |access-date=12 November 2014 |work=1931 Census of Palestine |publisher=British Mandate survey in 1931 }}</ref>
|- style="background:#add8e6;"
| [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945]] || style="text-align:center;"|34,250<ref name="Hadawi">Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Gaza/Page-045.jpg 45] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150132/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Gaza/Page-045.jpg |date=24 September 2015 }}</ref><ref name=1945p31>Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p31.jpg 31] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414113959/http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p31.jpg |date=14 April 2020 }}</ref>
|- style="background:#add8e6;"
| 1982 || style="text-align:center;"|100,272<ref>Census by [[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]</ref>
|- style="background:#add8e6;"
| 1997 || style="text-align:center;"|306,113<ref name="PCBSCensus" />
|- style="background:#add8e6;"
| 2007 ||style="text-align:center;"|449,221<ref name="pop2017" />
|- style="background:#add8e6;"
| 2012 ||style="text-align:center;"|590,481<ref name="pop2017" />
|}

According to Ottoman tax records in 1557, Gaza had 2,477 male taxpayers.<ref name="Cohen">Cohen and Lewis, 1978.</ref> The statistics from 1596 show that Gaza's Muslim population consisted of 456 households, 115 bachelors, 59 religious persons, and 19 disabled persons. In addition to the Muslim figure, there were 141 ''jundiyan'' or "soldiers" in the Ottoman army. Of the Christians, there were 294 households and seven bachelors, while there were 73 Jewish households and eight [[Samaritan]] households. In total, an estimated 6,000 people lived in Gaza, making it the third largest city in Ottoman Palestine after Jerusalem and [[Safad]].<ref name="Hut">Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p.52.</ref>

In 1838, there were roughly 4,000 Muslim and 100 Christian tax payers, implying a population of about 15,000 or 16,000—making it larger than Jerusalem at the time. The total number of Christian families was 57.<ref name="Robinson2" /> Before the outbreak of World War I, the population of Gaza had reached 42,000; however, the fierce battles between Allied Forces and the Ottomans and their German allies in 1917 in Gaza resulted in a massive population decrease.<ref name="IIPA" /> The following [[1922 census of Palestine|census]], which was conducted in 1922 by the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate authorities]] shows a sharp decrease in population which stood at 17,480 residents (16,722 Muslims, 701 Christians, 54 Jews and three [[Shia villages in Palestine|Metawilehs]]).<ref name="Report and General Abstracts of the census of 1922" /> The 1931 census lists 17,046 inhabitants (16,356 Muslims, 689 Christians, and one Jew) and another 4,597 in the suburbs (4,561 Muslims and 36 Christians).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mills |first=E. |title=Census of Palestine 1931 |publisher=Greek Convent & Goldberg Presses |year=1931 |location=Jerusalem |pages=3 }}</ref>

The village statistics of 1938 list Gaza's population as 20,500 with 5,282 in nearby suburbs.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VillageStatistics1938orig.pdf |title=Village Statistics |year=1938 |pages=63 }}</ref> The [[Village Statistics, 1945|village statistics of 1945]] list the population as 34,250 (33,160 Muslims, 1,010 Christians, and 80 Jews).<ref name="Hadawi" />

According to a 1997 census by the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS), Gaza and the adjacent [[al-Shati camp]] had a population of 353,115, of which 50.9% were males and 49.1% females. Gaza had an overwhelmingly young population with more than half being 19 and under (60.8%). About 28.8% were between the ages of 20 and 44, 7.7% between 45 and 64, and 3.9% were over the age of 64.<ref name="PCBSCensus">{{cite web |url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/gaz_t1.aspx |title=Gaza Governorate: Palestinian Population by Locality, Subspace and Age Groups in Years |access-date=19 January 2009 |publisher=[[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS) |year=1997 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130075440/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/gaz_t1.aspx |archive-date=30 January 2012 }}</ref>
[[File:Natives of Gaza. Palestine.jpg|thumb|Men from Gaza, 19th century]]
[[File:Gaza Strip (997008872764505171.jpg|thumb|People in Gaza City in 1956|left]]
A massive influx of [[Palestinian refugee]]s swelled Gaza's population after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. By 1967, the population had grown to about six times its 1948 size.<ref name="Abu-Lughod" /> In 1997, 51.8% of Gaza's inhabitants were refugees or their descendants.<ref>[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/gaz_t6.aspx Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107152041/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/gaz_t6.aspx |date=7 January 2008 }} [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS)</ref> The city's population has continued to increase since that time to 590,481 in 2017, making it the largest city in the [[Palestinian territories]].<ref name="pop2017" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/617/default.aspx |title=FAQ |access-date=20 October 2013 |publisher=[[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020215833/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/617/default.aspx |archive-date=20 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gaza City has one of the highest overall growth rates in the world. Its population density is 9,982.69/km2 (26,424.76/sq mi) comparable to New York City (10,725.4/km2 – 27,778.7/sq mi), half of Paris density (21,000/km2 – 55,000/sq mi).<ref name="Abu-Lughod" /><ref>Gaza has a population of 449,221 (2009 census) and an area of {{convert|45|km2|sqmi||sigfig=2}} ([http://www.mogaza.org/index.php?page=gazacity Municipality of Gaza] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528010900/http://www.mogaza.org/index.php?page=gazacity |date=28 May 2010 }} {{in lang|ar}}). This gives a population density of 9,982.69/km² (26,424.76/mi²).</ref> In 2007 poverty, unemployment and poor living conditions were widespread and many residents received [[United Nations Relief and Works Agency|United Nations]] food aid.<ref name="Abu-Lughod" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7266326.stm |title=Five militants die in Gaza strike |access-date=19 January 2009 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=27 February 2008 }}</ref>

=== Religion ===
The population of Gaza is overwhelmingly composed of Muslims, who mostly follow [[Sunni Islam]].<ref name="Abu-Lughod" /> During the Fatimid period, [[Shia Islam]] was dominant in Gaza, but after Saladin conquered the city in 1187, he promoted a strictly Sunni religious and educational policy, which at the time was instrumental in uniting his Arab and Turkish soldiers.<ref name="Filfil" />

Gaza is home to a small [[Palestinian Christians|Palestinian Christian]] minority of about 3,500 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7246454.stm |title=Militants bomb Gaza YMCA library |access-date=19 January 2009 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=15 February 2008 }}</ref> The majority live in the Zaytun Quarter of the Old City and belong to the [[Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem|Greek Orthodox]], [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], and [[Baptist Church|Baptist]] denominations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://imeu.net/news/article007836.shtml |title=Gaza's Christian community – serenity, solidarity and soulfulness |access-date=19 January 2009 |last=Omer |first=Mohammed |date=9 February 2008 |publisher=[[Institute for Middle East Understanding]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122185050/http://imeu.net/news/article007836.shtml |archive-date=22 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1906, there were about 750 Christians, of which 700 were Orthodox and 50 were Roman Catholic.<ref name="Meyer" />

Gaza's Jewish community was roughly 3,000 years old,<ref name="Abu-Lughod" /> and in 1481 there were sixty Jewish households.<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=91&letter=G&search=gaza Gaza], ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''</ref> At the time of the [[1929 Palestine riots]], there were fifty families living in Gaza, most of whom fled after the riots.<ref name="Abu-Lughod" /> In Sami Hadawi's land and population survey, Gaza had a population of 34,250, including 80 Jews in 1945.<ref name="Hadawi" /> Most of them left the city after the 1948 War, due to mutual distrust between them and the Arab majority.<ref name = JVL>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/gaza_settlements |title=A Brief History of the Gaza Settlements |encyclopedia=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=16 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016201938/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/gaza_settlements |archive-date=16 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Today, there are no Jews living in Gaza.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Peace/MFADocuments/Pages/Disengagement%20Plan%20-%20General%20Outline.aspx |title=The Disengagement Plan-General Outline |access-date=28 April 2017 }}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Gaza}}

[[File:أحد شوارع غزة 2012.jpg|thumb|Gaza City in 2012|left]]
[[File:Gaza Park - منتزه بلدية غزة.jpg|thumb|right|Gaza park, 2012]]
[[File:منتجع الشاليهات.jpg|thumb|A beach resort in Gaza City in 2010|left]]
The major agricultural products are strawberries, citrus, dates, olives, flowers, and various vegetables. Pollution and high demand for water have reduced the productive capacity of farms in the Gaza Strip.<ref name="Abu-Lughod" /> Small-scale industries include the production of plastics, construction materials, textiles, furniture, pottery, tiles, copperware, and carpets. Since the Oslo Accords, thousands of residents have been employed in government ministries and security services, [[UNRWA]] and international organizations.<ref name="Abu-Lughod" /> Minor industries include textiles and food processing. A variety of wares are sold in Gaza's street bazaars, including carpets, pottery, wicker furniture, and cotton clothing. The upscale [[Gaza Mall]] opened in July 2010.<ref name=Mcintyre>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/as-the-israeli-blockade-eases-gaza-goes-shopping-2035432.html "As the Israeli blockade eases, Gaza goes shopping"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810152602/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/as-the-israeli-blockade-eases-gaza-goes-shopping-2035432.html |date=10 August 2011 }}, Donald Macintyre, 26 July 2010, ''The Independent''</ref><ref name=Waked>[http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3922441,00.html "1st Gaza mall attracts thousands; Despite siege, new shopping center in Strip opened its doors last Saturday to enthusiastic crowds, offering international brands, much-needed air-conditioning. Mall's manager promises affordable prices tailored for local residents"], Ali Waked, 07.20.10, [[Ynet]].</ref>

A report by [[human rights and development]] groups published in 2008 stated that Gaza had suffered a long term pattern of economic stagnation and dire development indicators, the severity which was increased exponentially by the Israeli and Egyptian blockades.<ref name="Oxfam" /> The report cited a number of economic indicators to illustrate the point: In 2008, 95% of Gaza's industrial operations were suspended due to lack of access inputs for production and export problems. In 2009, unemployment in Gaza was close to 40%. The private sector which generates 53% of all jobs in Gaza was devastated and businesses went bankrupt. In June 2005, 3,900 factories in Gaza employed 35,000 people, by December 2007, only 1,700 were still employed. The construction industry was paralyzed with tens of thousands of laborers out of work. The agriculture sector was hard hit, affecting nearly 40,000 workers dependent on [[cash crop]]s.<ref name="Oxfam">{{cite web |url=http://mediciconafrica.altervista.org/newsletter/gaza.pdf |title=The Gaza Strip: A Humanitarian Implosion |access-date=19 January 2009 |publisher=[[Oxfam]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105507/http://mediciconafrica.altervista.org/newsletter/gaza.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Gaza's [[food prices]] rose during the blockade, with wheat flour going up 34%, rice up 21%, and baby powder up 30%. In 2007, households spent an average of 62% of their total income on food, compared to 37% in 2004. In less than a decade, the number of families depending on UNRWA food aid increased tenfold.<ref name="Oxfam" /> In 2008, 80% of the population relied on humanitarian aid in 2008 compared to 63% in 2006. According to a report by [[OXFAM]] in 2009, Gaza suffered from a serious shortage of housing, educational facilities, health facilities and infrastructure, along with an inadequate sewage system that contributed to hygiene and public health problems.<ref name="Oxfam" />

Following a significant easing of the closure policy in 2010, the economy of Gaza began to see a substantial recovery from anemic levels during the height of the blockade.<ref name=NYToverview>{{cite news |title=Gaza Strip |url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/gaza_strip/index.html |access-date=18 October 2012 |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=28 August 2012 }}</ref> The economy of Gaza grew by 8% in the first 11 months of 2010.<ref name="businessweek.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-08/palestinians-lure-banks-with-first-sukuk-bills-islamic-finance.html |title=Palestinians Lure Banks with First Sukuk Bills: Islamic Finance - BusinessWeek |access-date=8 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212090617/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-08/palestinians-lure-banks-with-first-sukuk-bills-islamic-finance.html |archive-date=12 December 2010 }}</ref> Economic activity is largely supported by [[International aid to Palestinians|foreign aid donations]].<ref name="businessweek.com" /> There are a number of hotels in Gaza, including the Palestine, Grand Palace, Adam, al-Amal, al-Quds, Cliff, [[Al Deira Hotel|al-Deira]] and Marna House. All, except the Palestine Hotel, are located along in the coastal [[Rimal]] district. The [[United Nations]] (UN) has a beach club on the same street. Gaza is not a frequent destination for tourists, and most foreigners who stay in hotels are journalists, aid workers, and UN and [[Red Cross]] personnel. Upmarket hotels include the al-Quds and the al-Deira Hotel.<ref>Jacobs, 1994, p.454</ref>

Presence of [[hydrocarbon reserves]] around the region gives potential to Gaza, to develop as a leading industrial center.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=24 August 2005 |title='This Genocide Is About Oil' |url=https://atmos.earth/this-genocide-is-about-oil/ |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=Atmos |language=en }}</ref> Many of the region’s gas and oil fields are underneath Gaza.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=28 August 2019 |title=The unrealized potential of Palestinian oil and gas reserves |url=https://unctad.org/news/unrealized-potential-palestinian-oil-and-gas-reserves |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=[[UN Trade and Development]] }}</ref> In 1999, [[Natural gas in the Gaza Strip|natural gas reserves]] were discovered, offshore of the territory, known as [[Gaza Marine]].<ref name=":0" /> It holds {{convert|1|e12cuft||abbr=off}} of [[natural gas]], as a part of the Levant Basin, which itself holds {{convert|122|e12cuft||abbr=off}} of natural gas.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The Levant Basin on the [[Mediterranean Sea]], which includes coastal regions of Israel, [[Egypt]], [[Cyprus]], [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]] and [[Palestine]], is estimated to have {{convert|1.7|Goilbbl|m3}} of oil.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Gaza is the only coastal part of the State of Palestine.<ref name=":0" /> In 2000, exploration license were granted by the [[Government of Palestine|government]] to [[British Gas Group]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> However, the project was interrupted during the [[Second Intifada|2000–2005 uprisings]], where supportive infrastructure, the [[Gaza Seaport plans|seaport]] and [[Yasser Arafat International Airport|airport]] was destroyed by Israel.<ref name=":0" /> In 2023, the work gain momentum again, until it was crashed in the ongoing war.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> A large number of people used to believe that, Gaza's oil and gas reserves is the reason for Israel's offensive on the territory, also described as a [[Gaza genocide|potential genocidal campaign]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Culture ==

=== Cultural centers and museums ===
[[File:مكتبة جواهر لال نهرو - جامعة الأزهر.jpg|thumb|right|Nehru Library and Cultural Center at Gaza's [[Al-Azhar University – Gaza|Al-Azhar University]] ]]
The [[Rashad Shawa Cultural Center]], located in [[Rimal]], was completed in 1988 and named after its founder, former mayor [[Rashad al-Shawa]].<ref name="RSCC">[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ar&u=http://www.mogaza.org/&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3DGaza%2BMunicipality%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26hs%3DE5j%26pwst%3D1 Rashad Shawa Cultural Center] Gaza Municipality.</ref> A two-story building with a triangular plan, the cultural centers performs three main functions: a meeting place for large gatherings during annual festivals, a place to stage exhibitions, and a library.<ref name="ADL">[http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=1013 Rashad Shawa Cultural Center] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802011556/http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=1013 |date=2 August 2009 }} Archnet Digital Library.</ref> The French Cultural Center is a symbol of French partnership and cooperation in Gaza. It holds art exhibits, concerts, film screenings, and other activities. Whenever possible, French artists are invited to display their artwork, and more frequently, Palestinian artists from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank are invited to participate in art competitions.<ref>Abdel-Shafi, Sami. [http://imeu.net/news/article007595.shtml Promoting culture and hope in Gaza] [[Institute for Middle East Understanding]] republishing of ''This Week in Palestine''. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824001616/http://imeu.net/news/article007595.shtml |date=24 August 2013 }}</ref>

Established in 1998, the Arts and Crafts Village is a children's cultural center with the objectives of promoting comprehensive, regular and periodic documentation of creative art. It interacted on a large scale with a class of artists from different nationalities and organized around 100 exhibitions for creative art, ceramics, graphics, carvings and others. Nearly 10,000 children from throughout the Gaza Strip have benefited from the Arts and Crafts Village.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1888&ed=130&edid=130 |title=Arts and Crafts Village |publisher=This Week in Palestine |first=Amelia |last=Thomas |date=September 2006 |access-date=16 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720234837/http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1888&ed=130&edid=130 |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Gaza Theater, financed by contributions from Norway, opened in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/programs/morning/transcripts/2004/feb/040210.kenyon.html |title=Analasis: New Cinema Opening up in Gaza City |publisher=NPR |first=Bob |last=Edwards |date=14 February 2004 |access-date=16 February 2009 }}</ref> The theater does not receive much funding from the PNA, depending mostly on donations from foreign aid agencies. The [[A. M. Qattan Foundation]], a [[Palestinian art]]s charity, runs several workshops in Gaza to develop young artistic talent and impart drama skills to teachers. The Gaza Theater Festival was inaugurated in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0722/p11s02-wome.html |title=Theater thrives in Gaza, despite restrictions |work=The Christian Science Monitor |first=Amelia |last=Thomas |date=22 January 2005 |access-date=16 February 2009 }}</ref>

The [[Gaza Museum of Archaeology]] opened in the summer of 2008. The museum collection features thousands of items, including a statue of a full-breasted [[Aphrodite]] in a diaphanous gown, images of other ancient deities and oil lamps featuring menorahs.<ref>Bronner, Ethan. [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/25/world/middleeast/25gaza.html?_r=3&scp=2&sq=archaeology&st=cse&oref=slogin Museum Offers Gray Gaza a View of Its Dazzling Past]. ''[[New York Times]]'', 25 July 2008.</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Palestinian cuisine#Gaza}}

Gaza's cuisine is characterized by its generous use of spices and chillies. Other major flavors and ingredients include dill, chard, garlic, cumin, lentils, chickpeas, pomegranates, sour plums and [[tamarind]]. Many of the traditional dishes rely on [[clay pot cooking]], which preserves the flavor and texture of the vegetables and results in fork-tender meat. Traditionally, most Gazan dishes are seasonal and rely on ingredients indigenous to the area and its surrounding villages. Poverty has also played a role in many of the city's simple meatless dishes and stews, such as ''saliq wa adas'' ("chard and lentils") and ''bisara'' (fava beans mashed with dried [[mulukhiya]] leaves and chilies).<ref name="Haddad">[[Laila el-Haddad|El-Haddad, Laila]]. [http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1726&ed=115&edid=115 The Foods of Gaza] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724171358/http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1726&ed=115&edid=115 |date=24 July 2011 }} ''This Week in Palestine''. June 2006.</ref>

Seafood is a key aspect of Gaza life and a local staple,<ref>Farsakh, Mai M. [http://imeu.net/news/article001840.shtml The rich flavors of Palestine] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416133124/http://imeu.net/news/article001840.shtml |date=16 April 2009 }} [[Institute for Middle East Understanding]]. 11 June 2006.</ref> Some well-known seafood dishes include ''zibdiyit gambari'', literally, "shrimps in a clay pot", and ''shatta'' which are crabs stuffed with red hot chili pepper dip, then baked in the oven. Fish is either fried or grilled after being stuffed with cilantro, garlic, chillies and cumin, and marinated with various spices. It is also a key ingredient in ''sayyadiya'', rice cooked with caramelized onions, a generous amount of whole garlic cloves, large chunks of well-marinated fried fish, and spices such as turmeric, cinnamon, and cumin.<ref name="Haddad" /> Many of the 1948-era refugees were ''[[fellahin]]'' ("peasants") who ate seasonal foods. ''[[Sumaghiyyeh]]'', popular in Gaza not just on Ramadan but all year round, is a mixture of sumac, tahina and water combined with chard, chunks of beef and chickpeas. The dish is topped with crushed dill seeds, chillies and fried garlic and served in bowls.<ref name="Haddad" /> ''Maftool'' is a wheat-based dish flavored with dried sour plums that is served like couscous or shaped into little balls and steamed over stew or soup.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTo6c_PJWRgC&q=gaza+levantine+food&pg=PA285 |title=Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia |first=Ken |last=Albala |date=1 January 2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313376269 |access-date=28 April 2017 |via=Google Books }}</ref>

Most Gaza restaurants are located in the [[Rimal]] district. Al-Andalus, which specializes in fish and seafood, is popular with tourists, as are al-Sammak and the upscale [[Roots Club]].<ref name="CBS">{{cite news |title=Israel's Gaza Blockade Baffles Both Sides |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israels-gaza-blockade-baffles-both-sides/ |access-date=10 August 2010 |newspaper=[[CBS News]] |date=28 May 2010 |archive-date=11 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511163813/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/05/28/world/main6526479.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Atfaluna is a stylish restaurant near Gaza port run and staffed by deaf people with the goal of building a society that is more accepting of people with disabilities.<ref name="uk.reuters.com">{{cite news |author= |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-palestinians-gaza-deaf/gaza-deaf-restaurant-a-chance-to-change-perceptions-idUSLNE89H01U20121018 |title=Gaza deaf restaurant a chance to change perceptions |newspaper=Reuters |date=18 October 2012 |access-date=28 April 2017 }}</ref>

Throughout the Old City there are street stalls that sell cooked beans, hummus, roasted sweet potatoes, falafel, and kebabs. Coffee houses (''qahwa'') serve [[Arabic coffee]] and tea. Gaza's well-known sweet shops, Saqqala and Arafat, sell common Arab sweet products and are located off [[Wehda Street]]. Alcohol is a rarity, found only in the United Nations Beach Club.<ref>Jacobs, 1994, p.456</ref>

=== Costumes and embroidery ===
{{See also|Palestinian costumes}}
[[File:Chest panel from Gaza dress (Palestinian Thobe).jpg|thumb|Chest panel from Gaza dress]]
[[Gauze]] is reputed to have originated in Gaza. Cloth for the Gaza ''thob'' was often woven at nearby [[al-Majdal, Askalan|Majdal]]. Black or blue cottons or striped pink and green fabric that had been made in Majdal continued to be woven throughout the [[Gaza Strip]] by refugees from the coastal plain villages until the 1960s. ''Thobs'' here had narrow, tight, straight sleeves. Embroidery was much less dense than that applied in Hebron. The most popular motifs included: scissors (''muqass''), combs (''mushut'') and triangles (''hijab'') often arranged in clusters of fives, sevens and threes, as the use of odd numbers is considered in Arab [[folklore]] to be effective against the [[evil eye]].<ref name="PCA2">{{cite web |title=Palestine costume before 1948: by region |publisher=Palestine Costume Archive |access-date=1 August 2008 |url=http://www.palestinecostumearchive.org/regional.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020913101705/http%3A//www%2Epalestinecostumearchive%2Eorg/regional%2Ehtm |archive-date=13 September 2002 }}</ref>

Circa 1990, [[Hamas]] and other Islamic movements sought to increase the use of the ''[[hijab]]'' ("headscarf") among Gazan women, especially urban and educated women, and the ''hijab'' styles since introduced have varied according to class and group identity.<ref name=Hammami>Rema Hammami. "Women, the Hijab and the Intifada" in ''[[Middle East Report]]'', No. 164/165, May–Aug. 1990. {{JSTOR|3012687 }}</ref>

=== Sports ===
[[Palestine Stadium]], the Palestinian national stadium, is located in Gaza and has a capacity for 10,000 people. Gaza has several local football teams that participate in the [[Gaza Strip League]]. They include Khidmat al-Shatia (al-Shati Camp), Ittihad al-Shuja'iyya (Shuja'iyya neighborhood), Gaza Sports Club, and al-Zeitoun (Zeitoun neighborhood).<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesp/pales06.html Palestina 2005/06] Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation.</ref>

== Governance ==
[[File:Sa'id al-Shawa.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Said al-Shawa]], the first [[mayor of Gaza]]]]
{{See also|Palestinian Legislative Council|Politics of the Palestinian National Authority|Mayor of Gaza City}}

Today, Gaza serves as the administrative capital of the [[Gaza Governorate]].<ref>[http://www.gaza.gov.ps/englishVersion/default.asp Gaza Governorate Home Page] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050309160721/http://www.gaza.gov.ps/englishVersion/default.asp |date=9 March 2005 }} Governorate of Gaza Official Website.</ref> It contains the currently defunct [[Palestinian Legislative Council]] building.

The first municipal council of Gaza was formed in 1893 under the chairmanship of Ali Khalil Shawa. Modern mayorship, however, began in 1906 with his son [[Said al-Shawa]], who was appointed [[Mayor of Gaza|mayor]] by the Ottoman authorities.<ref name="Mayors">[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ar&u=http://www.mogaza.org/&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3DGaza%2BMunicipality%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26hs%3DE5j%26pwst%3D1 Former Presidents of the Municipality of Gaza]. Municipality of Gaza.</ref> Al-Shawa oversaw the construction of Gaza's first hospital, several new mosques and schools, the restoration of the Great Mosque, and the introduction of the modern plow to the city.<ref>[http://74.125.45.113/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ar&u=http://www.mogaza.org/ex-mayors-1.htm&prev=/search%3Fq%3DGaza%2BMunicipality%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26hs%3DE5j%26pwst%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh8sFQSMFpVW1ggNf5j7ikrGkFWzQ Said al-Shawa, 1906]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Gaza Municipality.</ref> In 1922, British [[Secretary of State for the Colonies|colonial secretary]] [[Winston Churchill]] requested that Gaza develop its own [[constitution]] under Mandatory Palestine. However, it was rejected by the Palestinians.<ref>{{cite book |author=Tessler M |chapter=Ch. 3: The Conflict Takes Shape |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kbU4BIAcrQC&q=palestine+constitution+1922&pg=PA172 |title=A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict |year=1994 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0253208734 }}</ref>

On 24 July 1994, the PNA proclaimed Gaza the first [[Municipality (Palestinian Authority)|city council]] in the [[Palestinian territories]].<ref name="PASSIA">[http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/chronology/19941995.htm Palestine Facts Timeline] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729174648/http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/chronology/19941995.htm |date=29 July 2013 }} [[Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs]] (PASSIA).</ref> The 2005 [[2004–05 Palestinian local elections|Palestinian municipal elections]] were not held in Gaza, nor in [[Khan Yunis]] or Rafah. Instead, [[Fatah]] party officials selected the smaller cities, towns, and villages to hold elections, assuming they would fare better in less urban areas. The rival [[Hamas]] party, however, won the majority of seats in seven of the ten municipalities selected for the first round with voter turnout being around 80%.<ref>Anderson, John. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A44058-2005Jan28.html Hamas Dominates Local Vote in Gaza] [[Washington Post]]. 29 January 2005.</ref> 2007 saw [[2007 Battle of Gaza|violent clashes]] between the two parties that left over 100 dead, ultimately resulting in Hamas taking over the city.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6748621.stm How Hamas took over the Gaza Strip] ''[[BBC News]]''.</ref>

Normally, Palestinian municipalities with populations over 20,000 and that serve as administrative centers have municipal councils consisting of fifteen members, including the mayor. The current municipal council of Gaza, however, consists of fourteen members, including the installed by Hamas mayor, Nizar Hijazi.<ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=688460 New Gaza City mayor to start job Sunday] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408220243/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=688460 |date=8 April 2014 }}. ''[[Maan News Agency]]''. 9 April 2014.</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:Girls lining up for class - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Schoolgirls in Gaza lining up for class, 2009]]
[[File:Islamic Uni Gaza.jpg|thumb|The main conference hall of the [[Islamic University of Gaza]]]]

According to the PCBS, in 1997, approximately over 90% of Gaza's population over the age of 10 was literate. Of the city's population, 140,848 were enrolled in schools (39.8% in elementary school, 33.8% in secondary school, and 26.4% in high school). About 11,134 people received bachelor diplomas or higher diplomas.<ref>[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/gaz_t3.aspx Palestinian Population (10 Years and Over) by Locality, Sex and Educational Attainment] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119062953/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/gaz_t3.aspx |date=19 November 2008 }} [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS).</ref>

In 2006, there were 210 schools in Gaza; 151 were run by the [[Palestinian Ministry of Education and Higher Education|Education Ministry of the Palestinian National Authority]], 46 were run by the [[United Nations Relief and Works Agency]], and 13 were private schools. A total of 154,251 students were enrolled and 5,877 teachers were employed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mohe.gov.ps/downloads/pdffiles/statisticE.pdf |title=Statistics About General Education in Palestine |access-date=24 April 2008 |publisher=[[Education Minister of the Palestinian National Authority]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529042912/http://www.mohe.gov.ps/downloads/pdffiles/statisticE.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The currently downtrodden economy has affected education in the Gaza Strip severely. In September 2007, a UNRWA survey in the Gaza Strip revealed that there was a nearly 80% failure rate in schools grades four to nine, with up to 90% failure rates in mathematics. In January 2008, the [[United Nations Children's Fund]] reported that schools in Gaza had been canceling classes that were high on energy consumption, such as [[information technology]] or science labs, and extra curricular activities.<ref name="Oxfam" />

=== Universities ===
Gaza has many universities. The four main universities in the city are [[al-Azhar University – Gaza]], [[al-Quds Open University]], [[al-Aqsa University]] and the [[Islamic University of Gaza]]. The Islamic University, consisting of ten facilities, was founded by a group of businessmen in 1978, making it the first University in Gaza. It had an enrollment of 20,639 students.<ref>[http://www.iugaza.edu.ps/en/About/Facts.aspx Facts About IUG] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401222405/http://www.iugaza.edu.ps/en/About/Facts.aspx |date=1 April 2012 }} [[Islamic University of Gaza]] Official Website.</ref> Al-Azhar is generally secular and was founded in 1992. Al-Aqsa University was established in 1991. Al-Quds Open University established its Gaza Educational Region campus in 1992 in a rented building in the center of the city originally with 730 students. Because of the rapid increase of the number of students, it constructed the first university owned building in the [[Nasser, Gaza|Nasser District]]. In 2006–07, it had an enrollment of 3,778 students.<ref>[http://www.qou.edu/homePage/english/index.jsp?pageId=176 Gaza Educational Region] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703235239/http://www.qou.edu/homePage/english/index.jsp?pageId=176 |date=3 July 2009 }} [[Al-Quds Open University]].</ref>

=== Public library ===
The Public Library of Gaza is located off [[Wehda Street]] and has a collection of nearly 10,000 books in Arabic, English and French. A total area of about {{convert|1410|m2}}, the building consists of two floors and a basement. The library was opened in 1999 after cooperation dating from 1996 by Gaza under mayor Aoun Shawa, the municipality of [[Dunkirk]], and the [[World Bank]]. The library's primary objectives are to provide sources of information that meets the needs of beneficiaries, provide necessary facilities for access to available information sources, and organizing various cultural programs such as, cultural events, seminars, lectures, film presentations, videos, art and book exhibitions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://74.125.45.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ar&u=http://www.mogaza.org/centers-library.htm&prev=/search%3Fq%3DGaza%2BMunicipality%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26hs%3DE5j%26pwst%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjTkA9I7j9liOYc90GIppOKptX9cg |title=The municipal public library |publisher=Gaza Municipality}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On 27 November 2023, the Public Library was destroyed by Israeli airstrike.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 November 2023 |title=Gazans mourn loss of their libraries: Cultural beacons and communal spaces |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/30/gaza-library-palestinian-culture/ |access-date=3 September 2025 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 }}</ref>

== Landmarks ==
{{See also|Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip}}
[[File:المسجد العمري الكبير في غزة بعد القصف والدمار.jpg|left|thumb|Ruins of the [[Great Mosque of Gaza]], destroyed by Israeli bombing during the Gaza war, photo taken on January 29, 2025.]]
Landmarks in Gaza include the [[Great Mosque of Gaza|Great Mosque]] in the Old City. Originally a pagan temple, it was consecrated a Greek Orthodox church by the Byzantines,<ref>Jacobs, 1998, p.451</ref> then a mosque in the 8th century by the Arabs. The Crusaders transformed it into a church, but it was reestablished as a mosque soon after Gaza's reconquest by the Muslims.<ref name="Sheehan" /> It is the oldest and largest in the Gaza Strip.<ref>Porter and Murray, 1868, p.250.</ref> In 2023, at the beginning of the [[Gaza war]], it was destroyed by the [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip]], leaving most of the structure collapsed and the minaret partially destroyed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2023 |title=Images show major damage to Gaza's oldest mosque |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67664853 |access-date=9 December 2023 |work=BBC |language=en-GB }}</ref>[[File:Saed Hashem Mosque.jpg|thumb|The [[Sayed al-Hashim Mosque]] in 2017. It was damaged as a result of an Israeli airstrike in October 2023, during the [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Saber |first=Indlieb Farazi |date=14 January 2024 |title=A 'cultural genocide': Which of Gaza's heritage sites have been destroyed? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/14/a-cultural-genocide-which-of-gazas-heritage-sites-have-been-destroyed |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en }}</ref>]]
Other mosques in the Old City include the Mamluk-era [[Sayed al-Hashim Mosque]] that believed to house the tomb of the Islamic prophet [[Mohammed]]'s great-grandfather, [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim ibn Abd al-Manaf]], in its dome.<ref>[http://www.webgaza.net/gaza_strip/tour/Sayyed_Hashem_Mosque.htm Sayyed Hashem Mosque] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224122300/http://www.webgaza.net/gaza_strip/tour/Sayyed_Hashem_Mosque.htm|date=24 December 2008}} Web Gaza.</ref> The building was damaged by an Israeli airstrike in October 2023, during the [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip]].<ref name=":2" /> There is also the nearby [[Kateb al-Welaya Mosque]] that dates back to 1334. In [[Shuja'iyya]] is the [[Ibn Uthman Mosque]], which was built by Nablus native Ahmad ibn Uthman in 1402, and the [[Mahkamah Mosque]] built by Mamluk [[majordomo]] Birdibak al-Ashrafi in 1455. In [[Tuffah]] is the [[Ibn Marwan Mosque]],<ref name="Sharon31" /> which was built in 1324 and houses the tomb of Ali ibn Marwan, a holy man.<ref name="MET" />

The [[Unknown Soldier's Square]], located in [[Rimal]], is a monument dedicated to an unknown Palestinian fighter who died in the 1948 War. In 1967, the monument was torn down by Israeli forces and remained a patch of sand,<ref>Jacobs, 1998, p.455.</ref> until a public garden was built there with funding from Norway.
[[File:قصر_الباشا_في_غزة.jpg|left|thumb|The palace of [[Qasr al-Basha]] in 2016, before its destruction in 2024]]
[[Qasr al-Basha]], originally a Mamluk-era villa that was used by Napoleon during his brief sojourn in Gaza, is located in the Old City and is today a girls' school. It was destroyed in the [[Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip|Israeli invasion of Gaza]] in 2024.<ref name="pics">{{Cite news |date=11 January 2024 |title=Destruction of the Palestinian cultural heritage of Gaza – in pictures |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2024/jan/11/palestinian-cultural-heritage-gaza-destruction-in-pictures |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305200812/https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2024/jan/11/palestinian-cultural-heritage-gaza-destruction-in-pictures |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=26 June 2024 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2024 |title=قصر الباشا.. بقي قائما من العصر المملوكي حتى هدمته إسرائيل |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2024/2/24/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Al Jazeera Arabic |language=ar }}</ref>
[[File:Gaza_War_Cemetery_3.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Gaza War Cemetery|World War I Cemetery in Gaza]] in 2009. It was damaged by Israeli army at the start of the [[Gaza war]] in 2023.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Greene |first=Andrew |date=22 July 2024 |title=Satellite imagery reveals extent of destruction of Commonwealth war graves in Gaza |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-07-22/satellite-commonwealth-war-grave-gaza-damage/104126386 |access-date=13 July 2025 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU }}</ref>]]
The Commonwealth [[Gaza War Cemetery]], often referred to as the British War Cemetery, contains the graves of fallen Allied soldiers in World War I; it sits {{convert|1.5|km|0|abbr=on}} northeast of the city center, in the Tuffah district, near [[Salah al-Din Road]].<ref name="Sheehan" /><ref>[http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/71701 Gaza War Cemetery] at the Commonwealth War Graves Commission</ref> The cemetery has been damaged by Israeli army in the early stages of the [[Gaza war]] in 2023.<ref name=":3" />
[[File:Saint Porphyrius Church, Gaza City.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Church of Saint Porphyrius]] in 2022]]
The [[Church of Saint Porphyrius]], a [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] church, oldest active church in the city and the third oldest church in the world. On 19 October 2023, part of the church was damaged during an [[Church of Saint Porphyrius airstrike|Israeli airstrike]], killing at least 18 civilians of the 450 [[Christian]] and [[Muslim]] [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] residents of the [[Gaza Strip]] that had been sheltering there.<ref name="AIT">{{cite web |date=20 November 2023 |title=Israel/OPT: 'Nowhere safe in Gaza': Unlawful Israeli strikes illustrate callous disregard for Palestinian lives |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/11/israel-opt-nowhere-safe-in-gaza-unlawful-israeli-strikes-illustrate-callous-disregard-for-palestinian-lives/ |access-date=1 December 2023 |work=Amnesty International }}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
{{See also|Water supply and sanitation in the Palestinian territories}}

=== Water supply and sanitation ===
According to the 1997 census by the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]], 98.1% of Gaza's residents were connected to the public [[right to water|water supply]] while the remainder used a private system.<ref>[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/gaz_t9.aspx Occupied Housing Units by Locality and Connection to Water Network] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119063118/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/gaz_t9.aspx |date=19 November 2008 }} [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS).</ref> About 87.6% were connected to a public sewage system and 11.8% used a cesspit.<ref>[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/gaz_t11.aspx Occupied Housing Units by Locality and Connection to Sewage System in Housing Unit] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119063038/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/gaz_t11.aspx |date=19 November 2008 }} [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS).</ref> The blockade on Gaza severely restricted the city's water supply. The six main wells for drinking water did not function, and roughly 50% of the population had no water on a regular basis. The municipality claimed it was forced to pump water through "salty wells" because of the unavailability of electricity. About 20 million liters of raw sewage and 40 million liters of partially treated water per day flowed into the Mediterranean Sea, and untreated sewage bred insects and mice.<ref>[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ar&u=http://www.mogaza.org/&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3DGaza%2BMunicipality%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26hs%3DE5j%26pwst%3D1 The outcome of the unjust embargo on the work of the municipal] Gaza Municipality.</ref>
As a "water-poor" country, Gaza is highly dependent on water from [[Wadi Gaza|Wadi Ghazza]]. The Gaza Aquifer is used as Gaza's main resource for obtaining quality water. However, the majority of water from Wadi Ghazza is transported to Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Clive |last1=Lipchin |first2=Eric |last2=Pallant |first3=Danielle |last3=Saranga |first4=Allyson |last4=Amster |title=Integrated Water Resources Management and Security in the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rgHmpppZ-wC&pg=PA109 |year=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4020-5986-5 |page=109 }}</ref>

=== Power grid ===
In 2002 Gaza began operating its own power plant which was built by [[Enron]].<ref>{{cite web |first=David |last=Barbosa |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/09/business/enron-sought-to-raise-cash-two-years-ago.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm |title=Enron Sought To Raise Cash Two Years Ago – Page 2 – New York Times |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=9 March 2002 |access-date=26 March 2013 }}</ref> However, the power plant was bombed and destroyed by the [[Israeli Defense Forces]] in 2006. Prior to the power plant's destruction Israel provided additional electricity to Gaza through the [[Israel Electric Corporation]]. The plant was partially rebuilt by December 2007,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gisha.org/map-item.asp?lang_id=en&p_id=886 |title=Gaza Power Plant |publisher=Gisha.org |date=3 February 2010 |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511000924/http://www.gisha.org/map-item.asp?lang_id=en&p_id=886 |archive-date=11 May 2013 }}</ref> and Israeli electricity continues to be sold to Gaza.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/news/41575.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517115115/https://english.ahram.org.eg/news/41575.aspx |url-status=live |archive-date=17 May 2012 |agency=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |title=Cut Gaza power supply to boost Israel grid: minister |date=13 May 2012 |access-date=26 March 2013 }}</ref>

=== Solid waste management ===
Solid waste management is one of key compelling issues facing Gazans today. These challenges are attributed to several factors; the lack of investment in environmental systems, less attention was given to environmental projects, and the absence of law enforcement and the tendency towards crisis management. One of the main aspects of this problem is the huge quantities of rubble and debris generated as a result of Israeli bombardments.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Salemdeeb |first1=Ramy |title=Gaza's Challenge |journal=CIWM |date=2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://zerowastemena.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/gazas-challenge.html |title=Gaza's Challenge |publisher=CIWM journal |date=25 April 2013 |access-date=18 April 2015 }}</ref>

For instance, the scale of damage resulting from [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict|Operation Protective Edge]] was unprecedented. All governorates in the Gaza Strip witnessed extensive aerial bombardment, naval shelling and artillery fire, resulting in a considerable amount of rubble. According to recent statistics, more than 2 million tonnes of debris was generated. Approximately 10,000 houses were leveled to the ground including two 13-story residential buildings. A tremendous amount of debris remains scattered in Gaza. Serious efforts and a high budget are required to handle this challenge. More importantly, and based on a UNEP study after the 2008 war, the debris is highly likely to be contaminated with PAHs and probably with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, and furan compounds.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/gaza-toil-rubble-rami-salem?trk=prof-post |title=Gaza: Toil & Rubble |publisher=CIWM journal |date=16 December 2014 |access-date=18 April 2015 }}</ref> In January 2024, the Israeli army destroyed Gaza City’s main reservoirs, Al-Balad and Al-Rimal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lack of access to clean drinking water is a death sentence for the people of Gaza |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/lack-access-clean-drinking-water-death-sentence-people-gaza-enar |work=[[ReliefWeb]] |date=15 January 2024 }}</ref>

== Health care ==
[[File:Al-Quds hospital, Gaza City, following Israeli shelling.jpg|thumb|[[Al-Quds hospital]], Gaza City, following Israeli shelling in 2009]]
[[Al-Shifa Hospital]] ("the Cure") was founded in the Rimal District by the British Mandate government in the 1940s. Housed in an army barracks, it originally provided quarantine and treatment for [[febrile]] diseases. When Egypt administered Gaza, this original department was relocated and al-Shifa became the city's central hospital.<ref>Husseini and Barnea, 2002, p.135.</ref> When Israel withdrew from the Gaza Strip after occupying it in the [[1956 Suez Crisis]], Egyptian president [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] had al-Shifa hospital expanded and improved. He also ordered the establishment of a second hospital in the Nasser District with the same name. In 1957, the quarantine and febrile disease hospital was rebuilt and named [[Nasser Hospital]].<ref name="Husseini" /> Today, al-Shifa remains Gaza's largest medical complex.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dci-pal.org/english/display.cfm?DocId=526&CategoryId=23 |title=Al-Shifa Hospital and Israel's Gaza Siege |date=16 July 2006 |publisher=Defence For Children International, Palestine Section |access-date=16 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021083834/http://www.dci-pal.org/english/display.cfm?DocId=526&CategoryId=23 |archive-date=21 October 2009 }}</ref>

Throughout the late 1950s, a new health administration, Bandar Gaza ("Gaza Region"), was established and headed by [[Haidar Abdel-Shafi]]. Bandar Gaza rented several rooms throughout the city to set up government clinics that provided essential [[curative care]].<ref name="Husseini">Husseini and Barnea, 2002, p.136.</ref>
[[File:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 46.jpg|thumb|[[Al-Shifa Hospital]] in Gaza City during the [[Gaza war]] on 11 October 2023]]
The Ahli Arab Hospital, founded in 1907 by the Church Missionary Society (CMS), was destroyed in World War I.<ref name="AAH">{{cite web |url=http://www.biblelands.org.uk/project_partners/by_location/isr_pal/al_ahli_hospital/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202232549/http://www.biblelands.org.uk/project_partners/by_location/isr_pal/al_ahli_hospital/index.htm |archive-date=2 February 2007 |title=Al Ahli Arab Hospital |publisher=Bible Lands }}</ref> It was rebuilt after the war by the CMS, and in 1955 became the Southern Baptist Hospital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/cms_section_IX_part_1/Publishers-Note.aspx |title=CHURCH MISSIONARY SOCIETY ARCHIVE Section IX: Middle East Missions |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604212509/http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/cms_section_IX_part_1/Publishers-Note.aspx |archive-date=4 June 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Husseini and Barnea, 2002, p.34.</ref> In 1982, the Episcopal Diocese of Jerusalem took leadership and the original name was restored.<ref name="AAH" /> Al-Quds Hospital, located in the [[Tel al-Hawa]] neighborhood and managed by the [[Palestine Red Crescent Society]], is the second largest hospital in Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article5521925.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227065935/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article5521925.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 February 2011 |title=UN headquarters in Gaza hit by Israeli 'white phosphorus' shells |date=15 January 2009 |work=Times Online |access-date=24 May 2009 |location=London |first1=Sheera |last1=Frenkel }}</ref>

In 2007, hospitals experienced power cuts lasting for 8–12 hours daily and diesel required for power generators was in short supply. According to the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), the proportion of patients given permits to exit Gaza for medical care decreased from 89.3% in January 2007 to 64.3% in December 2007.<ref name="Oxfam" />

In 2010, a team of doctors from Al-Durrah Hospital in Gaza spent a year of training at the cystic fibrosis clinic at [[Hadassah Medical Center]] in [[Jerusalem]]. Upon their return to Gaza, a cystic fibrosis center was established at Al-Durrah, although the most serious cases are referred to Hadassah.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/hadassah-at-100-where-no-man-has-gone-before/secret-medical-service.premium-1.469151 |title=Secret medical service |work=[[Haaretz]] }}</ref>

[[Al-Rantisi Hospital]] provides care for children.

== Transportation ==
[[File:Gaza airport 03.jpg|thumb|right|Ruins of [[Yasser Arafat International Airport]] in the southern Gaza Strip, 2002]]
The Rasheed Coastal Road runs along Gaza's coastline and connects it with the rest of Gaza Strip's coastline north and south. The main highway of the Gaza Strip, [[Salah al-Din Road]] (the modern [[Via Maris]]) runs through the middle of Gaza City, connecting it with Deir al-Balah, [[Khan Yunis]], and Rafah in the south and [[Jabalia]] and [[Beit Hanoun]] in the north.<ref name=autogenerated1>Sheehan, 2000, p.428.</ref> The northern crossing of Salah ad-Din Street into Israel is the [[Erez Crossing]] and the crossing into Egypt is the [[Rafah Crossing]].

[[Omar Mukhtar Street]] is the main road in the city running north–south, branching off Salah ad-Din Street, stretching from the Rimal coastline and the Old City where it ends at the [[Gold Market]].<ref name="Sheehan" /> Prior to the [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip]], there existed regular lines of collective taxis to [[Ramallah]] and [[Hebron]] in the [[West Bank]].<ref name="MOG">[http://www.mogaza.org/gazacity.htm About Gaza City] Gaza Municipality. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620101738/http://www.mogaza.org/gazacity.htm |date=20 June 2008 }}</ref> Except for private cars, Gaza City is served by taxis and buses.

The [[Yasser Arafat International Airport]] near [[Rafah]] opened in 1998 {{convert|40|km|mi}} south of Gaza. Its runways and facilities were damaged by the [[Israeli Defense Forces]] in 2001 and 2002, rendering the airport unusable. In 2010, the tarmac ramp was destroyed by Palestinians seeking stones and recycled building materials.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/video/middleeast/2010/08/2010815112013994444.html |title=Gazans rip apart airport tarmac |access-date=28 April 2017 }}</ref> The [[Ben Gurion International Airport]] in Israel is located roughly {{convert|75|km|mi}} northeast of the city.<ref name="MOG" />

==Notable people==
*[[Israel ben Moses Najara]]
*[[Nathan of Gaza]]

== International relations ==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in the Palestinian Territories}}

=== Twin towns and sister cities ===
Gaza is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
* {{flagicon|ISR}} '''[[Tel Aviv]]''', [[Israel]] (1998)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/tel-aviv-decides-to-retain-contract-with-gaza-city-as-twin-city-1.238958 |title=Tel Aviv Decides to Retain Contract With Gaza City as Twin City' |date=10 February 2008 |access-date=28 April 2017 |newspaper=Haaretz }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Dunkirk]]''', France (1996)<ref name="dq-fr">{{cite web |url=http://www.ville-dunkerque.fr/fr/entreprendrea-dunkerque/l-economie/dunkerque-internationale/index.html |title=La Communauté Urbaine de Dunkerque a signé des accords de coopération avec |publisher=Hôtel de ville de Dunkerque – Place Charles Valentin – 59140 Dunkerque |access-date=28 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109212344/http://www.ville-dunkerque.fr/fr/entreprendrea-dunkerque/l-economie/dunkerque-internationale/index.html |archive-date=9 November 2007 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Turin]]''', Italy (1997)<ref name="Turin twinnings">{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.torino.it/relint/inglese/gemellaggieaccordi/index.shtml |title=International Affairs – Twinnings and Agreements |access-date=6 August 2013 |last=Pessotto |first=Lorenzo |work=International Affairs Service in cooperation with Servizio Telematico Pubblico |publisher=City of Torino |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618182559/http://www.comune.torino.it/relint/inglese/gemellaggieaccordi/index.shtml |archive-date=18 June 2013 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IRN}} '''[[Tabriz]]''', [[Iran]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www5.irna.ir |title=خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی |publisher=.irna.ir |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326014735/http://www3.irna.ir/ |archive-date=26 March 2013 }}</ref>
{{col-2}}
* {{flagicon|NOR}} '''[[Tromsø]]''', Norway (2001)<ref name="tc-sc">{{cite web |url=http://www.tromso.kommune.no/index.gan?id=478&subid=0 |title=Vennskapsbyer |publisher=Tromsø kommune, Postmottak, Rådhuset, 9299 Tromsø |access-date=28 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027130749/http://www.tromso.kommune.no/index.gan?id=478&subid=0 |archive-date=27 October 2007 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|POR}} '''[[Cascais]]''', Portugal<ref name="cc-sc">{{cite web |url=http://www.cm-cascais.pt/Cascais/Cascais/Relacoes_internacionais/Cidades_Geminadas/ |title=Cidades Geminadas |publisher=Câmara Municipal de Cascais |access-date=28 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111073847/http://www.cm-cascais.pt/Cascais/Cascais/Relacoes_internacionais/Cidades_Geminadas/  |archive-date=11 November 2007 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Barcelona]]''', Spain (1998)<ref name="Barcelona">{{cite web |url=http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html |title=Barcelona internacional – Ciutats agermanades |publisher=Ajuntament de Barcelona |language=es |access-date=13 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216085914/http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0%2C4022%2C229724149_257215678_1%2C00.html |archive-date=16 February 2009 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Cáceres, Spain|Cáceres]]''', Spain (2010)<ref name="Cáceres">{{cite web |url=http://www.elperiodicoextremadura.com/noticias/noticia.asp?pkid=529644 |title=Cáceres prepara su hermanamiento con la palestina Gaza |publisher=© 2010 El Periódico de Extremadura |language=es |access-date=1 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912024546/http://www.elperiodicoextremadura.com/noticias/noticia.asp?pkid=529644 |archive-date=12 September 2010 }}</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Palestine}}

* [[Gaza genocide]]
* [[List of cities administered by the Palestinian Authority]]
* [[List of rulers of Gaza]]
* [[Outline of the State of Palestine]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=Cities+of+the+Middle+East |first1=J. |last1=Abu-Lughod |author-link1=Janet Abu-Lughod |first2=Michael |last2=Dumper |year=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-919-5}}
* {{cite book |editor=Barron, J.B. |title=Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |publisher=Government of Palestine |year=1923}}
* {{cite book |title=Christian Gaza In Late Antiquity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lA9VwVwoyiAC |first1=Bruria |last1=Bitton-Askeloni |first2=Arieh |last2=Kofsky |year=2004 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-13868-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Briggs |first=Martin Shaw |title=Through Egypt in War-time |year=1918 |location=London |publisher=T. Fisher Unwin Ltd. |url=https://archive.org/details/throughegyptinw00briggoog/page/n326/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book |title=Life at the crossroads: a history of Gaza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WnttAAAAMAAJ&q=Butt+Radwan+Daraj |first1=Gerald |last1=Butt |year=1995 |publisher=Rimal Publications |isbn=1-900269-03-1}}
* {{cite book |title=Groundwater in the Urban Environment: Proceedings of the XXVII IAH Congress on Groundwater in the Urban Environment, Nottingham UK, 21–27 September 1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53IPHH32OgYC |first1=John |last1=Chilton |year=1999 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-90-5410-924-2 |author2=Hydrogeologists, International Association of}}
* {{cite book |first1=Amnon |last1=Cohen |first2=Bernard |last2=Lewis |author-link2=Bernard Lewis |date=1978 |title=Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x196g |location= |publisher=Princeton University Press |page= |jstor=j.ctt13x196g |isbn=978-1-4008-6779-0 |access-date=}}
* {{cite book |title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390 |author=Department of Statistics |year=1945 |publisher=Government of Palestine}}
* {{cite book |title=Rediscovering Palestine: Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus, 1700–1900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zry-tpH3rz8C |first=B. |last=Doumani |author-link=Beshara Doumani |year=1995 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-20370-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Dowling |first=Theodore Edward |author-link=Theodore Edward Dowling |date=2015 |orig-date=1st pub. 1913 |title=Gaza: A City of Many Battles (from the family of Noah to the Present Day) |url=https://archive.org/details/gazacityofmanyba00dowlrich |location=London |publisher=S.P.C.K. |page= |isbn=1514878526 |access-date=}}
* {{cite book |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia |first1=Michael |last1=Dumper |first2=Bruce E. |last2=Stanley |first3=J. |last3=Abu-Lughod |author-link3=Janet Abu-Lughod |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-57607-919-5}}
* {{cite book |title=Governing Gaza: Bureaucracy, Authority, and the Work of Rule, 1917–1967 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0bEoa0a_YsC&q=Governing+Gaza |first1=Ilana |last1=Feldman |year=2008 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-4240-3}}
* {{cite book |title=Gaza: A History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fhzBAAAQBAJ&q=hussein+pasha+gaza&pg=PA27 |last=Filiu |first=J.-P. |author-link=Jean-Pierre Filiu |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-020189-0}}
* {{A History of Palestine, 634–1099}}
* {{cite book |title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine |url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html |first=S. |last=Hadawi |author-link=Sami Hadawi |year=1970 |publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center |archive-date=8 December 2018 |access-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208215837/http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |title=Separate and Cooperate, Cooperate and Separate: The Disengagement of the Palestine Health Care System from Israel and Its Emergence as an Independent System |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7AMWP3oI5IUC&q=Rafiq+Husseini&pg=PR3 |first1=Rafiq |last1=Husseini |first2=Tamara |last2=Barnea |year=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0-275-97583-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hütteroth |first1=W.-D. |author-link1=Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth |last2=Abdulfattah |first2=K. |author-link2=Kamal Abdulfattah |title=Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft |isbn=3-920405-41-2}}
* {{cite book |author=Makhon le-minhal tsiburi be-Yiśraʼel |date=1966 |title=Public Administration in Israel and Abroad |url= |location= |publisher=Israel Institute of Public Administration |page= |isbn= |access-date=}}
* {{cite book |title=Israel and the Palestinian territories |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JXoY2vCZ5AEC&q=Israel+and+the+Palestinian+territories |first1=Daniel |last1=Jacobs |year=1998 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-85828-248-0 |author2=Eber, Shirley |author3=Silvani, Francesca}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Hugh |title=The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In |url=https://archive.org/details/greatarabconques00kenn_0 |url-access=registration |date=2007 |publisher=Da Capo Press |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-306-81585-0}}
* {{cite book |title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500 |url=https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft |first=G. |last=Le Strange |author-link=Guy Le Strange |year=1890 |publisher=Committee of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
* {{cite book |title=Integrated Water Resources Management and Security in the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rgHmpppZ-wC |first1=Clive |last1=Lipchin |year=2007 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-5984-1 |author2=Pallant, Eric |author3=Saranga, Danielle}}
* {{cite book |title=History of the city of Gaza: from the earliest times to the present day |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofcityofg00meyeuoft |first1=Martin Abraham |last1=Meyer |year=1907 |author-link=Martin A. Meyer |publisher=Columbia University Press}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=de Miroschedji |first1=Pierre |author-link1=Pierre de Miroschedji |last2=Sadeq |first2=Moain |author-link2=Moain Sadeq |title=Sakan, Tell es- |encyclopedia=The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land |date=2008 |publisher=[[Israel Exploration Society]]/[[Biblical Archaeology Society]] (BAS) |volume=5: Supplementary Volume |via=BAS Library |url=https://library.biblicalarchaeology.org/book/the-new-encyclopedia-of-archaeological-excavations-in-the-holy-land/sakan-tell-es/ |access-date=23 June 2024 |archive-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623172348/https://library.biblicalarchaeology.org/book/the-new-encyclopedia-of-archaeological-excavations-in-the-holy-land/sakan-tell-es/ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |title=The Children of Noah: Jewish Seafaring in Ancient Times |first=R. |last=Patai |author-link=Raphael Patai |edition=3rd, illustrated |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-691-00968-1}}
* {{cite book |title=The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: Volume I A-K (excluding Acre and Jerusalem) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ |last=Pringle |first=D. |author-link=Denys Pringle |year=1993 |isbn=0-521-39036-2 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}
* {{cite book |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places |first1=Trudy |last1=Ring |first2=Robert M. |last2=Salkin |first3=Paul E. |last3=Schellinger |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2aOpeBnbxvsC&q=Great+Mosque+of+Gaza&pg=PA289 |isbn=978-1-884964-03-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=E. |author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar) |last2=Smith |first2=E. |author-link2=Eli Smith |year=1841 |url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearc00smitgoog |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838 |location=Boston |publisher=[[Crocker & Brewster]] |volume=2}}
* {{cite book |title=Palestine: History of a Lost Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0suiJ7Gj1QC&q=Great+Mosque+of+Gaza+Mamluk&pg=PA429 |first=K. |last=Sabbagh |author-link=Karl Sabbagh |year=2008 |publisher=Grove Press |isbn=978-1-900949-48-4}}
* {{cite book |title=Palestine: A Guide |first1=Mariam |last1=Shahin |publisher=Interlink Books |year=2005 |isbn=1-56656-557-X |url=https://archive.org/details/palestine00mari}}
* {{cite book |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, G |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2LtyFVNJmcC |first=M. |last=Sharon |author-link=Moshe Sharon |year=2009 |volume=4 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-17085-8}}
* {{cite book |title=The armies of the Hasmonaeans and Herod: from Hellenistic to Roman frameworks |first=I. |last=Shatzman |author-link=Israel Shatzman |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |year=1991 |isbn=978-3-16-145617-6}}
* {{cite book |title=Israel Handbook: With the Palestinian Authority Areas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0suiJ7Gj1QC&q=Great+Mosque+of+Gaza+Mamluk&pg=PA429 |first1=Sean |last1=Sheehan |year=2000 |publisher=Footprint Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-900949-48-4}}
* {{cite book |title=An Ottoman Century: The District of Jerusalem in the 1600s |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EN-Pd-JLybUC&q=Lajjun&pg=PA42 |first1=Dror |last1=Ze'evi |year=1996 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=0-7914-2915-6}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.mogaza.org/ Municipality of Gaza]
* [https://x.com/AsemAlnabeh Spokesperson for Gaza Municipality]
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=31.513289,34.463425&spn=0.133744,0.240704&t=k Gaza at Google Maps]
* [http://www.gaza-city.org/image/publications/The%20achievements%20of%20the%20municipal%20council%20for%20a%20period%20of%205%20years.pdf The achievements of the municipal council for a period of 5 years (2008–2013) in Arabic] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819130658/http://www.gaza-city.org/image/publications/The%20achievements%20of%20the%20municipal%20council%20for%20a%20period%20of%205%20years.pdf |date=19 August 2014 }}

{{Gaza City}}
{{Gaza Governorate|state=collapsed}}
{{whole Gaza Strip}}
{{Cities in Palestinian National Authority areas}}
{{Ancient states and regions of the Levant}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gaza City| ]]
[[Category:Bronze Age sites in Palestine]]
[[Category:Cities in the Gaza Strip]]
[[Category:Capitals in Palestine]]
[[Category:Gaza Governorate]]
[[Category:Hebrew Bible cities]]
[[Category:Philistine cities]]
[[Category:Populated places of the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Palestine]]
[[Category:1929 Palestine riots]]
[[Category:Cities founded by Alexander the Great]]
[[Category:Palestinian Christian communities]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Palestine]]

Randhawa

2026-03-07T17:50:47Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: slightly refine section after review and updated info for accuracy

{{short description|Family name}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox gotra
| name = Randhawa
| type = [[Jat]] clan
| location = [[Punjab]]
| religion = [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]] [[Sikhism]], [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Islam]], [[File:Om.svg|18 px]] [[Hinduism]]
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
}}

'''Randhawa''' is a [[Jat]] clan found in the [[Punjab region]] of India and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UO0M5P9h_qgC&q=Randhawa%20Jat |title=Cultural Geography, Form and Process: Essays in Honour of Prof. A.B. Mukerji |pages=138, 141, 142|author=Neelam Grover, Kashi N. Singh|date=2004|publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788180690747 |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Why I Supported the Emergency: Essays and Profiles |first=Khushwant |last=Singh |author-link=Khushwant Singh |publisher=Penguin UK |year=2009 |isbn=978-8-18475-241-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4cADAQAAQBAJ&q=Randhawa+Jats&pg=PT193 |quote=Now that caste has raised its ugly head, many have reattached caste names like Randhawa, Brar, Gill, Sandhu, Sidhu (all sikh agriculturist tribes) ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Pakistan: Millennium 2000|year=2001 |publisher=Research Institute of Historiography, Biography and Philosophy (Lahore) |oclc=50495187 |page=454 }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |title=Journal of Regional History |publisher=Department of History, Guru Nanak Dev University |year=1981 |volume=2 |pages=29}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kumar Suresh |title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles |date=1996 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=0-19-563357-1 |edition=Illustrated |series=People of India: National series |volume=8 |location=Delhi |pages=1355–1357 |chapter=Appendix B |oclc=35662663}}</ref> The Randhawa name has special significance in the history of the [[Sikhism|Sikh faith]], the first appointed [[Granthi]] (Principal religious official and custodian of the holy book- [[Guru Granth Sahib]]) was a Randhawa ([[Baba Buddha]])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aulakh |first=Dr. Ajit Singh |url=http://archive.org/details/IllustratedLifeStoriesOfBabaBuddhaSahibJi |title=Illustrated Life Stories Of Baba Buddha Sahib Ji |publisher=B. Chattar Singh Jiwan Singh |year=2006 |isbn=81-7601-775-2 |pages=3, 22}}</ref> There are also adherents of [[Hinduism]] and [[Islam]] belonging to the Randhawa clan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jammu-and-kashmir-bjp-sacks-party-secretary-vikram-randhawa-over-provocative-remarks-101635873829909.html |title=Jammu and Kashmir BJP sacks party secretary Vikram Randhawa over provocative remarks |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=2 November 2021 |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url =https://dailytimes.com.pk/130483/hindu-leader-asks-people-experience-cultural-diversity/ |title=Hindu leader asks people to experience cultural diversity|newspaper=Daily Times (newspaper)|date=26 October 2017|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Vandana |title=Pak Randhawa's clan part of Sikh history |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/pak-randhawas-clan-part-of-sikh-history/articleshow/713893.cms |access-date=1 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=2 June 2004}}</ref>

== List of notable people ==


Notable people who bear the name and may or may not be associated with the clan are:
*[[Amanpreet Singh Randhawa]] (better known as Mahabali Shera), Indian wrestler
*[[Arfa Abdul Karim Randhawa]] (1995–2012), Pakistani child prodigy, youngest Microsoft Certified Professional
*[[Afzal Ahsan Randhawa]], Pakistani writer, and member of the National Assembly of Pakistan
*[[Baba Buddha]], prime historical figure in [[Sikhism]]
*[[Dara Singh Randhawa]], Indian wrestler and actor
*[[Gurbachan Singh Randhawa]], Indian athlete
*[[Guriq Randhawa]], English cricketer
*[[Gurman Randhawa]], English cricketer
*[[Guru Randhawa]], Indian singer and songwriter from Gurdaspur, Punjab, India
*[[Hamid Rashid Randhawa]], former [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (Pakistan)|Vice Chief of Air Staff]] of [[Pakistan Air Force]]
*[[Iftikhar Randhawa]], Pakistani politician and writer
*[[Jesse Randhawa]], Indian actress and model
*[[Jyoti Randhawa]], Indian golfer
*[[Karishma Randhawa]], Indian actress
*[[Kuljeet Randhawa]], Indian actress and model
*[[Kuljit Singh Randhawa]] , Indian politician
*[[Kulraj Randhawa]], Indian actress
*[[Mohinder Singh Randhawa]], Indian administrator, historian and botanist
*[[Muhammad Tahir Randhawa]], Pakistani politician
*[[Nikki Randhawa Haley]], [[née]] Randhawa, former [[Governor of South Carolina]], former United States Ambassador to the United Nations, former candidate for [[POTUS]].
*[[Ravinder Randhawa]], British writer
*[[Saadhika Randhawa]], Indian actor
*[[Sabah Randhawa]], American academic administrator
*[[Sardara Singh Randhawa]], Indian wrestler and actor
*[[Shaad Randhawa]], Indian actor
*[[Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa]], Indian politician
*[[Surjit Singh Randhawa]], Indian field hockey player

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Surname|Randhawa}}
{{Gotras of Jats |state=collapsed}}
{{Ethnic and social groups of the Punjab}}

[[Category:Punjabi-language surnames]]
[[Category:Jat clans of Punjab]]

Rakshasa (2005 film)

2026-03-03T21:46:44Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: added article - done

{{No plot|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rakshasa
| image = Rakshasa (2005 film).jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| writer = [[Tushar Ranganath]]
| screenplay = Sadhu Kokila
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] [[Gajala]] [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] [[Rangayana Raghu]]
| producer = [[Ramu (Film Producer)|Ramu]]
| music = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| cinematography = Krishnakumar
| editing = T. Shashikumar
| studio = Ramu Films
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2005|03|25}}
| runtime = 158 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Rakshasa''''' ({{translation|Demon}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[crime thriller film]] directed by [[Sadhu Kokila]], written by Ranganath and produced by [[Ramu (Film Producer)|Ramu]]. The film features [[Shiva Rajkumar]] and [[Gajala]] in the lead roles along with [[Ruthika]], Amrutha, [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] and [[Rangayana Raghu]] in other pivotal roles.

The film featured original score and soundtrack composed by [[Sadhu Kokila]]. Upon release, the film was appreciated for its making style and won numerous awards at the [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] for the year 2004–05.

== Plot ==
A tough police officer goes out of his way to bring down the underworld dons and is even ready to murder them in staged [[Encounter killing|encounters]] to rid the society of evil.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as ACP Harish Chandra "Rakshasa"
* [[Gajala]]
* Amrutha
* [[Ruthika]] as Mandakini
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Shabbir
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as SI Cheluvaraju
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
* [[H. G. Dattatreya]] as Freedom Fighter Doreswamy from KGF
* [[Ramesh Bhat]]
* [[Pavitra Lokesh]]
* [[Duniya Vijay]] as Thambi Palani
* [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]]
* [[Mimicry Dayanand]]
* [[G. K. Govinda Rao]]
* [[Tejashri Khele|Tejashree]] (special appearance in the song "Jollu Jollu Jollayya")
* Kote Prabhakar as Selva
* Muni as Thangam
* [[Aniruddha Sastry|Master Aniruddh]]
* Ramesh Pandit as Pandit
* Prithviraj as heroine's father
* Mohan Juneja
* Killer Venkatesh
* Kourava Venkatesh
* Jolly Bastin
* Myna Chandru
* Kuri Sagar
* K. V. Manjayya
* Shankar Rao
* [[Dinesh Mangaluru]]
* Kari Subbu
* [[Tushar Ranganath]]
*Shailaja Joshi as Harish's mother in law
*Ganesh Rao Kesarkar as Inspector Giriyappa
*[[Kaddipudi]] Chandru as bike rider with triple riding
}}

==Production==
The first schedule was completed in June 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=8263|title=Raakshasa, first spell over|website=Screen|access-date=9 August 2025|date=4 June 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040620221429/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=8263|archive-date=20 June 2004}}</ref> The dance number "Jollu Jollu Jollayya" featuring [[Tejashri Khele|Tejashree]] and forty dancers was shot in a set at Madhu Art Studios, Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=8358|title=Raakshasa progressing|website=Screen|access-date=9 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040619080941/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=8358|archive-date=19 June 2004|date=11 June 2004}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Sadhu Kokila]] and the audio was sold on Jhankar Music label.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 February 2006 |title=Raakshasa (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/raakshasa-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/687068792 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231212085416/https://music.apple.com/in/album/raakshasa-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/687068792 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:35
| title1 = Reelu Illi Helodella
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| length1 = 4:51
| title2 = Kumbara Madike Maadida
| extra2 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Nanditha]]
| lyrics2 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| length2 = 4:22
| title3 = Jollu Jollu Jollayya
| extra3 = [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| lyrics3 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| length3 = 4:40
| title4 = Ninagagi Ninagagi
| extra4 = Hemanth, Nagachandrika
| lyrics4 = K. Kalyan
| length4 = 4:41
| title5 = Gooli Gooli Gurayisu
| extra5 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]]
| lyrics5 = Ranganath
| length5 = 3:55
| title6 = Odu Odu Odu
| extra6 = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| lyrics6 = Ranganath
| length6 = 2:21
| title7 = Raakshasa (Victory Theme)
| lyrics7 =
| extra7 = Sadhu Kokila
| length7 = 1:45
}}

== Reception ==
[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "''Raakshasa'' was a hugely expected film, and does not belie the expectations. Kannada film fans will certainly find it exceptional".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/25raak.htm | title=Raakshasa is exceptional! | work=[[Rediff.com]] | date=25 March 2005 | access-date=12 December 2023 | archive-date=9 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209131719/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/25raak.htm | url-status=live |first=R. G. |last=Vijayasarathy|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "On the whole go ahead and watch this edge of the seat action thriller".<ref>{{cite web |date=28 March 2005 |title=Rakshasa |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/rakshasa-review-kannada-pclvInihjhbbc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508034113/https://www.sify.com/movies/rakshasa-review-kannada-pclvInihjhbbc.html |archive-date=8 May 2022 |work=[[Sify]] |access-date=12 December 2023 }}</ref> S. N. Deepak of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "The director narrates the story through various episodes which glorify the hero. At the same time, he takes care to ensure that it is logical. He has also effectively used the flashback scenes.The action scenes, particularly the opening and the climax scenes, have been shot effectively".<ref>{{cite web |last=Deepak |first=S. N. |date=27 March 2005 |title=Rakshasa |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar272005/mr4.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050327140728/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar272005/mr4.asp |archive-date=27 March 2005 |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[2004–05 Karnataka State Film Awards]] :<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2004-05 |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_state_award04_05.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212085013/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_state_award04_05.asp |archive-date=12 December 2023 |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=[[Viggy]]}}</ref>
# [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] - [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]
# [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music director]] - [[Sadhu Kokila]]
# [[Karnataka State Film Awards|Best Art Director]] - Dinesh Mangalore
# [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Actor (Male)|Best Child actor]] - [[Aniruddha Sastry|Aniruddh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|31633030}}

{{Sadhu Kokila}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rakshasa}}
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sadhu Kokila]]
[[Category:2005 action films]]
[[kn:ರಾಕ್ಷಸ]]

Nadhikalil Sundari Yamuna

2026-03-03T09:39:10Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: Starting a bio initial version

{{Short description|2023 Indian comedy-drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nadhikalil Sundari Yamuna
| image = Nadikalil Sundari Yamuna poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = {{Plainlist|
* Vijesh Panathur
* Unni Vellora
}}
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Vijesh Panathur
* Unni Vellora
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Vilas Kumar
* Simi Murali Kunnumpurath
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]]
* [[Aju Varghese]]
* [[Pragya Nagra]]
}}
| cinematography = Faisal Ali
| editing = Rathin Radhakrishnan
| music = {{Plainlist|
* [[Arun Muraleedharan]] (songs)
* Sankar Sharma (score)
}}
| studio = Cinematica Films LLP
| distributor = Crescent Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|09|15|ref1=<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-14 |title='Nadikalil Sundari Yamuna' gets a release date! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/102732459.cms |access-date=2023-09-16 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919023536/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/102732459.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| runtime = 129 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to CBFC |url=https://www.ecinepramaan.gov.in/cbfc/?a=Certificate_Detail&i=100090292300000433 |access-date= |website=e-Cinepramaan |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106211425/https://www.ecinepramaan.gov.in/cbfc/?a=Certificate_Detail&i=100090292300000433 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Nadhikalil Sundari Yamuna''''' ({{Translation|[[Yamuna]], the prettiest among rivers}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy-drama]] film written and directed by Vijesh Panathur and Unni Vellora (in their directorial debut).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Nadhikalil Sundari Yamuna |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/nadhikalil-sundari-yamuna-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde2mty4 |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002015829/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/nadhikalil-sundari-yamuna-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde2mty4 |url-status=live }}</ref> Set in [[Kadambery]], the narrative unfolds the conflict between Kannan ([[Dhyan Sreenivasan]]) and Vidhyadharan ([[Aju Varghese]]) regarding their matrimony, and the subsequent chain of events. The film also features [[Pragya Nagra]] (in her Malayalam debut), [[Sudheesh]], [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]], [[Sohan Seenulal]], [[Nirmal Palazhi]] and [[Aneesh Gopal]] in significant roles.

[[Principal photography]] began in October 2022 in [[Taliparamba]]. The songs were composed by [[Arun Muraleedharan]], while the background score was provided by Sankar Sharma. The cinematography and editing were handled by Faisal Ali and Rathin Radhakrishnan. ''Nadhikalil Sundari Yamuna'' was released on 15 September 2023 to mixed reviews from critics and became a commercial success.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-09-20 |title='Nadikalil Sundari Yamuna' box office collections: Dhyan Sreenivasan starrer crosses Rs 1 crore mark |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-box-office-collections-dhyan-sreenivasan-starrer-crosses-rs-1-crore-mark/articleshow/103801443.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-20 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002042403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-box-office-collections-dhyan-sreenivasan-starrer-crosses-rs-1-crore-mark/articleshow/103801443.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 September 2023 |title='Nadhikalil Sundari Yamuna' box office collections: Dhyan Sreenivasan's film surpasses ₹2.5 crores at KBO |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/nadhikalil-sundari-yamuna-box-office-collections-dhyan-sreenivasans-film-surpasses-2-5-crores-at-kbo/articleshow/103957341.cms?from=mdr |access-date=30 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021122523/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/nadhikalil-sundari-yamuna-box-office-collections-dhyan-sreenivasans-film-surpasses-2-5-crores-at-kbo/articleshow/103957341.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Kannan is a 35-year-old unmarried native of [[Kadambery]] and works at a [[Kerala State Beverages Corporation|BEVCO]] outlet. His family consists of his mother Narayani, sister Haritha and uncle Bhaskaran. One day, Kannan is attacked by a [[bull]] in front of his house and, as a result, breaks his arm. Ravi, Kannan's friend, visits him at home and advises him to get married soon.

Sudhakaran, the local secretary of a political party and Kannan's friend, comes up with a marriage proposal. On the wedding day, Kannan's friend Mahesh plays a video on his phone of Kannan and [[Pig farming|pig farm]] owner Mary as a prank. The marriage was called off once everyone learned about the matter. Kannan's friends suspect Vidhyadharan, a bachelor who owns a textile shop in Kadambery, is behind it. Kannan and his friends clash with Vidhyadharan and his friends on the issue. Sudhakaran challenges that they will arrange a marriage for Kannan within two weeks.

Kannan's marriage proposals are blocked by Vidhyadharan's friends, and similarly, Kannan's friends block the marriage proposals of Vidhyadharan. RC, a party worker and a friend of Kannan and Sudhakaran who runs a shop in [[Kodagu district|Coorg]], arranges a marriage proposal for Kannan from there. Kannan and his friends travel to Coorg to see RC at the instruction of Gopalan, a senior member of the local political party. The next day, Kannan marries Yamuna, a [[Kannadathi]]. After reaching home, Kannan and his family realize that Yamuna doesn't speak [[Malayalam]], causing communication problems. Kannan gets irritated as Yamuna starts to develop a relationship with Vidhyadharan, who can speak [[Kannada]]. On Gopalan's instructions, Kannan's friends hide some weapons in Vidhyadharan's shop with the help of some party workers and inform the police.

Upon finding weapons in the shop, the police arrest Vidhyadharan. After realizing that the political party was behind it, the police let Vidhyadharan go. On his return, Vidhyadharan is beaten up by Kannan's friends and asked to leave the place. Following the issue, Vidhyadharan, his mother and friends reach Kannan's house to question him. Vidhyadharan's mother tells everyone that her son is in love with a girl. Kannan misunderstands that the girl mentioned is his wife, Yamuna. Everyone realizes that the girl mentioned by Vidhyadharan's mother is actually Kannan's sister, Haritha. While everyone is discussing Vidhyadharan's issue, Kannan's uncle Bhaskaran arrives with a [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthani]] woman. Kannan and Vidhyadharan catches up and later reconciles with Yamuna, who has started to speak [[Malayalam]].

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]] as Kannan
* [[Aju Varghese]] as Vidhyadharan
* [[Pragya Nagra]] as Yamuna
* [[Sudheesh]] as Bhaskaran
* [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] as RC
* [[Sohan Seenulal]] as Prabhakaran
* [[Nirmal Palazhi]] as Sudhakaran
* Unni Raja as Ravi
* Navas Vallikkunnu as Shamsu
* [[Aneesh Gopal]] as Chandran
* Vilas Kumar as [[Sub-inspector]]
* Rajesh Azhikodan as Balan
* Devaraj Kozhikode as Gopi
* Bhanumathi Payyanur as Narayani
* Gopalan Cheemeni as Gopalan
* Gopi as Ambu
* Aami as Haritha
* Sarath Lal as Danesh
* Prajeesh as Sudheesh
* Kiran Remeshan as Mahesh
* Beena Kodakkadu as Prasanna
* Jeevesh as Jinto
* Vismaya as Sherly
* Jaya Sujith as Omana
* Parwana as Shilpa
* Usha as Vidhyadharan's mother
}}

== Production ==

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began on 8 October 2022 with a [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] ceremony held at [[Trichambaram Temple]] in [[Taliparamba]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nadhikalil Sundari Yamuna {{!}} നദികളിൽ സുന്ദരി യമുന (2023) - Mallu Release {{!}} Watch Malayalam Full Movies |url=https://www.mallurelease.com/2023/06/nadhikalil-sundari-yamuna-movie.html |access-date=2023-09-16 |language=english |archive-date=2023-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918054416/https://www.mallurelease.com/2023/06/nadhikalil-sundari-yamuna-movie.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The switch-on ceremony was performed by [[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju Santosh]] and the first clap was given by [[T. V. Rajesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മാധ്യമം |date=2022-10-09 |title=ധ്യാൻ ശ്രീനിവാസനും അജു വർഗീസും; നദികളിൽ സുന്ദരി യമുന കണ്ണൂരിൽ ആരംഭിച്ചു |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/aju-varghese-and-dhyan-sreenivasan-movie-nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-s-movie-started-1082669 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918054416/https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/aju-varghese-and-dhyan-sreenivasan-movie-nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-s-movie-started-1082669 |archive-date=2023-09-18 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Madhyamam |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-09 |title=Nadikalil Sundari Yamuna {{!}} നായകരായി ധ്യാനും അജുവും; 'നദികളിൽ സുന്ദരി യമുന' ചിത്രീകരണം ആരംഭിച്ചു |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-with-dhyan-and-aju-varghese-start-rolling-mm-560831.html |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=News18 Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=2023-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918054415/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-with-dhyan-and-aju-varghese-start-rolling-mm-560831.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The filming took place in and around Taliparamba and [[Payyanur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-06 |title=Nadikalil Sundari Yamuna Set in Kannur's Socio-Political Backdrop; Know More |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-set-in-kannurs-socio-political-backdrop-know-more-6112753.html |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506184109/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-set-in-kannurs-socio-political-backdrop-know-more-6112753.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs are composed by [[Arun Muraleedharan]], while the background score is provided by Sankar Sharma.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-03 |title=It's official! Dhyan Sreenivasan and Aju Varghese starrer 'Nadikalil Sundari Yamuna' to release on THIS day! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-official-dhyan-sreenivasan-and-aju-varghese-starrer-nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-to-release-on-this-day/articleshow/103330485.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-16 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919023534/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-official-dhyan-sreenivasan-and-aju-varghese-starrer-nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-to-release-on-this-day/articleshow/103330485.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The lyrics are written by [[Manu Manjith]] and B. K. Harinarayanan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-15 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan's Nadikalil Sundari Yamuna gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/15/dhyan-sreenivasans-nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-gets-a-releasedate-46604.html |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918055917/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/15/dhyan-sreenivasans-nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-gets-a-releasedate-46604.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The audio rights are obtained by [[Saregama]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-09-18 |title=Nadikalil Sundari Yamuna: When and where to watch Aju Varghese starrer movie on OTT; Know details |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-when-and-where-to-watch-aju-varghese-starrer-movie-on-ott-know-details-rkn-s15zt7 |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002015830/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-when-and-where-to-watch-aju-varghese-starrer-movie-on-ott-know-details-rkn-s15zt7 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first song titled "Konnadi Penne" was released on 25 June 2023, sung by Dhyan Sreenivasan in his debut as a [[playback singer]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-27 |title=Dhyan's maiden attempt at playback singing, 'Konnadi Penne, from 'Nadikalil Sundari Yamuna, is out now |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dhyans-maiden-attempt-at-playback-singing-konnadi-penne-from-nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-is-out-now/articleshow/101302458.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-16 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919023537/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dhyans-maiden-attempt-at-playback-singing-konnadi-penne-from-nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-is-out-now/articleshow/101302458.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan turns singer, song from film 'Nadikalil Sundari Yamuna' out |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1056103&u=dhyan-sreenivasan-turns-singer-song-from-film-%E2%80%98nadikalil-sundari-yamuna%E2%80%99-out |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en |archive-date=2023-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918061244/https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1056103&u=dhyan-sreenivasan-turns-singer-song-from-film-%E2%80%98nadikalil-sundari-yamuna%E2%80%99-out |url-status=live }}</ref> A recreated version of the song "Vellara Poomala Mele" from ''[[Varavelpu]]'' (1989) was released on 26 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-27 |title=Makers of 'Nadikalil Sundari Yamuna' recreates Mohanlal's 'Vellarapoomala Mele' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/makers-of-nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-recreates-mohanlals-vellarapoomala-mele/articleshow/103101413.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-16 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831073711/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/makers-of-nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-recreates-mohanlals-vellarapoomala-mele/articleshow/103101413.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-26 |title=Nadikalil Sundari Yamuna makers recreate Vellarapoomala Mele song |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/26/nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-makers-recreate-vellarapoomala-mele-song-46998.html |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918055917/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/26/nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-makers-recreate-vellarapoomala-mele-song-46998.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Konnadi Penne
| length1 = 2:59
| lyrics1 = Manu Manjith
| extra1 = Dhyan Sreenivasan
| title2 = Puthunaambukal
| length2 = 2:30
| lyrics2 = Manu Manjith
| extra2 = Arun Muraleedharan
| title3 = Vellara Poomala Mele
| note3 = Revisited
| length3 = 4:30
| lyrics3 = [[Kaithapram]]
| extra3 = [[Unni Menon]]
| title4 = Pennu Kandu Nadannu Theyana
| length4 = 1:37
| lyrics4 = Manu Manjith
| extra4 = Sannidhananthan & Sachin Raj R.
| title5 = Kayampoovin Kannil
| length5 = 3:03
| lyrics5 = B. K. Harinarayanan
| extra5 = [[Arvind Venugopal]] & Gayathry Rajiv
| title6 = Kanninu Kann
| length6 = 2:30
| lyrics6 = Manu Manjith
| extra6 = [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] & Jithin Raj
| total_length = 17:09
}}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
The film was given a U certificate by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] prior to its release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan's Nadhikalil Sundari Yamuna gets this certificate by the CBFC |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dhyan-sreenivasans-nadhikalil-sundari-yamuna-gets-this-certificate-by-the-cbfc/13e2cbc53f601 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2023-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918054415/https://www.ottplay.com/news/dhyan-sreenivasans-nadhikalil-sundari-yamuna-gets-this-certificate-by-the-cbfc/13e2cbc53f601 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was released in theatres on 15 September 2023 by Crescent Release through Cinematica Films.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Nadikalil Sundari Yamuna REVIEW: Is Dhyan Sreenivasan, Aju Varghese's film wins audiences heart? Read THIS |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-review-is-dhyan-sreenivasan-aju-varghese-s-film-wins-audiences-heart-read-this-rba-s10fbt |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en |archive-date=2023-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918033851/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-review-is-dhyan-sreenivasan-aju-varghese-s-film-wins-audiences-heart-read-this-rba-s10fbt |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
Highrich OTT acquired the digital rights and began streaming it on 23 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Nadikalil Sundari Yamuna OTT release date: When & where to watch Dhyan Sreenivasan & Aju Varghese's comedy |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-dhyan-sreenivasan-aju-vargheses-comedy/6415315922349 |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021122524/https://www.ottplay.com/news/nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-dhyan-sreenivasan-aju-vargheses-comedy/6415315922349 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=21 October 2023 |title=ചിരിപ്പിക്കാൻ ധ്യാൻ ശ്രീനിവാസൻ ഇനി ഒടിടിയിലേക്ക്, നദികളില്‍ സുന്ദരി യമുന എത്തുന്നു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/dhyan-sreenivasan-starrer-hit-film-nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-to-stream-on-hr-ott-from-23-thoctober-hrk-s2v19p |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021121224/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/dhyan-sreenivasan-starrer-hit-film-nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-to-stream-on-hr-ott-from-23-thoctober-hrk-s2v19p |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
''Nadhikalil Sundari Yamuna'' has grossed {{Usd|10939|link=yes|long=no}} in the United Kingdom and {{Usd|30563|long=no}} in the United Arab Emirates, totaling {{Usd|41502|long=no}} in international earnings.<ref>{{Cite The Numbers|id=Nadikalil-Sundari-Yamuna-(2023-India)|title=Nadikalil Sundari Yamuna|access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Box Office Mojo|id=21109252|title=Nadikalil Sundari Yamuna|access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
Athira M. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "The Dhyan Sreenivasan-Aju Varghese combination shines in '<nowiki/>''Nadikalil Sundari Yamuna''<nowiki/>' but the situational humour lacks punch, with the local dialect managing to save some scenes."<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=2023-09-16 |title='Nadikalil Sundari Yamuna' movie review: No big laughs in this rural comedy drama |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-movie-review-no-big-laughs-in-this-rural-comedy-drama/article67314409.ece |access-date=2023-09-16 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918054415/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-movie-review-no-big-laughs-in-this-rural-comedy-drama/article67314409.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Anjana George of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Overall, this feel-good family entertainer relies on strong performances, humor, and captivating music to compensate for its weak script."<ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Anjana |date=2023-09-16 |title=Nadhikalil Sundari Yamuna Movie Review : Dhyan-Aju chemistry lifts this ok-ok socio-political drama |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/nadhikalil-sundari-yamuna/movie-review/103713632.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-18 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918035344/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/nadhikalil-sundari-yamuna/movie-review/103713632.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Princy Alexander of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote "It's not that '''Nadikalil Sundari Yamuna''<nowiki/>' is a perfect entertainer, but it is quiet refreshing that the makers have not tried too hard to make the comedy work. While the film may suffer from some cliches, the flow in the narrative and the humour ensure these shortcomings can be overlooked."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Princy |date=2023-09-15 |title='Nadikalil Sundari Yamuna' review: Dhyan, Aju Varghese combo elevates this fun family drama |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/09/15/dhyan-sreenivasan-aju-varghese-nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-marriage-political-rivalry-film-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918054416/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/09/15/dhyan-sreenivasan-aju-varghese-nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-marriage-political-rivalry-film-review.html |archive-date=2023-09-18 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>

Vignesh Madhu of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "In their debut outing, writer-director duo Vijesh Panathur and Unni Vellora, don't have a lot of freshness to offer, but if the objective was to follow the formulaic approach and deliver a decent entertainer, well, they seem to have got it right."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2023-09-15 |title='Nadhikalil Sundari Yamuna' movie review: Familiar but harmless comedy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/sep/15/nadhikalil-sundari-yamuna-movie-review-familiar-but-harmless-comedy-2615208.html |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=2023-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002015830/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/sep/15/nadhikalil-sundari-yamuna-movie-review-familiar-but-harmless-comedy-2615208.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Raymond John Kuriachan of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Nadhikalil Sundari Yamuna'' offers nothing new, apart from an old template story coupled with outdated writing. With some laughs here and there, the performances of Aju Varghese and Dhyan Sreenivasan are the only appealing aspects of this passable comedy-drama."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuriachan |first=Raymond John |date=2023-09-15 |title=Nadhikalil Sundari Yamuna Review: A rustic comedy that relies on archaic jokes |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/nadhikalil-sundari-yamuna-review-a-rustic-comedy-that-relies-too-much-on-archaic-jokes/7cb547be0f974 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2023-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918054415/https://www.ottplay.com/review/nadhikalil-sundari-yamuna-review-a-rustic-comedy-that-relies-too-much-on-archaic-jokes/7cb547be0f974 |url-status=live }}</ref> Arjun Ramachandran of ''The South First'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Nadikalil Sundari Yamuna'' is a light-hearted entertainer and aims at the family audience. In that way, the makers have done justice."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Arjun |date=2023-09-16 |title=Nadikalil Sundari Yamuna review: A light-hearted comedy that stands firm to entertain us with some cliches |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-movie-review/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=The South First |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918054416/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/nadikalil-sundari-yamuna-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kannur]]
[[Category:Films scored by Arun Muraleedharan]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]

Vela (film)

2026-03-03T09:38:35Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: Pg

{{Short description|2023 Indian crime drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vela
| image = Vela poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Syam Sasi
| writer = M. Sajas
| producer = George Sebastian
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Shane Nigam]]
* [[Sunny Wayne]]
* [[Sidharth Bharathan]]
}}
| cinematography = Suresh Rajan
| editing = Mahesh Bhuvanend
| music = [[Sam C. S.]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Cyn-Cyl Celluloid
* Badusha Productions
}}
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
* Wayfarer Films ([[Kerala]])
* Truth Global Films (Overseas)
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|11|10|ref1=<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 October 2023 |title=Shane Nigam and Sunny Wayne starrer 'Vela' gets a release date |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shane-nigam-and-sunny-wayne-starrer-vela-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/104653718.cms |access-date=10 November 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028004911/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shane-nigam-and-sunny-wayne-starrer-vela-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/104653718.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Vela''''' ({{Translation|Job}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Crime film#Crime drama|crime drama]] film directed by Syam Sasi in his directorial debut. It stars [[Shane Nigam]] and [[Sunny Wayne]] in the lead roles, alongside [[Siddharth Bharathan]] and [[Aditi Balan]]. The story is set in a police control room in [[Palladium]].

[[Principal photography]] commenced in June 2022 in [[Palakkad]]. The music was composed by [[Sam C. S.]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by Suresh Rajan and Mahesh Bhuvanend. This movie is a loosely based on movie [[The Guilty (2018 film)|The Guilty]] (2018)

''Vela'' was released in theatres on 10 November 2023.

== Cast ==
* [[Shane Nigam]] as [[Civil Police Officer|CPO]] Ullas Augustin
* [[Sunny Wayne]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Mallikarjunan
* [[Sidharth Bharathan]] as CI Ashok Kumar
* [[Aditi Balan]]
* Bipin Perumbilli as KK
* M. Sajas as Askar

== Production ==
The script was written by M. Sajas, who previously worked in ''[[Mandharam]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2022 |title=Sunny Wayne plays a cop in 'Vela'. First look poster out |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/09/17/sunny-wayne-vela-character-poster-george-s-police-roles-shane-nigam.html |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=Onmanorama |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110155833/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/09/17/sunny-wayne-vela-character-poster-george-s-police-roles-shane-nigam.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', M. Sajas said that he wrote the script for the film based on some real-life incidents faced by his father, who was a former police officer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=28 September 2022 |title=Vela will present a different side of Shane Nigam: Writer M Sajas |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/sep/28/vela-will-present-a-different-side-of-shane-nigam-writer-m-sajas-2502536.html |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008072816/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/sep/28/vela-will-present-a-different-side-of-shane-nigam-writer-m-sajas-2502536.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He also got information from some active police officers.<ref name=":0" /> The film was produced by George Sebastian under the banner of Cyn-Cyl Celluloid.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2022 |title=Sunny Wayne, Shane Nigam team up for crime drama 'Vela' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/aug/30/sunny-wayne-shane-nigam-team-up-for-crime-drama-vela-2492765.html |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902134832/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/aug/30/sunny-wayne-shane-nigam-team-up-for-crime-drama-vela-2492765.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Suresh Rajan and Mahesh Bhuvanend were recruited as the cinematographer and editor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=Vela trailer: RDX actor Shane Nigam's film is a thrilling police drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vela-trailer-rdx-actor-shane-nigams-film-is-a-thrilling-police-drama/9edacc215c608 |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110174320/https://www.ottplay.com/news/vela-trailer-rdx-actor-shane-nigams-film-is-a-thrilling-police-drama/9edacc215c608 |url-status=live}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[OTTPlay]]'', [[Sidharth Bharathan]] said that he was offered the role of a [[sub-inspector]] by Syam Sasi before the release of his directorial ''Chathuram'' (2022)''.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=27 December 2022 |title=Exclusive! Vela: Sidharth Bharathan explains why he decided to sign Shane Nigam, Sunny Wayne-starrer |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-vela-sidharth-bharathan-explains-why-he-decided-to-sign-shane-nigam-sunny-wayne-starrer/0b2510ef77188 |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110174349/https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-vela-sidharth-bharathan-explains-why-he-decided-to-sign-shane-nigam-sunny-wayne-starrer/0b2510ef77188 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began on 18 June 2022 in [[Palakkad]] with a customary [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vela {{!}} വേല (2023) |url=https://www.mallurelease.com/2022/08/vela-movie.html |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=Mallu Release |language=en |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604182052/https://www.mallurelease.com/2022/08/vela-movie.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film also marks the directorial debut of Syam Sasi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മനോരമ |date=3 December 2022 |title=സണ്ണി വെയ്‌നും ഷെയ്ൻ നിഗമും; വേല ടൈറ്റിൽ പോസ്റ്റർ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2022/12/03/vela-movie-title-poster.html |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=Manorama Online |language=ml |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207130454/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2022/12/03/vela-movie-title-poster.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music and background score was composed by [[Sam C. S.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=CE |date=20 October 2023 |title=Shane Nigam-Sunny Wayne film Vela gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/20/shane-nigam-sunny-wayne-film-vela-gets-a-releasedate-48795.html |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104154936/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/20/shane-nigam-sunny-wayne-film-vela-gets-a-releasedate-48795.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The audio rights were acquired by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=ഷെയ്ൻ നിഗവും സണ്ണി വെയ്നും പ്രധാന വേഷത്തിലെത്തുന്ന 'വേല'; ലിറിക്കൽ ഗാനം മമ്മൂട്ടി റിലീസ് ചെയ്തു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/shane-nigam-sunny-wayne-movie-vela-lyrical-song-released-1.8983761 |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=ml |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028174442/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/shane-nigam-sunny-wayne-movie-vela-lyrical-song-released-1.8983761 |url-status=live}}</ref> The first song "Paathakal" was sung by [[Haricharan]] and written by [[Anwar Ali (poet)|Anwar Ali]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 October 2023 |title=Shane Nigam's 'Vela' unveils romantic melody 'Paathakal' – A Sam CS musical magic! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shane-nigams-vela-unveils-romantic-melody-paathakal-a-sam-cs-musical-magic/articleshow/104438533.cms |access-date=10 November 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025103009/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shane-nigams-vela-unveils-romantic-melody-paathakal-a-sam-cs-musical-magic/articleshow/104438533.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Paathakal
| length1 = 3:29
| lyrics1 = Anwar Ali
| extra1 = Haricharan
| title2 = Bambadiyo
| length2 = 3:21
| lyrics2 = Anwar Ali
| extra2 = Sam C. S., [[Anthony Daasan]]
| total_length = 6:50
}}

== Release ==
It was previously reported that the film would be released in 2022.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=30 August 2022 |title=Shane Nigam and Sunny Wayne to play cops in the crime drama 'Vela' - EXCLUSIVE! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shane-nigam-and-sunny-wayne-to-play-cops-in-the-crime-drama-vela-exclusive/articleshow/93882318.cms |access-date=10 November 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=31 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831173905/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shane-nigam-and-sunny-wayne-to-play-cops-in-the-crime-drama-vela-exclusive/articleshow/93882318.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released in theatres on 10 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2023 |title=Shane Nigam And Sunny Wayne's Vela Gets A Release Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/shane-nigam-and-sunny-waynes-vela-gets-a-release-date-8627897.html |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029181520/https://www.news18.com/movies/shane-nigam-and-sunny-waynes-vela-gets-a-release-date-8627897.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It was distributed in [[Kerala]] by [[Dulquer Salmaan]]'s Wayfarer Films and internationally by Truth Global Films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2023 |title=കൊമ്പ് കോര്‍ത്ത് ഷെയ്നും, സണ്ണി വെയിനും: വേല പ്രീറിലീസ് ടീസർ റിലീസായി |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/shane-nigam-and-sunny-wayne-as-cops-vela-pre-release-teaser-released-vvk-s3sih9 |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110155907/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/shane-nigam-and-sunny-wayne-as-cops-vela-pre-release-teaser-released-vvk-s3sih9 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "''Vela'' sets up an intriguing premise, but fails to make use of it with things fizzling out in the end."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=10 November 2023 |title='Vela' movie review: This Shane Nigam-starrer fails to make use of its intriguing premise |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vela-movie-review-this-shane-nigam-starrer-fails-to-make-use-of-its-intriguing-premise/article67521116.ece |access-date=10 November 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110155756/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vela-movie-review-this-shane-nigam-starrer-fails-to-make-use-of-its-intriguing-premise/article67521116.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Princy Alexander of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote, "'''Vela''<nowiki/>' delves into the mystery of the missing boy case by placing two policemen with contrasting ethics at the heart of the drama."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Princy |date=10 November 2023 |title='Vela' review: Plot twists drive this gripping police drama |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/11/10/vela-movie-review-shane-nigam-sunny-wayne.html |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=Onmanorama |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110155756/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/11/10/vela-movie-review-shane-nigam-sunny-wayne.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Cris of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "'<nowiki/>''Vela''' is the kind of film that you'd tell someone about as, alright, nothing huge, but keeps you interested."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cris |date=10 November 2023 |title=Vela review: Shane Nigam and Sunny Wayne are great in an average police thriller |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/vela-review-shane-nigam-and-sunny-wayne-are-great-in-an-average-police-thriller |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110155920/https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/vela-review-shane-nigam-and-sunny-wayne-are-great-in-an-average-police-thriller |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "With a well-crafted screenplay and dialogues by M. Sajas, expert editing by Mahesh Bhuvanend, and captivating cinematography by Suresh Rajan, ''Vela'' is poised to leave a lasting impression as a standout thriller."<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=Vela Movie Review: Shane Nigam, Sunny Wayne Film Weaves Complex Narrative In Enthralling Manner |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/vela-movie-review-shane-nigam-sunny-wayne-film-weave-complex-narrative-in-enthralling-manner-review-105107745 |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110054805/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/vela-movie-review-shane-nigam-sunny-wayne-film-weave-complex-narrative-in-enthralling-manner-review-105107745 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Vela'' is one of those movies that offers a rare experience, thanks in large part to Shane Nigam and Sunny Wayne's remarkable performances, but is hindered by a scarcity of engaging moments."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=10 November 2023 |title=Vela movie review: Shane Nigam, Sunny Wayne deliver superb performances |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/vela-movie-review-shane-nigam-sunny-wayne-deliver-superb-performances-9020645/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110174320/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/vela-movie-review-shane-nigam-sunny-wayne-deliver-superb-performances-9020645/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Sajin Shrijith of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Vela'' is most gripping when the two actors spew venom at each other."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=10 November 2023 |title=Vela Movie Review: Sunny Wayne and Shane Nigam excel in a suitably tense ride |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/nov/10/vela-movie-reviewsunny-wayne-and-shane-nigam-excel-in-a-suitably-tense-ride-49435.html |access-date= |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110174225/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/nov/10/vela-movie-reviewsunny-wayne-and-shane-nigam-excel-in-a-suitably-tense-ride-49435.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Ref.
|-
| 2023
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| [[Shane Nigam]]
| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala Film Critics Awards announced, Aattam adjudged best film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-film-critics-awards-announced-aattam-adjudged-best-film/article68168365.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sam C. S.]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]

J Baby

2026-03-03T02:26:55Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: started initial details and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = J Baby poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Suresh Mari
| writer = Suresh Mari
| producer = [[Pa. Ranjith]] Abhayanand Singh Piiyush Singh Sourabh Gupta Aditi Anand Ashwini Chaudhari
| starring = [[Attakathi Dinesh]] [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] [[Lollu Sabha Maaran]]
| cinematography = Jayanth Sethu Mathavan
| editing = Shanmugam Velusamy
| music = Tony Britto
| studio = Vistas Media Neelam Productions Neelam Studios
| distributor = Sakthi Film Factory
| released = {{Film date|2024|3|8|df=y|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''J Baby''''' (stylised as '''''J.Baby''''') is a 2024 [[Tamil language|Indian-Tamil]] family drama directed by Suresh Mari and produced by [[Pa. Ranjith|Pa Ranjith]]. . It stars [[V R Dinesh|Dinesh]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] in titular role and [[Lollu Sabha Maaran]]. The film is inspired by a true story from 2013 and centers around themes of motherhood, mental health, family conflict and reconciliation.

== Plot ==
The story revolves around a woman named, J. Baby, an aging mother and her two sons, Shankar and Senthil. Both sons have grown apart due to misunderstandings, contrasting personalities and unresolved issues from their past. While Shankar is a serious, dutiful man burdened by responsibilities, Senthil is more carefree and emotionally disconnected.

One day, the family receives shocking news that J Baby is found in Kolkata, far from their home in Tamil Nadu, under mysterious circumstances. The police inform the brothers and urge them to come and take her back. Confused and anxious, the estranged brothers reluctantly come together to retrieve their mother.

What begins as a journey to bring their mother home becomes a deeper journey of rediscovery—of their childhood, their emotional scars, and the unspoken pain that distanced them from each other and from their mother.

As they travel, flashbacks slowly reveal how J Baby’s mental health had been deteriorating for years, unnoticed and ignored. Her emotional suppression, sacrifices and longing for affection from her children surface gradually. The sons start realizing the extent of their emotional neglect towards their mother. Through these moments, it witnesses the personal struggles of Shankar and Senthil, shaped by a childhood filled with misunderstandings, pressure, and lack of communication.

Finally, in Kolkata they finally find their mother in a disoriented state. Their encounter is emotional, confusing, and painful—but also transformative. Seeing their mother’s fragile condition helps the brothers break their emotional walls and rebuild their relationship.

They return home together, not just physically reunited but emotionally reconnected. The film displays the importance of mental well-being, empathy in family dynamics, and the unconditional love of a mother that often goes unacknowledged until it's almost too late.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[V R Dinesh|Dinesh]] as J Shankar, Baby's youngest son
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as J Baby
*[[Lollu Sabha Maaran]] as J Senthil, Baby's eldest son
*Kavitha Bharathy as Lender
*Jaya Murthy as himself
* Shegar Narayanan as J Shakti, Baby's younger son
* Ezhumalai
*Dhaksha
* P. Melody Dorcas as Baby's younger daughter
*Ismath Banu A. as Shankar's wife
* Sabbita Roi as Baby's Eldest Daughter
*Mayaashree Arun
*Pari Elavazhagan
*Gaayathri Krishnan as Pooja, a Mental asylum patient
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Tony Britto.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2024 |title=J.Baby – Jukebox | Dinesh | Urvasi | Tony Britto | Suresh Mari | Pa Ranjith |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VI_mLicOFME |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605022347/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VI_mLicOFME |archive-date=2024-06-05 |access-date=2024-03-10 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nedumaram
| lyrics1 = Uma Devi
| extra1 = [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]], Annie J
| length1 = 4:00
| title2 = Idha Thane Ethir Paathen
| lyrics2 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| extra2 = [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length2 = 3:46
| title3 = Little Bit Crazy
| lyrics3 = Roshan Jamrock
| extra3 = Roshan Jamrock
| length3 = 2:47
| title4 = Yaar Padalai
| lyrics4 = Vivek
| extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length4 = 6:20
| title5 = Idha Thane
| lyrics5 = Vivek
| extra5 = Anand Aravindakshan
| note5 = Reprise
| length5 = 3:50
| total_length = 20:43
}}

== Reception ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film two stars out of five in a very mixed review.<ref>{{Cite news |title=J Baby Movie Review : Urvashi anchors this inconsistent film with momentarily engaging moments |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/j-baby/movie-review/108317621.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308095313/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/j-baby/movie-review/108317621.cms |archive-date=2024-03-08 |access-date=2024-03-10 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> ''[[Cinema Express]]''{{'s}} assessment was slightly more positive, stating in particular that "Urvashi saves an otherwise overly melodramatic film".<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2024-03-08 |title=J Baby Movie Review: Urvashi saves an otherwise overly melodramatic film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Mar/08/j-baby-movie-review-urvashi-saves-an-otherwise-overly-melodramatic-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605022309/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Mar/08/j-baby-movie-review-urvashi-saves-an-otherwise-overly-melodramatic-film |archive-date=2024-06-05 |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Other reviews also praised the performance of the actress,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=J Baby Review: Actress Urvashi Delivers An Outstanding Performance To Make This Touching Drama A Handsome Winner |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/j-baby-review-actress-urvashi-delivers-an-outstanding-performance-to-make-this-touching-drama-a-handsome-winner-review-108273952 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308012050/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/j-baby-review-actress-urvashi-delivers-an-outstanding-performance-to-make-this-touching-drama-a-handsome-winner-review-108273952 |archive-date=2024-03-08 |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singaravel |first=Bharathy |date=2024-03-08 |title=J Baby review: Urvashi dazzles in a story that tries too hard to pack a punch |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/j-baby-review-urvashi-dazzles-in-a-story-that-tries-too-hard-to-pack-a-punch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310013309/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/j-baby-review-urvashi-dazzles-in-a-story-that-tries-too-hard-to-pack-a-punch |archive-date=2024-03-10 |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=2024-03-08 |title='J Baby' movie review: A fantastic Urvasi shoulders this meandering tale on kinship |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/j-baby-movie-review-a-fantastic-urvasi-shoulders-this-meandering-tale-on-kinship/article67928154.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310013306/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/j-baby-movie-review-a-fantastic-urvasi-shoulders-this-meandering-tale-on-kinship/article67928154.ece |archive-date=2024-03-10 |access-date=2024-03-10 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Onmanorama]]'' in particular wrote, "''J Baby'' stands out in comparison to Priyadarshan's 2023 film ''[[Appatha]]'', where Urvashi also portrayed a mother".<ref>{{Cite web |title='J Baby' Review {{!}} Urvashi shines in this touching family drama |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/03/08/suresh-mari-tamil-movie-urvashi-j-baby-pa-ranjith-production.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605022318/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/03/08/suresh-mari-tamil-movie-urvashi-j-baby-pa-ranjith-production.html |archive-date=2024-06-05 |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|15163886}}

{{Pa. Ranjith}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Pa. Ranjith]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Cheruvu Kommu Palem, Ongole mandal

2026-03-02T06:54:40Z

SanjayMurugesan2221:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Cheruvu Kommu Palem
| area_blank2_ha =
| population_demonym =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3062
| population_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 75
| elevation_footnotes =
| dimensions_footnotes =
| width_km =
| length_km =
| area_blank1_ha =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| area_metro_ha =
| area_rural_ha =
| area_urban_ha =
| area_water_ha =
| area_land_ha =
| area_total_ha =
| area_blank2_km2 = 
| area_blank1_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_rural_km2 =
| area_urban_km2 =
| population_note =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| area_land_km2 =
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1.00 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| blank5_info_sec2 = {{convert|18.6|°C|°F}}
| blank5_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|40|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|27|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. annual temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|889.1|mm|in}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Tropical]] ([[Tropical savanna climate|Aw–As]] [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Distance to Ocean
| registration_plate = [[AP 07]] or [[AP 08]]
| area_code = 08646
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| postal_code =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| utc_offset1_DST =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| area_water_km2 =
| area_total_km2 =
| native_name =
| motto =
| subdivision_type = Country
| coordinates_footnotes =
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_alt = The location of the village of Cheruvu Kommu Palem as shown within the map of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| nickname =
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| shield_alt =
| image_shield =
| seal_alt =
| image_seal =
| flag_alt =
| image_flag =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| image_skyline =
| settlement_type = Village
| native_name_lang =
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| area_blank2_title = 
| leader_title =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_rank =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| area_magnitude = 
| area_metro_footnotes = 
| area_rural_footnotes = 
| area_urban_footnotes = 
| area_footnotes =
| unit_pref = Metric

| leader_name =
| leader_party =
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| government_footnotes =
| seat =
| seat_type =
| founder =
| established_date =
| established_title =
| subdivision_name4 = [[Ongole mandal]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Coastal Andhra]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Cheruvu Kommu Palem''' is a village in Ongole mandal, [[Prakasam district]], of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=Census>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Cheruvu Kommu Palem|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=669987|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-03|website=2011 Census of India}}</ref>

== Geography and climate ==
Cheruvu Kommu Palem's has a [[tropical savanna climate]]. The weather varies considerably, depending on the seasonal periods. July to September is the seasons for tropical rains, which play a major role in determining the climate of the village, and the village receives heavy rainfall from [[Monsoon of South Asia|southwestern summer monsoons]] during these months. Summers last from March to June. The range of the average temperature is generally {{convert|18.6|C}}, during the winter, to {{convert|40|C}} in summer. The average rainfall is about {{convert|889|mm|in}}.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

== Demographics ==
In the 2011 census, Cheruvu Kommu Palem had a population of 3,062 inhabitants, with 1,527 males and 1,535 females living in 829 households. [[Telugu language|Telugu]] is the official language, but [[Urdu language|Urdu]] is also spoken by large numbers of inhabitants.<ref name=Census/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Prakasam district]]

{{Prakasam-geo-stub}}

Man Singh I

2026-02-13T17:43:03Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: page fix

{{Short description|Raja of Amber from 1589 to 1614}}
{{redirect|Raja Man Singh|the Indian politician|Raja Man Singh (politician)}}
{{pp-move}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = [[Jaipur State#Rulers|Maharaja of Amber]] [[Mirza (noble)|Mirza]] [[Raja]]
| image = Man_Singh,_c._1590.jpg
| alt = Raja Man Singh I
| caption = Portrait of Man Singh, {{circa|1590}}
| succession = 25th [[Raja]] of [[Jaipur state|Amber]]
| reign = 10 December 1589 – 6 July 1614
| coronation = 10 December 1589
| predecessor = [[Bhagwant Das]]
| successor = [[Bhau Singh]]
| birth_date = 21 December 1550
| birth_place = [[Amber, India|Amber]], [[Amber Kingdom]], [[Rajputana]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1614|7|6|1550|12|21|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Ellichpur]], [[Berar Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| spouse = Rathorji Shringar Deiji of [[Jaitaran]] in [[Marwar]]

Khichanji Ram Deiji of Gagron

Katochiji Maha Deiji of [[Kangra State|Kangra]]

Gajapatiji Achrang Deiji of [[Bodana]] in [[Orissa]]

Gaudji Sahodra Deiji of [[Maroth]]

Yadavji Trilok Deiji of [[Karauli]]

Narayaniji Lakhma Deiji of [[Cooch Behar]]

Khichanji Amar Deiji of Gagron

Rathorji Asha Deiji of [[Marwar]]

Chauhanji Pratap Deiji of Bhadawar
| issue = {{plainlist|
* Jagat Singh
* Himmat Singh
* Kushal Singh
* Durjan Singh
* Sabal Singh
*[[Bhau Singh]]
* Kalyan Das
* Shyam Singh
* Keshav Das
* Atibal
* Sagat Singh
* Roop Deiji m.to Kunwar Harnarayan of [[Bundi]]
* Badan Deiji (marriage not known)
* Madan Deiji m.to Raja Vikramaditya Singh Ju Dev of [[Bandhavgarh]] ([[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]])
* Mukut Deiji (marriage not known)
* Ram Deiji m.to Rao Ratan Singh of [[Bundi]]
}}
| issue-link = #Spouses and Issues
| issue-pipe = among others...
| full name = Mirza Raja Man Singh Kachawaha
| house = [[Kachhwaha]]
| father = [[Bhagwant Das]]
| mother = Parmarji Bhagwat Deiji d.of Rao Panchayan of [[Malpura]] in [[Amber]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
{{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance =[[Mughal Empire]] [[Kingdom of Amber]]
| branch = [[Mughal Army]]
| branch_label = Service
| commands = [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] [[Kabul Subah|Kabul]]
| serviceyears = 1562–1614
| serviceyears_label =
| rank = [[Kunwar]] (1562–1589) [[Mansabdar|Mansab]] (1598–1605) [[Mansabdar]] (1605–1614)
| battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list''}}|{{tree list}} [[Mughal conquest of Bengal]]
*[[List of battles involving the Mughal Empire#conquests of Akbar|Siege of Kabul]]
*[[Battle of Haldighati]]
*[[Mughal conquest of Jessore]]
*Mughal conquest of Bihar
*[[Mughal conquest of Orissa]]
{{tree list/end}}
}}
}}
| succession1 = [[Subahdar]] of [[Bihar Subah|Bihar]]
| reign-type1 = Term
| reign1 = 1587–1594
| cor-type1 = [[Mughal Emperor|Emperor]]
| coronation1 = [[Akbar I]]
| successor1 = Saeed Khan Chaghta
| succession2 = 9th [[Subahdar]] of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]
| reign-type2 = Term
| reign2 = 9 November 1595 – 2 September 1606
| cor-type2 = [[Mughal Emperor|Emperor]]
| coronation2 = [[Akbar I]] [[Jahangir]]
| predecessor2 = Syed Khan
| successor2 = [[Qutubuddin Koka|Qutubuddin Khan]]
| succession3 = Subahdar of [[Kabul Subah|Kabul]]
| reign-type3 = Term
| reign3 = 10 October 1585 –1586
| cor-type3 = Emperor
| coronation3 = Akbar I
| predecessor3 = [[Mirza Muhammad Hakim]]
| successor3 = Bhagwant Das
}}

'''Mirza Raja''' '''Man Singh I''' (21 December 1550 – 6 July 1614) was the 24th [[Raja|Kachawaha Rajput]] ruler of the [[Kingdom of Amber]] from 1589 to 1614. For the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], he also served as the foremost imperial [[Subahdar]] of [[Bihar Subah]] from 1587 to 1594,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=Imtiaz |title=Mughal Governors of Bihar Under Akbar and Jahangir |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2002 |volume=63 |pages=281–288 |jstor=44158096 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158096}}</ref> then for [[Bengal Subah]] for three terms from 1595 to 1606 and the Subahdar of [[Kabul Subah]] from 1585 to 1586.<ref>{{Citation |title=Peshawar, Pakistan, 1980 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1p6jhvp.50 |work=Crossing the River Kabul |pages=153–155 |access-date=2023-12-24 |publisher=Potomac Books|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1p6jhvp.50 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> He served in the imperial [[Mughal Army]] under Emperor [[Akbar]]. Man Singh fought sixty-seven important battles in [[Kabul]], [[Balkh]], [[Bukhara]], [[Bengal]] and Central and Southern [[India]]. He was well versed in the battle tactics of both the Rajputs as well as the Mughals.<ref name="FO">{{Cite book|first=Rima|last=Hooja|title=Rajasthan, a concise history|publisher=Rupa Publications India|year=2018|pages=322|isbn=9788129150431|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfmEswEACAAJ&q=rajasthan+rima+hooja|quote=Man Singh took part in as many as sixty-seven important military campaigns and battles....Man Singh became familiar with traditional Rajput as well as Mughal technique of warfare and tactics.}}</ref> He is commonly considered to be one of the [[Navaratnas]], or the nine (''nava'') gems (''ratna'') of the royal court of Akbar.<ref>[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702051%26ct%3D237%26rqs%3D302%26rqs%3D309%26rqs%3D310 30. Ra´jah Ma´n Singh, son of Bhagwán Dás - Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007092053/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702051%26ct%3D237%26rqs%3D302%26rqs%3D309%26rqs%3D310|date=7 October 2016}} [[Ain-i-Akbari]], Vol. I.</ref><ref>[http://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/history/raja-man-singh.html Raja Man Singh Biography] India's who's who, www.mapsofindia.com.</ref>

==Early life of Man Singh I==
[[File:Man Singh.jpg|thumb|329x329px|Portrait of Man Singh]]
He was the son of Raja [[Bhagwant Das]] and his wife Bhagawati of Amer.<ref>Harnath Singh Dundlod, ''Jaipur and Its Environs'' (1970), p.7</ref> He was born on Sunday, 21 December 1550.

Initially known as ''[[Kunwar]]'' (prince), Man Singh received the title of ''[[Mirza (noble)|Mirza]]'' or ''[[Raja]]'' (King) and the rank ''[[Mansabdar|mansab]]'' of 5000 after the death of his father on 10 December 1589 from [[Akbar]].<ref name=HOJ>Sarkar, Jadunath (1984, reprint 1994). ''A History of Jaipur'', New Delhi: Orient Longman {{ISBN|81-250-0333-9}}, p.74-85</ref> On 26 August 1605, Man Singh became a [[mansabdar]] of 7,000, i.e., a commander of 7,000 cavalry in the Mughal forces, which was the maximum command for anyone other than a son of the Mughal emperor and the guardian of [[Khusrau Mirza|Khusrau]], the eldest son of Jahangir.<ref>Sarkar, Jadunath (1984, reprint 1994). ''A History of Jaipur'', New Delhi: Orient Longman {{ISBN|81-250-0333-9}}, p.86</ref> He fought many important campaigns for [[Akbar]]. Kunwar Man Singh led the [[Mughal Army]] in the well-known [[battle of Haldighati]] fought in 1576 against the Kingdom of Mewar. He is also known for his reestablishment of [[Jagannath Temple]] of [[Puri]], [[Orissa]],<ref>Beveridge H. (tr.) (1939, Reprint 2000). ''The Akbarnama of Abu´l Fazl'', Vol. III, Kolkata: The Asiatic Society, {{ISBN|81-7236-094-0}}, p.244</ref> construction of [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]], Varanasi.

== War against Mewar==
{{Main|Battle of Haldighati}}
[[File:Raja Man Singh.jpg|left|thumb|268x268px|Portrait of Raja Man Singh c.1790]]
Man Singh was sent by Akbar to [[Maharana Pratap]] to make a treaty with Akbar and accept Mughal sovereignty. However Pratap refused, starting the [[Battle of Haldighati]] in 1576.{{sfn|Sarkar|1960}}<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC |title = Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II|isbn = 9788124110669|last1 = Chandra|first1 = Satish|year = 2005| publisher=Har-Anand Publications }}</ref>

Pratap had 3,000 horsemen, elephants and 400 [[Bhil]] archers under [[Rana Poonja]]. A small artillery unit was also with him under [[Hakim Khan Sur]]. The force was divided into five wings. The advance wing was under [[Hakim Khan Sur]], Bhim Singh Dodiya and Ramdas Rathore. The right wing was under [[Bhamashah]] and [[Ramshah Tanwar|Maharaja Ramshah Tanwar]]. The left wing was under Jhala Man Singh. Rana Pratap was in the centre. Behind him was Rana Punja with his [[Bhil]] warriors.{{sfn|Sarkar|1960}}

Man Sing's Forces Consisted of 10,000 horsemen, infantry and some elephants. This included 4,000 [[Kachwaha]] Rajput forces. and 5,00 [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal forces]], out of which, 1,000 were other Hindu reserves, and 5,000 were Muslims.{{sfn|Sarkar|1960|p=77}}

This force was divided into five wings. There were two advance wings. The first was under Sayyid Hashim Barha, son of [[Sayyed Mahmud Khan]], Jagannath Kachwaha and Asaf Ali Khan. The second advance troop was under Madho Singh Kachwaha. Behind this was Man Singh. To his right was Mulla Qazi Khan and to his left were [[Saadat-e-Bara|Sayyeds of Barah]]. At first Rana Pratap attacked and scattered the advance and left wings of the Mughal army but soon momentum shifted with Mansingh's counter charge forced Pratap to retreat back. Jagannath Kachwaha killed Ramshah Tanwar and Rajput warriors of both sides engaged in a fierce battle. The Mughals were the victors and inflicted significant casualties among the Mewaris but failed to capture Pratap, who escaped to the hills.{{sfn|de la Garza|2016|p=56}}{{sfn|Raghavan|2018|p=67}}

==Expedition to Kabul==
In 1580 CE, some prominent Muslim officers of Akbar, displeased with his liberal religious policies, started to conspire against him. Qazi Muhammad Yazdi declared it the duty of every Muslim to rebel against Akbar. In [[Bihar]] and [[Bengal]] they declared [[Mirza Muhammad Hakim|Mirza Hakim]], Akbar's stepbrother and Governor of [[Kabul]], to be the emperor. Akbar sent armies to [[Bihar]] and [[Bengal]] to crush this rebellion, while he himself started towards Kabul; Man Singh with him. On 8 March 1581, Akbar reached [[Machhiwara]] and soon arrived on the banks of [[River Indus]], he then sent an advance force led by Man Singh to Kabul. Although, Akbar's army was hesitating to cross the swelling Indus River, Man Singh was able to cross it first followed by troops. Hearing the news Mirza Hakim fled to Gurband. Following the army, Akbar himself arrived at Kabul on 10 August 1581. Hakim was pardoned by Akbar, but his sister [[Bakht-un-Nissa Begum|Bakhtunissa Begum]] was appointed Governor of Kabul. After Akbar returned to [[Fatehpur Sikri]]; Bakhtunissa remained as the nominal head of state, while Hakim acted as the governor (Hakim died in July, 1582). Kabul was annexed by the Mughal Empire and Man Singh was appointed governor. He remained in Kabul for some years and built a fortress, used by succeeding Mughal governors. Man Singh brought many talented men with him when he returned from Kabul. Some of their descendants still live in [[Jaipur]].<ref name="Afghan" >{{cite book | last=Sarkar | first=Jadunath | author2=Raghuvīra Siṃha | title=A history of Jaipur, 1503 - 1938 | publisher=Orient Longman | publication-place=Hyderabad | date=1984 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gy4KAQAAIAAJ| isbn=978-0-86131-472-0|pages=63–75|chapter=The Kachhwas as Wardens of the North-Western Frontier }}</ref>

Again in 1585 CE, some [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]] tribes [[Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)|rose]] against the Mughal empire. The [[Yusufzai]] and "[[Mandanr|Mandar]]" tribes were the main ones among them. Akbar sent an army under [[Zain Khan Koka|Zain Khan]], Hakim Abul Fateh and [[Raja]] [[Birbal]] to control these revolting tribes. However, they failed to control the revolting Afghans and Raja Birbal, friend of Akbar and one of his [[Navratnas]] was also killed in the [[Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)|battle]] with Afghans. Akbar then sent [[Raja Todar Mal]] to crush the revolt and called Raja Man Singh to help Todar Mal. Todarmal had some success in controlling the rebellious Afghan tribes, but the real source of the revolt was behind the [[Khyber Pass]]. It was hard to cross this pass which was dominated by Afghan "Kabailies". Man Singh was accompanied by "Rao Gopaldas" of [[Nindar]] in this expedition, who bravely made way for Mughal army in the pass. After crossing the pass, Man Singh entered Kabul and decisively defeated five major tribes of Afghans including Yusufzai and "Mandar" tribes. The flag of Amber was changed from "Katchanar" (green climber in white base) to "Pachranga" (five colored) to commemorate this victory. This flag continued in use until accession of Jaipur state in India. This permanently crushed the revolt and the area remained peaceful thereafter.<ref name="Afghan"/>

In 1586 CE, Akbar sent another army under [[Raja Bhagwant Das]], father of Kunwar Man Singh to win [[Kashmir]]. Kashmir was captured and annexed in the [[Mughal Empire]] and made a Sarkar (district) of [[Kabulistan|Kabul province]]. Man Singh and his father Raja Bhagwant Das are reputed to have brought the technology of cannon production to Amber. Raja man singh lost his commander rao govind das in the war of kabul. Rao govind das was awarded the jagir of bhatton ki gali and chaparwada.<ref name="Afghan"/>

==Conquest of Bihar==
When Akbar had conquered Delhi, many of his Afghan enemies had fled to the refuge of the eastern Raja's. Man Singh was sent by Emperor Akbar to bring the resisting Raja's to submission. Man Singh's first target was Raja Puranmal of [[Gidhaur]] whose fort was easily conquered by the Kachwaha army. Puranmals treasury was captured and his daughter was married to Man Singh's brother Chandrabhan Kachwaha. Man Singh continued his campaign and defeated the raja's of Gaya and Kargpur, both of them were forced into submission and paid tribute to the emperor. Some Afghan nobles of Bengal tried to invade Bihar during Man Singh's occupation, but were soundly defeated by Man Singh's son Jagat Singh. The invaders left their loot and fled back to Bengal, the spoils of war and 54 elephants were sent to the emperor. Abul Fazl has described Man Singh's campaign in Bihar in the following words. "The Raja united ability with courage and genius with strenuous action".<ref>Akbarnama III pg.872</ref><ref>Rajasthan Through the Ages Vol III, By R.K. Gupta, S.R. Bakshi pg.3-4</ref>

==Conquest of Orissa==
[[File:Raja Man Singh I.jpg|thumb|293x293px|Man Singh I riding a Horse]]
After conquering Bihar, Man Singh was ordered to defeat the Afghan Sultan [[Khwaja Usman#Early life|Qatlu Khan Lohani]] of Orissa. Man Singh set out for Orissa in April 1590. Jagat Singh Kachwaha was sent with an advance army to study the area, however he was attacked by Sultan Qatlu Khan and was badly defeated where several notable commanders of Amber were killed, including Bika Rathor, Narupal Charan and Mahesh Das. Jagat was saved by [[Bir Hambir]] and escaped to the [[Bishnupur Kingdom|Kingdom of Bishnupur]]. Qatlu however died after 10 days and the Afghans under his son Nasir Khan surrendered to Man Singh. Nasir bowed before Man Singh and promised to read the Khutba and stamp coins in the name of emperor Akbar. He further ceded lands and gave a tribute of 150 elephants. After this success, Man Singh returned to Bihar. The Afghans however rebelled against Nasir after his regent Isa Khan died. The Afghans captured the lands that had been ceded and started another rebellion. Man Singh was once again forced to march to Orissa. On 9 April 1592, the two armies met near Jaleswar city and after a bloody fight Man Singh defeated the Afghans, Man singh followed the fleeing Afghans and forced the Afghan leaders to accept Mughal overlordship. The remaining Afghan chieftains fled to the Hindu Raja's of Orissa. Man Singh attacked these Raja's and captured several forts with ease and forced them to surrender, the strongest of these Raja's, the Raja of Khurda however refused and was pressed by Man Singh, several of his cities and forts were captured after which the Khurda Raja shut himself in his capital fort. Akbar denounced this rough behaviour towards such an ancient dynasty and ordered Man singh to show leniency after which the Khurda Raja surrendered and offered his daughter to Man Singh in marriage. The conquest of Orissa was thus complete. Man Singh was called to Lahore where the crown prince Salim personally received him and he was given robes of condolence by the emperor for his father's death. Man Singh presented to the emperor three sons of Quatlu Khan Lohani and 2 nobles of Orissa.<ref>Rajasthan Through the Ages Vol III, By R.K. Gupta, S.R. Bakshi pg.4-6</ref>

==Governor of Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha==
{{See also|Mughal conquest of Jessore}}
[[File:Akbar Fights with Raja Man Singh.jpg|thumb|288x288px|[[Akbar]] fights Man Singh.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} ]]
On 17 March 1594, Man Singh was made the guardian of Prince Salim ([[Jehangir]]) by Akbar. He was also appointed as the viceroy of [[Bengal]] and many large jagirs in Orissa and Bengal were given to Man Singh and his nobles. Man Singh soon started sending his men to quell the rebellions in Bengal. On 2 April 1595, the Amber army conquered Bhushna fort.<ref name="HOJ" /> On 7 November, Man Singh founded a new capital for Bengal called Akbarnagar. After founding the new capital, Man personally marched against the Afghans under Isa Bhati, resulting in the retreat of the Afghans and the annexation of Isa's lands. Man Singh fell ill after this campaign, which renewed the rebellion. Man Singh sent Himmat Singh to deal with the rebels, and once again defeated them.<ref name="HOJ" /> Man Singh also helped Lakshmi Narayan, the raja of [[Cooch Behar]], for which the grateful Raja of Cooch Behar gave his sister in marriage to Man Singh and also agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal Emperor.<ref name="HOJ" /> Man Singh would leave Bengal for Ajmer and during this period the Mughals started to lose control over Bengal and even lost several skirmishes. Man Singh was thus once again sent to Bengal. Man Singh defeated the rebels near Sherpur-Atia on 12 February 1601 and chased them for 8 miles. Man Singh, after this victory, marched towards Dacca and forced Kedar Rai, the zamindar of [[Bhushna]], to submit to him. The rebels Jalal Khan and Qazi Mumin were also defeated by Man Singh's grandson. Man Singh then marched towards the Banar river where he defeated the successor of Qatlu Khan called Usman and quelled the Pathans under him. Man Singh would go on to defeat the Arracan Pirates and then Kedar Rai, who was captured after a battle and died before he could be brought before Man Singh. The Magh raja and Usman were also defeated after this battle. Man Singh thus returned to [[Dacca]] and camped at Nazirpur after a series of victories against the powerful rebels of Bengal.<ref name="HOJ" />

==Jahangir and twilight of Man Singh I==
[[File:Emperor Jahangir receiving a petition from a fakir.jpg|thumb|Man Singh (bottom right) witnesses [[Jahangir]] receiving a petition from a [[fakir]] c.17th century |left]]
[[Prince Salim]] was born, but he became addicted to alcohol and [[opium]] in his youth. He disobeyed royal orders and became infamous for torture such as murdering [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazal]]. Akbar tried hard to reform him as well as his eldest son [[Khusrau Mirza]]. Two of Akbar's sons, Murad and Danial, died in his lifetime. The royal court was divided into two factions, one favoring Khusrau and the other Salim to be the next emperor. Raja Man Singh and [[Mirza Aziz Koka]] were in Khusrau's favour. In 1605, when Akbar fell ill, he appointed Salim to be his heir. Though Man Singh opposed Salim's accession to the throne during Akbar's lifetime, he never opposed Jahangir (Salim) after his coronation. After [[Akbar]]'s death, [[Jahangir]] (Salim) became emperor. Man Singh was initially sent as [[Subahdar]] of Bengal on 10 November 1605 for a short period, but soon he was replaced by Qutb-ud-Din Khan Koka on 2 September 1606.<ref>Sarkar, Jadunath (1984, reprint 1994). ''A History of Jaipur'', New Delhi: Orient Longman {{ISBN|81-250-0333-9}}, pp.86-87</ref> Jahangir also ordered removal of some of the modifications which had been made by Raja Man Singh to his palace at [[Amer, Rajasthan|Amber]]. But in 1611 CE, the southern provinces of [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]], [[Berar Province|Berar]] and [[Khandesh]] defied Mughal sovereignty under [[Malik Ambar]]. [[Jahangir]] sent Raja Man Singh and others to crush the revolt.<ref name="HOJ" />

==Death and succession==
[[File:Man Singh I, Mughal Painting.jpg|thumb|305x305px|Mughal Painting of Man Singh I]]
Man Singh died a natural death on 6 July 1614 at [[Ellichpur]]. Following his death, he was succeeded by his son Mirza Raja [[Bhau Singh]]. His direct descendants are known (to this date) as the Rajawats who had the privilege to the [[throne]] of [[Amber, India|Amber]] and subsequently [[Jaipur]].<ref name="HOJ" />

==Cultural achievements==
[[File:Amber Palace on Hill, Amber, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.jpg|thumb|[[Amber Fort]], built by Man Singh in 1592]]

Raja Man Singh was a devotee of the deity Krishna. He had a seven-storied temple of Krishna constructed for Srila [[Rupa Goswami]], disciple of [[Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu]], in [[Vrindavan]]. The cost of construction was one crore rupees at that time. The four-storey temple is still present at [[Vrindavan]]. He also constructed a temple of Krishna at his capital, [[Amer, Rajasthan|Amber]]. The place is now known as "Kanak Vrindavan" near Amber Ghati of Jaipur. He constructed the temple of Shila Devi at Amber Fort. He also constructed and repaired many temples at [[Benaras]], [[Allahabad]] and various other places. He added much beautification to his palace at [[Amer, Rajasthan|Amber]].It is believed his son Jagat Singh I received education from Goswami [[Tulsidas]] and Man Singh himself used to attend his religious lectures. [[Tulsidas]] was a contemporary of Akbar and author of [[Ramcharitmanas|Ramacharitamanasa]], also known as the Tulasi Ramayana, and much other famous poetry devoted to [[Rama]] and [[Hanuman]].<ref name="HOJ" /> <gallery>
File:Jaipur-Fort Amber-44-2018-gje.jpg|[[Amber Fort]] in [[Jaipur]], the residence of Man Singh I.
File:Rama Temple at Saidpur Village.jpg|[[Ram Mandir, Saidpur|Ram Mandir]] in Islamabad, Pakistan is built by him.
File:Silver door in Amber Fort, Rajasthan.jpg|The door of Amber Fort depicting [[Shila Devi]], brought by Man Singh I.
File:Man Mandir Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|Man Mandir Ghat in [[Varanasi]] built by Man Singh I.
File:Temple GovindaDev.JPG|Govind Dev Temple in [[Vrindavan]] built by Man Singh I.
File:Raja Man Singh Tomb - Rohtas Fort Jehlum Pakistan (3).JPG|Tomb of Raja Man Singh in [[Jhelum]].
</gallery>

==In popular culture==
* 2013–2015: ''[[Jodha Akbar (TV serial)|Jodha Akbar]]'', broadcast on [[Zee TV]], where he was played by Ankit Raizada.
* 2013–2015: ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'', broadcast by [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)]], where he was portrayed by Praveen Sirohi
* 1988-1989 : ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'', broadcast on [[Doordarshan]], where he was played by [[Surendra Pal]].

==See also==
*[[House of Kachwaha]]
*[[List of Rajputs]]
*[[Pratap Singh, Maharana of Mewar]]
*[[Origin of Rajputs]]
*[[Dara Shikoh]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Beveridge, H. (tr.) (1939, reprint 2000). ''The Akbarnama of Abu´l Fazl'', Vol. III, Kolkata: The Asiatic Society, {{ISBN|81-7236-094-0}}.
*{{Cite book |last=de la Garza |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGERDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA56 |title=The Mughal Empire at War: Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-1605 |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317245315 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Raghavan |first=T.C.A. |title=Attendant Lords: Bairam Khan and Abdur Rahim, Courtiers and Poets in Mughal India |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2018 }}
* Raja Man Singh of Amber by Rajiva Nain Prasad. Calcutta, World Press Private Ltd., 1966.
* {{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.21517 |title = Military History of India| publisher=Orient Longmans |last1 = Sarkar|first1 = Sir Jadunath|year = 1960}}
* Sarkar, Jadunath (1984, reprint 1994). ''A History of Jaipur'', New Delhi: Orient Longman {{ISBN|81-250-0333-9}}.
* Sagar, Nanuram ''Kavita Kalptaru''.
* Vanshavali (Genealogy of the Rulers of Amber and Jaipur) by Harnath Singh Dundlod

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131829/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp?serv=pf&file=00701020&ct=0 Akbarnama by Abul Fazal Part III chapter 31, 32, 34] (archived 29 September 2007)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061219135103/http://mewarindia.com/ency/man.html Version of Mewar] (archived 19 December 2006)
*[http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/j/jaipur.html Genealogy of Kachwaha kings]
{{Maharajas of Jaipur}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Man I}}
[[Category:Mughal generals]]
[[Category:1550 births]]
[[Category:1614 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Jaipur]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Bengal]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Bihar]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Odisha]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:16th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Marathi

2026-02-12T20:22:58Z

SanjayMurugesan2221:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox award
| name = [[Filmfare Awards Marathi|Filmfare Award Marathi]] for Best Male Playback Singer
| image =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Best Performance by a Male Playback Singer
| presenter = ''[[Filmfare]]''
| country = India
| year = [[Ajay Gogavale]], ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'' "Maauli Maauli" (2014)
| holder = [[Rahul Deshpande]], ''[[Amaltash]]'' "Sarale Saare" (2024)
| website = [http://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2023/ Filmfare Awards]
}}

The '''Filmfare Best Male Playback Singer Award''' is given by the ''[[Filmfare]]'' magazine as part of its annual [[Filmfare Awards]] for [[Marathi Cinema]], to the best male playback singer of a soundtrack. This award category was first presented in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-01 |title=5th Planet Filmfare Marathi Awards 2020: Complete winners' list |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/5th-planet-filmfare-marathi-awards-2020-complete-winners-list/articleshow/81246533.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-01 |title=6th Planet Filmfare Marathi Awards 2021: Complete winners' list |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/6th-planet-filmfare-marathi-awards-2021-complete-winners-list/articleshow/90561300.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Ajay Gogavale]] was the first recipient of this award for his song "Maauli Maauli" from the film ''[[Lai Bhaari]]''.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/filmfare-marathi-nominations-2016/articleshow/55576778.cms|title=Filmfare Marathi: Nominations are out|newspaper=The Times of India |date=23 November 2016}}</ref>

== Superlatives ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Superlative
!Artist
!Record
|-
|Most Awards
|[[Adarsh Shinde]]
|3
|-
| rowspan="2" |Most Nominations
|[[Ajay Gogavale]]
| rowspan="2" |6
|-
|[[Adarsh Shinde]]
|-
|Most consecutive wins
|Adarsh Shinde
|3
|-
|Most nominations without ever winning
| rowspan="2" |[[Swapnil Bandodkar]]
| rowspan="2" |4
|-
|Most consecutive year nominations
|}

==Winners and nominees==
===2010s===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Photos of winners
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Singer
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Song
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
!scope="col" style="width:5%;text-align:center;"| Ref
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |2014
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Ajay-Atul 1.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Ajay Gogavale]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Maauli Maauli"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Lai Bhaari]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the Ajeenkya DY Patil Filmfare Awards (Marathi) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-ajeenkya-dy-patil-filmfare-awards-marathi-11282.html |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for Ajeenkya DY Patil Filmfare Awards (Marathi) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-ajeenkya-dy-patil-filmfare-awards-marathi-11241.html |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hrishikesh Ranade]]
| "Baavare Prem He"
| ''[[Baavare Prem He]]''
|-
| [[Swapnil Bandodkar]]
| "Mala Ved Lagale"
| ''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]''
|-
| [[Ajay Gogavale]]
| "Fandry"
| ''[[Fandry]]''
|-
| Mangesh Dhakade
| "Mani Achanak"
|''[[Dusari Goshta]]''
|-
! rowspan="6" |2015
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Shankar Mahadevan.jpg|130px|centre|]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Shankar Mahadevan]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''"Sur Niragas Ho"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film) |Katyar Kaljat Ghusali]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the Karrm Filmfare Awards (Marathi) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-karrm-filmfare-awards-marathi-17002.html |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Swapnil Bandodkar]]
| "Saavar Re"
| ''[[Mitwaa]]''
|-
| [[Mahesh Kale]]
| "Aruni Kirani"
| ''[[Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film)|Katyar Kaljat Ghusali]]''
|-
| [[Jasraj Jayant Joshi|Jasraj Joshi]]
| "Kiti Sangaychay Mala"
| rowspan="2"|''[[Double Seat]]''
|-
| [[Hrishikesh Ranade]]
| "Ritya Sarya Disha"
|-
| Harshavardhan Wavre
| "Roz Mala"
| ''[[Classmates (2015 film)|Classmates]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" |2016
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Ajay-Atul 1.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Ajay Gogavale]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''"[[Yad Lagla]]"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Sairat]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=All the winners of Jio Filmfare Awards Marathi 2017 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/all-the-winners-of-jio-filmfare-awards-marathi-2017_-24779.html |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ajay-Atul]]
| "[[Zingaat]]"
| ''[[Sairat]]''
|-
| [[Swapnil Bandodkar]]
| "Priyankara"
| ''[[YZ (film)|YZ]]''
|-
| [[Jasraj Jayant Joshi]]
| "Ti Swapnatalya"
| ''[[Phuntroo]]''
|-
| [[Adarsh Shinde]] & Anand Shinde
| "Awaaz Vadhav DJ"
| ''[[Poshter Girl]]''
|-
| Pravin Kuvar
| Pipani
| ''[[Photocopy (film)|Photocopy]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" |2017
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Adarsh Shinde in Jafrabad.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Adarsh Shinde]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''"Vitthala"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Ringan]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-29 |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2018 winners list: Sonali Kulkarni wins Best Actress, Mithila Palkar bags Best Debut Female |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/filmfare-awards-marathi-winners-list-5379126/ |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ajay Gogavale]]
| "Dev Pahila"
| ''[[Ringan]]''
|-
| [[Swapnil Bandodkar]]
| "Vate Vari"
| ''[[Hrudayantar]]''
|-
| [[Jasraj Jayant Joshi]]
| "Muramba"
| ''[[Muramba]]''
|-
| [[Hrishikesh Ranade]]
| "Jara Jara"
| ''[[Ti Saddhya Kay Karte]]''
|-
| Nikhil Modgi
| Bhetali Tu Punha
| ''Bhetali Tu Punha''
|-
!2018
| colspan="5" style="background:#FFAA00; text-align:center" | '''NO CEREMONY'''
|-
!2019
| colspan="5" style="background:#FFAA00; text-align:center" | '''NO CEREMONY'''
|}
===2020s===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Photos of winners
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Singer
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Song
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
!scope="col" style="width:5%;text-align:center;"| Ref
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" |2020
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Adarsh Shinde in Jafrabad.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Adarsh Shinde]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''"Tula Japnar Aahe"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Khari Biscuit]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2020 Are Here And These Are The Nominations |url=https://www.femina.in/celebs/indian/filmfare-awards-marathi-2020-are-here-and-these-are-the-nominations-187575.html |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=femina.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-28 |title=5th Planet Filmfare Marathi Awards 2020: Full list of winners here |url=https://newsd.in/5th-planet-filmfare-marathi-awards-2020-full-list-of-winners-here/ |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=Newsd.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Avadhoot Gupte]]
| "Thackeray"
| ''[[Thackeray]]''
|-
| [[Jasraj Jayant Joshi]]
| "Querida Querida"
| ''[[Girlfriend (2019 film)|Girlfriend]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Rohit Raut]]
| "Manmohini"
|''[[Mogra Phulaalaa]]''
|-
| "Nate He Konte"
| ''[[Triple Seat]]''
|-
| [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
| "Haluvar Hak Tu"
| ''Baba''
|-
! rowspan="5" |2021
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Adarsh Shinde in Jafrabad.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Adarsh Shinde]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''"Rada Dhurala"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Dhurala]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the Filmfare Awards Marathi 2021 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-filmfare-awards-marathi-2021_-52948.html |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
| "Kona Mag Bhir Bhirta"
| ''Preetam''
|-
| [[Adarsh Shinde]]
| "[[Jaanata Raja]]"

| ''[[Pandu (film)|Pandu]]''
|-
| Mohan Kanna
| "Tu Chal Re Mana"
| ''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]''
|-
| Pravin Kuwar
| "Basta Bandhashala"
| ''[[Basta (film)|Basta]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=7 style="text-align:center" |2022 [[7th Filmfare Awards Marathi|(7th)]]
|rowspan=7 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Rahul_Deshpande_singing_in_Vasantotsav_2010.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Rahul Deshpande]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''"Kaivalyagaan"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Me Vasantrao ]]'''''
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-31 |title=7th Planet Filmfare Marathi Awards 2022: Complete winners' list |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/7th-planet-filmfare-marathi-awards-2022-complete-winners-list/articleshow/99110903.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-26 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Ajay Gogavale]]
| "Kanha"
|''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]''
|-
| "Ved Tujha"
| ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
|-
| [[Avadhoot Gupte]]
| "Raja Aala"
| ''[[Pawankhind]]''
|-
| [[Rahul Deshpande]]
| "Khal Khal Goda"
| ''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]''
|-
| [[Anand Bhate]] & [[Prathamesh Laghate]]
| "Ilusa Ha Deh"
| ''[[Panghrun]]''
|-
| Sagar Salunke
| "Anand Harapla"
| ''[[Dharmaveer]]''
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" style="text-align:center" |2023 [[8th Filmfare Awards Marathi|(8th)]]
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" |
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Jayesh Khare and Mayur Sukale'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''"Gau Nako Kisna"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Maharashtra Shahir]] '''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the RR Kabel Filmfare Awards Marathi 2024 {{!}} Femina.in |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/in-the-news/winners-of-the-rr-kabel-filmfare-awards-marathi-2024-full-list-out-284037.html |access-date= |website=www.femina.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Adarsh Shinde]]
| "Marathi Pori"
|''[[Jhimma 2]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Ajay-Atul|Ajay Gogavale]]
| "Umgaya Baap Ra"
| ''[[Baaplyok]]''
|-
| "Jay Jay Maharashtra Maza"
| ''Maharashtra Shahir''
|-
| Jayesh Khare & Master Avan
| "Darav Darav"
| ''Maharashtra Shahir''
|-
| Gulraj Singh
| "Hori Jayee Re"
| ''[[Unaad]]''
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" style="text-align:center" |2023 ([[9th Filmfare Awards Marathi|9th]])
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:Rahul_Deshpande_singing_in_Vasantotsav_2010.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Rahul Deshpande]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''"Sarale Saare"'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Amaltash]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=शिकलगार |first=स्वालिया न |date=2025-07-11 |title=Filmfare Marathi Awards 2025 {{!}} 'पाणी' ठरला सर्वोत्कृष्ट चित्रपट; प्राजक्ताच्या 'फुलवंती'ची हवा, वाचा Winners List |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/filmfare-marathi-awards-2025-winners-list-best-movie-paani-phullwanti-prajaktta-mali-addinath-kothare-ss88 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Pudhari News |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Payal |date=2025-07-07 |title=१०व्या मराठी फिल्मफेअर पुरस्कार नामांकनांची यादी जाहीर; कोण ठरणार सर्वोत्कृष्ट? 'या' चित्रपटांमध्ये चुरस |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/10th-marathi-filmfare-awards-nominations-announced-who-will-be-best-intense-competition-among-these-films-psn14 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref>
|-
|Rahul Deshpande
| "Hey Sharade"
|''[[Phullwanti]]''
|-
| [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
| "Navasachi Gauri Mazi"
| ''[[Gharat Ganpati]]''
|-
| [[Avadhoot Gupte]]
| "Zagamaga"
| ''[[Ole Aale]]''
|-
|[[Adarsh Shinde]]
| "Naachnara"
| ''[[Paani (film)|Paani]]''
|-
| [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| "Paani - Title Track"
| ''Paani''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Filmfare Awards}}

[[Category:Film industry in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Maharashtra awards]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1963]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards Marathi]]

Vipul Shinghal

2026-02-07T22:06:13Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: Stub

{{Short description|Senior Indian Army general}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| name = Vipul Shinghal
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=IND|size=90%|AVSM|SM}}
| image = Vipul Shinghal (cropped).jpg
| caption = Shinghal in 2025
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = December 1988–present
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|22px]] [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| servicenumber = IC-48050H<ref>{{Cite web |title=75th Republic Day: President approves Gallantry awards to 80 Armed Forces personnel, including 12 posthumous |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1999669 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
| unit = [[51st Armoured Regiment (India)|51 Armoured Regiment]]
| commands = {{plainlist|
* [[XXI Corps (India)|XXI Corps]]
}}
| battles =
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[Sena Medal]]
}}
}}

'''Vipul Shinghal''' {{small|[[AVSM]], [[Sena Medal|SM]]}} is a Lieutenant General of the [[Indian Army]] who currently serves as the [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff#Description|Deputy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]] (Doctrine, Organisation and Training) at the HQ IDS.<ref name="x1">{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Vipul Shinghal assumes appointment of Deputy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (DOT) |url=https://x.com/vipulshinghal/status/1744008307162855663 |website=X (Twitter) |date=8 January 2024 |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref> He earlier commanded the [[XXI Corps (India)|Sudarshan Chakra Corps]], a premier Strike Corps of the Indian Army, headquartered in Bhopal.<ref name="toi">{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Shinghal assumes charge of Sudarshan Chakra Corps |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/lt-gen-shinghal-assumes-charge-of-sudarshan-chakra-corps/articleshow/93335519.cms |website=The Times of India |date=4 August 2022 |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="defwatch">{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Vipul Singhal takes over as Sudarshan Chakra Corps Commander |url=https://www.defencewatch.in/defence-appointments/lt-gen-vipul-singhal-takes-over-as-sudarshan-chakra-corps-commander |website=Defence Watch |date=3 August 2022 |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shinghal is a second-generation Army officer.<ref name="pune">{{cite web |title=From Combat to Command: The Journey of Lieutenant General Vipul Shinghal |url=https://pune.news/defence/from-combat-to-command-the-journey-of-lieutenant-general-vipul-shinghal-111478/ |website=Pune News |date=3 August 2022 |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref> He studied at [[The Doon School]], Dehradun, and later joined the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] in Khadakwasla before being commissioned into the Armoured Corps in December 1988.<ref name="toi"/>

== Military career ==
Shinghal was commissioned into the [[51st Armoured Regiment (India)|51 Armoured Regiment]] in December 1988 and has held a wide range of operational, instructional and staff appointments throughout his career.<ref name="toi"/><ref name="defwatch"/><ref name="pune"/>

He commanded an Armoured Regiment deployed on the Western Front, an [[Brigade|Independent Armoured Brigade]] in the desert sector, an [[Armoured Division]]. He has held key staff appointments including Brigadier General Staff (Operations) of a Strike Corps, Major General General Staff (Operations) at a Command Headquarters, and Director in the Strategic Planning Directorate at Army Headquarters.<ref name="pune"/> Later he served as the General Officer Commanding of the [[XXI Corps (India)|Sudarshan Chakra Corps]].<ref name="pune"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhopal: Lieutenant General Vipul Shinghal assumes charge of Sudarshan Chakra Corps |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-lieutenant-general-vipul-shinghal-assumes-charge-of-sudarshan-chakra-corps |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> He assumed command of the Corps on 3 August 2022, succeeding Lieutenant General [[Dhiraj Seth]]<ref name="toi"/><ref name="defwatch"/>

During his service, he also served in the United Nations as part of peacekeeping missions in [[United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea|Ethiopia and Eritrea]], and later at the UN Headquarters in [[New York City|New York]].<ref name="pune"/> In January 2024, he was appointed as the Deputy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Doctrine, Organisation and Training) at HQ IDS.<ref name="x1"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-17 |title=Lt General Vipul Shinghal Visits Indian Naval Academy |url=https://www.ssbcrack.com/2024/11/lt-general-vipul-shinghal-visits-indian-naval-academy.html |access-date=2025-10-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Awards and decorations ==
Over his career, Shinghal has been awarded the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] and the [[Sena Medal]] for distinguished service of an exceptional order.<ref name="pune"/>
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|Colspan=4|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sena_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Special_Service_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_High_Altitude_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=75yearmedal.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-

|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|Colspan=2|[[Sena Medal]]
|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[High Altitude Medal]]
|[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|-
|[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shinghal, Vipul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sena Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Indian lieutenant generals]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]

Government Raja Mirasdar Hospital

2026-01-26T14:44:07Z

SanjayMurugesan2221:

{{Infobox hospital
| name = Government Raja Mirasdar Hospital
| coordinates = {{coord|10.785576|79.136389|display=inline,title}}
| state = Tamil Nadu
| country = India
| funding = Government
| type = District General
| founded = 1876
}}

'''Government Raja Mirasdar Hospital''' is a state-run hospital located in Thanjavur, [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Established in 1876, the hospital has been providing services to various neighbouring districts including Thanjavur, Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam, Tiruchy, Pudukottai, Perambalur, Ariyalur, Cuddalore, Karur and their suburbs.

== History ==
In 1876, Tanjore Collector Henry Sullivan Thomas decided to build a hospital in Tanjore to cater to the needs of the people of the district. He requested the Tanjore–Maratha Queen, Kamatchi Amba Bai, for support, and the Queen donated her 40-acre property to the British to build the hospital. The Tanjore Raja family's charity contributed ₹30,000.<ref name="Rasu1987">{{cite book
| last=புலவர்
| first=செ. இராசு
| title=தஞ்சை மராட்டியர் கல்வெட்டுகள்
| publisher=தமிழ்ப் பல்கலைக்கழகம்
| location=தஞ்சாவூர்
| year=1987
| language=ta
| isbn=81-7090-077-8
| page=41
}}</ref>

In addition, members of a Vishwakarma Brahmin family—Somasundaram Patter, Ramalinga Patter, and Thiayagraja Patter—who served as ''nattamais'' (village heads) during that period, donated 24 acres of land opposite the Big Temple for the hospital. Their family is traditionally described as landlords and jewellery traders, and regarded as elite ''mirasdars'' of Thanjavur.<ref name="Rasu1987" />

The collector also contacted several prominent ''mirasdars'' of Tanjore for donations to build the hospital. [[Thiruppanandal Adheenam]] Ramalinga Thampiran, Thavsumuthu Nadar of the [[Poraiyar Nadar's estate|Poraiyar Nadar estate]], Duraisamy Moopanar of the Kabisthalam estate, and Veeraiya Vandayar of the [[Poondi estate]] made donations to support the institution.<ref>{{cite news
| last=Srinivasan
| first=G.
| title=Royals, landlords behind RMH ophthalmology department
| work=Deccan Chronicle
| date=14 March 2019
| url=
| access-date=
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| title=Poraiyar Nadar Estate's Philanthropy Services
| website=Nadars.in
| url=
| access-date=
}}</ref>

Since donations were received from both the Raja's family and the ''mirasdars'', the hospital was named '''Raja Mirasdar Hospital'''.<ref name="Rasu1987" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Tamil Nadu]]

Saroja Vaidyanathan

2026-01-12T04:19:49Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: Put up

{{Short description|Indian dancer and choreographer (1937–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox dancer
| image = Dr. Saroja Vaidyanathan.jpg
| caption = Vaidyanathan in 2013
| birth_date = {{birth date|1937|09|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bellary]], [[Ceded Districts]], Madras Province, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2023|09|21|1937|09|19|df=y}}
| death_place = New Delhi, India
| nationality = 
| occupation = {{hlist|Dancer|choreographer|writer}}
| awards = {{ubl|[[Padma Shri]] (2002)|[[Padma Bhushan]] (2013)}}
| dances = [[Bharatanatyam]]
}}

'''Saroja Vaidyanathan''' (19 September 1937 – 21 September 2023) was an Indian choreographer, [[guru]], and notable proponent of [[Bharatanatyam]].<ref name="ccrtindia">{{cite web|title=ARTISTE'S PROFILE : Saroja Vaidyanathan|url=http://www.ccrtindia.gov.in/SarojaVaidyanathan.htm|publisher=Centre for Cultural Resources and Training|access-date=28 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415005909/http://www.ccrtindia.gov.in/SarojaVaidyanathan.htm|archive-date=15 April 2013}}</ref> She was conferred the [[Padma Shri]] in 2002 and the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2013 by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="deccanherald">{{cite news|title=Padma for Roddam, Dravid|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/307679/dravid-mary-kom-get-padma.html|access-date=28 January 2013|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=25 January 2013}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Saroja Vaidyanathan (née Dharmarajan) was born in [[Bellary]], [[Karnataka]], on 19 September 1937. Vaidyanathan's parents were both authors; her mother Kanakam Dharmarajan was a writer of [[detective fiction]] in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref name="hindu" />

She received her initial training in Bharatanatyam at the Saraswati Gana Nilayam in [[Chennai]] and later studied under guru Kattumannar Muthukumaran Pillai of [[Thanjavur]]. She also studied [[Carnatic music]] under Professor P. Sambamoorthy at [[Madras University]] and had a [[D.Litt]] in dance from the [[Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya]], [[Khairagarh]].<ref name="sangeetnatak">{{cite web|title=SAROJA VAIDYANATHAN Akademi Award: Bharatanatyam|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/sna-awards2008/saroja-vaidyanathan.htm|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|access-date=28 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416041739/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/sna-awards2008/saroja-vaidyanathan.htm|archive-date=16 April 2013}}</ref>

== Bharatanatyam career ==
Vaidyanathan gave up dancing after her marriage, following conservative and adverse reactions to her performing in public venues and took instead to teaching children dance at home. Following her husband's transfer to [[Delhi]] in 1972, she established the Ganesa Natyalaya there in 1974. She was monetarily supported by well wishers and sponsors and the building for the Natyalaya was built at the Qutab Institutional Area in 1988. Besides the dance itself, students at the Ganesa Natyalaya are also taught Tamil, [[Hindi language|Hindi]], and Carnatic vocal music to give them a holistic understanding of Bharatanatyam.<ref name="tamilnation">{{cite web|title=ONE HUNDRED TAMILS OF THE 20TH CENTURY : Saroja Vaidyanathan|url=http://tamilnation.co/hundredtamils/saroja.htm|access-date=28 January 2013}}</ref>

Vaidyanathan was a prolific choreographer and had to her credit ten full-length [[ballets]] and nearly two thousand individual Bharatanatyam pieces.<ref name="tamilnation" /> She undertook a cultural tour of [[South East Asia]] in 2002, accompanying [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s visit to the [[ASEAN Summit]] in 2002.<ref name="ccrtindia" /> She had also published her renditions of [[Subramania Bharati]]'s songs and poems and set some of her works to dance.<ref name="ccrtindia" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Adding poetry to dance|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/07/06/stories/2007070650630200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127142915/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/07/06/stories/2007070650630200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 November 2007|access-date=28 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 July 2007}}</ref>

== Books ==
Saroja Vidyanathan wrote a number of books on Bharatanatyam and Carnatic music including ''The Classical Dances of India'', ''Bharatanatyam – An In-Depth Study'', ''Carnataka Sangeetham'', and ''The Science of Bharatanatyam''.<ref name="ccrtindia" /><ref name="hindu">{{cite news|title=The write mudra|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/02/19/stories/2007021900080100.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216050722/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/02/19/stories/2007021900080100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|access-date=28 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 February 2007}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Saroja was married to Vaidyanathan, an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer of the [[Bihar]] cadre.<ref name="tamilnation" /> The couple had a son, Kamesh and their daughter-in-law [[Rama Vaidyanathan]] is a well-known Bharatanatyam artist of international fame. Saroja's grand-daughter, Dakshina Vaidyanathan Baghel, is also a sought-after Indian classical dancer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Char Minar in the City of Qutb!|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/26/stories/2002122600920300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030702075118/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/26/stories/2002122600920300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 July 2003|access-date=28 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 December 2002}}</ref>

Vaidyanathan died from cancer on 21 September 2023, two days after her 86th birthday.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bharatanatyam exponent Saroja Vaidyanathan dies at 86 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/bharatanatyam-exponent-saroja-vaidyanathan-dies-at-86-546465 |access-date=21 September 2023 |work=The Tribune |date=21 September 2023}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
[[File:Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award-08 to Smt. Saroja Vaidyanathan for her contribution to Bharatanatyam.jpg|thumb|[[President of India]] [[Pratibha Patil]] presenting the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award of 2008 to Saroja Vaidyanathan for her contribution to Bharatanatyam]]
Saroja was conferred the Padma Shri in 2002 and the Padma Bhushan in 2013.<ref name="deccanherald" /> She is also the recipient of the Sahitya Kala Parishad Samman of the [[Government of Delhi]], the Kalaimamani title bestowed by the Tamil Nadu Eyal Isai Nataka Manram and the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]].<ref name="sangeetnatak" /> She was conferred the title of 'Bharata Kalai Sudar' in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|title=Confluence of styles|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/08/18/stories/2006081800060300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806122847/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/08/18/stories/2006081800060300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 August 2013|access-date=28 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 August 2006}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship|state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaidyanathan, Saroja}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Dancers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:People from Ballari]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Women artists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Women educators from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Educators from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]

Songs of realization

2025-12-21T13:23:01Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: improve section per standard format

{{Tibetan Buddhism}}
'''Songs of realization''', or '''Songs of Experience''' ({{bo|t=ཉམས་མགུར|w=nyams mgur}}; [[Devanagari|Devanāgarī]]: दोहा; Romanized Sanskrit: ''Dohā''; [[Oriya language|Oriya]]: ପଦ), are sung poetry forms characteristic of the [[tantric movement]] in both [[Vajrayana]] [[Buddhism]] and in [[Hinduism]]. [[Doha (poetry)|Doha]] is also a specific poetic form. Various forms of these songs exist, including '''caryagiti''' ({{langx|sa|caryāgīti}}), or 'performance songs' and '''vajragiti''' (Sanskrit: ''vajragīti'', Tibetan: ''rDo-rje mgur'' ), or 'diamond songs', sometimes translated as '''vajra songs''' and '''doha''' (Sanskrit: ''dohā'', दोह, 'that which results from milking the cow'), also called '''doha songs''', distinguishing them from the unsung Indian poetry form of the [[doha (poetry)|doha]]. According to [[Roger R. Jackson|Roger Jackson]], caryagiti and vajragiti "differ generically from dohās because of their different context and function"; the doha being primarily spiritual [[aphorism]]s expressed in the form of [[rhyming couplet]]s whilst caryagiti are stand-alone performance songs and vajragiti are songs that can only be understood in the context of a [[ganachakra]] or [[vajrayana|tantric]] feast.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jackson |first=Roger R.|authorlink=Roger R. Jackson|title=Tantric Treasures:Three Collections of Mystical Verse from Buddhist India|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=USA|year=2004|pages=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06K69W9V7c4C& | isbn=978-0-19-516640-8}}</ref> Many collections of songs of realization are preserved in the [[Tibetan Buddhist canon]], however many of these texts have yet to be translated from the [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan language]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Shaw|first=Miranda|title=Passionate Enlightenment::Women in Tantric Buddhism|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1995|pages=[https://archive.org/details/passionateenligh00shaw/page/225 225 n.97]|isbn=0-691-01090-0|url=https://archive.org/details/passionateenligh00shaw/page/225}}</ref>

Although many of the songs of realization date from the [[mahasiddha]] of India, the tradition of composing mystical songs continued to be practiced by [[vajrayana|tantric]] adepts in later times and examples of spontaneously composed verses by Tibetan [[lama]]s exist up to the present day, an example being [[Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EC9M2XogJ6I|title=Songs of Realization|last=Gyamtso|first=Khenpo Tsultrim |accessdate=2008-09-14}}</ref> The most famous Tibetan composer of songs of realization is [[Milarepa]], the 11th century Tibetan [[yogi]] whose ''mgur bum'', or 'The Hundred Thousand Songs of Milarepa' remains a source of instruction and inspiration for [[Tibetan Buddhist]]s, particularly those of the [[kagyu]] school.

==Caryagiti songs==
A renowned collection of Buddhist caryagiti, or mystical songs, is the [[Charyapada]], a palm-leaf manuscript of the 8th-12th century text having been found in the early 20th century in Nepal. Another copy of the Charyapada was preserved in the [[Tibetan Buddhist canon]]. Miranda Shaw describes how caryagiti were an element of the ritual gathering of practitioners in a [[ganachakra|tantric feast]]:<blockquote>The feast culminates in the performance of tantric dances and music that must never be disclosed to outsiders. The revelers may also improvise "songs of realization" (''caryagiti'') to express their heightened clarity and blissful raptures in spontaneous verse.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shaw|first=Miranda|title=Passionate Enlightenment::Women in Tantric Buddhism|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1995|pages=[https://archive.org/details/passionateenligh00shaw/page/81 81]|isbn=0-691-01090-0|url=https://archive.org/details/passionateenligh00shaw/page/81}}</ref>
</blockquote>

==Doha songs==
Ann Waldman describes this poetry form: <blockquote>the ''doha'', a song of realization that acknowledges an encounter with a master teacher, traditionally a guru or lama, and explores a particular wisdom or teaching transmitted through a kind of call-and-response duet format.<ref>{{cite book|last=Waldman|first=Anne|title=Buddhist Women on the Edge:Contemporary Perspectives from the Western Frontier|editor=Marianne Dresser|publisher=North Atlantic Books|year=1996|pages=264|chapter=Poetry as Siddhi|isbn=978-1-55643-203-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gJN25nZ4xRoC&}}</ref>
</blockquote>

An example of a Doha song available in English translation, is by [[Rangjung Dorje]] (1284–1339). The Doha song is entitled ''Distinguishing Consciousness from Wisdom'' (Wylie: rnam shes ye shes ‘byed pa).<ref>[[Rangjung Dorje]] (root text); Venerable Khenchen Thrangu Rinpoche (commentary); Peter Roberts (translator) (2001). ''Transcending Ego - Distinguishing Consciousness from Wisdom (Wylie: rnam shes ye shes ‘byed pa).'' Source: [http://www.rinpoche.com/teachings/conwisdom.pdf] (accessed: Wednesday April 1, 2009)</ref> The 2001 translation includes a commentary by [[Thrangu Rinpoche]].

==See also==
*[[Charyapada]]
*[[Lawapa]]
*[[Mahamudra]]
*[[Mahasiddha]]
*[[Milarepa]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
Collections of songs of realization:
* {{cite book|last=Jackson |first=Roger|title=Tantric Treasures:Three Collections of Mystical Verse from Buddhist India|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=USA|year=2004|pages=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06K69W9V7c4C& | isbn=978-0-19-516640-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Dowman |first=Keith|title=Masters of Mahamudra: Songs and Histories of the Eighty-four Buddhist Siddhas|publisher=SUNY Press|location=New York|year=1986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EONQw5zYm10C& | isbn=978-0-88706-160-8}}
* ''Milarepa: Songs on the Spot'', translated by Nicole Riggs, Dharma Cloud Press, 2003, {{ISBN|0-9705639-30}}
* ''Milarepa, The Hundred Thousand Songs of Milarepa'', translated by Garma C.C. Chang, City Lights Books, 1999, {{ISBN|1-57062-476-3}}
*''The Yogi's Joy: Songs of Milarepa'' Sangharakshita, Windhorse Publications, 2006, {{ISBN|1-899579-66-4}}
*''Drinking the Mountain Stream: Songs of Tibet's Beloved Saint'', Wisdom Publications, {{ISBN|0-86171-063-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Rinpoche|first=Thrangu |title=Songs of Naropa:Commentaries on Songs of Realization|publisher=Rangjung Yeshe Publications|year=1997|isbn=978-962-7341-28-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QuwJwz6nNAC&}}
* [[Herbert V. Günther|Guenther, Herbert V.]] ''The Royal Song of Saraha: A Study in the History of Buddhist Thought.'' a.) University of Washington Press, 1970. {{ISBN|0-295-78552-7}} b.) New paperback edition, Shambhala Publications, 1973. {{ISBN|0-394-73007-0}}
* Guenther, Herbert V.; ''Ecstatic Spontaneity: Saraha's Three Cycles of Doha'' Asian Humanities Press, 1993. {{ISBN|0-89581-933-3}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081206043819/http://www.kagyuoffice.org/karmapa.background.16thkarmapasongs.html Songs of the 16th Karmapa (1940 - 1962)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081204234513/http://www.nalandabodhi.org/songsandpoems.html Index to Songs, Poems and Prayers, by author]
* [http://www.thdl.org/collections/journal/jiats/index.php?doc=jiats03rev_sujata.xml Review of Tibetan Songs of Realization: Echoes from a Seventeenth-Century Scholar and Siddha in Amdo]
* [http://www.bps.lk/wheels_library/wh_095_097.html Text of 'Sixty Songs of Milarepa']
* [http://www.quietmountain.org/links/teachings/yogi_chen/87.htm Text, The Essential Songs of Milarepa]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081004221219/http://www.shambhala.org/ntc/offerings/iron-hook-devotion.htm The Iron Hook of Devotion: A Melodious Feast Song]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20030815075608/http://www.kagyu-asia.com/l_tilo_t_song_mahamudra.html The Song of Mahamudra]}} by [[Tilopa]]

[[Category:Buddhist poetry]]
[[Category:Genres of poetry]]
[[Category:Hindu poetry]]
[[Category:Hindu tantra]]
[[Category:Tantra]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist literature]]
[[Category:Tibetan poetry]]
[[Category:Vajrayana]]

Birsa Munda Bus Terminal, Ranchi

2025-11-11T20:17:09Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: New

{{Short description|Bus terminal in Ranchi, Jharkhand}}
'''Birsa Munda Bus Terminal''', popularly known as '''Khadgarha Bus Stand''', is an [[Inter-State Bus Terminals|inter-state bus terminal]] in [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]. It is located in [[List of neighbourhoods of Ranchi#Kantatoli Colony|Kantatoli Colony]] and it is spread over 18 acres.<ref>{{Cite news |first= |title=Camera cover for bus terminus - Telegraph India |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/camera-cover-for-bus-terminus/cid/1336709 |access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Venue for interstate bus stand shifts near NH-33 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/venue-for-interstate-bus-stand-shifts-near-nh-33/cid/1688592 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627111057/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/venue-for-interstate-bus-stand-shifts-near-nh-33/cid/1688592 |archive-date=2022-06-27 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-22 |title=Birsa Munda Bus Terminal turns live in Ranchi - Jharkhand State News |url=https://jharkhandstatenews.com/article/top-stories/2018/birsa-munda-bus-terminal-turns-live-in-ranchi |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=jharkhandstatenews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Telegraph India |first= |date=13 November 2015 |title=Grand Launch for bus depot |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/grand-launch-for-bus-depot/cid/1378395}}</ref>

{{Infobox station
| name = Birsa Munda Bus Terminal
| other_name = Khadgarha Bus Stand Kantatoli Bus Stand ISBT Ranchi
| type = [[Bus stand]]
| address = Netaji Nagar, [[List of neighbourhoods of Ranchi#Kantatoli Colony|Kantatoli]], [[Ranchi]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.361|N|85.345|E|display=title,inline}}
| owned = [[Government of Jharkhand]] [[Ranchi Municipal Corporation]]
| manager = [[Government of Jharkhand]] [[Ranchi Municipal Corporation]]
| operator = [[Government of Jharkhand]] [[Ranchi Municipal Corporation]]
| distance = 2 km from [[Ranchi Junction railway station|Ranchi Railway Station]] 8 km from [[Birsa Munda Airport]]
| bus_stands = 1
| connections = {{Unbulleted list| [[Bihar]] [[Jharkhand]] [[Chhattisgarh]] [[Odisha]] [[West Bengal]] [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[Delhi]] | Private operators}}
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = No
| accessible = No
| architectural_style = [[Bus terminus]] [[Bus stand]]
| status = Active
| zone = 6
| opened = {{Start date|2015|11|13|df=y}}
| closed = 
| services = Parking, ATM, Public Toilet, Hotels, Lounge, Waiting Room
| mapframe =
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
| mapframe-stroke-color = #C60C30
| mapframe-marker = station
| mapframe-marker-color = #1F2F57
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| map_type = India Jharkhand#India#Asia#Earth
}}

The bus stand has many facilities like [[ATM]], [[public toilet]], [[parking]] and ticket counters for several buses.

== Destinations ==
The terminal also provides buses going to various destinations like [[Jamshedpur]], [[Dhanbad]], [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]], [[Deoghar]], [[Asansol]], [[Kolkata]], [[Raipur]], [[Patna]], [[Rourkela]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Varanasi]] and [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=रांची से दिल्ली की ट्रेन टिकट नहीं मिली, तो पढ़ें ये खबर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/jharkhand/now-you-can-travel-from-ranchi-to-new-delhi-by-bus-from-khadgarha-bus-stand-ranchi-jharkhand |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== Incidents ==

* On 30 June 2023, nine buses were gutted in fire due to short circuit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-30 |title=रांची के खादगढ़ा बस स्टैंड में 8 बसें जलकर खाक, पुलिस ने बताया- साजिश, होगी जांच |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/fire-in-ranchi-bus-stand-8-burnt-to-ashes-at-khadgarha-police-told-conspiracy-srn |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=30 June 2023 |title=Massive fire breaks out at Ranchi's Khadgarha bus stand, engulfs 8 buses |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-watch-massive-fire-breaks-out-at-ranchi-s-khadgarha-bus-stand-engulfs-8-buses-3049672 |archive-date=}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Ranchi Junction railway station]]
* [[Namkon railway station]]
* [[Birsa Munda Airport]]
* [[Sarai Kale Khan Inter-State Bus Terminus]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bus stations in India]]

Pentecostal Saint Thomas Christians

2025-11-10T17:26:05Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: quick update

{{Short description|St. Thomas Christian Pentecostals}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Pentecostal Saint Thomas Christians
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_caption =

| total = Approximately {{formatnum:149664}} (70% of all [[Keralite]] Pentecostals){{sfn|Zachariah|2016|pp=10,13,29}}
| genealogy =
| regions = [[Kerala]], India; with immigrant congregations in Europe, North America and Australia
| languages = [[Malayalam]], English, [[Hindi]] and most other [[languages of India]]
| philosophies =
| religions = [[Pentecostalism]], [[Neo-charismatic movement]]
| related_groups = [[Malayali]]s, [[Knanaya]], [[Cochin Jews]]{{sfn|Ross|1979|pp=88–89}}
| footnotes =
}}
{{Nasrani people}}
{{Pentecostalism}}
'''Pentecostal Saint Thomas Christians''', also called '''Pentecostal Syrian Christians''', are the ethnic [[Saint Thomas Christians]] (Nasranis) affiliated to various [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] and independent [[Neo-charismatic movement|Neo-Charismatic]] churches. Sometimes, the [[Kerala Brethren]] are also erroneously lumped together with Pentecostals. The community is native to the Indian state of [[Kerala]], and shares in the legacy of early Christianity in the region, traditionally traced to the missionary activities of [[Saint Thomas the Apostle]] in the first century (AD 52–72). Prior to their conversion to Pentecostalism, they belonged to traditional [[Saint Thomas Christian denominations]].{{sfn|Bergunder|2008|pp=15–16}}{{sfn|Karkkainen|2009|p=72}}{{sfn|Hefner|2013|p=197}}{{sfn|John|2020}}{{sfn|Havea|2022|p=44}}

== Origin ==
Pentecostalism in Kerala, has its origins in the activities of [[German Americans|German–American]] missionary George E. Berg and his Indian co-workers, in 1911.{{sfn|Karkkainen|2009|pp=73–74}}{{sfn|Anderson|2013|pp=139–140}} The first converts came from a small [[Kerala Brethren]] congregation based in Thuvayur, near [[Adoor]].{{sfn|Bergunder|2008|p=26}} This group, which was led by Paruttupara Ummachan, became the first Pentecostal congregation of [[South India]].{{sfn|Anderson|Tang|2005|p=192}}{{sfn|John|2018|p=100}} During his Kerala tour, Berg also got acquainted with a few more young men, who accompanied him to [[Bangalore]], where they received their Pentecostal instruction.{{sfn|Bergunder|2008|p=26}} Two of them, Umman Mammen and Pandalam Mattai, worked as Pentecostal evangelists, after their return to Kerala.{{sfn|Bergunder|2008|p=26}}{{sfn|Anderson|Tang|2005|p=192}}{{sfn|John|2018|pp=99–100}}

In 1912, Berg returned to the United States, where he met [[Robert F. Cook]].{{sfn|Bergunder|2008|p=27}} Berg convinced Cook about the mission in India. So in 1913, Cook joined Berg, in Bangalore.{{sfn|Bergunder|2008|p=27}} In the coming years, Cook made several missionary journeys to Kerala, and financially supported the original native Pentecostal evangelists of Kerala, as well as the congregation of Thuvayur.{{sfn|Bergunder|2008|p=27}}{{sfn|Anderson|Tang|2005|p=192}} Additional help came from Mary Chapman, an [[Assemblies of God]] missionary, who arrived in [[Trivandrum]], by this time.{{sfn|Bergunder|2008|pp=27–28}}{{sfn|Karkkainen|2009|p=74}} Soon other foreign evangelists followed.{{sfn|Anderson|Tang|2005|pp=192–193}}{{sfn|John|2018|p=100}} In the first half of the 1920s, a large number of Kerala Brethren (mostly ex–[[Mar Thomite]]s){{sfn|John|2018|pp=96–98}}{{sfn|Koshy|1999|pp=124–126}} became Pentecostals.{{sfn|Bergunder|2008|p=28}}

== Growth and splits ==
Pentecostalism continued to grow among [[Saint Thomas Christians]] and in [[Kerala]], in the following decades.{{sfn|Wilfred|2014|pp=160–161}}{{sfn|John|2020}} However, this period was marked by constant disagreements and quarrels among the leaders of the movement. Disputes arose over questions of leadership, financial aspects, affiliation to foreign missionary organizations etc.{{sfn|Anderson|Tang|2005|pp=193,195}} As a result, in the 1930s four different Pentecostal churches dominated by St. Thomas Christians emerged. They were the [[General Council of the Assemblies of God of India|Assemblies of God of India]], [[Church of God (Full Gospel) in India|Church of God in India]], [[Ceylon Pentecostal Mission]] and [[Indian Pentecostal Church of God]].{{sfn|Anderson|Tang|2005|p=193}}{{sfn|John|2018|p=104}} K. E. Abraham, P. M. Samuel and K. C. Cherian, the co–founders of the Indian Pentecostal Church of God, originally belonged to the [[Malankara Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church]].{{sfn|Karkkainen|2009|pp=72–73}}{{sfn|Bergunder|2008|pp=255,262–263,291–292}}

Internal strife within the first four churches led to the establishment of newer ones like the Sharon Fellowship Church (P. J. Thomas, 1953),{{sfn|Wilfred|2014|p=160}} New India Church of God (V. A. Thamby, 1973), New India Bible Church (Thomas Philip, Abraham Philip, 1972) etc.{{sfn|Anderson|Tang|2005|pp=195–196}}{{sfn|John|2020}} The [[Gospel for Asia]] ([[K. P. Yohannan]], 1979) was yet another Pentecostal missionary organization found by a St. Thomas Christian.{{sfn|Anderson|Tang|2005|p=196}} Ultimately, K. P. Yohannan got ordained as a bishop and set up the [[Believers Eastern Church]], under the auspices of the Gospel for Asia.{{sfn|Kurien|2017|pp=207–208}}{{sfn|Wilfred|2014|p=161}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Moran Mor Athanasius Yohan I Metropolitan |url=https://www.bec.org/athanasius-yohan/ |website=Believers Eastern Church}}</ref>

=== Knanaya Pentecostals ===
The Pentecostal wave that swept through the St. Thomas Christian community, naturally generated ripples in the [[Knanaya]] community; an endogamous subcaste of Nasranis.{{sfn|Frykenberg|2008|pp=107–109,113}}{{sfn|Bergunder|2008|pp=51–52}} The Knanaya Christians traditionally belong to the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Kottayam]] and [[Malankara Syriac Knanaya Archdiocese]]. V. A. Thamby, who hailed from the Knanaya community, converted to Pentecostalism in 1962. Initially, Thamby started a couple of [[house church]]es among the Knanaya.{{sfn|Bergunder|2008|pp=51–52}}

From 1973 onwards, Thamby worked in collaboration with Australian pastor Cliff Beard. With Beard's support, Thamby went on a preaching journey to the United States, and acquired the necessary sponsorships, which enabled him to establish the New India Church of God.{{sfn|Bergunder|2008|p=52}}{{sfn|Anderson|Tang|2005|pp=195–196}}{{sfn|John|2020}} Thamby's wife, Mariamma Thamby supported her husband in every possible way. After completing her Biblical studies in Australia, Mariamma Thamby opened a [[Bible college|Bible school]] for women in 1983.{{sfn|Bergunder|2008|p=52}}

In 1988, Thamby moved to [[Chingavanam]], a long-established centre of the Knanaya community, where he put up his church's headquarters.{{sfn|Bergunder|2008|p=52}} From there, he launched a rigorous campaign to proselytize Knanaya Christians. He met with significant success, for Chingavanam soon became the largest congregation of the New India Church of God.{{sfn|Bergunder|2008|p=52}}

== Independent 'New–Generation' Churches ==
[[Neo-charismatic movement|Neo–Charismatic churches]] were founded at the turn of the 21st century, by individuals who left traditional [[Saint Thomas Christian denominations]], with a craving for prayerful renewal, revitalization, [[Faith healing#Evangelicalism|faith healing]] and [[Miracle#Evangelicalism|miracles]]. There was also a general discontent with the rigid clergy-oriented, liturgical framework of traditional churches, that offered little or no room for revival.{{sfn|John|2018|pp=115–116}}{{sfn|Kurien|2017|p=207}}{{sfn|John|2020}} Many new–generation churches espouse [[Prosperity theology]], and are particularly popular with the financially insecure St. Thomas Christian diaspora.{{sfn|Rajan|Oommen|2019|pp=255–258}}{{sfn|Kurien|2017|pp=208–209}}{{sfn|George|2022|pp=159–160}} Neo–Pentecostal worship is usually [[Baptism with the Holy Spirit#Empowerment|spirit–filled]] with clapping, singing, ecstatic dancing and miracles, as opposed to the codified liturgical worship in traditional churches.{{sfn|Kurien|2017|p=208}}{{sfn|Rajan|Oommen|2019|pp=256–257}}

Prominent Neo–Pentecostal churches with predominantly St. Thomas Christian members include Heavenly Feast, Covenant People, Parra etc. Heavenly Feast was founded in 1998, by Matthew Kuruvilla (originally [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|Malankara Orthodox]]).{{sfn|John|2020}}{{sfn|Kurien|2017|p=208}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Mathew Kuruvilla – Heavenly Feast |url=https://www.theheavenlyfeast.org/dr-mathew-kuruvilla/}}</ref> Regular Sunday worshippers in the Heavenly Feast headquarters in [[Kottayam]], number about 15,000.{{sfn|Kurien|2017|p=208}} Covenant People was founded by Jose Anathanam (originally [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Syro-Malabar Catholic]]) in 1996. About 60 percent of Covenant People affiliates are former Syro-Malabar Catholics and 40 percent are from other historic St. Thomas Christian denominations.{{sfn|Leustean|2014|pp=481–482}}<ref>{{cite web |title=THE COVENANT PEOPLE |url=http://www.covenantpeople.org/ |website=www.covenantpeople.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Diocese bans retreat center for antichurch teaching |url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/2001/10/26/diocese-bans-retreat-center-for-antichurch-teaching&post_id=19410 |work=ucanews.com |date=25 October 2001 |language=en}}</ref> Parra, which means Rock, was founded in [[Thiruvalla]] by wealthy, young Middle East returnees, to cater to English-speaking Kerala youth, typically raised abroad.{{sfn|Kurien|2017|p=208}}

== Cultural and Social attributes ==
[[File:Branches & Denominations of Saint Thomas Christians.svg|thumb|420x420px|A diagram showing the history of the divisions among the Saint Thomas Christians.]]
Classical Kerala Pentecostals do not wear [[Jewellery|ornaments]].{{sfn|Phan|2011|p=24}}{{sfn|John|2018|pp=106–107}}{{sfn|Bergunder|2008|pp=184–185}} They oppose the [[ordination of women]].{{sfn|Anderson|2013|pp=140–141}}{{sfn|Wilfred|2014|p=160}} Some are even against taking medicines.{{sfn|Wilfred|2014|p=160}} Many of them wear only traditional white clothing for their worship services.{{sfn|John|2018|p=107}}{{sfn|Wilfred|2014|p=160}}{{sfn|Williams|Brady|1996|p=85}} Conventional Keralite Pentecostals also hold somewhat radical views regarding holiness (Visudhi) and separation from the world (Verpadu), which they inherited from their [[Kerala Brethren]] precursors.{{sfn|John|2018|p=107}}{{sfn|Bergunder|2008|p=185}}{{sfn|Yong|Synan|2016|p=61}} All these practices have caused traditional Keralite Pentecostals to suffer social ostracism to some extent.{{sfn|John|2018|pp=106–107}} Neo–Charismatic churches, however, do not impose such restrictions.{{sfn|John|2018|p=107}}

=== Casteism ===
{{See also|Caste system among Indian Christians}}
Pentecostal Syrian Christians have been dubbed "sheep stealers" by leaders of traditional Saint Thomas Christian denominations, due to their eagerness to gain more St. Thomas Christian converts.{{sfn|Williams|Brady|1996|p=85}} Pentecostal Syrian Christians are an endogamous sect; they do not marry into or from other [[Caste#India|castes]] or [[Christian denomination]]s.{{sfn|Sahanam|2009|p=33}}{{sfn|Hefner|2013|pp=197–199,201}}{{sfn|Anderson|Tang|2005|p=211}}

Pentecostal St. Thomas Christians have been accused of prejudicial treatment of [[Dalit Christian]]s in their churches.{{sfn|Yong|2005|pp=57–58}}{{sfn|Goh|2018|p=140}}{{sfn|Hefner|2013|pp=197–199,201–202}}{{sfn|Anderson|Tang|2005|pp=196,211}} Despite being numerically significant, Dalit Pentecostals were easily bypassed by Syrian Pentecostals for education, overseas financial support and leadership positions.{{sfn|Yong|2005|p=57}}{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2011|p=177}}{{sfn|Hefner|2013|pp=197–198}} Syrian Pentecostals were wary of Dalits rising to leadership because they feared that it would lead to loss of societal status, and thus hinder the growth of Pentecostal churches.{{sfn|Yong|2005|p=57}} Syrians also denounced the Dalit support for [[Communism in Kerala]].{{sfn|Yong|2005|p=58}} In 1972, as a result of Dalit segregation, the [[Church of God (Full Gospel) in India|Church of God]] in Kerala, got divided into Church of God (Kerala Division) for Dalits, and Church of God (Kerala State) for Syrians.{{sfn|Anderson|Tang|2005|pp=196,211}}{{sfn|Yong|2005|p=57}}{{sfn|John|2018|p=103}}{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2011|p=177}}

== Numbers ==
A 2016 study under the aegis of the Govt. of Kerala, based on the data from [[2011 Census of India]] and Kerala Migration Surveys, counted {{formatnum:213806}} Pentecost/Brethren affiliates in [[Kerala]].{{sfn|Zachariah|2016|pp=10,13,29}} On a rough reckoning, 70 percent of all Keralite Pentecostals or {{formatnum:149664}} people are [[Saint Thomas Christians]]. Pentecostals comprise 3.5 percent of all Keralite Christians and 0.6 percent of the total population of Kerala.{{sfn|Zachariah|2016|pp=8,10,13,29,33}} 47.2 percent of all Keralite Pentecostals live in [[Pathanamthitta district]], followed by [[Kollam district]] (11.1 percent), [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] (10.5 percent) and [[Idukki district]] (10.4 percent).{{sfn|Zachariah|2016|p=32}} 12.7 percent of all Christians in Pathanamthitta district are Pentecostals.{{sfn|Zachariah|2016|p=33}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Christianity|India}}
*[[Pentecostalism in Kerala]]
*[[History of Pentecostalism in India]]
*[[Christianity in Kerala]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite web|title=Religious denominations of Kerala|url=http://cds.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/WP468.pdf|date=April 2016|author1-first=K.C.|author1-last=Zachariah|publisher=[[Centre for Development Studies]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417114220/http://cds.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/WP468.pdf |archive-date=2018-04-17 }}
* {{cite journal|author1-last=Ross |author1-first=Israel J. |year=1979 |title=Ritual and Music in South India: Syrian Christian Liturgical Music in Kerala |journal=Asian Music |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=80–98 |jstor=833968|doi=10.2307/833968}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bergunder |first1=Michael |title=The South Indian Pentecostal Movement in the Twentieth Century |date=6 June 2008 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-2734-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGiv3riaunQC |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Allan |last2=Tang |first2=Edmond |title=Asian and Pentecostal: The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia |date=2005 |publisher=OCMS |isbn=978-1-870345-43-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LDZgKELq7AoC |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Karkkainen |first1=Veli-Matti |title=The Spirit in the World: Emerging Pentecostal Theologies in Global Contexts |date=26 August 2009 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-6281-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6qJ_lP3dSAC |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hefner |first1=Robert W. |title=Global Pentecostalism in the 21st Century |date=2 October 2013 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-01094-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bHHAAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=John |first1=Stanley J. Valayil C. |title=Transnational Religious Organization and Practice: A Contextual Analysis of Kerala Pentecostal Churches in Kuwait |date=19 February 2018 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-36101-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kntTDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=John |first1=Stanley |title=World Christianity–Methodological Considerations |date=10 December 2020 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-44486-7 |pages=271–291 |url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789004444867/BP000019.xml |language=en |chapter=The Rise of ‘New Generation’ Churches in Kerala Christianity}}
* {{cite book |last1=Veeraraj |first1=Anand |last2=McDermott |first2=Rachel Fell |title=Pilgrims at the Crossroads: Asian Indian Christians at the North American Frontier |date=30 November 2009 |publisher=Institute for the Study of Asian American Christianity |isbn=978-0-9819878-2-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGv0AgAAQBAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Havea |first1=Jione |title=Bordered Bodies, Bothered Voices: Native and Migrant Theologies |date=29 April 2022 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-6667-0768-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGRuEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Allan Heaton |title=An Introduction to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity |date=24 October 2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-47069-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QNCAQAAQBAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Koshy |first1=Rev K. V. |title=St. Thomas and the Syrian Churches of India |date=1999 |publisher=ISPCK |isbn=978-81-7214-495-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mv7YAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kurien |first1=Prema A. |title=Ethnic Church Meets Megachurch: Indian American Christianity in Motion |date=20 June 2017 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-1-4798-2637-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80K1DgAAQBAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wilfred |first1=Felix |title=The Oxford Handbook of Christianity in Asia |date=23 May 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-934152-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNNjAwAAQBAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rajan |first1=S. Irudaya |last2=Oommen |first2=Ginu Zacharia |title=Asianization of Migrant Workers in the Gulf Countries |date=27 November 2019 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-329-287-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OsDADwAAQBAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=George |first1=Sam |title=Interconnections of Asian Diaspora: Mapping the Linkages and Discontinuities |date=26 April 2022 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-1-5064-7829-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bs5AEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Leustean |first1=Lucian N. |title=Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century |date=30 May 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-81865-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yt6vAwAAQBAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Phan |first1=Peter C. |title=Christianities in Asia |date=21 January 2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-9260-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nfva8m7UOboC |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sahanam |first1=L. E. |title=Belonging But Not Believing: Interfaith Marriage |date=2009 |publisher=ISPCK |isbn=978-81-8458-088-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tWuWdk0NMIkC |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Yong |first1=Amos |last2=Synan |first2=Vinson |title=Global Renewal Christianity: Spirit-empowered Movements Past, Present, and Future |date=2016 |publisher=Charisma Media |isbn=978-1-62998-688-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WhElCwAAQBAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Raymond Brady |last2=Brady |first2=Williams Raymond |title=Christian Pluralism in the United States: The Indian Immigrant Experience |date=13 November 1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-57016-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1uk6zZQKzAC |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Yong |first1=Amos |title=The Spirit Poured Out on All Flesh: Pentecostalism and the Possibility of Global Theology |date=1 July 2005 |publisher=Baker Books |isbn=978-1-4412-0673-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NsdiG39MAQC |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Sabyasachi |title=Approaches to History: Essays in Indian Historiography |date=2011 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-17-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P4CF8RAsuwkC |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Goh |first1=Robbie B. H. |title=Protestant Christianity in the Indian Diaspora: Abjected Identities, Evangelical Relations, and Pentecostal Visions |date=1 February 2018 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-6943-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyJLDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Frykenberg |first1=Robert Eric |title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present |date=27 June 2008 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-154419-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VhRREAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
{{Refend}}

[[Category:Thomas the Apostle]]
[[Category:Saint Thomas Christians]]
[[Category:Christianity in Kerala]]
[[Category:Christian communities of India]]
[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups in India]]
[[Category:Pentecostalism in India]]
[[Category:Indian Pentecostals]]
[[Category:Converts to Pentecostal denominations]]
[[Category:Evangelicalism in India]]
[[Category:Protestant ethnoreligious groups]]

Reyepara

2025-11-07T03:34:40Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: added a entry - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Reyepara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = bn
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|03|24.8|N|87|53|48.1|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3,059
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 721650 (Reyepara)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03224
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Nandigram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nandigram]]
| website = {{URL|purbamedinipur.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Reyepara''' is a village, in [[Nandigram II]] CD Block in [[Haldia subdivision]] of [[Purba Medinipur district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=300| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|3|0|N|88|0|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Haldia subdivision of Purba Medinipur district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, S: port Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|4|0|N|88|4|11|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Haldia | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Haldia]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|11|14|N|87|59|18|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Garh |labela2= Kamalpur | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Garh Kamalpur]] (CT)|shape-color2=#A40000
|mark-coord3={{coord|21|59|0|N|87|59|0|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Nandigram| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Nandigram]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|3|25|N|87|56|44|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Ashadtalya| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Ashadtalya]] (CT)|shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|8|56|N|88|5|48|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Barda| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Barda, Purba Medinipur]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|10|50|N|87|58|40|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Mahishadal| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Mahishadal]] (R)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|7|28|N|88|6|41|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Sutahata | numbered7=N| mark-title7= [[Sutahata]] (N)|shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|4|0|N|88|8|0|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Durgachak | numbered8=N| mark-title8= [[Durgachak]] (N)|shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|3|24|N|87|53|48|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Reyepara| numbered9=R| mark-title9= Reyepara (R)|shape-color9=black| label-size9=13|label-color9=black 
|mark-coord10={{coord|21|54|7|N|87|57|52|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Sona Chura| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Sona Chura]] (R)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|8|37|N|88|5|0|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Chaitanyapur| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Chaitanyapur]] (R)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|12|0|N|88|3|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Geonkhali| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Geonkhali]] (R)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|11|15|N|88|7|25|E}} | label-pos13=bottom|label13= Kukrahati| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Kukrahati]] (R)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|02|30|N|88|5|19|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Haldia Port| numbered14=S| mark-title14= [[Haldia Port]] (S)|shape-color14=#0048BA
|mark-coord15={{coord|22.2273|N|87.9774|E}}| label15=Rupnarayan| label-color15 = #77A1CB| label-angle15=10| label-pos15=right| label-size15=10| mark-size15=0| mark-title15=none
|mark-coord16={{coord|21.8743|N|88.0554|E}}| label16=Hooghly River| label-color16 = #77A1CB| label-angle16=-60| label-pos16=right| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16=none
|mark-coord17={{coord|22.1458|N|87.8548|E}}| label17=Haldi River| label-color17 = #77A1CB| label-angle17=25| label-pos17=right| label-size17=10| mark-size17=0| mark-title17=none
|mark-coord18={{coord|21.9443|N|88.0684|E}}| label18=Nayachar| label-color18 = Black| label-angle18=-60| label-pos18=right| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18=none}}

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Nandigram II CD block are located at Reyepara.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1919_PART_A_DCHB_PURBA%20MEDINIPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Purba Medinipur | work= Map of Purba Medinipur with CD Block HQs and Police Stations |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | accessdate = 10 November 2016 }}</ref>

===Urbanisation===
79.19% of the population of Haldia subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 20.81% of the population live in the urban areas, and that is the highest proportion of urban population amongst the four subdivisions in Purba Medinipur district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur | work = Table 2.2 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 21 April 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Reyepara had a total population of 3,059 of which 1,528 (50%) were males and 1,531 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 321. The total number of literates in Reyepara was 2,439 (89.08% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 10 November 2016 }}</ref>

==Transport==
The Chandipur-Nandigram Road passes through Reyepara.<ref>Google maps</ref>

==Healthcare==
Reapara Rural Hospital at Reapara (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Nandigram II CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Boyal (with 6 beds) and Amdabad (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 27 March 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Medinipur District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Medinipur district]]

Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Thomas of Mylapore

2025-11-05T20:44:39Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: added new data - done

{{Short description|Former Catholic diocese in India (1606-1952)}}
{{Redirect|Maliarpha|the genus of moth|Maliarpha (moth)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=May 2008}}
{{original research|date=May 2008}}
{{disputed|date=May 2008}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

[[File:ShrineOfSaintThomasAtMeliapore18thCentury.jpg|thumb|Shrine of Saint Thomas in [[Meliapore]], 18th century print.]]
The '''Diocese of Saint Thomas of Mylapore''', presently in [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''São Tomé de Meliapor''; [[Latin]] ''Sancti Thomae de Meliapor''), was a [[Latin Church]] ecclesiastical territory or [[diocese]] of the [[Catholic Church]] in India. It was a [[suffragan diocese]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|Archdiocese of Goa]], under the [[Padroado|Portuguese patronage]]. It was founded at 1606 from the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin]] and abandoned at 1952.

It was in [[Mylapore]] and derives its name from the site of its cathedral in which the [[Thomas the Apostle|Apostle St. Thomas]] was reportedly interred.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

==Episcopal ordinaries==

*[[Sebastião de São Pedro]], [[Augustinian Order]] (O.E.S.A.) (9 Jan 1606 – 16 Feb 1615), next bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin|Cochin]]
*[[Luís de Brito de Menezes]], O.E.S.A. (18 May 1615 – 27 May 1627), next [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin|Bishop of Cochin]]
*[[Luís Paulo de Estrela]], [[Franciscan Third Order]] (T.O.R.) (10 Feb 1631 – 9 Jan 1637 Died)
*[[Gaspar Alphonsus Álvares]], [[Jesuits]] (S.J.) (19 Dec 1691 – 24 Nov 1708 Died)
*[[Francisco Laynez]], S.J. (24 Nov 1708 – 11 June 1715 Died)
*[[Manuel Sanches Golão]] (8 June 1718 – ?? )
* José Pinheiro, S.J. (21 Feb 1725 – 15 March 1744 Died)
*[[António da Encarnação]], O.E.S.A. (8 March 1745 – 22 Sep 1752 Died)
*[[Bernardo de São Caetano]], O.E.S.A. (28 May 1759 – 4 Nov 1780 Died)
*[[Joaquim de Meneses e Ataíde]], O.E.S.A. (29 Oct 1804 Confirmed – 29 May 1820), next bishop of [[Elvas]]
*[[Estevão de Jesus Maria da Costa]], [[Friars Minor]] (O.F.M.) (3 July 1826 – 28 Jan 1828), next [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Angra|Bishop of Angra]]
*[[António Tristão Vaz Teixeira]] (1836 – 1852)
*[[Henrique José Reed da Silva]] (14 March 1887 – 12 August 1897 Resigned)
*[[António José de Sousa Barroso]] (11 Oct 1897 – 23 May 1899), next bishop of Porto
*[[Teotónio Emanuel Ribeiro Vieira de Castro]] (22 June 1899 – 25 May 1929), next [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|Archbishop of Goa e Damão]]
*[[António Maria Teixeira]] (25 May 1929 – 15 March 1933 Died)
*[[Carlos de Sá Fragoso]] (4 Dec 1933 – 10 April 1937 Resigned)
*[[Manuel de Medeiros Guerreiro]] (10 April 1937 – 2 March 1951), next [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Nampula|Bishop of Nampula]].
*''Extinction – 1952''<ref>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/ds326.html#details Catholic Hierarchy: "Diocese of São Tomé of Meliapore"]. Retrieved 10 November 2015</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Catholic dioceses in India]]
* [[Catholic Church in India]]
* [[São Tomé de Meliapore]], an overlapping territory that existed from 1523 to 1749

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/meli1.htm GCatholic]

{{Portuguese overseas empire|state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mylapore, Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Thomas of}}
[[Category:Former Roman Catholic dioceses in Asia]]
[[Category:Former Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Suppressed Roman Catholic dioceses]]
[[Category:1606 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Christianity in Tamil Nadu]]

Ethelbert Blatter

2025-10-27T19:39:13Z

SanjayMurugesan2221:

{{short description|Swiss Jesuit priest and botanist in British India (1877-1934)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ethelbert Blatter
| birth_date = 15 December 1877
| birth_place = [[Appenzell Innerrhoden]], Switzerland
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1934|05|26|1877|12|15|df=y}}
| death_place = St. Vincent's High School, [[Pune]], British India
| fields = Botany
| workplaces = [[St Xavier's College, Bombay]]
| known_for = Pioneering botanist in British India
| awards = [[Johannes Bruehl]] Memorial Medal (1932)
| author_abbrev_bot = Blatter
}}
[[File:Ethelbert blatter2.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Ethelbert Blatter, [[Society of Jesus|SJ]] pioneering taxonomist of the flora of the [[Indian subcontinent]].]]
'''Ethelbert Blatter''' (15 December 1877 – 26 May 1934) was a [[Swiss people|Swiss]] [[Jesuit]] priest and pioneering botanist in [[British India]]. Author of five books and over sixty papers on the flora of the [[Indian subcontinent]], he was Principal and Professor of Botany at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St Xavier College]], [[Bombay]] and vice-president of the [[Bombay Natural History Society]]. In 1932 he became the first recipient of the [[Paul Johannes Brühl|Johannes Bruehl]] Memorial Medal of the [[Asiatic Society of Bengal]].<ref name=mccann>McCann, C. 1934. "Ethelbert Blatter, S.J." ''Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society,'' xxxvii(2):465-473.</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Ethelbert Blatter.jpg|left|thumb]]
Blatter was born in the [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[Appenzell Innerrhoden]] in northeastern [[Switzerland]] in a region near Mount [[Säntis]]. Having lost his father at an early age, he was raised by an uncle, a popular doctor in the municipality of [[Rebstein]] in the neighboring [[Canton of St. Gallen]]. The young Blatter lived in his uncle's home, a castle overlooking Rebstein and located in the [[Rhine]] valley just before the river's union with [[Lake Constance]] (Bodensee). After finishing elementary education in Rebstein, Blatter attended middle school in [[Sarnen]], the capital of the [[Canton of Obwalden]], in [[Central Switzerland]]. His classmates at Sarnen remembered him as not only brilliant in every subject, but also a high-spirited companion with a reputation for pranks. After Sarnen, Blatter went on to have a brilliant career in high school in [[Schwyz]], capital of the [[Canton of Schwyz]], northeast of the canton of Obwalden. In October 1896, after finishing high school, Blatter moved to the border town of [[Feldkirch, Vorarlberg|Feldkirch]], [[Austria]] to join the Noviciate of the German Province of the Society of Jesus. Since German Jesuits were in exile under [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]], Blatter moved to the Netherlands in 1898 to first pursue classical studies and then study philosophy in the college of [[Valkenburg aan de Geul]] in the southernmost province of [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]]. Around this time, he also developed an interest in botany and attended many scientific conferences in [[Europe]].<ref name=mccann/>

==India I==
In 1903, Blatter moved to India and was appointed Professor of Botany at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St Xavier's College Bombay]]. The following year, he joined the [[Bombay Natural History Society]] (BNHS) and began to contribute articles, the first of which was "The Fauna and Flora of Our Metallic Money," an article which (somewhat humorously) catalogued the microorganisms commonly found on various coins in India.<ref>Blatter, E. 1905. "The Fauna and Flora of our Metallic Money". ''Journal Bombay Natural Hist. Soc.'' xvi:334-339.</ref> In pursuit of his researches, Blatter traveled extensively within India. His most important contributions from this time were a series of articles written between 1904 and 1909 (although published later) and titled, ''The [[Arecaceae|Palms]] of [[British India]] and [[Ceylon]], Indigenous and Introduced''. The articles were subsequently published in book form by [[Oxford University Press]].<ref>Blatter, E. 1926. ''The Palms of British India and Ceylon''. Oxford University Press. pp. xxviii, 600, 106 plates.</ref>

==Theological studies in Europe==
Returning to Europe in 1909, Blatter chose to complete his theological studies in [[Hastings]], [[South East England]], where exiled Jesuits from two French provinces had opened a school of theology. During this time, Blatter also spent much time researching and compiling his papers, ''Flora of Aden'',<ref>Blatter, E. 1907, 1908. "The Flora of Aden." ''Journ. Bombay Natural Hist. Soc.'', xvii:895-920, xviii:54-68.</ref> at the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|Royal Botanic Gardens]] in [[Kew]]. Ordained as a priest on 25 August 1912, Blatter spent another year in the Netherlands, before returning to London to compile data for his next effort, ''Flora Arabica''.<ref>Blatter, E. 1919-1923. "Flora Arabica." ''Rec. Bot. Surv. India'', viii:1-450.</ref> Still in London when Great War broke out, Blatter booked his passage to India on a Japanese boat. Despite facing rifle fire from Turkish soldiers in the Suez Canal, the ship's journey was mostly uneventful, and Blatter arrived in Bombay in October 1915.<ref name=mccann/>

==India II==
Returning to his position as professor of botany at St Xavier's, Blatter expended great energy during the next few years both traveling and building an extensive botanical collection. Consequently, St. Xavier's College had one of the best herbaria in Western India during those years. He was appointed principal of the college in 1919, retaining his professorial chair until 1924. He also became a prominent member of Bombay University Senate, and played a major role in influencing later university reforms.<ref name=mccann/>

In 1925 Blatter retired to [[Panchgani]] as parish priest, and began to focus more on his botanical studies. His series of papers with [[W.S. Millard]] titled, ''Some Beautiful Indian Trees'' were published around this time. These papers too resulted in a book of the same name, a classic, still in print.{{sfn|Blatter|Millard|1954}} Other books pertaining to India from this time were the two-volume ''Beautiful Flowers of Kashmir'' (1927, 1928);<ref>Blatter, Ethelbert. 1927, 1928. ''Beautiful Flowers of Kashmir''. John Bale Sons & Danielsson, Ltd. London. vol. i pp. xv, 198, 33 coloured plates. vol. ii pp. xv, 204, 31 coloured plates.</ref> ''The Flora of the Indus Delta'' (with [[Charles McCann]] and T. S. Sabnis, 1929);<ref>Blatter, E., F. Hallberg, and C. McCann. 1929. ''The Flora of the Indus Delta''. Methodist Publishing House, Madras. pp 173, 37 plates.</ref> and ''The Ferns of Bombay'' (with J. F. D'Almeida, 1932).<ref>Blatter, E. and J. F. D'Almeida. 1932. ''The Ferns of Bombay.'' D. B. Taraporevala Sons & Co., Bombay. pp. vii, 228, 15 plates.</ref> The following year he was elected vice-president of BNHS.

In 1930, during an expedition to [[Waziristan]], a political agency in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]] of British India,<ref name=IGI-vol24>"Waziristan, North" and "Waziristan, South." 1908. In ''[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', vol 24, pp. 379-384.</ref> Blatter had a bad fall from a horse, and the resulting injuries brought on a partial paralysis. From that point onwards, his health began to fail. In 1932. in recognition of his botanical work, Fr. Blatter received the first Johannes Bruehl Memorial Medal of the [[Asiatic Society of Bengal]] for "Conspicuous Important contributions to the knowledge of Asiatic Botany."<ref name=mccann/>

Fr. Ethelbert Blatter died on 26 May 1934 at [[St. Vincent's High School]], [[Pune]].

== Selected publications ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last1=Blatter|first1=Ethelbert|last2=Millard|first2=Walter Samuel|authorlink1=Ethelbert Blatter|author-link2=Walter Samuel Millard|title=Some Beautiful Indian Trees|date=1954|orig-date=1937|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U660AAAAIAAJ|isbn= 978-0195621624}}
{{refend}}

{{botanist|Blatt.|Blatter}}

==See also==
* [[Bombay Natural History Society]]
* [[Walter Samuel Millard]]
* [[Blatter Herbarium]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/fernsofbombay00blatiala The Ferns of Bombay (scanned book)]
* [https://archive.org/details/BeautifulFlowersKashmir1 Beautiful Flowers of Kashmir. Volume 1 (1927)] [https://archive.org/details/beautifulflowers032840mbp Volume 2 (1928)]
* [https://archive.org/details/BombayGrasses Blatter, E; Charles McCann (1935) Bombay grasses. ICAR, Delhi.]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Blatter, Ethelbert}}
[[Category:1877 births]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Swiss botanists]]
[[Category:Swiss Jesuits]]
[[Category:Naturalists from British India]]
[[Category:Catholic clergy scientists]]
[[Category:Jesuit scientists]]
[[Category:People from Appenzell Innerrhoden]]
[[Category:20th-century Swiss botanists]]
[[Category:Members of the Bombay Natural History Society]]

List of Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh/East

2025-10-26T17:06:49Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: update details per sources

{{Short description|none}}
The following structures in eastern [[Madhya Pradesh]] have been designated as [[Monuments of National Importance]] by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_mp.asp |title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Madhya Pradesh (Bhopal Circle) |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India |accessdate=15 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102195954/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_mp.asp |archive-date=2 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In this list, the ASI recognized monuments in the eastern part of [[Madhya Pradesh]] are described, in the districts Balaghat, Bhind, Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, Damoh, Datia, Ashok Nagar, Jabalpur, Katni, Mandla, Panna, Raisen, Rewa, Sagar, Satna, Seoni, Anuppur, Shahdol, Sidhi and Vidisha. For the western part of Madhya Pradesh, see [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh/West]].

{{GeoGroupTemplate}}

{{ASI Monument header|state_iso=IN-MP}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-1
| description = [[Commons:Category:Joda Temple, Baihar]]
| location = [[Baihar]]
| address =
| district = [[Balaghat]]
| lat =22.10569
| lon =80.55683
| image =Joda Temple baihar 02.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-2
| description = Fort
| location = Garhi
| address =
| district = [[Balaghat]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-3
| description = [[Commons:Category:Old fort and temples, Lanji]]
| location = [[Lanji]]
| address =
| district = [[Balaghat]]
| lat =21.5
| lon =80.54396
| image =Old fort, Hindu temple and museum, Lanji, Madhya Pradesh 02.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-4
| description = An old temple within the limits of Piparwara forest Village
| location = Raigarh
| address =
| district = [[Balaghat]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-5
| description = [[Commons:Category:Koteshwar Mahadev Temple, Lanji]]
| location = [[Lanji]]
| address =
| district = [[Balaghat]]
| lat =21.51087
| lon =80.55365
| image =Koteshwar Temple, Lanji Madhya Pradesh 015.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-6
| description = 53 images locally knows known as Sada Bhada
| location = Sonkhar
| address =
| district = [[Balaghat]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =[https://www.facebook.com/share/v/16sx15vUNk/ Video of Sada Bhada]
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-7
| description = Brick Temples (two)
| location = Kherat
| address =
| district = [[Bhind]]
| lat =26.73025
| lon =78.59166
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-8
| description = Open Air Museum
| location = Kherat
| address =
| district = [[Bhind]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-9
| description = [[Ater Fort]]
| location = Ater
| address =
| district = [[Bhind]]
| lat =26.74791
| lon =78.63721
| image =Ater-fort-bhind.webp
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-11
| description = [[Chausath Yogini temple, Khajuraho|Chausath Yogini Temple]]
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.84969
| lon =79.91815
| image =Khajuraho,Chausath-Yogini-Tempel2.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-12
| description = [[Chitragupta temple, Khajuraho|Chitragupta temple]]
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.85432
| lon =79.92011
| image = Khajuraho India, Chitragupta Temple.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-13
| description = Chopra or square tank
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.856
| lon =79.91952
| image = Chopra Tank Khajuraho.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-14
| description = [[Devi Jagadambi Temple]]
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.85336
| lon =79.91974
| image = Jagdambi_temple.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-15
| description = [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandariya temple]]
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.85302
| lon =79.91968
| image = Kendriya Temple.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-16
| description = [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshman temple]]
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.85218
| lon =79.92178
| image = Lakshman_Temple.jpg
|commonscat= Lakshmana Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-17
| description = [[Lalguan Mahadeva temple]]
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.8508
| lon =79.91133
| image = Lalguan Mahadev Temple Khajuraho.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-18
| description = [[Commons:Category:Pratapesvara Temple, Khajuraho]]
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.85286
| lon =79.92253
|image =India-5579 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-19
| description = [[Matangeshvara temple, Khajuraho|Matangeswara Temple]]
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.85197
| lon =79.92163
| image =IN Khajuraho 0906 (54) (17230182076).jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-20
| description = [[Nandi Temple, Khajuraho India|Nandi Temple]]
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.85335
| lon =79.92278
| image = Khajuraho India, Nandi Temple 01.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-21
| description = [[Parvati Temple, Khajuraho|Parvati Temple]]
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.85321
| lon =79.922
| image =Khajuraho India, Parvati Temple 03.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-22
| description = [[Varaha Temple, Khajuraho|Varaha Temple]]
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.85205
| lon =79.92228
| image = Snout of the Varaha.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-23
| description = [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanath Temple]]
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.85327
| lon =79.92252
| image = Vishwanath_N-MP-23.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-24
| description = [[Adinatha temple, Khajuraho|Adinath Temple]]
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.84513
| lon =79.93657
| image =Jain group of temples - Khajuraho 19.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-25
| description = Brahma Temple
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.84915
| lon =79.93277
| image =Western group of temples khajuraho 22.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-26
| description = Colossal statue of Shri Hanuman
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.85
| lon =79.92859
| image =1977-03-05 Khajuraho - Dorps kapelletje met Hanuman.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-27
| description = [[Ghantai temple|Ghantia Temple]]
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.8461
| lon =79.93344
| image =Ghantai Temple Khajuraho.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-28
| description = Khakhra Math
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.85353
| lon =79.94765
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-29
| description = [[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parsvanatha Temple]]
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.84488
| lon =79.93651
|image=Parsvanatha Temple side 6 Khajuraho.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-30
| description = [[Shantinatha temple, Khajuraho|Santinatha Temple]]
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.84462
| lon =79.93616
| image =Shantinath Temple Khajuraho.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-31
| description = [[Vamana Temple, Khajuraho|Vamana Temple]]
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.85147
| lon =79.93503
|image=Vamana Temple.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-32
| description = [[Javari Temple, Khajuraho|Javari Temple]]
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.84944
| lon =79.93537
| image = Javari Temple General View.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-33
| description = [[Duladeo Temple|Dulhadev Shiva Temple]]
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.83902
| lon =79.93186
| image = Dulhadeo_temple.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-34
| description = Jatakari or [[Chaturbhuj Temple (Khajuraho)|Chaturbhuj Temple]]
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.8251
| lon =79.9311
| image = Chaturbhuj_Temple_-_2.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-35
| description = Inscription in the fort of Bachau
| location = Bachhaon
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-36
| description = Temple remains and mounds at Bijamandal
| location = Jatkara near Khajuraho
| address =
| district = [[Chhatarpur]]
| lat =24.82932
| lon =79.9344
| image = Bijamandal Temple Khajuraho General View.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-37
| description = [[Deogarh Fort]]
| location = [[Deogarh, Madhya Pradesh|Deogarh]]
| address =
| district = [[Chhindwara]]
| lat =21.88273
| lon =78.73288
|image=Main Entrance Gate of Deogarh Fort.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-38
| description = [[Nohleshwar Temple|Nohta ( Mahadeva ) Temple]]
| location = [[Nohta]]
| address =
| district = [[Damoh]]
| lat =23.67162
| lon =79.58132
| image = 0010122 Mahadeva Temple, Nohta Madhya Pradesh 024.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-39
| description = Rajnagar ( Ruined ) Fort
| location = Rajnagar
| address =
| district = [[Damoh]]
| lat =23.80101
| lon =79.47665
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-40
| description = Rangmahal Palace
| location = Hatta
| address =
| district = [[Damoh]]
| lat =24.12973
| lon =79.59499
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-41
| description = (Siva) Temple of Bari Kanoda
| location = Bari Kanoda
| address =
| district = [[Damoh]]
| lat =24.27526
| lon =79.43738
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-42
| description = Jata Shankar Fort
| location = Jatashankar
| address =
| district = [[Damoh]]
| lat =23.82312
| lon =79.44916
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-43
| description = Matha at Raneh
| location = Raneh
| address =
| district = [[Damoh]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-44
| description = (Siva Temple) Old Temple
| location = Kodal
| address =
| district = [[Damoh]]
| lat =23.33067
| lon =79.38403
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-45
| description = The remains of an old sculptures temple built without mortar and attributed to Chandelas
| location = Kanoda(Konora)
| address =
| district = [[Damoh]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-46
| description = A hill Fort
| location = Singorgarh
| address =
| district = [[Damoh]]
| lat =23.53529
| lon =79.75167
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-47
| description = Ruined Fort
| location = Madiyado
| address =
| district = [[Damoh]]
| lat =24.27795
| lon =79.6552
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-48
| description = [[Commons:Category:Shiva Temple, Sakor]]
| location = Sakour
| address =
| district = [[Damoh]]
| lat =24.21135
| lon =79.71626
| image =0010122 Shiva temple, Sakor, Damoh district, Madhya Pradesh 033.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-49
| description = Sculptures at Phutera tank
| location = Phutera tank
| address =
| district = [[Damoh]]
| lat =23.84739
| lon =79.44426
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-50
| description = Flat roofed temples below the hill
| location = [[Kundalpur, Madhya Pradesh|Kundalpur]]
| address =
| district = [[Damoh]]
| lat =23.98496
| lon =79.72035
| image = Flat roofed Jain temple, Kundalpur.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-51
| description = Jain Temples on Hill No.1 to No. 58
| location = Kundalpur
| address =
| district = [[Damoh]]
| lat =23.98323
| lon =79.72032
| image = Kundalpur lake.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-52
| description = [[Datia Palace|Beer Singh Palace]]
| location = Datia
| address =
| district = [[Datia]]
| lat =25.67097
| lon =78.45094
| image = Datia fort images.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-53
| description = [[Commons:Category:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Gujarra]]
| location = Gujjara
| address =
| district = [[Datia]]
| lat =25.57704
| lon =78.54587
| image =0121421 Brahmi script Prakrit language 3rd-century BCE, Ashoka Minor Rock Edict, Gujarra Madhya Pradesh 03.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-122
| description = [[Commons:Category:Budhi Chanderi ruins]]Jains temple No. 1 to 5
| location = Budhichanderi
| address =
| district = [[Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ashok Nagar]]
| lat =24.80542
| lon =78.08066
| image =0111821 Hindu and Jain temple ruins, Budhi Chanderi 331.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-123
| description = Chanderi Fort
| location = [[Chanderi]]
| address =
| district = [[Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ashok Nagar]]
| lat =24.71053
| lon =78.13955
| image =A VIEW OF CHANDERI FORT.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-124
| description = Bada Madarsa
| location = [[Chanderi]]
| address =
| district = [[Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ashok Nagar]]
| lat =24.72662
| lon =78.13011
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-125
| description = Battisi Baoli
| location = [[Chanderi]]
| address =
| district = [[Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ashok Nagar]]
| lat =24.72761
| lon =78.12513
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-126
| description = Badal Mahal Gateway
| location = [[Chanderi]]
| address =
| district = [[Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ashok Nagar]]
| lat =24.71052
| lon =78.13662
| image = Badal_Mahal_Gateway.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-127
| description = Jama Masjid
| location = [[Chanderi]]
| address =
| district = [[Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ashok Nagar]]
| lat =24.71026
| lon =78.13515
| image =General view of Prayer Hall.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-128
| description = Kati Ghati
| location = [[Chanderi]]
| address =
| district = [[Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ashok Nagar]]
| lat =24.69669
| lon =78.13203
| image = View from Kati Ghati.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-129
| description = Koshak Mahal
| location = [[Chanderi]]
| address =
| district = [[Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ashok Nagar]]
| lat =24.69975
| lon =78.10684
| image = Koshak Mahal, Chanderi, Ashok Nagar, Madhya Pradesh, India.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-130
| description = Tomb of Nizam-ud-din's
| location = [[Chanderi]]
| address =
| district = [[Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ashok Nagar]]
| lat =24.71147
| lon =78.13658
| image = Profusely carved interiors of tomb.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-131
| description = Shahzadi ka Roza
| location = [[Chanderi]]
| address =
| district = [[Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ashok Nagar]]
| lat =24.71983
| lon =78.13353
| image = General View of Shahzadi Ka Rouza.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-132
| description = Monastery
| location = [[Commons:Category:Kadwaya, Madhya Pradesh]] Kadwaha
| address =
| district = [[Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ashok Nagar]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =0111821 Kadambaguha Hindu Monastery and Bhuteshvara Mandir, Kadwaha MP 105.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-133
| description = Temple No . 2 to 7
| location = [[Commons:Category:Kadwaya, Madhya Pradesh]] Kadwaha
| address =
| district = [[Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ashok Nagar]]
| lat =24.96353
| lon =77.91277
| image =0111821 Akhati group of Hindu temples, Kadwaya MP 064.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-134
| description = Loose Sculptures
| location = Thubon
| address =
| district = [[Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ashok Nagar]]
| lat =24.66189
| lon =77.99381
| image =Gargaj group of temples, Thobon Madhya Pradesh 167.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-135
| description = Sitamarhi Group of Temples
| location = Thoban, Tehsil Chanderi
| address =
| district = [[Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ashok Nagar]]
| lat =24.64946
| lon =77.99219
| image =0111921 Sitamarhi group of temples, Thubon Madhya Pradesh 190.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-136
| description = Hanuman Marhi Group of Temples
| location = Thoban, Tehsil Chanderi
| address =
| district = [[Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ashok Nagar]]
| lat =24.65825
| lon =77.99668
| image =Mahadev ghat group of temples, Thoban Madhya Pradesh 029.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-137
| description = Hori ki Marhia Group of Temples
| location = Thoban, Tehsil Chanderi
| address =
| district = [[Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ashok Nagar]]
| lat =24.66306
| lon =77.99984
| image =0111921 Hori Ki Marhia Group of temples, Thubon Madhya Pradesh 062.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-138
| description = Gargaj and Mahadev Ghat Group of Temples
| location = Thoban, Tehsil Chanderi
| address =
| district = [[Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ashok Nagar]]
| lat =24.66059
| lon =77.99085
| image =Gargaj group of temples, Thobon Madhya Pradesh 095.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-139
| description = Kuti Group of Temples
| location = Thoban, Tehsil Chanderi
| address =
| district = [[Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ashok Nagar]]
| lat =24.66348
| lon =77.99303
| image =0111921 Kuti group of Hindu temples and Vaishnava monastery, Thubon Madhya Pradesh 160.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-140
| description = Andhakuan Group of Temples
| location = Thoban, Tehsil Chanderi
| address =
| district = [[Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ashok Nagar]]
| lat =24.66632
| lon =77.99577
| image =0111921 Andhakuan group of temples, Thobon Madhya Pradesh 116.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-154
| description = [[Commons:Category:Vishnu Varah Temple, Karitalai]] Statue of a boar (Vishnu : Varah), an image of Mahadeo and figures of other Hindu & Jain Gods scattered over four Tumuli and under a Bargat tree
| location = Karitalai
| address =
| district = [[Katni]]
| lat =24.06025
| lon =80.72579
| image =01022 Vishnu Varaha temple and ruins, Karitalai Karanpur, Madhya Pradesh 117.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-155
| description = [[Commons:Category:Vishnu Varah Temple, Karitalai]] Varaha Near Karitalai
| location = Karitalai
| address =
| district = [[Katni]]
| lat =24.06014
| lon =80.7256
| image = 01022 Vishnu Varaha temple and ruins, Karitalai Karanpur, Madhya Pradesh 019.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-156
| description =[[Commons:Category:Kachch Machch statues, Karitalai]] Tortoise and fish; known as Kachha and Maccha
| location = Karitalai
| address =
| district = [[Katni]]
| lat =24.05386
| lon =80.70689
| image =01022 Kachch Machch statues, Vishnu avatars, Karitalai 005.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-157
| description = [[Commons:Category:Tigawa Temple]] The whole site of Kankali Devi Temple and Durgadevi temple
| location = Tigawa
| address =
| district = [[Katni]]
| lat =23.69059
| lon =80.06655
| image =0010222 Tigowa temples site, Tigawan, Madhya Pradesh 024.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-158
| description =[[Commons:Category:Vishnu Varaha temple, Bilhari]] Vishnu-Varaha Temple
| location = Bilhari
| address =
| district = [[Katni]]
| lat =23.79147
| lon =80.27425
| image =01022 Vishnu Varaha temple, Bilhari Madhya Pradesh 024.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-159
| description =[[Commons:Category:Tapasi Matha, Bilhari]] Tapsi-Math
| location = Bilhari
| address =
| district = [[Katni]]
| lat =23.79254
| lon =80.27157
| image =Tapasi Matha, Shaiva Hindu monastery, Bilhari Madhya Pradesh 04.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-160
| description = [[Madan Mahal, Jabalpur|Madan Mahal]] on the top of hill upon a large boulder rock
| location = Garha
| address =
| district = [[Jabalpur]]
| lat =23.14832
| lon =79.90165
| image =The Madan Mahal Fort Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh India DSC 0005.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-161
| description = Temple of Somnath and ruins of several temples
| location = Badgaon
| address =
| district = [[Katni]]
| lat =23.91841
| lon =80.01861
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-162
| description = Rock edict of Ashoka, Rupnath
| location = Padariya
| address =
| district = [[Katni]]
| lat =23.64067
| lon =80.03214
| image =Ashoka Inscriptions Rupnath rock inscription.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-163
| description = Ruined temple near the sources of the Kiyan river
| location = Marha Deori
| address =
| district = [[Katni]]
| lat =23.93305
| lon =80.25375
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-164
| description = Shiva Temple on a carved stone chabutra measuring 10' x 10'x 4' and 8 stone Jain Images
| location = Nanhwara
| address =
| district = [[Katni]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-165
| description = Karanbel at Tripur Sundri Temple
| location = Tewar
| address =
| district = [[Jabalpur]]
| lat =23.14689
| lon =79.8186
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-166
| description = Temple of Gauri Shankar within the Chausath Yogini
| location = Bheraghat
| address =
| district = [[Jabalpur]]
| lat =23.12972
| lon =79.80142
|image=Chausath-Yogini_temple_near_BhedaGhat.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-167
| description = [[Chausath Yogini Temple, Jabalpur|Temple of Chausath Yogini]]
| location = Bheraghat
| address =
| district = [[Jabalpur]]
| lat =23.12976
| lon =79.80148
| image =Chausath Yogini temple Bhedaghat.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-168
| description = Large effiggy on Vishnu Varaha
| location = Panagarh
| address =
| district = [[Jabalpur]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-169
| description = Ancient Mound
| location = Kakarehta
| address =
| district = [[Jabalpur]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-170
| description = Ladaki Ka Tila
| location = Bilhari
| address =
| district = [[Katni]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-171
| description = Rinmukteswara Temple
| location = Kukaramath
| address =
| district =[[Dindori, Madhya Pradesh|Dindori]]
| lat =22.86495
| lon =81.16623
| image =Kankmath.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-172
| description = Gond fort called Satkhanda and the tower on Rajghat called Shahburja and the Rajrajeshwari temple inside the fort
| location = [[Mandla]]
| address =
| district = [[Mandla district|Mandla]]
| lat = 22.58765
| lon = 80.36964
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-173
| description = Begum Mahal
| location = Chaugaon
| address =
| district = [[Mandla district|Mandla]]
| lat =22.62579
| lon =80.5274
| image =Rani mahal ramnagar - panoramio (1).jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-174
| description = Sporting Palace by name Dal-Badal
| location = Chaugaon
| address =
| district = [[Mandla district|Mandla]]
| lat =22.62528
| lon =80.51882
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-175
| description = Shiva's temple
| location = Khardeori
| address =
| district = [[Mandla district|Mandla]]
| lat = 22.57994
| lon = 80.4066
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-214
| description = Ajaigarh fort and its remains
| location = [[Ajaigarh]]
| address =
| district = [[Panna, Madhya Pradesh|Panna]]
| lat =24.89454
| lon =80.26513
| image = Ajaigarh Fort Chandella Temples.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-215
| description = Two termples ascribed to Gupta period
| location = [[Ajaigarh]]
| address =
| district = [[Panna, Madhya Pradesh|Panna]]
| lat =24.88953
| lon =80.26974
| image = Ajaygarh Fort.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-216
| description = [[Commons:Category:Parvati temple, Nachna|Parvati temple]]
| location = [[Nachna Hindu temples|Nachna]]
| address =
| district = [[Panna, Madhya Pradesh|Panna]]
| lat =24.39916
| lon =80.44766
| image =0122221 5th century Parvati temple, Nachna-Kuthara, Madhya Pradesh 012.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-217
| description =[[Commons:Category:Chaumukhnath Mahadeva temple, Nachna|Chaumukhnath temple]]
| location = [[Nachna Hindu temples|Nachna]]
| address =
| district = [[Panna, Madhya Pradesh|Panna]]
| lat =24.3994
| lon =80.44725
| image =0122221 Chaturmukh Mahadeva temple, Nachna Madhya Pradesh 112.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-218
| description = i. [[Commons:Category:Bhojeshwar Temple|Bhojeshwar temple]], ii. Ancient Rock Engravings
| location = [[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh|Bhojpur]]
| address =
| district = [[Raisen]]
| lat = 23.101267
| lon = 77.579237
| image = Temple of Bhojpur, MP.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-219
| description = Fort (including walls Gates and other ruins monuments in the fort)
| location = [[Raisen]]
| address =
| district = [[Raisen]]
| lat =23.32541
| lon =77.7731
| image = View_from_the_steps_to_the_raisen_fort_04.jpg
|commonscat=Raisen Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-220
| description = [[Sanchi Stupa|Buddhist monuments]]
| location = [[Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh|Sanchi]]
| address =
| district = [[Raisen]]

| lat = 23.47963
| lon = 77.74021
| image = Sanchi, Raisen, Madhya Pradesh.jpg
|commonscat=Buddhist monuments at Sanchi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-221
| description = [[Sonari Stupas|Buddhist stupas with adjucent land]]
| location = Sonari
| address =
| district = [[Raisen]]
| lat =23.43229
| lon =77.6643
| image =Sonari stupa n°2 with stupa n°1 in the background.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-222
| description = [[Bhojpur Stupas|Buddhist stupas]]
| location = Muralkhurd
| address =
| district = [[Raisen]]
| lat =23.43305
| lon =77.84095
| image =Bhojpur stupa.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-223
| description = [[Andher Stupas|Buddhist stupas and remains]]
| location = Andher
| address =
| district = [[Raisen]]
| lat =23.41108
| lon =77.90712
| image = Andher stupa 1.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-224
| description = [[Satdhara|Stupa and other remains]]
| location = Satdhara
| address =
| district = [[Raisen]]
| lat =23.48709
| lon =77.65155
| image = 006 Main Stupa (33697143145).jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-225
| description = [[Bhimbetka rock shelters|Pre - historic rock shelters]]
| location = Bhimbetka
| address =
| district = [[Raisen]]
| lat = 22.938654
| lon = 77.613773
| image = Bhimbetka IMG-20180319-WA0015.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-226
| description = Inscriptions
| location = Alhaghat
| address =
| district = [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]
| lat =24.87883
| lon =81.34027
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-227
| description = Fresco paintings
| location = Gahir
| address =
| district = [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-228
| description = Gurgi & Rohunta remains
| location = Gurgi
| address =
| district = [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]
| lat =24.49518
| lon =81.42995
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-229
| description = Inscription in Cave
| location = Keoti
| address =
| district = [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]
| lat =24.81699
| lon =81.45656
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-230
| description = [[Deur Kothar|Rock Shelters with megaliths, monasteries and inscriptions]]
| location = Barhat
| address =
| district = [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]
| lat =24.93552
| lon =81.66272
| image = Ancient Stupa South Close Deur Kothar MP Jan24 A7C 08868.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-231
| description = [[Commons:Category:Mahadeva Temple, Bamora|Shiva Temple]]
| location = Bamora
| address =
| district = [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
| lat =24.05548
| lon =78.08832
| image =Mahadeva temple, Mandi Bamora, Madhya Pradesh 017.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-232
| description = Fort
| location = [[Deori Kalan]]
| address =
| district = [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
| lat =23.3902
| lon =79.01618
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-233
| description = Fort
| location = [[Dhamoni]]
| address =
| district = [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
| lat =24.19155
| lon =78.76812
| image = Dhamoni fort 1.png
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-234
| description = Tomb and Mosque of balijati Shah
| location = [[Dhamoni]]
| address =
| district = [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
| lat =24.19831
| lon =78.75596
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-235
| description = Rani Mahal
| location = [[Dhamoni]]
| address =
| district = [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
| lat =24.19121
| lon =78.7699
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-236
| description = [[Commons:Category:Eran|Ancient site]]
| location =[[Eran|Eran and Pahlezpur]]
| address =
| district = [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
| lat = 24.09145
| lon = 78.16486
| image = Eran - Monolithic Varaha and ruined Vishnu Temple in background.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-237
| description = All structure in or connectuion with the Mahal(fort of the Dangri rulers (Shish Mahal)
| location = [[Garhpehra]]
| address =
| district = [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
| lat = 23.91423
| lon = 78.71708
| image = Shish mahal sagar mp.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-238
| description = Fort
| location = [[Gaurjhamar]]
| address =
| district = [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
| lat =23.52451
| lon =78.93874
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-239
| description = Temple of Mahadeo or Mata
| location = Karonda
| address =
| district = [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
| lat =24.34042
| lon =78.26767
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-240
| description = Satgarh
| location = Karonda
| address =
| district = [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-241
| description = Tomb of Panj pirs
| location = [[Khimlasa]]
| address =
| district = [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
| lat =24.20604
| lon =78.36333
| image =Khimlasa Bina.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-242
| description = The walls of the city with gate
| location = [[Khimlasa]]
| address =
| district = [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
| lat =24.20403
| lon =78.36366
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-243
| description = The walls of the citaded(fort)
| location = [[Khimlasa]]
| address =
| district = [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
| lat =24.20587
| lon =78.36204
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-244
| description = Old Mosque well, gateway of the fort and Nagina Mahal
| location = [[Khimlasa]]
| address =
| district = [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
| lat =24.20608
| lon =78.36247
| image =Ywgwywhe6e8.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-245
| description = Mahadeva temple
| location = Pali
| address =
| district = [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
| lat =24.1049
| lon = 78.6
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-246
| description = [[Rahatgarh Fort]] including the monuments inside namely
i) Two Gates, ii) Moti Mahal
iii) Dargah of Gulmali Shah & three graves
iv) Shish Mahal, v) Small Mosque
vi) Dargah in ruins, vii) Samadhi
viii)Dohla tank, ix) Ruined Palace
x) Badal Mahal together with adjacent land
| location = [[Rahatgarh]]
| address =
| district = [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
| lat = 23.77926
| lon = 78.39421
| image =Rahatgarh Fort.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-247
| description = Buddhist Remains
| location = Barhut
| address =
| district = [[Satna]]
| lat =24.44691
| lon =80.8461
| image =East Gateway and Railings Bharhut Stupa.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-248
| description = [[Bhumara Temple|Remains (Shiv Temple)]]
| location = Bhumra
| address =
| district = [[Satna]]
| lat =24.42835
| lon =80.64138
| image = भूमरा का एकमुखी शिवलिंग .jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-249
| description = Durga Temple
| location = Ashta
| address =
| district = [[Seoni, Madhya Pradesh|Seoni]]
| lat = 21.93439
| lon =79.81466
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-250
| description = Standing Jain Image of Digamber Sect known as Nagbaba and the various fragmentary stone images and architectural stone pieces
| location = Ghansor
| address =
| district = [[Seoni, Madhya Pradesh|Seoni]]
| lat =22.34649
| lon =79.79077
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-251
| description = [[Commons:Category:Karna temple|Karna Temple]]
| location = [[Commons:Category:Kalachuri Group of Temples, Amarkantak|Amarkantak]]
| address =
| district = Anuppur
| lat =22.6711
| lon =81.75804
| image = 0010522 Amarkantak 11th century Kalachuri era Karan Mandir MP 060.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-252
| description = Siva Temple
| location = [[Commons:Category:Kalachuri Group of Temples, Amarkantak|Amarkantak]]
| address =
| district = [[Anuppur]]
| lat =22.67172
| lon =81.75857
| image = DEV 9294.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-253
| description = [[Commons:Category:Pataleshwar Mahadev Temple, Amarkantak|Pataleswara Temple]]
| location = [[Commons:Category:Kalachuri Group of Temples, Amarkantak|Amarkantak]]
| address =
| district = [[Anuppur]]
| lat =22.67147
| lon =81.7589
| image = 0010422 Pataleswar Temple, Group of Ancient Temples (Kalachuri Group), Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh 01.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-254
| description = [[Commons:Category:Silahara Caves, Gambhirwa Tola Anuppur|Caves bearing inscriptions of last Century AD]]
| location = Silhara
| address =
| district = [[Anuppur]]
| lat =23.13793
| lon =81.96456
| image =Silhara Cave Inscription in Sitamadi cave, Anuppur, Madhya Pradesh 051.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-255
| description = [[Virateshwar]] (Virat Temple) and remains
| location = [[Sohagpur (Shahdol)|Sohagpur]]
| address =
| district = [[Shahdol]]
| lat =23.32042
| lon =81.35881
| image = Virath_Temple_N-MP-255_Shahdol_MP_Kamlashanker_Vishvakarma.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-266
| description = [[Commons:Category:Shiva temple and monastery, Chandreh|Siva temple& Monastery]]
| location = [[Chandrehi]]
| address =
| district = [[Sidhi]]
| lat = 24.29083
| lon =81.46477
| image = Shiva temple and monastery, Chandreh Rampur Naikin, Madhya Pradesh 06.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-272
| description = [[Commons:Category:Bijamandal temple, Vidisha|Bijamandal Temple / Mosque]]
| location = [[Vidisha]]
| address =
| district = [[Vidisha]]
| lat =23.5286
| lon =77.80114
| image = 01121 Bijamandal temple, Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh 105.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-273
| description = Lohanji Hill Column Capital
| location = [[Vidisha]]
| address =
| district = [[Vidisha]]
| lat =23.52688
| lon =77.81444
| image =Lohangi Hill Capital.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-274
| description = [[Commons:Category:Dasavatara temples and archaeological site, Badoh Pathari|Dashavatara temple]]
| location = Badoh
| address =
| district = [[Vidisha]]
| lat =23.9236
| lon =78.22554
| image =0112421 Dashavatara temples and archaeological site, Badoh Madhya Pradesh 108.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-275
| description = [[Commons:Category:Pathari Jain temple|Jain temple]]
| location = Badoh
| address =
| district = [[Vidisha]]
| lat =23.92366
| lon =78.22006
| image =0112421 Jain temples group, Badoh, Madhya Pradesh 005.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-276
| description = [[Commons:Category:Gadarmal temple|Devi temple]]
| location = [[Gadarmal Devi Temple|Badoh]]
| address =
| district = Vidisha
| lat =23.91828
| lon =78.22248
| image =Gadarmal Temple Badoh.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-277
| description = Ancient Site
| location = Besnagar
| address =
| district = [[Vidisha]]
| lat =23.5492
| lon =77.79965
| image =Elliptic plan of the Temple next to the Heliodorus pillar, Besnagar.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-278
| description = [[Heliodorus pillar|Heliodours Pillars]] locally known as Khamba Baba or Kham Baba
| location = Besnagar
| address =
| district = [[Vidisha]]
| lat =23.54948
| lon =77.80008
| image = Heliodorus_pillarVidsha.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-279
| description = [[Commons:Category:Athakamba Temple|Athakamba temple]]
| location = [[Gyaraspur]]
| address =
| district = [[Vidisha]]
| lat =23.66636
| lon =78.11148
| image = 0112521 Athkhamba temple, Gyaraspur, Madhya Pradesh 011.jpg
|commonscat=Athakamba temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-280
| description = [[Bajramath temple|Hindu/Jain Temple]]
| location = [[Gyaraspur]]
| address =
| district = [[Vidisha]]
| lat =23.66253
| lon =78.11162
|image=0112521 Bajramath Hindu temple converted to Jain temple, Gyaraspur, Madhya Pradesh 04.jpg
|commonscat=Bajramath temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-281
| description = [[Commons:Category:Hindola Torana|Hindola torans]]
| location = [[Gyaraspur]]
| address =
| district = [[Vidisha]]
| lat =23.66673
| lon =78.11572
| image = Hindola Toran N-MP-281 (4).jpg
|commonscat=Hindola Torana
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-282
| description = [[Commons:Category:Dhaikinath Buddhist stupa, Gyaraspur|Buddhist stupa]]
| location = [[Gyaraspur]]
| address =
| district = [[Vidisha]]
| lat =23.6649
| lon =78.09835
| image =0112521 Dhaikinath Buddhist Stupa, Gyaraspur, Madhya Pradesh 04.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-283
| description = [[Mala Devi temple]]
| location = [[Gyaraspur]]
| address =
| district = [[Vidisha]]
| lat =23.65871
| lon =78.11365
| image = MalaDevi Temple Gyaraspur N-MP-283 (11).jpg
|commonscat=Maladevi temple, Gyaraspur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-284
| description = [[Commons:Category:Bheemgaja, Pathari|Bhimagaja]]
| location = [[Pathari]]
| address =
| district = [[Vidisha]]
| lat =23.93648
| lon =78.22108
| image =0112421 Bheem Gaja, Garuda stambha of Pathari Madhya Pradesh 004.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-285
| description = [[Commons:Category:Saptamatrika cave, Badoh Pathari|Saptmatrika Caves]]
| location = [[Pathari]]
| address =
| district = [[Vidisha]]
| lat =23.92544
| lon =78.21186
| image =0112421 Saptamatrika Caves, Badoh-Pathari Madhya Pradesh 101.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-286
| description = [[Commons:Category:Udayagiri Caves, Madhya Pradesh|Caves No. 1 to 20]]
| location = [[Udayagiri Caves|Udaygiri]]
| address =
| district = [[Vidisha]]
| lat =23.53994
| lon =77.77198
| image = Varahavtar_Panel.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-287
| description = [[Commons:Category:Missing Gupta Temple ruins, Udayagiri Caves Site|Ruins of a Gupta temple on hill top]]
| location = [[Udayagiri Caves|Udaygiri]]
| address =
| district = [[Vidisha]]
| lat =23.53945
| lon =77.77129
| image =Ruins of the Missing Gupta era temple, Hindu Udayagiri Caves, Vidisha district, Madhya Pradesh 012.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-288
| description = Bara Khambi
| location = [[Udaypur, Madhya Pradesh]]
| address =
| district = [[Vidisha]]
| lat =23.89813
| lon =78.06104
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MP-289
| description = Udayaswara or Nilkanthanswara Mahadeva Temple.
| location = [[Udaypur, Madhya Pradesh]]
| address =
| district = Vidisha
| lat =
| lon =
| image = Udaipur_panorama.jpg
}}
|}
NOTE: For all the Monuments whose coordinates are listed above; Images posted by visitors are available on Google Map.
== References ==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh}}
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh/West|Madhya Pradesh/West]] remainder of divided list of Monuments in Madhya Pradesh
* [[Lists of monuments in India]] - for other Monuments of National Importance in India
* Other [[Commons:File:Historic heritage sites of Madhya Pradesh with GPS coordinates.jpg|Historic Heritage sites of Madhya Pradesh]]
{{Monuments in India}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh East}}
[[Category:Lists of Monuments of National Importance (India)|Madhya Pradesh/East]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Madhya Pradesh|Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh East]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Madhya Pradesh]]

Balrampur district

2025-10-25T07:23:01Z

SanjayMurugesan2221:

{{Wikt|Balrampur}}

'''Balrampur district''' may refer to either of these districts of India:

* [[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh]], with its capital in Balrampur, Chhattisgarh
* [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh]], with its capital in Balrampur, Uttar Pradesh

== See also ==
* [[Balarama (disambiguation)]]



{{geodis}}
[[Category:District name disambiguation pages]]

Harihar Nath Shastri

2025-10-19T00:27:58Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: small improve structure to improve readability and added references per sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox Politician
| name = Harihar Nath Shastri हरि हर नाथ शास्त्री
| image =
| office = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 1952
| term_end = 1953
| constituency = [[Kanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanpur
Central]]
| successor = [[Shiv Narayan Tandon|S. N. Tandon]]
| office3 = [[President (corporate title)|President]], [[All India Trade Union Congress]]
| term_start3 = 1933
| term_end3 = 1935
| term_start1 = 1936
| term_end1 = 1939
| term_start2 = 1946
| term_end2 = 1947
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]
| birth_date= {{birth year|1905}}
| birth_place= [[Ballia|Ballia (Uttar Pradesh)]]
| education = Graduate from [[Banaras Hindu University|BHU]]
| party=[[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse=
| children =
| website=
}}

'''Harihar Nath Shastri''' was an Indian politician and a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/factionalpolitic0000bras | url-access=registration | quote=harihar nath shastri. | title=Factional Politics in an Indian State: The Congress Party in Uttar Pradesh | publisher=University of California Press | author=Brass, Paul |authorlink=Paul Brass | year=1965 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/factionalpolitic0000bras/page/197 197] | accessdate=29 April 2014}}</ref>
He was the first Member of Parliament for [[Kanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanpur]] and also actively worked as a labour leader. In the late 1920s, he was viewed as a communist but was considered moderate by the late 1930s.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JTZALAjtrR0C&q=harihar+nath+shastri&pg=PA290 | title=Lost Worlds: Indian Labour and Its Forgotten Histories | publisher=Orient Blackswan | author=Joshi, Chitra | year=2003 | pages=290 | isbn=9788178240220 | accessdate=29 April 2014}}</ref> He become the first President of the Indian National Railway Workers Federation (INRWF) in 1948.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nfirindia.org/About_History.aspx | title=History: National Federation of Indian Railwaymen | accessdate=29 April 2014}}</ref> In 1925, he was recruited as a life member of the [[Servants of the People Society]], by its founder-director, the late [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], with whom he worked for a year as his private secretary. In 1947, he became a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], and upon its dissolution, became a member of the [[Indian Parliament]], the Lok Sabha, from Kanpur.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shastri, Harihar Nath}}
[[Category:Date of death unknown]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kanpur]]
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Yogeshwar Jha

2025-10-05T06:09:52Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: Stub

{{Short description|Former state education minister of Bihar Government}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Prof
| name = Yugeshwar Jha
| native_name = प्रो युगेश्वर झा
| native_name_lang = mai
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1944|06|24}}
| birth_place = [[Basuki Bihari]]
| death_date = {{Death date |df=yes|2008|07|09}}
| death_place = IGIMS, Patna
| citizenship = Indian
| education = M. Sc (Physics)
| alma_mater = Langat Singh College, Bihar University
| occupation = Professor, Minister and Political Leader
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Yugeshwar Jha''' (Maithili: युगेश्वर झा) was a former state education minister in the [[Jagannath Mishra|Jagarnath Mishra]]'s cabinet of [[Government of Bihar|Bihar Government]] .<ref>{{Cite news |title=पूर्व मंत्री स्व. युगेश्वर झा की मनी जयंती |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-former-minister-self-money-birth-anniversary-of-yugeshwar-jha-8350676.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=जयंती पर याद किए गए पूर्व मंत्री युगेश्वर झा - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-12517535.html |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-27 |title=पथों की हालत बदहाल, चलने में परेशानी |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/madhubani/731329 |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Yogeshwar Jha born in [[Basuki Bihari]] North village of [[Madhubani district]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of Bihar. He was born in a middle-class family of [[Maithil Brahmin|Maithil Brahmins]].{{fact|date=February 2025}}

== Academic career ==
Yogeshwar Jha completed his post graduation ([[Master of Science]]) education from [[Langat Singh College]], [[Muzaffarpur]]. He was specialised in the subject of [[physics]]. He started his academic career as a professor of physics department in the same college. It is said that he was an eminent educationist.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Later he also served as secretary of ''Ram Niranjan Janta College'' at [[Madhwapur]] in the [[Madhubani district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=स्व.युगेश्वर झा की प्रतिमा स्थापित करने का निर्णय - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-8688718.html |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Political career ==
It is said that Yogeshwar Jha came into political limelight during 1981-1982 from an movement originated in Chanpura village of [[Benipatti|Benipatti subdivision]] in Madhubani district for construction of a ring dam around the village.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-03 |title=स्व. प्रो. युगेश्वर झा जयंती विशेष... बेनीपट्टी में साल 1981-82 में हुई आंदोलन ने दिया प्रखर पहचान |url=https://www.mybenipatti.in/2018/06/Yugeshwar-Jha-Jayanti-Special-the-year-1982.html |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=BNN News}}</ref> He was elected as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Benipatti Assembly constituency|Benipatti assembly constituency]] four times. In the year 1980, he was first time elected as an MLA from the Benipatti assembly constituency. After that in the years 1985 and 1990, he was continuously elected as the MLA of the assembly constituency.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-17 |title=Benipatti Assembly Seat: बेनीपट्टी विधानसभा सीट पर क्या फिर चलेगा विनोद नारायण झा का जादू?।। Bihar Election 2025 |url=https://bihar.punjabkesari.in/national/news/will-vinod-narayan-jha-s-magic-work-again-on-benipatti-assembly-seat-2168013 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref> He became the state minister of education during 1990 in cabinet of [[Jagannath Mishra|Jagarnath Mishra]]'s government in Bihar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=पूर्व शिक्षा मंत्री प्रो. युगेश्वर झा की 11वीं पुण्यतिथि मनाई |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/madhubani/news/former-education-minister-prof-yugeshwar-jha39s-11th-death-anniversary-081505-4963723.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

In the year 1995, he lost the election in the hand of independent candidate [[Shaligram Yadav]]. In the year 2005, Yogeshwar Jha was again elected as the MLA of the Benipatti assembly constituency. But due to non achievement of the majority figure by his political alliance in the legislative assembly of the state, government was not formed in the state and finally re-election was conducted in the month of October in the same year. In this re-election, Yogeshwar Jha lost his assembly membership by his opponent candidate Shaligram Yadav.<ref name=":3" />

== Legacy ==
In the year 1982-83, Yogeshwar Jha built the building of the public library called as ''Adarsh Pustakalaya'' at Tyauth village in the Benipatti sub-division.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-19 |title=1982-83 में युगेश्वर झा ने कराई थी, पुस्तकालय भवन का निर्माण, अब होगा नए भवन का निर्माण |url=https://www.mybenipatti.in/2022/05/1982-83.html |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=BNN News}}</ref> After his death, every year his birth anniversary is celebrated as ''Yogeshwar Jayanti'' in the region of [[Benipatti]] sub-division in the [[Madhubani district]] of Bihar. Similarly his death anniversary is also remembered. On this day, some political leaders give speeches to praise him. He was a prominent leader from the Mithila region in the state of Bihar, India.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=प्रखर नेता व निष्ठावान व्यक्ति थे प्रो. युगेश्वर झा - Proficient leader and loyal person was Prof. Yugeshwar Jha - Bihar Madhubani General News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-proficient-leader-and-loyal-person-was-prof-yugeshwar-jha-20437832.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

The sub-divisional headquarter of the Indian National Congress party at [[Benipatti]] has been named as ''Yugeshwar Jha Ashram''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-09 |title=भ्रष्टाचार के विरूद्ध संघर्ष करते रहे पूर्व मंत्री |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story--10416710.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref> There his memorial statue was installed, where different political leaders come to pay tribute by garlanding his statue on the occasion of his memorial day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मिथिलांचल एवं सामाज के विकास के लिए आवाज उठाते रहे युगेश्वर बाबू - Yugeshwar Babu kept raising his voice for the development of Mithilanchal and society - Bihar Madhubani General News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-yugeshwar-babu-kept-raising-his-voice-for-the-development-of-mithilanchal-and-society-20497277.html |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=पूर्व मंत्री युगेश्वर झा को पुण्यतिथि पर दी श्रद्धांजलि |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/madhubani/benipatti/news/tributes-paid-to-former-minister-yugeshwar-jha-on-his-death-anniversary-135420479.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

The political legacy of Yogeshwar Jha was carried out by his own daughter Bhawana Jha after his death. His daughter [[Bhawana Jha]] was elected as member of Bihar legislative assembly from the Benipatti assembly constituency in the year 2015.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Madhubani district]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
{{improve categories|date=July 2024}}

Yatragenie

2025-07-12T10:42:16Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: Put up

{{Short description|Online bus ticketing website}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2018|att=July 2025}}

{{Infobox website
|name =
|url = [https://www.yatra.com/ yatra.com]
|type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
|launched = 2013
|founder = {{Unbulleted list| [[Renil Komitla]] }}
}}

'''Yatragenie''' is an Indian online bus ticketing website, based in [[Bangalore]],<ref>{{cite web
| author = Business Line Bureau
| title = YatraGenie enters Bengaluru market
| publisher = The Hindu Businessline
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/travel/yatragenie-enters-bengaluru-market/article6975287.ece
| date = March 9, 2015
| access-date = March 9, 2015 }}</ref> and operating in other major cities. It claims to have 50,000 unique visitors a day and has a current revenue run rate of Rs 60 crore, is expecting to clock revenues of Rs 150 crore in the financial year 2015–16.<ref>{{cite web
| author = K Rajani Kanth
| title = YatraGenie.com to raise $25 mn for expansion
| publisher = Business Standard
| url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/yatragenie-com-to-raise-25-mn-for-expansion-115060300892_1.html
| date = June 4, 2015
| access-date = June 4, 2015 }}</ref> Yatragenie is also a government-licensed radio taxi/cabs operators and has launched its services across all the districts of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, and is one of the largest taxi-service providers in the respective states.<ref>{{cite web
| author = Payal Ganguly
| title = YatraGenie launches city cabs in ten Telangana cities and districts
| publisher = ET Bureau
| url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-07-02/news/64039295_1_cab-telangana-taxi
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151016221045/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-07-02/news/64039295_1_cab-telangana-taxi
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = October 16, 2015
| date = Jul 2, 2015
| access-date = 2015-07-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| author = Dipti Gore
| title = YatraGenie expands to 21 cities in Andhra ; Becomes one of the largest taxi-service providers in the state !
| publisher = Tech Story
| url = http://techstory.in/yatragenie-9728712/
| date = May 4, 2015
| access-date = 2015-05-04 }}</ref> yatragenie.com started operations in 2013, headed by Mr.Renil Komitla.<ref>{{cite web
| author = Mohan BN
| title = The man behind the new era of tourism development in India
| publisher = iuemag
| url = http://www.iuemag.com/june2015/is/man-behind-tourism-india.php
| date = June 15, 2015
| access-date = 2015-06-05 }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.yatragenie.com}}

[[Category:Bus transport in India]]
[[Category:Ticket sales companies]]

Bharhutbrahma

2025-06-29T06:17:00Z

SanjayMurugesan2221:

'''Bharhutbrahma'''<ref>{{cite book |title= Sacred Tree Or the Tree in Religion and Myth 1897 By J. H. Philpot |isbn = 9780766129399|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmPIO5xNpdwC&q=bharhutbrahma&pg=PP9|last1 = Philpot|first1 = J. H.|date = January 2003}}</ref> is the messenger-in-dream of the creator God Brahmaparameshwara of traditional Indian religions which endorse a plethora of so many different kinds of ideas. But the concept of Bharhutbrahma is unique.

==See also==
* [[Namasudra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian religions]]
{{Hinduism-stub}}

2021 Punjab Kings season

2025-06-08T20:03:27Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: made new entry

{{Short description|IPL based franchise cricket team in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Punjab Kings
| season = [[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]]
| image =
| coach = [[Anil Kumble]]
| captain = [[KL Rahul]]
| ground = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium]]
| comp1 = [[2021 Indian Premier League|Tournament performance]]
| comp1 result = League stage (6th)
| most runs = [[KL Rahul]] (626)
| most wickets = [[Mohammad Shami]] (19)
| prevseason = [[Kings XI Punjab in 2020|2020]]
| nextseason =[[Punjab Kings in 2022|2022]]
}}

The 2021 season was the 14th season for the [[Indian Premier League]] franchise [[Punjab Kings]]. They were one of the eight teams competed in the [[2021 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=IPL 2021 Auction: VIVO Remains The Title Sponsor As BCCI Releases The Player Auction List|url=https://cricket.yahoo.net/news/ipl-2021-auction-vivo-remains-175508420|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=12 February 2021|website=Yahoo! Cricket}}</ref> After winning only 6 matches out of 14 matches, they finished sixth in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/119345/rampant-kkr-edge-closer-to-playoffs-with-clinical-win-indian-premier-league-2021-ipl-cricket|title=Rampant KKR edge closer to playoffs with clinical win|work=Cricbuzz|access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref>

==Background==
=== Player retention and transfers ===
{{Main|List of 2021 Indian Premier League personnel changes}}
The Punjab Kings retained 16 players and released nine players.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=IPL 2021 PLAYER RETENTIONS LIST|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/228284/ipl-2021-player-retentions-list|access-date=20 January 2021|date=20 January 2021|publisher=IPLt20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=IPL 2022: 3 teams that are dark horses to win this IPL |url=https://betraja.in/ipl-2022-3-teams-that-are-dark-horses-to-win-this-ipl/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

'''Retained Players:''' [[KL Rahul]], [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]], [[Chris Gayle]], [[Darshan Nalkande]], [[Harpreet Brar]], [[Mandeep Singh]], [[Mayank Agarwal]], [[Mohammad Shami]], [[Murugan Ashwin]], [[Nicholas Pooran]], [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]], [[Deepak Hooda]], [[Ishan Porel]], [[Ravi Bishnoi]], [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]], [[Prabhsimran Singh]], [[Rahul Chahar]]

'''Released Players:''' [[Glenn Maxwell]], [[Sheldon Cottrell]], [[Mujeeb Zadran]], [[Hardus Viljoen]], [[James Neesham]], [[Krishnappa Gowtham]], [[Karun Nair]], [[Jagadeesha Suchith]], [[Tajinder Singh Dhillon]]

'''Added Players:''' [[Dawid Malan]], [[Riley Meredith]], [[Jhye Richardson]], [[Shahrukh Khan (cricketer)|Shahrukh Khan]], [[Jalaj Saxena]], [[Moises Henriques]], [[Utkarsh Singh]], [[Fabian Allen]], [[Saurabh Kumar (cricketer)|Saurabh Kumar]]

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Nationality
! Birth date
! Batting style
! Bowling style
! Year signed
! Salary
! Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
|16|| '''[[Mayank Agarwal]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1991|2|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1|c}} || [[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|Vice Captain]]
|-
|18|| '''[[Mandeep Singh]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1991|12|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.4|c}} ||
|-
|35|| [[Shahrukh Khan (cricketer)|Shahrukh Khan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1995|5|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|5.25|c}} ||
|-
|44|| '''[[Aiden Markram]]''' || {{cr|SA}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1994|10|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021|| style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|1.5|c}} || Overseas; Replacement for Dawid Malan
|-
|97|| [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1997|10|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|25|l}} ||
|-
|99|| '''[[Dawid Malan]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1987|9|3|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.5|c}} || Overseas; Pulled out due to Bubble Fatigue
|-
|333|| '''[[Chris Gayle]]''' || {{cr|JAM}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1979|9|21|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c}} || Overseas; Pulled out due to Bubble Fatigue
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|6|| [[Jalaj Saxena]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1986|12|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|l}} ||
|-
|8|| [[Saurabh Kumar (cricketer)|Saurabh Kumar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1993|5|1|df=y}} || Left-handed || Slow [[left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|21|| '''[[Moises Henriques]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1987|2|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.2|c}} || Overseas
|-
|38|| '''[[Fabian Allen]]''' || {{cr|Jamaica}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1995|5|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Slow [[left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|75|l}} || Overseas
|-
|57|| [[Deepak Hooda]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1995|4|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l}} ||
|-
|95|| [[Harpreet Brar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1995|9|16|df=y}} || Left-handed|| [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|1|| '''[[K. L. Rahul]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1992|4|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|11|c|1}} || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
|29|| '''[[Nicholas Pooran]]''' || {{cr|Trinidad}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1995|10|02|df=y}} || Left-handed || {{n/a}} || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.2|c}} || Overseas
|-
|84|| [[Prabhsimran Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|2000|8|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || {{n/a}} || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|55|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Bowlers
|-
|2|| [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1999|2|5|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|4|| [[Darshan Nalkande]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1998|10|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3|C}} ||
|-
|11|| '''[[Mohammed Shami]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1990|9|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.8|c}} ||
|-
|12|| '''[[Riley Meredith]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1996|6|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8|c}} || Overseas; Pulled out due to Bubble Fatigue
|-
|34|| '''[[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1988|10|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3|c|1}} || Overseas
|-
|55|| [[Ishan Porel]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1998|9|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|56|| [[Ravi Bishnoi]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|2000|9|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c}} ||
|-
|60|| '''[[Jhye Richardson]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1996|9|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|14|c}} || Overseas; Pulled out due to Bubble Fatigue
|-
|72|| '''[[Nathan Ellis]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} ||{{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1994|12|22|df=y}}||Right-handed|| Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast medium]]|| style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}}|| Overseas; Replacement for Riley Meredith
|-
|88|| '''[[Adil Rashid]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1988|03|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"|2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.5|c}} || Overseas; Replacement for Jhye Richardson
|-
|89|| [[Murugan Ashwin]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1990|9|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="text-align: center;"| Source:[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/squad/1252194.html PBKS Players]
|}

== Administration and support staff ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Owners|| [[Mohit Burman]], [[Ness Wadia]], [[Priety Zinta]], [[Karan Paul]]
|-
| CEO|| [[Satish Menon]]
|-
| Team manager|| [[Avinash Vaidya]]
|-
| Director of cricket operations and head coach|| [[Anil Kumble]]
|-
| Assistant coaches|| [[Andy Flower]] [[Bharat Arun]]
|-
| Batting coach|| [[Wasim Jaffer]]
|-
| Bowling coach|| [[Damien Wright]]
|-
| Fielding coach || [[Jonty Rhodes]]
|-
| Team physio|| [[Andrew Leipus]]
|-
| Trainer|| Adrian Le Roux
|-
|Team doctor|| Dr Srinand Srinivas
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| Source:[https://www.punjabkingsipl.in/players PBKS Staff]
|}

==Kit manufacturers and sponsors==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; width:55%;"
|-
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor (Front)
!Shirt sponsor (back)
!Chest Branding
|-
|T10 Sports
|EbixCash
|[[Balkrishna Industries|BKT]]
|Lotus Herbals
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:right;"| Source : [https://www.punjabkingsipl.in/ipl-auction punjabkingsipl.in]
|}

{{col-2}}
|{{Cricket uniform
| pattern_la = _pbks22
| pattern_b =_pbks22
| pattern_ra = _pbks22
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = dc143c
| body = dc143c
| rightarm = dc143c
| pants = dc143c
| title = T20 uniform
}}
{{col-end}}

==Teams and standings==
=== Results by match ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b
|header=Round
|label2= Result
| res2= W/L/L/L/W/L/W/L/L/W/L/W/L/W

|label3= Position
| pos3= 3/7/7/8/5/6/5/6/7/5/6/5/5/5

| color_NR = yellow2|text_NR= No Result
| color_W = green2|text_W=Win
| color_L = red2|text_L=Loss
| color_1-2=green1| color_3-4=#ffc
| source = Fixtures
}}

{{2021 Indian Premier League Points table|showteam=PBKS}}

==League stage==
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}
The full schedule was published on the IPL website on 7 March 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/228478/bcci-announces-schedule-for-vivo-ipl-2021|title=IPL schedule|access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref>
{{main|2021 Indian Premier League #League stage}}

=== Matches ===
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match4}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match8}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match11}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match14}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match17}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match21}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match26}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match29}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match37}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match42}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match45}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match48}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match53}}

==Statistics==
=== Most runs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Match
! Inns
! NO
! Runs
! HS
! Ave.
! BF
! SR
! 100s
! 50s
! 0
! 4s
! 6s
|-
| 1 ||[[KL Rahul]] || 13 || 13 || 2
! 626
|| 98[[Not out|*]] || 62.60 || 276 || 178.34 || 0 || 6 || 0 || 48 || 30
|-
| 2 ||[[Mayank Agarwal]] || 12 || 12 || 1
! 441
|| 99[[Not out|*]] || 40.09|| 227 || 140.44|| 0 || 4 || 1 || 42|| 18
|-
| 3 ||[[Chris Gayle]] || 8 || 8 || 1
! 178
|| 46 || 25.42 || 133 || 133.83 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 20 || 8
|-
| 4 ||[[Deepak Hooda]] || 9 || 8 || 1
! 116
|| 64 || 16.57 || 83 || 139.75 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 7 || 8
|-
| 5 ||[[Shahrukh Khan (cricketer)|Shahrukh Khan]] || 8 || 7 || 2
! 107
|| 47 || 21.40 || 84 || 127.38 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 6
|-
| 6 ||[[Nicholas Pooran]] || 8 || 7 || 0
! 60
|| 32 || 8.57 || 55 || 109.09 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 3
|-
|}
* '''Source: ESPNcricinfo'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=PBKS Most runs in IPL 2021|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=6;id=2021;team=4342;type=year|access-date=24 September 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|- 56
! No.
! Name
! Match
! Inns
! Overs
! Runs
! Maidens
! Wickets
! BBI
! Ave.
! Econ.
! SR
! 4W
! 5W
|-
| 1 || [[Mohammad Shami]] || 14 || 14 || 22.2 || 0 || 182
! 19
|| 5/32 || 15.16 || 8.14 || 11.16 || 0 || 1
|-
| 2 || [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] || 9 || 9 || 32.4 || 0 || 255
! 18
|| 3/21 || 23.18 || 7.80 || 17.81 || 0 || 0
|-
| 3 || [[Harpreet Brar]] || 3 || 3 || 10.0 || 1 || 55
! 5
|| 3/19 || 24.2 || 5.50 || 12.0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 4 || [[Ravi Bishnoi]] || 4 || 4 || 16.0 || 0 || 99
! 4
|| 2/17 || 24.75 || 6.18 || 24.0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 5 || [[Riley Meredith]] || 5 || 5 || 17.0 || 0 || 169
! 4
|| 1/29 || 42.25 || 9.94 || 25.5 || 0 || 0
|-
| 6 || [[Jhye Richardson]] || 3 || 3 || 11.0 || 0 || 117
! 3
|| 2/41 || 39.00 || 10.63 || 22.0 || 0 || 0
|-
|}
* '''Source: ESPNcricinfo'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=PBKS Most wickets in IPL 2021|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=6;id=2021;team=4342;type=year|access-date=24 September 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

== Player of the match awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Date
! Player
! Opponent
! Result
! Contribution
! Ref.
|-
| 1 || {{dts|1=2021|2=4|3=23|format=dmy}} ||[[KL Rahul]] || [[Mumbai Indians]] || Won by 9 wickets || 60[[Not out|*]] (52)||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rahul, Gayle drag Punjab Kings to victory after bowlers strangle Mumbai Indians|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/punjab-kings-vs-mumbai-indians-17th-match-1254074/match-report|access-date=23 April 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || {{dts|1=2021|2=4|3=30|format=dmy}} ||[[Harpreet Brar]] || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] ||Won by 34 runs || 25[[Not out|*]] (17) and 3/19 (4 overs)||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harpreet Brar the hero after KL Rahul's 91* as Punjab Kings move up|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/punjab-kings-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-26th-match-1254083/match-report|access-date=30 April 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 3 || {{dts|1=2021|2=5|3=2|format=dmy}} ||[[Mayank Agarwal]] || [[Delhi Capitals]]
| Lost by 7 wickets || 99[[Not out|*]] (58) ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rabada, Dhawan take Delhi Capitals to the top|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/punjab-kings-vs-delhi-capitals-29th-match-1254086/match-report|access-date=2 May 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 4 || {{dts|1=2021|2=10|3=1|format=dmy}} ||[[KL Rahul]] || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| Won by 5 wickets || 67 (55) ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=KL Rahul, bowlers lift Punjab Kings to fifth spot |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-punjab-kings-45th-match-1254102/match-report |access-date=2 October 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 5 || {{dts|1=2021|2=10|3=7|format=dmy}} ||[[KL Rahul]] || [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| Won by 6 wickets || 98[[not out|*]] (42) and 2 catches ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=KL Rahul smashes six-studded 98* to keep Punjab Kings' dreams alive (just about) |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/chennai-super-kings-vs-punjab-kings-53rd-match-1254094/match-report |access-date=8 October 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{2021 Indian Premier League}}
{{Punjab Kings}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punjab Kings in 2021}}
[[Category:Punjab Kings seasons|2021]]
[[Category:2021 Indian Premier League]]

Rabindranath Chatterjee

2025-05-28T02:05:49Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: added a entry - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Rabindranath Chatterjee''' (born 3 February 1949)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rabindranath Chatterjee, AITC MLA from Katwa - Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/rabindranath-chatterjee/ |access-date=2025-03-06 |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a six time member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Katwa Assembly constituency]] in [[Purba Bardhaman district]]. He won the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Katwa Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Katwa Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-katwa-constituency-270.html?noHeader=true |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Katwa, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/katwa-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797352-2021-05-01 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chatterjee is from [[Katwa]], Purba Bardhaman district, West Bengal. He is the son of late Radhakanta Chatterjee. He completed his Bachelor of Commerce in 1969 at [[Katwa College]] which is affiliated with the [[University of Burdwan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rabindranath Chatterjee(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- KATWA(PURBA BARDHAMAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1573 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Chatterjee won from Katwa Assembly constituency representing the All India Trinamool Congress in the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 107,894 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Shyama Majumdar of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 9,155 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Katwa Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Rabindranath Chatterjee Of TMC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/katwa-election-result-2021-live-updates-katwa-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695672.html |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]]. He retained the seat in [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]] and won two more terms on Congress ticket in [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]] and [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]] Assembly elections.<ref name=":0" /> In 2011, he defeated Sudipta Bagchi of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].

Later, he shifted to [[All India Trinamool Congress]] in May 2015<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-30 |title=Congress's Rabindranath Chatterjee joins Trinamool Congress |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/congresss-rabindranath-chatterjee-joins-trinamool-congress/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-05-29 |title=Congress MLA joins Trinamool |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/congress-mla-joins-trinamool/article7262248.ece |access-date=2025-03-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and won the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] for the fifth time defeating his nearest rival Shyama Majumdar of the Indian National Congress. He polled 84,549 votes against 81,721 votes to Majumdar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-12 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Katwa profile: TMC's Rabindra Chatterjee won constituency in 2016 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-katwa-profile-tmcs-rabindra-chatterjee-won-constituency-in-2016-9381341.html |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Again, he retained the seat for the Trinamool Congress in the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 election]] to become a six time MLA from Katwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Katwa Election Result 2021 LIVE: TMC's Rabindranath Chatterjee retains his Katwa seat - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/katwa-election-result-2021-live-how-to-check-katwa-assembly-vidhan-sabha-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-9132301.htm |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Katwa Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/katwa-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Rabindranath}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Politicians from Purba Bardhaman district]]

Robertson College Jabalpur

2025-03-22T03:28:10Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: added a pg - done

{{Short description|College in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
[[File:Jabalpur Engineering College (JEC)'s Civil Engineering Department.jpg|thumb|The former building of Robertson College now houses the Civil engineering department of the [[Jabalpur Engineering College]]]]
'''Robertson College, [[Jabalpur]]''', (now divided into [[Government Science College, Jabalpur]] and [[Mahakoshal]] Arts & Commerce College) is considered to be the oldest such institution in Madhya Pradesh.<ref>Robertson College (JUBBULPORE). Central Centenary Committee, J. N. W. PAUL 1937</ref>

==History==
It was established in 1836 as Sagar Govt. School in [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]], and was upgraded to Sagar Collegiate School in 1860 by starting F.A. (Fine Art, a degree equivalent to 12th grade) classes.<ref>Govt.Autonom. Mahakaushal Arts & Commerce College http://www.gyapti.com/academics/college_detail/296/Govt.Autonom.%20Mahakaushal%20Arts%20&%20Commerce%20College-Jabalpur-Madhya%20Pradesh-India.html</ref> The institution was moved to Jabalpur in 1873. It was renamed Robertson College in honor of the then commissioner Mr. Benjamin Robertson<ref>District Census Handbook, Madhya Pradesh: Shivpure, India. Superintendent of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh
Govt. of Madhya Pradesh, 1964, p. iii</ref> in 1916.<ref>Robertson College, About Jubbulpore, http://www.gokuldas.com/jabal/index.php?jabal=4</ref> Many of the students at Robertson College joined [[Hitkarini Sabha]] institutions during time of Indian independence struggle, where could they participate in the [[swaraj]] movement.<ref>Changing political leadership in an Indian province: the Central Provinces and Berar, 1919-1939, David E. U. Baker, Oxford University Press, 1979 p. 130</ref> It was renamed Mahakoshal Mahavidyalaya in 1947 after independence. The college moved to its present and permanent campus in 1947. The former building of Robertson College now houses the [[Civil engineering]] department of the [[Jabalpur Engineering College]]

Many distinguished scholars have emerged from the Robertson College and its descendant institutions.<ref>Meteoric Life of a Mathematician: A Tribute to Dr. N.G. Shabde, By Sunil N. Shabde, p. 172</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* http://www.sciencecollegejbp.org/college.htm (Official website)]

{{coord|23.1640|79.9682|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Education in Jabalpur]]
[[Category:1836 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Arts colleges in India]]
[[Category:Commerce colleges in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1836]]
[[Category:Science colleges in India]]
[[Category:Law schools in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Madhya Pradesh]]

Bangalore City railway station

2025-01-07T08:01:22Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: added info

#REDIRECT [[Bengaluru City railway station]]

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Marva (thaat)

2024-03-01T15:07:24Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: Starting basic post basic info!

{{Short description|Basic thaat of Hindustani music}}
{{for|the raga of the same name|Marva (raga)}}
{{Hindustani Classical Music}}
[[File:Delhi-National Museum-Ragini Maru of Sri Raga-20131006.jpg|thumb|''Ragini Maru of Sri Raga'', from 1628 until 1685, Mewar, Rajasthan]]
'''Marva''' or '''Marwa''' ({{IAST3|Mārvā}}) is one of the ten basic [[thaat]]s of [[Hindustani music]] from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is also the name of a [[raga]] within this [[thaat]].{{sfn|Bor|Rao|1999|p=3}}{{sfn|Jairazbhoy|1995}}{{pn|date=August 2018}}

==Description==
Marva thaat is obtained by adding a komal Rishabh to the [[Kalyan (thaat)|Kalyan thaat]]. The mood of the Marva family of ragas is strongly and easily recognisable.

==Ragas==
Other ragas in Marva thaat:<ref>Kaufmann p 315ff</ref>

*[[Marva (raga)|Marva]]
*[[Puriya]]
*[[Sohni]]
*[[Lalit (raga)|Lalit]] (although it is sometimes placed in [[Purvi (thaat)|Purvi]] thaat)
*[[Bibhas]] (two other types of Bibhas are placed in [[Bhairav (thaat)|Bhairav]] thaat or [[Purvi (thaat)|Purvi]] thaat)
*[[Pancham (raga)|Pancham]] (Hindol Pancham)
*[[Maligaura]]
*[[Purba (raga)|Purba]] (Purbya)
*[[Purvakalyan]]
*[[Jait]] (Jayat) (not to be confused with [[Jait Kalyan]]
*[[Varati (raga)]]
*[[Bhatiyar]]
*[[Bhankar]]
*[[Lalita Gauri]] (sometimes placed in [[Purvi (thaat)|Purvi]] thaat)
*[[Sazgiri]]

According to O. Thakur<ref>Moutal p.77</ref> [[Pūrvā Kalyāṇa]] is Marwa with Pa and less emphasis on komal Re. R. Jha<ref>Vol 1 p 116</ref>{{full|date=August 2018}} treats [[Bhaṭiya]] as a mixture of Marwa and [[Maand]].<ref>Moutal p. 207</ref> There is only one Author (B. Subba Rao) mentioning a raga Māravā Gaurī, thus Moutal does not consider this an own form.<ref>Moutal p. 257</ref> Aspects of Marwa are also incorporated in Mali Gaura.<ref>Moutal p.493</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book | last=Jairazbhoy | first=N.A. | author-link1=Nazir Jairazbhoy | title=The Rags of North Indian Music: Their Structure & Evolution | publisher=Popular Prakashan | place=Bombay | year=1995 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Bor |first1=Joep |last2=Rao |first2=Suvarnalata |title=The Raga Guide: A Survey of 74 Hindustani Ragas |date=1999 |publisher=Nimbus Records with Rotterdam Conservatory of Music |isbn=9780954397609 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jCnoMgEACAAJ |language=en }}
* {{cite book | last=Moutal | first=Patrick | title=A Comparative Study of Selected Hindustāni Rāga-s | publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd | place=New Delhi | year=1991 | isbn=81-215-0526-7}}

[[Category:Hindustani music theory]]

Kotak (surname)

2023-09-09T17:26:02Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: started basic data with sources

'''Kotak''' is a surname. Notable persons with that name include:

* [[İsmet Kotak]] (1939–2011), Turkish Cypriot politician
* [[Karishma Kotak]] (born 1982), Indian model and actor
* [[Marni Kotak]] (born 1974), American artist
* [[Shitanshu Kotak]] (born 1972), Indian cricketer
* [[Uday Kotak]] (born 1959), Indian businessman
* [[Vaju Kotak]] (born 1915), Indian writer

{{surname}}

Dasgrain

2023-08-15T01:16:21Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: New

{{more citations needed|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dasgrain
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|31.268794|N|76.425319|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rupnagar district|Rupnagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 275
| population_total = 1245
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 140 123
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-1887
| registration_plate = PB 12
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dasgrain''' is a village in tehsil [[Anandpur Sahib]] of district [[Rupnagar]] in the state of Punjab, India. It is situated on the bank of [[Satluj River]] and is surrounded by four villages [[Dher]], [[Khanpur, Rupnagar|Khanpur]], [[Mahain, India|Mahain]], [[Majari]], [[Harsa Bela]] and [[Patti Tek Singh]]. The village is well connected by NH21.

==Administration==
The village has [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] system. Kuldeep Singh is the current [[sarpanch]] of the village as per elections held in the year 2013.

==Connectivity==
The village is well connected via Road and Rail. Sirhind to Amb railway line and [[NH22]] runs through the village. The nearest railway station and Bus stand are Anandpur Sahib.

==Education==
The village have two schools both run by govt of Punjab.

[[Govt. Primary School, Dasgrain]]

[[Govt. High School, Dasgrain]]

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130430060411/http://www.gobartimes.org/content/government-high-school-dasgrain-ropar-0 Govt High School]
*[https://maps.google.co.in/maps?oe=utf-8&channel=fflb&q=dasgrain&hq=Dasgrain,+Punjab Google Map of Village]



{{Rupnagar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Rupnagar district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

List of Naga tribes

2023-03-07T09:21:18Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: quick correct information and updated info

#REDIRECT [[List of Naga ethnic groups]]

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Pathibara

2022-11-14T02:18:29Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: added new entry - done

{{Short description|Mountain peak in Himalayas}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2022}}

{{Infobox mountain
| name = Pathibara
| native_name =
| photo =
| photo_size =
| photo_caption =
| elevation_ref = 7123
| prominence_ref =
| isolation =
| map = Nepal Province1#Nepal#China Tibet topography#China#Asia
| map_caption =
| label =
| label_position =
| listing =
| location =
| country_type =
| country = {{enum|[[Nepal]]}}
| parent = [[Himalayas]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|27|49|15|N|88|10|22|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| first_ascent = Indo-Japanese Team, 1993
| normal_route =
}}

'''Pathibara''' (also known as ''Pathibara Chuli'', ''Pyramid Peak'', and ''Sphinx'') is a mountain peak located on the border of [[Nepal]] and [[North Sikkim]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patibhara (Pyramid Peak) |url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/pyramid-peak-vg1a6ecm.html |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=PeakVisor |language=en}}</ref>

== Location ==

The peak is located at {{cvt|7123|m}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pathibhara - Peakbagger.com |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=37203 |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=www.peakbagger.com}}</ref> above sea level on western rim of the Lhonak valley, roughly 4 kilometers north of [[Kirat Chuli]] and 12 kilometers north of [[Kangchenjunga]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The HJ/50/22 EXPEDITIONS AND NOTES 2 INDO-JAPANESE PATHIBARA EXPEDITION, 1993 |url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/ |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=The HJ/50/22 EXPEDITIONS AND NOTES 2 INDO-JAPANESE PATHIBARA EXPEDITION, 1993 |language=en}}</ref> And 4 km towards north, Langpo is situated at {{Cvt|6965|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Along the northern flank of Pathibara, the ''Western Langpo Glacier'' flows towards the west.

== Climbing history ==

On 24–26 April 1993, an Indo-Japanese expedition made the first ascent of Pathibara.<ref name=":0" /> The team consisted of Hiroshi Iwazaki, Nobuhiro Shingo, Yoshio Ogata, Jot Singh Bhundari, Sunder Singh Martolia, Lopsang Sherpa and Purba Lepcha.

Slovenians Boris Lorencic and Miha Valic were the first to climb Pathibara from the Nepalese side in October 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Slovenian Developments on the Pangpema Plateau - Alpinist.com |url=http://www.alpinist.com/doc/web07-08w/newswire-nepal-drohmo-valic-slovenian |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=www.alpinist.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{Nepal-mountain-stub}}
{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}
{{Asia-mountain-stub}}

[[Category:Mountains of Nepal]]

Valavoor

2022-08-08T03:28:16Z

SanjayMurugesan2221: slightly cleaned up article per standard format also and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Valavoor
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
| established_title = 
| government_type = [[Panchayath]]
| governing_body = Karoor grama panchayath
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 686635
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-35
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Pala
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = June - September (Rainy) October - January (Winter) February - May (Summer)
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Kottayam
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Pala
}}

'''Valavoor''', the business center of Karoor Panchayath, is located at the south-western tip of India near [[Palai]] in [[Kottayam district]], [[Kerala]].
'''Valavoor''' is between [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]] and [[Uzhavoor]]. Both towns are 6 km away.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.valavoor.com/ |title=Home |website=valavoor.com}}</ref> It is just 30 km away from the administrative capital [[Kottayam district|Kottayam District]]. The newly started [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kottayam|Indian Institute of Information Technology]] is situated here.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iiitkottayam.ac.in/ |title=Home |website=iiitkottayam.ac.in}}</ref> The town is 170 km from the state capital [[Thiruvananthapuram]].

== Geography ==
Valavoor is a village located in the Kottayam District of Kerala. Valavoor has located about 6 km from Pala and 6 km from Uzhavoor. Valavoor belongs to the Pala [[Electoral district|constituency]]. Valavoor is surrounded by small, but beautiful places like [[Kudakkachira]], Edanad, and [[Palackattumala]]. The [[Mountain]] called 'St. Thomas Mount' is situated very close to Valavoor.

== Transportation ==

* Nearest [[Airport]] - [[Cochin International Airport]] - 66 km
* Nearest [[Train station|Railway Station]] - [[Kottayam railway station|Kottayam]] - 31 km
* Nearest [[Bus stop|Bus Stop]] - Valavoor
* Nearest [[Bus stand|Bus Stand]] - Pala - 6 km

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Kottayam district}}
{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Villages in Kottayam district]]

{{Kottayam-geo-stub}}