Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Jagriti: Ek Nayi Subah

2026-05-07T10:30:06Z

SanjayMurugesan220: creating entry

{{Short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Jagriti Ek Nayi Subah.jpg
| genre = Drama Romance
| creator = Guroudev Bhalla
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| starring = Rachana Mistry [[Vijayendra Kumeria]]
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 481
| executive_producer =
| producer = Guroudev Bhalla
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Guroudev Bhalla Productions
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2024|9|16}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2026|1|11}}
| channel = [[Zee TV]]
}}
'''''Jagriti: Ek Nayi Subah''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language television drama series that aired from 16 September 2024 to 11 January 2026 on [[Zee TV]]. It was produced by Gurodev Bhalla under Gurodev Bhalla Productions, it starred Rachana Mistry and [[Vijayendra Kumeria]] in lead roles.

==Plot==
The show explores themes of social injustice, discrimination, courage, and the pursuit of a better future, revolving around the life of Jagriti, a young girl from the marginalized "Chitta" community in the fictional town of Mokshgarh, [[Jharkhand]]. The Chitta community is unjustly branded as 'criminal' from birth by the oppressive and powerful landlord Kalikant Thakur. The community is denied basic rights, including education, and is forced into a life of crime and labor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-06 |title=Zee TV expands lineup with new fiction show ‘Jagriti - Ek Nayi Subah’ |url=https://mediabrief.com/zee-tv-new-show-jagriti-ek-nayi-subah/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=Mediabrief}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-06 |title=ZEE TV announces launch of new fiction 'Jagriti - Ek Nayi Subah’ |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-tv-announces-launch-of-new-fiction-jagriti-ek-nayi-subah/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240906191252/https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-tv-announces-launch-of-new-fiction-jagriti-ek-nayi-subah/ |archive-date=2024-09-06 |access-date=2025-08-24 |work=Biz Asia Live}}</ref>

The story begins with seven-year-old Jagriti, who bravely questions the injustices faced by her people. She refuses to accept the societal branding and the tyrannical rule of Kalikant Thakur. Her relentless quest for dignity and rights for her community often puts her in conflict with the landlord and his authority.

===12 years later===
After a traumatic childhood, Jagriti has been adopted into a wealthy family and has forgotten her past. She has now dedicated herself to becoming an [[Indian Police Service|IPS Officer]], aspiring to fight for justice and make a difference in society.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-04 |title=Rachana Mistry, Vijayendra Kumeria and Sagar Parekh get candid about their characters post 12 years leap in Jagriti- Ek Nayi Subah |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rachana-mistry-vijayendra-kumeria-and-sagar-parekh-get-candid-about-their-characters-post-12-years-leap-in-jagriti-ek-nayi-subah/articleshow/117924747.cms |access-date=2025-08-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In college, Jagriti clashes frequently with Suraj Thakur, the arrogant elder son of powerful landlord Kalikant Thakur. Despite their ongoing rivalry, there's an underlying tension between them. Jagriti, however, falls in love with Akash Thakur, Suraj’s younger brother, and they are set to marry. On the day of the wedding, Sapna, who has loved Akash since childhood, switches places with Jagriti. As a result, Sapna marries Akash, and Jagriti unknowingly marries Suraj.

Shortly after, Akash, enraged by the switch, attempts to force himself on Jagriti, but Suraj intervenes and saves her. This marks a turning point in Jagriti’s perception of Suraj. In the aftermath, as she begins to unravel buried memories, Jagriti gradually rediscovers her true identity and her roots in the Chitta community.

Determined to fight the injustice she was born into, she sets her sights on becoming an [[Indian Police Service|IPS officer]]. Suraj undergoes a dramatic transformation, turning against his corrupt father and becoming Jagriti’s strongest supporter. With his help, she clears the UPSC exam and returns to Mokshgarh as a symbol of justice and reform. Upon her return, Jagriti arrests Kalikant Thakur and presents compelling evidence against him in court. During his transfer to another facility, Kalikant is shot by Akash and falls into a coma, intensifying the conflict.

Over time, the deep bond formed through shared struggle and trust blossoms into love. Jagriti and Suraj fall for each other only after she becomes an IPS officer. When Jagriti is targeted in a bomb attack, Suraj saves her life, cementing their emotional connection. They soon remarry, this time by choice and mutual love.

After their remarriage, Jagriti and Suraj’s relationship faces turmoil when Sapna claims she is pregnant with Suraj’s child. Unknown to others, Akash is the real father and is blackmailing Sapna, threatening to kill the unborn child if she reveals the truth. Jagriti and Suraj eventually uncovers the deception, exposes Akash, and confirms the child’s true paternity. The revelation strengthens their bond and further isolates Akash.

Meanwhile, a major twist unfolds when Kalikant Thakur, previously in a coma, regains consciousness. To regain control over his empire without drawing suspicion, he kills his twin brother, Shashikant, and assumes his identity. Operating from the shadows, Kalikant resumes his manipulation and schemes, further endangering Jagriti’s mission and reigniting conflict in Mokshgarh.

==Cast==
===Main===
*Rachana Mistry as [[IPS officer]] Jagriti "Jaggu" Bahl Thakur: Geeta and Harish's daughter; Sapna's half-sister; Suraj's wife (2025–2026)
**Asmi Deo as young Jagriti (2024–2025)
*[[Vijayendra Kumeria]] as Suraj Thakur: Ganga and Kalikant's elder son; Akash's elder brother; Avni and Aman's eldest half-brother; Jagriti's husband (2025–2026)
**Aalok Shaw as young Suraj (2024–2025)

===Recurring===
*[[Aarya Babbar]] as [[double role]]
**Kalikant Thakur: Shashikant's twin brother; Ganga and Kalindi's husband; Suraj, Akash, Avni and Aman's father (2024–2025) (Dead)
**Dr. Shashikant "Shashi" Thakur: Kalikant's twin brother; Sudha's husband; JoJo's father (2025) (Dead)
*Anjali Banerjee as Ganga Thakur: Kalikant's first wife (2024–2026)
*Anupama Solanki as Sudha Thakur: Shashikant's widow (2025) (Dead)
*Purva Pathak as Jojo Thakur: Sudha and Shashikant's daughter (2025–2026)
*Asma Badar as Kalindi Thakur: Kalikant's second wife (2025–2026)
**Revathi Iyer as Young Kalindi (2024–2025)
*Sagar Parekh as Akash Thakur: Ganga and Kalikant's younger son (2025–2026)
**Harish Kaushal as young Akash (2024–2025)
*Pranjali Singh Parihar as Sapna Thakur: Geeta and Amol's daughter (2025–2026)
**Siyal Jain as young Sapna (2024-2025)
*Vihaan Thakkar as Arjun Thakur: Kalikant and Kalindi's son (2025–2026)
*Sanchi Singh as Avni Thakur: Kalikant and Kalindi's daughter (2025–2026)
*Vishnu Latawa as Ghungroo: Suraj's best friend (2024–2025) (Dead)
*Muskaan Sharma as Dimple: Sapna's friend (2024)
*Pankti Rathore as Simple: Sapna's friend (2024)
*Prachi Thakur as Kachori: Jagriti's childhood best friend (2025)
*Vijhay Badlaani as IPS officer Anmol: Geeta's second husband; Sapna's father (2024–2025)
*[[Yash Gera]] as Harish: Geeta's first husband; Jagriti's father (2024–2025)
*Titiksha Shrivastava as Advocate Geeta Singh: Harish's ex-lover (2024–2025)/(2025) (Dead)
*Unknown as Amar Singh: Geeta's third husband; Amitabh's father (2025)
*Vansh Sayani as Amitabh Singh: An army officer; Amar's son; Geeta's step-son (2025) (Dead)
*Himani Sharma as Nanda (2024–2025)
*Prakhar Saxena as Durjan (2024–2025)
*Aarti Bhavsar as Bindi: Harish's love-interest; Jagriti and Kachori's mother-figure (2024–2025)
*Maahi Kamla as Jhumpa (2024–2025)
*Vishesh Gupta as Raaka (2024–2025)
*Puneet Channa as Ballu (2024–2025)
*Saurabh Agarwal as Bhairav Bahl: Malti's widower; Rohan's father; Jagriti's adoptive father (2025)
*Unknown as Rohan Bahl: Bhairav and Malti's son; Jagriti's adoptive brother; Suman's husband (2025)
*Unknown as Suman Bahl: Rohan's wife; Jagriti's adoptive sister-in-law (2025)
*V S Prince Ratan as Pharmacist (2025)
*Priya Chhaba as Nikita (2025–2026)
*Inderjeet Modi as Aatish (2025–2026)

==Production==
===Casting===
[[Namish Taneja]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 January 2025|title=Namish Taneja: I was all set to play the lead in Jagriti but then destiny had other plans|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/namish-taneja-i-was-all-set-to-play-the-lead-in-jagriti-but-then-destiny-had-other-plans/articleshow/117487107.cms|access-date=17 August 2025|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> was first approached for the role of Suraj but was replaced by [[Vijayendra Kumeria]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 January 2025|title=Vijayendra Kumeria: The character of Suraj in Jagriti – Ek Nayi Subah appealed to me
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vijayendra-kumeria-the-character-of-suraj-in-jagriti-ek-nayi-subah-appealed-to-me/articleshow/117495105.cms|access-date=17 August 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> In February 2025, the show took a 17 years leap, Akash played by Sagar Parekh, and Suraj played by Vijayendra Kumeria.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=4 February 2025|title=Sagar Parekh and Vijayendra Kumeria join 'Jagriti' as the show takes a 12-year leap|url=https://m.sakshipost.com/news/sagar-parekh-and-vijayendra-kumeria-join-jagriti-show-takes-12-year-leap-374536|access-date=2 June 2025|work=Sakshi Post|language=en}}</ref> [[Aarya Babbar]] joined the cast, marking his television comeback after 8 year.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=26 September 2024|title=Aarya Babbar says challenging roles inspire him to work harder|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/aarya-babbar-says-challenging-roles-inspire-him-to-work-harder/|access-date=17 August 2025|work=[[The Tribune India]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=16 September 2024|title=Aarya Babbar: ‘People assume that if an actor is rich, he won’t do TV’|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/aarya-babbar-jagriti-ek-nayi-subah-people-assume-rich-actor-wont-do-tv-23394149|access-date=17 August 2025|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt33310385}}
*[https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/jagriti/0-6-4z5615579 ''Jagriti: Ek Nayi Subah''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2026 Indian television series endings]]

Biker (film)

2026-05-06T16:27:26Z

SanjayMurugesan220: put up new article - done

{{Short description|2026 Indian film by Abhilash Kankara}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Biker
| image = Biker (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Abhilash Reddy Kankara
| producer = V. Vamsi Krishna Reddy Pramod Uppalapati
| writer = Abhilash Reddy Kankara MVS Bharadwaj Shravan Madala
| starring = [[Sharwanand]] [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] [[Malvika Nair]] [[Atul Kulkarni]]
| music = [[Ghibran Vaibodha]]
| cinematography = [[J. Yuvaraj]]
| editing = Anil Kumar Palasa
| studio = UV Creations
| distributor = Think Studios Shloka Entertainment E4 Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|2026|4|3|df=y}}
| runtime = 162 minutes<ref name=":THR" />
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR}}45 crore<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-06 |title='Biker' box office collection day 3: Sharwanand's racing drama earns close to Rs 10 crore after first weekend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/biker-box-office-collection-day-3-sharwanands-racing-drama-earns-close-to-rs-10-crore-after-first-weekend/articleshow/130049737.cms |access-date=2026-04-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| gross =
}}
'''''Biker''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[sports drama film]] co-written and directed by Abhilash Reddy Kankara. The film was produced by V. Vamsi Krishna Reddy and Pramod Uppalapati, under UV Creations. The film stars [[Sharwanand]], [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Malvika Nair]], and [[Atul Kulkarni]].

== Plot ==
Follows adrenaline-fueled [[motocross|Motocross]] racing competitors as they navigate dangerous competitions and face intense challenges on their bikes. The film follows Vikas Narayan (Sharwanand), a skilled rider trained by his strict father Sunil (Rajasekhar) to become a global champion. After a dangerous accident, Vikas quits, creating intense family conflict before ultimately deciding whether to return to racing.

The story revolves around Sunil Narayan (Rajasekhar), a former motocross racer from Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, who dreams of putting India on the global motocross map. To fulfill this dream, he grooms his son, Vikas Narayan (Sharwanand), into a top-tier racer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Sruthi Ganapathy |date=2026-04-03 |title=‘Biker’ Movie Review: Sharwanand Leads a Savvy Motocross Film That Hits the Breaks on Emotions |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/biker-movie-review-sharwanand-in-a-savvy-motocross-film-that-hits-the-breaks-on-emotions |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>

Fully inspired by his father's aspirations, Vikas grows into a highly skilled rider. However, following a major, unforeseen accident—and under pressure from the girl he loves (Malavika Nair)—he steps away from racing. What ensues is a conflict of both emotional and professional dimensions. Whether he returns to the sport, whether his father accepts him once again, and whether he ultimately fulfills his father's dream forms the rest of the story.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Satya |date=2026-04-03 |title=BIKER Movie Review |url=https://www.gulte.com/moviereviews/404116/biker-movie-review |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Gulte |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Sharwanand]] as Vikas "Vicky" Narayan
* [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] as Bullet Sunil Narayan, Vicky’s father (Dubbed by [[P. Sai Kumar]])
* [[Malvika Nair]] as Ananya, Vicky’s love-interest turned wife
* [[Atul Kulkarni]] as Indraneel Chirag, ING Chief
* [[Brahmaji]] as Mahesh
* [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Ananya’s mother
* [[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]] as Aman, Sunil’s friend
* Shourya Chelemella as Ishaan, Vicky and Ananya’s son
* Niroop Nandakumar as Anwar, Vicky’s rival turned sponsor
* Aakash Srinivas as Vicky’s first fanboy
* Dayanand Reddy as Daya, Anwar’s coach
* Matthew Varghese as Sudharshan
* Dhaassyam Geetha Bhascker as School Principal
* Naveen Neni as Mahesh’s assistant
* Aleksandar Alex as Fernando, International racer

== Production ==
The film required [[Sharwanand]] to portray both 18-year-old and 30-year-old versions of the protagonist.<ref>{{cite news |title='Lost 22 kilos": 'Biker' actor Sharwanand highlights transformation and love for Tamil audience |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lost-22-kilos-biker-actor-sharwanand-highlights-transformation-and-love-for-tamil-audience/articleshow/129779403.cms |work=The Times of India |date=24 March 2026 |archive-date=25 March 2026 |access-date=5 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260325092155/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lost-22-kilos-biker-actor-sharwanand-highlights-transformation-and-love-for-tamil-audience/articleshow/129779403.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=From 92 kilos to fit again: What it took for Telugu star Sharwanand to lose 22 kilos — without starving or shortcuts |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/from-92-kilos-to-fit-again-what-it-took-for-telugu-star-sharwanand-to-lose-22-kilos-without-starving-or-shortcuts/articleshow/125185350.cms?from=mdr |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=8 November 2025}}</ref> To portray the younger version, he lost weight.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pics: Sharwanand Reveals Details About His Body Transformation {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/pics-sharwanand-reveals-details-about-his-body-transformation-82774.html |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=31 March 2026 |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2026 |access-date=5 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260401033234/https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/pics-sharwanand-reveals-details-about-his-body-transformation-82774.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kavirayani |first1=Suresh |title=Ram Abbaraju of Nari Nari Naduma Murari: I want to make only entertaining films |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2026/Jan/13/teluguinterviews2026jan10ram-abbaraju-of-nari-nari-naduma-murari-i-want-to-make-only-entertaining-films |work=The New Indian Express |date=13 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Biker
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ghibran]]
| released = 1 April 2026
| recorded = 2025
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 20:40
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer =
| chronology = [[Ghibran]]
| prev_title = [[Draupathi 2]]
| prev_year = 2026
| next_title = [[Leader (2026 film)|Leader]]
| next_year = 2026
}}
The music is composed by [[Ghibran]]. The music rights are secured by [[Aditya Music]].<ref>{{cite web |title=BIKER Songs Telugu by Ghibran |url=https://gaana.com/album/biker-telugu |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |language=en |date=1 April 2026}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Pretty Baby
| lyrics1 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra1 = [[Sublahshini]], [[Yazin Nizar]]
| length1 = 3:18
| title2 = Ziddi Ziddi
| lyrics2 = Krishna Kanth
| extra2 = [[Ghibran]]
| length2 = 2:06
| title3 = Pasi Pasi Manase
| lyrics3 = Krishna Kanth
| extra3 = [[Haricharan]]
| length3 = 3:22
| title4 = Emaindo
| lyrics4 = RR Dhruvan
| extra4 = [[Kapil Kapilan]], Aditi Bhavaraju
| length4 = 2:43
| title5 = Jaagore Jaagore
| lyrics5 = Krishna Kanth
| extra5 = Sai Charan Bhaskaruni
| length5 = 4:49
| title6 = Eppudo
| lyrics6 = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| extra6 = Dinesh Kakkerla
| length6 = 4:22
| total_length = 20:40
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Biker'' was released theatrically on 3 April 2026, in standard and [[4DX]], PCX, 3D, [[Dolby Cinema]], and [[Qube Cinema|EPIQ]] formats.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sharwanand starrer Biker gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Feb/03/sharwanand-starrer-biker-gets-a-new-release-date |work=Cinema Express |date=3 February 2026 |language=en |archive-date=10 February 2026 |access-date=27 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260210184411/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Feb/03/sharwanand-starrer-biker-gets-a-new-release-date |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why Sharwanand turns philosophical at Biker event? |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/why-sharwanand-turns-philosophical-at-biker-event/amp |work=[[Telugucinema.com]] |date=27 March 2026}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The post-theatrical digital streaming rights of the film were acquired by [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2026 |last=S |first=Ashwin |title=Netflix's Pandanga 2026 slate includes 13 films |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Jan/16/netflixs-pandanga-2026-slate-includes-13-films |website=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref> The film began streaming on the platform from 1 May 2026.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 April 2026 |title=Release Date and Streaming Platform for Biker: How to View the Sharwanand-Led Film Online |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/south/biker-ott-release-update-sharwanand-telugu-sports-drama-netflix-article-154179014 |website=Zoom}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sashidhar Adivi of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "Sharwanand anchors the film with a committed performance. His portrayal ensures that the emotional drama holds its own against the spectacle of the sport. [...] However, ''Biker'' doesn’t completely escape the clichés of the sports drama genre. Several supporting male characters are written with predictable aggression."<ref>{{cite news |title=Biker Review: A Gripping Sports Drama That Balances Action With Heart {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/south-movies/biker-review-a-gripping-sports-drama-that-balances-action-with-heart-82867.html |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=3 April 2026 |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2026 |access-date=3 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260404070033/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/south-movies/biker-review-a-gripping-sports-drama-that-balances-action-with-heart-82867.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sandeep Athreya of ''[[Sakshi Post]]'' rated the film 3.25/5 and wrote, "While it doesn’t completely break away from familiar tropes, it offers enough engaging moments—especially in the racing segments—to keep viewers invested. Powered by strong performances from Sharwanand and Rajasekhar, the film makes for a decent one-time watch".<ref>{{cite news |title=Biker Review and Rating |url=https://m.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/biker-review-and-rating-478475 |work=[[Sakshi Post]] |date=3 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

Jalapathy Gudelli of ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' rated the film 3/5 and wrote, "While it has its share of pacing issues, the film offers a refreshing take on the sports genre. Abhilash Reddy deserves credit for introducing motocross to Telugu cinema and blending it effectively with sentiment."<ref>{{cite news |title=Biker Review: A well-crafted sports drama that rides on emotion |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/biker-review-a-well-crafted-sports-drama-that-rides-on-emotion |work=[[Telugucinema.com]] |date=3 April 2026}}</ref> Yashaswini Sri of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "When the sport is front and centre, it is a genuinely thrilling watch, one that justifies every rupee spent on the racing sequences. But the drama holding those sequences together is routine, underdeveloped, and set to a score that does it no favours."<ref>{{cite news |title=Biker movie review: Sharwanand's motocross drama is at its thrilling best when it stays on track |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/biker-review-sharwanand-motocross-drama-is-at-its-thrilling-best-when-it-stays-on-track-10616606/ |work=The Indian Express |date=3 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

Sanjay Ponnappa of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Biker'' has its moments, especially in its racing sequences and the emotional father-son dynamic that lands towards the end. However, a predictable narrative, inconsistent engagement, and underwhelming drama hold it back from truly standing out."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ponnappa |first1=Sanjay |title=Biker review: Less sport and too much drama bogs down this Sharwanand film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/biker-telugu-motocross-racing-dr-rajasekhar-sharwanand-review-2891144-2026-04-03 |work=India Today |date=3 April 2026 |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2026 |access-date=3 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260404053548/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/biker-telugu-motocross-racing-dr-rajasekhar-sharwanand-review-2891144-2026-04-03 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "''Biker'' marks the return to form for Sharwanand, after a string of middling films. [...] On the whole, ''Biker'' is an engaging watch. Had it pushed itself to go beyond predictable turns, it could have been a standout film."<ref name=":THR">{{cite news |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |title='Biker' movie review: Sharwanand's sports drama is predictable, but still has plenty going for it |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/biker-movie-review-sharwanands-familiar-sports-drama-isnt-perfect-but-still-has-plenty-going-for-it/article70818455.ece |work=The Hindu |date=3 April 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|31593809}}

[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2026 3D films]]
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]
[[Category:Indian 4DX films]]
[[Category:Dolby Cinema films]]
[[Category:Indian sports films]]
[[Category:2020s sports drama films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:Motorcycling films]]
[[Category:Indian chase films]]
[[Category:2020s chase films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romance films]]
[[Category:UV Creations films]]
[[Category:Films set in Europe]]
[[Category:Films set in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghibran Vaibodha]]

Mahant Laxminarayan Das

2026-05-05T06:58:23Z

SanjayMurugesan220: Created New Data

{{Short description|Indian Hindu religious leader}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mahant Laxminarayan Das
| native_name = महंत लक्ष्मीनारायण दास
| honorific-prefix = Mahant
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = Raipur, (present-day Chhattisgarh), India 
| death_date = March 17, 1987 <ref name="rajya"/>
| occupation = Hindu religious leader; Indian independence activist; social worker
| known_for = Leadership in the Raipur District during the Indian independence movement; Mahant of Jaitu Sao (Jaitu Sau) Math
| notable_works = Social welfare initiatives, including support for Harijan/underprivileged institutions in Raipur
}}

'''[[Mahant]] Laxminarayan Das''' ( d. March 17, 1987) was an Indian Hindu religious leader, freedom fighter and political activist from [[Raipur]], [[Madhya Pradesh (1956–2000)|Undivided Madhya Pradesh]] (present-day [[Chhattisgarh]]). He was a member of [[Indian National Congress]], Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Council]] 1937-52, President, [[Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee]] (M.P.C.C)., 1957-59. He later remained a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the Upper House of [[Parliament of India]] from 1962 to 1968.<ref name="rajya">{{cite web | title=RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 1952-2019 | url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/Member_Biographical_Book.pdf|website=Rajya Sabha Secretrariat archives|quote= Congress (Madhya Pradesh); s. of Guru Mahant Bihari Das; Bachelor; Member, (i) Madhya Pradesh Legislative Council, 1937-52 and (ii) Rajya Sabha, 3-4-1962 to 2-4-1968; President, M.P.C.C., 1957-59; Died. Obit. on 17-3-1987. |page=125| access-date=2025-09-14}}</ref><ref name="y522">{{cite web | last=Centre | first=National Informatics | title=Rajya Sabha Members - Former | website=Digital Sansad - Parliament of India, digital archive| date=2023-04-19 | url=https://sansad.in/rs/members| access-date=2025-09-14}}</ref>

He served as the [[Mahant]] (head priest) of the Jaitu Sao Math in [[Raipur]] and was active in the [[Indian independence movement]] — notably during the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non-Cooperation]] and [[Satyagraha|Civil Disobedience campaigns]], including local actions associated with the [[Salt March|Salt Satyagraha]]. He is commemorated locally for social-welfare work and for public service in [[Raipur]]; a college in the Gandhi Nagar area of Raipur was established in his memory. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://mldc.ac.in/about-us.php?fldPathId=1 |title=About MLDC |publisher=Mahant Laxminarayan Das College |accessdate=13 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?15784= |title=Digital District Repository – Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Culture |accessdate=13 September 2025}}</ref>

==Early life==
He became head of the Jaitu Sao Math ([[Purani Basti, Raipur]]) at an early age and subsequently emerged as a prominent local leader in Raipur. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://mldc.ac.in/about-us.php?fldPathId=1 |title=About MLDC |publisher=Mahant Laxminarayan Das College |accessdate=13 September 2025}}</ref>

== Role in the Indian independence movement ==
Mahant Laxminarayan Das participated in major Gandhian movements of the 1920s–1940s in the Raipur area. Institutional accounts credit him with organisational activity during the Non-Cooperation Movement ({{circa|1920}}), participation in the Civil Disobedience movement and the Salt Satyagraha in the early 1930s, and arrest for actions related to defiance of the salt laws. These accounts also note his participation in regional and national Congress activities of the period. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://mldc.ac.in/about-us.php?fldPathId=1 |title=About MLDC |publisher=Mahant Laxminarayan Das College |accessdate=13 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/digital-district-repository/district-repository/participation-women-during-civil-disobedience |title=Participation of women during Civil Disobedience movement in Raipur |publisher=Indianculture.gov.in |accessdate=13 September 2025}}</ref>

==Social work and later life==
Institutional descriptions indicate that after the independence struggle, he engaged in philanthropy and social welfare, focusing on education and support for disadvantaged communities in Raipur. Sources attribute involvement in establishing welfare institutions, including the foundation or support for a Harijan hostel (a shelter for underprivileged children) and other local educational initiatives. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://mldc.ac.in/about-us.php?fldPathId=1 |title=About MLDC |publisher=Mahant Laxminarayan Das College |accessdate=13 September 2025}}</ref>

He was an elected member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] from Madhya Pradesh for the Congress party from 1962 to 1968.

==Legacy==
Mahant Laxminarayan Das is commemorated locally in Raipur. In 1997, '''Mahant Laxminarayan Das College''' (often styled "Mahant Laxmi/Laxminarayan Das College") was established in his memory; the college’s official publications describe the institution as founded to honour his service to education and society in the region and to continue his social-welfare ideals. The college remains an institutional source for biographical information about Mahant Laxminarayan Das. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://mldc.ac.in/ |title=Mahant Laxminarayan Das College official site |publisher=Mahant Laxminarayan Das College |accessdate=13 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://mldc.ac.in/uploads/news/1720248506ELF-STUDY-REPORT.pdf |title=Self Study Report (SSR) – Mahant Laxminarayan Das College |publisher=Mahant Laxminarayan Das College |accessdate=13 September 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://mldc.ac.in/ Mahant Laxminarayan Das College — official website]
* [https://mldc.ac.in/about-us.php?fldPathId=1 About Mahant Laxminarayan Das — college page]
* [https://mldc.ac.in/uploads/news/1720248506ELF-STUDY-REPORT.pdf Self Study Report — Mahant Laxminarayan Das College (PDF)]
* [https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/ Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav — Government of India (searchable district repository)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Laxminarayan Das, Mahant}}
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Civil disobedience in India]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Raipur]]

IP Extension metro station

2026-05-02T18:48:46Z

SanjayMurugesan220: creating a data

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] IP Extension
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Pink}}
| image = IP Extension metro station (Delhi).jpg
| style = Delhi Metro
| address = IP Extension, Delhi, 110092
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]
| platform = [[Side Platform]] {{font color|pink|Platform 1}} → "-" Circular Line {{font color|pink|Platform 2}} → "+" Circular Line {{font color|pink|Platform 3}} → Train terminates
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 3
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|2018|10|31|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| status = Staffed, Operational
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Pink|left=Mandawali - West Vinod Nagar|right=Anand Vihar}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Pink Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Pink}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Indraprastha Extension''' (or '''IP Extension''') is a metro station located on the [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]]. As a part of Delhi Metro's [[Delhi Metro#Phase III|Phase III]], the station became operational on 31 October 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Show_corridor_details.aspx?id=1|title=DMRC - Majlis Park - Shiv Vihar|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916142049/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Show_corridor_details.aspx?id=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;color:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Pink}}" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Anticlockwise'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|"-" Circular Line (Anticlockwise) Via: [[Anand Vihar metro station|Anand Vihar]], [[Karkarduma metro station|Karkarduma]], [[Krishna Nagar metro station (Delhi)|Krishna Nagar]], [[East Azad Nagar metro station|East Azad Nagar]], [[Welcome metro station|Welcome]], [[Jaffrabad metro station|Jaffrabad]], [[Maujpur - Babarpur metro station|Maujpur - Babarpur]], [[Yamuna Vihar metro station|Yamuna Vihar]], [[Bhajanpura metro station|Bhajanpura]], [[Nanaksar - Sonia Vihar metro station|Nanaksar - Sonia Vihar]], [[Jagatpur - Wazirabad metro station|Jagatpur - Wazirabad]], [[Burari metro station|Burari]], [[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]], [[Azadpur metro station|Azadpur]], [[Shalimar Bagh metro station|Shalimar Bagh]], [[Netaji Subhash Place metro station|Netaji Subhash Place]], [[Punjabi Bagh West metro station|Punjabi Bagh West]], [[Rajouri Garden metro station|Rajouri Garden]], [[Mayapuri metro station|Mayapuri]], [[Naraina Vihar metro station|Naraina Vihar]] '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Anand Vihar}} '''''Change at the next station for '''{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}''
|-
|style="color:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Pink}}" | '''Platform 2''' '''Clockwise'''
|"+" Circular Line (Clockwise) Via: [[Mandawali - West Vinod Nagar metro station|Mandawali - West Vinod Nagar]], [[East Vinod Nagar - Mayur Vihar-II metro station|East Vinod Nagar - Mayur Vihar-II]], [[Trilokpuri - Sanjay Lake metro station|Trilokpuri - Sanjay Lake]], [[Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar metro station|Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar]], [[Mayur Vihar-I metro station|Mayur Vihar-I]], [[Sarai Kale Khan - Nizamuddin metro station|Sarai Kale Khan - Nizamuddin]], [[Lajpat Nagar metro station|Lajpat Nagar]], [[South Extension metro station|South Extension]], [[Dilli Haat - INA metro station|Dilli Haat - INA]], [[Sarojini Nagar metro station|Sarojini Nagar]], [[Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah Moti Bagh metro station|Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah Moti Bagh]], [[Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus metro station|Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus]], [[Delhi Cantonment metro station|Delhi Cantt.]] '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Mandawali - West Vinod Nagar}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

==Exits==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="5" style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Pink}};color:WHITE;"| IP Extension station Entry/exits
|-
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-1
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-2
|-
| ||
|-
| ||
|-
| ||
|-
| ||
|-
| ||
|}

==Connections==
This station is directly connected to Vinod Nagar Depot by elevated feeder lines passing over [[Delhi Meerut Expressway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-metro-s-longest-pink-line-to-open-in-three-phases-by-sept-2017/story-prmEm66h4IdQVR7et5je3K.html|title=Delhi Metro's longest Pink Line to open in three phases by Sept 2017|date=21 October 2016|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416012139/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-metro-s-longest-pink-line-to-open-in-three-phases-by-sept-2017/story-prmEm66h4IdQVR7et5je3K.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Trains}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Delhi]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Delhi Monorail]]
*[[Sanjay Lake]]
*[[Mayur Vihar]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[East Delhi]]
*[[New Delhi]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information|work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=19 June 2010|url-status=dead}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/IP+Extension/@28.6318781,77.3099453,316m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x390ce4cab453207b:0x63b2f5d8d0e25938!8m2!3d28.6320252!4d77.3107193|title= IP Extension metro station}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|pink line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2018]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in East Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}

Nishtha Jaswal

2026-05-01T18:13:53Z

SanjayMurugesan220: creating article...

{{Short description|Indian Educationist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nishtha Jaswal
| image =
| caption = Jaswal in 2019
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1959|02|01}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=HPNLU VC|url=https://www.hpnlu.ac.in/PDF/da545cd7-9c17-47d1-b858-a6ab04a7ee76.pdf|access-date=2021-12-20|archive-date=2022-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129212709/https://hpnlu.ac.in/PDF/da545cd7-9c17-47d1-b858-a6ab04a7ee76.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Punjab]]
| occupation = Professor of Law
| spouse = [[Paramjit Singh Jaswal]]
}}

'''Nishtha Jaswal''' is an academician and scholar in Law. She is Vice Chancellor of [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Law University]], Jaipur and former Vice Chancellor of [[Himachal Pradesh National Law University]], Shimla.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Himachal Pradesh National Law University|url=https://www.hpnlu.ac.in/page.aspx?page=16|access-date=2021-12-20|website=www.hpnlu.ac.in}}</ref> She was the second Vice-Chancellor of HPNLU, [[Shimla]] and the third woman Vice Chancellor at any National Law University.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Indulia|first=Bhumika|date=2018-11-21|title=Prof. Nishtha Jaswal becomes the First Woman Vice-Chancellor of HPNLU|url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2018/11/21/prof-nishtha-jaswal-becomes-the-first-woman-vice-chancellor-of-hpnlu/|access-date=2021-12-20|website=SCC Blog|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Emmanuel|first=Meera|title=Professor Nishtha Jaswal appointed Vice Chancellor of HPNLU|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/professor-nishitha-jaswal-vice-chancellor-hpnlu|access-date=2022-02-21|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|date=27 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> She served as the Vice Chancellor of [[Himachal Pradesh National Law University]], Shimla from November 2018 till January 2024.

== Education and career ==
Jaswal studied in Chandigarh, clearing Class 12 from [https://ggmsss18.in Government Girls Model Senior Secondary School-18] and graduating from MCM DAV College for Women, before joining the department of laws at [[Panjab University|PU]] for post graduation and doctorate in law.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-31 |title=Made in Chandigarh: City has given me a lot in terms of teachers, mentors and friends, says Nishtha Jaswal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/made-in-chandigarh-city-has-given-me-a-lot-in-terms-of-teachers-mentors-and-friends-says-nishtha-jaswal/story-cp7uEJ1Djd6ElkKiv0Ib5K.html |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Jaswal did her Ph.D. in 1989 from [[Panjab University]]. She started her teaching career from 1986. She was also invited as visiting professor by the British Academy, London in 1992. She has served various roles through the course of her prolific career, including as a member of [https://www.chandigarh.gov.in/state-legal-services-authority Chandigarh State Legal Services Authority], the [[Punjab Legal Services Authority]], the Anti-Sexual Harassment Committee of the [https://cja.gov.in Chandigarh Judicial Academy], and the Academic Planning Board of the [[Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law]], among others.

She has also been a member of the Board of studies for various Universities including [[Kurukshetra University]], [[Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana|Maharishi Markandeshwar University]], [[Himachal Pradesh University]] and the University Institute of Legal Studies, [[Panjab University]].

Prior to taking charge as [[Himachal Pradesh National Law University|HPNLU]]’s VC, she was the Chairperson of the Law Department at [[Panjab University]], Chandigarh. She was also the Chief Editor of the Panjab University Law Review. She has a teaching experience of 33 years and research experience of 35 years. She has to her credit 56 research papers and 6 books. Her book Environmental Law, was cited three times by the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emmanuel |first=Meera |date=2018-11-27 |title=Professor Nishtha Jaswal appointed Vice Chancellor of HPNLU |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/professor-nishitha-jaswal-vice-chancellor-hpnlu |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
During her tenure of approximately 5 years, out of which the University operated online for two years from 2020 to 2022 on account of COVID-19, she bore witness to three protests by the students against the administration, in 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Legally |title=NLU Shimla EVICTS all students from campus after food, infra complaints spark yet another NLU protest [UPDATE-1] |url=https://www.legallyindia.com/lawschools/food-infra-complaints-spark-another-nlu-protest-admin-warns-hpnlu-students-to-cease-20190918-10860 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=www.legallyindia.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> 2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2022-11-06 |title=Himachal Pradesh National Law University students call for action in sexual harassment complaint against univ professor |url=https://theprint.in/india/himachal-pradesh-national-law-university-students-call-for-action-in-sexual-harassment-complaint-against-univ-professor/1201533/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> and 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2023 |title=Law University students hold protest, demand structured leave policy |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/law-varsity-students-hold-protest-demand-structured-leave-policy-543791?_gl=1*18e8ia5*_ga*yw1wlxd0vw1nm1zlbe9kykr1etjneelkvnc.*_ga_5te4wfmybs*mty5ndu3mdgzos4xljeumty5ndu3mdg0my4wljauma |access-date=February 6, 2024 |website=tribuneindia.com}}</ref> She was also issued with a [[Contempt of court|contempt of court notice]] by the [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Makhdoomi |first=Basit Amin |date=2024-01-10 |title=Himachal Pradesh High Court Issues Contempt Notice To NLU Shimla VC |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/himachal-pradesh-high-court/himachal-pradesh-high-court-nlu-shimla-vc-contempt-246334 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, Himachal Pradesh National Law University (HPNLU) students in Shimla protested for eight days, citing poor infrastructure, including contaminated water and insect-infested food. Despite these concerns, the administration issued an evacuation notice, denying any request to leave. The university subsequently closed due to ongoing protests.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-24 |title=Himachal law university students say asked to vacate campus for protest over clean water, food |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/himachal-law-university-students-say-asked-to-vacate-campus-for-protest-over-clean-water-food-hpnlu-6021329/ |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The protest against the administration in 2019 lasted for 10 days, which ended only when the Chancellor and Himachal Pradesh chief justice Dharam Chand Chaudhary stepped in.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Legally |title=HPNLU students stop 10-day protests after chancellor's assurances things will get better (incl a possible SBA) |url=https://www.legallyindia.com/lawschools/hpnlu-students-stop-10-day-protests-after-chancellor-s-assurances-things-will-get-better-incl-a-possible-sba-20190927-10875 |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=www.legallyindia.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>

In 2022, the students wrote a letter to the Vice Chancellor, alleging inaction by the university’s administration in the sexual harassment complaint filed by female students against one of their professors. Apart from the sexual harassment complaint, the students complained about a myriad of issues like lack of basic amenities and monetary fraud with the students, hampering the quest for legal knowledge, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2022-11-06 |title=Himachal Pradesh National Law University students call for action in sexual harassment complaint against univ professor |url=https://theprint.in/india/himachal-pradesh-national-law-university-students-call-for-action-in-sexual-harassment-complaint-against-univ-professor/1201533/ |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2024, the [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]] directed the Registry to register a [[Contempt of court|contempt case]] against Jaswal for wilful disobedience of Court orders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Order/Judgment in Text |url=https://highcourt.hp.gov.in/viewojpdf/viewtext.php?path=2023&fname=206300005042023_3.pdf&smflag=N |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=highcourt.hp.gov.in}}</ref>

==Books==
* {{Cite book|title=Role of the Supreme Court with regard to the right to life and personal liberty|date=1990|publisher=Ashish Pub. House|others=Nishtha Jaswal|isbn=81-7024-369-6|location=New Delhi|oclc=25247740}}
* {{Cite book|last=Jaswal|first=Paramjit S.|title=Human rights and the law|date=1996|publisher=APH Pub. Corp|others=Nishtha Jaswal|isbn=81-7024-729-2|location=New Delhi|oclc=34319089}}
* {{Cite book|title=Laws as a facilitator of socio-economic reforms|date=2013|others=Shashi K. Sharma, Paramjit S. Jaswal, Nishtha Jaswal|isbn=978-93-82676-38-6|edition=First|location=Allahabad|oclc=898850991}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Kaur|first1=Ranbir|last2=Lali|first2=Upneet|editor-last=Jaswal|editor-first=Nishtha|title=Clemency jurisprudence : clemency in criminal justice system|date=|isbn=978-81-929868-2-1|location=New Delhi|oclc=1258042964}}
* Jaswal, Paramjit Singh; Jaswal, Nishtha; Jaswal, Vibhuti. ''Environmental Law'' (5th ed.). Allahabad: Allahabad Law Agency, Faridabad, Haryana, 1999 (published 2021). {{ISBN|81-89530-30-5}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jaswal |first1=Paramjit Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmCbAAAAMAAJ&q=nishtha%20jaswal |title=Environmental Law |last2=Jaswal |first2=Nishtha |last3=Jaswal |first3=Vibhuti |date=2009 |publisher=Allahabad Law Agency, Faridabad, Haryana, 2009 |isbn=978-81-89530-30-3 |edition=5th |location=Allahabad |publication-date=2021 |language=English}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Her husband, [[Paramjit Singh Jaswal]], is the currently the Vice Chancellor of [[SRM University, Haryana]] after having tendered his resignation on 30.11.2023 as the Vice Chancellor<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Legally |title=Paramjit Jaswal ends 9-yr term at RGNUL, joins SRM as VC • Search is on but interim VC controversial |url=https://www.legallyindia.com/lawschools/paramjit-jaswal-ends-9-yr-term-at-rgnul-joins-srm-as-vc-search-is-on-but-interim-vc-controversial-20201201-11801 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=www.legallyindia.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> of [[Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law]], after being at loggerheads with the state govt., as the students requested a forensic audit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Legally |title=RGNUL VC, NLU-D candidate Jaswal at loggerheads with state, as students request forensic audit, fee waivers [UPDATE-1: HT report] |url=https://www.legallyindia.com/lawschools/rgnul-vc-nlu-d-candidate-jaswal-at-loggerheads-with-state-as-students-request-forensic-audit-fee-waivers-20200523-11445 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=www.legallyindia.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaswal, Nishtha}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian legal writers]]
[[Category:Scholars from Punjab, India]]

Imdadullah Muhajir Makki

2026-04-27T10:33:09Z

SanjayMurugesan220: creating a entry

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1817–1899)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific_prefix = [[A'la Hazrat]]
| name = Imdadullah Muhajir Makki
| image =
| birth_date = 1814
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1899|1817}}
| birth_place = [[Nanauta]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[Company rule in India|British India]]
| death_place = [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz Vilayet]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| creed = [[Maturidi]]
| Sufi_order = [[Chishti]]
| module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
| serviceyears = 1857
| battles = [[Indian War of Independence]]
*{{small|[[Battle of Shamli]]}} }}
}}

'''Imdadullah Muhajir Makki''' (1817 – 1899)<ref name="Kugle2007">{{cite book |last1=Kugle |first1=Scott Alan |title=Sufis & saints' bodies: mysticism, corporeality, & sacred power in Islam |date=2007 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill |isbn=978-0807872772}}</ref>{{rp|222}} was an Indian Islamic scholar.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Makki |first1=Imdadullah Muhajir |title=Faisla Haft Masala |date=1999 |publisher=Muslim Kitabwi |pages=21}}</ref> A [[Sufi]] saint who followed the [[Chishti]] order,<ref name="Kugle2007" />{{rp|223}}<ref name="Sagar2013">{{cite journal |last1=Tareen |first1=SherAli |date=2013 |title=FAYSALA-YI HAFT MAS'ALA (A RESOLUTION TO THE SEVEN CONTROVERSIES): Haji Imdadullah's Hermeneutics of Reconciliation |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2152/28002 |journal=SAGAR: South Asia Graduate Research Journal |language=en |volume=21 |hdl=2152/28002 |access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref> his disciples were [[Pir Meher Ali Shah]],[[Muhammad Anwarullah Farooqui]],[[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi|Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi]], [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]] and [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]]. In the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], he led the Muslims in Thana Bhawan to fight against the [[British Raj|British]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Nizami |first=Moin Ahmad |title=Imdādullāh "Muhājir," Hājji |date=2018 |work=Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism |pages=308–311 |editor-last=Kassam |editor-first=Zayn R. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_2001 |access-date=2022-10-15 |series=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_2001 |isbn=978-94-024-1267-3 |editor2-last=Greenberg |editor2-first=Yudit Kornberg |editor3-last=Bagli |editor3-first=Jehan |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rizvi |first=T. H. |date=1986 |title=Haji Imdadullah of Thana Bhawan : A Brief Survey of His Life and Work (18181899) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141583 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=47 |pages=489–494 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44141583}}</ref><ref>{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|title=İMDÂDULLAH TEHÂNEVÎ|last=Faruqi|first=Nisar Ahmad}}</ref> Imdadullah is also referred to by the Persian title [[A'la Hazrat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meerthi |first=Aashiq Elahi |author-link=Aashiq Elahi Meerthi |url=http://archive.org/details/Tazkira-Tur-Rasheed-Complete |title=Tazkira Tur Rasheed}}</ref>

==Early life==
Imdadullah Muhaajir Makki was born in [[Nanauta]], [[Company rule in India|British India]] in 1817.<ref name="Nawaz2000">{{cite book |editor1-last=Deobandi |editor1-first=Nawaz |editor1-link=Nawaz Deobandi |title=Sawaneh Ulama-e-Deoband |volume = 1 |edition=January 2000 |language=ur}}</ref>{{rp|347}} His father Muhammad Amīn named him Imdad Hussain. However, [[Shah Ishaq Al-Dihlawi|Shah Muhammad Ishaq]] gave him the name of Imdādullah.<ref name="Nawaz2000"/><ref name=hadhrat>{{cite web |title=Biography of Hadhrat Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki r.a. |url=http://www.hadhrat.com/haji-imdadullah-muhajir-makki-r-a/ |website=Dedicated to Hadhrat Moulana Dr Hafez Tanveer Ahmed Khan Sahib Rahmatullahi Alayh |access-date=26 March 2017}}</ref>

Aged seven, Imdādullah lost his mother who wrote her will that none shall touch her kid after her, and kept Imdādullah more beloved to her in those seven years; this became a hurdle that no one took care of Imdādullah's education.<ref name="Nawaz2000"/>{{rp|348}} He then started memorizing the [[Quran]] on his own but failed to do so. Aged 16, he traveled to [[Delhi]] with [[Mamluk Ali Nanautawi]] to seek education.<ref name="Nawaz2000"/>{{rp|348}}

==Religious work and travels==
At the age of eighteen, his ''[[bay'at]]'' was accepted by Nasiruddin [[Naqshbandi]].<ref name=hadhrat /> Later he went to study under Mianji (Noor Mohammad Jhanjhanvi), as an initiate of the Chishti-Sabiri Sufi order, but after Mianji's death he temporarily became a semi-recluse. After wandering in the wilderness for six months he was overcome by a strong urge to travel to [[Medina]]. On 7 December 1845, he arrived at [[Varanasi|Banares]]. From there, he departed for [[Ottoman Arabia]] for [[Hajj]] and pilgrimage of the tomb of shrine of [[Muhammad]].<ref name=hadhrat />

After the completion of his hajj, Imadadullah remained with Ishaq Muhajir Makki and others. Shah informed him that, after his pilgrimage to [[Medina]], he should return to India. Sayyid Qudratullah Banarasi Makki sent several of his ''[[murids]]'' to accompany him to Medina.

==Freedom struggle against the British==
In [[Thana Bhawan]], the local Sunnis declared Imdadullah their leader. In May 1857 the [[Battle of Shamli]] took place between the forces of Imdadullah and the British.<ref name="asir"/>

==Disciples==
Disciples include:<ref name="Nawaz2000"/>{{rp|352}}
* [[Meher Ali Shah|Maulana Peer Syed Shah Muhammad Meher Ali Quadri Qummaisi]]
* [[Ahmad Hasan Amrohi]]
* [[Asghar Hussain Deobandi]]<ref name="aakhrilamhaat">{{cite book |author1=Abu Muhammad Maulana Sana'ullah Shujabadi |title=Ulama-e-Deoband Ke Aakhri Lamhaat |publisher=Maktaba Rasheediya [[Saharanpur]] |page=51 |edition=2015 |language=ur}}</ref>
* [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]]<ref>{{citation|first1=Syed Mehboob |last1=Rizwi |author-link1 = Syed Mehboob Rizwi|translator = Murtaz Hussain F Quraishi|title=History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband | volume = 2nd |page=34}}</ref>
* [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi]]
* [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]]
* [[Muhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui]]
* [[Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi]]
* [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]
* Maulana Badruddin Phulwarvi
* [[Sayyid Muhammad Abid]]<ref name="mahbub1">{{citation|first1=Syed Mehboob |last1=Rizwi |author-link1 = Syed Mehboob Rizwi|translator = Murtaz Hussain F Quraishi|title=History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband | volume = 2nd |page=164}}</ref>
* [[Najib Ali Choudhury]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Thanwi|first=Ashraf Ali|authorlink=Ashraf Ali Thanwi|title=Imdad al-Mushtaq ila Ashraf al-Akhlaq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYFCAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Haji+Imdad+Allah+Faruqi+was+a+paragon+of+Chishti-%C2%A7abiri+tradition+who+took+an+active+part+in+the+1857+uprising+and+even+established+an+emirate+at+Thana+Bhawan.+Shamli%27s+catastrophe+forced+him+to+leave+India+and+settle+at+Mecca%22|journal=Islamic Culture|volume=LVI|issue=I|year=1982|publisher=Islamic Culture Board|page=321}}</ref>

==Marriages==
Imdadullah married for the first time at the age of 48. After the death of his first wife, he married a blind widow. Because she was blind, she could not manage all household work, so she requested him to take another wife so all household work. Imdadullah then married for the 3rd time. None of his three wives bore him children.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

==Literary works==
His books include:
*''Faisla Haft Masala''
*''Kulliyat-e-Imdadiya''
*''Hashiya Mathnavi Moulana Rumi'': This is an annotation in [[Persian language|Persian]] on the ''Mathnawi-i Ma’nawi'' by [[Rumi]]. During Imadadullah's lifetime, only two parts could be printed. The remainder was printed after his death.
*''Ghiza-e-Ruh'' (The Nourishment of the Soul): Imadadullah wrote this book in 1264 AH. Mianji ''Noor Mohammad Jhanjhanvi'' is also discussed. It consists of 1600 verses of poetry.
*''Ikleelul Quran'' (Tafseer Quran in Arabi). First Published in [[Bahraich]] by Taj Offcet Press formerly Aqeel Press NazirPura [[Bahraich]]
*''Jihad-e-Akbar'' (The Greater [[Jihad]]): He composed this book in 1268 AH. It is a poetic work in [[Persian language|Persian]] that he translated it into [[Urdu]]. It consists of 17 pages with 679 verses.
*''Mathnavi Tuhfatul Ushshaq'' (Mathnavi – A Gift for Lovers): This consists of 1324 poetic verses and was compiled in 1281 AH.
*''Risala Dard Ghamnak'' (The Treatise of Painful Sorrow): It consists of 5 pages with 175 verses.
*''Irshad-e-Murshid'' (The Directive of the Murshid): This book deals with ''wadha'if'', ''muraaqabaat'', ''aurad'', and ''shajaraat'' of the four {{lang|mis|silsilas}}. It was written in 1293 AH.
*''Zia ul Quloob'' (Glitter of the Hearts): This book is in [[Persian language|Persian]]. He wrote this ''kitab'' in [[Makkah]] in 1282 AH on the request of Hafiz Muhammad Yusuf, the son of Hafiz Muhammad Zamin.

==Death and legacy==
Imdadullah died at [[Mecca]] in 1899.<ref name="asir">{{Cite book|title=Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta|author=Asir Adrawi|author-link=Asir Adrawi|page=44|location=[[Deoband]]|publisher= Darul Muallifeen |language=ur |edition = 2 April 2016}}</ref> He was buried in the [[Jannat al-Mu'alla]] cemetery besides the grave of [[Rahmatullah Kairanwi]].<ref name="Nawaz2000"/>{{rp|367}} His biographical works include: ''Imdadul Mustaq Ila Asraful Akhlaq'' by [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]],<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ahmad |first=Ishtiaque |author-link=Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi |title=Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] |year=2020 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/338413 |degree=PhD |pages=121–126}}</ref> ''Shamaem Emdadiya'' by Muhammad Murtaza Khan Qanauji.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ahmad |first=Ishtiaque |author-link=Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi |title=Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] |year=2020 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/338413 |degree=PhD |pages=206–209}}</ref>

== Eponyms ==
*[[Jamia Arabia Imdadul Uloom]], Faridabad, Bangladesh

==See also==
*[[Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |last=Kugle |first=Scott |url=https://academic.oup.com/north-carolina-scholarship-online/book/20535/chapter-abstract/179776210?redirectedFrom=fulltext |title=Body Revived The Heart of Ḥājji Imdādullah', Sufis & Saints' Bodies: Mysticism, Corporeality, and Sacred Power in Islam |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=2007 |isbn=9781469602684 |location=Chapel Hill, NC |language=en}}
* {{cite book |author1=Mawlāna Abd al-Rashīd Arshad |editor1-last=Deobandi |editor1-first=Nawaz |editor1-link=Nawaz Deobandi |title=Sawaneh Ulama-e-Deoband |publisher=Nawaz Publications |location=[[Deoband]] |volume = 1 |pages=342–376|edition=January 2000 |language=ur |chapter=Hadhrat Hāji Imdādullah Muhājir Makki}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tareen |first1=SherAli |title=FAYSALA-YI HAFT MAS'ALA (A RESOLUTION TO THE SEVEN CONTROVERSIES): Haji Imdadullah's Hermeneutics of Reconciliation |journal=SAGAR: South Asia Graduate Research Journal |date=2013 |volume=21 |hdl=2152/28002 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2152/28002 |access-date=7 November 2021 |language=en}}

{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Maturidi}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Makki, Imdadullah Muhaajir}}
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:1817 births]]
[[Category:1899 deaths]]
[[Category:Chishtis]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:19th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Burials at Jannat al-Mu'alla]]

Poigai Alvar

2026-04-22T18:22:27Z

SanjayMurugesan220:

{{Short description|Hindu poet-saint}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Poigai Alvar
| image = Poigai Alvar - Sri Appan Venkatachalapati Temple, Cheranmahadevi.jpg
| caption = [[Murti]] of Poigai Alvar, Sri Appan Venkatachalapati Temple, Cheranmahadevi
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = 7th century CE, traditionally believed to be 4203 BCE <ref>{{cite web |title=Poigai Alzhwar – Jeeyar Educational Trust UK |url=https://jetuk.org/poigaialzhwar/ |access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Tiruvekkaa]] near Kanchipuram
| birth_name =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| guru =
| philosophy = [[Vaishnavism]] [[Bhakti]]
| honors =
| literary_works = [[Mutal Tiruvantati]]
| footnotes =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
'''Poigai Alvar''' {{Audio|Ta-பொய்கையாழ்வார்.ogg|Tamil pronunciation|help=no}} was one of the twelve ''[[alvars|Alvar]]'' saints of South [[India]], who are known for their affiliation to [[Vaishnava]] tradition of [[Hinduism]]. The verses of ''[[Alvars]]'' are compiled as ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'' and the 108 temples revered are classified as ''[[Divya desam|Divya Desam]]''. Poigai is one of the three principal ''Alvars'', with the other two being [[Bhoothath Alvar]] and [[Peyalvar]], collectively called ''Mutalamalvargal,'' who are regarded to be born out of divinity. Poigai composed hundred verses that are classified as ''[[Mutal Tiruvantati]],'' and his composition is set in the ''[[Andhadhi|antati]]'' style, in which the ending syllable is the starting one for the next verse.

According to traditional account, the first three ''Alvars'' belong to ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'' (before 4200 BCE). As per Hindu legend, Poigai was found in a small pond near the Yadhotakaari temple at [[Tiruvekkaa]]. In Tamil, small pond is called ''poigai'', and since he was found in a pond, he got the name Poigai.

As per legend, the three ''Alvars'' were once confined in a small dark enclosure during a rain in [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur|Thirukovilur]] and they experienced a fourth individual among them. They found out that it was god Vishnu and Poigai Alvar wished to see his face continuously but could view only from the simmering light of the lightning. With a view to maintain the continuity of light, he instantly composed hundred songs wishing light to emerge. The other two continued composing hundred songs each on Vishnu. The works of these earliest saints contributed to the philosophical and theological ideas of Vaishnavism. Along with the three Shaiva [[Nayanmars]], they influenced the ruling [[Pallava]] kings of the South Indian region, resulting in changing the religious geography from [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] to the two sects{{clarify|reason=which sects?|date=June 2021}} of [[Hinduism]].

==Alvars==
{{Main articles|Alvar}}
The word ''Alvar'' means the 'immersed', referring to the poet-saints's deep devotion to their supreme deity, [[Vishnu]]. The ''[[Alvars]]'' are considered the twelve supreme devotees of [[Vishnu]] in [[Sri Vaishnavism]], who were instrumental in popularising [[Vaishnavism]] during the 5th to 8th centuries CE. The religious works of these saints in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], songs of love and devotion, are compiled as ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]],'' containing 4000 verses, with each of the 108 temples revered in their songs is classified as a ''[[Divya desam|Divya Desam]]''.<ref name="Rao" /><ref name="Dalal21">[[#Dalal|Dalal]] 2011, pp. 20-21</ref> The saints had different origins, and belonged to different classes. According to tradition, the first three ''Alvars'', Poigai Alvar, Bhoothath Alvar, and Pei Alvar, were born miraculously. Thirumalisai Alvar was the son of a sage, Thondaradi Alvar, Mathurakavi Alvar, Periya Alvar, and Andal were from [[Brahmin]] [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]], Kulasekhara Alvar from the ''[[Kshatria|Kshatriya]]'' varna, Nammalvar from a cultivator family, Tirupana Alvar from the ''[[Tamil Panar]]'' community, and Tirumangai Alvar from the ''Kalvar'' community.

''Divya Suri Saritra'' by Garuda-Vahana Pandita (11th century CE), ''Guruparamparaprabavam'' by Pinbaragiya Perumal Jiyar, ''Periya tiru mudi adaivu'' by Anbillai Kandadiappan, ''Yatindra Pranava Prabavam'' by [[Pillai Lokacharya]], commentaries on ''Divya Prabandam'', Guru [[Guru–shishya tradition|Parampara]] (lineage of Gurus) texts, temple records and inscriptions give a detailed account of the ''Alvars'' and their works. According to these texts, the saints were considered incarnations of some form of Vishnu. Poigai is considered an incarnation of ''[[Panchajanya]]'' ([[Krishna]]'s conch), Bhoothath of ''[[Kaumodaki]]'' (Vishnu's mace), Pey of ''[[Nandaka]]'' (Vishnu's sword), Thirumalisai of ''[[Sudarshana Chakra|Sudarshanam]]'' (Vishnu's discus), Namm of ''[[Vishvaksena]]'' (Vishnu's commander), Madhurakavi of ''Vainatheya'' (Vishnu's eagle, [[Garuda]]), Kulasekhara of ''[[Kaustubha]]'' (Vishnu's necklace), Periya of Garuda (Vishnu's eagle), Andal of [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhudevi]] (Vishnu's wife, [[Lakshmi]], in her aspect as Bhudevi), Thondaradippodi of ''Vaijayanti/[[Vaijayanti|Vanamalai]]'' (Vishnu's garland), Thiruppaan of ''[[Shrivatsa|Srivatsa]]'' (An auspicious mark on Vishnu's chest) and Thirumangai of ''[[Sharanga (Hindu mythology)|Sharanga]]'' (Rama's bow). The songs of ''Prabandam'' are regularly sung in several the Vishnu temples of South India daily and also during festivals.<ref name="Dalal21" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&q=poygai&pg=PA14|page=211|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2007|isbn=9780810864450}}</ref>

According to traditional account by [[Manavala Mamunigal]], the first three ''Alvars,'' namely, Poigai, Bhoothath and Pey belong to ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'' (before 4200 BCE). It is widely accepted by tradition and historians that the trio are the earliest among the twelve ''Alvars''.<ref name="Rao">{{Cite book |last=Rao|first=P.V.L. Narasimha |title=Kanchipuram – Land of Legends, Saints & Temples|year=2008|publisher=Readworthy Publications (P) Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5018-104-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTMTQLuCNSMC&q=poigai+azhwar&pg=PA27|page=27}}</ref><ref name="Dalal21" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Early history of Vaishnavism in south India|url=https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryvai00aiyagoog|quote=poigai azhwar.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryvai00aiyagoog/page/n35 17]–18|last=Aiyangar|first=Sakkottai Krishnaswami |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1920}}</ref><ref name="James" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Book Of Vishnu|last=Krishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9cSlaLMlgEC&q=poygai&pg=PA136|page=136|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2009|isbn=9780143067627}}</ref> Along with the three Saiva [[nayanmars]], they influenced the ruling [[Pallava]] kings, creating a Bhakti movement that resulted in changing the religious geography from [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] to these two sects of [[Hinduism]] in the region. The ''Alvars'' were also instrumental in promoting the [[Bhagavata]] cult and the two epics of India, namely, ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabaratha|Mahabharata]]''.<ref>[[#B.S.|B.S.]] 2011, p. 42</ref> The ''Alvars'' were instrumental in spreading ''[[Vaishnavism]]'' throughout the region.<ref>[[#B.S.|B.S.]] 2011, p. 47-48</ref> The verses of the various ''Alvars'' were compiled by [[Nathamuni]] (824-924 CE), a 10th-century Vaishnava theologian, who called it the "Tamil Veda".<ref>{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of Indian Literatures: Beginnings-1850 Volume 1 of A Dictionary of Indian Literature, A Dictionary of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&q=poygai&pg=PA15|page=15|last=Mukherjee|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=1999|isbn=9788125014539}}</ref><ref name="Garg">{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World: Ak-Aq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjDcd0cTFxQC&q=poygai&pg=PA352|pages=352–354|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|last=Garg|first=Gaṅgā Rām|year=1992|isbn=9788170223757}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Yathothkari (6).jpg|200px|thumb|left|Temple tank in [[Yathothkari Perumal Temple]] where Poigai Alvar originated]]
Poigai was found in a small pond near the Yadhotakaari temple at [[Tiruvekkaa]].<ref name=M17>[[#Madhavan|Madhavan 2007]], pp. 17-20</ref> In Tamil, a small pond is called a ''poigai'', and since he was found in a pond, he got the name Poigai. At Kanchipuram there is a temple inside the Deva-sarovara lake. This temple enshrines an idol of Saroyogi in a recumbent posture with eyes closed in meditation. From childhood, Poigai was deeply devoted to Vishnu. He mastered all the Vaishnava speeches, and followed the Vaishnava tradition. He was variously known as Ayonigi, Saro-yogi, Kasara-yogi, Poigai-piraan, Saravora Munindra and Padma-muni.<ref name="Dalal308">[[#Dalal|Dalal]] 2011, p. 308</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Vaiṣṇavism: Its Philosophy, Theology, and Religious Discipline|last=Chari|first=S.M. Srinivasa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evmiLInyxBMC&q=poygai&pg=PA44|page=202|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishes|year=1994|isbn=9788120810983}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Grundriss der indo-arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde: (Encyclopedia of Indo-Aryan research)|url=https://archive.org/details/grundrissderind00bhgoog|quote=poygai.|page=[https://archive.org/details/grundrissderind00bhgoog/page/n13 4]|last1=Bühler|first1=Georg |last2=Kielhorn|first2=Franz|last3=Lüders|first3=Heinrich |last4=Wackernagel|first4=Jacob |publisher=K.J. Trübner|year=1897}}</ref>

<blockquote>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
{{center|
[[Tamil script|Tamil]] 
கைதை சேர் பூம்பொழில் சூழ் கச்சி நகர் வந்துதித்த 
பொய்கைப் பிரான் கவிஞர் போரேறு - வையத்து 
அடியவர்கள் வாழ அருந்தமிழ் நூற்றந்ததி 
படிவிளங்கச் செய்தான் பரிந்து
}}
{{Col-break}}
{{center|
[[Transliteration]] 
kaidhai ser pumpoḻil suḻ kachi nagar vandhudhiththa 
poygaip piran kavinjar poreru vaiyaththu 
adiyavargal vaḻa arunthamiḻ nutrantati 
padivilangkach seythan parindhu
}}
{{col-end}}
{{Cquote|Kanchi derives its name from Brahma, who is known as Ka; who worshipped God in this kshetram. In that famed city, in a lotus flower within a lotus pond, under the star Thiruvonam (Sravanam) which is the star of God Himself, Poigai was born. He gave the wonderful Mutal Tiruvantati pasuram, which is like a lamp that drives away the darkness of the mind and elevates the soul.<ref name="James"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Muthalam Tiruvandadhi|url=http://www.acharya.org/books/eBooks/vyakhyanam/MudhalThiruvandhadhi-VyakhyanaSaram-English.pdf|publisher=archarya.org|access-date=2013-04-21}}</ref>
| bgcolor = black
}}
</blockquote>

==Composition==
[[File:Yathothkari (4).jpg|200px|thumb|Shrine of Poigai Alvar in the temple]]
As per Hindu legend, Vishnu appeared to the ''Mutal Alvars'' (first three ''Alvars'') at [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur|Thirukkoilur]]. It was day time, but it darkened and started raining heavily. The wandering Poigai Alvar found out a small hide out, which has a space for one person to lie down. [[Bhoothath Alvar|Bhoothath]] Alvar arrived there looking for a hiding place and Poigai Alvar accommodated him, with both sitting together. In the meanwhile, Pei Alvar also came to the same place as all the three preferred to stand because of lack of space. The darkness became dense and inside the small room, they were not able to see each other. In the meanwhile, they felt a fourth person also forced his way among them. The three ''Alvars'' realised from the light of the lightning that the fourth one had a charming face that was sublime and divine. The trio could immediately realize that it was [[Vishnu]] who was huddling among them.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} Poigai Alvar wished to see Vishnu's face continuously, but could view only from the simmering light of the lightning. With a view to maintain the continuity of light, he instantly composed hundred songs wishing the earth to be a big pot full of ghee like an ocean where the sun could be the burning wick.<ref name="James"/><ref name="Garg"/><ref name="Dalal21"/>

<blockquote>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
{{center|
[[Tamil script|Tamil]] 
வையம் தகளியா வார்கடலே நெய்யாக 
வெய்ய கதிரோன் விளக்காக - செய்ய 
சுடர் ஆழியான் அடிக்கே சுட்டினேன் சொல் மாலை 
இடராழி நீங்குகவே என்று
}}
{{Col-break}}
{{center|
[[Transliteration]] 
vaiyam thagaliya varkadale neyyaga 
veyya kadhiron vilakkaga seyya 
sudar aḻiyan adikke suttinen sol malai 
idarḻi ningkugave enru
}}
{{col-end}}
{{Cquote|Deeming in the world as bowl, the full sea as ghee, the fierce-rayed sun as a luminous wick, I have twined a garland of speech for the feet of Him who wields the red flaming discus so that there may be freedom from the ocean of misery.<ref>{{cite book|title=Source Book Of Indian Civilization, A|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcyho16xzWEC&q=poygai&pg=PA412|page=412|last1=Ray|first1=Niharranjan |last2=Chattopadhyaya|first2=Brajadulal|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2000|isbn=9788125018711}}</ref>
}}
</blockquote>
The song is also interpreted as the ''Alvar'' praying to god to remove the darkness and ask for his unlimited knowledge and power. [[Bhoothath Alvar]] also sang 100 songs imagining to light the lamp constantly through ardent love for him. [[Peyalvar]] sang another 100 songs, where he described the enchanting charm of the divine face and the association of Narayana equipped with [[Sudarshana Chakra|chakra]] and [[Panchajanya|sankha]], and his divine consort, the goddess Lakshmi.<ref name="James">{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration|quote=poygai.|last=Lochtefeld|first=James|page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/515 515]|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|year=2002|isbn=9780823931804}}</ref><ref name="chari1617">[[#Chari|Chari]] 1997, pp. 16-17</ref>

Poigai composed hundred verses that are classified as the ''[[Mutal Tiruvantati]]''.<ref>[[#Dalal|Dalal]] 2011, p. 269</ref> Poigai's composition was set in the antati style. The word anta means end, and adi means beginning. The antati style has ending word or the syllable of each verse as the beginning word of the succeeding verse and the last word of the hundredth verse becomes the beginning of the first verse, making the hundred verses a true garland of verses. The works of these earliest saints contributed to the philosophical and theological ideas of Vaishnavism.<ref name="chari1617"/> The verses of the trio speak of [[Narayana]] (another name for Vishnu) as the supreme deity and they refer frequently to [[Trivikrama]] and [[Krishna]], the [[avatar]]s of Vishnu.<ref>{{cite book|title=Prof. H. C. Raychaudhuri: As a Historian|last=Panda|first=Harihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f1XMtc2Q97IC&q=poygai&pg=PA86|page=86|publisher=Northern Book Centre|year=2007|isbn=9788172112103}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Studies In The Religious Life Of Ancient And Medieval India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mh1y1eMgGBMC&q=poygai&pg=PA56|page=56|last=D.C.|first=Sircar|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher|year=1971|isbn=9788120827905}}</ref>

==Worship==
There is a shrine dedicated to Poigai in the [[Yathothkari Perumal Temple]] tank called ''Deva Sarovaram'' where his image is depicted in reclining posture.<ref name="Rao"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=poigai+azhwar&pg=PA539|page=539}}</ref> Poigai has revered [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple]] in one, [[Ocean of milk|Thirupaarkadal]] in one, [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] in ten, [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur|Thiruvikrama Perumal Temple]] in two, [[Vaikuntha]] in two and [[Tiruvekkaa]] in four verses.<ref>{{cite book|title=Nalayira Divya Prabandam|pages=14–24|url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0007.pdf|publisher=projectmadurai.org|year=1999|first=Poigai |last=Alvar}}</ref> Alvar Utsavam is a festival celebrated annually during the birth date of the saint based on [[Tamil calendar]] in the Yathothkariswami temple at Tiruvekka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Alwar utsavam |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/20/stories/2003102009350300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040103141336/http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/20/stories/2003102009350300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-01-03|date=2003-10-20|work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-04-22}}</ref>

==Mangalasasanam==
There are 20 of his pasurams in the Naalayira [[Divya Prabhandham]]. He has sung in praise of six temples.<ref>{{cite book | title=A Primer of Tamil Literature| last=Pillai| first=M. S. Purnalingam | year=1904| publisher=Ananda Press|location=Madras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIeqvcai5XQC&q=tirumalisai&pg=PA183|pages=182–83}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#FFC569"
! scope="col" | S.No.
! scope="col" | '''Name of the temple'''
! scope="col" | '''Location'''
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | '''Photo'''
! scope="col" | '''Number of Pasurams'''
! scope="col" | '''Presiding deity'''
! scope="col" | '''Notes/Beliefs'''
|- align ="center"
|- style="background:#ffe;"
|-
|1
| [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam]].
|[[Srirangam]], [[Trichy district]] [[Tamil Nadu]] {{coord|10.8625| 78.689722}}
|[[File:Srirangam14.jpg|130px|center]]
|1
|Ranganayagi Ranganathar (Periya Perumal)
|Srirangam temple is often listed as the largest functioning [[Hindu temple]] in the world, the still larger [[Angkor Wat]] being the largest existing temple. The temple occupies an area of 156 acres (631,000 m2) with a perimeter of 4,116m (10,710 feet) making it the largest temple in India and one of the largest religious complexes in the world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mittal |first1=Sushil|first2=G.R.|last2=Thursby|page=456|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fz6KBkgEacAC&q=The+Hindu+World+%2B+srirangam&pg=PA456 |title=The Hindu World|year=2005 |publisher=Routelge |location=New York |isbn=0-203-67414-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Vater |first=Tom |title=Moon Spotlight Angkor Wat|year=2010 |publisher=Perseus Books Group |location=USA |isbn=9781598805611|page=40}}</ref> The annual 21-day festival conducted during the Tamil month of ''Margaḻi'' (December–January) attracts 1 million visitors.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Victoria|page=4 |title=Wonders of the World Dot-to-Dot|year=2004 |publisher=Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. |location=New York |isbn=1-4027-1028-3}}</ref>
|-
|2
| [[Tiruvekkaa]].<ref name="KV70">[[#K.V.|Kodayanallur Vanamamalai]] 2001, p. 70</ref>
| {{coord|12.824|79.712}}
| [[File:Yathothkari (2).jpg|130px|center]]
| 4
| Komalavalli Yathothkari Perumal
|Tiruvekkaa or Yathothkari Perumal temple is considered one of three oldest Vishnu temples in Kanchipuram. The temple is believed to have been built by the [[Pallavas]] of the late 8th century CE, with later contributions from [[Medieval Cholas]] and [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara kings]]. The temple has three inscriptions on its walls, two dating from the period of [[Kulothunga Chola I]] (1070–1120 CE) and one to that of [[Rajadhiraja Chola]] (1018-54 CE). The temple houses a rare image of [[Ranganatha]] recumbent on his left hand unlike other temples where he is recumbent on his right. Poigai Alvar was born at this temple lotus tank.<ref name=Chari>{{cite book|title=The Glorious Temples of Kanchi|first=T. V. R.|last=Chari|year=1982|publisher=Sri Kanchi Kamakshi Ambal Devasthanam and Sarada Navaratri Kalai Nigazhchi Trust|location=Big Kancheepuram|pages=17–24}}</ref>
|-
|3
| [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur|Thirukovilur]].<ref name="KV52">[[#K.V.|Kodayanallur Vanamamalai]] 2001, p. 52</ref>
| {{coord|11.966944| 79.201944}}
| [[File:Ulagalantha Perumal9.JPG|130px|center]]
|2
| Poongothai Ulagalantha Perumal temple
|Ulagalantha Perumal Temple is believed to have been built by the [[Medieval Cholas]], with later contributions from [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagar kings]] and [[Madurai Nayaks]]. The temple covers an area of {{convert|5|acre|sqm|abbr=on}} and has a temple tower that is the third tallest in Tamil Nadu, measuring {{convert|192|ft|m|abbr=on}} in height. As per Hindu legend, [[Vamana]], a dwarf and an avatar of Vishnu, appeared here to quell the pride of [[Asura]] king [[Mahabali|Bali]]. The temple is believed to be the place where the first three Alvars, the Vaishnava saints, namely, Poigai Alvar, [[Bhoothathalvar]] and [[Peyalvar]] attained salvation. The temple is one of the Panchakanna (Krishnaranya) Kshetrams, the five holy temples associated with [[Krishna]], an avatar of Vishnu.<ref>{{cite book|title=Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPP7O3nb3g0C&q=vamana&pg=PA217|last1=Hoiberg|first1=Dale |last2=Ramchandani|first2=Indu |publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2000|isbn=9780852297605|page=217}}</ref>
|-
|4
| [[Vaikuntha|Paramapadam]]
| Heavenly
| [[File:Vishnu.jpg|130px|Vishnu, Lord of Vaikuntha|center]]
|2
|Lakshmi Vishnu
|Vaikuntha is the celestial abode of [[Vishnu]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maehle|first1=Gregor|title=Ashtanga Yoga The Intermediate Series: Mythology, Anatomy, and Practice|date=2012|publisher=New World Library|isbn=9781577319870|page=207|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OhYeGdNK0UoC&q=home%20OR%20abode%20%22Vaikuntha%20Vishnu%22%20-lord&pg=PA207|quote=Vaikuntha (Vishnu's celestial home)}}</ref> who is one of the principal deities of Hinduism and the supreme being in its Vaishnavism tradition.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Orlando O. Espín|author2=James B. Nickoloff|title=An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k85JKr1OXcQC&pg=PA539|year=2007|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-5856-7|page=539}}</ref><ref name="Flood 1996, p. 17">[[Gavin Flood]], ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/An_Introduction_to_Hinduism.html?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C An Introduction to Hinduism]'' (1996), p. 17.</ref> Vaikuntha is an abode exclusive to him, his consort the goddess [[Lakshmi]] and other liberated souls that have gained [[moksha]]. They are blessed with pure bliss and happiness in the company of the supreme being for all eternity.
|-
|5
| [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirupathi]]
| {{coord|13.143|79.907}}
| [[File:Tirumala 090615.jpg|130px|center]]
|10
|Alamelumanga [[Venkateswara]]
|Venkateswara Temple is a landmark Vaishnava temple situated in the hill town of [[Tirumala]] at [[Tirupati]] in [[Chittoor district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. The temple is dedicated to Lord [[Venkateswara|Sri Venkateswara]], an incarnation of [[Vishnu]], who is believed to have appeared there to save mankind from trials and troubles of ''[[Kali Yuga]]''. Hence the place has also got the name Kaliyuga [[Vaikuntham]] and Lord here is referred to as Kaliyuga Prathyaksha Daivam. The temple is also known by other names like Tirumala Temple, Tirupati Temple, Tirupati Balaji Temple. Lord Venkateswara is known by many other names: Balaji, Govinda, and Srinivasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_about.htm |title=Tirumala Temple |access-date=13 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011032254/http://tirumala.org/maintemple_about.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 }}</ref> Tirumala Hills are part of [[Seshachalam Hills]] range. The hills are {{convert|853|m|ft}} above sea level. The Temple is constructed in Dravidian architecture and is believed to be constructed over a period of time starting from 300 CE. The Garbagriha (Sanctum Sanctorum) is called Ananda Nilayam. It is the richest temple in the world in terms of donations received and wealth.<ref name="ndtv">{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070026005| title=NDTV Report | access-date=13 September 2007}}</ref><ref name="CSHindu">{{cite book |last1=Sivaratnam |first1=C |year=1964 |title=An Outline of the Cultural History and Principles of Hinduism |publisher= Stangard Printers |location=Colombo |edition=1 |oclc=12240260 |quote=Koneswaram temple. Tiru-Kona-malai, sacred mountain of Kona or Koneser, Iswara or Siva. The date of building the original temple is given as 1580 BCE according to a Tamil poem by Kavi Raja Virothayan translated into English in 1831 by Simon Cassie Chitty ... }}</ref><ref name="HLtoSL">{{cite book |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Nirmala|year=2004 |title=The Hindu legacy to Sri Lanka|publisher=Stamford Lake (Pvt.) Ltd. 2004 |location=Pannapitiya|oclc=230674424|isbn=9789558733974|quote= Portuguese writer De Queyroz compares Konesvaram to the famous Hindu temples in Rameswaram, [[Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)|Kanchipuram]], Tirupatti-Tirumalai, Jagannath and Vaijayanthi and concludes that while these latter temples were well visited by the Hindus, the former had surpassed all the latter temples by the early 1600s}}</ref> The temple is visited by about 50,000 to 100,000 pilgrims daily (30 to 40 million people annually on average), while on special occasions and festivals, like the annual Brahmotsavam, the number of pilgrims shoots up to 500,000, making it the most-visited holy place in the world.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/30/stories/2003093003080300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031003153946/http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/30/stories/2003093003080300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 October 2003 |location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Ghazal programme at Tirumala temple | date=30 September 2003}}</ref>
|-
|6
| [[Ocean of milk|Tirupparkadal]]
| Heavenly
| [[File:Kurma, the tortoise incarnation of Vishnu.jpg|right|[[Kurma]]|130px]]
| 1
| Lakshmi Vishnu
| In [[Hindu cosmology]], Tirupparkadal (The ocean of milk) is the fifth from the center of the seven oceans. It surrounds the continent known as Krauncha.<ref>{{cite book|first=D. Dennis |last=Hudson|title= The body of God: an emperor's palace for Krishna in eighth-century Kanchipuram|publisher= Oxford University Press US|year= 2008 |isbn=978-0-19-536922-9| pages=164–168}}</ref> According to Hindu mythology, the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] (gods) and the [[asuras]] (demons) worked together for a millennium to churn the ocean and release [[amrita]], the nectar of immortal life.<ref>{{cite web|title=Churning the Ocean of Milk by Michael Buckley|url=http://www.veloasia.com/library/buckley/churning_milk.html}}</ref> It is spoken of in the [[Samudra manthan|''Samudra Manthana'']] chapter of the [[Puranas]], a body of ancient Hindu legends. It is also the place where [[Vishnu]] reclines over [[Shesha|Shesha Naga]], along with his consort, [[Lakshmi]].
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|title=History of People and Their Environs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC&q=poygai&pg=PA47|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|year=2011|last1=B. S.|first1=Chandrababu|last2=S.|first2=Ganeshram|last3=C.|first3=Bhavani|isbn=9789380325910|ref=B.S.}}
* {{cite book|title=Philosophy and Theistic Mysticism of the Āl̲vārs|first= S. M. Srinivasa|last= Chari|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|year=1997|isbn=9788120813427|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TwHhuZrZ-wC&q=poygai&pg=PA16|ref=Chari}}
* {{cite book|title=Vishnu Temples of South India Volume 1 (Tamil Nadu)|first=Chithra|publisher=Chithra Madhavan|last=Madhavan|isbn=978-81-908445-0-5|year=2007|ref=Madhavan}}
* {{cite book|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=poigai&pg=PA308|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|ref=Dalal|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2011|isbn=9780143414216}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Alvars}}

[[Category:Alvars]]
[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]
[[Category:Tamil Hindu saints]]
[[Category:People from Kanchipuram district]]

[[te:ముదలాళ్వారులు]]

Kakkayam torture camp

2026-04-22T17:54:07Z

SanjayMurugesan220: creating a details

{{Short description|Police torture camp in Kakkayam, Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox historical event
|Event_Name = Kakkayam Police Torture Camp
|location = [[Kakkayam, Kozhikode|Kakkayam]], [[Kerala]], India
}}

'''Kakkayam police torture camp''' was located in the forested areas of Kakkayam, [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]]. The camp was operational during the [[The Emergency (India)|Indian Emergency period]], primarily targeting [[Naxal]]s. The [[Rajan case]] happened there.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/politics/remembering-rajan-the-innocent-victim-of-brutal-emergency-excesses|title=Remembering Rajan, the Innocent Victim of Brutal Emergency Excesses|website=thewire.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/may-24-1977-forty-years-ago-rajan-died-in-custody-4670668/|title=May 24, 1977, Forty Years Ago: Rajan Died In Custody|date=24 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/naxalism-kerala.html|title=Spring thunder days in monsoon land|website=theweek.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forensicfield.blog/rajan-an-victim-of-a-police-brutality-in-terrifying-emergency-1977/|title=Rajan – An Victim of a Police Brutality In Terrifying Emergency (1977) - Forensic's blog|first=Forensics|last=Blog|date=5 November 2022|website=forensicfield.blog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://grandalstonia.wordpress.com/2017/02/11/koorachundu-village-panchayat-profile/|title=Koorachundu Village Panchayat – Profile|date=10 February 2017}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The camp is mentioned in the 2018 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Kaattu Vithachavar]]'', the 2008 film ''[[Sound of Boot]]'', and the 2025 film ''[[Eko (film)|Eko]]''.{{fact|date=February 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-03 |title=Kaattu Vithachavar Review {{!}} Kaattu Vithachavar Malayalam Movie Review by K. R. Rejeesh |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/21188/malayalam/kaattu-vithachavar/11431/review/ |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=NOWRUNNING |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:The Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:History of Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:1970s in Kerala]]
[[Category:Torture in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Kerala]]
[[Category:Internment camps]]
[[Category:Torture camps]]

Jagdish Vishwakarma

2026-04-17T13:37:22Z

SanjayMurugesan220:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jagdish Ishwarbhai Vishwakarma (Panchal)
|image = Jagdish Vishwakarma (Panchal).png
|caption =
| office2 = [[Minister of State]], [[Government of Gujarat]]
| term_start2 = 16 September 2021
| term_end2 = 16 October 2025
| 1blankname2 = {{centre|Ministry}}
| 1namedata2 = {{centre|'''Term'''}}
| 2blankname2 = Minister of State for Co-operation, Salt Industries, Printing & Stationery, and Protocol (Independent charge)
| 2namedata2 = 12 December 2022 - 16 October 2025
| 3blankname2 = Minister of State for Micro, Small and Medium Industries, Cottage, Khadi and Rural Industries, Civil Aviation (State Minister)
| 3namedata2 = 12 December 2022 - 16 October 2025
| office3 = Member of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency3 = [[Nikol (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nikol]]
| term_start3 = 2012
| term_end3 =
| predecessor =
| office4 = Minister of State Forest, Environment & Climate Change
| term_start4 = 16 September 2021
| term_end4 = 12 December 2022
| office5 = Minister of State Roads and Buildings
| term_start5 = 20 August 2022
| term_end5 = 12 December 2022
| office1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Gujarat|President of Bharatiya Janata Party, Gujarat]]
| president1 = [[J. P. Nadda]] [[Nitin Nabin]]
| term_start1 = 4 Oct 2025
| predecessor1 = [[C. R. Paatil]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|08|12}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| website = {{URL|https://www.jagdishind.in/}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Businessman}}
| spouse = Alkaben Jagdish Vishwakarma (Panchal)
| father = Ishwarbhai Vishwakarma (Panchal)
| alma_mater = [[Gujarat University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| footnotes =
| source = [[Gujarat Council of Ministers]]
}}
[[File:Jagdish Vishwakarma (Panchal).png|alt=Jagdish Vishwakarma|thumb|Jagdish Vishwakarma]]

'''Jagdish Ishwarbhai Vishwakarma (Panchal)''' (born 12 August 1973) is the former Minister of state, Gujarat. In Gujarat Chief Minister [[Bhupendra Patel]]’s cabinet he has held multiple portfolios. He currently serves as the president of BJP's Gujarat state unit since 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vibesofindia.com/allocation-of-accounts-in-gujarat|title=Gujarat's new cabinet may be BJP's biggest gamble yet in the run-up to assembly polls|website=Vibes of India|date=16 September 2021 |access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref> He is an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] from [[Nikol (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nikol]] [[constituency]] in [[Gujarat]] for its [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|14th legislative assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|title=FOURTEENTH GUJARAT LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |url=https://gujarat.neva.gov.in/ContactDirectory/MenuContactDirec|publisher=Gujarat Vidhan Sabha|access-date=15 February 2022}}</ref> He is a state-level minister of Cottage Industries, Co-Operation, Salt Industries, Protocol (Independent Charge), Industries, Road and Building, Forest, Environment And Climate Change, Printing And Stationery (State Minister), Government of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shri Jagdish Ishwarbhai Vishwakarma (Panchal)(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- Nikol(AHMEDABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/Gujarat2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=4391|access-date=2022-02-15|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nikol Assembly Election 2017-18 LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Exit Polls, Results, Live Updates, Winning Candidates & Parties|url=https://www.india.com/assembly-election-2017/gujarat/nikol/|access-date=2021-03-03|website=India.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hon'ble PM dedicates and lays foundation of various projects of Sabar dairy|url=https://cmogujarat.gov.in/en/latest-news/honble-pm-dedicates-and-lays-foundation-of-various-projects-of-sabar-dairy/|access-date=2022-07-28|website=cmogujarat.gov.in|language=en}}</ref> He was BJP President of Ahmedabad city and he has been the Convenor of Udhyog Cell [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/gandhinagar/news/ahmedabad-city-bjp-president-jagdish-vishwakarma-has-not-changed-his-organization-128056062.html|title=Gujarat:અમદાવાદ શહેરના ભાજપ પ્રમુખ જગદીશ વિશ્વકર્મા ન બદલાતા સંગઠનમાં કચવાટ|work= [[Divya Bhaskar]]|access-date=2020-12-27 |language=gujarati}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Vishwakarma was born in [[Ahmedabad]] on 12 August 1973.

==Political career==
* Jagdish Ishwarbhai Vishwakarma began his political journey as a Booth in charge in Thakkarbapanagar in 1998 and was elected as MLA [[Member of Legislative assembly]] from [[Nikol (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nikol]] [[constituency]] in [[Gujarat]] in 2012 Gujarat assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite web|url= [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]|title= 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|website=en.wikipedia.org}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=September 2023}}
* He was the Industry cell convenor in 2013, [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Gujarat]] and later on, he served as a President of Karnavati Bjp [[Ahmedabad]] city. He serves as minister of state, BJP Gujarat in the Ministry of MSME.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://msmec.gujarat.gov.in/|title=MSME Gujarat, Minister of State|publisher=MSME Gujarat|access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref>
* Jagdish Vishwakarma has been given additional charge of Minister of State, Roads and Building by the Chief Minister of Gujarat [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]] on 20 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Complaints of inefficiency': Rajendra Trivedi, Purnesh Modi lose cabinet portfolios
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarats-revenue-and-road-ministers-stripped-of-portfolios-after-complaints-8102258/|publisher=Indian Express Limited|access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref>
* A new record was created on 27 August 2022, while celebrating the 75th anniversary of India's Independence in presence of Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], Chief Minister [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]], Home Minister Gujarat State [[Harsh Sanghavi]] and Jagdish Vishwakarma as 7,500 women spun `charkha' (spinning wheel) together.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.patrika.com/ahmedabad-news/ahmedabad-7500-women-will-together-sabarmati-khadi-utsav-pm-modi-7734889/|title=PM मोदी के समक्ष अहमदाबाद में साबरमती नदी किनारे 7500 महिलाएं एक साथ कातेंगी सूत|publisher=Rajasthan Patrika|access-date=30 August 2022|language=hindi}}</ref>
* Jagdish Vishwakarma, a BJP candidate from [[Nikol (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nikol]] constituency is re-elected in the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] won by 55,198 votes for the [[15th Gujarat Assembly]]. This is the third consecutive win for Jagdish Vishwakarma from Nikol constituency.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-08|title= Nikol, Gujarat Election Result: निकोल सीट से BJP के जगदीश विश्वकर्मा 55198 वोटों से जीते, कांग्रेस बुरी तरह हारी |url= https://hindi.news18.com/news/gujarat/nikol-vidhansabha-seat-result-gujarat-election-result-bjp-candidate-jagdish-vishwakarma-won-congress-lost-know-loser-winner-5007669.html |publisher=[[Network18 Group]]|access-date=17 December 2022| language=hindi}}</ref>
* In April 2025, Vishwakarma's verified [[Twitter|X]] account was briefly compromised. The hacker altered his profile to state that he was the "''Prime Minister of India.''" A police complaint was filed with [[Cybercrime in India|Cybercrime]] department, and the matter received political attention on [[Social media]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-24 |title=Gujarat minister Jagdish Vishwakarma's X account hacked |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-minister-jagdish-vishwakarmas-x-account-hacked/articleshow/120588113.cms |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==News==
* As mentioned by Industries Minister of Gujarat State Jagdish Vishwakarma at [[Gujarat University]] MSME Growth Conclave, Gujarat is witnessing fast growth of [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]] and startups are also record high.

==Personal life==
Jagdish Vishwakarma is married to Alkaben Panchal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/gujarat2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=4391|title=JAGDISH PANCHAL(Criminal & Asset Declaration)|website=My Neta Info|access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishwakarma, Jagdish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]

Test (2025 film)

2026-04-14T07:23:28Z

SanjayMurugesan220: Created basic entry more to come

{{Short description|Indian film by S. Sashikanth}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Test (2025 film).jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = [[S. Sashikanth]]
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* S. Sashikanth
* Suman Kumar
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Chakravarthy Ramachandra]]
* S. Sashikanth
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[R. Madhavan]]
* [[Nayanthara]]
* [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]
* [[Meera Jasmine]]
}}
| cinematography = Viraj Singh Gohil
| editing = [[T. S. Suresh]]
| music = [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
| studio = [[YNOT Studios]]
| distributor = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|4|4}}
| runtime = 146 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2025 |title=Test |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/test-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi5mzuy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/k2yMb |archive-date=11 April 2025 |access-date=10 April 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Test''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Sports film|sports]] [[psychological thriller]] film directed by [[S. Sashikanth]], who co-wrote the script with Suman Kumar and produced with [[Chakravarthy Ramachandra]] under [[YNOT Studios]]. The film stars [[R. Madhavan]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] and [[Meera Jasmine]] in lead roles, with [[Kaali Venkat]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] and [[Vinay Varma]] in supporting roles. A [[Hyperlink cinema|hyperlink film]], it follows three parallel storylines: a scientist's struggles to save his hydro-fuel project, his wife's maternal aspirations, and a faded [[Cricket|cricketer]] seeking to retire on a high note.

The film marks Sashikanth's directorial debut and was announced in April 2023. [[Principal photography]] commenced the same month and continued till January 2024, taking place predominantly in [[Chennai]] and [[Bengaluru]]. The film features music composed by [[Shakthisree Gopalan]], cinematography handled by Viraj Singh Gohil and editing by [[T. S. Suresh]].

''Test'' had a [[direct-to-streaming]] release via [[Netflix]] on 4 April 2025. The film received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the performances of the lead cast but criticised the screenplay, pacing, and predictability.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2025 |title=Is Test Really a Page From Virat Kohlis Life? |url=https://www.indianwitness.com/entertainment/tamil/is-the-new-tamil-film-test-really-about-a-page-from-vir |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012060141/https://www.indianwitness.com/entertainment/tamil/is-the-new-tamil-film-test-really-about-a-page-from-vir |archive-date=October 12, 2025 |access-date=10 April 2025 |website=Indian Witness |language=en}}</ref> Despite this, it became one of the most streamed Indian films in 13 countries in its opening week.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2025 |title=Netflix's 'Test' with R. Madhavan, Siddharth & Nayanthara is a global hit on OTT! |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflixs-test-with-r-madhavan-siddharth-nayanthara-is-a-global-hit-on-ott-13879112.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412045801/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflixs-test-with-r-madhavan-siddharth-nayanthara-is-a-global-hit-on-ott-13879112.html |archive-date=12 April 2025 |access-date=12 April 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{hook|date=April 2025}}
Arjun Venkataraman, an ageing [[Cricket|cricketer]], is struggling with poor form and faces the risk of being dropped from the [[India national cricket team|Indian team]]. Determined to retire on a high note, he sees the upcoming [[test cricket|test match]] as his last chance to prove himself.

Kumudha, a school teacher, is desperate to have a child and plans to undergo [[In vitro fertilisation|IVF]] treatment. However, her dreams are complicated by financial challenges and her husband's priorities.

Saravanan "Sara" is Kumudha's husband. An [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]-educated scientist, he is secretly working on a hydro-fuel project while pretending to run a canteen. He is under immense pressure due to mounting debts and needs {{INRConvert|50|l|year=2025}} to save his project.

As the film progresses, the lives of these three characters intersect during the test match. Arjun battles his inner demons on the cricket field, Kumudha struggles with her maternal aspirations, and Sara faces ethical and financial dilemmas related to his project. Meanwhile, a subplot involving [[Betting controversies in cricket|match fixing]] adds further tension.

== Cast ==
''Adapted from the opening and closing credits''{{efn|The closing credits have several discrepancies in regards to character names. Several characters names are either partially or fully omitted in the credits despite being mentioned in the narrative such as Dharmesh's last name Agarwal. Additionally, several character names that are listed in the credits are never mentioned in the narrative such as Ramasamy and Karpagam.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Test |type=motion picture |language=Ta |publisher=[[YNOT Studios]] |year=2025 |time=8:18 to 9:59; and 2:21:01 to 2:23:54 |time-caption=From |via=[[Netflix]]}}</ref>}}

{{Cast listing|
* [[R. Madhavan]] as Saravanan "Sara"
* [[Nayanthara]] as Kumudha Saravana
* [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] as Arjun Venkataraman
* [[Meera Jasmine]] as Padma "Paddu" Arjun
* Lirish Rahav as Aditya "Adi" Arjun
* [[Kaali Venkat]] as Bharani
* [[Aadukalam Murugadoss]] as Kutty
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as ICF Member Ramasamy
* [[Mohan Raman]] as Venkataraman
* [[Vinay Varma]] as Dharmesh Agarwal
* [[Meera Krishnan]] as Principal R. Meera Duraiswamy
* [[Deepa Shankar]] as Karpagam
* Shyam Kumar as Isaac Aghilan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* Vivek R Venkatram as Inspector Shakthivel
* Ajit Koshy as Javed
* Dr. Ashwin Vijay as A. Magizhendi
* [[M. J. Shriram]] as Meiyappan
* Denver Antony Nicholas as Dimello
* Dr. Vidhya Borgia as Dr. Vidya Shankar
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
''Test'' marked the directorial debut of producer [[S. Sashikanth]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=31 March 2025 |title=Sashikanth Interview for Test: I don't have negative connotation on a direct OTT release |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/sashikanth-interview-for-test-i-dont-have-negative-connotation-for-a-direct-ott-release/17b7ad084a124 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404064829/https://www.ottplay.com/interview/sashikanth-interview-for-test-i-dont-have-negative-connotation-for-a-direct-ott-release/17b7ad084a124 |archive-date=4 April 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> Ever since his transition from an architect to film production with Sashikanth establishing the [[YNOT Studios]] banner, he wrote the first draft of the script in late-2012 but was put on hold due to his production commitments.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=ஏக்நாத்ராஜ் |first=செ. |date=17 March 2025 |title='டைரக்டர் ஆவதற்காகவே தயாரிப்பாளர் ஆனேன்!' – 'டெஸ்ட்' எஸ்.சஷி காந்த் நேர்காணல் |trans-title='I turned producer just to become a director' – 'Test' S. Sashikanth Interview |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1354610-i-became-producer-to-become-director-says-the-test-s-sashikanth-interview.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322143026/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1354610-i-became-producer-to-become-director-says-the-test-s-sashikanth-interview.html |archive-date=22 March 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> In a January 2015 interview with [[Sudhish Kamath]], Sashikanth confirmed that he had plans of making the film.<ref name="thriller">{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=10 January 2015 |title=Tamil cinema goes national |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-cinema-goes-national/article6775343.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525141534/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-cinema-goes-national/article6775343.ece |archive-date=25 May 2018 |access-date=5 April 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> During the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]], he decided to revisit the script after harbouring his ambitions of becoming a filmmaker. The original script was considered a plot-driven film with the basic idea revolving around a cricketer; however, he decided to get into the psychological study of the characters, inspired from [[David Fincher]]'s films.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2 April 2025 |title=Virat Kohli's life-changing incident inspired 'Test': S Sashikanth |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/virat-kohli-test-madhavan-nayanthara-siddharth-sashikanth/article69404737.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404052920/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/virat-kohli-test-madhavan-nayanthara-siddharth-sashikanth/article69404737.ece |archive-date=4 April 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

The genesis of the film came from an interview given by [[Virat Kohli]], who stated that his father died when he was 18-years old, yet Kohli still played in the [[Ranji Trophy]] match for [[Delhi]]. Sashikanth recalled that the interview opened his perspective of what happens when a cricketer enters into the arena, adding "it's something like a superhero story arc that he's willing to sacrifice all those personal bits for something much higher. Those decisions make you the hero or the villain."<ref name=":5" /> Exploring narcissistic behaviour as a positive trait, the idea provided him an insight of how sportsperson would think and look at life and looked on how narcissism existed in common people as well.<ref name=":5" /> He then wrote the story on how narcissism drives a cricketer and a common man, which was the beginning of character development.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=26 March 2025 |title=We filmed Test using broadcast channel cameras: Sashikanth |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/we-filmed-test-using-broadcast-channel-cameras-sashikanth-827717 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404060430/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/we-filmed-test-using-broadcast-channel-cameras-sashikanth-827717 |archive-date=4 April 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> Describing the title, Sashikanth said, "[[Test cricket]] is not just cricket. It is a test of life and even temperament. The story too happens over five days of a test match".<ref name=":6" />

The film was officially announced on 12 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2023 |title=Nayanthara, Madhavan and Siddharth team up for Sashikanth's directorial debut 'The Test' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nayanthara-madhavan-and-siddharth-team-up-for-sashikanths-directorial-debut-the-test/article66728482.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508113614/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nayanthara-madhavan-and-siddharth-team-up-for-sashikanths-directorial-debut-the-test/article66728482.ece |archive-date=8 May 2023 |access-date=1 December 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Sashikanth co-wrote the story with Suman Kumar, known for writing [[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|''The Family Man'']].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=26 April 2023 |title=Movie makers announce the technical crew of 'Test' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/movie-makers-announce-the-technical-crew-of-test/articleshow/99790300.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503112918/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/movie-makers-announce-the-technical-crew-of-test/articleshow/99790300.cms |archive-date=3 May 2023 |access-date=1 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Shortly after the announcement, Sashikanth revealed the preliminary crew members: cinematographer Viraj Singh Gohil, editor [[T. S. Suresh]], production designers Madhusudan N. and Shweta Sabu Cyril, sports director Dhruv Panjani, action choreographer Dinesh Subbarayan, stylists [[Poornima Ramaswamy]] and [[Anu Vardhan]], casting director Sharanya Subramaniam and publicity designer [[Gopi Prasannaa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=Makers announce the Test crew |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2023/04/27/makers-announce-the-test-crew |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123144957/https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2023/04/27/makers-announce-the-test-crew |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=CrcvlzYL6Hn |user=studiosynot |title=Meet our talent finder – Sharanya Subramaniam ! ✨ Welcome on board #theTEST🏏 @sharanyaspotstalent #CastingDirector |author=YNOT Studios |author-link=YNOT Studios |date=25 April 2023 |access-date=13 March 2025 |language=en |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/cBR7Y?wr=false |archive-date=13 March 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=Crc9VTxrAea |user=studiosynot |title=Happy to welcome the magician @gopiprasannaa on board #theTEST🏏 ✨ #PublicityDesigner |author=YNOT Studios |author-link=YNOT Studios |date=25 April 2023 |access-date=13 March 2025 |language=en |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/82HKb?wr=false |archive-date=13 March 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Muthuramalingam was appointed as the executive producer of the film by the production house.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=26 April 2023 |title=Makers of Test announce technical crew |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Apr/26/makers-of-test-announce-technical-crew-42711.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528131815/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Apr/26/makers-of-test-announce-technical-crew-42711.html |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[R. Madhavan]] and [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] were cast in the lead roles, having previously worked with Sashikanth on his productions;<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=9 April 2023 |title='Aayutha Ezhuthu' duo Madhavan and Siddharth join Nayanthara for a sports drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aayutha-ezhuthu-duo-madhavan-and-siddharth-join-nayanthara-for-a-sports-drama/articleshow/99356107.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417034030/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aayutha-ezhuthu-duo-madhavan-and-siddharth-join-nayanthara-for-a-sports-drama/articleshow/99356107.cms |archive-date=17 April 2023 |access-date=1 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> the film would also mark the actors reuniting after ''[[Aayutha Ezhuthu]]'' (2004) and ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' (2006).<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2023 |title=Madhavan, Nayanthara and Siddharth to star in Sashikanth's 'Test' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Apr/12/madhavan-nayanthara-and-siddharth-to-star-in-sashikanths-test-2565228.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510123025/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Apr/12/madhavan-nayanthara-and-siddharth-to-star-in-sashikanths-test-2565228.html |archive-date=10 May 2023 |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=8 April 2023 |title=Madhavan, Siddharth, Nayan's The Test to start this month |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2023/04/08/madhavan-siddharth-nayans-the-test-to-start-this-month |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616045918/https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2023/04/08/madhavan-siddharth-nayans-the-test-to-start-this-month |archive-date=16 June 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> Initially, Madhavan rejected the script as he felt the role would not suit him and suggested other actors instead; he felt Sashikanth, who never worked as an assistant director before, was taking a risk with the film due to its large budget, but eventually accepted the offer after perceiving Sashikanth's vision.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=31 March 2025 |title=Madhavan on rejecting Sashikanth's Test initially: I was not happy that he was… |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/madhavan-on-rejecting-sashikanths-test-initially-i-was-not-happy-that-he-was/0bac845c90891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404062112/https://www.ottplay.com/news/madhavan-on-rejecting-sashikanths-test-initially-i-was-not-happy-that-he-was/0bac845c90891 |archive-date=4 April 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref>

Siddharth underwent a nine-month training in cricket to prepare for his role.<ref name=":11">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_ORNvzar6E |title=குழந்தைக்காக ஏங்குற அம்மா Character-அ Nayan Connect பண்ணிகிட்டாங்க, Because She Is A Mother..! Test |date=27 March 2025 |last=Sapna |language=en |publisher=[[SS Music]] |trans-title=Nayan connected with the character of a mother longing for a child, because she is a mother..! |access-date=4 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327182550/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_ORNvzar6E |archive-date=27 March 2025 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>{{Rp|location=0:28}} His character was inspired by several real cricketers, but he dedicated the role specifically to [[Rahul Dravid]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2025 |title=He is the cricketer I admired from his debut to his retirement and beyond: Siddharth |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/he-is-the-cricketer-i-admired-from-his-debut-to-his-retirement-and-beyond-says-siddharth-1.10457330 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326151507/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/he-is-the-cricketer-i-admired-from-his-debut-to-his-retirement-and-beyond-says-siddharth-1.10457330 |archive-date=26 March 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Nayanthara]], who plays Madhavan's pair, accepted the role instantly after a phone call with Sashikanth. He wanted the actress to own her role, and she was able to connect with the role of a woman longing for a child, being a mother herself.<ref name=":11" />{{Rp|location=9:22}} [[Meera Jasmine]] was paired opposite Siddharth,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2023 |title='Test': Meera Jasmine joins Madhavan, Nayanthara for S Shashikanth's sports drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/test-meera-jasmine-joins-madhavan-nayanthara-for-s-shashikanths-sports-drama/article66830535.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518171243/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/test-meera-jasmine-joins-madhavan-nayanthara-for-s-shashikanths-sports-drama/article66830535.ece |archive-date=18 May 2023 |access-date=1 December 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> making a return to [[Tamil cinema]] after a 10-year hiatus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2023 |title=Meera Jasmine to join hands with Madhavan after two decades for Test |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/meera-jasmine-to-join-hands-with-madhavan-after-two-decades-for-test-8601559/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517212855/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/meera-jasmine-to-join-hands-with-madhavan-after-two-decades-for-test-8601559/ |archive-date=17 May 2023 |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[Kaali Venkat]] was cast in an important role after being present in the first schedule of filming.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 2023 |title=Kaali Venkat joins the cast of Madhavan & Siddharth's 'Test' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaali-venkat-joins-the-cast-of-madhavan-siddharths-test/articleshow/99455640.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414112608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaali-venkat-joins-the-cast-of-madhavan-siddharths-test/articleshow/99455640.cms |archive-date=14 April 2023 |access-date=1 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Vinay Varma]], [[Aadukalam Murugadoss]], [[M. J. Shriram]] and Ajit Koshy appeared in supporting roles; their involvement was confirmed only after their appearances in promotional material.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryR2-jVjoeA |title=TEST {{!}} Madhavan, Nayanthara, Siddharth, Meera Jasmine {{!}} Tamil Trailer {{!}} Netflix |date=25 March 2025 |language=en |publisher=[[Netflix India]] |access-date=4 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325151325/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryR2-jVjoeA |archive-date=25 March 2025 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=29 March 2025 |title=Test 2025: Release date, cast and crew, trailer, OTT partner and plot |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/test-2025-release-date-cast-and-crew-trailer-ott-partner-and-plot/6ac1a3637563 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401005839/https://www.ottplay.com/news/test-2025-release-date-cast-and-crew-trailer-ott-partner-and-plot/6ac1a3637563 |archive-date=1 April 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> Sashikanth cast 22 cricketers, who played the Ranji Trophy matches, to create authenticity.<ref name=":4" />

=== Filming ===
[[File:M.A.Chidambaram Stadium before IND vs AUS 3rd ODI 2023.jpg|thumb|The cricket sequences were shot at the [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]] in [[Chennai]].<ref name=":4" />]]
[[Principal photography]] commenced on 12 April 2023, the same day as the film's announcement.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2023 |title=Madhavan, Nayanthara, and Siddharth starrer 'Test' goes on floors; Makers released the motion poster of the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madhavan-nayanthara-and-siddharth-starrer-test-goes-on-floors-makers-released-the-motion-poster-of-the-film/articleshow/99428133.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413144344/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madhavan-nayanthara-and-siddharth-starrer-test-goes-on-floors-makers-released-the-motion-poster-of-the-film/articleshow/99428133.cms |archive-date=13 April 2023 |access-date=1 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2023 |title=Nayanthara, Madhavan and Siddharth team up for producer Sashikanth's debut directorial venture Test |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/nayanthara-madhavan-and-siddharth-team-up-for-producer-sashikanths-debut-directorial-venture-test-8552059/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601110804/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/nayanthara-madhavan-and-siddharth-team-up-for-producer-sashikanths-debut-directorial-venture-test-8552059/ |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was shot in two phases, taking place in both [[Chennai]] and [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Justin |date=3 April 2025 |title='Test' Cinematographer Viraj Singh on Filming The Netflix Cricket Drama and Why Nayanthara is a 'Sharp' Actor |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/test-cinematographer-viraj-singh-on-filming-netflix-cricket-drama-and-why-nayanthara-is-a-sharp-superstar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404070545/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/test-cinematographer-viraj-singh-on-filming-netflix-cricket-drama-and-why-nayanthara-is-a-sharp-superstar |archive-date=4 April 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |language=en}}</ref> The locations were chosen in the pre-production phase and had further marked the positions of the camera using the StudioBinder software and also choreographed the movements of the actors.<ref name=":5" />

Since the film's story takes place in the test match, Sashikanth had planned to shoot the cricket sequences at the [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]] in Chennai, where the team had to wait nine months for approval from the [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]]. The team received approval to shoot those sequences ten days before the [[Indian Premier League]] owing to pitch changes.<ref name=":4" /> Since Sashikanth wanted the match to look authentic, he and Viraj Singh Gohil researched on what worked and what did not in cricket-based films and spoke with cameramen on how real cricket matches were shot.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=4 April 2025 |title=Viraj Singh reveals the nitty-gritty of shooting Nayanthara, Siddharth, R Madhavan's Test: 'Wanted it to look natural' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/viraj-singh-reveals-the-nitty-gritty-of-shooting-nayanthara-siddharth-r-madhavans-test-wanted-it-to-look-natural-101743676355229.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404070152/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/viraj-singh-reveals-the-nitty-gritty-of-shooting-nayanthara-siddharth-r-madhavans-test-wanted-it-to-look-natural-101743676355229.html |archive-date=4 April 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Gohil used broadcast cameras for filming those matches and learnt about specific camera positions on how cricket matches are being filmed. Sashikanth used live sounds for the portions that were not shot in the ground.<ref name=":6" />

By 17 June, Madhavan had completed filming his portions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 June 2023 |title=It's a wrap for R Madhavan's 'Test' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-r-madhavans-test/articleshow/101059205.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621085327/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-r-madhavans-test/articleshow/101059205.cms |archive-date=21 June 2023 |access-date=2 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> By early January 2024, Nayanthara had completed filming her portions,<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2024 |title=Pic: Nayanthara plays Kumudha in 'Test', gives a glimpse of her look |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nayanthara-plays-kumudha-in-test-gives-a-glimpse-of-her-look-2485696-2024-01-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118034728/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nayanthara-plays-kumudha-in-test-gives-a-glimpse-of-her-look-2485696-2024-01-08 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> and Jasmine did so later that month.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 January 2024 |title=Meera Jasmine completes shooting for 'Test' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/meera-jasmine-completes-shooting-for-test-sports-drama/articleshow/107158773.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214233007/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/meera-jasmine-completes-shooting-for-test-sports-drama/articleshow/107158773.cms |archive-date=14 February 2024 |access-date=2 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=31 January 2024 |title=Madhavan, Nayanthara and Siddharth's 'The Test' concludes production |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/madhavan-nayanthara-and-siddharths-the-test-concludes-production/article67796454.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204142527/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/madhavan-nayanthara-and-siddharths-the-test-concludes-production/article67796454.ece |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=2 December 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref> Principal photography [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] on 31 January.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2024 |title=It's A Wrap For Nayanthara, R Madhavan And Siddharth's The Test |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/its-a-wrap-for-nayanthara-r-madhavan-and-siddharths-the-test-8763141.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203031047/https://www.news18.com/movies/its-a-wrap-for-nayanthara-r-madhavan-and-siddharths-the-test-8763141.html |archive-date=3 February 2024 |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2024 |title=Shoot completed for sports drama 'Test' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Feb/02/shoot-completed-for-sports-drama-test |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224102419/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Feb/02/shoot-completed-for-sports-drama-test |archive-date=24 February 2024 |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Post-production ===
The post-production process began in early February, shortly after filming wrapped.<ref name=":2" /> OK Vijay serves as the [[visual effects supervisor]], and [[sound design]] was handled by Kunal Rajan and [[M. R. Rajakrishnan]] whereas Siddharth Sadashiv served as the [[sync sound]] recordist.<ref name=":1" />

== Music ==
{{Main|Test (soundtrack)}}
The film's music is composed by playback singer [[Shakthisree Gopalan]] in her debut as music composer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 May 2023 |title=Shakthisree Gopalan turns music director for Madhavan & Siddharth's 'Test' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shakthisree-gopalan-turns-music-director-for-madhavan-siddharths-test/articleshow/99991926.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508002134/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shakthisree-gopalan-turns-music-director-for-madhavan-siddharths-test/articleshow/99991926.cms |archive-date=8 May 2023 |access-date=2 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The first single "Arena" was released on 10 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=10 March 2025 |title=Test first single 'Arena' out now |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/10/test-first-single-arena-out-now |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012111836/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/10/test-first-single-arena-out-now |archive-date=October 12, 2025 |access-date=13 March 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The second single titled "Hope" was released on 20 March.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=20 March 2025 |title=Test second single 'Hope' is a soulful melody |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/20/test-second-single-hope-is-a-soulful-melody |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012060145/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/20/test-second-single-hope-is-a-soulful-melody |archive-date=October 12, 2025 |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The album featuring six songs was released under the [[YNOT Music]] label on 25 March.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2025 |title=TEST (Soundtrack from the Netflix Film) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/test-soundtrack-from-the-netflix-film-original-motion/1804269391 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/oBJ3m |archive-date=14 March 2026 |access-date=20 April 2025 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1905198337038704712 |user=StudiosYNot |title=#TEST - Album Out Now ! Jukebox : https://youtu.be/5xNhvNmHpss Other Languages & Audio Streams : https://li.sten.to/testalbum Music @ShakthisreeG |author=Y Not Studios |author-link=YNOT Studios |date=27 March 2025 |access-date=20 April 2025 |language=en |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/WTo6v |archive-date=March 14, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The film's [[teaser trailer]] was launched on 3 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=3 February 2025 |title=Test Teaser: Siddharth, Nayanthara and Madhavan star in a game of endurance |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/03/test-teaser-siddharth-nayanthara-and-madhavan-star-in-a-game-of-endurance |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205064040/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/03/test-teaser-siddharth-nayanthara-and-madhavan-star-in-a-game-of-endurance |archive-date=5 February 2025 |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> On 13 March 2025, cricketer [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] released the teaser of Siddharth's character via his social media platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2025 |title=Siddharth plays a driven 'soldier' in cricket-based film Test; former cricketer R Ashwin launches glimpse |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/siddharth-plays-a-driven-soldier-in-cricket-based-film-test-former-cricketer-r-ashwin-launches-glimpse-9884884/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313143438/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/siddharth-plays-a-driven-soldier-in-cricket-based-film-test-former-cricketer-r-ashwin-launches-glimpse-9884884/ |archive-date=13 March 2025 |access-date=13 March 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2025 |title=R Ashwin gives a shout out to Siddharth over his performance as cricketer in 'Test' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/r-ashwin-gives-a-shout-out-to-siddharth-over-his-performance-as-cricketer-in-test/articleshow/118979041.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313143544/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/r-ashwin-gives-a-shout-out-to-siddharth-over-his-performance-as-cricketer-in-test/articleshow/118979041.cms |archive-date=13 March 2025 |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Nayanthara and Madhavan's character teasers were released the following days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=14 March 2025 |title=Test OTT release: Nayanthara as Kumudha is a woman of resilience {{!}} Watch teaser |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/test-ott-release-nayanthara-as-kumudha-is-a-woman-of-resilience-watch-teaser/0cf4801969580 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315141140/https://www.ottplay.com/news/test-ott-release-nayanthara-as-kumudha-is-a-woman-of-resilience-watch-teaser/0cf4801969580 |archive-date=15 March 2025 |access-date=15 March 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=15 March 2025 |title=Test OTT release: R Madhavan is a struggling scientist in this film co-starring Siddharth, Nayanthara |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/test-ott-release-r-madhavan-is-a-struggling-scientist-in-this-film-co-starring-siddharth-nayanthara/c29a26b07858 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315144537/https://www.ottplay.com/news/test-ott-release-r-madhavan-is-a-struggling-scientist-in-this-film-co-starring-siddharth-nayanthara/c29a26b07858 |archive-date=15 March 2025 |access-date=15 March 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> As a part of promotions, a [[lenticular printing|lenticular]] billboard that featured two posters were installed at the [[Marina Beach]] road in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=DHfy-QlSxtz |user=netflix_in |title=Chennai, it's almost game time. Your TEST is coming soon 🔥Watch TEST, out 4 April in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada and Hindi, only on Netflix! |author=Netflix India |author-link=Netflix |date=22 March 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1903429031607017499 |user=Netflix_INSouth |title=Chennai, game time is almost here! Head over to Marina Beach with your friends and family to experience TEST today! Watch TEST, out 4 April in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada and Hindi, only on Netflix! |author=Netflix India South |author-link=Netflix |access-date=14 March 2026 |language=en |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/4bSpO?wr=false |archive-date=14 March 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film's [[Trailer (promotion)|trailer]] was launched on 25 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2025 |title=Test trailer: Nayanthara, R Madhavan, and Siddharth make tough choices for their dreams. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/test-trailer-nayanthara-r-madhavan-and-siddharth-make-tough-choices-for-their-dreams-watch-9905588/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401145654/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/test-trailer-nayanthara-r-madhavan-and-siddharth-make-tough-choices-for-their-dreams-watch-9905588/ |archive-date=1 April 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2025 |title=Test Trailer: Nayanthara, Madhavan, Siddharth's Tryst With Dreams And Aspirations |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/test-trailer-nayanthara-madhavan-siddharths-tryst-with-dreams-and-aspirations-8013317 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330011028/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/test-trailer-nayanthara-madhavan-siddharths-tryst-with-dreams-and-aspirations-8013317 |archive-date=30 March 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
In October 2024, it was reported that the film would have a [[direct-to-streaming]] release via [[Netflix]], bypassing theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2024 |title=Nayanthara's 'Test' to directly premiere on OTT |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nayantharas-test-to-directly-premiere-on-ott/articleshow/113929936.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007081745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nayantharas-test-to-directly-premiere-on-ott/articleshow/113929936.cms |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=2 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> This was confirmed in early-February, after Netflix announced their slate of original programming and films for the year, with ''Test'' being one of them.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 February 2025 |title=Netflix India's 2025 slate: Aryan Khan's 'The Bad***s of Bollywood, 'Saif Ali Khan's 'Jewel Thief', Madhavan's 'Aap Jaisa Koi' and more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/netflix-indias-2025-slate-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood-saif-ali-khans-jewel-thief-madhavans-aap-jaisa-koi-and-more/article69177480.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226143903/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/netflix-indias-2025-slate-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood-saif-ali-khans-jewel-thief-madhavans-aap-jaisa-koi-and-more/article69177480.ece |archive-date=26 February 2025 |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2025 |title=Netflix India 2025 Line-Up: Among More, Shah Rukh Khan And Saif Ali Khan's Sons' Debut Shows |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/netflix-india-2025-slate-aryan-ibrahim-khans-debut-projects-next-season-of-kohrra-announced-7627140 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313142731/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/netflix-india-2025-slate-aryan-ibrahim-khans-debut-projects-next-season-of-kohrra-announced-7627140 |archive-date=13 March 2025 |access-date=13 March 2025 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> The film premiered on 4 April 2025, with dubbed versions in Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam and Telugu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=S |first=Ashwin |date=13 March 2025 |title=Siddharth as Arjun faces the impact of his choices in Netflix's Test |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/13/siddharth-as-arjun-faces-the-impact-of-his-choices-in-netflixs-test |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250314113628/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/13/siddharth-as-arjun-faces-the-impact-of-his-choices-in-netflixs-test |archive-date=14 March 2025 |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=6 March 2025 |title=Madhavan, Siddharth, and Nayanthara's Test gets Netflix premiere date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/06/madhavan-siddharth-and-nayantharas-test-gets-netflix-premiere-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306142149/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/06/madhavan-siddharth-and-nayantharas-test-gets-netflix-premiere-date |archive-date=6 March 2025 |access-date=6 March 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

While speaking on the direct-to-streaming release, Sashikanth said that a film should find its audience at several means, adding that he had no negative connotations with this move. Sashikanth initially planned for a theatrical release, but when he had an opportunity to send the first cut to Netflix, the streaming service's content team saw its viability of being a global product and reaching a wider audience. Seeing this as a "no-brainer", Sashikanth accepted the decision to release it on a streaming service.<ref name=":10" /> Monika Shergill, vice-president of content, [[Netflix India]], stated that she felt amazed to see a film that explored characters and their values and ethics over plot.<ref name=":5" />

== Critical reception ==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=18|count=11|average=3.8|ref=yes}}

Sonal Pandya of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "''Test'' is a lengthy but intriguing thriller focused on a couple backed into the tightest corner [...] What the film needed more of, especially in the second half, was the tension of the walls closing in on these individuals. At certain portions, it feels as if they existed in their own bubbles while things descended into chaos outside. ''Test'' doesn't utilise the sports background effectively."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandya |first=Sonal |date=4 April 2025 |title=Test Movie Review: R Madhavan, Nayanthara, Siddharth Are Remarkable In Thriller That Needed To Amp Up Tension |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/test-movie-review-r-madhavan-nayanthara-siddharth-are-remarkable-in-thriller-that-needed-to-amp-up-tension-review-151345990 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012060223/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/test-movie-review-r-madhavan-nayanthara-siddharth-are-remarkable-in-thriller-that-needed-to-amp-up-tension-review-151345990 |archive-date=October 12, 2025 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2/5 stars and praised the lead cast performances, music, cinematography and editing, saying the film "aims to bring forth the changing stances of a human being during a crisis. While the idea sounds interesting, it hardly translates to the big screen".<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=4 April 2025 |title=Test review: Madhavan, Nayanthara and Siddharth hit sixes, but don't win the match |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/test-review-madhavan-nayanthara-and-siddharth-hit-sixes-but-dont-win-the-match-2703901-2025-04-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404120407/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/test-review-madhavan-nayanthara-and-siddharth-hit-sixes-but-dont-win-the-match-2703901-2025-04-04 |archive-date=4 April 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' also praised these aspects and the premise, but said the "story, sadly, doesn't do justice to them".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=4 April 2025 |title=Test movie review: R Madhavan, Siddharth and Nayanthara are match-winners but the story fails to clear the ropes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/test-movie-review-r-madhavan-siddharth-and-nayanthara-are-match-winners-but-the-story-fails-to-clear-the-ropes-101743757672414.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404120749/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/test-movie-review-r-madhavan-siddharth-and-nayanthara-are-match-winners-but-the-story-fails-to-clear-the-ropes-101743757672414.html |archive-date=4 April 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Vishal Menon of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' said the film "gives us a set of fascinating characters, but deserved better writing".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=4 April 2025 |title='Test' Movie Review: Complex Characters Get Benched In This Middling Drama |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/test-movie-review-complex-characters-get-benched-in-this-middling-drama |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012133340/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/test-movie-review-complex-characters-get-benched-in-this-middling-drama |archive-date=October 12, 2025 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |language=en}}</ref>

Hardika Gupta of the ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Test ultimately reflects its titular sporting format – lengthy, occasionally rewarding, but lacking the consistent dynamism needed to sustain interest across its duration. Sashikanth's direction shows promise in individual moments, particularly in his approach to scene transitions and visual storytelling, but the overall execution falls short of the ambition evident in the premise."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Hardika |date=5 April 2025 |title=Test Review: R Madhavan And Nayanthara's Film Ultimately Fails Its Own Examination |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/test-review-r-madhavan-and-nayantharas-film-ultimately-fails-its-own-examination-2-stars-8092092 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405104430/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/test-review-r-madhavan-and-nayantharas-film-ultimately-fails-its-own-examination-2-stars-8092092 |archive-date=5 April 2025 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref> Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Sashikanth's directorial debut is a competent showcase of his abilities as a director. At a time when films largely rely on curveballs and subversions to keep the audiences gripped, ''Test'' refuses to become a [[Twenty20|T20]] and prioritises character over plot."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=4 April 2025 |title='Test' movie review: Great character writing turns the match around for this predictable screenplay |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/test-movie-review-madhavan-nayanthara-siddharth-meera-jasmine-sashikanth/article69411780.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405105143/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/test-movie-review-madhavan-nayanthara-siddharth-meera-jasmine-sashikanth/article69411780.ece |archive-date=5 April 2025 |access-date=5 April 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote, "''Test'' takes its title very seriously. S Sashikanth's Tamil film, co-written with Suman Kumar, piles on the woes for its lead characters and everyone else who has the misfortune of being associated with them".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=4 April 2025 |title='Test' review: Testing times for the film's characters and viewers |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1080979/test-review-testing-times-for-the-films-characters-and-viewers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404154644/https://scroll.in/reel/1080979/test-review-testing-times-for-the-films-characters-and-viewers |archive-date=4 April 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref> Sudhir Srinivasan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Test'' explores ambition, obsession, and morality—but in its struggle to create emotional intimacy, it leaves us at a distance. This is a film rich in ideas, but curiously hollow in feeling".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=4 April 2025 |title=Test Movie Review: A strangely hollow game |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Apr/04/test-movie-review-a-strangely-hollow-game |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405111118/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Apr/04/test-movie-review-a-strangely-hollow-game |archive-date=5 April 2025 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

Writing for [[Common Sense Media]], Jose Solís criticised the film's length and clashing of genres, saying, "The sober character study is encumbered by the forced thriller elements, and scenes of great emotional drama are intercut with moments that feel almost comedic when contrasted".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solís |first=Jose |title=TEST Movie Review |url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/test |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003051729/https://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/test |archive-date=3 October 2025 |access-date=3 October 2025 |website=[[Common Sense Media]] |language=en}}</ref> Ankit Ojha of ''[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]'' called ''Test'' a "perfectly functional film with a narrative that could have benefited from a slower, more calculated approach, rather than trying to juggle multiple themes throughout".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojha |first=Ankit |date=10 April 2025 |title=Test review: Netflix's Indian cricket-themed film promises a lot, but delivers little |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film-tv/2025/04/10/test-netflix-cricket-movie/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423151300/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film-tv/2025/04/10/test-netflix-cricket-movie/ |archive-date=23 April 2025 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |language=en}}</ref> Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote, "I won’t say that the film is flawless or a masterpiece [...] but with it’s appealing cast, it truly deserves every bit of your time".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Lachmi Deb |date=2025-04-04 |title=Netflix's 'Test' Movie Review: Nayanthara, R. Madhavan, Siddharth shine in a beautifully written film on cricket |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflix-test-movie-review-nayanthara-r-madhavan-shine-in-a-beautifully-written-film-on-cricket-13877160.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621043503/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflix-test-movie-review-nayanthara-r-madhavan-shine-in-a-beautifully-written-film-on-cricket-13877160.html |archive-date=2025-06-21 |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=[[Firstpost]] |language=En}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Netflix title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{YNOT Studios}}

[[Category:2025 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 sports films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about cricket in India]]
[[Category:Films produced by S. Sashikanth]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian sports films]]
[[Category:Netflix original films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language sports films]]
[[Category:YNOT Studios films]]

{{Improve categories|date=February 2025}}

Rupinder Singh

2026-04-11T23:29:03Z

SanjayMurugesan220: creating new biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{for|hockey player|Rupinder Pal Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Bassi Pathana Assembly constituency|Bassi Pathana]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website =
| nickname =
}}
'''Rupinder Singh Happy''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Bassi Pathana Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Bassi Pathana Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes|Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes]]<ref name="Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=29&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
* Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Co-operation and its allied activities|Committee on Co-operation and its allied activities]]<ref name="Committee on Co-operation 2022">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=805&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Bassi Pathana Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Bassi Pathana Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS1954.htm?ac=54 |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=12 March 2022}}
* {{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6IjA3YithMklSR0pCRW1ERElBamVyNHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidEZTUGdjdytwMzN4ZVJDMUtyTWVGQT09IiwibWFjIjoiNTA2NTI5NjRiNzcxMTNjMGQ0YTk3Y2Q3MzljMzUxY2FkOTA1MTVlMjk1NGFkNzZhN2MwZjk3MGRkOWM2YjQ5ZSJ9/MjM=/MTM=/Mw==/QUM= |website=affidavit.eci.gov.in |access-date=12 March 2022}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Bassi Pathana
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rupinder}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Vishudhan

2026-04-09T08:32:33Z

SanjayMurugesan220: Created basic post from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vishudhan
| image = Vishudhan 2013.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Vysakh]]
| producer = [[Anto Joseph]]
| writer = [[Vysakh]]
| starring = [[Kunchacko Boban]] [[Miya (actress)|Miya]]
| music = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| cinematography = Shehnad Jalal
| editing = [[Mahesh Narayanan]]
| studio = [[Anto Joseph|Anto Joseph Film Company]]
| distributor = Aan Mega Media
| released = {{Film date|2013|11|22|df=y}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Vishudhan''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language crime [[drama film]] Written and Directed by [[Vysakh]] and starring [[Kunchacko Boban]] and [[Miya (actress)|Miya]]. The film tells the story of a [[Catholic Church|Catholic Christian]] priest and a nun. It was released on 22 November 2013.

The film was shot at [[Thodupuzha]] and nearby locations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kunchacko-boban-in-vishudhan-news-malayalam-nkdj5Rajejd.html |title=Kunchacko Boban in "Vishudhan" |website=www.sify.com |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007131739/http://www.sify.com/movies/kunchacko-boban-in-vishudhan-news-malayalam-nkdj5Rajejd.html |archive-date=7 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sunny, a young priest, is put in charge of a church in a rural area. The church runs an old age home which is sponsored by Vavachan. Sunny meets Sister Sophie and discovers the motives behind Vavachan's philanthropy, he gets the unclaimed dead bodies for the medical college run by his son. Sunny meets Animol, the daughter of the church grave digger Jose, who aspires to follow in the footsteps of Mother Teresa. Sunny offers to get an admission in a nursing college in [[Bangalore]]. Animol witnesses an elderly woman smothered to death by Vavachan's son. She confesses to Sophie and Sunny, who advises her to reveal it to the police. But afraid for her life and her father, Animol, refuses and prepares to leave for [[Bangalore]].

Sunny learns many members of the home are not Christians, but accommodated by Vavachan, so he can get their cadavers. Sunny decides to reveal everything to the Bishop. Vavachan begins a smear campaign against Sunny and Sophie that gets the sister thrown out of the church on the charge of having an affair with Sunny. Sunny leaves the priesthood to be her protector. They get married and eventually come back to prove that they have not done anything wrong. They face the ridicule of the village but Sunny's mentor Fr Pokkiriyachan comes to their rescue. He helps Sunny get a job at a resort playing in a band while Sophie becomes [[pregnant]]. One day, Sunny encounters Animol with a stranger and realises that she became a [[prostitute]] to get money. Confronting Animol, she explains that she had no other way.

One day, Animol is found dead and he was found hanging. Sunny decides to give the evidence to the Bishop, but is intercepted by the [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Rafeeq, who wants to question him on the deaths of Animol and Jose. Sophie says that Animol witnessed the murder committed by Vavachan's son and gives the copy of the evidence to the Rafeeq who reveals it to Vavachan. Pokkiriyachan gets Sunny out on bail, Sunny confesses all what he knows to Pokkiriyachan. After Animol's funeral, Jose confesses to Sunny that Animol was arrested in a raid and after realising that her father knew, she committed suicide and that's why her father did the same. After returning, Sunny finds Sophie shot dead in his house. In revenge, he hunts down Vavachan's son and kills him by stabbing him and brutally smashing his face. After revealing how he killed Sophie, Sunny kills Vavachan and realises that Vavachan's grandson has witnessed the murder. He prays and breaks down and Sunny embraces the boy and apologises to him.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Kunchacko Boban]] as [[Church Fathers|Fr.]] Sunny (Sunnichan)
* [[Miya (actress)|Miya]] as [[nun|Sister]] Sophie
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as [[Church Fathers|Fr.]] Mathew Pokkiriyachan
* [[Hareesh Peradi]] as Vavachan
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Thomachan
* [[Shaalin Zoya]] as Animol
* [[Krishna Kumar (actor)|Krishna Kumar]] as Cleetus, Vavachan's son
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Kuzhimattam Jose, Animol's father
* [[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] as Mother Superior
* Eric Anil as Vavachan's grandson
* [[Shiju]] as Thommichan
* [[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] as Sunny's mother
*[[K. Sasikumar|Sasi Kumar]] as Bishop
* [[Dinesh Panicker]]
* [[Vinod Kovoor]]
* [[Joju George]] as Resort owner
* Munshi Venu
* Cherthala Lalitha as Hostel sister
* Indulekha as Monichan's wife
}}

==Soundtrack==
The songs of the film are composed by Gopi Sunder with lyrics penned by Rafeeq Ahmed, Murugan Kattakada.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singers

| title1 = Oru Mezhuthiriyude
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Shahabaz Aman]], [[Mridula Warrier]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Eden Thottam
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = Anwar Sadath
| length2 =
}}

==Reception==
Ajin Krishna of [[Oneindia.in]] gave a rating of 3 out of 5 and said it is one of the best till date from Vyshakh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2013/vishudhan-movie-review-125533.html|title=Vishudhan Movie Review|date=23 November 2013}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' also gave 3 out of 5 rating and commented that the film has an unpretentious, lasting effect that comes out of certain sequences crafted with genuine moments so familiar to mankind.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/movie-reviews/visudhan/movie-review/26301726.cms|title = Visudhan Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Visudhan by Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Rajeevan Francis of Metro Matinee commented that Vishudhan is a feel good movie, peppered with moral questionings, romance and conflict, the movie makes for a relaxed viewing, that is pleasant and not too emotionally daunting.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metromatinee.com/movie-review/vishudhan-movie-review-by-rajeevan-390 |title=Vishudhan Movie Review By Rajeevan |website=www.metromatinee.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127014428/http://www.metromatinee.com/movie-review/vishudhan-movie-review-by-rajeevan-390 |archive-date=2013-11-27}}</ref> Indiaglitz.com said that Vishudhan has a bold theme and will appeal to more serious viewers than the supporters of masala flicks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/18157.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129001841/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/18157.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2013|title = Malayalam Cinema News {{pipe}} Malayalam Movie Reviews {{pipe}} Malayalam Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Malayalam}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3558190}}
{{Vysakh}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thodupuzha]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vysakh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gopi Sundar]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]

M. C. Kamaruddin

2026-03-26T02:14:08Z

SanjayMurugesan220: added references

{{short description|Legislator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. C. Kamaruddin
| native_name = എം സി ഖമറുദ്ദീന്‍ ಎಂಸಿ ಖಮರುದ್ದೀನ್
| native_name_lang = ml
| image =
| caption =
|honorific_suffix = MLA

| constituency_AM = [[Manjeshwaram (State Assembly constituency)|Manjeshwaram]]
|assembly = Kerala Legislative
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| term_start1 = 28 October 2019
| term_end1 = 3 May 2021
| predecessor1 = [[P. B. Abdul Razak]]
| successor1 = [[A. K. M. Ashraf]]
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party =[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| alma_mater =
| religion =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
}}

'''M. C. Kamaruddin''' is an Indian politician belonging to [[Indian Union Muslim League]]. He was elected as a member of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] from [[Manjeshwaram (State Assembly constituency)|Manjeshwaram]] on 24 October 2019.<ref>{{cite web
| title= Kerala: UDF proves its strength in Manjeshwar with Kamaruddin's victory
| url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/kerala-udf-proves-its-strength-in-manjeshwar-with-kamaruddins-victory/articleshow/71740852.cms
| date= 24 October 2019| access-date= 24 October 2019
| website= The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Assembly By-elections 2019: Congress wins three, left wins two, BJP winless
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/kerala-assembly-by-elections-2019-congress-wins-three-left-wins-two-bjp-winless/story-j7uUM4nr2clSXjv12ftoYN.html
|website=Hindustan Times| date= 24 October 2019| access-date= 24 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala By-elections: CPI-M Wrests Konni Assembly Seat from Congress after 23 Years; BJP Fails Leave a Mark
|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kerala-by-elections-cpi-m-wrests-konni-assembly-seat-from-congress-after-23-years-bjp-fails-leave-a-mark-2361631.html
|website=News18| date= 24 October 2019| access-date= 24 October 2019}}</ref>

==Political career==
Due to the death of sitting MLA [[P. B. Abdul Razak]], Manjeshwaram went to bypoll on 21 October 2019. There were {{formatnum:214779}} registered voters in Manjeshwaram Constituency for this by-election. M. C. Kamaruddin won the election by 7923 votes in the election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2019/10/24/keralala-by-election-ldf-leads-in-manjeswaram.html|title=മഞ്ചേശ്വരത്ത് യുഡിഎഫിന്റെ തേരോട്ടം; ബിജെപി രണ്ടാമത്, നേട്ടമില്ലാതെ സിപിഎം|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml|access-date=24 October 2019}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

=== Financial scam ===

Over 100 complaints have been registered against MC Kamaruddin in various police stations on a financial scam worth Rs 1.30 billion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|first=Seeji|last=Kadakkal|title=Assembly ethics committee to examine complaint against MC Kamaruddin MLA|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/assembly-ethics-committee-to-examine-complaint-against-mc-kamaruddin-mla-1.5094769|access-date=18 October 2020|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=8 September 2020|title=Another cheating case against M.C. Kamaruddin, MLA|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/another-cheating-case-against-mc-kamaruddin-mla/article32547481.ece|access-date=18 October 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=LDF goes for Kerala MLA MC Kamaruddin's jugular as more investors slap cheating case|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/sep/08/ldf-goes-for-kerala-mla-mc-kamaruddins-jugular-as-more-investors-slap-cheating-case-2194077.html|access-date=18 October 2020|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ജ്വല്ലറി നിക്ഷേപ തട്ടിപ്പ്: ലീഗ് എംഎൽഎ കമറുദ്ദീനെതിരെ 88 കേസുകൾ, അഞ്ചുലക്ഷം തിരികെ ലഭിച്ചില്ലെന്ന് പുതിയ പരാതി|url=https://malayalam.asiavillenews.com/article/fashion-gold-jewellery-financial-fraud-police-registered-88-cases-against-mla-mc-kamaruddin-crime-branch-61387|access-date=18 October 2020|website=Asiaville|language=ml|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021123319/https://malayalam.asiavillenews.com/article/fashion-gold-jewellery-financial-fraud-police-registered-88-cases-against-mla-mc-kamaruddin-crime-branch-61387|url-status=dead}}</ref> He along with IUML district-level leader TK Pookoya Thangal instituted a company named Fashion Gold in Kasaragod in 2017 with 700 investors.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Mahir Haneef|date=Oct 16, 2020|title=Fashion gold cheating case: MC Kamaruddin moves HC to quash FIRs {{!}} Kochi News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/fashion-gold-cheating-case-mc-kamaruddin-moves-hc-to-quash-firs/articleshow/78700044.cms|access-date=18 October 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The company was closed in September 2019 and investors failed to get the promised dividends.<ref name=":1" /> M. C. Kamaruddin was the chairman and Muslim League district working committee member TK Pookoya Thanagal was the managing director of the company.<ref name=":2" /> The case is currently investigated by the crime branch crime investigation department (CBCID), Kerala Police.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Sep 24, 2020|title=CB begins probe into cheating case against MLA Kamaruddin {{!}} Kozhikode News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/cb-begins-probe-into-cheating-case-against-mla-kamaruddin/articleshow/78283474.cms|access-date=18 October 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) has also registered case against him for money laundering.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kamaruddin's firms under ED scanner over money laundering|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/oct/02/kamaruddins-firms-under-ed-scanner-over-money-laundering-2204644.html|access-date=18 October 2020|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Since involvement in financial scam is a violation of the code of conduct for legislators, the Committee on Privileges and Ethics of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] initiated enquiry on the matter.<ref name=":0" />

Following the scam he was removed from the chairmanship of [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front (UDF)]] in Kasaragod.<ref>{{Cite web|title=പുനഃസംഘടന: എം സി കമറുദ്ദീനെ യുഡിഎഫ് കാസർകോട് ജില്ലാ ചെയർമാൻ സ്ഥാനത്ത് നിന്ന് മാറ്റി|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/udf-changed-mc-kamaruddin-in-kasargod-district-chairman-qidv0z|access-date=18 October 2020|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=ml}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Jewellery deposit scam: MC Kamaruddin asked to vacate UDF Kasaragod chairman post|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/jewellery-deposit-scam-mc-kamaruddin-asked-to-vacate-udf-kasaragod-chairman-post-1.5034420|access-date=18 October 2020|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021124821/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/jewellery-deposit-scam-mc-kamaruddin-asked-to-vacate-udf-kasaragod-chairman-post-1.5034420|url-status=dead}}</ref> He also resigned from the post of [[Indian Union Muslim League]]'s district secretary at Kasaragod.<ref name=":2" />

M.C. Kamaruddin and A.G.C. Basheer, the [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod District]] panchayat president were caught in a scam where they collected ₹500,000 each from 85 people by promising required permissions for Trikaripur Arts and Science College.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=24 September 2020|title=Kamaruddin has embezzled money for starting college: SFI|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kamaruddin-has-embezzled-money-for-starting-college-sfi/article32682547.ece|access-date=18 October 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Haseeb|first=Ahmed Khan|date=22 November 2020|title=HC dismisses bail pleas of Kamaruddin|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/hc-dismisses-bail-pleas-of-kamaruddin/article33216524.ece|access-date=22 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sajit|first=C. P.|date=23 September 2020|title=Kamaruddin cheated 80 people for starting college: SFI|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kamaruddin-cheated-80-people-for-starting-college-sfi/article32676337.ece|access-date=18 October 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The college till date have no affiliation with [[Kannur University]].<ref name=":3" />

MC Kamaruddin, a Muslim League leader, and Fashion Gold Chairman Pookoya Thangal were arrested by the Enforcement Directorate in connection with the Fashion Gold investment scam. Both were taken into two-day custody for detailed questioning. The ED launched the probe based on 168 cases registered by Kerala Police in Kasaragod and Kannur. The investigation found that Fashion Gold was not authorized to collect public investments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title=കള്ളപ്പണം വെളുപ്പിക്കൽ; മുൻ എംഎൽഎ എം.സി. കമറുദീനും ഫാഷൻ ഗോൾഡ് എംഡി പൂക്കോയ തങ്ങളും ഇഡി കസ്റ്റഡിയിൽ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/crime/news/ed-arrested-ex-mla-mc-kamaruddin-and-pookoya-thangal-in-fashion-gold-scam-1.10496672 |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamaruddin, M C}}
[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

2019 Telangana local elections

2026-03-22T11:24:17Z

SanjayMurugesan220:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2019 Telangana rural local bodies elections
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| election_date = 2019
| previous_election = 2014 Andhra Pradesh rural local bodies elections
| country = India
| previous_year = 2014
| next_election = 2025 Telangana rural local bodies elections
| next_year = 2025
| 1blank = GP
| 2blank = GP ±
| 3blank = ZPTC
| 4blank = ZPTC ±
| 5blank = MPTC
| 6blank = MPTC ±
| seats_for_election = {{plainlist|
*12,571 gram panchayats
*538 Zilla Parishad Territorial constituencies (Zilla Parishad)
*5,817 Mandal Parishad Territorial constituencies (Block Parishad)}}

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao.png|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=18|oTop=0}}
| image1_size = 160x160px
| leader1 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| party1 = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| 1data1 = '''7,774'''
| 2data1 = {{increase}}6,139
| 3data1 = '''446'''
| 4data1 = {{increase}}255
| 5data1 = '''3,556'''
| 6data1 = {{increase}}1,672

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=N Uttam kumar Reddy.jpg|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=18|oTop=0}}
| image2_size = 160x160px
| leader2 = [[N. Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| 1data2 = 2,709
| 2data2 = {{increase}}40
| 3data2 = 75
| 4data2 = {{decrease}}102
| 5data2 = 1,377
| 6data2 = {{decrease}}934

| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Dr Kova Laxman.jpg|bSize=160|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=34|oTop=25}}
| image3_size = 160x160px
| leader3 = [[K. Laxman]]
| party3 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| 1data3 = 163
| 2data3 = ''TBC''
| 3data3 = 8
| 4data3 = ''TBC''
| 5data3 = 211
| 6data3 = ''TBC''
}}

Local elections were held in the Indian state of [[Telangana]] in 2019 for various rural local bodies including 12,751 gram panchayats, 538 Zilla Parishad territorial constituencies, and 5,817 Mandal Parishad territorial constituencies. Gram panchayat elections were held in January 2019 whereas ZPTC and MPTC elections were held in May 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |author=Koride Mahesh|date=Jan 31, 2019 |title=Telangana: TRS sweeps local body polls, wins 60% of panchayats {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/trs-sweeps-local-body-polls-wins-60-of-panchayats/articleshow/67764113.cms |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=June 4, 2019 |first1=Amrutha |last1=Vasireddy |title=Telangana MPTC ZPTC Elections 2019 results: Another shock for KCR, Kavitha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-local-body-polls-shock-for-kcr-kavitha/articleshow/69650289.cms |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

These were the first elections for almost 4,000 new panchayats created in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-11 |title=New panchayats to become functional from August 1 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/new-panchayats-to-become-functional-from-august-1/article24385544.ece |access-date=2022-12-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Background ==
The previous Telangana rural local body elections had been held in [[united Andhra Pradesh]] in 2013 and 2014. The previous gram panchayat elections were held in 2013,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-03 |title=AP panchayat polls to be held on July 23, 27, 31 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ap-panchayat-polls-to-be-held-on-july-23-27-31/article23109309.ece |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref> in which the [[Indian National Congress]] won 2,669 gram panchayats (only counting the Telangana region), followed by [[Telugu Desam Party]] with 1,838 seats, and the [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] with 1,635 seats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Gram Panchayat Sarpanch Election Results 2013 |url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Government/Andhra-Pradesh-Gram-Panchayat-Sarpanch-Election-Results-2013-K0O1055.html |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=www.indiagrowing.com |archive-date=2022-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225145924/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Government/Andhra-Pradesh-Gram-Panchayat-Sarpanch-Election-Results-2013-K0O1055.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref> In the elections for ZPTC and MPTC in 2014, the Congress won 176 ZPTCs and 2,315 MPTCs (only counting the Telangana region), followed by TRS with 191 ZPTCs and 1,860 MPTCs, and TDP with 53 ZPTCs and 1,061 MPTCs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=It is Congress all the way in Telangana local bodies polls |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/it-is-congress-all-the-way-in-telangana-local-bodies-polls-44379 |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=DownToEarth |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Local body elections in Telangana region (2013 and 2014)
!Local body
!INC
!TRS
!TDP
!Oth
|-
|Gram Panchayat
|'''2,669'''
|1,635
|1,838
|''TBC''
|-
|Zilla Parishad territorial constituencies
|176
|'''191'''
|53
|23
|-
|Mandal Parishad territorial constituencies
|'''2,315'''
|1,860
|1,061
|1,251
|}

== Results ==
The [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] swept the elections, winning over 60% of gram panchayats and MPTCs and over 80% of ZPTCs.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Local body elections in Telangana state (2019)
!Local body
!BRS
!INC
!BJP
|-
|Gram Panchayat
|'''7,774'''
|2,709
|163
|-
|Zilla Parishad territorial constituencies
|'''446'''
|75
|8
|-
|Mandal Parishad territorial constituencies
|'''3,556'''
|1,377
|211
|}

== See also ==

* [[2014 Andhra Pradesh rural local bodies elections]]
* [[2025 Telangana rural local bodies elections]]
* [[Elections in Telangana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Telangana elections}}

[[Category:2019 elections in India|Telangana]]
[[Category:Local elections in Telangana]]

Jaivana Cannon

2026-03-21T11:09:01Z

SanjayMurugesan220: refine intro and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Large historic artillery weapon in Rajasthan, India}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Jaivana Cannon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}

The '''Jaivana Cannon''' ([[Hindi]]: जयवाण) is a large 18th-century [[cannon]] preserved at [[Jaigarh Fort]], in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. At the time of its manufacture in 1720, it was the world's largest cannon on wheels.<ref name="BruynBain20102">{{cite book|author1=Pippa de Bruyn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlqM2CR4vfUC&pg=PA521|title=Frommer's India|author2=Keith Bain|author3=David Allardice|author4=Shonar Joshi|date=1 March 2010|publisher=Frommer's|isbn=978-0-470-55610-8|pages=521–522|accessdate=16 April 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Fort Jaigarh 2017-12-29zi.jpg|thumb|300px|Jaivana Cannon]]
[[File:Jaivan Canon on wheels.JPG|thumb|right|300px|The cannon from the rear]]

==History==
The Jaivana was manufactured during the reign of Maharaja Sawai [[Jai Singh II]] (1699–1743) at a foundry in Jaigarh.<ref name="perch">{{Cite web|title=Jaigarh Fort – Jaipur, India|url=http://www.cs.utah.edu/~noliver/india/Forts/Jaigarh-AmberFort/Jaigarh.html|publisher=cs.utah.edu|accessdate=14 April 2011|archive-date=11 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311093126/http://www.cs.utah.edu/~noliver/india/Forts/Jaigarh-AmberFort/Jaigarh.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Jaivan">{{Cite web|title=Jaipur|url=http://www.jaipur.org.uk/forts-monuments/jaigarh-fort.html|publisher=Jaipur.org.uk|accessdate=16 April 2011}}</ref> The cannon was fired only once, with a charge of {{convert|100|kg}} of gunpowder, and when fired was claimed to have covered a distance of about {{convert|35|km}}.<ref name="hub">{{Cite web|title=Jaigarh Fort – Jaipur|url=http://www.jaipurhub.com/tourist_attractions/jaigarh_fort.html|publisher=Jaipurhub.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713073704/http://www.jaipurhub.com/tourist_attractions/jaigarh_fort.html|archivedate=13 July 2011|accessdate=16 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="Abram2003">{{cite book|author=David Abram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&pg=PA161|title=Rough guide to India|date=15 December 2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-089-3|pages=161|accessdate=16 April 2011}}</ref> It is said that the projectile fired from it made a small lake in Chaksu, though this is clearly an embellished legend and could not have physically happened.
The cannon is now located at the [[Jaigarh Fort]], [[Jaipur]], at {{coord|26|58|48.03|N|75|50|37.29|E|}}.

==Technical data==
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2018}}
The length of the barrel of the cannon is {{convert|6.15|m|ft|abbr=on}} and it weighs 50 tons.{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}} The circumference near the tip of the barrel is {{convert|2.2|m|ft|abbr=on}} and that of the rear is {{convert|2.8|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The diameter of the bore of the barrel is {{convert|28|cm|in|abbr=on}} and the thickness of the barrel at the tip is {{convert|21.6|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The thickness gradually increases as one moves towards the rear of the barrel. The two thick rings on the barrel were used for lifting it with the help of a crane which, though incomplete, is still lying in Jaigarh. A {{convert|776|mm|in|adj=mid|-long}} elevating screw was used for raising and lowering the barrel.

The barrel has floral design. An elephant rests on the tip of the barrel and a pair of peacocks are carved in the centre. A pair of ducks also decorates the rear of the barrel.

Jaivana rests on a high two-wheeled carriage. The wheels are {{convert|1.37|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter. The carriage is equipped with two removable additional wheels for transport. The removable wheels are {{convert|2.74|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter. It is mounted on wheels and has the mechanism of two back wheels mounted on roller pin bearings, to turn it 360° and fire in any direction. A tin shed was built to protect the cannon against weather.

About {{convert|100|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of gunpowder fired a shot ball weighing {{convert|50|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.

The uses and range of the cannon and cannonballs vary over different sources.

The Jaivana Cannon was only fired once by [[Jai Singh II]], as a test-fire in 1720. The most exaggerated myth claims that the weapon had a range of {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}}, other sources say it is 35, 22 and {{convert|11|km|mi|abbr=on}}, although the exact range could perhaps never be determined without adequate scientific computation.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}} Most sources, including local tourist guides agree that it was fired in the direction of [[Chaksu]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}} The impact is said by many locals and tourist guides to be powerful enough to have caused a depression where a pond can be seen today. Legend has it that after it fired, pregnant women living nearby suffered miscarriages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/20040712-efforts-on-to-give-facelift-to-foundry-that-built-world-largest-cannon-on-wheels-in-jaipur-790032-2004-07-12|title=Efforts on to restore foundry that built world's largest cannon on wheels in Jaipur|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2018-11-25}}</ref> [[File:Jaivana Cannon.webm|thumb|Jaivana Cannon]]

==See also==
{{Commons category|Jaivan Cannon}}
*[[Tsar Cannon]]
*[[List of the largest cannon by caliber]]
*''[[The Pride and the Passion]]'', a 1957 fictional historical film drama with a large siege cannon that has a nearly identical carriage and similar size barrel.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* R.S. Khangarot, P.S. Nathawat- Jaigarh the invincible fort of Amber(1990), Raj Kmar Parnami, RBSA Publishers, Jaipur
*http://www.journeymart.com/DExplorer/AsiaIS/India/india_addon/fortspalaces/jaigarh.asp

[[Category:Large-calibre artillery]]
[[Category:Artillery of India]]
[[Category:History of Jaipur]]
[[Category:Individual cannons]]

Gedrosia

2026-03-15T08:26:44Z

SanjayMurugesan220: adjust content as per guidelines after review

{{Short description|Ancient region in Balochistan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
[[Image:Gedrosia-Map-Route-of-Alexander-1823-Lucas.png|thumb|Map showing Gedrosia in the [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great]]]]
[[File:Tabula_Asiae_IX_a_map_Gedrosia_from_Munster's_edition_of_Ptolemy's_'Geographia',_1540.png|thumb|right|200px|A map of Gedrosia from Munster's edition of Ptolemy's 'Geographia']]
'''Gedrosia''' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|ᵻ|ˈ|d|r|oʊ|ʒ|ə}}; {{langx|el|Γεδρωσία}}) is the [[Hellenization|Hellenized]] name of the part of coastal [[Makran]] in what is now [[Balochistan]]. In the accounts about [[Alexander the Great]] and his [[Diadochi|successors]], the area referred to as Gedrosia runs from the [[Indus River]] to the north-eastern edge of the [[Strait of Hormuz]]. It is directly to the south of the provinces of [[Arachosia]] and [[Drangiana]], to the east of the province of [[Carmania (satrapy)|Carmania]], and due west of the Indus which formed a natural boundary between it and western India. {{Citation span|The native name of Gedrosia might have been [[Gwadar]] or [[Bandar Gavater|Gwatar]] as there are two towns by that name and three bays with similar names (Gwadar East Bay, Gwadar West Bay and [[Gwatar Bay]]) in central Makran.|date=August 2025}}

==Geography==
[[Pliny the Elder]] while explaining the extent of India included four satrapies Arachosia, Gedrosia, [[Aria (region)|Aria]] and [[Paropamisadae|Parapanisidae]] as western borders of India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wink|first=André|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA132|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries|date=2002|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-0-391-04173-8|language=en}}</ref>
<blockquote>India within the Ganges is bounded on the west by the Paropanisadai, Arakhosia, and Gedrosia along their eastern sides; on the north by Mount Imaos, which is situated near the Sogdiaioi and Sakai; on the east by the river Ganges; and on the south and again on the west by a part of the Indian Ocean. 
[[Ptolemy]], [[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography 7:1]]<ref>Ptolemy, Geography, Book 7, Chapter 1; McCrindle, p. 33</ref>
</blockquote>

==People==
According to [[Arrian]], [[Nearchus]] mentions a race called [[Ichthyophagi]] ("fish-eaters") as inhabiting the barren shores of the [[Gwadar]] and [[Pasni (city)|Pasni]] districts in Makrān. During the homeward march of Alexander the Great, his admiral, Nearchus led a fleet in [[Arabian Sea]] along the Makrān coast and recorded that the area was dry and mountainous, inhabited by the ''Ichthyophagoi'' or ''Fish-Eaters''.{{ref|origins}}<ref>Arrian, ''Indica'', [https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/arrian-bookviii-india.asp 29:]</ref> They are also identified on the 4th century [[Peutinger Map]], as a people of the Baluchistan coast. The existence of such tribes was confirmed by [[Richard Francis Burton|Sir Richard F Burton]].<ref>''El-Medinah'', p. 144</ref>

Another group of people named as [[Oreitans]] were mentioned inhabiting modern [[Lasbela District]] in [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] province of [[Pakistan]]. Alexander the Great crossed Hub River through Lasbela on his way back to [[Babylon]] after his campaigns in Northwestern India. Alexander mentions the river name as [[Arabius]], and local people as Oreitans.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=nTmXOFX-wioC&dq=Oreitans&pg=PA345 The Macedonian Empire: The Era of Warfare Under Philip II and Alexander]</ref>

== History ==
===Gedrosia (satrapy)===
{{main|Gedrosia (satrapy)}}
[[File:Eastern Satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire.jpg|thumb|Territory of Gedrosia, among the eastern territories of the [[Achaemenid Empire]].]]
[[File:Gedrosia (Peutinger Map).png|thumb|Gedrosia on the [[Peutinger Map]]]]
Gedrosia is a dry, mountainous country along the northwestern shores of the Indian Ocean. It was occupied in the Bronze Age by people who settled in the few oases in the region. Other people settled on the coast and became known in Greek as [[Ichthyophagi]]. It was conquered by [[Cyrus the Great]] or [[Darius the Great]], although information about his campaign is comparatively late. The capital of Gedrosia was Pura, which is probably identical to modern [[Bampur]], forty kilometers west of [[Iranshahr County|Irânshahr]].

Several scholars have argued that the Persian satrapy [[Maka (satrapy)|Maka]] is identical to Gedrosia (which is a Greek name). One argument is the similarity of the name Maka to the modern name Makran, a part of Pakistan and [[Iran]] that is situated a bit more to the east. However, it is more likely that Maka is to be sought in modern Oman, which was called Maketa in Antiquity.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livius.org/ga-gh/gedrosia/gedrosia.html |title=Gedrosia |access-date=29 April 2021 |archive-date=24 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924223622/https://www.livius.org/ga-gh/gedrosia/gedrosia.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Alexander's campaign===
{{See also|Gedrosian campaign}}
Gedrosia became famous in Europe when the Greek king Alexander the Great tried to cross the Gedrosian desert and lost one third of his men.

Following his army's refusal to continue marching east at the [[Hyphasis River]] in 326 BCE, Alexander the Great crossed the area after sailing south to the coast of the [[Indian Ocean]] on his way back to Babylon. Upon reaching the Ocean, Alexander divided his forces in half, sending half back by sea to [[Susa]] under the command of Nearchus.<ref>{{harvp|Bosworth|1988|p=139}}</ref> The other half of his army was to accompany him on a march through the Gedrosian desert, inland from the ocean.<ref>{{harvp|Bosworth|1988|p=142}}</ref> Throughout the 60-day march through the desert, Alexander lost at least 12,000 soldiers, in addition to countless livestock, camp followers, and most of his baggage train.<ref>{{harvp|Bosworth|1988|p=145}}</ref> Some historians say he lost three-quarters of his army to the harsh desert conditions along the way.<ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alexander*/10.html Plutarch, ''The Life of Alexander'', 66.]</ref> However, this figure was likely based on exaggerated numbers in his forces prior to the march, which were likely in the range of no fewer than 30,000 soldiers.<ref name="Bosworth_146">{{harvp|Bosworth|1988|p=146}}</ref>

There are two competing theories for the purpose of Alexander's decision to march through the desert rather than along the more hospitable coast. The first argues that this was an attempt to punish his men for their refusal to continue eastward at the Hyphasis River.<ref>{{harvp|Heckel|2002|p=68}}</ref> The other argues that Alexander was attempting to imitate and succeed in the actions of Cyrus the Great, who had failed to cross the desert.<ref name="Bosworth_146"/> It is plausible that [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] had an ambition to safely cross through the desert with his army, unlike [[Semiramis|Semiramis']] and [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus']] failed Gedrosian campaigns; both left to flee away from the region with their remaining few men.{{efn|"Now it is reasonable to suppose that [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] believed such records because he was blinded by his numerous good fortunes; at any rate, [[Nearchus]] says that Alexander conceived an ambition to lead his army through Gedrosia when he learned that both [[Semiramis]] and [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus]] had made an expedition against the [[Indian people|Indians]], and that Semiramis had turned back in flight with only twenty people and Cyrus with seven; and that Alexander thought how grand it would be, when those had met with such reverses, if he himself should lead a whole victorious army safely through the same tribes and regions.⁠³"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Strabo|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/home.html|title=The Geography of Strabo, Volume 7 of the Loeb Classical Library edition|publisher=Harvard University Press|language=en|page=Book XV, Chapter 1, Section 5}}</ref>|sfn}}{{efn|"They say that [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]], although aware of the difficulties, conceived an ambition, in view of the prevailing opinion that [[Semiramis]] escaped in flight from India with only about twenty men and [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus]] with seven, to see whether he himself could safely lead that large army of his through the same country and win this victory too.¹¹⁹"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Strabo|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/home.html|title=The Geography of Strabo, Volume 7 of the Loeb Classical Library edition|publisher=Harvard University Press|language=en|page=Book XV, Chapter 2, Section 5}}</ref>|sfn}}

After the death of Alexander, this region became part of the holdings of [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]], who held Aria, Arachosia, and Gandhara, in addition to Gedrosia.

===Mauryan Empire===
The territories, known collectively as Ariyana were later lost to the Mauryan Empire of ancient India under the reign of [[Chandragupta Maurya]].<ref name="Ray2003">{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Himanshu Prabha |title=The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-01109-9 |language=English|quote=In spite of the vagueness of the historical texts, the consensus among scholars is that the treaty concluded between Candragupta Maurya and Seleucus acknowledged Indian control of territories to the west of the Indus. These included Gedrosia, Paropamisadae (the region of Kabul and Begram) and Arachosia (the Kandahar region).}}</ref> Gedrosia, along with [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]], were regions in ancient India that formed an important part of the [[Maurya Empire]], before being attacked by Indo-Greeks from the west.<ref name="BRS1949">{{cite book |title=The Journal of the Bihar Research Society |date=1949 |publisher=Bihar Research Society |page=74 |language=English |quote=Gedrosia and Saurashtra had formed important parts of the Mauryan empire before the Indo-Greek adventurers attacked in on the west.}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|21em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Bosworth |first=A. B. |year=1988 |title=Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great |url=https://archive.org/details/conquestempire00abbo |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=Canto |isbn=9780521406796 }}
*{{cite book |last=Heckel |first=Waldemar |year=2002 |title=The Wars of Alexander the Great |series=Essential Histories |publisher=Osprey |isbn=9781841764733 }}
*{{cite book |last=Saul |first=David |year=2009 |title=War: From Ancient Egypt to Iraq |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |isbn=9781405341332 }}
{{Refend}}

{{coord missing|Pakistan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Balochistan]]
[[Category:Maurya Empire]]
[[Category:Historical regions of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Geography of ancient Greece]]

Motu Patlu

2026-03-14T16:35:24Z

SanjayMurugesan220: Updated formatting and sections

{{short description|Indian animated television show}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Motu Patlu.Jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Television comedy|Comedy]] [[Fantasy]]
| based_on = {{based on|[[Lotpot|Motu Patlu]]|Kripa Shankar Bhardwaj}}
| creator = Jowthath Nadeem
| writer =
| director = Suhas Kadav<ref>{{cite news|last1=AnimationXpress Team|title='Motu Patlu' Premiers Today on Nickelodeon – In Conversation with director of 'Motu Patlu' Suhas Kadav|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/interviews/motu-patlu-premiers-today-on-nickelodeon-in-conversation-with-director-of-motu-patlu-suhas-kadav|access-date=24 February 2018|work=AnimationXpress|date=16 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130753/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/interviews/motu-patlu-premiers-today-on-nickelodeon-in-conversation-with-director-of-motu-patlu-suhas-kadav|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ramachandran|first1=Naman|title=India's Viacom18 Teams With Nickelodeon for 'Motu Patlu' Animation|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/asia/viacom18-nickelodeon-for-motu-patlu-animation-1201861146/|access-date=24 February 2018|work=Variety|date=15 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224001050/http://variety.com/2016/film/asia/viacom18-nickelodeon-for-motu-patlu-animation-1201861146/|archive-date=24 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| voices = Saurav Chakraborty Omi Sharma Sankalp Brian D. Costa Rajah Renu Sharda Umar Riaz
| theme_music_composer = [[Sandesh Shandilya]]<ref name=motupatlu>{{cite web|title=Nickelodeon presents home-grown animated show 'Motu Patlu by Cosmos Entertainment/Maya Digital Studios|url=http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/trade-news/nickelodeon-presents-home-grown-animated-show-motu-patlu-by-maya-digital-studios/df6d125e-728e-4532-a742-d81f6b192a85/index.htm|publisher=Bollywoodtrade.com|access-date=1 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623104533/http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/trade-news/nickelodeon-presents-home-grown-animated-show-motu-patlu-by-maya-digital-studios/df6d125e-728e-4532-a742-d81f6b192a85/index.htm|archive-date=23 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| opentheme = "Motu Aur Patlu Ki Jodi" by [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
| endtheme = "Motu Aur Patlu Ki Jodi" by Sukhwinder Singh
| composer = Sandesh Shandilya
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 1,220<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/what-a-journey-143864|title=Animated series Motu Patlu completes 1000 episodes|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref>
| list_episodes = List of Motu Patlu episodes
| executive_producer = Anu Sikka
| producer = [[Deepa Sahi]] Anish JS Mehta
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor = Prasad K. Patil
| camera =
| runtime = 10 minutes
| company = Maya Digital Studios [[Viacom18]]
| network = [[Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)|Nickelodeon]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2012|10|16|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| related = ''[[Inspector Chingum]]''
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}

'''''Motu Patlu''''' is an Indian [[animated sitcom]] that premiered on [[Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)|Nickelodeon]] on 16 October 2012. Adapted from the classic comic strip ''[[Lotpot]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-12 |title=Storyboard18: Catching up with Motu Patlu ahead of Children's Day |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/storyboard18/storyboard18-catching-up-with-motu-patlu-ahead-of-childrens-day-15152361.htm |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref> the series focuses on the misadventures of two friends, Motu and Patlu, landing in trouble and comical situations, later being rescued only by luck.

One of the most popular kids' shows in India,<ref name="Milligan 2016">{{cite web | last=Milligan | first=Mercedes | title=Cosmos-Maya Leads Regional Animation Production | website=Animation Magazine | date=19 May 2016 | url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/cosmos-maya-leads-regional-animation-production/ | access-date=16 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117063311/http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/cosmos-maya-leads-regional-animation-production/ | archive-date=17 November 2016 | url-status=live}}</ref> the show is available in [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Kannada]], [[Oriya language|Odia]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. It started streaming digitally on [[Voot|Voot Kids]] in 2021.

==Premise==
===Setting===
The series is set in a [[fictional town]] of Furfuri Nagar of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k13/may/mayrel131.php|title=Have you won an invite to the coolest party this summer?|date=28 May 2013|access-date=15 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123190125/http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k13/may/mayrel131.php|archive-date=23 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> It is a peaceful yet glamorous small town, simultaneously noble and squalid, adjoined by a river with a few shops, a large market area, a bus depot, a cluster of single-storeyed houses, temples, and a few recreational places. The town has three or more banks, three or more jewellery shops, Furfuri Nagar Police Station, Chingum's house, Boxer's house, Motu Patlu's house, Chaiwala's stall and house, Furfuri Nagar Central Jail, Furfuri Nagar Bus Stand, John's den, Dr. Jhatka's laboratory and house and Ghasitaram's house. There are a few villages and a few neighbouring cities around, such as Kamalpur, Sursuri Nagar and Modern City. Despite being a small town it has its own airport. It is not clearly mentioned where the town is exactly located, but most of the vehicles carry license plate numbers starting with "MH", which stands for the state of [[Maharashtra]]. The local police force wears uniforms of the [[Maharashtra Police]].

However, in the later episodes, they had moved to Modern City for unknown reasons. A quick trailer showcasing new episodes mentions the differences in their new setting.

In the later episodes, they were on a trip to countries of Europe. Some European countries and cities they have visited include [[Pisa]], Italy; [[Rome]], Italy; [[Tuscany]], Italy; [[London]], England and Paris, France. They also visited Germany's Berlin, Switzerland's [[Top of Europe]], Russia's [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]], England's [[Salisbury]] and Switzerland's [[Jungfraujoch]].

In the later episodes, they are on a trip to India. Some Indian cities of monuments they have visited include [[Taj Mahal|Taj Mahal (Agra)]], [[Gateway of India|Gateway of India (Mumbai)]], [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial (Kolkata)]], [[Qutb Minar|Qutub Minar (New Delhi)]], [[Hawa Mahal|Hawa Mahal (Jaipur)]], [[Tea|Tea Plantation (Assam)]], [[Backwater (river)|Backwater (Kerala)]], [[Charminar|Charminar (Hyderabad)]], [[Bandra–Worli Sea Link|Bandra-Worli Sea Link (Mumbai)]], [[Rock Garden of Chandigarh|Rock Garden (Chandigarh)]], [[Elephanta Caves|Elephanta Caves (Mumbai)]], [[Bekal Fort|Bekal Fort (Kerala)]], [[Red Fort|Red Fort (New Delhi)]] and [[Howrah Bridge|Howrah Bridge (Kolkata)]] and many more.

However now they are back to Furfuri Nagar as same settings.

===Plot===
Motu and Patlu are two friends living in [[Motu Patlu#Location|''Furfuri Nagar.'']]<ref>{{cite news|title=living in|newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/motu-patlu/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000549774048|access-date=29 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302140221/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/motu-patlu/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000549774048|archive-date=2 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Samosa]]s are Motu's favorite food, and he frequently tries to steal them from a small shopkeeper named Chaiwala, who makes the best samosas in the town, along with selling tea. After Motu eats samosas, he temporarily gains more energy and strength. Motu is mainly the black sheep of the duo, unintentionally creating problems due to his incompetency while Patlu is the smart one who always tries to stop him. The two land in trouble and comical situations, later being rescued only by luck. Ghasitaram occasionally misdirects and swindles them by making them try Dr. Jhatka's vast repertoire of quirky gadgets and gizmos.

The main [[antagonist]] of the series is a criminal named John the Don (briefly and very famously known as "John") who is accompanied by his two big but weak and dumb [[henchmen]], Number 1 and Number 2, who steal people's money and jewelry and create havoc in Furfuri Nagar. John intends to become a don (gangster), but his plans always fail due to the heroic actions of Motu and Patlu, who trap and expose him and his plans [[tit for tat]]. In some episodes, John tries to harm them by stealing Dr. Jhatka's newest gadget and using it against Motu and Patlu, but they eventually manage to give John a taste of his own medicine.

==Characters==
{{Original research section|date=August 2020}}

===Main===
*'''Motu''': Motu is a fat man who serves as one of the central [[protagonists]] in this show. He loves to eat [[samosa|samosas]]. Motu's best friend is Patlu.

*'''Patlu''': Patlu is a thin man who serves as one of the show's central [[protagonists]]. He is often portrayed as the smartest guy in the city; however, he often gets into a lot of trouble with Motu.

===Recurring===
*'''Inspector Chingum''': Chingum is a [[police inspector]]. He believes that no [[criminal]] can escape from him, however, he manages to catch them mostly by the help of Motu and Patlu. He takes pride in the fact that no criminal can ever get away.

*'''Doctor Jhatka''': Doctor Jhatka is an eccentric [[scientist]], engineer, a doctor and an inventor, all skills combined together. His [[invention|inventions]] are usually very impressive but are of little use to the townspeople, since some of them often gets someone in trouble.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/dr-jhatka-who-gave-us-a-shock/article1-1275470.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525142241/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/dr-jhatka-who-gave-us-a-shock/article1-1275470.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2015|title=Dr Jhatka, who gave us a shock|access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref>

*'''Ghasitaram''': Ghasitaram is cowardly and often claims to have twenty years of experience in various stuff but only a very few of the experiences are useful to others.

*'''John''': John serves as the main [[antagonist]] of the show. John's ambition is to become a [[Crime boss|Don]]. But his plans always fail very badly and thus end up in him getting arrested or being taunted by other people.

*'''Number 1''': Number 1 is John's sidekick who serves as one of the supporting [[antagonists]].

*'''Number 2''': Number 2 is John's goon who rarely speaks.

*'''Chaiwala''': Chaiwala owns a [[Teahouse|tea shop]] near Motu's house. He makes Motu's favorite [[samosa]]s and Patlu's favorite [[tea]] in the city.

*'''Boxer''': Boxer is Motu's neighbor, he is an aggressive man.

===Other===
*'''Khopdi''': Khopdi is a goon in who always tries to defeat Motu Patlu. He is the Don of Modern City.

*'''Pappu-Haddi''': They are two assistants of Khopadi.

*'''Skull''': He is the elder brother of Khopdi. He likes to catch animals.

*'''Commissioner Bubblegum''': Commissioner Bubblegum is Chingum's father and the [[police commissioner]] of Furfuri Nagar and adjoining villages.

*'''Hera Singh''': Hera is Chingum's first [[Police constable|Hawaldar]]s.

*'''Pheri Lal''': Pheri is Chingum's second Hawaldar.

*'''Sabziwali''': Sabziwali sells the best [[vegetables]] in the whole Furfuri Nagar. Motu can be troublesome to her too at times and also owes her some money.

*'''Munni''': Munni is Motu's sister who is shown very rarely in the episodes.

*'''Chotu''': Chotu is Motu's nephew(Munni’s son). He wears a green T-shirt with a pink trousers. Sometimes, he wears a brown shirt with yellow trousers.

*'''Virus Scientist''': Virus is a scientist, He always invents something for John. In return, he asks John for money but John somehow fools him and makes his run away. John uses his gadgets as a trial on him and puts Virus in trouble.
*'''Mickey:''' Mickey is Dr. Jhatka's nephew and is a video content creator and vlogger.

== Episodes ==
{{Main|List of Motu Patlu episodes}}

==Production==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2019}}

===Music===
The music featured in the series and film is written by [[Sandesh Shandilya]], an Indian film composer. The theme song of the series, "Motu Aur Patlu Ki Jodi", is written by [[Gulzar]] and sung by Bollywood singer [[Sukhwinder Singh]] in Hindi.

== Movies ==
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Title
!Premiere date
|-
|1
|Motu Patlu in Wonderland!
|10 July 2013
|-
|2
|Motu Patlu Mission Moon
|25 December 2013
|-
|3
|Motu Patlu Deep Sea Adventure
|19 May 2014
|-
|4
|Motu Patlu Kung Fu Kings
|23 October 2014
|-
|5
|Motu Patlu Khazaane Ki Race
|26 January 2015
|-
|6
|Motu Patlu Kung Fu King Returns
|14 June 2015
|-
|7
|Motu Patlu in Carnival Island
|22 October 2015
|-
|8
|Motu Patlu 36 Ghantey Race Against Time
|25 December 2015
|-
|9
|Motu Patlu in Alien World!
|14 February 2016
|-
|10
|Motu Patlu in Double Trouble
|29 May 2016
|-
|11
|[[Motu Patlu: King of Kings]]
|14 October 2016
|-
|12
|Motu Patlu the Invisible Plane
|25 December 2016
|-
|13
|Motu Patlu in Dragon's World
|25 June 2017
|-
|14
|Kung Fu Kings 3: Motu Patlu in Hong Kong
|19 October 2017
|-
|15
|Motu Patlu in Octopus World
|24 December 2017
|-
|16
|Motu Patlu in the City of Gold
|29 April 2018
|-
|17
|Motu Patlu Dino Invasion
|24 June 2018
|-
|18
|Kung Fu Kings 4: Motu Patlu and the Challenge of Kung Fu Brothers
|21 October 2018
|-
|19
|Motu Patlu the Superheroes vs. Supervillains from Mars
|26 January 2019
|-
|20
|Kung Fu Kings 5: Motu Patlu and Robo Kids
|26 May 2019
|-
|21
|Motu Patlu in the Game of Zones
|25 December 2019
|-
|22
|Motu Patlu the Superheroes vs. Alien Ghost
|28 June 2020
|-
|23
|Motu Patlu's Dangerous Road Trip in Switzerland
|25 October 2020
|-
|24
|Motu Patlu vs. Dr. Destroyer
|03 January 2021
|-
|25
|The Secret Mission of Motu Patlu
|23 May 2021
|-
|26
| Motu Patlu Planet of No Return
|27 June 2021
|-
|27
|Motu Patlu in Toy World
|31 December 2021
|-
|28
|Kung Fu Kings 6: Motu Patlu & The Secret of Devil's Heart
|29 May 2022
|-
|29
|Motu Patlu and the Terror of Giant Beast
|13 Nov 2022
|-
|30
|Motu Patlu in Metal World
|25 June 2023
|-
|31
|Motu Patlu and the Race to the Diamond Valley
|28 April 2024
|-
|32
|Motu Patlu and Mission Kung Fu Kid
|2 August 2024
|-
|33
|Motu Patlu and the Rise of Zombies
|31 October 2024
|-
|34
|Motu Patlu and the Case of Project X
|14 March 2025
|-
|35
|Motu Patlu & The Mighty Magnathor
|18 May 2025
|-
|36
|Motu Patlu vs. the Ghost House
|15 August 2025
|-
|37
|Motu Patlu & The Madness of Multiverse
|21 October 2025
|-
|38
|Motu Patlu Ka Goa Dhamaal
|3 March 2026
|}

== Merchandising and promotion ==
[[File:2nd Ayurveda World Summit, Palace grounds, Bangalore (2025) 143.jpg|thumb|Motu Patlu [[cosplay]]ers at 2nd Ayurveda World Summit, [[Bangalore Palace|Palace grounds]], Bangalore (2025)]]
Since the inception of the television series, its creators, ''Lotpot'' magazine, Maya Digital Studios and Nickelodeon India are aggressively promoting its merchandising, the series products and tie-ups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/nickelodeon-gears-up-to-promote-motu-patlu|title=Indian Television Dot Com – Nickelodeon gears up to promote Motu-Patlu|author=Anil Wanvari|website=Indiantelevision.com|date=30 October 2012 |access-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525123847/http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/nickelodeon-gears-up-to-promote-motu-patlu|archive-date=25 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/viacom18-to-expand-sale-of-tv-channel-merchandise/article6982981.ece/|title=Viacom18 to expand sale of TV channel merchandise|website=The Hindu Business Line : Mobile Edition|access-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525100538/http://m.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/viacom18-to-expand-sale-of-tv-channel-merchandise/article6982981.ece/|archive-date=25 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In March 2014, Nick India tied up with the Yellow Diamond chips brand for promotion of its products across various media.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/42185_Nickelodeon-signs-Motu-Patlu-Licensing-Deal-with-Prataap-Snacks|title=Nickelodeon signs Motu-Patlu Licensing Deal with Prataap Snacks|website=Afaqs.com|date=13 October 2014 |access-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525100308/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/42185_Nickelodeon-signs-Motu-Patlu-Licensing-Deal-with-Prataap-Snacks|archive-date=25 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/nick-opens-up-motu-patlu-for-promotional-licensing-launches-toys-with-yellow-diamond-rings-141008|title=Indian Television Dot Com – Nick opens up Motu Patlu for promotional licensing; launches toys with yellow diamond rings|author=Anil Wanvari|website=Indiantelevision.com|date=7 October 2014 |access-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525110827/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/nick-opens-up-motu-patlu-for-promotional-licensing-launches-toys-with-yellow-diamond-rings-141008|archive-date=25 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2014 a major deal was signed by [[Horlicks]] for promotion of its brand with the series's characters in its marketing advertisements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/companies/nick-s-toons-revel-in-telefilms-114122900029_1.html|title=Nick's toons revel in telefilms|publisher=Business Standard|author=Urvi Malvania|date=29 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525102229/http://wap.business-standard.com/article/companies/nick-s-toons-revel-in-telefilms-114122900029_1.html|archive-date=25 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Numerous [[mobile video game]]s based on the series have been released by Indian software companies such as [[Nazara Technologies]] and Tangiapps.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2649730}}
* [http://www.nickindia.com/motu-patlu/ Official website]
* [http://www.vootkids.com/ Motu Patlu-Available On Voot Kids]
{{India Animation Industry}}
{{Children television series in India}}

[[Category:Motu Patlu]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2012 animated television series debuts]]
[[Category:Animated satirical television series]]
[[Category:2010s satirical television series]]
[[Category:2020s satirical television series]]
[[Category:Indian children's animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:Animated children's television sitcoms]]
[[Category:Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows based on comics]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Nickelodeon original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows based on comic strips]]
[[Category:Indian satire]]
[[Category:Television shows adapted into video games]]
[[Category:Television shows adapted into films]]

List of Bhairava temples

2026-03-09T12:32:10Z

SanjayMurugesan220: Created New Place

{{Short description|none}}
{{TOC right}}
{{Broader|Bhairava}}
[[File:Kaal Bhairav and Swet Bhairav.jpg|alt=Kala Bhairav (left) and Sweta Bhairav (right) in Kathmandu Durbar Square, Nepal|thumb|250x250px|Kala Bhairav and Sweta Bhairav in [[Kathmandu Durbar Square]], [[Nepal]]]]

This is a '''list of [[Bhairava]] temples'''.

== India ==

=== Andhra Pradesh ===
[[File:Kalabhairava Statue at Lord Shiva Temple in Adavivaram 02.jpg|upright|thumb|Kalabhairava Statue in Adavivaram, Visakhapatnam district]]
* Sri Kaala Bhairava temple (inside Sri Manikyamba sametha Bhimeswara Swamy temple), Daksharaamam, East Godavari
*Kalabhairava Guru Sansthan, Kalabhairava Deeksha Ghat, Swarnakarshana Bhairava Swamy, Aryapuram, Rajahmundry
* Sri Kaala Bhairava temple (inside Sri Puruhootika sametha Kukkuteswara swamy temple), Pitapuram, East Godavari District
* Swayambho Sri Sri Sri Bhairava Swamy Temple in Bhimavaram, [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]], Andhra Pradesh
* Sri Bhairava Swamy Temple, Ainavilli, [[East Godavari district|East Godavari District]]
* Sri Kala Bhairava Swamy Temple, Bhairavapalem (near [[Yanam]]), [[East Godavari district|East Godavari District]]
* Naga Bhirava Kona, P.K.Padu, Somasila, SPSR Nellore District, [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* Bhairava sela or Bayyanna sela in Srisailam, Andhra Pradesh
* Kaal Bhairva Temple at [[Ratanpur]] (considered to be guardian deity of [[Mahamaya Temple]])
* Bhairava Kona, Near Pamur, [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]], Andhra Pradesh
* Kala Bhairava in Mruthyunjaya Swamy Temple, Yogimallavaram Village, Near [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirupati]], Andhra Pradesh
* Sri Santhana Prapthi Kaala Bhairava, Ramagiri, Andhra Pradesh
* Kala Bhairava in Valeeshwara swamy Temple in Ramagiri Village between Pitchatur and Nagalapuram
* Bhogaswara Swamy Temple Kala Bhairava Swamy near Nandyal Kurnool district
*[[File:Kalabhairava Temple Siddarampuram Village Anantapur.jpg|thumb|alt=Kalabhairava Temple Siddarampuram Village Anantapur|Kalabhairava Temple Siddarampuram Village Anantapur]]Kalabhairava Temple, Siddarampuram, [[Anantapur district]]
* Skandagiri Temple, [[Secunderabad]]
* Bhairava Swamy Temple, Bhairavavaaka, Simhachalam, [[Visakhapatnam]]
* Sri Asta Kala Biarava Swamy Temple, Bommarsapalli, [[Chittoor district|Chittorr]]
* Sri Kala Bhairava Swamy Temple, near Gram Panchayath, G. Moolapalem, Yedurlanka, East Godavari

=== Assam ===
* [[Mahabhairav Temple]], [[Tezpur]], [[Assam]]

=== Bihar ===
* Kaal Bahairav Temple, Bhagalpur, Barhara, Rampatti, Madhubani.

=== Delhi and NCR ===
* [[Shri Kilkari Bhairava Temple]], near [[Purana Qila]], [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]].
* Pracheen Kaal Bhairav Mandir and Swarn Akarshan Bhairav Mandir, Jhandewalan Extension, [[New Delhi]]
* Prachin Kaal Bhairav Mandir, near [[Purana Qila]], [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
* Pracheen Bhairava Temple, [[Nehru Place]], [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
*Prachin Shri Batuk Bhairav Mandir, Nehru Park [[New Delhi]]

=== Goa ===
* Kalabhairav Temple, Dhargal

=== Gujarat ===
* Bhairavnath Temple, [[Maninagar]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
* Shree Kala Bhairavnath Mahadev, NH-8, Bhairav Gaun, Kamrej, Surat, [[Gujarat]]
* [[Batuk Bhairav]] Temple, Bidada, [[Kutch district]], [[Gujarat]]
* Kaal Bhairav Temple, [[Idar, Gujarat|Idar]] outskirts, [[Aravalli range]], [[Gujarat]]
*Ashta Bhairav Temple, [[Sidhpur]], [[Gujarat]]
* Bhairavnath Temple, [[Palitana]], [[Bhavnagar district]], [[Gujarat]]
* Bhairava Japa, sacred jumping rock, [[Girnar]] Mountain, [[Junagadh]]
* Kaal Bhairavdada Temple, [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]], [[Patan district]], [[Gujarat]]
* Kalbhairavnath Mahadev Temple, Bhairav, [[Surat district]], [[Gujarat]]
* Kaal bhairav temple, [[Sarsai]], [[Visavadar]], [[Junagadh]]
* Kaal Bhairav Temple, Kerali Village, [[Rajkot district|Rajkot]], [[Gujarat]]

===Himachal Pradesh===
* Mahakal Vajra Bhairava Temple, Lahul Spiti district, [[Himachal Pradesh]]
* Batuk Bhairav Temple, Mandi, [[Himachal Pradesh]]

=== Jammu and Kashmir ===
* Bhairav Temple, [[Vaishnodevi]] complex, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]

=== Jharkhand ===
* Bhomia ji Temple at Jain Swetambar Kothi, Madhuban, [[Jharkhand]]

=== Karnataka ===
*Sri Pralayakalada Veerabhadra Swamy Temple, Gavipuram
*Bhairav Picture inside Aakash Bhairav Temple
*Kannalli Sri Veerabhadra Swamy Temple, Sukeshtra
*Sri Veerabhadra Swamy Temple, Thindlu
*Jodi Veerabhadra Swamy Temple, Machohalli
*Sri Veerabhadra Swamy Temple, Mallasandra
*Sri Veerabhadra Swamy Temple hill, Banashankari.
*Sri Veerabhadra Swamy Temple, Hagadur.
*Sri Veerabhadra Swamy Temple, Vasudevapuram.
*Sri Veerabhadra Swamy Temple, Attur Layout.
*Sri Bhadrakali Ammanavara Sametha Sri Veerabhadra Swamy Devalaya, Devarahosahalli.
*Sri Veerabhadra Swamy Temple, Anugondanahalli., Bengaluru, Karnataka.
*Sri Kalabhairaveswara swamy Temple, Sri Kshetra Adichunchanagiri, Mandya Dt.
*Sri Mahakala Bhairava Temple, Karamogaru, Gurupura, Mangalore Taluk, Dakshina Kannada District
*Sri Kalabhairaveshwara Swamy Temple and Chikkarasinakere Basava (Holy Bull), Chikkarasinakere, Maddur Taluk, Mandya District
*Sri Ananda Kalabhairava temple (Nithyananda peetham Bengaluru Aadheenam, Bidadi
* Kalabhairaveshvara Temple, Double Road, 4th cross, [[Raja Rajeshwari Nagar, Bangalore|Rajarajeswari Nagar]], [[Bangalore, Karnataka]]
*Shri Seethi Bhairaveshwara Swamy Temple, Seethi, Kolar
* Shree Kala Bhairava Temple, Jadigenahally, [[Hoskote]], [[Bangalore, Karnataka]]
* Shree Bhyraveshwara Temple, Totanahalli, [[Nelamangala Taluk]], [[Bangalore, Karnataka]]
* Sri Byraveshwara Swamy Temple siddana lane cubbonpete, Bangalore
* Kaala Bhairava Temple, [[Yana, India|Yana]], [[Uttara Kannada]]
* Kalabhairaveshvara Temple at [[Adichunchanagiri]]
* Kaala Bhairava Temple, [[Dubalgundi]], Near [[Homnabad]], [[Bidar]]
* Kalabhairaveshvara Temple at Jogi Mutt, Kadri, [[Mangalore]]
* Kala Bhairava Temple, [[Gadag]]
*Khala bhirava Temple, which is there in Skanada Purana, Taranagara village, Sandur Taluk, Bellary.
*Mahakala Bhairava Temple, Near Gurupura Bridge, Karamogaru, Mangalore-Moodbedra Highway
*Kalabhairaveshvara Temple at Guthi village, Mudigere Taluk, Chikmagalur
*Nanhya Bhairaveshvara temple at Byrapura, Mudigere Taluk, Chickmagalur
*Shree Kala Bhairava Prasanna temple at Dodballapura village.
* Sri Kalabhairava Swamy temple, Settikere, chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur District, Karnataka

=== Kerala ===

* Njarakattu sri bhagavathi bhairava Temple, Kedamangalam
* Bhairavaswami Kshetram, Ambalappuzha
* Kalabhairava Bhoothathan Temple in Pothencode, Trivandrum.

=== Madhya Pradesh ===
[[File:Kalabhairava Temple Ujjain.JPG|thumb|Kalabhairava Temple, [[Ujjain]]]]
* [[Kal Bhairav temple, Ujjain]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
* Shri Kala Bhairav Naath Temple Adegaon [[Madhya Pradesh]]
* Shri Toriya Bhairav Temple, Panch Kuti Toriya, Datiya, [[Madhya Pradesh]]
* Bajnamath Tantrik Bhairav Temple, [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
* Bhairav Nath temple, Gudh, [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]

=== Maharashtra ===
*Shri Kalabhairavanath Temple, Agadgaon, Tal & Dist, Ahmadnagar
*Shri Kaal Bhairav Nath Hedavde Mahalaxmi Mandir, Hedavde, Hedavde Devi on River Tansa, [[Mumbai]]
* Bhairavnath Temple, Avasari (Khurd), Ambegaon, [[Pune]]
* [[Bhairava|Kaal bhairav]] [[Hindu temple|Temple]], [[Katraj]], [[Pune]]
* Kaal Bhairav Temple, Kharadi, [[Pune]]
* Bhairavnath Mandir, Ankoli, [[Solapur]]
* Shree Kalbhairav Mandir, Hindale, Devgad [[Sindhudurg]]
* Kaal Bhairav Temple, Jyotiba, Wadi Ratnagiri, Kolhapur
* Kaal Bhairavnath Temple, Sonari, [[Paranda]], [[Osmanabad]]
* The Kaal Bhairav Nath Mandir, Panchvati, Saptashrungi Devi on Rive Godavari, [[Nashik]]
* Bhairavnath Temple, [[Sinnar]], [[Nashik]]
* The Kaal Bhairav Nath Mandir Varne, Satara
* Shri KalBhairavnath Jogeshwari Temple, A/P-[[Bavdhan]], [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]], [[Satara district|Satara]]
* Shri KalBhairavnath Mandir, Kasba Peth, Pune (also known as Nava kal Bhairavnath Mandir)
* Shri Siddhanath Temple, Mhaswad, Tal-Man, Dist Satara
* Shri Bhairavnath Temple, Kikali, Tal-Wai, Dist Satara
* Shri Bhairavnath Temple, Thorgavan Tal Raver, Dist Jalgaon.
* Shri Kaal Bairavnath Temple Bahirwadi Taluka Newasa Dist Ahmednagar Maharashtra
* Kaal Bhairav Temple, Brahman alli, Bhind Post Office, Bhiwandi, Thane, Maharashtra.
* Kalbhairav temple, Gadhinglaj, DIST: Kolhapur, Maharashtra.
* Bhairav baba Temple, Pulgaon camp, Dist- Wardha
* Shri Bhairavnath Mandir, Jarud Tq & Dist.Beed
* Kaal Bhairavnath temple Bahirwadi (Purandar), [[Pune]]
* Kaal Bhairavnath temple Kusgao, Khed Shivapur, [[Pune]]
* Kaal Bhairavnath Temple, Mehendale Garage Chowk, near Mhatre Bridge, Erandwane, Pune - 411004
* Jagadamba Kalbhairav Temple, Maja's Wadi, Jogeshwari East, Mumbai 60, Maharashtra.
* Shri Bhairavnath and Shani Mandir, Old Mumbai-Pune Highway, [[Khandala]], [[Maharashtra]]
* Shri Bhairavnath Temple, [[Rajmachi]], [[Maharashtra]]
* Shri Kalbhairav Temple Jarud, Dist: Beed, Taluka Beed
* Shri KalBhairavnath Temple Billur, Dist: Sangli, Taluka Jath
* Shri Bhaireshvar Temple, Shirti, Dist. Kolhapur, Tal. Shirol

=== Orissa ===
* [[Ajaikapada Bhairava Temple]], Nuagaon, [[Jagatsinghpur]], [[Odisha]]

=== Punjab ===
* Pracheen Shri Kaal Bhairav Mandir, [[Dhuri]], [[Sangrur]], Punjab

=== Rajasthan ===
[[File:Kalpesh,Nakoda Tirath 2007.JPG|thumb|[[Nakodaji|Nakodaji Teerth]] ]]
* Shree Masaniya Bhairav Dham, Rajgarh, Ajmer
* Shree Khoda Masaniya bhairav temple, Kheda Bhansol, Udaipur
* Sri Musaanya Bhairu Baba Temple at [[Ringus]], [[Sikar]]
* Jai Shri Bhairunath Bawji Temple, Shishoda village near Nathdwara, [[Rajasthan]]
* Chomukha Bhairavji Temple, Kharkhara, [[Khetri]], [[Rajasthan]]
* Shree DakshinMukhi Kaal Bhairav Temple Dhanapura, [[Pali district]], [[Rajasthan]]
* Shri Kala Bhairava Temple, [[Amer Fort]], [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
* Bhairuji Mandir, Village-Tehsil - Ladnun, [[Nagaur]], [[Rajasthan]]
* Kala-Gora Bhairav Mandir, Mandore, [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]]
* Bhairav Mandir, Barli, [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]]
* Kala Bhairav Temple at Toliasar, Sri Dungargarh, [[Rajasthan]]
* Kodamdesar Ramdevra Temple, Jaisalmer Highway, [[Rajasthan]]
* [[Nakodaji|Sri Nakoda Bhairav Jain Temple]], Barmer District, [[Rajasthan]]
* Kodamdesar Bhairav mandir, dist. Bikaner [rajasthan]
* Shri Raktya Bhairav mandir, Mundali anta, Baran
* Shri Jhanjhirampurawale Bhairuji Maharaj, hanjhirampura, Baswa, [[dausa]] [[Rajasthan]]
* Shri Bavdi Vale Batuk Bhairava Temple, [[Kartarpura]], [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
* Sonona khetlaji Mandir sonona near desuri Rajasthan
*Kala-gora ji temple, Bhairav gate, Sawai madhopur, [[Rajasthan]]
* Shri Bhairu Baba temple, Kuchhipala(Gachhipura) near Degana

===Tamil Nadu===
* [https://bhairavapeedam.org Kalabhairavar Temple, bhairavar temple Swarna Bairva Peedam, Erode, Tamilnadu]
* Kalabairavar Temple, Melapanaiyur Village, Mudukulathur, Ramanathapuram [Dist]
*[[அருள்மிகு காலபைரவர் கோவில் (Bairavar Temple)]], [[Morepalayam, Tiruchengode - Salem Main Rd, Namakkal]]
[[File:Swarna_Bairavar.jpg|thumb|Sri SwarnaBairavi Samedha Sri SwarnaAakarshana Bairavar Lloyds Colony, Royapettah, Chennai-14, Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Soundararajaperumal temple, Thadikombu|Arulmigu Soundaraja Perumal Temple]], [[Thadikombu]], [[Dindigul|Dindugul]]
* Kasi Kalabairavar Temple - Adiyamaan Kottai, {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Dharmapuri in Dharmapuri district
* Sri Maha Kala Bairavar Temple, Dhombaram bedu village, Uthukottai Taluk, Thiruvallur district
* Sri Kala Bairavar Temple, Thennagudi (North), Thanjavur (District), Tamil Nadu.
* Sri Kala Bairavar Temple, Oyyamaari Burial Ground, Odathurai Road, Sanjeevi Nagar, [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
* Sri Baala Kaala Bhairavar Temple at T. Vairavanpatty, near Thirukoshityur
* Kalabhairavar, Kayantha Sthanam, Nanjundapuram, Coimbatore
* Kalabhairavar, Kurunallipalayam, Vadachittur (Via), Coimbaote
* Sri Kalabhairavar Temple (Lingam shape Bhairavar), Kallukurikkai, Krishnagiri.
* Kalabhairav Temple at Adhiyaman Kottai, [[Dharmapuri]] district, [[Tamil Nadu]]
* Sri Kala Bhairava Temple pogular village, [[Gudiyattam]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
* Sri Swarna Kala Bhairavar Peedam, Kaga Ashram, [[Thiruvannamalai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
* Kala Bhairava Temple, [[Courtallam]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Ashta Bhairavar]] at Sri Kamanada Eswar temple, [[Aragalur]], near Chinna Salem, [[Tamil Nadu]]
* Bhairavar Temple, Vairavan Patti, [[Karaikudi]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
*Sri Kottai Bairavar - Thirumayam (Pudhukottai Dist) located in national highway Pudhukottai to Rameswaram
* [[Bhairavesvarar Temple, Cholapuram|Bhairaveswarar Temple]], [[Cholapuram]], [[Kumbakonam]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
* Sri Vairavamoorthy, Illupaikudi Temple, Karaikudi, [[Tamil Nadu]]
* Konguvadukanatha Swami, [[Kundadam]], Dharapuram, [[Tamil Nadu]]
* Kala Bhairavar Temple, Pogular village, Gudiyattam Town, [[Tamil Nadu]] (3,000 years old, surrounded by mountains)
* Swarna Akarshana Bhairavar at Thadikombu Perumal Temple, [[Dindigul]], Tamil Nadu
* Kaalabairavar Temple, Thiruneermalai, Chennai
* Maha Bhairava Rudhra Aalayam, Bhairavar Nagar, Thiruvadisoolam Road, Echankaranai, [[Chengalpattu]], Tamil Nadu
*Bairavar Koil, Thirupattur, Sivaganga dis.Tamil Nadu
* Sri Bhairavar Malai Koil, a serene hill temple in a less inhabited area near Venbedu village approx. {{convert|23|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Chengalpattu & {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Thiruporur.
* Sri Mahakalabhairavar Aalayam, Dhombarambedu village, Uthukottai - 602026, Thiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu.
* Sri Maha Bhiravar, Renganathapuram, Near Bodinayakkanur, Theni dt, Tamil Nadu
* Sri SwarnaBairavi Samedha Swarna Aakarshana Bairavar temple, Lloyds Colony, Royapettah, Chennai-14, Tamil Nadu
* Sri kala Bahairva temple, [[Kandhikuppam]], Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASri_Kala_Bhairava_Temple_kandhikuppam.jpg|title=Images}}</ref>
* Sri Swarna Kala Bhairavar Temple, Akkaraippatty, Salem, Tamil Nadu - 636 306.
* Sri Swarna aharshna bairavar temple, sri athmanatheswarar temple - Menambedu, Ambattur O.T, Chennai-53, Tamil Nadu
* Kala Bhairavar temple, Thagatur, Nagaipattinam, Tamil Nadu
* Maha Kalabhairava Temple, (more than 1000 year old) Seeyathamangai, Nannilam, Nagai, Tamil Nadu.
* Kala Bhairavar temple Ramapuram, ayilam village Walaja taluk Vellore dt Tamil Nadu
* Kala Bharavar Temple, East Avani Moola Street, Near Ezhukadal Street and Pudhmandapam, Madurai

===Telangana===
* Dasa Bhairava Temple, Ramaneswaeam, Nagireddipalle, Bhongir, Yadadri Bhongir District.
* Sri Kalabhairava Swamy Temple at Ramareddy near Kamareddy, Nizamabad district
* Kala Bhairava Temple in Kajipalli Medak Mandal
* Sri Kalabhairava Swamy Temple, Parpelly Village which is {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Chinnoor, Manchiryal District
*Sri Kala Bhairava Swamy Temple, [[Medchal]], [[Medchal-Malkajgiri district]]
* Sri Kalabhirava Swamy temple, Balaji Nagar, Suryapet, Suryapet

===Uttarakhand===
[[File:Bhairon Garhi Temple at Pauri Garhwal Uttarakhand India.jpg|upright|thumb| Bhairon Baba temple at Langur patti, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India.]]
* Bhairavnath Temple, [[Kedarnath]]
* Deep nath Bhairav, Nageshwar, [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand]]
* Bhairavnath Mandir, Gorakshnath Gufs, [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand]]
* Bhairav Temple, Near [[Uttarkashi]]
* Bhairav Temple, Bhairon Ghati, before [[Gangotri]]
* Nadbudh Bhairava Temple, [[Molthi]], Patti Paidulsyun, Pauri Garhwal
* Bhairon Garhi, Gumkhal, Pauri Garhwal
* Bhairav Temple, Bangdwara, Tehri Garhwal
* Asht Bhairav Temple, [[Ukhimath]]
* Eight Bhairav Temples, [[Almora]]
* Bhairav Temple, [[Bageshwar]]
* Kal Bhairav Temple, [[Devprayag]]
* Bhairavnath Temple,
* Gram Pipli-Ghurdaursyu, Pauri Garhwal, [[Uttarakhand]]
* Bhairav Temple, [[Rishikesh]]

=== Uttar Pradesh ===
* Kala Bhairava Temple, [[Varanasi]]
* Pracheen Bada Lal Bhairav, Vidhyanchal, [[Mirzapur district]]
* Kal Bhairav Temple, [[Allahabad]]
* Kal Bhairav Temple, [[Shrinagar]] district, [[Mahoba]]
* Kaal Bhairav Temple, Balughat Shuklaganj, [[Unnao]]
* Bhairav Baba Temple, Meerut
* Bhairav Ji Temple, Jalaun, [[Jalaun]]
* Mandir Thakur Bhairon Nath Ji, Satghada, Inside Holi Gate, Mathura

===West Bengal===
* Kaal Bhairava mandir of [[Tara Shankari Peeth]], at [[Kolkata]]
* Nakuleshwar Bhairav Mandir of [[Kalighat]], at [[Kolkata]]
* Bhairavsthan, submerged temples of [[Telkupi]], Near [[Dhanbad]]

==Nepal==
[[File:KAAL BHAIRAV.jpg|alt=Kaal Bhairav, Kathmandu Durbar Square, Bagmati Province, Nepal|thumb|Kaal Bhairav, [[Kathmandu Durbar Square]], [[Bagmati Province]], [[Nepal]]]]

=== Inside Kathmandu valley ===
* [[Akash Bhairav]]a (''Sava Bhakku Deva'' or ''Wanga Dya''), Halchowk, Kathmandu<ref>{{Cite web |title=काठमाडौंबाट आकाश भैरवको मूर्ति चोरी |url=https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/127027 |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=Himal Khabar}}</ref>
* Akash Bhirava (''Aaju:'') of [[Indrachok, Kathmandu]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Setopati |first=सबिना श्रेष्ठ |title=फूलैफूलले ढकमक्क यलम्बरको टाउको |url=https://www.setopati.com/social/167482/ |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=Setopati |language=hi}}</ref>
* Kanti Bhairav, [[Gokarneshwor]], Kathmandu
* Anand Bhairav, [[Gyaneshwar]], Kathmandu
* [[Bagh Bhairab Temple|Bagh Bhairava]], [[Kirtipur]], Kathmandu<ref>{{Cite web |title=कीर्तिपुरमा बाघ भैरव जात्राको रौनक, हेर्नुस तस्विरमा |url=https://pahilopost.com/content/20190818234923.html |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=pahilopost.com}}</ref>
* Chunni Bhairav, Bhandarkhal jungle, Kathmandu
* [[Kaal Bhairav, Kathmandu|Kaal Bhairava]], [[Kathmandu Durbar Square]], [[Kathmandu]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Setopati |first=सुदीप श्रेष्ठ |title=मान्छेको चलाखी देखेर मुसुमुसु हाँस्दै कालभैरव |url=https://www.setopati.com/social/201444/ |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=Setopati |language=hi}}</ref>
* Kirtimukha Bhairava (inside the [[Pashupatinath Temple]], Kathmandu
* [[Pachali Bhairav]], Teku, Kathmandu
* Mahangkal Bhairav, [[Tundikhel|Tudikhel]], Kathmandu
* Shanta Bhairava (''[[Majipa Lakhey]] Dya''), Majipat, Kathmandu
* [[Swet Bhairab|Swet Bhairava]] (''Haatha:'') of Hanumandhoka, Kathmandu<ref>{{Cite web |title=श्‍वेत भैरवलाई संरक्षकको अभाव : दसैं खर्च १ रुपैयाँ मात्र |url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/shvet-bhairvlaaii-snrksskko-abhaav-dsain-khrc-1-rupaiyaan-maatr-137179 |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=श्‍वेत भैरवलाई संरक्षकको अभाव : दसैं खर्च १ रुपैयाँ मात्र |language=en}}</ref>
* Unmukta Bhairava (inside the [[Pashupatinath Temple]]), Kathmandu
* Batuk Bhairava temple, Lagankhel, [[Lalitpur, Nepal|Lalitpur]]
* Hayagriva Bhairava, [[Bungamati]], Lalitpur
* Tika Bhairav, [[Godawari, Lalitpur|Lele]], Lalitpur<ref>{{Cite web |title=Choosing the Less Trodden Path |url=http://ecs.com.np/features/choosing-the-less-trodden-path |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=ECS NEPAL |language=en}}</ref>
* Bhairavnath temple, Taumadhi, [[Bhaktapur]]

=== Outside Kathmandu valley ===
[[File:Vairab mandira,nuwakot.JPG|thumb|240x240px|Bhairabi Temple, [[Nuwakot District|Nuwakot district]]]]
* [[Kaal Bhairav Bhairabsthan Mandir]], [[Balewa]], [[Baglung District]], [[Gandaki Province]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhairabsthan |url= https://saarang.com.np/story/bhairavsthan-temple/#:~:text=Located%20approximately%2017%20kilometers%20south,12. |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bhairabi Temple, Nuwakot|Bhairabi Temple]], [[Nuwakot District|Nuwakot]], [[Bagmati Province|Bagmati province]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=लिच्छविकालीन भैरवी मन्दिरमा सुनको जलप |url=https://ekantipur.com/pradesh-3/2020/07/28/159594634896915596.html |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=ekantipur.com |language=ne}}</ref>
* [[Bhairabsthan Temple]], [[Palpa District|Palpa district]], [[Lumbini Province|Lumbini province]]
* Kaal Bhairav Temple, [[Lamkichuha]], [[Kailali District|Kailali district]], [[Sudurpashchim Province]]
* [[Unmatta Bhairav]], [[Panauti]], [[Kavrepalanchok District]], [[Bagmati Province]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=रथ सम्भोगपछि सकियो पनौती जात्रा |url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/72860-72860 |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=रथ सम्भोगपछि सकियो पनौती जात्रा |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-10 |title=The Shaivites worship eight Bhairavs and the Kal Bhairav is the most important. |url=https://www.ujjaindarshan.com/ujjain-kalbhairav.html |website=Ujjaindarshan.com}}</ref>

[[Category:Bhairava temples]]

Veguli Penn

2026-03-04T04:55:24Z

SanjayMurugesan220: Created first stub more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Veguli Penn
| image = Veguli Penn.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = S. S. Devadoss
| screenplay = S. S. Devadoss [[Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]] (dialogues)
| based_on = {{based on|''Vellikizhamai''|[[Kalaignanam]]}}
| producer = S. M. Abdul Gaffar
| starring = {{ubl|[[Gemini Ganesan|Gemini Ganesh]]|[[Devika]]}}
| cinematography = M. Krishnasamy
| editing = J. Stanley
| music = [[V. Kumar]]
| studio = Jennat Combines
| distributor = Jennat Combines
| released = {{Film date|1971|07|02|df=y}}
| runtime = 123 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Veguli Penn''''' ({{Translation|An Innocent Girl}}) is a 1971 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed and co-written by S. S. Devadoss. The film stars [[Gemini Ganesan|Gemini Ganesh]] and [[Devika]], with [[R. Muthuraman]], [[Nagesh]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala|V. Nirmala]], Radhika, [[K. Balaji]] and [[S. Varalakshmi]] in supporting roles. It revolves around a woman who becomes pregnant, and the mystery surrounding the father of her child.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=22 November 2014 |title=Book on best Tamil films |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/g-dhananjayans-second-book-on-tamil-cinema-is-ready/article6625125.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526071548/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/g-dhananjayans-second-book-on-tamil-cinema-is-ready/article6625125.ece |archive-date=26 May 2021 |access-date=26 May 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Krishnan|Dighe|1990|pp=86-87}}

''Veguli Penn'' is an adaptation of the play ''Vellikizhamai'' ({{Translation|Friday}}) by [[Kalaignanam]]. The film was released on 2 July 1971, received critical acclaim and became a commercial success, with a 100-day run in theatres. It also won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] at the [[19th National Film Awards]].

== Plot ==
Inspector Ramu and Janaki are married for ten years and have no children. Janaki's sister Radha, an [[ingénue]], lives with them. Janaki constantly coddles Radha, and is close to Doctor Lakshmi and her son Manohar, a psychologist. Ramu's brother, [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] Muthu, returns to [[Chennai]]. On the train, he meets Rani, daughter of Bhoopathy Raja, a local [[zamindar]]. Rani is attracted to Muthu after she reads about his bravery award. Rani's cousin Mohan likes Radha and she also likes his kind personality. When Muthu returns home, he becomes attracted to Radha. One day Muthu sees Radha loitering on the road and sends her home.

On her way back, Radha stops at Manohar's place, where he tries to [[Hypnosis|hypnotise]] her. Muthu searches for her when she does not return. He and Janaki find her chatting with Manohar before Janaki reprimands her. Ramu's family, Mohan, Rani, and her father go to [[Kodaikanal]] on vacation. Janaki notices Mohan's interest in Radha and warns him. Muthu rejects Rani's advances and makes it clear that he loves Radha. Janaki and Ramu decide to fix Muthu's marriage with Radha, but Radha refuses, saying she cannot marry someone who always scolds her. Both Janaki and Ramu decide to proceed with their plan. Ramu leaves to [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]] to investigate a case.

Radha falls unconscious after Muthu drugs her drink. Muthu walks into her room that night before he leaves for the army the following day. Three months later, Ramu returns. Janaki notices changes in Radha's health and takes her to Lakshmi, who confirms that Radha is pregnant. Janaki is shocked and does not know who the father is. She informs Ramu about the pregnancy; Ramu assumes that Janaki is pregnant and shows excitement.

Ramu's superiors order him to travel to [[London]] for an urgent investigation while Janaki decides to find the man responsible for Radha's pregnancy. Janaki indirectly informs Manohar and Mohan. Janaki takes Radha to their estate in Kodaikanal; a local doctor, Manjula, attends to Radha, who delivers a baby boy. Ramu returns from London and is excited to see his son, Babu, with Janaki. She tries to tell the truth, but he does not listen. Manjula visits Chennai with her husband and visits Ramu's house. Manjula starts talking about Radha's delivery before Janaki stops her. Muthu returns after being discharged for medical reasons, and Janaki suspects Muthu is responsible. Mohan meets Janaki and tells that he is innocent and that he doubts Muthu.

Janaki shares her suspicion about Manohar. Ramu decides to wed Radha to Muthu but Janaki stalls. She finally agrees to the marriage, but Muthu refuses, stating that he does not wish to marry the girl who refused him a year back. Mohan confronts Manohar about Radha's pregnancy; Manohar protests his innocence and reveals that Muthu had come to get sedatives. Mohan informs Janaki and now she confirms that Muthu is the one. Janaki gets a call that Muthu will marry Rani at [[Tiruttani]]. She tries to stop the marriage with Mohan, but is too late. Janaki brings the newlyweds home. At home, Rani illtreats the child and Radha slaps her. Rani feels that Radha is jealous of her marriage to Muthu and decides to leave.

Radha comes for Babu's first birthday party, but Janaki takes her aside and scolds her for coming home when they still have not determined the baby's father. Ramu overhears and he demands the truth from Janaki. Radha now confesses that Babu is her child. Ramu demands to know the father's identity; Mohan and Manohar point at Muthu. Ramu draws his revolver on Muthu, who reveals the truth: he was about to drink his medication when he heard a car and rushed into his room, assuming it was Janaki. Ramu is the one who arrived and drank the medication before entering Radha's room by mistake. A disoriented Ramu came out of Radha's room and informed Muthu that Janaki was sleeping inside and that he was leaving for work. Hearing this, Janaki asks Ramu to accept Radha as his wife before dying from a heart attack.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Gemini Ganesan|Gemini Ganesh]] as Ramu{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=224}}
* [[Devika]] as Janaki{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=224}}
* [[R. Muthuraman]] as Muthu{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=224}}
* [[Nagesh]] as Mohan{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=224}}
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Bhoopathy Raja{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=224}}
* [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala|V. Nirmala]] as Radha{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=224}}
* Radhika as Rani{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=224}}
* [[K. Balaji]] as Manohar{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=224}}
* [[S. Varalakshmi]] as Lakshmi{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=224}}
}}

== Production ==
''Veguli Penn'' was directed by S. S. Devadoss,<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 April 2013 |title=Devika Kin Seeks Film Piracy FIR |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-new-indian-express/20130425/281689727305209 |url-status=dead |access-date=30 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421163123/https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-new-indian-express/20130425/281689727305209 |archive-date=21 April 2018}}</ref> and is based on [[Kalaignanam]]'s play ''Vellikizhamai''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2018 |title=செல்லூலாய்ட் பெண்கள் |trans-title=Celluloid women |url=http://kungumam.co.in/ThArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=4523&id1=84&issue=20180201 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421163520/http://kungumam.co.in/ThArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=4523&id1=84&issue=20180201 |archive-date=21 April 2018 |access-date=29 August 2020 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film was produced by Devadoss and his wife Devika's company Jennat Combines, though S. M. Abdul Gaffar received sole producer credit.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|pp=224–225}} Cinematography was handled by M. Krishnasamy and editing by J. Stanley. While Devadoss also wrote the screenplay, the dialogues were written by [[Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]].{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=224}} On the first day of shooting, [[N. T. Rama Rao]] clapped the shot.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2016 |title=தேவிகா 5. காட் பாதர்..! |language=ta |trans-title=Devika 5. Godfather..! |work=[[Dinamani]] |url=https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2016/sep/17/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE-5-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-2565702.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526071549/https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2016/sep/17/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE-5-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-2565702.html |archive-date=26 May 2021}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[V. Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vegulippenn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vegulippenn/fYBo49kEJxU_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829192911/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vegulippenn/fYBo49kEJxU_ |archive-date=29 August 2020 |access-date=29 August 2020 |website=[[JioSaavn]]|date=31 December 1971 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Veguli Penn |url=http://tamilsongslyrics123.com/listlyrics/330 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526053954/http://tamilsongslyrics123.com/listlyrics/330 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=Songs4all}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Engellam Valaiosai Ketkindradho
| lyrics1 = [[Kannadasan]]
| extra1 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| length1 = 3:41
| title2 = Mullukku Roja Sondham
| lyrics2 = Kannadasan
| extra2 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 = 3:42
| title3 = Neethaan Mohiniyo
| lyrics3 = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| extra3 = K. Swarna, [[A. L. Raghavan]]
| length3 = 3:38
| title4 = Kannana Kannurangu Kattazhagu
| lyrics4 = Kannadasan
| extra4 = P. Susheela
| length4 = 3:18
| title5 = Thiththikkindratha Muththamittathu
| lyrics5 = Kannadasan
| extra5 = [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
| length5 = 3:33
| total_length = 17:52 
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Veguli Penn'' was released on 2 July 1971.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=224}} No distributor was willing to buy the film as they felt it was too "[[Art film|arty]]", which prompted Jennat Combines to take over distribution. The film received critical acclaim and became a commercial success with a 100-day run in theatres.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=225}} It won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] at the [[19th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |year=1978 |editor-last=Ramachandran |editor-first=T. M. |title=National Awards |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXhTAAAAYAAJ&q=Veguli |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829192911/https://books.google.com/books?id=xXhTAAAAYAAJ&dq=Veguli+Penn&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Veguli |archive-date=29 August 2020 |access-date=16 August 2019 |magazine=Film World |page=38 |volume=14}}</ref> Devika won the Chennai Film Fans Association Award for Best Supporting Actress.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 January 2000 |title=அன்றிலிருந்து இன்றுவரை சினிமா |language=ta |pages=7 |work=Vlambaram |url=http://www.vlambaram.com/archives/January%2015,%2000.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523074038/http://www.vlambaram.com/archives/January%2015,%2000.pdf |archive-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Krishnan |first1=Prabha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtZkAAAAMAAJ&q=vegulipenn |title=Affirmation and Denial Construction of Femininity on Indian Television |last2=Dighe |first2=Anita |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]] |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-8039-9643-4}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=3437536}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil}}

[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s mystery drama films]]
[[Category:1971 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:Best Tamil Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Films about siblings]]
[[Category:Films about sisters]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Kumar]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kodaikanal]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian mystery drama films]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Neeya?

2026-03-04T04:46:49Z

SanjayMurugesan220: Created Details

{{Short description|1979 film directed by Durai}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Neeya poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Durai (director)|Durai]]
| producer = {{ubl|Girija Pakkirisami|K. S. Narasimhan}}
| screenplay = [[P. Kalaimani]]{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=22}}
| story = Rajendra Singh Aatish
| starring = [[#Cast|See ''Cast'']]
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| cinematography = V. Ranga{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=22}}
| editing = M. Vellaisamy{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=22}}
| distributor =
| studio = Sri Chamundeswari Films{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=22}}
| released = {{film date|1979|01|13|df=yes}}
| runtime = 137 minutes{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=22}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Neeya?''''' ({{Translation|Is that You?}}) is a 1979 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[horror thriller film]], directed by [[Durai (director)|Durai]] and written by [[P. Kalaimani]]. A remake of the 1976 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Nagin (1976 film)|Nagin]]'', it has an [[ensemble cast]] that includes [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Jai Ganesh]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]], [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[Sripriya]], [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]], [[Unni Mary|Deepa]], [[Latha (actress)|Latha]] and [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]. The film revolves around an [[Ichchadhari naag]] who seeks to kill six people she holds responsible for the death of her lover.

''Neeya'' was released on 13 January 1979, the week of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]]. The film was a commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres. It was followed by two [[spiritual successor]]s: ''[[Naane Varuven (1992 film)|Naane Varuven]]'' (1992) and ''[[Neeya 2]]'' (2019).

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=March 2021}}
Naga Rani is an [[Ichchadhari naag]] – an elusive snake which can assume human form. She is in love with another Ichchadhari naag named Naga Raja. One day Naga Raja is attacked by a vulture and he is saved by Kamal, a researcher who shoots the vulture. Naga Raja thanks him for saving his life then he asks what is he doing here. Kamal replies that he is searching for Ichchadhari naags. Naga Raja then turns himself into one in front of Kamal and goes to Naga Rani. Kamal realises that he found the elusive snakes and inform his friends Vijay, Sri, Jai, Ravi and Salim, but they do not believe him. Kamal then takes them to the place where he met Naga Raja and they secretly sees the lovers in their human forms.

When Naga Raja turns back into a Cobra, he is shot dead by Salim, who thought the Cobra was going to attack Naga Rani. Naga Rani sees in Naga Raja's eyes the images of the killers, and decides to take revenge on the group of friends she holds responsible for her lover's death. Naga Rani systematically kills Salim, Ravi, Jai, Sri and Vijay. She attempts to kill Kamal too but fails, and is mortally wounded in another attempt. Near death, Naga Rani realises that she was wrong and that her revenge destroyed many lives just like her own life was destroyed. She sees Naga Raja in the sky calling out to her, and reunites with him in the afterlife.

== Cast ==

{{Cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Kamal<ref name="TNM" />
* [[Sripriya]] as Naga Rani<ref name="TNM" />
* [[Jai Ganesh]] as Jai<ref name="TNM" />
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Vijay<ref name="TNM" />
* [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] as Ravi<ref name="TNM" />
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Sri<ref name="TNM" />
* [[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]] as Saleem
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Appu Kuttan<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2019 |title=நீயா 2- பழி வாங்க வரும் பாம்பு |url=https://tamilminutes.com/entertainment/2/cid1262114.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331055524/https://tamilminutes.com/entertainment/2/cid1262114.htm |archive-date=31 March 2021 |access-date=30 March 2021 |website=Tamilminutes.com |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]] as Usha<ref name="TNM" />
* [[Unni Mary|Deepa]] as Deepa{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|pp=22–23}}
* [[Latha (actress)|Latha]] as Latha<ref name="TNM" />
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Naga Raja<ref name="TNM" />
* [[Y. G. Mahendran]] as Martin
* [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] as Icchadhari Snake
}}

== Production ==
[[Sripriya]] saw the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Nagin (1976 film)|Nagin]]'' (1976) with her mother and liked one of the film's songs, wishing for a potential film featuring her and a song set to the same tune. A week later, her mother bought the rights to remake ''Nagin'' in Tamil; the remake was titled ''Neeya?''. [[Durai (director)|Durai]] was approached to direct; though busy, he ultimately agreed. The male lead role was first offered to [[Rajinikanth]], who could not accept due to scheduling conflicts; the role later went to [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref name="maalaimalar" />

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neeyaa Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Shankar Ganesh |url=https://mossymart.com/product/neeyaa-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331055202/https://mossymart.com/product/neeyaa-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |archive-date=31 March 2021 |access-date=3 September 2020 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Neeya {{sic|nolink=y|(1978)}} |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000971.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131130141558/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000971.html |archive-date=30 November 2013 |access-date=30 March 2021 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Title
!Lyrics
!Singer(s)
!Length
|-
|"Ore Jeevan"
|[[Kannadasan]]
|[[Vani Jairam]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|4:45
|-
|"Naan Kattil Mele"
|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
|4:26
|-
|"Unnai Ethanai"
|[[Pulamaipithan]]
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:47
|-
|"Oru Kodi"
|[[Alangudi Somu]]
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
|4:56
|-
|"Ore Jeevan" (Pathos)
|Kannadasan
|Vani Jairam
|<nowiki>---</nowiki>
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Neeya?'' was released on 13 January 1979,{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=22}} the week of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]].<ref name="maalaimalar" /> On 28 January 1979 ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 50 out of 100, appreciating it for putting together an ensemble cast and for showing the snake in a limited manner, yet creating the right impact.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=23}} Naagai Dharuman of ''Anna'' praised the acting, music, cinematography, dialogues and direction.<ref>{{cite news |last=தருமன் |first=நாகை |date=28 January 1979 |title=நீயா? |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_101/4.jp2/full/1000%2C1370/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528022538/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_101/4.jp2/full/1000,1370/0/default.jpg |archive-date=28 May 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025 |newspaper=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> The film was a commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=22}}

== Legacy ==
''Neeya?'' attained cult status in Tamil cinema,<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2019 |title=Neeya 2 leaked before its first show, makers upset |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2019/05/25234040/1139565/Neeya-2-leaked-before-its-first-show-makers-upset.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331055156/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2019/05/25234040/1139565/Neeya-2-leaked-before-its-first-show-makers-upset.vpf |archive-date=31 March 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> and became a landmark for being a rare multistarrer in the same industry.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=23}} It was followed by two [[spiritual successor]]s: ''[[Naane Varuven (1992 film)|Naane Varuven]]'' (1992)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=13 March 1992 |title=Naane Varuvaen |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920313&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=3 September 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and ''[[Neeya 2]]'' (2019)''.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2019 |title=Neeya 2 movie review: A bad spiritual sequel to Neeya that will make you go WTF |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/neeya-2-movie-review-rating-5747303/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225155826/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/neeya-2-movie-review-rating-5747303/ |archive-date=25 February 2021 |access-date=3 September 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="TNM">{{Cite web |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=24 May 2019 |title=Revisiting 'Neeya?': A film that popularised the snake woman cult in Tamil cinema |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/revisiting-neeya-film-popularised-snake-woman-cult-tamil-cinema-102341 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905170251/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/revisiting-neeya-film-popularised-snake-woman-cult-tamil-cinema-102341 |archive-date=5 September 2019 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
<ref name="maalaimalar">{{Cite news |date=23 January 2018 |title=நாகின் படத்தைப் பார்த்துவிட்டு ஸ்ரீபிரியா தயாரித்த படம் நீயா |language=ta |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CineHistory/2018/01/23222653/1141834/cinima-history-sripriya.vpf |url-status=live |access-date=16 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216043025/https://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CineHistory/2018/01/23222653/1141834/cinima-history-sripriya.vpf |archive-date=16 February 2018}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Durai (director)}}

[[Category:1970s horror thriller films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:1979 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:Films about grief]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Films about snakes]]
[[Category:Films about the afterlife]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films based on American novels]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Cornell Woolrich]]
[[Category:Films based on works by François Truffaut]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian horror film remakes]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of French films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Hum To Mohabbat Karega

2026-03-03T12:02:11Z

SanjayMurugesan220: small expand structure as per guidelines and updated info for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hum To Mohabbat Karega
| image = Hum_To_Mohabbat_Karega.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Kundan Shah]]
| producer = K. P. Singh
| writer = {{ubl|[[Kundan Shah]]|Ranjit Kapoor}}
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Bobby Deol]]|[[Karisma Kapoor]]|[[Johnny Lever]]|[[Maleeka Ghai]]}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Anu Malik]] '''Score:''' [[Surindher Sodhi]]
| cinematography = Thomas A. Xavier
| editing = Aseem Sinha
| studio = KPS Films
| distributor = NH Studioz
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2000|5|26}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}7.50 [[crore]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=741|title=Hum To Mohabbat Karega – Movie|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}9.92 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}
'''''Hum To Mohabbat Karega''''' (transl. '''''I Will Love You Always''''') is a 2000 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film written and directed by [[Kundan Shah]] starring [[Bobby Deol]] and [[Karisma Kapoor]]. This film was inspired by the 1981 American film ''[[Eyewitness (1981 film)|Eyewitness]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hum-to-mohabbat-karega/critic-review/hum-to-mohabbat-karega-movie-review/ | title=Hum to Mohabbat Karega Review 1.5/5 | Hum to Mohabbat Karega Movie Review | Hum to Mohabbat Karega 2000 Public Review | Film Review | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=26 May 2000 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hum to Mohabbat Karega |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=741 |website=Boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Rajiv "Raju" Bhatnagar is a waiter in a popular hotel. He is in love with Geeta Kapoor, a famous news anchor. He is obsessed with her news segment, and his dream is to marry her one day. He meets Mr. Desai who is staying at the hotel. On his way out of Mr. Desai's hotel room, he sees a stranger named Ketu going into his room. By the time Raju reaches the ground floor, he sees blood dripping from the top and sees Mr. Desai lying dead on the side of his room window. News coverage of the murder is assigned to Geeta, who arrives at the hotel to interview people. Raju is dying to meet her, and the only way to meet his love is to lie. Besides, she is engaged to her channel's head, Rohit.

Raju lies to her that he witnessed the murder. The unknown killer then decides to murder him too and begins to hunt Raju. Meanwhile, Geeta is looking for her brother Vikram, and for information, she seeks help from a convict named Gul Mahomed (Rajendra Tiwari), who was framed for illegal money-making by the Mafia. Vikram was trying to help Gul Hassan prove his innocence but was kidnapped by the Mafia. Then Gul escaped from jail. Raju decides to help Geeta even with the risk to his life, but Geeta learns the truth and leaves him. When he looks for Geeta, he does not know that the Mafia and Police are also after him.

Meanwhile, Gul Mahomed is mysteriously murdered. Geeta and Raju meet and decide to get back together and look for the murderer, who is a part of the Mafia. Soon enough, Raju is also kidnapped by the Mafia. The Mafia forced him into working for them as a gangster. Raju also pretends to go along with them. However, when he goes to meet Geeta, the Mafia understands his pretense and plans to kill him. Geeta rescues him, and Raju tells her the route she needs to take. For some random reason, Raju knows everything there is in that village. May it be a river, a motorboat, or a monk's house, he knows it all. When Geeta asks him how he knows it, he tells her that she used to live there with him somehow.

Disregarding this, Raju steals diamonds from Mr. Desai's locker with the help of Geeta. But she then finds he has disappeared with the gems and was actually a part of the Mafia all along. Geeta cries and walks out of his life, but it is revealed that he only stole because the Mafia had kidnapped his friend Kutty and his girlfriend Vishali. Geeta and Rohit are about to get married when Raju shows up and gives her proof that Rohit is actually the killer and that he has also shot Vikram. He wanted to create TV news channels for which he needed the diamonds Mr. Desai had, and Mr. Desai's name was actually Patel.

Vikram found out about Rohit's plans and was going to expose him in the media. But Rohit murdered and hid Vikram and Gul Mahomed's daughter. Gul Mahomed wanted to meet Geeta to tell her that Rohit is the murderer. As Rohit forces Geeta to marry him, Raju jumps in and rescues her. Raju and Geeta then record the Mafia and Rohit with the counterfeit note-making and air it as a live feed. Raju with the police surrounds the Mafia, who are then arrested. However, Rohit abducts Geeta and runs from there. Raju chases after them, but Rohit is waiting around the corner. Once Raju comes into view, Rohit shoots him, and Raju collapses. Rohit is about to kill Geeta, but Raju throws him off the top of the factory building.

Raju is rewarded with the chance to work in Geeta's news channel, and the two arrange for their wedding.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Bobby Deol]] as Rajiv "Raju" Bhatnagar
* [[Karishma Kapoor]] as Geeta Kapoor, Press Reporter
* [[Johnny Lever]] as Kutti
* [[Maleeka Ghai]] as Varsha
* [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] as Inspector Shinde
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Ketu
* [[Dalip Tahil]] as Suraj
* [[Vijay Kashyap]] as Havaldar Rokde
* [[Rohit Roy]] as Rohit
*[[Smita Bansal]] as Sanjana, Press Reporter
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Hum To Mohabbat Karega
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Anu Malik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2000
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Anu Malik]]. The lyrics were written by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Tere Aagey Peechey"
| [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Kumar Sanu]]
|-
| 2
| "Yeh Khushi Ki Mehfil"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 3
| "Suno Suno, Kaho Kaho"
| [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Kumar Sanu]]
|-
| 4
| "Hum To Mohabbat Karega"
| [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Anu Malik]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
| 5
| "Churalo Dil"
| [[Anu Malik]], [[Shraddha Pandit]]
|-
| 6
| "Dada Maanja Baba Maanja"
| [[Anu Malik]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 7
| "Leh Liya Leh Liya"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Sudesh Bhosle]]
|-
| 8
| "Hum To Mohabbat Karega (2)"
| [[Anu Malik]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0249588}}
{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}
{{Kundan Shah}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Films scored by Surinder Sodhi]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kundan Shah]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]

Kadhal Agadhi

2026-03-03T03:33:32Z

SanjayMurugesan220: creating a stub

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by Shami Thirumalai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kadhal Agadhi
| image = Kadhal Agadhi poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = Shami Thirumalai
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = [[Harikumar (actor)|Harikumar]] Mamta
| narrator =
| cinematography = Shyam Raj
| editing = S. P. Ahamed
| music = [[Emil Mohammed|Farhan Roshan]]
| studio = Ramaiah Cine Creations
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|9|24}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kadhal Agadhi''''' ({{Translation|Refugee of love}}) is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[crime film]] directed by Shami Thirumalai and starring [[Harikumar (actor)|Harikumar]] and Mamta.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=August 2022}}
The film is about a gangster, Sathya, who is unable to express his love to Savitri because he is always around thugs.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite web |date=22 May 2015 |title=Rowdy romance: Kadhal Agathee |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/rowdy-romance-kadhal-agathee/article7235717.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810084609/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/rowdy-romance-kadhal-agathee/article7235717.ece |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=14 March 2015 |title=Immaterial love |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/etcetera-pursuit-of-happiness/article6993701.ece?secpage=true&secname=entertainment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810084606/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/etcetera-pursuit-of-happiness/article6993701.ece?secpage=true&secname=entertainment |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Harikumar (actor)|Harikumar]] as Sathya
*Mamtha as Savitri
*[[Pandiarajan]]
*[[Devadarshini]]
*[[Pandi (actor)|Pandi]]
*[[Singamuthu]]
*[[Lollu Sabha Manohar]]
*Sudarshan Raj
*Mamatha Ravath
*Baby Meenu
*Trichi Babu
*Mysore Manjula
}}

== Production ==
The film was shot in Bangalore, Chennai and Hyderabad.<ref name="hindu" /> One stunt sequence was shot in a cave in [[Hosur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=20 September 2015 |title=Harikumar's risky stunt in Kadhal Agadhi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150920/entertainment-kollywood/article/harikumar%E2%80%99s-risky-stunt-kadhal-agadhi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810084603/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150920/entertainment-kollywood/article/harikumar%E2%80%99s-risky-stunt-kadhal-agadhi |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
The film was removed two days after being in theatres in 2015 and was re-released in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=28 May 2016 |title=Kadhal Agadhi to be re-released |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/280516/kadhal-agadhi-to-be-re-released.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810084614/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/280516/kadhal-agadhi-to-be-re-released.html |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "A passable action-centric entertainer, Kadhal Agadhi at the most a stepping stone for a debutant maker".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=18 June 2016 |title=Romance, action and emotions for Harikumar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/jun/18/romance-action-and-emotions-for-harikumar-941482.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810084542/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/jun/18/Romance-action-and-emotions-for-Harikumar-941482.html |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India|Samayam]]'' criticised the film and gave the film a rating of one-and-a-half out of five stars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=காதல் அகதீ- விமர்சனம் |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-review/film-review-kadhal-agathi/moviereview/52943347.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810084557/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-review/film-review-kadhal-agathi/moviereview/52943347.cms |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:Romantic crime films]]

Baruipur High School

2026-02-22T18:39:27Z

SanjayMurugesan220: new basic stub basic info...

{{Short description|School in Baruipur, West Bengal, India}}
{{Notability|Org|date=April 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Baruipur High School
| logo =
| image =
| location = Puratan Bazar, Maha Prabhu Tala, Baruipur, West Bengal [[Kolkata]] – 700144
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.34696040915205|88.44155452126962|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline;title}}
| schooltype = Government Secondary School
| established = {{start date|1858}}
| authority = Government of West Bengal
| headmaster =
| enrollment = 2350
| language = English, Bengali
| nickname =
| yearbook =
| affiliation = [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education|WBBSE]] and [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education|WBCHSE]]
| website = https://baruipurhighschool.com/
}}

'''Baruipur High School''' ('''BHS''') is a government high school for boys, located in [[Baruipur]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. This is a boys' only school for secondary and higher secondary level students. It is one of the deemed schools in [[Kolkata]]. The campus includes a fairly large play-ground and the school offers variety of extracurricular activities for its students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WBBSE :: School Directory |url=https://wbbse.wb.gov.in/Web/SchoolDirectory?l=NvIA4/0JZGMsvPnDuBDEBA== |access-date=26 March 2022 |website=wbbse.wb.gov.in |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107151509/https://wbbse.wb.gov.in/Web/SchoolDirectory?l=NvIA4/0JZGMsvPnDuBDEBA== |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== History ==
The school was established in 1858 by British just after the year of the historical [[Sepoy Mutiny]]. The School is one of ancient school in West Bengal. BHS is a famous school in South Kolkata and West Bengal and over centuries has produced many recognised people in different fields.

== Academics ==
Baruipur High School is affiliated with the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education ([[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education|WBBSE]]) and West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education([[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education|WBCHSE]]). The school offers a common curriculum up to Grade 10, along with the option of National & Regional languages. In Grade 11 and Grade 12, the school requires students to choose one of three five-subject streams: Science (with Computer Science or Biology), Commerce, or Arts.

== Notable alumni ==

* [[Jyotirmay Bhattacharya]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hon'ble Acting Chief Justice Jyotirmay Bhattacharya |url=http://www.calcuttahighcourt.nic.in/bio/jbhattacharya.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126155926/http://www.calcuttahighcourt.nic.in/bio/jbhattacharya.htm |archive-date=2017-11-26 |access-date=26 March 2022 |website=Calcutta High Court}}</ref> – Former [[Chief Justice]], [[Calcutta High Court]]
* [[Subhankar Chattopadhyay]] – Director, Scriptwriter, Content creator, and Producer

== References ==
<references />
{{stack|}}

== See also ==
{{portal|Schools|India}}

* [[List of schools in Kolkata]]
* [[List of schools in West Bengal]]

{{Kolkata topics}}

[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:Schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1858]]
[[Category:1858 establishments in British India]]

SMSN H.S.S

2026-02-22T11:23:06Z

SanjayMurugesan220: creating article

{{no footnotes|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| logo =
| coordinates = {{coord|11.0719|76.5657|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| motto =
| established =
| closed =
| type =
| status =
| category_label =
| category =
| gender_label =
| gender =
| affiliation =
| affiliations =
| administrator =
| assst_admin =
| president =
| chairman_label =
| chairman =
| rector =
| principal =
| asst principal =
| campus_director =
| headmaster =
| head_label =
| head =
| head_name2 =
| head2 =
| dean =
| founder =
| chaplain =
| officer_in_charge =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff =
| enrollment =
| grades_label =
| grades =
| address =
| city =
| state = [[Kerala]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| district =
| oversight =
| accreditation =
| campus =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| houses =
| student_union =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| free_label =
| free_text =
| rival =
| yearbook =
| newspaper =
| free_label1 =
| free_text1 =
| free_label2 =
| free_text2 =
| free_label3 =
| free_text3 =
| test_name =
| test_average =
| national_ranking =
| website = {{URL|myschool.com}}
| footnotes =
| picture =
| picture_caption =
| picture2 =
| picture_caption2 =
}}

'''SMSN H.S.S''' or '''Sathragraha Memorial Srinarayana Higher Secondary School''' [[Vaikom]] is situated in [[Kottayam district]], Kerala.
It is managed by [[SNDP]] vaikom union. In the memory of great guru [[Sri Narayana Guru]] Lead in the [[Vaikom Satyagraha]][[Temple Entry Proclamation]]vaikom 1924–25.
The same school is also called Asramam school. Many great leaders like [[Gandhiji]], [[TK Madhavan]], etc. visited this school at the event of vaikom sathyagraha.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/extreme-injustice-led-to-vaikom-satyagraha-says-romila-thapar/article235536.ece Extreme injustice led to Vaikom Satyagraha, says Romila Thapar]
* http://www.modernrationalist.com/2011/january/page06.html

[[Category:Schools in Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Vaikom]]

Rohan Kapoor (badminton)

2026-02-21T15:42:46Z

SanjayMurugesan220:

{{Short description|Indian badminton player (born 1997)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Rohan Kapoor
| image =
| size =
| caption =
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| country = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1997|9|16}}
| birth_place =
| residence =
| height =
| weight =
| years_active =
| handedness =
| coach =
| event = Men's & mixed doubles
| highest_ranking = 82 (MD with [[Saurabh Sharma]], 15 November 2018) 29 (XD with [[Ruthvika Gadde]], 3 June 2025)
| date_of_highest_ranking =
| current_ranking = 37
| date_of_current_ranking = XD with Ruthvika Gadde, 17 February 2026
| medal_templates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[badminton]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton at the Asian Games|Asian Games]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]] | [[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's team|Men's team]] }}
| bwfbadminton_id = 60980
| bwf_id = 35F08799-F54F-41F0-9627-0E8A48EA6C0F
}}

'''Rohan Kapoor''' (born 16 September 1997) is an Indian [[badminton]] player.<ref>{{cite web |title=Players: Rohan Kapoor |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/player/60980/rohan-kapoor |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref>

== Achievements ==

=== BWF World Tour (1 runner-up) ===
The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |last=Alleyne |first=Gayle |title=BWF Launches New Events Structure |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |date=19 March 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201164159/http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF). The BWF World Tours are divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300 (part of the HSBC World Tour), and the BWF Tour Super 100.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sukumar |first=Dev |title=Action-Packed Season Ahead! |url=http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |publisher=Badminton World Federation |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113162925/http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |archive-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>

''Mixed doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Level
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | [[2018 Russian Open (badminton)#Finals 5|2018]]
| align="left" | [[Russian Open (badminton)|Russian Open]]
| align="left" | Super 100
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kuhoo Garg]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vladimir Ivanov (badminton)|Vladimir Ivanov]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Min-kyung]]
| align="left" | 19–21, 17–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | '''{{silver2}} Runner-up'''
|}

=== BWF International Challenge/Series (10 titles, 7 runners-up) ===
''Men's doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2016
| align="left" | [[Bahrain International Challenge|Bahrain International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vighnesh Devlekar]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Evgenij Dremin]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Denis Grachev (badminton)|Denis Grachev]]
| align="left" | 18–21, 17–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2017
| align="left" | [[Kharkiv International (badminton)|Kharkiv International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Nandagopal]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Alwin Francis]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tarun Kona]]
| align="left" | 18–21, 24–22, 21–18
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | [[Nepal International (badminton)|Nepal International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saurabh Sharma]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Izzat Farhan Azhar]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Zachary Chiong Shen Sia]]
| align="left" | 21–10, 21–12
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | [[Bahrain International (badminton)|Bahrain International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Saurabh Sharma
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Prad Tangsrirapeephan]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Apichasit Teerawiwat]]
| align="left" | 21–19, 16–21, 22–24
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2022
| align="left" | [[Maldives International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[B. Sumeeth Reddy]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Chaloempon Charoenkitamorn]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Nanthakarn Yordphaisong]]
| align="left" | 21–23, 21–19, 21–17
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}

''Mixed doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2017
| align="left" | [[Hellas Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kuhoo Garg]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Utkarsh Arora]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Karishma Wadkar]]
| align="left" | 21–19, 21–19
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2017
| align="left" | [[India International Series]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Kuhoo Garg
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chen Tang Jie]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Liu Ying]]
| align="left" | 19–21, 13–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2018
| align="left" | [[Iceland International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Kuhoo Garg
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kristoffer Knudsen]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Isabella Nielsen]]
| align="left" | 16–21, 21–19, 21–18
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2018
| align="left" | [[Lagos International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Kuhoo Garg
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manu Attri]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Maneesha]]
| align="left" | 17–21, 21–23
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2022 (II)
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge|India International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[N. Sikki Reddy]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Ratchapol Makkasasithorn]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Chasinee Korepap]]
| align="left" | 22–20, 23–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2022 (III)
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} N. Sikki Reddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sai Pratheek K.]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Ponnappa]]
| align="left" | 16–21, 21–11, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2022
| align="left" | [[Maldives International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} N. Sikki Reddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ALG}} [[Koceila Mammeri]] {{flagicon|ALG}} [[Tanina Mammeri]]
| align="left" | 21–16, 21–18
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | [[Slovenia Open (badminton)|Slovenia Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} N. Sikki Reddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Jesper Toft]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Clara Graversen]]
| align="left" | 12–21, 13–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | [[Denmark Masters]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} N. Sikki Reddy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mads Vestergaard]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Christine Busch]]
| align="left" | 21–16, 21–17
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | [[Turkey International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ruthvika Gadde]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Julien Maio]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Léa Palermo]]
| align="left" | 15–21, 13–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024 (I)
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ruthvika Gadde
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Hariharan Amsakarunan {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanisha Crasto]]
| align="left" | 21–17, 21–19
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024 (II)
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ruthvika Gadde
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashith Surya]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amrutha Pramuthesh]]
| align="left" | 21–16, 19–21, 21–12
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}
: {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament
: {{Color box|#E9E9E9|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Future Series]] tournament

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{BWF|35F08799-F54F-41F0-9627-0E8A48EA6C0F}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Rohan}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male badminton players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in badminton]]

{{India-badminton-bio-stub}}

Manjeri

2026-02-18T14:15:33Z

SanjayMurugesan220: Created Pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Manjeri
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Municipality]]
| image_skyline = Manjeri Town Calicut Road View.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = A view of Manjeri town
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India#Asia#Earth
| pushpin_label_position = left
| coordinates = {{coord|11.12|N|76.12|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Kerala|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| governing_body = Manjeri Municipality
| leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_name = Abdul Majeed .V ([[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]])<ref name="Manjerimunicpality">{{Cite web|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2020/211|title=Manjeri municipality|access-date=2020-08-18|website=lsgkerala}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = Chairperson
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 = Vice chairperson
| leader_name2 = Adv. Beena Joseph ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])<ref name="Manjerimunicpality"/>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="manjeri_census">{{cite book |last1=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |title=District Census Handbook, Malappuram |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |pages=154–155 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_B_MALAPPURAM.pdf |access-date=18 August 2020}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 53.06
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 38
| population_total = 97,102
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="manjeri_census"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = {{nobold|Official}}
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]], English
| demographics_type2 = Human Development
| demographics2_title1 = {{nobold|[[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] (2011)}}
| demographics2_info1 = 1059 [[female|♀]]/1000[[male|♂]]<ref name="manjeri_census"/>
| demographics2_title2 = {{nobold|[[Literacy in India|Literacy]] (2019)}}
| demographics2_info2 = 98.76%<ref name="manjeri_census"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 676121, 676122, 676123
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0483
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-10
| blank1_name_sec1 = Metropolitan area
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Malappuram metropolitan area]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.manjerimunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:MDSC Stadium Manjeri.jpg|thumb|[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Manjeri Stadium]]]]
[[File:Unity hills, Manjeri.png|thumb|Unity hills in Manjeri]]
'''Manjeri''' ({{IPA|ml|mɐɲd͡ʑeːɾi|IPA}}) is a major town and municipality in [[Malappuram district, Kerala]], India. It is the fourth-most populous [[List of cities and towns in Kerala|municipality]] in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/towns/ker_towns.pdf|title=Alphabetical list of towns and their population (Kerala)|access-date=2020-12-21|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Government of India}}</ref> It is situated {{convert|23|km}} southeast of [[Calicut International Airport|Karipur International Airport]] and {{convert|13|km}} northeast of [[Malappuram]], the district headquarters, and forms a part of the [[Malappuram metropolitan area]].<ref name="Malappuram metropolitan area">{{cite web |url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/622777/urban |website=kerala.gov.in |title=Constituents of Malappuram metropolitan area |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230044541/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/622777/urban |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is one of the major commercial towns under the Malappuram urban agglomeration and serves as the headquarters of [[Eranad Taluk]].<ref name="1961_kkd">{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook (2) - Kozhikode (1961)|last=Devassy|first=M. K.|publisher=Government of Kerala|year=1965|location=Ernakulam|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5665/1/22059_1961_KOZ.pdf}}</ref> Manjeri Municipality is a local self-government institution with a jurisdiction of three villages, namely Manjeri, [[Payyanad, Manjeri|Payyanad]], and [[Narukara, Manjeri|Narukara]].

==Etymology==
{{Empty section|date=August 2023}}

==History==
The remains of pre-historic symbols including [[Dolmen]]s, [[Menhir]]s, and Rock-cut caves that have been found from various parts of Manjeri indicates human life at the region in the [[Stone Age]] itself.<ref name="Stone age">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_A_MALAPPURAM.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |title= History of Malappuram |access-date= 17 April 2020}}</ref> The region was under the control of [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorins]] in medieval period. There was a set pattern of succession, indicated by ''Sthanams'' (ranks) in the royal line in the [[Zamorin of Calicut|Kingdom of Zamorins]].<ref name="VVHaridas">V. V., Haridas. ''"King court and culture in medieval Kerala – The Zamorins of Calicut (AD 1200 to AD 1767)"''. [http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/131929] Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Mangalore University</ref> Five ''Sthanams'' were defined in the kingdom of [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorin]], each with its own separate property enjoyed in succession by the senior members of the three ''Kovilakams'' (palaces) of the family<ref name="KrishnaIyer2">K. V. Krishna Iyer, ''Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806''. Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938.</ref>
. One of these five ''Sthanams'' came to be known as ''Edattaranadu Nambiyathiri Thirumulpadu'' (the ''Etatralpadu''), which is mentioned in the Manjeri Pulapatta inscription as the overlord of the "Three Hundred" Nairs. The ''Etatralpadu'' used to reside in a palace at Edathara near Manjeri.<ref name="MGS">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n6CNHAAACAAJ&q=Perumals+of+Kerala|title=Perumals of Kerala: Political and Social Conditions of Kerala Under the Cēra Perumals of Makotai (c. 800 A.D.-1124 A.D.)|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|date=1996|publisher=Xavier Press|language=en}}</ref> ''Manjeri Kovilakam'' was one of the seats of the ruling families of the Zamorins of Calicut.<ref name="1961_kkd"/>

Manjeri was once the headquarters and the military centre of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] under [[Tipu Sultan]].<ref name="Incredible India">{{Cite web|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kottakkal/manjeri.html|title=History of Manjeri|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Incredible India}}</ref> Under British rule, Manjeri served as the administrative headquarters of [[Eranad]] subdistrict, which was the largest subdistrict within the [[Malabar District]].<ref name="Malabar">{{Cite book|title=1951 census handbook - Malabar district|publisher=Government of Madras|year=1953|location=Chennai|pages=1|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf}}</ref> In 1896, the [[landlords]] of ''Manjeri Kovilakam'' started to evacuate the [[tenants]] from their lands. The landless tenants started to revolt under the leadership of [[Variyan Kunnathu Kunjahammed Haji]]. They seized the land and properties of the landlords. British army came to help the landlords. The conflict caused the British to risk 94 out of 100 soldiers.<ref name="MPS77">{{Cite book|title=Malabar Samaram MP Narayanamenonum Sahapravarthakarum|last=Menon|first=MPS|publisher=Islamic Publishing House|year=1992|isbn=81-8271-100-2|location=Kozhikkode|pages=77}}</ref>

The Malabar district political conference of [[Indian National Congress]] held at Manjeri on 28 April 1920, fueled [[Indian independence movement]] and national movement in [[Malabar District|British Malabar]].<ref name="Manjericonference_1920">{{cite news |title=The 1920 political conference at Manjeri |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/290616/rare-letters-on-historic-meet-found-in-malappuram.html |access-date=18 July 2020 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=29 June 2016}}</ref> That conference declared that the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] were not able to satisfy the needs of [[British Raj|British India]]. It also argued for a land reform to seek solutions for the problems caused by tenancy that existed in Malabar. However, the decision widened the drift between [[Surat Split|extremists and moderates]] within the Congress. The conference resulted in dissatisfaction of landlords with the Indian National Congress. It caused the leadership of the Malabar district Congress Committee to come under the control of the extremists who stood for labourers and the middle class.<ref name="askh">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=A Survey of Kerala History |date=December 2019 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=9788126415786 |edition=2019 |url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/a-survey-of-kerala-history}}</ref>

The region has been part of movements such as [[Khilafat Movement]] and [[Malabar rebellion]] following the Manjeri conference. It was one of the strongholds of the [[Malabar Rebellion]] in 1921. Manjeri police station was destructed by the rebels on 21 August 1921. The protestors won in removing the colonial rule from the region and establish self-rule for about six months.<ref name="Incredible India"/> After [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]] in 1947, the region continued in [[Malabar District]]. In 1969, it became a part of the newly formed [[Malappuram district]].<ref name="c1971">{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook - Malappuram (Part-C) - 1971|last=K. Narayanan|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala|year=1972|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=3|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5714/1/51172_1971_MAL.pdf}}</ref> Now it forms a part of the [[Malappuram metropolitan area]].<ref name="Malappuram metropolitan area"/>

==Demographics==
Total population under municipality limits is 97,102 according to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]]. Males form 48.6% and females 51.4%.<ref name="manjeri_census"/> [[Malayalam]] is the widely spoken language in the town. Manjeri has been a multi-ethnic and multi-religious town since the early [[medieval period]]. The [[Muslim]]s form the largest religious group, followed by [[Hindu]]s and [[Christians]].<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Religion – Kerala, Districts and Sub-districts |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General}}</ref> The municipality of Manjeri has an average [[Literacy in India#Kerala|literacy rate]] of 95.8%.<ref name="manjeri_census"/>

Saint Gregorios Orthodox Church serves the Malankara Orthodox Christians in Manjeri under the Diocese of Malabar of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saint Gregorios Orthodox Church |url=https://orthodox-world.org/en/i/14633/india/kerala/manjeri/church/saint-gregorios-orthodox-church |website=orthodox-world.org |access-date=22 February 2025}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Mlp.jpg|thumbnail|Valamangalam viewpoint, Manjeri]]
Manjeri is located at {{Coord|11.12|N|76.12|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/13/Manjeri.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Manjeri]</ref> It has an average elevation of 38 metres (124 feet) from sea level.

== Civic administration ==
[[File:Manjeri City.jpg|thumbnail|A view of Manjeri town]]
The town is administered by the Manjeri Municipality, headed by a chairperson. For administrative purposes, the town is divided into 50 [[Ward (country subdivision)|wards]],<ref name="Manjerimunicpality"/> from which the members of the municipal council are elected for five years. The municipality comes under the jurisdiction of Manjeri police station (formerly known as Eranad Police Station at the time of its formation), which was formed on 14 April 1879.<ref name="ps">{{Cite web|url=https://malappuram.keralapolice.gov.in/wings/police-stations/manjeri-ps|title=Manjeri PS|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Kerala police}}</ref> The apex district court of Malappuram district is at Manjeri and the judicial district is known as Manjeri judicial district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/malappuram|title=Manjeri judicial district|access-date=2020-08-18|website=ecourt}}</ref>
<mapframe text="Manjeri Municipality" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q16134188"}</mapframe>

===[[2020 Kerala local body elections|Manjeri Municipality]] Election 2020===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php|title=Manjeri Municipality election 2020|access-date=2020-12-11|website=lbtrend|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309203519/http://trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> !! Party name !! Party symbol !! Number of Councillors
|-
| 01 || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] ||[[File:UDF logo.png|50px]] || 27
|-
| 02 || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] ||[[File:Left Democratic Front (Kerala) Logo.svg|50px]] || 14
|-
| 03 || Independents || [[File:No flag.svg|75px]] || 09
|}

==Wards==
[[File:Calicut-Manjeri road,Manjeri Panorama.jpg|thumbnail|A panoramic view of Calicut Road, Manjeri]]
Manjeri Municipality is composed of the following 50 wards:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2015/211
|website = sec.kerala.gov.in
|title = Wards of Manjeri
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="20px" |Ward no.
!width="75px" |Name
!width="20px" |Ward no.
!width="75px" |Name
|-
|1
|[[Kidangazhi]]
|2
|Erambra
|-
|3
|Pullur
|4
|[[Chettiyangadi]]
|-
|5
|[[Cherani]]
|6
|[[Nelliparamba]]
|-
|7
|[[Melakkam]]
|8
|[[Chullakkad|Chullikkad]]
|-
|9
|Thadathikuzhi
|10
|Kozhikkattukunnu
|-
|11
|Punnakuzhi
|12
|[[Mangalasseri|Mangalassery]]
|-
|13
|Palakkulam
|14
|[[Thanippara]]
|-
|15
|College Kunnu
|16
|Kizhakkekara
|-
|17
|[[Vadakkangara, Manjeri|Vadakkangara]]
|18
|[[Payyanad, Manjeri|Payyanad]]
|-
|19
|[[Elambra, Manjeri|Elambra]]
|20
|Athanikkal
|-
|21
|Thamarassery
|22
|[[Nellikkuth, Manjeri|Nellikuth]]-I
|-
|23
|[[Nellikkuth, Manjeri|Nellikuth]]-II
|24
|Chalukulam
|-
|25
|Kizhakkekunnu
|26
|[[Pilakkal, Manjeri|Pilakkal]]
|-
|27
|Amayamkode
|28
|[[Pullancheri, Manjeri|Pullenchery]]
|-
|29
|Vettekode
|30
|[[Vellarangal, Manjeri|Vellerangal]]
|-
|31
|[[Vayapparappadi, Manjeri|Vayparapadi]]
|32
|[[Kovilakamkundu, Manjeri|Kovilakamkundu]]
|-
|33
|Town Ward
|34
|[[Santhigram, Manjeri|Shanthi Gramam]]
|-
|35
|[[Arukizhaya, Manjeri|Arukizhaya]]
|36
|Ulladankunnu
|-
|37
|[[Mullampara, Manjeri|Mullampara]]
|38
|Vakkethodi
|-
|39
|Thadathiparamba
|40
|Vattappara
|-
|41
|Puliyanthodi
|42
|[[Turakkal|Thurakkal]]
|-
|43
|Pottammal
|44
|[[Pattarkkulam, Manjeri|Pattarkulam]]
|-
|45
|[[Mariyad, Manjeri|Mariyad]]
|46
|Veemboor
|-
|47
|[[Narukara, Manjeri|Narukara]]
|48
|Ambalappadi
|-
|49
|[[Karuvambram, Manjeri|Karuvambram]]
|50
|[[Ramankulam, Manjeri|Ramankulam]]
|}

==Important Institutions==
===Government===
'''Courts in Manjeri'''<ref name="ps"/>
* Manjeri Judicial District<ref name="ps"/>
* District Court, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Assistant Sessions Court, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Fast Track I, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Fast Track II, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Fast Track III, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* SC/ST Special Court, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* MACT Court, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* CJM Court, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Judicial First Class Magistrate Court I Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Judicial First Class Magistrate Court II (Forest) Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Municiff Court Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
'''Other Government Institutions within Manjeri'''<ref name="ps"/>
[[File:MANJERI F.M 102.7.jpg|thumbnail|[[AIR Manjeri FM]] Radio Station]]
* Municipal Office Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* [[Government Medical College, Manjeri]]<ref name="ps"/>
* [[Eranad Taluk]] Office, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* [[AIR Manjeri FM]] Radio Station<ref name="ps"/>
* Manjeri Postal Division<ref name="ps"/>
* Head Post Office Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Excise Range Office, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Excise Office, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* [[Kerala State Electricity Board|KSEB]] North & South Offices, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Fire & Rescue Unit, Manjeri<ref>{{cite web |title=Manjeri – KERALA FIRE AND RESCUE SERVICES |url=https://fire.kerala.gov.in/en/2021/03/27/manjeri/ |website=fire.kerala.gov.in |access-date=22 May 2023}}</ref>
* BEVCO outlet, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Telephone Exchange, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] Station master office, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* PWD Office, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Sub Jail Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Sales Tax office, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Taluk Civil Supply office, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Sub Registrar officer, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Sub Treasury office, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Stamp Dipott Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Guest House, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Water Authority, [[Anakkayam]]<ref name="ps"/>
* Manjeri Circle office<ref name="ps"/>
* Traffic Unit Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Cashew nut Research Centre, [[Anakkayam]]<ref name="ps"/>

===Education===
[[File:Manjeri govt medical college.jpg|thumb|[[Government Medical College, Manjeri]]]]
'''Important Educational Institutions within Manjeri'''<ref name="ps"/>
* [[N.S.S College, Manjeri]]<ref name="ps"/>
* Eranad Knowledge City, Manjeri<ref name="ekc">{{cite web| url=http://www.ekc.edu.in/ | title=Eranad Knowledge City}}</ref>
* Eranad Knowledge City College of Engineering, Manjeri<ref name="ekc"/>
* [[Government Medical College, Manjeri]]<ref name="ps"/>
* Cooperative Arts & Science College Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* [[Korambayil Ahammed Haji Memorial Unity Women's College, Manjeri]]<ref name="ps"/>
* Govt. Poly Technic Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Government Boys HSS Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Govt Girls HSS Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* HMYHSS Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Govt Higher Secondary School Irumbuzhi Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Vocational Higher Secondary School Nellikkuth Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Vocational Higher secondary school Pullanoor<ref name="ps"/>
* Govt High School Elankoor<ref name="ps"/>
* Amritha Vidya Peedam Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* NSS English Medium School Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Govt. LPS Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Govt.UP School Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Ace Public School Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Noble Public School Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Chinmaya public School<ref name="ps"/>
* Mubarack English Medium School<ref name="ps"/>
* Nazareth English medium School<ref name="ps"/>
* AMUPS Vadakangara<ref name="ps"/>
* Alfalah Public School<ref name="ps"/>
* MIC Valluvambram<ref name="ps"/>
* Blossom Public School<ref name="ps"/>
* Manavedan UPS Thrikkalangode<ref name="ps"/>
* Jamia Islamia Higher Secondary school<ref name="ps"/>
* Shanmugha vilasam School Karikkad<ref name="ps"/>
* ICS public School Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Charangavu PMS School Elankur<ref name="ps"/>
* AMUPS Mullambara<ref name="ps"/>
* Valluvambram UPS<ref name="ps"/>
* Khadheeja English Medium Pappinippara<ref name="ps"/>
* AUPS Pappinippara<ref name="ps"/>
* Al Huda English Medium Pappinippara<ref name="ps"/>
* Rahmath Public medium school<ref name="ps"/>
* AUPS Thottappara<ref name="ps"/>
* AMLPS Karaparamba<ref name="ps"/>
* CHM Highschool Pookolathoor<ref name="ps"/>
* GLPS School Manjeri Vayapparappadi<ref name="ps"/>
* Good Hope School Mangalassery<ref name="ps"/>

===Healthcare===
[[File:Manjeri Thurakkal bypass junction.jpg|thumbnail|[[Turakkal|Thurakkal]] Bypass Junction, Manjeri]]
'''Important Healthcare Institutions within Manjeri'''<ref name="ps"/>
* [[Government Medical College, Manjeri]]<ref name="ps"/>
* Government General Hospital, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Government TB Hospital, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Eranad Hospital Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Prasanthi Hi tech Hospital, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Malabar Hospital Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* KMH Hospital Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Manu Memorial Hospital Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Mana sneha Hospital, Muttipalam, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Ayurvedic Hospital Mullambara Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Govt Primary Health Centre Mangalassery<ref name="ps"/>
* Govt Primary Health Centre Thrippanachi<ref name="ps"/>
* Veterinary hospital Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Veterinary hospital Pookolathoor<ref name="ps"/>

===Finance===
[[File:Manjeri CITY.jpg|thumbnail|Near Manjeri Bus Station]]
'''Important Financial Institutions within Manjeri'''<ref name="ps"/>
* Union Bank Of India Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* [[Kerala State Financial Enterprises|KSFE]], Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Thrikkalangode Service Co-operative Bank<ref name="ps"/>
* Pulpatta Service Co-operative Bank<ref name="ps"/>
* Service Co-operative Bank Mailuth<ref name="ps"/>
* Elankur Service Co-operative Bank, Pelepuram<ref name="ps"/>
* Payyanad Co-operative Service Bank<ref name="ps"/>
* Ernad Co-operative Bank, [[Nilambur]] Road, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Anakkayam Service Co-operative Bank<ref name="ps"/>
* Axis Bank, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Bank of Baroda, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Bank of India, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Canara Bank, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Catholic Syrian Bank, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Manjeri Co-operative Bank<ref name="ps"/>
* District Co-Operative Bank, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Federal Bank, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* HDFC Bank, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* ICICI Bank, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Indian Bank, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Indian Overseas Bank, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Yes Bank, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Punjab National Bank, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* [[South Indian Bank]], Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* [[Kerala Gramin Bank]], Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* [[State Bank of India]] Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Syndicate Bank, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* UAE Exchange Bank, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Cholamandalam Finance, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Sreeram Investments Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Sundram Finance Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Sree Gokulam Chitts & Finance Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Manapuram General Finance Leesing Limited, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>
* Sree Lakshmi Bankers, Manjeri<ref name="ps"/>

==Sports==
[[File:Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium.jpg|thumbnail|[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|MDSC Stadium]] during [[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup]]]]
The [[Malappuram District Sports Complex & Football Academy]] is situated at [[Payyanad, Manjeri|Payyanad]], Manjeri. [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|MDSC Stadium]] was selected as one of two stadiums, along with the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], to host the [[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup Group Stage|group stages]] of the [[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup]].<ref name="Federation Cup 2014">{{cite web|title=Federation Cup 2013-14 to kickoff on January 14|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Federation-Cup-2013-14-to-kickoff-on-January-14/articleshow/27291593.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113071115/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-13/top-stories/45161159_1_federation-cup-january-14-group-c|url-status=live|archive-date=13 January 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 January 2014}}</ref> The stadium hosted groups B and D.<ref name="Federation Cup 2014"/>

==Notable people==
* [[Ali Musliyar]] - Freedom activist.
* [[Arjun Jayaraj]] - Footballer.
* [[Variyan Kunnathu Kunjahammed Haji]] - Indian Freedom Fighter.
* [[M. P. M. Ahammed Kurikkal]] - Former minister of Kerala.
* [[K. T. Muhammed]] - Malayalam playwright and screenwriter.
* [[Ishaq Kurikkal]] - Politician.
* [[T. K. Hamza]] - Former minister of Kerala.
* [[U. A. Latheef]] - Politician, Lawyer.
* [[Shanavas Shanu]] - Actor.
* [[Anikha]] - Actress.
* [[Dhanish Karthik]] - Actor.
* [[M.P. Jabir]] - Athlete

==See also==
* [[Government Medical College, Manjeri]]
* [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Manjeri stadium]]
* [[AIR Manjeri FM]]
* [[N.S.S College, Manjeri]]
* [[Korambayil Ahammed Haji Memorial Unity Women's College, Manjeri]]
* [[District Hospital, Manjeri]]
* [[Manjeri (State Assembly constituency)]]
* [[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Anakkayam]]
* [[Malappuram]]
* [[Eranad Taluk]]
* [[Eranad]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.manjerimunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/}}
{{commons category|Manjeri}}
{{Wikivoyage}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Articles Related to Manjeri
| list =
{{Kerala}}
{{Municipalities of Kerala}}
{{Malappuram district}}
{{South Malabar}}
{{Malabar}}
}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Manjeri| ]]
[[Category:Malappuram metropolitan area]]

Nand Kishore Chaudhary

2026-02-08T18:01:42Z

SanjayMurugesan220: fixed formatting for accuracy after review

{{short description|Indian social entrepreneur|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nand Kishore Chaudhary
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|6|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| occupation = Chairman and Managing Director of [[Jaipur Rugs]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.nkchaudhary.com}}
}}

'''Nand Kishore Chaudhary''' (born 13 June 1953) is an Indian [[social entrepreneur]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=CK Prahalad Releases Two New Case Studies|url=https://nextbillion.net/ck-prahalad-releases-two-new-case-studies/|date=2009-11-04|website=NextBillion|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-06}}</ref> He currently serves as the [[Chairman]] and [[Managing Director]] of the [[social enterprise]] [[Jaipur Rugs]], which he founded in 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoplematters.in/article/entrepreneurship-start-ups/the-story-of-jaipur-rugs-a-business-build-on-love-in-the-words-of-nand-kishore-chaudhary-34966| title=The story of Jaipur Rugs, a business "built by love", in the words of Nand Kishore Chaudhary| language=en |accessdate=2022-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaipur Rugs' Nand Kishore Chaudhary: A Rugs To Riches Story |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/social-impact-special-2017/jaipur-rugs-nand-kishore-chaudhary-a-rugs-to-riches-story/49135/1 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=I Have The Same Control Over Quality As I Had 45 Years Ago: Jaipur Rugs' Nandkishore Chaudhary |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leadership/i-have-the-same-control-over-quality-as-i-had-45-years-ago-jaipur-rugs-nandkishore-chaudhary/94280/1 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Nand Kishore Chaudhary was born in a [[Marwaris|Marwari]] family in the [[Churu district]] of [[Rajasthan]]. Growing up as an introverted child and avid reader, he was influenced by the works of [[Gandhi]] and [[Tagore]]. He went to school in Churu and graduated from Government College in [[Lohia]] in 1973.

Nand Kishore was inspired by [[British Empire|British]] researcher and designer [[Ilay Cooper]] to get into the business of carpet manufacture and design, and therefore help in the revival of this neglected art. Nand Kishore decided not to follow his father in their traditional family business of shoe-making, and even let go of a [[government job]] in a national bank. Instead, he went into the [[Carpet|rug and carpet]] business. His venture started with a loan of 5000 rupees, that he borrowed from his father, and today that venture is known as [[Jaipur Rugs]], an exemplary model of [[social entrepreneurship]] at its best.

==Career==
N. K. Chaudhary established the social business model of Jaipur Rugs, connecting weavers with global markets by building a global supply chain focused on developing human capability and skills at the [[grassroots]] level. Jaipur Rugs provides a steady income for people living in the most rural parts of India by connecting them with markets across the world.

Nanda Kishore started a humble carpet business in 1978 with just two weaving-looms and 9 artisans. That has today transformed into Jaipur Rugs, which is a network of more than 40,000 artisans across 6 states in India and is one of India's leading manufacturer and exporter of hand woven rugs, bringing in an annual revenue of $18 million. Jaipur Rugs has become an ecosystem of companies and organizations, and the 40,000 weavers and their families are an integral part in this ecosystem.

==Personal life ==
Nanda Kishore is married to Sulochana. They have five children, Asha, Archana, Kavita, Yogesh and Nitesh, all of whom are involved in specific roles in the [[Jaipur Rugs|Jaipur Rugs Company.]]

*

==Publications and Accredations==
Jaipur Rugs has become synonymous with N. K. Chaudhary’s principles of equality, socialism, and love, which he maintains are the real foundation of the Jaipur Rugs ecosystem. Nand Kishore has chronicled his journey with Jaipur Rugs in his own writings. These are available as e-books at his website <nowiki>https://www.nkchaudhary.com/</nowiki>. The journey of Jaipur Rugs has found international acclaim and has also been mentioned in many publications worldwide, such as:

* Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid

‘Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid’ by [[C. K. Prahalad|CK Prahalad]] was published in 2009. It acclaimed Jaipur Rugs all over the world.

* Take Me Home

Published in 2014, [[Rashmi Bansal]] talked about N. K. Chaudhary and Jaipur Rugs, from its very inception to the scale it has achieved now, in her book Take Me Home.

* Healing Organisation

Published in 2019, [[Raj Sisodia]] and [[Michael J. Gelb]] covered Jaipur Rugs in their book ‘The Healing Organisation’ describing NK’s vision of innocence and Jaipur Rugs’ as an ''ashram''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Nand Kishore}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:People from Churu district]]
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Rajasthan]]

Greater Chennai Corporation

2026-02-04T20:59:14Z

SanjayMurugesan220: refine citations for accuracy further and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|Local government of Chennai City}}
{{about|[[Local government in India|Local Government]] of the [[Chennai|Chennai City]] in [[Chennai metropolitan area|Chennai Metropolitan Area]]|[[Tambaram|Tambaram City]]|Tambaram City Municipal Corporation |[[Avadi|Avadi City]]|Avadi City Municipal Corporation|[[Kanchipuram|Kanchipuram City]]|Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Greater Chennai Corporation
| logo_pic = Chennai Corporation Emblem.png
| logo_caption = Emblem of the Greater Chennai Corporation
| logo_res = 200px
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation]]
| body = Chennai District
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1688|09|29|df=yes|p=yes|br=yes}}
| seats = 200
| leader1_type = [[List of mayors of Chennai|Mayor]]
| leader1 = [[Priya Rajan]]
| party1 = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| election1 = 4 March 2022
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = Mahesh Kumar
| party2 = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| election2 = 4 March 2022
| leader3_type = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]]
| leader3 = J. Kumaragurubaran, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Who's Who, Greater Chennai Corporation |url=https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/who-is-who/index_data.jsp |date=14 October 2024}}</ref>
| party3 =
| election3 =
| leader4_type = [[District magistrate|District Collector]]
| leader4 = Rashmi Siddharth Zagade
| party4 = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| election4 =
| leader5_type =
| leader5 =
| party5 =
| election5 =
| house1 =
| house2 =
| structure1 = India Greater Chennai Corporation 2022.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 = '''[[Government]] (178)''' 
*'''[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] (178)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] (153)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (13)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (4)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}}} [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|VCK]] (4)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]] (2)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}}} [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]] (1)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Communist Party of India}}}} [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] (1)
'''[[Opposition (politics)|Opposition]] (22)'''
*'''[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (17)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] (15)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (2)<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2022 |title=BJP’s councillor strength in Chennai Corporation increases to two |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/bjps-councillor-strength-in-chennai-corporation-increases-to-two-8080238/ |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}
</ref>
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam}}}} [[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam|AMMK]] (1)
*'''Others (4)'''
:*{{Color box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (4)
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| voting_system1 =
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = [[2022 Tamil Nadu local elections#Greater Chennai Corporation Results|19 February 2022]]
| next_election1 = 2027
| session_room = Ripon Building panorama.jpg
| session_res = 300px
| meeting_place = [[Ripon Building]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| website = {{URL|chennaicorporation.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Greater Chennai Corporation''' ('''GCC''')<ref name="Greater Chennai Corporation">{{cite news|title= Chennai Corporation to be Greater Chennai Corporation now |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennai-Corporation-to-be-Greater-Chennai-now/articleshow/50784400.cms|first=Julie|last=Mariappan|date=30 January 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Chennai|access-date=2016-01-30}}</ref> is a local government for the City of [[Chennai]] in the [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Inaugurated on 29 September 1688, under a [[royal charter]] issued by [[James II of England|King James II of England]] on 30 December 1687 as the Corporation of Madras, it is the oldest municipal body of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] outside [[Great Britain]].<ref name="320yrs">{{cite news|title= Chennai Corporation to celebrate 320 years |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/23/stories/2008092357680100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923115809/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/23/stories/2008092357680100.htm|archive-date=23 September 2008|first=Kannal|last=Achutan|date=23 September 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|access-date=2012-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dmcdaman.in/history.php |title=Daman Municipal Council |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017070134/https://dmcdaman.in/history.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the largest municipal corporation in Tamil Nadu with an area of 426 km2. It is headed by a [[mayor]], who presides over 200 [[councillor]]s, each of whom represents one of the [[List of Chennai Corporation wards|200 wards of the city]].<ref>http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/images/wards_{{Not a typo|comm|itee}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.pdf</ref> It is the second oldest corporation in the world after the [[City of London]].<ref name="325yrs">{{cite news|title= Chennai - the 2nd oldest Corporation in the world|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-the-2nd-oldest-corporation-in-the-world/article5180124.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai}}</ref> The city limits, which had been expanded several times over the years, is currently coterminous with the [[Chennai district]]. It is one of the four municipal corporations located within the [[Chennai metropolitan area|Chennai Metropolitan Area]], the other three being the [[Tambaram City Municipal Corporation|Tambaram Corporation]], [[Avadi Municipal Corporation|Avadi City Municipal Corporation]] and [[Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation|Kanchipuram Municipal Corporation]].

==History==
The Madras Corporation is the oldest [[municipal]] body of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] outside the [[United Kingdom]]. It was formed in 1688 to control the powers of the Governor of Madras, [[Elihu Yale]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040128034716/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/02/stories/2003040200100300.htm The First Corporation - ''The Hindu'', 2 April 2003]</ref> The corporation was created by a royal charter issued on 30 December 1687 by [[James II of England|King James II]] on the advice of the chairman of the [[East India Company]], [[Sir Josiah Child|Josiah Child]], on the model of Dutch government in the East Indies.<ref name="AboutCC">{{cite web | title = About Corporation of Chennai | publisher = Corporation of Chennai | url = http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/about-chennai-corporation/aboutCOC.htm | access-date = 9 December 2012}}</ref> The charter constituted the existing town of Fort St. George and all the territories belonging to the town, not exceeding a distance of ten miles from the fort, into a corporation. An act of Parliament{{which|date=January 2025}} of 1792 conferred the new corporation power to levy municipal taxes in the city. The municipal administration also commenced from this act, making provision for the administration of the city. The Municipal Act continued to be amended, constantly introducing major changes in the constitution and powers of the corporation from time to time.<ref name="AboutCC"/>

Prior to the establishments of the corporation, the [[Governors of Madras|Governor of Madras]] or the company's agent managed the affairs of the [[Fort St. George (India)|Fort St George]] and its residents with the assistance of a headman, an accountant, and the head of watch and ward. The governor sat as Madras's [[Justice of the Peace]]. Taxes were introduced by Governor [[Streynsham Master]] (1678–1681). Complications arising out of these impositions and the growing expenses of an expanding town led to Sir Josiah drawing up plans for a more formal body of civic administration. The corporation was inaugurated on 29 September 1688 with power to decide on petty cases, levy rates upon the inhabitants for building of schools, a town hall and a jail, when the new mayor, 12 aldermen and 60 burgesses took their oaths.<ref name="AboutCC"/> The first members of the corporation were representatives from diverse ethnicities. Nathaniel Higginson was the first Mayor, and he appointed representatives from the English, Scottish, French, Portuguese, and Indian mercantile communities as aldermen. The post of the mayor was held for one year at a time, the mayor being elected by the aldermen, whose term of office was for life.

By 1856, the duties of the corporation became more clearly defined. In 1919, the aldermen were re-styled as 'councillors'. The title of 'mayor' had been replaced by 'president', and P. Theagaraya Chetty was nominated as president, the first Indian to be so chosen. However, the office of Mayor was re-created in 1933, when Kumararajah [[M. A. Muthiah Chettiar]] made the transition from last president to first new mayor. The mayoralty has remained thereafter.

By 1901, the corporation had grown to encompass an area of 68 sq km comprising 30 territorial divisions with a population of 540,000.<ref name="CC_HealthInfrastructure">{{cite web
| title = Bus Route Roads
| publisher = Corporation of Chennai
| url = http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/departments/roads/index.htm
| access-date = 16 December 2012}}</ref> In 1913, the corporation moved to the newly constructed [[Ripon Building]], which was built on parts of the People's Park. The building was named after [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|Lord Ripon]] who, as [[Viceroy of India]] from 1880 to 1884, had introduced local government reforms. He is remembered in a statue in the Corporation precincts. The first native Indian to both govern the [[Madras Presidency]] and later serve as Mayor of erstwhile [[Madras]] was the Honourable [[K. Sriramulu Naidu]], who served during the 1930s and 1940s. In 1978, the boundaries of the area administered by the corporation was increased to 174 sq km.<ref name="CC_HealthInfrastructure"/>

The Madras Municipal Corporation Act, 1919 (as amended) provides the basic statutory authority for the administration now.<ref name="AboutCC"/>

==Zone==

===Expansion===
In October 2011, the expansion process was initiated before the elections to the corporation council in October. In this, 42 small local bodies, including 9 municipalities, 8 town panchayats and 25 village panchayats, were merged with Chennai Corporation, taking the area up by 140% to 426 km2 from the earlier 176 km2.<ref name="CC_HealthInfrastructure"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-14/chennai/28368857_1_local-bodies-tiruvottiyur-corporation-status |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617083359/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-14/chennai/28368857_1_local-bodies-tiruvottiyur-corporation-status |archive-date=17 June 2013 |title=Bill to expand Chennai passed by TN assembly |date=14 January 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 October 2011}}</ref> Some areas have been arbitrarily left out, to the discontent of the residents of those areas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-10/chennai/30138804_1_local-body-panchayat-muncipality |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120728191802/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-10/chennai/30138804_1_local-body-panchayat-muncipality |archive-date=28 July 2012 |title=Southern suburb angry at being left out of bigger city |date= 10 September 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 October 2011}}</ref> The new expanded Corporation of Chennai has 200 wards, an increase of 45 wards.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2438559.ece |title=Cities / Chennai: Chennai Corporation set to have 45 more wards |newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 September 2011|access-date=28 October 2011|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Elections were held for the expanded corporation in October 2011.

The erstwhile municipalities that became a part of expanded [[Chennai]] Corporation are [[Kathivakkam]], [[Tiruvottiyur]], [[Manali, Chennai|Manali]], [[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]], [[Ambattur]], [[Maduravoyal]], [[Valasaravakkam]], [[Alandur]] and [[Ullagaram]]–[[Puzhuthivakkam]].

The erstwhile town panchayats that became a part of expanded Chennai Corporation are [[Chinnasekkadu]], [[Puzhal]], [[Porur]], [[Nandambakkam]], [[Meenambakkam]], [[Perungudi]], [[Pallikaranai]] and [[Sholinganallur]].

The erstwhile panchayat unions that became a part of expanded Chennai Corporation are [[Edayanchavadi]], [[Sadayankuppam]], [[Kadapakkam, Chennai|Kadapakkam]], [[Theeyampakkam]], [[Mathur, Chennai|Mathur]], [[Vadaperumbakkam]], [[Surapet]], [[Kathirvedu]], [[Puthagaram]], [[Nolambur]], [[Karambakkam]], [[Nerkundram]], [[Ramapuram, Chennai|Ramapuram]], [[Mugalivakkam]], [[Manapakkam]], [[Kottivakkam]], [[Palavakkam]], [[Neelankarai]], [[Injambakkam]], [[Karapakkam]], [[Okkiam Thoraipakkam]], [[Madipakkam, Chennai|Madipakkam]], [[Jalladiampet]], [[Semmanchery]] and Uthandi.

==Administration==
{{See also|Chennai architecture|Subdivisions of India}}
{| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="200" style="margin: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 85%"
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#cccccc" align="center" | '''City officials, as of March 2022 '''
|-
| width="15%" | '''[[Mayor]]'''
| ''[[Priya Rajan]]''
|-
| '''[[Deputy Mayor]]'''
| ''M. Mahesh Kumar''
|-
| '''Corporation Commissioner'''
| J. Kumaragurubaran
|-
| '''[[Commissioner of Police]]'''
| Arun
|}

From among themselves, the councillors elect the mayor and a deputy mayor who preside over about 10 standing committees.<ref name=corp>{{cite web|title=Chennai Corporation — General Statistics|publisher=Chennai Corporation | url=http://www.chennaicorporation.com/general_stats.htm |access-date = 2007-09-04| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070909100447/http://www.chennaicorporation.com/general_stats.htm| archive-date= 9 September 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> The council normally meets once a month. The executive wing is headed by the Commissioner. In addition, there are deputy commissioners, various heads of departments and 15 zonal officers.<ref name="AboutCC"/>

The first native Indian to govern the [[Madras Presidency]] as well as serve later as the first Mayor post-independence of erstwhile [[Madras]] was [[L. Sriramulu Naidu]]. Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu state, houses the state [[executive (government)|executive]] and [[Legislature|legislative]] headquarters primarily in the Secretariat Buildings on the [[Fort St George|Fort St George]] campus but also in several other buildings in the city. The [[Madras High Court]], whose jurisdiction extends across Tamil Nadu and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], is the highest [[judicial]] authority in the state. The [[Chennai district|district of Chennai]] has four [[Parliament of India|parliamentary]] constituencies—[[Chennai North]], [[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central]], [[Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai South]] and [[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sriperumbudur]], which elects 29 members of the legislative assembly ([[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]s) to the state legislature.

The metropolitan region of Chennai covers many suburbs that are part of [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]], [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]] and [[Tiruvallur district|Thiruvallur]] districts. The larger suburbs are governed by town municipalities, and the smaller ones are governed by town councils called [[Panchayati Raj|panchayats]]. While the city covers an area of {{convert|174|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name=cityarea>{{cite web | title= General statistics | work=Corporation of Chennai | url=http://www.chennaicorporation.com/general_stats.htm| access-date = 2005-08-04}}</ref> the metropolitan area is spread over {{convert|1,189|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=metroarea>{{cite web| title= Chennai Metropolitan Area — Profile| url= http://www.cmdachennai.org| access-date= 2007-09-15| publisher= Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927092854/http://www.cmdachennai.org/| archive-date= 27 September 2007}}</ref> The Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority ([[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]]) has drafted a Second Master Plan that aims to develop satellite townships around the city. Contiguous satellite towns include [[Mahabalipuram]] to the south, Chengalpattu and [[Maraimalai Nagar]] to the southwest, and Kanchipuram, [[Sriperumbudur|Sriperumpudur]], [[Tiruvallur]] and [[Arakkonam]] to the west.

===Administrative divisions===
[[File:Chennai zones.png|thumb|15 zones of the Chennai Corporation after expansion]]

{{main|List of Chennai Corporation wards}}
The city is classified into three regions: North Chennai, Central Chennai and South Chennai.<ref name=Regions>{{cite news|title=Expanded Chennai Corporationto be divided into 3 regions|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/expanded-chennai-corporationto-be-divided-into-3-regions/article2658830.ece|access-date=8 December 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 November 2011}}</ref> It is further divided into 15 zones, consisting of 200 wards.<ref name= merged_wards>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Deepa H |title=Details of merged wards online soon |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2468466.ece |access-date=31 August 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 September 2011}}</ref> The newly annexed areas were divided into 93 wards, and the remaining 107 wards were created out of the original 155 within the old city limits.<ref name=oneindia>{{Cite web |title=சென்னை மாநகராட்சி எல்லைகள் விஸ்தரிப்பு- 200 வார்டுகளுடன் மெகா மாநகராட்சியானது |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2011/09/09/chennai-corporation-will-have-200-wards-15-zones-aid0091.html |publisher=Oneindia |access-date=31 August 2012}}</ref> {{As of|2011|09}}, the new wards are yet to be named.<ref name=merged_wards/> Out of the 200 wards, 26 were reserved for [[scheduled castes and scheduled tribes]] and 58 were reserved for women.<ref name=oneindia/>

The 15 Zones are:
{{ column|num=3
|1=
'''North Chennai'''
{{ordered list|start=1|type=upper-roman
| [[Thiruvottiyur]]
| [[Manali, Chennai|Manali]]
| [[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]]
| [[Tondiarpet]]
| [[Royapuram]]
}}
|2=
'''Central Chennai'''
{{ordered list|start=6|type=upper-roman
| [[Thiru.Vi.Ka Nagar]]
| [[Ambattur]]
| [[Anna Nagar]]
| [[Teynampet]]
| [[Kodambakkam]]
}}
|3=
'''South Chennai'''
{{ordered list|start=11|type=upper-roman
| [[Valasaravakkam]]
| [[Alandur]]
| [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]]
| [[Perungudi]]
| [[Sholinganallur]]
}}}}

== Revenue Blocks ==
1. Ambattur Taluk
* Ambattur Firka: Athipattu, Kakkapallam, Mannur, Mugapair, Padi
* Korattur Firka: Korattur, Menambedu, Oragadam, Pattravakkam
2. Aminjikarai Taluk
* Aminjikarai Firka: Aminjikarai, Arumbakkam, Vada Agaram
* Anna Nagar Firka: Chinnakudal, Naduvankarai, Periyakudal, Thirumangalam
* Koyembedu Firka: Koyambedu, Sencheri
* Villivakkam Firka: Mullam, Villivakkam
3. Ayanavaram Taluk
* Ayanavaram Firka: Ayanavaram (Part 1),
* Konnur Firka: Ayanavaram (Part 2), Konnur, Mallikaicheri
* Pervallur Firka: Chinna Sembarambakkam
4. Kolathur Taluk
* Kolathur Firka: Kolathur
* Peruvallur Firka: Peruvallur, Siruvallur
5. Egmore Taluk
* Egmore (Egmore South) Firka: Egmore (Part 2)
* Kilpauk (Egmore North) Firka: Egmore (Part 1)
* Nungambakkam Firka: Nungambakkam
* Vadapalani Firka: Puliyur
6. Maduravoyal Taluk
* Maduravoyal Firka: Chettiaragaram, Maduravoyal, Nolambur, Sivapoodam, Thundalam, Vanagaram
* Porur Firka: Karambakkam, Nerkundram, Porur, Ramapuram, Valasaravakkam, Adayalampattu
7. Mambalam Taluk
* Ashok Nagar Firka: Kodambakkam (Part 2)
* Mambalam Firka: Mambalam, Saidapet
* Saligramam Firka: Kodambakkam (Part 1), Saligramam
* Virugambakkam Firka: Nesappakkam, Virugambakkam
8. Madhavaram Taluk
* Madhavaram Firka: Kadirvedu, Kosapur, Madhavaram, Manjambakkam, Mathur, Puthagaram, Soorapattu
* Puzhal Firka: Chettimedu, Puzhal, Vadaperumbakkam, Vilakkupattu
9. Perambur Taluk
* Erukkencheri Firka: Erukanchery, Perambur (Part 1)
* Kondungaiyur Firka: Jambuli, Kondungaiyur, Selvoyil
* Perambur Firka: Perambur (Part 3)
* Sembium Firka: Perambur (Part 2), Sembium
10. Purasawalkam Taluk
* Otteri/Purasawalkam Firka: Purasawalkam (Part 1)
* Purasawalkam East Firka: Purasawalkam (Part 2)
* V.O.C Nagar Firka: V.O.C Nagar
* Vepery Firka: Vepery
11. Thiruvottiyur Taluk:
* Manali Firka: Ariyalur, Chinnasekkadu, Edayanchavadi, Elanthanjeri, Kadapakkam, Manali, Sadayankuppam, Sathangadu
* Thiruvottiyur Firka: Edayanchavadi, Ernavoor, Kathivakkam, Thiruvottiyur
12. Tondiarpet Taluk
* Korrukupet Firka: Tondiarpet (Part 1)
* Old Washermanpet Firka: Tondiarpet (Part 3)
* Royapuram Firka: Tondiarpet (Part 4)
* Tondiarpet Firka: Tondiarpet (Part 2)
13. Alandur Taluk
* Alandur Firka: Adambakkam, Madhananthapuram, Manappakkam, Meenambakkam, Mukalivakkam, Nandambakkam, Nanganallur, Palavanthangal, Thalakanaacheri
14. Guindy Taluk
* Adyar Firka: Adayar (Part 2), Govt.Farm, Guindy Park, Venkatapuram
* Ekkatuthangal Firka: Adayar, Ekkatuthangal, Alandur
* Kottur Firka: Kottur
* Thyagaraya Nagar Firka: T.Nagar
15. Mylapore Taluk
* Chintadripet Firka: Chintadripet, Triplicane (Part 1)
* Mylapore (South) Firka: Mylapore (Part 2)
* Royapettah (Mylapore) Firka: Mylapore (Part 1)
* Triplicane Firka: Triplicane (Part 2)
16. Sholinganallur Taluk
* Pallikarani Firka: Karapakkam, Madipakkam, Madipakkam-B<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages published by Commissionerate of Revenue Administration and Disaster Management, Government of Tamil Nadu |url=http://cra.tn.gov.in/tn_gvillages.pdf}}</ref> (for [[Department of Revenue (Tamil Nadu)|Disaster and Revenue]] only; administration is under [[Kovilambakkam|Kovilambakkam rural village panchayat]] with the colloquial name sunnambu kolathur), Okkiyam Thoraibakkam, Pallikaranai, Perungudi, Seevaram, Ullagaram
* Sholinganallur Firka: Chemmancheri, Cholinganallur-1, Chozhinganallur-2, Enchambakkam, Jaladampettai, Kottivakkam, Neelangarai, Palavaakkam, Utthandi
17. Velachery Taluk
* Besant Nagar Firka: Kalikundram, Pallipattu, Urur
* Tharamani Firka: Kaanagam, Velacheri (Part 2)
* Thiruvanmiyur Firka: Thiruvanmiyur
* Velacherry Firka: Velacheri (Part 1)

===Departments===
The corporation has the following departments:<ref name="DepartmentsCOC">{{cite web
| title = about Corporation of Chennai—Departments
| publisher = Corporation of Chennai
| url = http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/about-chennai-corporation/departmentsCOC.htm
| access-date = 16 December 2012}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! S.No. !! Department !! Headed by !! Responsibility
|-
| 1 || Council || Council Secretary || Functions as the Secretariat of the council, the Mayor and the various standing committees. Aids the Mayor in the discharge of his duties as well as the Council and Standing Committees.
|-
| 2 || General Administration || Assistant Commissioner || In charge of the personnel and administrative matters for the corporation as a whole
|-
| 3 || Financial Management || Financial Adviser || Preparation of Corporation budget, receiving loans and grants from the government and overseeing and controlling the expenses of the Corporation
|-
| 4 || Land & Estate || District Revenue Officer || Leasing out Corporation lands and buildings and renting out shopping complexes
|-
| 5 || Revenue || Revenue Officer || Collection of taxes such as property, professional, advertisement, parking fees and other taxes. At the head office, change of name of ownership of properties, revision petitions against fixation of tax review of progress in collection of taxes and scrutiny and approval of assessment proposals.
|-
| 6 || Works || City Engineer || Town planning, sanction of plan and permits (up to first floor) for industrial and residential buildings, and maintenance of private streets and central asphalt plant and central yard.
|-
| 7 || Mechanical Engineering || Superintending Engineer (Mechanical) || Purchase and maintenance of all vehicles of the corporation, attending to body building and repairing of lorries, and purchase and maintenance of school and office furniture. The Printing Press, General Stores, and General Workshop of Corporation function under the control of this department.
|-
| 8 || Electrical || Superintending Engineer (Electrical) || Installation and maintenance of all street lights, laying of cables, and maintenance of electric crematoriums
|-
| 9 || Solid Waste Management || Superintending Engineer || Removal of solid waste and executing night conservancy in all important roads and commercial areas of the city
|-
| 10 || Buildings || Superintending Engineer || Construction of school buildings, public conveniences, community halls, shopping complexes and hospitals
|-
| 11 || Storm Water Drain || Superintending Engineer || Construction, maintenance and desilting of storm water drains
|-
| 12 || Bridges || Superintending Engineer || Construction and maintenance of bridges, causeways and subways
|-
| 13 || Health || Medical Officer || Administration of dispensaries, public health, sanitation, prevention of food adulteration, issue of birth, death, and sanitation certificates
|-
| 14 || Family Welfare || Medical Officer || Administration of maternity and child welfare centers, family welfare and immunization programmes
|-
| 15 || Education || Education Officer || Administration of schools from elementary to higher secondary levels, community colleges and nutritious meals centers
|-
| 16 || Parks & Play Fields || Director, Urban Forestry Wing (assisted by two Park Superintendents and one Stadia Officer) || Maintenance of parks, play fields, and swimming pools
|}

==Elections==
[[File:Chennai Corporation Election 2022 map.png|thumb|2022 Chennai Municipal Corporation Election {{legend|#D80000|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam: 153 seats}} {{legend|#00BFFF|Indian National Congress: 13 seats}} {{legend|#FE0A0A|Communist Party of India (Marxist): 4 seats}} {{legend|#FF0000|Communist Party of India: 1 seat}} {{legend|#4AE33D|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam: 1 seat}} {{legend|#1342D5|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi: 4 seats}} {{legend|#9CC9BD|Indian Union Muslim League: 1 seat}} {{legend|#A706D2|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam: 2 seats}} {{legend|#21971F|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam: 15 seats}} {{legend|#EF4918|Bharatiya Janata Party: 1 seat}} {{legend|#B9A9D9|Independent : 5 seats}}]]
The seats of the [[Mayor]], [[Deputy mayor|Deputy Mayor]] and the Greater Chennai Corporation Council have been vacant since 2016. As part of the [[2022 Tamil Nadu urban civic body elections]], the Greater Chennai Corporation went to polling on 19 February 2022, alongside [[List of municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu|20 other municipal corporations of Tamil Nadu]], to elect 200 councillors to represent [[List of Chennai Corporation zones|the city's 200 wards]]; the councillors will choose one amongst themselves as the [[List of mayors of Chennai|Mayor of Chennai]], a historically significant, coveted office. The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] had announced that the Mayor's seat has been reserved for a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] woman this time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil Nadu civic polls: Who will be the Chennai Mayor?|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/230222/tamil-nadu-civic-polls-who-will-be-the-chennai-mayor.html|access-date=2022-02-23|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The election results were announced on 22 February 2022 by the Tamil Nadu State Election Commission. The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) won 153 out of the total 200 wards in Chennai, with the other parties in its [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] winning 25 more seats—13 for [[Indian National Congress]], four for [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India – Marxist]] (CPI-M), four for [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] (VCK), two for [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK), one each for [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) and [[Indian Union Muslim League]] (IUML). The [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) won 15 seats. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), the ruling party of the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], won one seat. The [[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam]] (AMMK) also won a seat. Aside parties, five [[independent candidates]] won in their respective wards. The councillors formally elected the Mayor and the Deputy Mayor on 4 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 February 2022|title=Tamil Nadu Urban Local Bodies Elections – 2022|url=https://tnsec.tn.nic.in/result/election_urban2022/index.php?dcode=Mjk=|access-date=22 February 2022|website=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission}}</ref> Having secured an [[Supermajority|absolute majority]], the DMK's mayoral candidate [[Priya Rajan]] became the 46th Mayor of Chennai, unopposed. She is the youngest mayor in Chennai's history (aged 28), and the first [[Dalit]] woman to hold the office.

==Emblem==
During the British period the Madras Corporation flag had the 'sea, boat, 3 lions and 2 fish'. The 3 lions represented the British and the sea, boat, and fish denoted the seashore of madras. After Independence, the need for changing the flag arose. M.P. Sivagnanam ([[Ma. Po. Si.]]) who was heading the education wing of the corporation suggested the Pandiya, Chola, Chera's symbol 'Fish, Tiger and Bow' (which he already had in his 'Tamil arasu kazhagam's flag). Rajaji agreed with his suggestion.<ref name="Corporation flag">{{cite web|url=https://tamil.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF/article8772759.ece|title=தமிழக வரலாற்றில் முத்திரை பதித்த ம.பொ.சி.|first=ம பொ சி மாதவி|last=பாஸ்கர்|website=இந்து தமிழ் திசை}}</ref>

==Budget==
As of 2020, the [[city government]]'s budget is {{INRConvert|3815|c}}, out of which {{INRConvert|1900|c}} was earmarked for capital expenditure, {{INRConvert|120|c}} is to be spent on the smart city project and a massive {{INRConvert|1275|c}} on laying bus routes, construction of new bridges and other methods of improve the transport infrastructure of the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2020/02/14021409/1215093/CM-urged-to-pass-resolution-on-agri-protected-zone-.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804054615/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2020/02/14021409/1215093/CM-urged-to-pass-resolution-on-agri-protected-zone-.vpf |archive-date=4 August 2020 |title = Corporation passes 2020-21 budget - DTNext.in|website=[[DT Next]] }}</ref>

==Location and demography==
Chennai Corporation area is located on the [[Coromandel Coast]] in the central eastern coastal region of the [[Deccan Plateau]] and the northern end of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The city stretches along the coast covering about 43 km of sandy beach and extending about 19 km inland, encompassing an area of 426 sq km. The estimated population is about 7.1 million as of 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Greater Chennai Corporation |url=https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/about-GCC/greater-chennai-corporation/brief-note-about-GCC/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=chennaicorporation.gov.in}}</ref>

==Functions==
The corporation maintains roads, streetlights, and flyovers across the city<ref name="brighter">{{cite news|title=Chennai all set to turn brighter |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3207181.ece |date=24 March 2012 |author=ALOYSIUS XAVIER LOPEZ|agency=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|access-date=2012-12-07}}</ref><ref name="wherewillbe">{{cite news |title=Where will the city's new flyovers be? |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3919332.ece |date= 21 September 2012 |author=ALOYSIUS XAVIER LOPEZ|agency=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=2012-12-07}}</ref><ref name="spacebeneath">{{cite news |title=Space beneath 13 flyovers in city all set for makeover |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3333181.ece|first= 20 April 2012|author=ALOYSIUS XAVIER LOPEZ|agency=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|access-date=2012-12-07}}</ref> and also the city's cleanliness and hygiene levels.<ref name="masscleanup">{{cite news|title=Corporation to intensify mass cleaning programme |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3675691.ece |date=24 July 2012|agency=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=2012-12-07}}</ref> It maintains 1,160 roads measuring a total of 370 km and storm water drain measuring 962 km and has 213,045 streetlights. Power consumption by the streetlights amounts to 50 megawatts a day, costing {{INR}} 14,00,000. The corporation has 260 parks and maintains 113 community halls for public use. The corporation registers about 400 births and 180 deaths every day.<ref name="AboutCC"/> The corporation also runs an [[abattoir]].<ref name="shiftabattoir">{{cite news|title=Civic body pressed on shifting abattoir |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3792743.ece |date=19 August 2012 |agency=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai|access-date=2012-12-07}}</ref> There are 23,538 staffs working in the corporation.<ref name="AboutCC"/> In 2011–2012, {{INR}} 190 million was allotted by the Tamil Nadu government for the development of the city areas within corporation limits.<ref name= "dailythanthi_City welfare">{{cite news
| title = சென்னை மாநகராட்சி வளர்ச்சிப்பணிகளுக்கு ''தமிழக அரசு ஒரே ஆண்டில் ரூ.1,900 கோடி நிதி ஒதுக்கீடு செய்துள்ளது'' மேயர் சைதை துரைசாமி தகவல்
| newspaper = Daily Thanthi
| location = Chennai
| language = ta
| date = 1 December 2012
| url = http://www.dailythanthi.com/chennai-news
| access-date = 20 December 2012}}</ref> In 2014, the Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation (Tangedco) planned to change its 11-kilo volt transformers with 1,784 ring main units (RMUs) that are compact and safe.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Srikanth
| first = R.
| title = Chennai's transformers to become compact, safe
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 21 February 2014
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennais-transformers-to-become-compact-safe/article5710640.ece
| access-date = 22 February 2014}}</ref>

===Roads===
The corporation maintains a total of 1,160 [[macadam]]ised bus routes running to a total length of 353.94 km. The Total length of interior roads measures about 5,563.06 km. Total length of cement concrete roads maintained by the Corporation in the bus routes measures 3.68 km and the length of cement concrete interior roads measures 1,292.54 km.<ref name="CC_HealthInfrastructure"/>

The newly expanded region of the corporation alone has 2,752 km of roads, along which there is a 682.4 km network of storm water drains.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Chennai's extended areas may get temporary storm water drains
| location = Chennai
| date = 18 December 2012
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-18/chennai/35889370_1_storm-water-drains-mega-city-development-mission-areas
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130126052003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-18/chennai/35889370_1_storm-water-drains-mega-city-development-mission-areas

| archive-date = 26 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 19 December 2012}}</ref>

Street lamps in the city were introduced in 1785. Until the introduction of electric street lighting, the street lighting was done by oil lights. Till 1857, there were only 200 oil light lamps. By the year 1910, this was increased to 6,500. In 1910, electric street lighting was introduced. By 1924–1925, all the oil lights in the streets of the city were completely replaced by electric lights. The corporation also maintains 264 high-mast lights and 133 8-meter and 12-meter lamp posts with cluster lights at important junctions. The Corporation owns 22 hydraulic vehicles for attending maintenance work to streetlights.<ref name="CC_ElectricalDepartment">{{cite web
| title = Electrical—History
| publisher = Corporation of Chennai
| url = http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/departments/electrical/index.htm
| access-date = 29 December 2012}}</ref> In 2012, the Corporation started installing 60,000 streetlights in the newly included zones, in addition to replacing about 88,000 old streetlights in these zones.<ref name="LEDlights">{{cite news
| title = Added zones to get 60,000 LED streetlights
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 20 December 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/added-zones-to-get-60000-led-streetlights/article4218663.ece
| access-date = 24 December 2012}}</ref> Per the norm of the corporation, the minimum distance between two adjacent streetlights is 25 metre.<ref name="LEDlights"/>

As on 2012, the corporation maintains 262 bridges, road-overbridges and road-underbridges, including 65 high-level bridges, 31 box culverts, 81 slab culverts, 11 rail-overbridges, 14 rail-underbridges, 6 pedestrian subways, 6 causeways, 35 footbridges and 13 grade separators.<ref name="CC_Bridges_AboutDept">{{cite web
| title = Departments—Bridges
| publisher = Corporation of Chennai
| url = http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/departments/bridges/aboutBridges.htm
| access-date = 29 December 2012}}</ref>

In 2013, the corporation acquired a Road Measurement Data Acquisition System (ROMDAS) to check the quality of newly laid roads.<ref name="aqmachine">{{cite news|title=Chennai Corporation acquires machine to check quality of newly laid roads|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennai-Corporation-acquires-machine-to-check-quality-of-newly-laid-roads/articleshow/24647475.cms|first=Pratiksha|last=Ramkumar|date=24 October 2013|work=[[Times of India]]|location=Chennai|access-date=2013-10-24}}</ref>

===Parks and open green spaces===
{{see also|Parks in Chennai}}
[[File:Anna park at AU.JPG|thumb|left|Anna Park maintained by [[Anna University]]]]
Chennai has one of the lowest per capita green space in the country. As of 2012, It has only about 0.46 square metres per city dweller. According to the development rules, when plots measuring more than 10,000 square metres are developed, 10% of the area must be reserved as open space and gifted to the local bodies, and in plots measuring between 3,000 and 10,000 square metres, if gifting of 10% of the area as open space is not possible, cash equivalent can be paid. The money thus collected is utilized to develop the landscaping in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3223739.ece |title=Where is our patch of green, Mr. Mayor? |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 March 2012 |access-date=7 December 2012|last=A.|first=Srivathsan}}</ref>

Since 1976, the Chennai Corporation has been collecting OSR charges and taking possession of land under the open space reservation rules. But so far it has not revealed what the total amount of land and cash collected. Data shows that since 2002, about 1.85 million square feet of land has been acquired.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/osr/english/chennai_corporation.pdf|title=List of OSR Sites Handed Over to Chennai Corporation}}</ref>

The corporation maintains 260 public parks, 154 traffic islands, and 103 centre medians on major roads. Since the formation of the corporation until 1947, the corporation had maintained 18 public play fields. As of 2012, the corporation maintains 228 play fields, 234 gymnasiums, 4 shuttles indoor stadium, 1 basketball indoor stadium, and 2 swimming pools. Of the 228 play fields, about 14 have been designated as star play ground with facilities such as courts for football, tennis, volleyball, ball badminton, and basketball. The gymnasiums are used by about 50 to 100 people every day. Indoor shuttle courts are located in [[Mandaiveli]], R. R. Colony in [[Jafferkhanpet]], Karpagam Avenue in [[Mylapore]], and [[Nungambakkam]]. A basketball indoor stadium is located in Kilpauk Gardens. Swimming pools are located in Marina Beach and My Lady's Park. Skating rinks are located in [[Anna Nagar]], [[Shenoy Nagar]], Nungambakkam, [[Marina Beach]], [[K. K. Nagar (Chennai)|K. K. Nagar]] and [[T. Nagar]].<ref name="CC_Parks">{{cite web
| title = Parks
| publisher = Corporation of Chennai
| url = http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/departments/parks/index.htm
| access-date = 16 December 2012}}</ref> The corporation also maintains [[beach]]es within the city.<ref name="beautifybeaches">{{cite news|title=Chennai Corpn to beautify beaches|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-19/chennai/35911491_1_beach-goers-chennai-corpn-civic-body|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128132553/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-19/chennai/35911491_1_beach-goers-chennai-corpn-civic-body|archive-date=28 January 2013|date=19 December 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Chennai|access-date=2012-12-19}}</ref>

There are about 13,787 lights installed and maintained in the park and play fields by the corporation.<ref name="CC_ElectricalDepartment"/>

===Education===
There are 322 schools run by the corporation, with a total student count of 130,000.<ref name="CC_HealthInfrastructure"/> As per 2012–2013 corporation budget, 30 new English medium primary and middle schools will be started.<ref name="2012-13 budget"/> The civic body has also planned to construct 64 additional buildings on existing school campuses that require more classrooms. In addition, libraries and a career guidance centre would be set up in all corporation high and higher secondary schools.<ref name="2012-13 budget">{{cite news|title= Chennai corporation budget focuses on education, health|url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-12/chennai/31152604_1_new-english-medium-spoken-english-classes-chennai-corporation-budget|archive-url= https://archive.today/20130126095704/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-12/chennai/31152604_1_new-english-medium-spoken-english-classes-chennai-corporation-budget|archive-date= 26 January 2013|date=12 May 2012 |author=Pratiksha Ramkumar |work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Chennai|access-date=2012-12-16}}</ref>

===Health===
The corporation maintains 75 dispensaries, 36 malaria clinics, 42 tuberculosis microscopic centres, and 1 centre each for communicable diseases, NGO-run malaria clinic, filaria clinic, and filaria lymphodema management clinic. The corporation maintains three slaughterhouses in [[Perambur]], [[Villivakkam]], and [[Saidapet]], where an average of 1,500 sheep and 150 cattle are slaughtered every day.<ref name="CC_HealthInfrastructure"/> As per 2012–2013 corporation budget, 11 new dental clinics will be set up in addition to the existing ones to ensure that every zone has a clinic.<ref name="2012-13 budget"/> A new hospital will be set up with a specialised leprosy centre and Mandambakkam to benefit the residents of South Chennai.<ref name="2012-13 budget"/> In 2007, it was reported that mosquitoes were the biggest menace in the city.<ref name="mosquitoproblem">{{cite news |title=Mosquitoes, not water, Chennai's Problem No.1 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/06/stories/2007030616240400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308093527/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/06/stories/2007030616240400.htm|archive-date=8 March 2007|date=6 March 2007 |location=Chennai |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2012-12-18}}</ref> In 2012, the corporation announced that it was planning to breed sterile male mosquitoes to bring down the population of female mosquitoes.<ref name="growmosquitokillmosquito">{{cite news|title=Chennai Corporation's new plan: grow mosquitoes to kill mosquitoes |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-corporations-new-plan-grow-mosquitoes-to-kill-mosquitoes/article4210756.ece |date=18 December 2012|last=Lopez |first=Aloysius Xavier|agency=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|access-date=2012-12-18}}</ref>

The corporation maintains electric furnace units at the burial grounds at Villivakkam, Nungambakkam, GKM colony, and Arumbakkam. It also maintains gassifier furnace units at [[Moolakothalam]], Kannammapet, Besant Nagar Mylapore, Kasimedu, Vyasarpadi, Otteri, Thangal, Velangadu, Krishnampet, Saidapet, and Besant Nagar burial grounds.<ref name="CC_ElectricalDepartment"/>

===Solid waste management===
[[File:Chennai Corporation's Mechanical Sweeper in action at the Beach Road.jpg|thumb|left|Chennai Corporation mechanical sweeper in action at the Beach Road]]
Headed by a Superintendent Engineer, the corporation is responsible for removal of solid waste within city limits. Every day, 4,500 metric tons of garbage is collected and removed from the city. Night conservancy is being carried out in all important roads and commercial areas of the city. In addition, door-to-door collection of garbage is followed in all zones in the city.<ref name=CMDA_site>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/departments/solid-waste-management/index.htm|title=Welcome to Greater Chennai Corporation|website=www.chennaicorporation.gov.in}}</ref> The waste is transported by 966 conservancy vehicles.<ref name="AboutCC"/> The corporation maintains dumping grounds at Kodungaiyur and Perungudi for dumping solid waste.<ref name="AboutCC"/>

Chennai is hit by shortage of sanitary workers. To counter this, the corporation is to appoint 4,000 sanitary inspectors, junior engineers and assistant executive engineers in 2012.<ref name= sanitary-inspector>{{Cite news |last=Ram |first=Arun |title=Chennai Corporation to recruit 4,000 inspectors and engineers |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-20/chennai/32763974_1_chennai-corporation-sanitary-inspectors-engineers |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126192031/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-20/chennai/32763974_1_chennai-corporation-sanitary-inspectors-engineers |archive-date=26 January 2013 |access-date=9 December 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 July 2012}}</ref>

Garbage in most zones was previously handled by JBM Fanalca Environment Management, a private company, and by the Chennai Corporation in the other zones. Solid waste management in several parts of the city was subsequently handed over to ''Chennai Municipal Solid Waste Pvt. Ltd'' a [[special purpose vehicle]] run by the [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]-based Ramky Group for a period of seven years starting January 2012;<ref name="wastedisposalhaywire">{{cite news|title=Waste disposal goes haywire |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/waste-disposal-goes-haywire/article3536528.ece |first=Nivedita|last=Varadarajan |date=16 June 2012|agency=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=2012-12-18}}</ref> elsewhere, Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited is described as a private company.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2773817.ece|title=New firm to begin conservancy work next week|access-date=6 February 2012|work=The Hindu|date=4 January 2012}}</ref> The company is reportedly running at a loss and the corporation was alleged to have paid only {{INR}} 32.5 million of the {{INR}} 65 million bill.<ref name="resumeafterflashstrike">{{cite news|title=Ramky staff resume work after flash strike |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/ramky-staff-resume-work-after-flash-strike/article4028654.ece |date=25 October 2012|agency=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai|access-date=2012-12-18}}</ref> The company handles the three zones of [[Kodambakkam]], [[Teynampet]], and [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]], also runs a [[toll free number|toll-free telephone number]] to answer queries relating to waste management.<ref name="broomsweepclean">{{cite news|title=Will the new broom sweep clean? |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3445756.ece |date=23 May 2012|author=Lalithasai |agency=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=2012-12-18}}</ref> The company also performed [[street theatre|street plays]] to spread awareness on keeping the city clean.<ref name="cleancitycampaign">{{cite news |title=Clean city campaign to reach out to residents |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2815043.ece |date=20 January 2012|agency=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|access-date=2012-12-18}}</ref> The Corporation later decided to take penal action against the private agency for not keeping up its end of the deal.<ref name="findingwayout">{{cite news|title=Finding a way out of the mess |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3498219.ece |date=7 June 2012 |author=Aloysius Xavier Lopez|agency=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai|access-date=2012-12-18}}</ref> In September, a [[Order to show cause|show cause notice]] for termination of the contract was served, which was further upheld by the [[Madras High Court]].<ref name="HCdismiss">{{cite news|title=HC dismisses Ramky's plea against termination notice|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/hc-dismisses-ramkys-plea-against-termination-notice/article4210754.ece|date=18 December 2012 |agency=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai|access-date=2012-12-18}}</ref>

In other zones, the Corporation looks after the removal and processing of solid waste in the others,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2835108.ece|title=New garbage collection, street cleaning mechanism|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=29 February 2012|date=27 January 2012}}</ref> with a superintendent engineer managing the channels. As of 2011, 8 transfer stations exist within the city for treating the waste.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/department/solid-waste-management/ |title=Solid Waste Management|publisher=Corporation of Chennai|access-date=29 February 2012}}</ref> Garbage is dumped in two dump-yards in the city—One in [[Kodungaiyur]] and another in [[Perungudi]], with a major portion of the latter covering the [[Pallikaranai]] marshland.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Cluster-based-solid-waste-mgmt-may-ease-pressure-on-dump-yards/articleshow/12564826.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514105047/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-07/chennai/31304388_1_dump-yards-perungudi-garbage|archive-date=14 May 2013|title=Cluster-based solid waste mgmt may ease pressure on dump yards|date=7 April 2012|last=Madhavan|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|first=D.}}</ref> In market areas, the conservancy work is done during the night.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2829329.ece|title=SMS fillip for garbage collection|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=29 February 2012|first=Deepa H|last=Ramakrishnan|date=25 January 2012}}</ref> Water supply and sewage treatment are handled by the Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewage Board, popularly referred to as ''Metro Water''. Electricity is supplied by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://chennai.nic.in/emergency.htm
| title = Emergency and Utility Services Contact Details at Chennai
| access-date = 2007-09-07
| publisher = Govt. of Tamil Nadu
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014904/http://chennai.nic.in/emergency.htm
| archive-date = 30 September 2007

}}</ref> Fire services are handled by the Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnfrs.tn.nic.in/contact.htm|title=Contact us|publisher=Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Service|access-date=1 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423055359/http://www.tnfrs.tn.nic.in/contact.htm|archive-date=23 April 2012}}</ref> The city, along with the suburbs, has 33 operating fire stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnfrs.tn.nic.in/stns.htm|title=List of fire stations|publisher=Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Service|access-date=1 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424123232/http://www.tnfrs.tn.nic.in/stns.htm|archive-date=24 April 2012}}</ref>

===Police===
The [[Greater Chennai Police]] department, a division of the [[Tamil Nadu Police]], is the law enforcement agency in the city. The city police force is headed by a [[Police commissioner|commissioner of police]], and administrative control rests with the Tamil Nadu Home Ministry. The department consists of 36 subdivisions with a total of 121 police stations, of which 15 are [[ISO 9001]]:2000 certified.<ref name=iso>*{{cite web | title=Chennai Police ISO 9001:2000 | work=Govt. of Tamil Nadu | url=http://www.tn.gov.in/pressrelease/pr290705/pr290705.htm | access-date = 2005-08-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051218080442/http://www.tn.gov.in/pressrelease/pr290705/pr290705.htm |archive-date = 2005-12-18}}</ref> The city's traffic is managed by the [[Chennai City Traffic Police]] (CCTP). The Metropolitan suburbs are policed by the [[Greater Chennai Police|Chennai Metropolitan Police]], and outer district areas are policed by the Kanchipuram and Thiruvallur police departments.

===Telecommunication===
The city's telephone service is provided by three landline companies: [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (BSNL), [[Reliance Jio]] and [[Bharti Airtel]].<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/09/05/stories/2002090502151700.htm
| title = Touchtel arrives in Coimbatore
| access-date = 2007-09-07
| newspaper = The Hindu Business Line| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231926/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/09/05/stories/2002090502151700.htm| archive-date= 27 September 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> There are four mobile phone companies: BSNL, [[Vodafone Idea]], Bharti Airtel and [[Reliance Jio]], which offers [[GSM services]]. Broadband Internet access is provided by BSNL, [[Hathway]], Bharti Airtel,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airtelchennai.in/|title=Airtel Broadband Chennai -Ph:9840022123 -Airtel V Fiber Connection|first=Airtel Broadband|last=Chennai}}</ref> You Broadband, [[Reliance Jio]] and [[ACT Broadband]].

===Waste management===
The city generates 4,500 tonnes of garbage every day. The city has three dumpyards, one each at [[Perungudi]], [[Kodungaiyur]], and [[Pallikaranai]]. The corporation has planned to close these yards and create four new dumpyards at Malaipattu, [[Minjur]], [[Vallur]], and Kuthambakkam villages, ranging in size from 20 acres to 100 acres.<ref>{{cite news
| title = City to finally be free of garbage dumps
| location = Chennai
| date = 30 October 2012
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/City-to-finally-be-free-of-garbage-dumps/articleshow/17012878.cms
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130514051634/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-30/chennai/34816216_1_dump-yards-perungudi-dump-kuthambakkam

| archive-date = 14 May 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| url-status = live
| access-date = 30 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Corpn plans to move dump yards; residents breathe easy
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 30 October 2012
| url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2012/10/30&PageLabel=5&EntityId=Ar00500&ViewMode=HTML
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130204161436/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2012/10/30&PageLabel=5&EntityId=Ar00500&ViewMode=HTML
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 4 February 2013
| access-date = 30 October 2012}}</ref> According to studies by the civic body, green waste and wood account for 39 percent of the city's garbage and [[food waste]] around 8 percent. The civic body also spends {{INR Convert|4|b}} a year on solid waste management.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Philip
| first = Christin Mathew
| title = Don't dump waste on others: Experts
| location = Chennai
| date = 3 November 2012
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Dont-dump-waste-on-others-Experts/articleshow/17071306.cms
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130513230003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-03/chennai/34892706_1_door-to-door-garbage-collection-source-segregation-civic-body

| archive-date = 13 May 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| url-status = live
| access-date = 3 November 2012}}</ref> The corporation is planning to create a 200-acre park at the 269-acre Kodungaiyur dump yard and a 150-acre park at the 200-acre Perungudi dumpsite.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ramkumar
| first = Pratiksha
| title = Garbage to make way for green spaces
| location = Chennai
| date = 3 November 2012
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennai-Garbage-to-make-way-for-green-spaces/articleshow/17071309.cms
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121106102227/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-03/chennai/34893312_1_kodungaiyur-dump-dump-yard-dumpsite

| archive-date = 6 November 2012
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| url-status = live
| access-date = 3 November 2012}}</ref>

===Water===
Historically, Chennai has relied on annual [[monsoon]] rains to replenish water [[reservoir]]s, as no major rivers flow through the area. Steadily growing in population, the city has faced [[water supply]] [[Water scarcity|shortages]], and its ground water levels have been depleted. Many residents buy water for drinking as well as other daily uses. An earlier [[Veeranam|Veeranam Lake project]] failed to solve the city's water problems, but the New Veeranam project, which became operational in September 2004, has greatly reduced dependency on distant sources.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chennai Water Supply |work=Management of water supply during acute water scarcity in 2003 & 2004 |publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewage Board (CMWSSB) |url=http://www.chennaimetrowater.com/engg/operationmaintenance/cmwdrw04.htm |access-date=2007-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812071544/http://www.chennaimetrowater.com/engg/operationmaintenance/cmwdrw04.htm |archive-date=2007-08-12 }}</ref> In recent years, heavy and consistent monsoon rains and [[rainwater harvesting]] (RWH) by Chennai Metrowater at its [[Anna Nagar]] Rain Centre have significantly reduced water shortages. The Metrowater methods have become a model of RWH technology for other cities.<ref name=hindu1>{{cite news
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/03/stories/2007080360510500.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071001015212/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/03/stories/2007080360510500.htm

| archive-date = 2007-10-01
| title = Bangalore team visits RWH structures in city
| date = 2007-08-03
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 2007-08-11}}</ref> Moreover, newer projects like the [[Telugu Ganga project]] that bring water from water-surplus rivers like the [[Krishna River]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] have eased water shortages. The city is constructing sea water [[desalination]] plants to further increase the water supply.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/08/12/stories/2005081202820300.htm
|date=2005-08-12
|access-date=2007-09-18
|newspaper=The Hindu
|title=IVRCL to set up desalination plant near Chennai
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011174937/http://thehindubusinessline.com/2005/08/12/stories/2005081202820300.htm
|archive-date=11 October 2007

}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/04/stories/2007090460440400.htm
| date = 2007-09-04
| access-date = 2007-09-18
| title = Preliminary work on desalination plant to be completed by December-end| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071012002902/http://hindu.com/2007/09/04/stories/2007090460440400.htm| archive-date= 12 October 2007 | newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
}}</ref>

The city's water supply and sewage treatment are managed by the [[Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board]]. Water is drawn from [[Red Hills Lake]] and [[Chembarambakkam Lake]], the primary water reservoirs of the city,<ref>{{cite book|title=Second Master Plan|publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|pages=157–159|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf|access-date=19 August 2017|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104135527/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and treated at water treatment plants located at Kilpauk, Puzhal, Chembarambakkam<ref name="Metro Water">{{cite web|title=Water Supply System |url=http://www.chennaimetrowater.tn.nic.in/departments/operation/developwss.htm |publisher=Chennai Metro Water |access-date=16 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015122930/http://www.chennaimetrowater.tn.nic.in/departments/operation/developwss.htm |archive-date=2013-10-15 }}</ref> and supplied to the city through 27 water distribution stations.<ref>{{cite book|title=Second Master Plan|publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|page=163|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf|access-date=19 August 2017|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104135527/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city receives 530 million litres per day (MLD) of water from [[Krishna River]] through [[Telugu Ganga project]], 180 MLD of water from the [[Veeranam]] lake project<ref name="Metro Water"/> and 100 MLD of water from the Minjur desalination plant, the country's largest sea water [[desalination]] plant.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-s-biggest-desalination-plant-opens-in-Chennai/Article1-580562.aspx |title=India's biggest desalination plant opens in Chennai |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=1 August 2010 |access-date=11 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803150810/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-s-biggest-desalination-plant-opens-in-Chennai/Article1-580562.aspx |archive-date=2010-08-03 }}</ref><ref name=HinduDesalinationPlant>{{cite news|title=IVRCL to set up desalination plant near Chennai |work=The Hindu |date=12 August 2005 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/08/12/stories/2005081202820300.htm |access-date=18 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213183507/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/08/12/stories/2005081202820300.htm |archive-date=2009-02-13 }}</ref><ref name=HinduDesalinationPlant2>{{cite news|last=Radhakrishnan|first=R.K.|title=Preliminary work on desalination plant to be completed by December-end|date=4 September 2007|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/04/stories/2007090460440400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012002902/http://hindu.com/2007/09/04/stories/2007090460440400.htm|archive-date=12 October 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=18 September 2007}}</ref> However, Chennai is predicted to face a huge deficit of 713 MLD in 2026 as the demand is projected at 2,248 MLD and supply estimated at only 1,535 MLD.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/chennai-worst-saving-water-782 |title=Chennai worst in saving water |work=Deccan Chronicle|date=6 May 2011 |access-date=11 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011034707/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/chennai-worst-saving-water-782 |archive-date=2012-10-11 }}</ref> There are 714 public toilets in the city managed by the city corporation,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/No-response-from-firms-to-build-toilets/articleshow/16522863.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429193601/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-24/chennai/34060800_1_public-toilets-toilet-complexes-sulabh|archive-date=29 April 2013|title=No response from firms to build toilets|date=24 September 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|access-date=29 September 2012}}</ref> and 2,000 more has been planned by the corporation.<ref>{{cite news
| title = From 24 Feb, use public toilets for free, says mayor
| location = Chennai
| date = 31 October 2012
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/From-Feb-24-use-public-toilets-for-free-says-mayor/articleshow/17028133.cms
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130429231954/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-31/chennai/34836742_1_public-toilets-public-conveniences-civic-body

| archive-date = 29 April 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| url-status = live
| access-date = 2 November 2012}}</ref> The corporation also owns 52 community halls across the city.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Residents to soon have free use of community halls
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 31 October 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/residents-to-soon-have-free-use-of-community-halls/article4048482.ece
| access-date = 2 November 2012}}</ref>

==Awards==
In December 2014, the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII) adjudged the Chennai Corporation as the best among all the government departments in terms of e-governance.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Chandrababu
| first = Divya
| title = Chennai Corporation gets e-governance award
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 17 December 2014
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennai-Corporation-gets-e-governance-award/articleshow/45550817.cms
| access-date = 25 December 2014}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Chennai corp.jpg|Entrance view
File:Ripon Building Chennai.JPG|Alternate view
File:Ripon building, Chennai 2.jpg|Ripon Building under the Dark Clouds
File:Ripon Building panorama.jpg|Complete front façade of the building
File:Ripon building (12232197345).jpg|Ripon Building at 1990
File:Ripon Building panorama 2.jpg|Ripon Building panoramic view
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Chennai]]
* [[List of Chennai Corporation wards]]
* [[List of mayors of Chennai]]
* [[Tambaram Corporation]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/ Official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121202212744/http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/images/chennai_city_municipal_corporation_act.pdf The Chennai City Municipal Corporation Act, 1919]

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Greater Chennai Corporation]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Chennai Metropolitan Area]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Government of Chennai]]
[[Category:1688 establishments in India]]

Hijra (Indian subcontinent)

2026-01-31T17:59:58Z

SanjayMurugesan220: creating post - done

#REDIRECT [[Hijra (South Asia)]]

{{R from move}}

Ahe Nila Saila

2026-01-25T13:34:23Z

SanjayMurugesan220:

{{Short description|Odia-language song (stuti) composed by Bhakta Salabega}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Ahe Neela Shaila
| cover =
| alt =
| type = song
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| written = 17th century
| genre = [[Odissi music]]
| lyricist = [[Salabega]]
}}

"'''Ahe Neela Shaila'''" ({{Langx|or|ଆହେ ନୀଳ ଶଇଳ|lit=O blue mountain|translit=āhe nīḷa saiḷa}}) is an [[Odissi music|Odissi classical song (stuti)]] composed by the 17th-century saint-poet [[Salabega]], addressing Mahaprabhu [[Jagannath]]a in Puri Dhaam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Parhi |first=Dr. Kirtan Narayan |title=Perspectives on Orissa |publisher=Centre for study in civilizations |year=2009 |editor-last=Mohapatra |editor-first=PK |location=New Delhi |pages=613–626 |chapter=Odissi Music : Retrospect and Prospect |author-link=Kirtan Narayan Parhi}}</ref>

== Music ==
The traditional composition is set to the ''Raga [[Chinta Kamodi]]'' and the ''Tala Jati''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panda |first=Pt. Gopal Chandra |title=Odisi Raga Darpana |date=December 2011 |location=Bhubaneswar |language=or |author-link=Gopal Chandra Panda}}</ref>

It has been famously rendered by Pt [[Bhikari Bal|Bhikari Charan Bal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The love for God |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/vivacity/love-for-god.html |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

== Lyrics ==
Oh, [https://odiasonglyrics.com/ahe-nila-saila-lyrics/ Ahe Nila Saila]
(O Resident of the Green Mountains) is a renowned Jagannath Bhajan in Odisha. It was composed by Bhakta Salabega, an Odia religious poet from the early 17th century who wrote devotional songs dedicated to Lord Jagannath. Despite being born a Muslim, his profound devotion to the Hindu deity is celebrated in folklore, which recounts how Lord Jagannath halted his Ratha Jātrā (Rath Yatra) to allow Salabega to have a darshan (glimpse) and offer his prayers.

In the song, the poet extols Lord Jagannath's magnanimity in aiding his devotees. He vividly depicts various situations where individuals in distress are rescued by the supreme lord. Furthermore, he beseeches the deity to eradicate all cardinal sins from his mind and relieve him from suffering.
Below, the song is transcribed in both Odia and English.

{{col-float}}
{{Poem quote|text={{lang|or|
ଆହେ ନୀଳ ଶଇଳ ପ୍ରବଳ ମତ୍ତ ବାରଣ
ମୋ ଆରତ ନଳିନୀ ବନକୁ କର ଦଳନ । ଘୋଷା ।
ଗଜରାଜ ଚିନ୍ତା କଲା ଥାଇ ଘୋର ଜଳେଣ
ଚକ୍ର ପେଷି ନକ୍ର ନାଶି ଉଦ୍ଧାରିଲ ଆପଣ । ୧ ।
ଘୋର ବନେ ମୃଗୁଣୀକି ପଡ଼ିଥିଲା କଷଣ
କେଡ଼େ ବଡ଼ ବିପତ୍ତିରୁ ରକ୍ଷାକଲ ଆପଣ । ୨ ।
କୁରୁସଭା ତଳେ ଶୁଣି ଦ୍ରୌପଦୀର ଜଣାଣ
କୋଟି ବସ୍ତ୍ର ଦେଇ ହେଳେ ଲଜ୍ଜା କଲ ବାରଣ । ୩ ।
ରାବଣର ଭାଇ ବିଭୀଷଣ ଗଲା ଶରଣ
ଶରଣ ସମ୍ଭାଳି ତାଙ୍କୁ ଲଙ୍କେ କଲ ରାଜନ । ୪ ।
ପ୍ରହଲ୍ଲାଦ ପିତା ସେ ଯେ ବଡ଼ ଦୁଷ୍ଟ ଦାରୁଣ
ସ୍ତମ୍ଭରୁ ବାହାରି ତାକୁ ବିଦାରିଲ ତକ୍ଷଣ । ୫ ।
କହେ ସାଲବେଗ ହୀନ ଜାତିରେ ମୁଁ ଯବନ
ଶ୍ରୀରଙ୍ଗା ଚରଣ ତଳେ କରୁଅଛି ଜଣାଣ । ୬ ।}}}}

{{col-float-break}}
{{Poem quote|text={{Transliteration|or|
āhe nīḷa saiḷa prabaḷa matta bārana
mo arata naḷinī banaku kara daḷana / ghosa/
gajarāja chintā kalā thāi ghora jaḷeṇa
chakra pesi nakra nāsi uddhārila āpaṇa /1/
ghora bane mruguṇi-ki paḍithila kasaṇa
keḍe baḍa bipatti-ru rakhyā kala āpaṇa /2/
kuru-sabhā tale suni dropadi-ra jaṇāṇa
koti bastra dei hele lajjā kala bāraṇa /3/
rābaṇa-ra bhāi bibhīsana gala saraṇa
saraṇa sambhāḷi tānku lanke kala rājana /4/
prahallāda pitā se je baḍa dusta dāruṇa
stambha-ru bāhāri tāku bidārila takhyaṇa /5/
kahe sālabega hina jāti-re mun jabana
srirangā charaṇa tale karu-achi jaṇāṇa /6/}}}}
{{col-float-break}}
{{Poem quote|text=O o resident of the green mountains
I plead you to vanquish the lotus-forest of my agonies. /refrain/
When elephant king invoked you in deep waters
you sent the chakra and saved him from the crocodile. /1/
Deep in the forest the doe was suffering,
you saved her from the immense predicament. /2/
In the Kuru court [[Draupadi]] called you,
you sent her infinite cloth and saved her dignity. /3/
[[Ravana]]'s brother [[Vibhishana]] sought your shelter
You not only sheltered him but made him the king of Lanka. /4/
[[Prahlada|Prahallada]]'s father was a cruel, evil man
You emerged from the pillar and tore him apart. /5/
Says '''Salabega''', I am a ''Yavana'' (=non-Hindu) by birth
Listen to my ''janāna'' (=message) under your lotus feet. /6/}}
{{col-float-end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}} {{Odissi music}}{{Odia literature}}{{authority control}}

[[Category:Odissi music]]
[[Category:Odissi music repertoire]]
[[Category:17th-century poems]]
[[Category:17th-century songs]]
[[Category:Culture of Odisha]]

{{India-music-stub}}

Sipat Assembly constituency

2026-01-06T00:14:49Z

SanjayMurugesan220: Created some details added tags

{{Short description|Constituency of the Chhattisgarh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sipat
| type= SLA
| state = Chhattisgarh
| established = 2003
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 133,301
| mla = Badhridhar Diwan
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Sipat Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
| [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Badhridhar Diwan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Sipat<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081955/https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Badhridhar Diwan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,649 |percentage=23.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Kumar Kaushik |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,350 |percentage=23.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajendra Chawla |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=20,869 |percentage=21.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Engg. Rameshwar Khare |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=20,512 |percentage=21.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nand Kishor Raj |party=Gondvana Gantantra Party |votes=4,024 |percentage=4.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Agrawal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,392 |percentage=2.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Kumar Dubey |party=Independent politician |votes=1,095 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=299 |percentage=0.31% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=97,116 |percentage=72.85% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 133,301 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord missing|Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Nathan Rodrigues

2026-01-05T22:16:29Z

SanjayMurugesan220: Created A Article

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 2004)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Nathan Rodrigues
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Nathan Asher Rodrigues
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2004|02|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Arambol]], [[Goa]], [[India]]
| height = 175 cm
| currentclub = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Left back]]
| youthyears1 = 2015–2019
| youthclubs1 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchil Brothers]]
| youthyears2 = 2019–2023
| youthclubs2 = [[Reliance Foundation Youth Sports|RF Young Champs]]
| youthyears3 = 2023–2024
| youthclubs3 = [[Mumbai City]]
| years1 = 2023–
| clubs1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| caps1 = 20
| goals1 = 3
| club-update = 16:00, 1 March 2025 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update =
}}
'''Nathan Asher Rodrigues''' (born 2 February 2004) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defender (association football)|left back]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai City FC’s Nathan Rodrigues named November’s Emerging Player of the Month|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/mumbai-city-fcs-nathan-rodrigues-named-novembers-emerging-player-of-the-month|access-date=2024-12-05 |website=indiansuperleague.com|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nathan Asher Rodrigues Defender |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/59622?type=club |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

==Youth career==
Born in [[Arambol]], [[Goa]], Nathan began his career with Goan club [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]'s U-16 team, playing until 2019 before leaving the club to join [[Reliance Foundation Youth Sports|RF Young Champs]] on a free transfer.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-who-nathan-rodrigues-mumbai-city-fc-202411|title=Who is Mumbai City FC's new young star Nathan Rodrigues?|website=Khel Now}}</ref>

Nathan was signed to the [[Reliance Foundation Youth Sports|RF Young Champs]] team in 2019 at 15 years old, playing for RFYC in the [[Reliance Foundation Development League]] (RFDL) for four years. Once a midfielder at Churchill, Nathan transitioned into playing in defence with the help of his coaches at RF Young Champs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFmumbai-city-sign-goan-defender-nathan-rodrigues-from-rfyc/101187.html|title=Mumbai City sign Goan defender Nathan Rodrigues from RFYC|website=The Goan EveryDay}}</ref>

Speaking about his time at RF Young Champs, Nathan said that he "learnt the importance of working on his own", and the need to work on his strengths and weaknesses to improve as a footballer.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rfyoungchamps.org/news/general/mcfc-rfyc-nathan-rodrigues-discipline/|title=RFYC|website=www.rfyoungchamps.org}}</ref>

Nathan was scouted by [[Mumbai City FC]] from his time playing in the RFDL, and ended up signing his first senior contract with the Islanders in 2023.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Club career==
===Mumbai City===
====2023–24 season====
On 8 July 2023, Nathan signed for retaining [[Indian Super League|ISL]] shield winners [[Mumbai City FC]] on a four-year deal, until the end of the 2026–27 season.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/videos/isl-emerging-player-of-the-month---november-2024-nathan-rodrigues-isl-2024-25|title=A November to remember for #NathanRodrigues as he bags the Emerging Player of the Month! 🔥|date=5 December 2024|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
He made his debut for the club in the [[2023 Durand Cup]] against the [[Indian Navy (football team)|Indian Navy Football Team]], coming on as a substitute. He also scored on debut, scoring Mumbai's fourth goal in an eventual 4-0 win.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sofascore.com/football/match/indian-navy-mumbai-city-fc/aRubsQkRb#id:11479163|title=Mumbai City FC vs Indian Navy live score, H2H and lineups | Sofascore|website=www.sofascore.com}}</ref>

After the Durand Cup, Nathan initially played in the Mumbai City Under-21 team, where he refined his ball control, defensive reading of the game, and passing accuracy.<ref name="auto2"/> Alongside this, he was also registered by the club in their senior ISL squad.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mumbaicityfc.com/news/mumbai-city-fc-announce-squad-for-2023-24-indian-super-league | title=Mumbai City FC announce squad for 2023-24 Indian Super League }}</ref>

Nathan made no ISL appearances with the senior team in his first season, but was named on the substitutes bench ten times. Most notably, he was named on the bench for the ISL Cup Final against [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]], with the Islanders winning 3-1.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/lineups/_/gameId/702296|title=Mumbai City 3-1 Mohun Bagan (4 May, 2024) Lineups - ESPN (IN)|website=ESPN}}</ref> As he was registered by the club as part of their ISL squad, he earned a medal for the club's triumph. This was the first senior honour of his career.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/nathan-asher-rodrigues/927593/|title=India - N. Rodrigues - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|website=int.soccerway.com}}</ref>

====2024–25 season====
After pre-season abroad, Nathan was once again named in the club's ISL squad.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/mumbai-city-fc-announce-squad-for-2024-25-indian-super-league | title=Mumbai City FC Announce Squad for 2024-25 Indian Super League }}</ref> He made his ISL debut for the club on 2 October 2024, playing from the start in a 0-0 draw at home to [[Bengaluru FC]] at left-back.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/719938/bengaluru-fc-mumbai-city-fc|title=Mumbai City 0-0 Bengaluru (2 Oct, 2024) Final Score - ESPN (IN)|website=ESPN}}</ref>

Nathan's first ISL goal for Mumbai came at home against [[Kerala Blasters]] on 3 November 2024, scoring with a volley into the bottom left corner following a [[Brandon Fernandes]] corner kick. This was Mumbai's third goal of the match, as the Islanders went on to win 4-2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/football-news/isl-2024-25-mumbai-city-fc-vs-kerala-blasters-fc-result-score-report-13831548.html|title=ISL 2024-25: Rodrigues, Karelis and Chhangte on target as Mumbai City FC beat Kerala Blasters 4-2|date=3 November 2024|website=Firstpost}}</ref> He scored again in the club's next match on 9 November away against [[Chennaiyin FC]], this time scoring a header at the back post following a [[Yoell van Nieff]] corner kick.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-2024-25-mumbai-city-draws-1-1-with-chennaiyin-fc-mcfc-v-cfc-indian-super-league-1000th-game/article68849600.ece|title=ISL 2024-25: Mumbai City holds Chennaiyin to a 1-1 draw in 1000th match of Indian Super League|first=Aneesh|last=Dey|date=9 November 2024|website=Sportstar}}</ref>

Due to his performance in November 2024, Nathan was adjudged to be the [[Indian Super League|ISL]] Emerging Player of the Month.<ref name="auto"/>

Nathan got his first assist for the club away against [[East Bengal FC]] on 30 December 2024. After coming on as a late substitute, with three minutes to go in the match, he played a long pass from his own half to Greek forward [[Nikos Karelis]], who broke free to score the winning goal and his second goal of the match, which ended 3-2 to Mumbai City.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/match-report-east-bengal-fc-vs-mumbai-city-fc | title=Match Report : East Bengal FC 2-3 Mumbai City }}</ref>

On 1 March 2025, Nathan scored his third goal for the club at home against [[Mohun Bagan]].
After coming on in the 87th minute with the club 2-1 down, Nathan scored the equalizer in the 89th minute from a rebound, securing a 2-2 draw for the Islanders.<ref>https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/722531/mohun-bagan-super-giant-mumbai-city-fc</ref><ref>https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/match-report-mumbai-city-fc-2-2-mohun-bagan-sg</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|1 March 2025}}<ref>{{soccerway|nathan-asher-rodrigues/927593|access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
!colspan="2"|[[Durand Cup]]
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|[[2023–24 Mumbai City FC season|2023–24]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Indian Super League]]
|0||0||4||0||1||1||0||0||5||1
|-
|[[2024–25 Mumbai City FC season|2024–25]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Indian Super League]]
|20||3||0||0||0||0||0||0||20||3
|-
! colspan="2" |Mumbai City total
!20!!3!!4!!0!!1!!1!!0!!0!!25!!4
|}

== Honours ==

'''Mumbai City FC'''
* [[Indian Super League]] Cup winner: [[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rodrigues, Nathan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Mumbai City FC players]]
[[Category:Men's association football full-backs]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Rajakulathor (caste)

2026-01-02T09:31:43Z

SanjayMurugesan220:

{{Short description|Caste among people native to Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{infobox caste
| caste_name = Rajakula
| image = File:Srisailam virabhadra.jpg
| caption = Virabhadra
| classification = [[Dyer (occupation)|Dyers]], [[Cultivators]], [[Warriors]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]], [[Lingayatism]]
| country = India
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]],
| languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| region =
| related =
}}

The '''Rajakula people''', who are also collectively known as '''Rajaka''', are native to the [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. They comprise the [[Vannar]], [[Madivala]] and [[Agasa]] social groups that share a common myth of origin and claim to have once been members of various ancient South Indian dynasties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xDZVAAAAYAAJ&q=rajakula+caste|title=Lok Sabha Debates|first1=India Parliament House of the|last1=People|first2=India Parliament Lok|last2=Sabha|date=May 4, 2007|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat.|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/bclist.htm|title=LIST OF BACKWARD CLASSES APPROVED|website=www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The following is current regarding the origin of the caste. On the occasion of [[Daksha]]s sacrifice [[Virabhadra]] got his clothes [[blood]] stained, while killing Daksha and his companions. He appeared before [[Shiva]] and thoughtlessly allowed his impure garments to come into contact with the God. Rajakas are known as veeraghata madivala on account of their supposed descend from god [[Virabhadra]] the son of Shiva.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zseCqGFRpyQC&q=agasa+caste&pg=RA1-PA1|title=The Mysore|first=Venkatesa|last=Iyengar|date=October 4, 1932|publisher=Mittal Publications|via=Google Books}}</ref>

== Right hand caste faction ==
Rajakula belongs to the ''[[Valangai]]'' ("Right-hand caste faction"). Some of them assume the title ''Valangamattan'' ("people of the right-hand division"). The ''Valangai'' comprised castes with an agricultural basis while the ''[[Idangai]]'' consisted of castes involved in manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmi.ac.in/gift/Epigraphy/epig_tambarammore.htm|title=Dr.Gift Siromoney's Home Page|website=www.cmi.ac.in}}</ref> ''Valangai'', which was better organised politically.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gmlQAQAAMAAJ&q=%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+|title=Ān̲antaraṅkar nāṭkur̲ippu: āyvu|date=October 4, 1991|publisher=Tamil̲iyal Tur̲ai, Putuvaip Palkalaik Kal̲akam|via=Google Books}}</ref>

== History ==
At the [[Pooram]] festival in [[Kerala]], the goddess is usually seen wearing a white robe with a large handle in red, green, orange, black, white.

In India the largest [[Mysore Dasara|Dasara]] festival in October in [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] is held in honor of the honorable sword given to the Vannars.

Vannars are also the priests of the [[Bhagavati]] Amman temple.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Edger Thurston
|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India
|publisher=Madras Government press|year=1909|pages=315–320|quote=Venkudai Festival and Kulasaidasara Festival|url=https://archive.org/details/castestribesofso07thuriala/page/315/mode/2up}}</ref>

== Worships ==
In the Tirunelveli region, Thai deities (female deities) are worshipped in large numbers and are worshipped with a pedestal or trident. In states like [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]], Vannars are still the priests of the [[Mariamman|Mariamman temple]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Sivamathi|title=Spiritual repository|publisher=Sura Publication|year=2006|page=244|isbn=9788174789440|quote=The fiery goddess became known as Draupadi Amman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pl_V-zPgyf4C&dq=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4+%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D&pg=PA244}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Ganapathy Raman |title=Worship of idols in Tirunelveli|publisher=Thirumagal Publication|year=1986|page=113|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jvwXAAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95+%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+}}</ref>

== Structure ==
The common honorific titles used by the Rajakulathor are "Rajakula", "Pandiyan", "Mooppar", "kaathavarayan", "Yegaveni", "Nair", "Saayakaran", "Mesthiri", "Thoosar", and "Kaliyar" varying according to their territorial divisions. According to [[Rajaraja I|Raja Raja cholan]] inscription, the villages in Chola administration were termed as "Vannathar".<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Castes_and_Tribes_of_Southern_India/Vannān|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India|chapter=Vannān |accessdate=16 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Rathinam|title=Castes_and_Tribes_of_Southern_India_Part_Three|publisher=Tamil Publication Thanjavor|year=1987|page=336|quote=|url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/book-detail?id=jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZl1kMyy&tag=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%20-%203#book1/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/18322/IN|title=Hindu Vannar joshuaproject}}</ref>

== Notable persons ==
*[[Periyathambiran]] - Ruler of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
*[[Neelasothaiyan]] - Commander-in-Chief of King Periyathambiran
*[[A. M. Saravanam]] - was an indian Congress Freedom fighter

== See also ==
*[[Jyestha (goddess)|Jyestha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian castes]]

Artemis Hospital

2025-12-29T04:54:08Z

SanjayMurugesan220: reworked section also and corrected details for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Artemis Hospital
| org_group =
| logo = Artemis_Hospital_-_Logo.png
| logo_size =
| image =
| image_size = 225
| alt =
| caption =
| coordinates = 
| location = Gurgaon
| region =
| state =
| country = India
| healthcare = Private
| funding =
| type =
| religious_affiliation =
| affiliation =
| patron =
| network =
| standards =
| emergency =
| beds = 600
| speciality = Super Speciality
| helipad =
| h1-number =
| h1-length-f =
| h1-length-m =
| h1-surface = 
| founded = 2007
| closed =
| demolished =
| website = http://www.artemishospitals.com
| other_links =
| module =
}}
'''Artemis Hospital''' is a JCI and [[National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers|NABH]] accredited hospital in [[Gurgaon]], India.

The hospital was founded in 2007 by the promoters of the Apollo Group, as a multi specialty hospital providing research and technology oriented medical procedures. It acquired the NABH accreditation in 2017 and was the first hospital in Gurgaon to be accredited by [[Joint Commission International]] (JCI) in 2013.<ref name="ArtemisInHBL">{{cite news|title=Artemis Hospital is first in India to adopt Masimo Patient Safety Net|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/business-wire/artemis-hospital-becomes-first-in-india-to-adopt-masimo-patient-safetynet-across-all-hospital-care-areas/article9979920.ece|publisher=Hindu Business Line|date= 9 Jan 2018|accessdate=30 Jan 2018}}</ref>

==Campus and location==
This is a 600-bed hospital. It has systematic units to provide complete care for the patients to recover from various illnesses. The hospital has been involved in rare medical procedures like [[cerebral palsy]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Gurgaon doctors come together to treat cerebral palsy in children|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/gurgaon-doctors-come-together-to-treat-cerebral-palsy-in-children/story-uPICAkI6RgxgsaHEGhnZFJ.html|date=9 Apr 2017|publisher=Hindustan Times|accessdate=30 Jan 2018}}</ref>
emergency cases<ref>{{cite news|title= Unique surgery saves ex-army man |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/unique-surgery-saves-ex-armyman-after-6-inch-kebab-blocks-windpipe/articleshow/58617962.cms|date=11 May 2017|publisher=Times Of India|accessdate=30 Jan 2018}}</ref> and [[Pediatrics|paediatric]] heart care.<ref>{{cite news|title= Gurgaon's miracle baby Tarannum, born at 23 weeks |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/born-at-23-weeks-gurgaon-s-miracle-baby-tarannum-is-doing-fine/story-pqO2OwZlggdGrBOeqRrdGP.htm|date=27 May 2017|publisher=Hindustan Times|accessdate=30 Jan 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Artemis Hospital |url=https://www.credihealth.com/hospital/artemis-hospital-gurgaon/doctors|date=26 March 2019 |work=Full Details Information}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Haryana}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Haryana]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 2007]]

1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election

2025-12-03T22:09:22Z

SanjayMurugesan220: rework layout for accuracy and added references based on references

{{Short description|Indian state legislative election}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| party_name =
| alliance_name =
| previous_election = 1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1977
| next_election = 1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1985
| election_date = ''19 May 1982''
| seats_for_election = All 68 seats in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 35
| registered = {{formatnum:2211524}}
| turnout = 71.06%
| image_size = 100px

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Thakur Ram Lal.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=07}}
| leader1 = [[Thakur Ram Lal]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Jubbal-Kotkhai Assembly constituency|Jubbal-Kotkhai]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| seats_before1 = 9
| popular_vote1 = 42.52%
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}22
| seats1 = 31
| swing1 =

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Shanta Kumar.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=07}}
| leader2 = [[Shanta Kumar]]
| leaders_seat2 =
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| seats_before2 = ''New''
| popular_vote2= 35.16%
| seat_change2 = ''New''
| seats2 = 29
| swing2 =

| image3 =
| leader3 =
| leaders_seat3 =
| party3 = Janata Party
| seats_before3 = 53
| popular_vote3= 4.75%
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}}51
| seats3 = 2
| swing3 =


| title = [[Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh|CM]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| before_election = [[Thakur Ram Lal]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Thakur Ram Lal]]
}}

Elections to the '''[[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]''' were held in May 1982, to elect members of the 68 constituencies in [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. The [[Indian National Congress]] won the most seats as well as the popular vote, and [[Thakur Ram Lal]] was reappointed as the [[Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19830430-thakur-ram-lal-resigns-as-himachal-pradesh-cm-to-pave-the-way-for-virbhadra-singh-771329-2013-10-21 |title=Thakur Ram Lal resigns as Himachal Pradesh CM to pave the way for Virbhadra Singh |date=21 April 1983 |author=Prabhu Chawla |publisher=[[India Today]] |access-date= 6 November 2021}}</ref>

After the passing of the ''State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970'', Himachal Pradesh was converted from a Union Territory to a State and the size of its Legislative Assembly was increased to 68 members.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1464/1/197053.pdf |title=The State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970 |date=25 December 1970 |access-date=6 November 2021 |quote=...persons chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies, shall be sixty-eight of which sixteen seats shall be reserved for the Scheduled Castes and three seats shall be reserved for the Scheduled Tribes.}}</ref>

==Result==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly 1982.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=659239|seats1=31|sc1={{increase}}22
|party2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes2=545037|seats2=29|sc2=New
|party3=[[Janata Party]]|votes3=73683|seats3=2|sc3={{decrease}}51
|party4=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes4=26543|seats4=0|sc4=0
|party5=[[Lok Dal]]|votes5=22521|seats5=0|sc5=New
|party6=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes6=2636|seats6=0|sc6=0
|party11=Independents|votes11=220637|seats11=6|sc11=0
|total_sc=0
|invalid=21278
|electorate=2211524
|source=ECI<ref name=election1982>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3805-himachal-pradesh-1982/ |title=Himachal Pradesh 1982 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 November 2021}}</ref>
}}

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Reserved for ([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]/None)
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
!Votes
!'''Runner-up Candidates Name'''
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
|-
| Kinnaur || ST || Thakur Sen Negi || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|12580
|Gopi Chand
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|9197
|-
| Rampur || SC || Singhi Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|12776
|Ninzoo Ram
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|6285
|-
| Rohru || None || Satya Dev Bushehari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|11890
|Pratap Singh Mukhia
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|6743
|-
| Jubbal-kotkhai || None || Ram Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|20765
|Shyam Lal Pirta
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|3340
|-
| Chopal || None || Kewal Ram Chauhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|12307
|Radha Raman Shastri
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|8013
|-
| Kumarsain || None || Jai Bihari Lal Khachi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|9641
|Bhagat Ram Chauhan
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|4902
|-
| Theog || None || Vidya Stokes || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|12947
|Mehar Singh Chauhan
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|8052
|-
| Simla || None || Daulat Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|12314
|Anand Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|9369
|-
| Kasumpti || SC || [[Balak Ram Kashyap]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|8594
|Roop Dass Kashyap
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|7236
|-
| Arki || None || Nagin Chander Pal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|8764
|Hira Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|6545
|-
| Doon || None || Ram Partap Chandel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|12236
|Narain Dass
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|5239
|-
| Nalagarh || None || Vijayander Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|16500
|Arjun Singh
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|7259
|-
| Kasauli || SC || Raghu Raj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|9672
|Kirpal Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|3268
|-
| Solan || None || Rama Nand || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|6253
|Guru Dutt
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|3437
|-
| Pachhad || SC || Gangu Ram || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|9805
|Uchhbu Ram
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|5143
|-
| Raindka || SC || Prem Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|10466
|Mohan Lal
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|4910
|-
| Shillai || None || Guman Singh Chauhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|12042
|Jagat Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|9381
|-
| Paonta Doon || None || Kush Parmar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|10099
|Milk Raj
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|7747
|-
| Nahan || None || Shyama Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|12926
|Sunder Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|6032
|-
| Kotkehloor || None || Daulat Ram Sankhyan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|6400
|Daulat Ram Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|5861
|-
| Bilaspur || None || Sada Ram Thakur || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|10445
|Partap Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|8957
|-
| Ghumarwin || None || Narayan Singh Swami || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|11836
|Sita Ram Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|11350
|-
| Geharwin || SC || Ganu Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|7477
|Rikhi Ram Kaundal
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|6901
|-
| Nadaun || None || Dhani Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|9308
|Prem Dass Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|7478
|-
| Hamirpur || None || Jagdev Chand || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|14471
|Babu Ram
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|7857
|-
| Bamsan || None || Lashkari Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|12862
|Ranjit Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|9788
|-
| Mewa || SC || Dharam Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|11814
|Amar Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|9924
|-
| Nadaunta || None || Ram Rattan Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|10365
|Prem Chand Verma
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|8622
|-
| Gagret || SC || Sadhu Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|11377
|Mehnga Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|9906
|-
| Chintpurni || None || Hans Raj Akrot || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|9904
|Romesh Chander
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|8199
|-
| Santokgarh || None || Vijay Kumar Joshi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|10589
|Kashmiri Lal Joshi
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|9371
|-
| Una || None || Des Raj || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|14707
|Ram Rakha
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|9515
|-
| Kutlehar || None || Ranjit Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|7022
|Ram Nath Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|6244
|-
| Nurpur || None || Sat Mahajan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|15384
|Kewal Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|12085
|-
| Gangath || SC || Des Raj || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|11751
|Dhinoo Ram
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|9048
|-
| Jawali || None || Rajan Sushant || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|11669
|Sujan Singh Pathaania
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|11141
|-
| Guler || None || Chander Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|8867
|Harbans Singh Rana
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|5775
|-
| Jaswan || None || Agya Ram Thakur || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|10147
|Sarla Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|8598
|-
| Pragpur || SC || Virender Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|9241
|Yog Raj
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|7503
|-
| Jawalamukhi || None || Kashmir Singh Rana || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|9350
|Mela Ram Saver
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|7472
|-
| Thural || None || Chandresh Kumari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|7423
|Santosh Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|6742
|-
| Rajgir || SC || Milkhi Ram Goma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|9358
|Shambhu Ram
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|6717
|-
| Baijnath || None || Sant Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|10346
|Milkhi Ram
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|4202
|-
| Palampur || None || Sarwan Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|10508
|Kunj Bihari Lal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|8762
|-
| Sulah || None || Shanta Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|11857
|Man Chand
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|8708
|-
| Nagrota || None || Ram Chand || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|12618
|Hardyal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|9254
|-
| Shahpur || None || Vijai Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|11301
|Ajit Paul
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|6386
|-
| Dharamsala || None || Brij Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|9513
|Mool Raj Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|6971
|-
| Kangra || None || Vidya Sagar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|15097
|Surendar Paul
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|7388
|-
| Bhattiyat || None || Shiv Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|10796
|Amar Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|7480
|-
| Banikhet || None || Des Raj Mahajan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|12663
|Daulat Ram
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|6154
|-
| Rajnagar || SC || Mohan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|11927
|Vidya Dhar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|11885
|-
| Chamba || None || Sagar Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|12744
|Kishori Lal
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|9983
|-
| Bharmour || ST || Thakur Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|7285
|Ram Charan
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|5474
|-
| Lahaul And Spiti || ST || [[Thakur Devi Singh]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|5636
|Surinder Chand
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|3446
|-
| Kullu || None || Kunj Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|14967
|Raj Krishan Gaor
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|13425
|-
| Banjar || None || Maheshwar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|19243
|Dile Ram Shabab
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|11872
|-
| Ani || SC || Khub Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|14599
|Isher Dass
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|11926
|-
| Karsog || SC || Mansha Ram || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|8992
|Sunder Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|7422
|-
| Chachiot || None || Moti Ram || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|10733
|Karam Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|10252
|-
| Nachan || SC || Dile Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|11873
|Tek Chand
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|8745
|-
| Sundarnagar || None || Roop Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|11560
|Lachhami Dutt
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|6520
|-
| Balh || SC || Piru Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|12334
|Damodar Dass
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|11828
|-
| Gopalpur || None || Rangila Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|17812
|Lila Devi Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|7130
|-
| Dharampur || None || Bhikham Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|10310
|Om Chand
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|8782
|-
| Joginder Nagar || None || Gulab Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|8586
|Rattan Lal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|7928
|-
| Darang || None || Kaul Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|12989
|Dina Nath
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|9189
|-
| Mandi || None || Sukh Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|12517
|Kanhaya Lal
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|9845
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[1982 elections in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Himachal Pradesh elections}}

[[Category:1982 State Assembly elections in India|Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Himachal Pradesh|1982]]
[[Category:1980s in Himachal Pradesh|1982]]

Dharmo Rakshati Rakshitah

2025-11-25T19:04:25Z

SanjayMurugesan220: fixes

{{Short description|Sanskrit shloka}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}

'''Dharmo Rakshati Rakshitah''' ({{Langx|sa|धर्मो रक्षति रक्षितः}}; [[IAST]]: ''dharmo rakṣati rakṣitaḥ'') is a popular Sanskrit phrase<ref>Vidyāprakāśānandagirisvāmi. Gita Makaranda. India: Sri Suka Brahma Ashram, 1980.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tripathy |first1=Dr Preeti |title=Indian Religions: Tradition, History and Culture |year=2010 |publisher=Axis Publications |isbn=978-93-80376-17-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lixAAQAAIAAJ&q=Dharmo+Rakshati+Rakshitah |language=en}}</ref> mentioned in the [[Mahabharata]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shaji |first1=U. S. |title=Studies in Hindu Religion |year=2008 |publisher=Cyber Tech Publications |isbn=978-81-7884-386-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ER0wAQAAIAAJ&q=Dharmo+Rakshati+Rakshitah |access-date=3 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=FE /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Runzo |first1=Joseph |last2=Martin |first2=Nancy M. |last3=Sharma |first3=Arvind |title=Human Rights and Responsibilities in the World Religions |date=August 2003 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |isbn=978-1-85168-309-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kRPXAAAAMAAJ&q=Dharmo+Rakshati+Rakshitah |access-date=3 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Manusmriti]] verse 8.15. It can be loosely translated as "[[Dharma]] protects those who protect it".<ref name="Wisdomlib">{{Cite web |title=Manusmriti Verse 8.15 |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/manusmriti-with-the-commentary-of-medhatithi/d/doc200908.html |website=wisdomlib.org |access-date=9 December 2020 |date=9 December 2016}}</ref> The closest synonyms for Dharma in English are righteousness and ethics.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Glener |first1=Doug |last2=Komaragiri |first2=Sarat |title=Wisdom's Blossoms: Tales of the Saints of India |date=12 November 2002 |publisher=Shambhala Publications |isbn=978-0-8348-2938-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9COXAgAAQBAJ&dq=Dharmo+Rakshati+Rakshitah&pg=PT156 |access-date=3 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> It is the motto of the [[Research and Analysis Wing]], [[National Law School of India University]] and the [[Hindutva]] organisation [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Bhatt | first=Chetan | title=Dharmo rakshati rakshitah : Hindutva movements in the UK | journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies | volume=23 | issue=3 | date=2000 | issn=0141-9870 | doi=10.1080/014198700328999 | pages=559–593}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Mukta | first=Parita | title=The public face of Hindu nationalism | journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies | volume=23 | issue=3 | date=2000 | issn=0141-9870 | doi=10.1080/014198700328944 | pages=442–466}}</ref><ref name=FE>{{Cite news |title=Shloka Shock: A verse from religious text not always just religious |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/shloka-shock-a-verse-from-religious-text-not-always-just-religious/1459840/ |access-date=3 January 2021 |work=The Financial Express |date=31 January 2019}}</ref>
==Scriptures==
The phrase is part of a Manusmriti verse that says:

{{quote|dharma eva hato hanti '''dharmo rakṣati rakṣitaḥ''' tasmād dharmo na hantavyo mā no dharmo hato'vadhīt|Manusmriti 8.15}}

{{quote|धर्म एव हतो हन्ति '''धर्मो रक्षति रक्षितः''' तस्माद्धर्मो न हन्तव्यो मा नो धर्मो हतोऽवधीत्}}

The Manusmriti was first translated by Sir William Jones in 1776 for making legal provisions for Hindus in British India including other Sanskrit religious books.<ref>{{Cite web |title=भारत में क्यों कहा जाता है, 'धर्मो रक्षति रक्षितः'? |url=https://www.nastik.in/2019/04/why-in-india-people-say-dharmo-rakshati-rakshitah-hindi.html |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=Nastik Bharat}}</ref>

This phrase is also found in the Mahabharata.<ref>Srimat Maharshi Vedvyas pranit Mahabharat Sachitra Saral Hindi Anuvad; Gita Press, Gorakhpur.</ref> It is mentioned three times.

In the Vana Parva (Araneya Parvadhyaya) Yudhishthira said to a [[yaksha]] -
{{quote|धर्म एव हतो हन्ति '''धर्मो रक्षति रक्षितः''' ⁠। तस्माद् धर्मं न त्यजामि मा नो धर्मो हतोऽवधीत् ⁠।⁠। - Mahabharata 3.313.128 Gita Press Hindi Translation}}
{{quote|He who sacrifices virtue is himself destroyed. And he that preserves it is himself preserved. I, therefore, do not sacrifice virtue, considering that if destroyed, it will destroy us.}}
This translation is from M. N. Dutt's Mahabharata.<ref>A Prose English translation of the Mahabharata: translated literally from the original Sanskrit Text by Manmatha Nath Dutt; 1895.</ref> In that book, this verse is found in 3.312.128.

A slightly different verse is mentioned in the Anushasana Parva.

{{quote|धर्म एव हतो हन्ति '''धर्मो रक्षति रक्षितः''' ⁠। तस्माद् धर्मो न हन्तव्यः पार्थिवेन विशेषतः ⁠।⁠। - Mahabharata 13.145.2 Gita Press, Hindi Translation}}

It is also mentioned in Mahabharata 3.30.8 Gita Press, Hindi Translation.

==See also==

* [[Ahimsa#The_Epics|Ahimsa Paramo Dharma]]
* [[Yato Dharmastato Jayah]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sanskrit mottos]]
[[Category:Mahabharata]]
<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shetty |first1=Jay |title=think like a monk: train your mind for peace and purpose every day |date=September 2020 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=9780008355562 |pages=99}}</ref>
[[Category:Justice]]

Chinnagottigallu

2025-11-22T03:29:48Z

SanjayMurugesan220: minor fixed structure per sources and corrected details

{{update|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chinnagottigallu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.7028|N|79.1514|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = Chinnagottigallu
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =5299 <ref name="Census2011">{{Cite web
|title = Chinnagotti Gallu Village Population - Kurnool - Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh
|url = https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/596041-chinnagotti-gallu-andhra-pradesh.html
|work = Census 2011 India
|date =
|access-date = 2025-08-20
|language = en
}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 517193
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91–8584
| registration_plate = AP
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest Cities
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Pileru]], [[Tirupati]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Assembly Constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chandragiri Assembly constituency|Chandragiri]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] Constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency|Tirupati]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chinnagottigallu''' is a village in [[Tirupati district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the mandal headquarters of Chinnagottigallu mandal.<ref name=map>{{cite web |title=Chittoor District Mandals|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=19 June 2015|pages=461, 513|format=PDF}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Tirupati district]]

Rohit Kumar (kabaddi)

2025-10-26T04:50:12Z

SanjayMurugesan220: creating a biography...

{{short description|Indian illustrator}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Rohit Kumar
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| headercolor =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| fullname =
| nickname = Rohit Akki
| nationality = [[India]]n
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| monuments =
| residence =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| employer =
| agent =
| height = 6 ft 0 in<ref name="stats"/>
| weight =
| spouse =
| life_partner =
| other_interests =
| website =
| country = [[India]]
| sport = [[Pro Kabaddi]]
| position = Raider<ref name="stats"/>
| event =
| league = [[Pro Kabaddi League]]
| league_type =
| club = {{unbulleted list|2016 – [[Patna Pirates]] | 2017–2020 – [[Bengaluru Bulls]] | 2021 – [[Telugu Titans]] | 2022 – [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]}}
| team = {{IND}}
| turnedpro =
| coach =
| retired =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| highestranking =
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati]]|[[Kabaddi at the 2016 South Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Katmandu]]|[[Kabaddi at the 2019 South Asian Games|Team]]}}

{{MedalCompetition|Asian Games}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Kabaddi at the 2018 South Asian Games|Team]]}}
}}

'''Rohit Kumar''' is an Indian professional [[Kabaddi]] player who plays for Gujarat Giants in the Pro Kabaddi League. He was the captain of [[Bengaluru Bulls]] which won the [[Pro Kabaddi League]] in Season 6. He is regarded as one of the best players of the game. He was a part of the Indian contingent in the Asian Kabaddi championship 2017, 2018 squad for Kabaddi Masters Dubai and also in Asian games 2018 <ref name="stats">{{Cite web|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/players/326-rohit-kumar-playerprofile|title=Rohit Kumar Profile {{!}} ProKabaddi.com|website=www.prokabaddi.com|access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref>

==PKL auction prices==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Season !! Club !! Year !! Sold price !! Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center" | [[2016 Pro Kabaddi League (January)|III]]
|[[Patna Pirates]]|| [[2016 Pro Kabaddi League (January)|2016]]|| Unknown ||
|-
| style="text-align:center" | [[2016 Pro Kabaddi League (June)|IV]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Bengaluru Bulls]]|| [[2016 Pro Kabaddi League (June)|2016]]|| Unknown ||
|-
|[[2017 Pro Kabaddi League|V]]
|[[2017 Pro Kabaddi League|2017]]
|₹81.00 Lakh
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-23 |title=Nitin Tomar bags record INR 93 lac bid at the VIVO Pro Kabaddi Season 5 Player Auction on Day 1 |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/news/2520-nitin-tomar-bags-record-inr-93-lac-bid-at-the-vivo-pro-kabaddi-season-5-player-auction-on-day-1 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Pro Kabaddi League |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018–19 Pro Kabaddi League|VI]]
|[[2018–19 Pro Kabaddi League|2018]]
|₹89.10 Lakh
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro Kabaddi League Auction 2018: 5 teams that spent the least |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/kabaddi/pro-kabaddi-league-auction-2018-top-5-least-spending-pkl-franchises?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2019 Pro Kabaddi League|VII]]
|[[2019 Pro Kabaddi League|2019]]
|Unknown
|
|-
|[[2021–22 Pro Kabaddi League|VIII]]
|[[Telugu Titans]]
|[[2021–22 Pro Kabaddi League|2021]]
|₹36.00 Lakh
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-01 |title=PKL Season 8 auction: Full list of players bought and their bids |url=https://www.espn.in/kabaddi/story/_/id/32093197/pro-kabaddi-league-season-8-auction-2021-full-list-players-bought-for-price |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2022 Pro Kabaddi League|IX]]
|[[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|[[2022 Pro Kabaddi League|2022]]
|Unknown
|
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total'''|| colspan="2" |[[Minimum|Min.]] 2.061 Crore
|}

==Career statistics==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!League !! Team !! Season !! Year !! Matches !! Raid points
!Super 10s!! Tackle points !! Total points
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Pro Kabaddi League]]
|[[Patna Pirates]]
| style="text-align:center" | [[2016 Pro Kabaddi League (January)|III]]|| [[2016 Pro Kabaddi League (January)|2016 (January)]]|| 12 || 102
|5|| 7 || 109
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Bengaluru Bulls]]
| style="text-align:center" | [[2016 Pro Kabaddi League (June)|IV]]|| [[2016 Pro Kabaddi League (June)|2016 (June)]]|| 14 || 93
|1|| 7 || 100
|-
|[[2017 Pro Kabaddi League|V]]
|[[2017 Pro Kabaddi League|2017]]
|22
|219
|12
|12
|231
|-
|[[2018–19 Pro Kabaddi League|VI]]
|[[2018–19 Pro Kabaddi League|2018]]
|24
|162
|5
|9
|171
|-
|[[2019 Pro Kabaddi League|VII]]
|[[2019 Pro Kabaddi League|2019]]
|19
|94
|3
|6
|100
|-
|[[Telugu Titans]]
|[[2021–22 Pro Kabaddi League|VIII]]
|[[2021–22 Pro Kabaddi League|2021]]
|8
|12
|0
|6
|18
|-
|[[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|[[2022 Pro Kabaddi League|IX]]
|[[2022 Pro Kabaddi League|2022]]
|2
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#eee" |'''Total'''||'''101'''||'''683'''
|'''26'''||'''47''' ||'''730'''

|-
|}

==Indian Kabaddi Team==
Kumar was selected in the national squad for the 2016 [[South Asian Games]] held in [[Guwahati]] and [[Shillong]].

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Rohit}}
[[Category:Indian male kabaddi players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games kabaddi players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in kabaddi]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in kabaddi]]
[[Category:Pro Kabaddi League players]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ravichandran (Tamil actor)

2025-10-14T04:10:08Z

SanjayMurugesan220: typo fix

{{Short description|Tamil actor (died 2011)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ravichandran
| image = Ravichandran (Tamil actor).jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1940|03|30}}
| birth_place = [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Federated Malay States]]
| birth_name = B. S. Raman
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2011|07|25|1940|03|30}}
| spouse = Vimala [[Sheela]] (divorced)
| children = 3
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Film director|Agriculturist}}
| years_active = 1964{{endash}}2011
| relatives = [[Hamsavardhan]] (son) [[George Vishnu]] (son) [[Tanya Ravichandran]] (granddaughter)
}}

'''Ravichandran''' (30 March 1940 – 25 July 2011)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-07-25 |title=Actor Ravichandran dies of lung infection |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/actor-ravichandran-dies-of-lung-infection/article2293746.ece |access-date=2024-10-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |archive-date=26 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226160609/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/actor-ravichandran-dies-of-lung-infection/article2293746.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> was a Malaysian-born Indian actor who played lead hero roles in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]] from 1964 to 1979. He has also acted in supporting roles from 1986, and directed a few films.<ref>{{cite news|title=Actor Ravichandran's directorial venture|author=S. R. Ashok Kumar|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/25/stories/2005112505780200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906083450/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/25/stories/2005112505780200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 September 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 November 2005|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/22/stories/2005122218050200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515165301/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/22/stories/2005122218050200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 May 2006 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Ravichandran on how he got into Tamil films | date=22 December 2005}}</ref>

He was given the title of "Kalaingnar Thilagham" in many of the on-screen credits of films starring him in the lead role. He was also called "Puratchi Kalaignar" (Refer: ''Anandha Bairavi'' Tamil Movie Title Scene). Before entering cinema, during his studies in Trichy, he has acted in two dramas, namely, ''Aanaiyidungal Anna'' and ''Udhaya Suriyan''. After entering cinema, he has acted in two dramas, namely, ''Mapplley Yen Magalaik Kadhali'' and ''That Man from Poonthamallee''.

== Life ==
Ravichandran is a [[Tamil people|Tamil]], born B. S. Raman in [[Kuala Lumpur]], capital of the [[Federated Malay States]]. He moved to [[Tiruchirappalli]], India in 1951, and studied at [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli|St. Joseph's College]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12014/page/n153/mode/2up?q=film|title = Sport and Pastime Annual(1964)|year = 1964}}</ref>

He was married twice; he first married Vimala, with whom he has a daughter, Lavanya, and two sons, Balaji and [[Hamsavardhan]]. Thereafter, he married Malayalam actress [[Sheela]], and had a son [[George Vishnu]]. After his divorce with the latter he got back to his first wife. His sons Hamsavardhan and George also took up acting as a career, with Hamsavardhan starring in the film ''Manthiran'', directed by Ravichandran himself. His granddaughter [[Tanya Ravichandran]] debuted in ''[[Balle Vellaiyathevaa]]''.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:70%;"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai]]'' || Ashok || Debut film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1965 || ''[[Idhaya Kamalam]]'' || Bhaskar ||
|-
| [[Kalyana Mandapam (1965 film)|''Kalyana Mandapam'']] || ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1966 || ''[[Motor Sundaram Pillai]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[Kumari Penn]]'' || Kanthan ||
|-
| ''Thedi Vandha Thirumagal''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Enga Paappa]]'' || Mangalam's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Naam Moovar]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Gowri Kalyanam]]'' || Ramu ||
|-
| ''[[Madras to Pondicherry]]'' || Bhaskar ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1967 || ''[[Thanga Thambi]]'' || Venu/Venugopal ||
|-
| ''[[Magaraasi]]''|| ||
|-
| [[Athey Kangal (1967 film)|''Adhey Kangal'']] || Bhaskar ||
|-
| [[Valiba Virundhu|''Valibha Virundhu'']] || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Maadi Veettu Mappilai]]'' || Somu ||
|-
| ''[[Ethirigal Jakkirathai]]'' || Dr. Baskar ||
|-
| [[Ninaivil Nindraval (1967 film)|''Ninaivil Nindraval'']] || Prakash ||
|-
| [[Naan (1967 film)|''Naan'']] || Sekar / Chinnaraja ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1968 || ''[[Panakkara Pillai]]'' || Ravi Chandran ||
|-
|''Nimirndhu Nil''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Andru Kanda Mugam]]'' || Rajendran ||In This Film He has got the title 'Kalai Selvam'
|-
| ''[[Moondrezhuthu]]''|| Maran ||
|-
| ''Selviyin Selvan''|| ||
|-
| ''Sathiyam Thavaradhey''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Delhi Mapillai]]'' || Raja ||
|-
| ''Neeyum Naanum''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Naalum Therindhavan]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1969 || ''Odum Nadhi'' || ||
|-
| ''Singapore Seeman'' || ||
|-
| ''Chella Penn'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1970 || ''[[Jeevanadi]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Yaen?]]'' || Sekar ||
|-
| ''Kadhal Jothi'' || ||
|-
| ''Snegithi''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivi]]'' || Arun ||
|-
| [[Malathi (1970 film)|''Malathi'']] || Anandhan ||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1971 || ''[[Nangu Suvargal]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Justice Viswanathan]]'' || Gopinathan ||
|-
| ''[[Sabatham]]''|| Prakash ||
|-
| ''[[Uttharavindri Ulle Vaa]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Meendum Vazhven]]'' || Raju ||
|-
| ''Thulli Odum Pullimaan'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vimochanasamaram]]''|| || Malayalam film
|-
| ''[[Pattondru Ketten]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Poi Sollathey'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Agnimrigam]]''|| Vijayan || rowspan="3" | Malayalam film
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1972 || ''[[Aromalunni]]''|| Kannappanunni Chandrappan
|-
| ''[[Omana]]''|| Baby
|-
| ''Ellai Kodu'' || ||
|-
| [[Puguntha Veedu (film)|''Puguntha Veedu'']] || ||
|-
| [[Sakthi (1972 film)|''Sakthi'']] || || Malayalam film
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1973 || ''Manjal Kungumam'' || ||
|-
| ''Valli Deivanai'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Veettukku Vandha Marumagal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Baghdad Perazhagi]]'' || Abdullah ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1974 || ''Pathu Madha Bandham'' || || Guest Appearance
|-
| [[:ta:அப்பா அம்மா|''Appa Amma'']] || ||
|-
| ''Roshakkari''|| ||
|-
| ''Magalukkaga''|| || Guest Appearance
|-
| ''Avalukku Nigar Avale'' || ||
|-
| ''Sorgathil Thirumanam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Akkarai Pachai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pudhiya Manidhan]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1975 || ''Amudha''|| ||
|-
| ''Engalukkum Kadhal Varum''|| ||
|-
| ''Thai Veetu Seedhanam''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Avalukku Aayiram Kangal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1976 || [[Varaprasadham (1976 film)|''Varaprasadham'']] || ||
|-
|''Janaki sabatham''|| ||
|-
|1977||''Nee Vaazha Vendum''|| ||
|-
|1978||''Iravu 12 Mani''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1979||''[[Neeya?]]''||Ravi||
|-
|''[[Kavari Maan]]'' || Anand ||
|-
|''[[Sikharangal]]''|| Surendran ||Malayalam film
|-
|1980||''Bombay Mail 109''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1985||''[[Sugamana Raagangal]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Ketti Melam]]''
|Chinna Sethupathi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1986||''[[Amman Kovil Kizhakale]]''|| Kanmani's father||
|-
|''[[Oomai Vizhigal]]''||P.R.K||
|-
|''[[Murattuk Karangal]]''||Muthu||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1987||''[[Neethikku Thandanai]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Ninaive Oru Sangeetham]]'' || Gowrishankar ||
|-
|''[[Ondru Engal Jaathiye..!]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Sattam Oru Vilayaattu]]'' || DCP Needhi Manikkam ||
|-
|''[[Ivargal Varungala Thoongal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1988||''[[Guru Sishyan (1988 film)|Guru Sishyan]]''||Rajamanickam||
|-
|''[[Therkathi Kallan]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1989||''Oru Thottil Sabadham''|| ||
|-
|''[[Sattathin Thirappu Vizhaa]]''||Ethiraj||
|-
|''[[Raja Chinna Roja]]'' || Rajaram ||
|-
|''[[Poruthathu Pothum]]'' || Azhala Sundaram ||
|-
|''[[Chinnappadass]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1990||''[[Paattukku Naan Adimai]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Naanum Indha Ooruthan]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1991||''[[Manitha Jaathi]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Thanthu Vitten Ennai]]'' || Kalyani's husband || rowspan="2" | Guest appearance
|-
|1992||''[[Sevagan]]''||
|-
|1993||''[[Pudhiya Mugam]]'' || Raja Rajeswaran's Sri Lankan enemy ||
|-
|1994||''[[En Rajangam]]''|| Kodandam ||
|-
|1995||''[[Karnaa]]''|| Arjun's father||
|-
|1997||''[[Arunachalam (film)|Arunachalam]]'' || Ammayappan ||
|-
|1999||''[[Maanaseega Kadhal]]'' || || Also director
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002||''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]'' || Sambandam's uncle ||
|-
|''[[Ramana (film)|Ramana]]'' || Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2003||''[[Thennavan (film)|Thennavan]]''|| Azhagarsamy ||
|-
|''[[Indru Mudhal]]'' || Krishna's father ||
|-
|[[Tagore (film)|''Tagore'']] || Judge || Telugu film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004||[[Thendral (film)|''Thendral'']]|| Singara Velu Nayagar||
|-
|''[[Gambeeram]]'' || || Guest appearance
|-
|2005 ||''[[Manthiran]]''|| || Also director
|-
|2006||''[[Adaikalam]]''|| Thamizh's father-in-law ||
|-
|2009||''[[Kanden Kadhalai]]'' || Anjali's grandfather ||
|-
|2011||''[[Aadu Puli]]'' || Sabapathy ||
|-
|2019||[[Petta (film)|''Petta'']] ||Abdul Marakkayar||Photo only
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=1119422|name=Ravichandran}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravichandran}}
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian emigrants to India]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kuala Lumpur]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:St Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli alumni]]

Satgawan (community development block)

2025-09-23T06:14:45Z

SanjayMurugesan220: small cleanup content as per guidelines also and added references

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Satgawan
| settlement_type = Community development block
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.7445|N|85.7765|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Koderma district|Koderma]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block in India|CD block]]
| subdivision_name3 = Satgawan
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 303.86
| elevation_m = 252
| population_total = 74,520
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 825132
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 06556
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#JH.E2.80.94Jharkhand|JH]]-12
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 57.76%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kodarma (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kodarma]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kodarma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kodarma]]
| website = {{URL|koderma.nic.in/}}
}}

'''Satgawan''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block (CD block)]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Koderma subdivision]] of the [[Koderma district]], [[Jharkhand]] [[States and territories of India|state]], [[India]].

==Overview==
Koderma district occupies the northern end of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The average altitude is {{convert|397|m}} above sea level. The topography is hilly and the area mostly has [[laterite]] soil with patches of clay. [[Monsoon]] dependent agriculture supports majority of the population. Forest area covers 43% of the total area. Koderma Reserve Forest occupies the northern part of the district. Density of population in the district was 282 persons per square kilometer. Koderma district was once famous for its [[mica]] production but low quality of mica ore and high cost of production led to closure of many units.<ref name="admin">{{cite web| url = http://koderma.nic.in/koderma/profile.jsp |title = Koderma District, Jharkhand |publisher= Koderma district administration | accessdate = 13 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Jharkhand/KODERMA.pdf | title = Ground Water Information Booklet, Koderma District, Jharkhand State | work = Land Use Pattern, Agriculture and Cropping Pattern | publisher = Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India | accessdate = 13 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161222141945/http://www.cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Jharkhand/KODERMA.pdf | archive-date = 22 December 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
Satgawan is located at {{coord|24.7445|N|85.7765|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|252|m}}.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/38/Satgawan.html | title = Satgawan, India Page | accessdate = 29 November 2015 | publisher = Fallingrain Genomics}}</ref>

The Sakri River flows in the eastern of the Satgawan. The Sakri river is the main river in the northern part of the Koderma district. Ghggnna Naddi, Chhotanari Nadi And Tamoriya are the tributaries of Sakri river.<ref name="admin"/>

Satgawan CD block is bounded by Kawakol CD block of [[Nawada district]] of Bihar on the north, [[Gawan block|Gawan]] CD block of [[Giridih district]] on the east, [[Domchanch (community development block)|Domchanch]] CD block on the south and Gobindpur CD block of Nawada district on the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/kodarma.html |title = Kodarma |work = CD Block/Tehsil Map| publisher= Maps of India | accessdate = 9 August 2016}}</ref>

Satgawan CD block has an area of {{convert|303.86|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2003_PART_B_DCHB_KODARMA.pdf |title = Koderma District Census Handbook, |work = Census of India 2011 Pages 15, 28 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | accessdate = 20 December 2020}}</ref> [[Satgawan#Police station|Satgawan]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/koderma| title = District Police Profile - Koderma| work = Contact Numbers| publisher = Jharkhand Police| accessdate = 20 December 2020| archive-date = 2 January 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210102033429/https://jhpolice.gov.in/koderma| url-status = dead}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at Satgawan town.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2003_PART_A_DCHB_KODARMA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Kodarma, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Kodarma on the third page|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | accessdate = 20 December 2020}}</ref>

[[Gram Panchayats]] in Satgawan CD Block are: Nawadih, Tehro, Ambabad, Basodih, Itai, Kataiya, Khuntta, Khothiyar, Madhopur, Murchoi, Mirganj, Rajabar, Samaldih and Shivpur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://koderma.nic.in/koderma/satgawan.jsp |title = Satgawan Block| work= Blocks/Blocks, Panchayats, Villages| publisher= Kodarma district administration | accessdate = 29 November 2015}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Satgawan CD block had a total population of 74,520, all of which were rural. There were 38,183 (51%) males and 36,337 (49%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 13,904. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 16,787 (22.53%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 383 (0.51%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 29 November 2015}}</ref>

===Literacy===
{{see also|List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate}}
According to the 2011 census the total number of literate persons in Satgawan CD block was 35,006 (57.76% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 22,076 (70.05% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 12,930 (43.85% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 27.10%.<ref name=census2011/>

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Koderma district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Satgawan CD block (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|89.45}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|10.15}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.40}}
}}

Hinduism is the majority religion. All minority religions live mainly in urban areas.

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Satgawan block (2011)<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 90.32 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 7.38 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Khortha language|Khortha]] |value3 = 1.74 |color3 = red
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.56 |color4 = grey
}}

The local language is a blend of Khortha and Magahi, which many put as 'Hindi' in the census.

==Rural poverty==
40-50% of the population of Koderma district were in the [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] category in 2004–2005, being in the same category as Godda, Giridih and Hazaribagh districts.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/1/MPRA_paper_45258.pdf | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhad, India| work = Table I: Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Munich Personal RePEc Archive | accessdate = 8 December 2020}}</ref> [[Rural poverty]] in Jharkhand declined from 66% in 1993–94 to 46% in 2004–05. In 2011, it has come down to 39.1%.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Jharkhand%20presentation.pdf | title = Eliminating poverty | publisher = Jharkhand government | accessdate = 20 December 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Satgawan CD block'''
|value1 = 23.29
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 56.70
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 2.78
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 17.23
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Satgawan CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 6,921 and formed 23.29%, agricultural labourers numbered 16,846 and formed 56.70%, household industry workers numbered 827 and formed 2.78% and other workers numbered 5,119 and formed 17.23%. Total workers numbered 29,713 and formed 39.87% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 44,807 and formed 60.13% of the population.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2003_PART_A_DCHB_KODARMA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook 2011 Koderma, Series 21, Part XII A| work = Tables 30 and 33, pages 28 and 32 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | accessdate = 20 December 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 113 inhabited villages in Satgawan CD block. In 2011, 111 villages had power supply. 3 villages had tap water (treated/ untreated), 110 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 107 villages had hand pumps, and 1 village did not have drinking water facility. 7 villages had post offices, 6 villages had sub post offices, 3 villages had telephones (land lines), 46 villages had mobile phone coverage. 112 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 6 villages had bus service (public/ private), 3 villages had taxi/vans and 23 villages had tractors. 2 villages had bank branches, 28 villages had [[public distribution system]], 33 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2003_PART_A_DCHB_KODARMA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Kodarma, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Page 310-311, Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | accessdate = 20 December 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
Large portions of Koderma district are covered with hills and forests, and only 28% of the total area of the district is cultivable land. The soil is acidic and soil erosion is a major problem in the district. Cultivation is the major occupation of the people in the district.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2003_PART_A_DCHB_KODARMA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Kodarma, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 9-11 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | accessdate = 20 December 2020}}</ref>

===Mica mining===
The [[mica]] belt in the northern part of [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] is about 160 km long with an average width of about 25 km. It covers {{convert|4000|km2}} in Koderma and Giridih districts of Jharkhand and adjacent areas in Bihar. Mica deposits were discovered in the area in the 1890s, and mica mining developed in a big way. It was exported in large quantities primarily to the Soviet Union. In the 1990s, when the Soviet Union was divided, the countries in the area stopped buying mica from India. It was a major set back for the mica industry. Moreover, the entire mica belt is located in the reserved forests. The forest conservation act was implemented in 1980. When the business was booming almost every household in the mica belt was involved in mica mining. Alternative employment opportunities are rare and so even after formal closing down of the mica mines, almost the entire community in the mica mining belt is involved in [[illegal mining]] activities. Mica continues to be in demand locally. It is mainly used in the pigmentation industry for automotive paints and cosmetics. Some other industries also use it. The entire family, including children, are involved in the illegal activity.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cini-india.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Jharkhand-Report.pdf | title = Child Labour in Mica Mines of Jharkhand: A Situation-Analysis Report | publisher = Cini India | accessdate = 20 December 2020 | archive-date = 9 July 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210709120613/http://www.cini-india.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Jharkhand-Report.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Koderma district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | accessdate = 12 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | accessdate = 12 January 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
Satgawan CD block had 14 villages with pre-primary schools, 82 villages with primary schools, 42 villages with middle schools, 6 villages with secondary schools, 2 villages with senior secondary schools, 17 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2003_PART_A_DCHB_KODARMA.pdf | title= District Census Handbook Kodarma, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Pages 309-310 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| accessdate = 20 December 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Satgawan CD block had 2 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 57 villages with primary health subcentres, 58 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 19 villages with allopathic hospitals, 58 villages with dispensaries, 47 villages with veterinary hospitals, 49 villages with family welfare centres, 6 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Koderma district]]

Ramakrishna's influence

2025-09-22T23:50:36Z

SanjayMurugesan220:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
[[File:Ramakrishna Marble Statue.jpg|thumb|right|The marble statue of Ramakrishna at [[Belur Math]]]]
[[File:Ramakrishna_Franz_Dvorak.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait by [[František Dvořák (painter)|František Dvořák]]]]
[[Ramakrishna]] (1836–1886) was an Indian [[Bengali Hindu]] [[Mysticism|mystic]]. Born as he was during a social upheaval in [[Bengal]] in particular and India in general, Ramakrishna and his movement—[[Ramakrishna Mission]]—played a leading role in the modern revival of Hinduism in India, and on modern Indian history.<ref>Jackson, p. 16.</ref>

==On Hinduism==
Ramakrishna and his chief disciple [[Swami Vivekananda]] are regarded as two of the key figures in the [[Bengal Renaissance]] of 19th century.<ref name="DIS">{{cite book
| last = Pelinka
| first = Anton
| authorlink =
|author2=Renée Schell
| title = Democracy Indian Style
| publisher = Transaction Publishers
| year = 2003
| pages = 40–41
| quote = The Bengali Renaissance had numerous facets including the spiritual (Hindu) renaissance, represented by the names of Sri Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda, the combination of spiritual, intellectual, and political aspects...
| isbn = 978-0-7658-0186-9}}</ref> Ramakrishna played a leading role in the modern revival of Hinduism in India and the movement—[[Ramakrishna Mission]]—his inspiration has deeply influenced modern Indian history.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Carl T.|title=Vedanta for the West|page=16|chapter=The Founders|publisher=Indiana University Press}}</ref> Ramakrishna is also regarded as an influential figure on [[Keshab Chandra Sen]] and other Brahmos and on the elite of Calcutta, the ''[[bhadralok]]''.<ref name="jm">Mukherjee, Jayasree, "Sri Ramakrishna’s Impact on Contemporary Indian Society". ''[[Prabuddha Bharata]]'', May 2004 [http://www.eng.vedanta.ru/library/prabuddha_bharata/sri_ramakrishna%27s_impact_on_contemporary_indian_society_may04.php Online article]</ref> Ramakrishna advocated ''[[bhakti]]''<ref>{{cite book|author=Amiya P. Sen|title=Explorations in Modern Bengal c.1800-1900| page=85}}</ref> and the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' occupies an important place in his discourses.<ref>{{cite book|author=Amiya P. Sen|title=Explorations in Modern Bengal c.1800-1900| page=200}}</ref> Ramakrishna preferred "the duality of adoring a Divinity beyond himself to the self-annihilating immersion of nirvikalpa samadhi", and he helped "bring to the realm of Eastern energetics and realisation the daemonic celebration that the human is always between a reality it has not yet attained and a reality to which it is no longer limited."<ref name="cohen">{{cite journal
| last = Cohen
| first = Martin
| authorlink =
| title = Spiritual Improvisations: Ramakrishna, Aurobindo, and the Freedom of Tradition
| journal = Religion and the Arts
| volume = 12
| issue = 1–3
| pages = 277–293
| publisher = BRILL
| year = 2008
| url =
| doi = 10.1163/156852908X271079
}}</ref> He was given a name that is from the [[Vaishnavite]] tradition ([[Rama]] and [[Krishna]] are both incarnations of [[Vishnu]]), but was a devotee of [[Kali]], the mother goddess, and known to have followed or practiced various other religious paths including [[Tantrism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]].<ref>Flood, p. 257.</ref>

==On Indian nationalism==
[[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Aurobindo Ghosh]], and [[Mahatma Gandhi]], have acknowledged Ramakrishna and Vivekananda's contribution to Indian Nationalism.<ref name="ar">de Riencourt, Amaury, ''The Soul of India'', (London: Jonathan Cape, 1961), p.250</ref> This is particularly evident in Ramakrishna’s development of the Mother-symbolism and its eventual role in defining the incipient Indian nationalism.<ref name="mj">Jolly, Margaret,"Motherlands? Some Notes on Women and Nationalism in India and Africa".''The Australian Journal of Anthropology'', Volume: 5. Issue: 1-2,1994</ref>

==Vivekananda, Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission==
{{See also|Disciples of Ramakrishna|Belur Math}}

[[Vivekananda]], Ramakrishna’s most illustrious disciple, is considered by some to be one of his most important legacies. Vivekananda spread the message of Ramakrishna across the world. He also helped introduce [[Hinduism in the West|Hinduism to the West]]. He founded two organisations based on the teachings of Ramakrishna. One was [[Ramakrishna Mission]], which is designed to spread the word of Ramakrishna. Vivekananda also designed its emblem. [[Ramakrishna Math]] was created as a monastic order based on Ramakrishna’s teachings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rkmhq.org/home.htm|title=Official website of Ramakrishna Math|accessdate=2008-09-02}}</ref>

The temples of Ramakrishna are called the ''Universal Temples''.<ref>
{{cite web
| last = Bhuteshanandaji
| first = Swami
| title = Why are Sri Ramakrishna Temples called "Universal Temples"?
| url = http://www.rkmathnagpur.org/new_temple/universal_temple.htm
| accessdate = 2008-08-17}}
</ref> The first ''Universal Temple'' was built at [[Belur Math|Belur]], which is the headquarters of the [[Ramakrishna Mission]].

==Works related to Ramakrishna==
In 2006, composer [[Philip Glass]] wrote ''The Passion of Ramakrishna'' — a choral work as a "tribute to Ramakrishna". It premiered on 16 September 2006 at the [[Orange County Performing Arts Center]] in [[Costa Mesa, California]], performed by [[Orange County, California|Orange County]]’s Pacific Symphony Orchestra conducted by Carl St. Clair with the Pacific Chorale directed by John Alexander.<ref>[http://www.philipglass.com/html/compositions/passion-of-ramakrishna.html Philipglass.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221132903/http://www.philipglass.com/html/compositions/passion-of-ramakrishna.html |date=21 February 2008}}</ref> [[František Dvořák (painter)|František Dvořák]] (1862–1927), a painter from [[Prague]], inspired by the teachings of Ramakrishna made several paintings of Ramakrishna and [[Sarada Devi]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Chatterjee
| first = Ramananda
| year = 1935
| title = The Modern Review
| publisher = Prabasi Press
| pages = 446
}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Ramakrishna}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramakrishna}}
[[Category:Ramakrishna Mission]]
[[Category:Ramakrishna]]

Masanpada

2025-09-20T08:15:53Z

SanjayMurugesan220: Created New Data

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Masanpada
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.1943091|N|72.9490094|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Talasari]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 45
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1264
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551536
| footnotes =
}}
'''Masanpada ''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Talasari]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Masanpada has 241 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 49.67%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1264 || 619 || 645
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 211 || 103 || 108
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 1239 || 604 || 635
|-
| Literates || 523 || 344 || 179
|-
| Workers (all) || 485 || 271 || 214
|-
| Main workers (total) || 263 || 216 || 47
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 54 || 53 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 14 || 13 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 18 || 12 || 6
|-
| Main workers: Other || 177 || 138 || 39
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 222 || 55 || 167
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 22 || 21 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 168 || 6 || 162
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 31 || 27 || 4
|-
| Non-workers || 779 || 348 || 431
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Talasari taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Talasari taluka]]

List of Odia films of 1968

2025-09-15T05:46:48Z

SanjayMurugesan220: Created Stub

{{Short description|None}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]] in 1968:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1968 in film|1968]]'''
|-
|''[[Kie Kahara]]''||[[Nitai Palit]]||[[Sarat Pujari]], [[Leela (actress)|Leela]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Stree (1968 film)|Stree]]''||[[Sidharth (director)|Sidharth]]||[[Gaur Ghosh]], Sadhana|| ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1968 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1968]]
[[Category:Lists of 1968 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:1968 in Indian cinema|Films, Ollywood]]
[[Category:1960s in Orissa]]

Njattupattu

2025-08-21T11:42:25Z

SanjayMurugesan220:

{{short description|Folk song in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Njattupattu''' are the folk songs in [[Kerala]], India which are sung during the time of [[Paddy field|paddy]] seedling. It is mainly sung by women to the rhythm of seedling.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thulaseedharan |first=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lx4iAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C |title=Conflict and Culture: Sociological Essays |date=1977 |publisher=College Book House |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Paddy Collection.jpg|thumb|250px|Paddy cultivation in Kerala]]

It is considered beneficial for effortless work, enthusiasm and cheerfulness.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raja |first=Rajaraja Vara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c34RAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C |title=Kēraḷīyasaṃskr̥ta sāhityacaritraṃ |date=1965 |language=ml}}</ref> Vigor and wealth are often the main ideas in the songs. These folk songs are a part of [[Culture of Kerala|Kerala culture]] and are passed down orally from one tongue to another from generation to generation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കാൽ നൂറ്റാണ്ടിന് ശേഷം ഇവിടെ ഞാറ്റുപാട്ട് കേട്ടു; കൊല്ലം നഗരത്തിലെ നാട്ടുപച്ചയായി കൊല്ലം മയ്യനാട്ടെ കാരിക്കുഴി ഏല |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/kollam/kollam-mayyanadu-karikkuzhi-ela-is-the-native-green-of-kollam-city/articleshow/78502351.cms |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Culture of Kerala}}
{{Music of Kerala}}
[[Category:Kerala music]]

{{Kerala-stub}}
[[Category:Folk songs]]
[[Category:Indian folk music]]
[[Category:Kerala folklore]]

Nallah Mar

2025-07-23T10:46:32Z

SanjayMurugesan220: refine section for clarity and added references based on references

{{Short description|Canal in Srinagar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox Canal
|name = Nallah Mar
|image = Market boats on Mar Canal, Srinigar.jpg
|image_caption = Nallah Mar Canal in [[Srinagar]], India
|former_names =
|original_owner =
|engineer =
|other_engineer =
|date_act =
|date_use = c. 15th century
|date_completed =
|date_closed = 1970s
|date_restored =
|len =
|len_in =
|original_boat_length =
|original_boat_length_in =
|len_note =
|beam =
|beam_in =
|original_beam =
|original_beam_in =
|beam_note =
|start_point = [[Brari Nambal]]
|original_start =
|start_note =
|end_point = [[Khushal Sar]]
|original_end =
|end_note =
|branch =
|branch_of =
|connects_to = [[Khushal Sar]]
|length =
|locks =
|original_num_locks =
|lock_note =
|elev =
|elev_note =
|status = Landfilled and replaced by the Nallah Mar Road
|location = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J&K]], India
|navigation_authority =
|map=Srinagar illustration with Nallah Mar highlight.jpg|map_caption=Nallah Mar highlighted in red|map_size=260px}}

'''Nallah Mar''' or '''Mar Canal''' (also known as '''Mar Kol''') was a navigational [[canal]] running through the [[Downtown Srinagar|old city]] of [[Srinagar]] in the Indian [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It connected the [[Brari Nambal]] lagoon to the [[Khushal Sar]] lake and thus provided navigability between the [[Dal Lake|Dal]] and [[Anchar Lake|Aanchar]] lakes. It was filled up and converted to a road in the 1970s.<ref name="A Stream Buried"/> Once regarded as the lifeline of the city, it served vital functions in transportation, drainage, and urban life by linking Brari Nambal with Khushal Sar and other water bodies. Lined with stonework and arched bridges, its banks supported a bustling network of workshops, ghats, and stilted homes. However, in the 1970s, the canal was filled to create a road through the old city, an act now widely viewed as an ecological misstep that disrupted Srinagar’s water system and contributed to increased flood risks.

== History ==
The canal was built during the reign of Sultan [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zain-ul-Abidin]] of the [[Shah Mir dynasty]] (popularly known in [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]] as 'Budshah'). It was considered as a lifeline of the city even up to the early part of the 20th century. However, with the arrival of motor transport, it gradually lost its sheen. As such, it was filled up to pave way for a road through the old city. The filling up of the canal is considered an ecological disaster as it led to the choking up of Brari Nambal and in turn affected the entire water system of the city.<ref name="A Stream Buried">{{cite web|last=Irfan|first=Shams|date=14 March 2011|title=A Stream Buried|url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/a-stream-buried-1281/|website=Kashmir Life|access-date=6 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111539/http://www.kashmirlife.net/a-stream-buried-1281/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1970s, Nallah Mar was filled in and converted into a road to accommodate increasing road traffic, reflecting urban infrastructure priorities of the time but resulting in loss of drainage function and worsened flood risk. The culverting of the canal severely disrupted the hydrology of [[Brari Nambal]] and the Dal-Anchar waterway system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-27 |title=How Human Greed Robbed Kashmir of its Title-Venice of the East |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2016/04/27/how-human-greed-robbed-kashmir-of-its-title-%c2%91venice-of-the-east%c2%92/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
Nallah Mar, also known as Mar Kol, was a historic canal originally constructed to connect [[Brari Nambal]] lagoon with [[Khushal Sar]] and other water bodies serving both navigation and flood control purposes. It was lined with flattened stones and brick paving and featured numerous arched bridges such as [[Nowpora Kalan Sopore|Nowpora]], Bohri, Saraf, Qadi, and Rajouri Kadals over its winding course through Old [[Srinagar]]. The canal's banks were once lined with workshops and waterfront houses set on stilts, with ghats where locals bathed, washed, and socialized creating a vibrant urban fabric along the water.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sparks |first=Martin |title=The Revival of Nallah Mar: A Journey from Canal to Road and Back Again |url=https://aurica.ai/en/article/martin-sparks/nallah-mar/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=aurica.ai}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Drabu |first=Iftikhar A. |date=2023-09-26 |title=The Nallah Mar Story – Part I |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/opinion/the-nallah-mar-story-part-i/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Maps ==
<gallery>
File:342 of 'Journals kept in Hyderabad, Kashmir, Sikkim, and Nepal. Edited, with introductions, by ... R. C. Temple ... With maps and illustrations' (11189359016).jpg|1887
File:Srinagar and Environ map 1911.jpg|1911
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web|last=Wani|first=Arif Shafi|date=14 March 2015|title=Filling of Mar Canal a blunder|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/health/filling-of-mar-canal-a-blunder|website=Greater Kashmir}}
* {{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2017-04-13|title=Budshah's Nallai Mar|url=https://kashmirlife.net/budshahs-nallai-mar-137732/|website=Kashmir Life}}
* {{Cite web|last=Naqash|first=Rayan|date=7 August 2017|title=Gently down the Jhelum: Is water transport in Kashmir a practical option?|url=https://scroll.in/article/845565/gently-down-the-jhelum-is-water-transport-in-kashmir-a-practical-option|website=Scroll.in}}
* {{Cite web|last=Qayoom|first=Sheikh|date=2014-09-21|others=IANS|title=Jammu and Kashmir floods: Is nature saying "back off"?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jammu-and-kashmir-floods-nature-saying-back-27968|website=[[The News Minute]]}}
* {{Cite web|date=27 April 2016|title=How Human Greed Robbed Kashmir|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2016/04/27/how-human-greed-robbed-kashmir-of-its-title-%C2%91venice-of-the-east%C2%92/|website=Kashmir Observer}}
* {{Cite web|last=Draboo|first=Anisa|date=2014-09-15|title=Man vs nature: Srinagar's flood misery has been heightened by bad planning|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/man-vs-nature-srinagars-flood-misery-has-been-heightened-by-bad-planning/|website=The Times of India}}
* {{Cite web|last=Punjabi|first=Riyaz|date=2020-02-05|title=Remembering Nallah Mar: Lost Artery of the Dal Lake|url=http://www.kashmirtrends.in/jammu-kashmir-news/remembering-nallah-mar-lost-artery-of-the-dal-lake/|website=Kashmir Trends|access-date=21 February 2022|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813152201/http://www.kashmirtrends.in/jammu-kashmir-news/remembering-nallah-mar-lost-artery-of-the-dal-lake/|url-status=dead}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Nallah Mar}}
[[Category:Canals in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Canals in Srinagar]]

2005–06 Duleep Trophy

2025-06-13T23:41:46Z

SanjayMurugesan220: new basic data needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2005–06 Duleep Trophy
| fromdate = 20 October 2005
| todate = 14 November 2005
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Knockout tournament|knockout]]
| champions = [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
| count = 16
| participants = 6
| matches = 7
| most runs = [[Wasim Jaffer]] (WZ) (309)<ref>{{cite web|title=Batting and Fielding in Duleep Trophy 2005/06 (Ordered by Runs) |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/4/Duleep_Trophy_2005-06/Batting_by_Runs.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Zaheer Khan]] (WZ) (23)<ref>{{cite web|title=Bowling in Duleep Trophy 2005/06 (Ordered by Wickets) |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/4/Duleep_Trophy_2005-06/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref>
| previous_year = 2004–05
| previous_tournament = 2004–05 Duleep Trophy
| next_year = 2006–07
| next_tournament = 2006–07 Duleep Trophy
}}
The '''2005–06 Duleep Trophy''' was the 45th season of the [[Duleep Trophy]], a [[first-class cricket|first-class]] cricket tournament contested by five zonal teams of India: [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]], [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]], [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]], [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] and [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]. In addition to these five teams, a guest team (Zimbabwe Cricket Union President's XI) also featured in the tournament.

West Zone won the title, defeating East Zone in the final.

==Results==
===Group stage===
Source: [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/4/Duleep_Trophy_2005-06.html Duleep Trophy, 2005–06]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 28 November 2023. {{subscription}}.

;Group A results
* South Zone v West Zone (20–23 October). West Zone (4pts) beat South Zone (0pts) by 7 wickets.
* Central Zone v South Zone (27–30 October). Central Zone (4pts) beat South Zone (0pts) by 8 wickets.
* Central Zone v West Zone (4–7 November). West Zone (4pts) beat Central Zone (0pts) by 7 wickets.

;Group A points table
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width:75%"
|-
! Team !! Matches !! Won !! Lost !! Drawn (WF) !! Drawn (LF) !! No result !! Points !! Quotient
|--bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]] || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || 1.548
|-
| {{nobr|[[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]}} || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''4''' || 1.031
|-
| [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || 0.622
|-
|}

;Group A results
* East Zone v North Zone (20–23 October). East Zone (4pts) beat North Zone (0pts) by 9 wickets.
* North Zone v Zimbabwe A (27–30 October). North Zone (5pts) beat Zimbabwe A (0pts) by an innings and 7 runs.
* East Zone v Zimbabwe A (4–7 November). East Zone (5pts) beat Zimbabwe A (0pts) by an innings and 17 runs.

;Group B points table
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width:75%"
|-
! Team !! Matches !! Won !! Lost !! Drawn (WF) !! Drawn (LF) !! No result !! Points !! Quotient
|--bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]] || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''9''' || 2.047
|-
| [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]] || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''5''' || 1.041
|-
| {{nobr|ZCU President's XI}} || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || 0.459
|-
|}

===Final===
{{Test match | date = 12–14 November 2005
| team1 = [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]] | team2 = [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 150 (55.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Arindam Das]] 56
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sairaj Bahutule]] 3/27
| score-team2-inns1 = 157 (64 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Parthiv Patel]] 43
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Saurasish Lahiri]] 4/35
| score-team1-inns2 = 181 (59.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Laxmi Ratan Shukla]] 66
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 4/41
| score-team2-inns2 = 175/5 (58.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Jacob Martin (cricketer)|Jacob Martin]] 52*
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Shib Paul]] 2/38
| venue = [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| toss = East Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/84/84078.html Scorecard]
| result = West Zone won by 5 wickets
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/4/Duleep_Trophy_2005-06.html Series home at CricketArchive]

{{Duleep Trophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2005-06 Duleep Trophy}}
[[Category:Duleep Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2005–06|Duleep Trophy]]
[[Category:2005 in Indian cricket|Duleep Trophy]]
[[Category:2006 in Indian cricket]]

Ramesh Chandra Dwivedi

2025-05-21T12:47:11Z

SanjayMurugesan220: creating details...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
[[File:Ramesh Chandra Dwivedi.webp|thumb|Ramesh Chandra Dwivedi]]
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 1998
| term_end = 1999
| predecessor = [[Ram Sajeevan]]
| successor = [[Ram Sajeevan]]
| constituency = [[Banda Lok Sabha constituency|Banda]]
| office1 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1991
| term_end1 = 1992
| predecessor1 = Surender Pal Verma
| successor1 = Surender Pal Verma
| constituency1 = [[Naraini Assembly constituency|Naraini]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1951|7|17}}
| birth_place = Mahila, [[Kaushambi district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Geeta Dwivedi|1979}}
| children = Dr. Charu Dwivedi, Rohit Dwivedi, Mohit Dwivedi
| father = Purushottam Dwivedi
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]] [[Bachelor of Laws]]
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]]
| profession = Lawyer, Politician
}}
'''Ramesh Chandra Dwivedi''' is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]] who had represented [[Banda Lok Sabha constituency|Banda]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] from 1998 to 1999 and [[Naraini Assembly constituency|Naraini]] in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from 1991 to 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |title= |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/lok-sabha/constituencies/banda-up_48_2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RAMESH CHANDRA - BANDA - Lok Sabha Election Results 1998 |url=https://www.electiontak.in/lok-sabha-1998/uttar-pradesh/ramesh-chandra-banda-results-368677 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=www.electiontak.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dwivedi, Ramesh Chandra}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1991–1993]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Buche Nangal

2025-04-10T01:18:40Z

SanjayMurugesan220: small changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Buche Nangal
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[Village]]
|image_skyline = Buche_Nangal_Board.jpg
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|nickname =
|pushpin_map = India Punjab
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
|coordinates = {{coord|31.979298|N|75.227487|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]]
|established_title = 
|established_date =
|founder =
|named_for =
|government_type =
|governing_body =
|unit_pref =
|demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s
|demographics1_title1 = [[Official]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = [http://pincodes.info/in/Punjab/Gurdaspur/Buchenangal 143512]
|area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 1874]]
|demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
}}{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}
'''Buche Nangal''' is a [[village]] located in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], near [[Kalanaur, Punjab|Kalanaur]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Buche Nangal Population - Gurdaspur, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/28015-buche-nangal-punjab.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=April 9, 2025}}</ref> The name is derived from a past town [[chieftain]], who lost his ear in a battle. Thereafter, he was known as a ''bucha'' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: one-eared man). The name changed over time to Buche Nangal (a term for a municipal council).

== History ==
[[Tribal chief|Chieftain]] Ram Singh was Jarnail (General) of [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]'s [[Misl]] ([[Sukerchakia Misl]]). The people of the village moved from [[Chittorgarh]] (later [[Fatehgarh Churian|Fathegarh Churrian]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]]) and settled on Buche Nangal land. They migrated because their [[population]] was not increasing, and they believed that this was due to the place where they lived. Initially, the village was named Ram Nagar after Ram Singh. When Ram Singh lost his ear in a battle fighting for the Sukerchakia Misl under Maharaja Ranjit Singh the name changed to Buche Nangal.

== Demographics ==
The population of Buche Nangal primarily belongs to the Punjab region, with agriculture serving as the backbone of the local economy. The village is known for cultivating wheat, rice, and sugarcane. A significant portion of the residents belong to the Bandesha clan, predominantly from the Punjab Jat community.

As per the census, children aged 0–6 make up 13.45% of the total population, with 96 children in this age group. The village has an average sex ratio of 1,000, which is higher than Punjab's state average of 895. However, the child sex ratio in Buche Nangal is 714, lower than Punjab's average of 846.

Buche Nangal has a lower literacy rate compared to the state. In 2011, the village's literacy rate was 67.64%, whereas Punjab’s average was 75.84%. Male literacy in the village stood at 73.09%, while female literacy was 62.46%.

As per the Constitution of India and the Panchayati Raj Act, Buche Nangal is governed by a '''Sarpanch''' (Head of the Village), who is an elected representative responsible for local administration.

== Geography ==
Buche Nangal is a village panchayat in the Gurdaspur district of Punjab, India. It is geographically located at a latitude of 31.9826039 and a longitude of 75.2201933. The state capital, Chandigarh, is approximately 201.8 kilometers from Buche Nangal. Other nearby state capitals include Shimla (207.9 km) and Srinagar (237.7 km).

== Commerce ==

=== Development and Sources ===
* Electricity Power Substation (66 kV)
* Wheat & Rice Trading Market
* Government Agriculture Society (Fertilizer & Seeds Supplier Stock)
* Sub Post Office
*Rice Mill Factory

== Healthcare ==

=== Health Services For Human Being & Animals ===
* Dispensary
* Veterinary Hospital
* Doctor
* Medicine Shop

== Education ==

=== School ===
* Government Primary School

== Photos of village ==
<gallery>
Buche nangal 2.jpg|
Buche nangal 1.jpg|
buche nangal 3.jpg|
buche nangal 4.jpg|

</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050802074716/http://gurdaspur.nic.in/html/profile.htm#history District Gurdaspur]
*[http://bharatsandesh.com/news/punjabi_menu_detail.php?id=686 Progress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115635/http://bharatsandesh.com/news/punjabi_menu_detail.php?id=686 |date=4 March 2016 }}

{{Gurdaspur district}}66k.v Power Station inauguration by honorable Punjab's C.M Sardar [[Parkash Singh Badal]]

[[Category:Villages in Gurdaspur district]]

Ellis Bridge

2025-03-27T21:38:23Z

SanjayMurugesan220: cleanup section additionally and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|Century-old bridge in Ahmedabad, Gujarat}}
{{Distinguish|Vivekananda Flyover Bridge}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}

{{Infobox Bridge
|bridge_name = Ellis Bridge
|image = Ellis bridge.jpg
|caption = View of old bridge from the new extension bridge
|official_name = Swami Vivekananda Bridge
|named_for = Sir [[Barrow Helbert Ellis]]
|carries = Road traffic
|crosses = [[Sabarmati River]]
|locale = [[Ellis bridge (area)|Ellis Bridge area]], [[Ahmedabad]]
|maint = [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]
|designer =
|design = Bowstring arch [[truss bridge]]
|material = Steel, cum Cement, Alloy
|spans = 14
|pierswater = 28
|mainspan =
|length = {{convert|480|m}}
|builder = Himmatlal Dhirajram Bhachech
|width = {{convert|6.3|m}}
|height =
| cost = Rs 407564
|load = 1196 tonnes
|clearance =
|below =
|traffic =
|begin = 1889
|complete = 1892
|open = 1892
|heritage = Protected site since 1989
|collapsed = Wooden bridge (1870–1875)
|preceded = Nehru bridge
|followed = Sardar bridge
|closed = 1997
|replaces = Concrete bridge (1999-present)
|toll =
|coordinates = {{Coord|23|01|20|N|72|34|31|E|display=it}}
|lat =
|long =
}}
The '''Ellis Bridge''' is a century-old bridge in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]. It bridges the western and eastern parts of the city across the [[Sabarmati River]]. This bowstring arch [[truss bridge]] was the first bridge in Ahmedabad, constructed in 1892. Concrete wings were added on either side in 1997 and it was renamed the '''Swami Vivekananda Bridge'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Road-ahead-Names-that-fly-over-Ahmedabad/articleshow/34942535.cms|title=Road ahead: Names that fly over Ahmedabad|date=May 11, 2014|first=Ankur|last=Tewari|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Ellisbridge Plaque Block.JPG|thumb|left|Foundation block of Ellis Bridge. Now at [[Sanskar Kendra]].]]

The original wooden bridge was constructed by British engineers in 1870–1871 at a cost of £54,920 (Rs. 5,49,200). Except for two spans on banks, it was destroyed by floods in 1875.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ahmedabad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EL4IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA326|year=1879|publisher=Government Central Press|page=327}}</ref> A steel bridge was built in 1892 by engineer [[Himmatlal Dhirajram Bhachech]] and named after Sir [[Barrow Helbert Ellis]], the commissioner of the North Zone. The steel was imported from [[Birmingham]]. Himmatlal built it at a cost of Rs 407,000 which was lower than the budget of Rs 500,000. The government grew suspicious and thought that low quality materials were used by Himmatlal. An inquiry committee was set up and found that the construction was of superior quality. For saving government money, Himmatlal was subsequently honoured with the title of [[Rao Bahadur|Rao Sahib]].<ref name="ah">{{cite news|url=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20City&sectid=3&contentid=201002042010020402552458c42a24a3 |title=Bridges – To past, present & Future |work=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]] |date=4 February 2010 |access-date=4 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103150901/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20City&sectid=3&contentid=201002042010020402552458c42a24a3 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="bridgeg">{{cite news | url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIA/2012/04/18&PageLabel=1&EntityId=Ar00100&ViewMode=HTML | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017194429/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIA/2012/04/18&PageLabel=1&EntityId=Ar00100&ViewMode=HTML | url-status=dead | archive-date=17 October 2013 | title=On heritage day eve, Ahmedabad burns its bridge with Gandhi | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=18 April 2012 | access-date=4 April 2013}}</ref>
The foundation block of the Ellis bridge was later moved to the [[Sanskar Kendra]]. It reads, {{blockquote|The Ellis Bridge - So named by Government after Sir Barrow Helbert Ellis : K.G.S.I. was built in 1869 and 1870. At a cost of Rs:549,210 destroyed by the great flood of 22 September 1875 and rebuilt in 1890 and 1895 by Government, Local Bodies and Private Subscribers. At a further cost of Rs. 407,564. This the First Stone of the new bridge was laid by His Excellency [[Donald James Mackay, 11th Lord Reay|Donald James eleventh Lord Reay]] C.C.I.E.LL.D. Governor of Bombay 19 December 1889.}}

Thousands heard [[Mahatma Gandhi]] declaring his [[Salt March|Dandi march]] on 8 March 1930 from the Ellis bridge.<ref name="mgg">{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-17/ahmedabad/31355158_1_hope-bridge-ellisbridge-arches | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104063542/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-17/ahmedabad/31355158_1_hope-bridge-ellisbridge-arches | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 November 2013 | title=Ellisbridge may go Hope Bridge way | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=17 April 2012 | access-date=4 April 2013 | author=John, Paul}}</ref>

Proposals to pull down the bridge were made in 1973, 1983 and 1986 but were rejected. The [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] declared the Ellis bridge and its boundary, [[Manek Burj]] and the natural water drain near one of the banks of Sabarmati river protected sites in May 1989.<ref name="ah"/>

The original steel bridge was narrow and not suited for heavy motorized traffic and so it was closed in 1997. New concrete bridges were constructed on either side of the steel bridge to support heavy traffic in 1999 at cost of {{INR convert|18|c|year=1999}}, and the original steel bridge is preserved as a heritage landmark. After the documentation, the Manek Burj was partially removed and Ganesh Bari, the Maratha constructed gate, was reconstructed to make space for the bridge. The bridge has been renamed Swami Vivekananda bridge after [[Swami Vivekanand]].<ref name="ah"/><ref name="hope">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Hope-lies-in-Ellisbridge/articleshow/9839789.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104063016/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-02/surat/30105331_1_hope-bridge-vivekanand-bridge-steel-bridge | url-status=live | archive-date=4 November 2013 | title=Hope lies in Ellisbridge | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=2 September 2011 | access-date=4 April 2013 | last=John |first=Paul}}</ref><ref name="TimesPub11">{{cite news | title=Ahmedabad says abracadabra | website=Times of India Publications | date=27 February 2011 | first=Parth|last=Shastri|url=http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=2&edlabel=TOIA&mydateHid=27-02-2011&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar00202&format=&publabel=TOI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108000533/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=2&edlabel=TOIA&mydateHid=27-02-2011&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar00202&format=&publabel=TOI |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2015 | access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref>

===Reconstruction and redevelopment proposals===
[[File:Ellis Bridge.jpg|thumb|Ellis Bridge at evening|left]]
It was found that steel piers of the bridge became corroded due to pollution in the Sabarmati river. Consultants appointed for strengthening the bridge, proposed its demolition in 2012 since building a new bridge would be cheaper than strengthening the existing one. It was also planned to run the [[Ahmedabad BRTS|Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System]] buses on the new bridge. It is proposed that the steel arches of the old steel bridge should be preserved and placed back on the new bridge.<ref name="mgg"/><ref name="hope"/><ref name="manchester">{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-20/ahmedabad/28130366_1_brts-corridor-brts-bus-brts-route | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811062542/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-20/ahmedabad/28130366_1_brts-corridor-brts-bus-brts-route | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 August 2011 | title=Ellisbridge to go & come back as BRTS route | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=20 April 2010 | author=Paul John}}</ref> Later the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation shelved the proposal of the new bridge for the bus system.<ref name="ppm">{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1677587/report-no-plan-to-demolish-ellisbridge-amc | title=No plan to demolish Ellisbridge: AMC | work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] | date=18 April 2012 | access-date=4 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=cvb>{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/1826098/report-old-ellisbridge-to-make-way-for-new-one | title=Old Ellisbridge to make way for new one | work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] | date=23 April 2013 | access-date=24 April 2013}}</ref>

In 2020, the [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] consulted an agency to propose the conservation measures and to do metallurgical studies. The redevelopment proposal was prepared but the project has not been implemented as of 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-03 |title=Restoration plan stalled, Ellis Bridge's legacy at risk |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/restoration-plan-stalled-ellis-bridges-legacy-at-risk/articleshow/102368356.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AMC to upgrade integrity of historical Ellis Bridge |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/amc-to-upgrade-integrity-of-historical-ellis-bridge/81861429.html |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2024, Government of Gujarat approved Rs. 32.40 crore for its restoration.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://deshgujarat.com/2024/07/08/gujarat-govt-approves-rs-32-40-crore-for-restoration-strenghening-of-ellis-bridge-in-ahmedabad/ | title=Gujarat govt approves Rs. 32.40 crore for restoration & strengthening of Ellis Bridge in Ahmedabad | date=8 July 2024 }}</ref>

==Cultural significance==
This 120-year-old bridge has become an landmark and a symbol of Ahmedabad.<ref name="ah"/><ref name="mgg"/> It was featured in several films, such as ''[[Kai Po Che!]]'' (2013) and ''[[Kevi Rite Jaish]]'' (2012). The Karnavati Art Gallery is at the western end of the bridge.

==References==

{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Ahmedabad topics |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bridges completed in 1892]]
[[Category:Truss bridges in India]]
[[Category:Bridges in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:1892 establishments in India]]

Shesh Paul Vaid

2024-11-20T15:35:15Z

SanjayMurugesan220: fixed references for clarity and fixed typos

#REDIRECT [[S. P. Vaid]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}