Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Kanwalpreet Singh (actor)

2026-05-07T18:15:48Z

SanjayGhare:

{{Short description|Indian Actor and Singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kanwalpreet Singh
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|singer}}
| years_active = 2003–present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Kanwalpreet Singh''' is an Indian actor and singer who works in Punjabi and Hindi films, television and music videos.

== Career ==
Kanwalpreet Singh started out in the Punjabi film industry in 2013 before moving to Bollywood due to the lack of opportunities.<ref name="P">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kanwalpreet-singh-it-bothers-me-that-since-2013-i-havent-been-approached-for-a-project-in-the-punjabi-industry/articleshow/104135041.cms|title=Kanwalpreet Singh: It bothers me that since 2013 I haven't been approached for a project in the Punjabi industry|date=4 October 2023|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He gained recognition for his role in ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]'' (2015) as [[Ranbir Kapoor]]'s friend Dhillon and as [[Tiger Shroff]]'s friend in ''[[Heropanti 2]]'' (2022).<ref name="F">{{Cite web|url=https://theflagpost.in/interviews/quintessence-perfect-performance-actor-kanwalpreet-singh/|title=Quintessence Perfect Performance Actor: KANWALPREET SINGH|first=William M.|last= Cardozo|work=The Flag Post|date=15 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/more-roles-are-being-written-for-turbaned-actors-now-kanwalpreet-singh/articleshow/91669312.cms?from=mdr|title=More roles are being written for turbaned actors now: Kanwalpreet Singh|date=19 May 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He played a lower-middle-class man in the short film ''Zubaan'' (2018) and tanned his skin to prepare for the role.<ref name="F"/> He played Sandy in the Punjabi television series ''[[Vilayati Bhabhi]]'' (2020) and [[Niyati Fatnani]]'s brother Goldie in the Hindi television series ''[[Channa Mereya (TV series)|Channa Mereya]]'' (2022).<ref name="M"/><ref name="V">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/channa-mereya-actor-kanwalpreet-singh-says-i-was-hesitant-to-post-the-fighting-sequence-with-karan-wahi/articleshow/93393400.cms|title=Channa Mereya actor Kanwalpreet Singh says, 'I was hesitant to post the fighting sequence with Karan Wahi'|date=6 August 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
!class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="4"|2013 || ''[[Jai Maharashtra Dhaba Bhatinda]]'' || || [[Marathi language|Marathi]] ||||
|-
|''[[Bikkar Bai Sentimental]]'' || || rowspan="3"|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Jatts in Golmaal]]'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Naughty Jatts]]'' || || || <ref name="P"/>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]'' || Dhillon || rowspan="2"|[[Hindi]] || || <ref name="F"/>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2016 || ''Mmirsa'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Tutak Tutak Tutiya]]'' ''Devi'' ''Abhinetri'' || Krishna's colleague || Hindi [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Multilingual film || <ref name="Tr">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/struggle-is-ongoing-790476|title='Struggle is ongoing'|last=Sheetal|work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]|date=20 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mastizaade]]'' || Runner || Hindi || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2018 || ''Zubaan'' || || rowspan="2"|Punjabi || short film Won{{emdash}}Haryana International Film Festival Best Actor Award || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/india/article/BWW-Interview-FILMAKER-OJASWWEE-SHARMA-On-His-Latest-Short-Film-Zubaan-20180711|title=Interview: FILMAKER OJASWWEE SHARMA On His Latest Short Film Zubaan|work=Broadway World|date=11 July 2018|last=Maqsood|first=Zofeen}}</ref> <ref name="F"/>
|-
|''Lucky Kabootar'' || Aulakh ||||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Arjun Patiala]]'' || || rowspan="3"|Hindi || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustankiaawaz.in/2019/07/news_525.html|title=ACTOR KANWALPREET SINGH HAPPY TO SHARE SCREEN SPACE WITH DILJIT DOSANJH IN ARJUN PATIALA|work=Hindustan Ki Aawaz}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022 || ''[[Hai Tujhe Salaam India]]'' || Happy || ||
|-
|''[[Heropanti 2]]'' || Babloo's friend || || <ref name="T"/>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Dil Dosti Deewangi]]'' || Pappu Sardar || Marathi || || <ref name="M">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/taarak-mehta-fame-actor-kanwalpreet-singh-gears-up-for-his-marathi-debut-with-dil-dosti-deewangi-says-i-am-extremely-excited/articleshow/103612318.cms|title=Taarak Mehta fame Actor Kanwalpreet Singh gears up for his Marathi debut with Dil Dosti Deewangi, says 'I am extremely excited'|date=12 September 2023|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Network
! Notes
!class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]'' || || rowspan="7"|[[Hindi]] || [[Sony TV]] || || rowspan="6"|<ref name="M"/>
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]'' || || [[Sony SAB]] ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Savdhaan India]]'' || || [[Life OK]] [[Star Bharat]] ||
|-
| 2012-13 || ''[[Rab Se Sohna Isshq]]'' || || [[Zee TV]] ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Nadaan Parindey Ghar Aaja]]'' || || Life OK ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Code Red (Indian TV series)|Code Red]]'' || || [[Colors TV]] ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Hear Me Love Me (TV series)|Hear Me Love Me]]'' || || [[Amazon Prime Video]] || ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Four More Shots Please!]]'' || || [[English language|English]] || Amazon Prime Video || || <ref name="Tr"/>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Vilayati Bhabhi]]'' || Sukhwinder "Sandy" Singh || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || [[Zee Punjabi]] || Lead role || <ref name="M"/>
|-
| 2021 || ''Gusto with GD'' || || rowspan="3"|Hindi || [[YouTube]] ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Channa Mereya (TV series)|Channa Mereya]]'' || Goldie Garewal || Star Bharat || Recurring role || <ref name="V"/>
|-
|2025
|''Ek Farzi Love Story''
|Gurpreet Singh
|Amazon MX Player
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-12 |title=Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah actor Kanwalpreet Singh makes his debut in OTT, says 'I couldn’t have asked for a better project' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-actor-kanwalpreet-singh-makes-his-debut-in-ott-says-i-couldnt-have-asked-for-a-better-project/articleshow/117174071.cms#:~:text=Kanwalpreet%20Singh%20marks%20his%20OTT,mix%20of%20drama%20and%20romance. |access-date=2025-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Composer
! Lyricist
! Singer(s)
! Language
! Ref.
|-
|-
| 2020 || ''Punjabi'' || Angel Beats || [[Simranjit Singh Hundal]] || Himself || rowspan=4"|Punjabi || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0cJWsdANR4A|title=Chardikala |Kanwalpreet Singh| Ft. Ruma Sharma | Simranjit Singh Hundal | Latest Punjabi Songs 2026|date=9 April 2020|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''Bacheyan Di Maa'' || The Noise Music || Simranjit Singh Hundal || Himself || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/watch-latest-punjabi-song-music-video-bacheyan-di-maa-sung-by-kanwalpreet-singh-featuring-sonia-mann/videoshow/82269600.cms|title=Watch Latest Punjabi Song Music Video - 'Bacheyan Di Maa' Sung By Kanwalpreet Singh Featuring Sonia Mann|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022 || ''Le Chal Mujhe '' || Annkur R Pathakk || Sachin Urmtosh || Annkur R Pathakk, Antara Bhattacharya || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZfNd6Aari4|title=Le Chal Mujhe - Annkur R Pathakk & Antara Bhattacharya | Ft. Kanwalpreet Singh & Dhriti Patel|date=20 June 2022|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| ''Wedding Song'' || Maaney || Maaney || Himself || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oVUIEOqzPks|title=WeddingSong - New Punjabi Wedding Song 2023 | Kanwalpreet | Rampreet Kaur | Ajay Jain|date=29 September 2022|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|8178938}}

[[Category:Actors in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Malshiras Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T21:51:22Z

SanjayGhare: added

{{short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Malshiras
| constituency_no = 254
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 254-Malshiras.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Madha Lok Sabha constituency|Madha]]
| district = [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Uttamrao Jankar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
| electors =349,968
}}
'''Malshiras Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=5 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=18 March 2010 }}</ref> It is reserved for Scheduled Castes from 2008.

==Overview==
Malshiras (constituency number 254) is one of the eleven Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in the [[Solapur district]]. It covers the entire Malshiras [[tehsil]] of this district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=272}}</ref> The number of electors in 2009 was 271422 (male 140224, female 131198).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf |title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=5 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409033702/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf |archivedate=9 April 2011 }}</ref>

Malshiras is part of [[Madha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madha Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Madha Assembly constituency|Madha]], Sangole and [[Karmala Assembly constituency|Malshiras]] in [[Solapur district]] and [[Phaltan Assembly constituency|Phaltan]] and Maan in [[Satara district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=278}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan="4" | [[Shankarrao Mohite-Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Deshmukh C. Abasaheb
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Pati Shamrao Bhimrao || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan="6" | [[Vijaysinh Mohite–Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan="2" | [[Hanumant Dolas]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Ram Satpute|Ram Vitthal Satpute]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Uttamrao Jankar|Uttamrao Shivdas Jankar]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malshiras }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Uttamrao Jankar|Uttamrao Shivdas Jankar]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 121,713 |percentage = 50.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ram Satpute|Ram Vitthal Satpute]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 108,566 |percentage = 45.05% |change = {{decrease}}3.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Namdas Ramesh Ankush |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,045 |percentage = 1.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raj Yashwant Kumar |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,268 |percentage = 0.94% |change = {{decrease}}1.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,878 |percentage = 0.78% |change = {{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tribhuvan Vinayak Dhainje |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,701 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,147 |percentage = 5.46% |change = {{increase}}4.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 242,850 |percentage = 69.39% |change = {{increase}}2.24 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 240,972}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 349,968 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}1.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malshiras <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ram Satpute|Ram Vitthal Satpute]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 103,507 |percentage = 48.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Uttamrao Jankar|Uttamrao Shivdas Jankar]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 100,917 |percentage = 47.30% |change = {{increase}}9.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raj Yashwant Kumar |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 5,538 |percentage = 2.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,899 |percentage = 0.89% |change = {{increase}}0.23 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,590 |percentage = 1.21% |change = {{decrease}}1.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 215,313 |percentage = 67.15% |change = {{decrease}}0.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 213,344}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 320,662 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.87 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}10.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malshiras <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Hanumant Dolas]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 77,179 |percentage = 38.16% |change = {{decrease}}9.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khandagale Anant Jaykumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 70,934 |percentage = 35.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sarwade Laxman Vitthal |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 23,537 |percentage = 11.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhainje Tribhuvan Alias Balasaheb Vinayak |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,636 |percentage = 3.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pro. Martand Ramchandra Sathe |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 5,061 |percentage = 2.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ajit Govind Naiknaware |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 2,634 |percentage = 1.30% |change = {{increase}}0.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sathe Kiran Tanaji |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,175 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pro. Gaikwad Bharat Krushna |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,087 |percentage = 1.03% |change = {{decrease}}0.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,327 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,245 |percentage = 3.09% |change = {{decrease}}6.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 203,714 |percentage = 67.89% |change = {{increase}}3.71 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 202,249}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 300,061 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}9.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malshiras <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Hanumant Dolas]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 82,360 |percentage = 47.43% |change = {{decrease}}22.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jankar Uttamrao Shivadas |party = Independent politician |votes = 66,134 |percentage = 38.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prof. Martand Ramchandra Sathe |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,443 |percentage = 3.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kambale Dilip Dnyandeo |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,875 |percentage = 3.38% |change = {{decrease}}9.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Tayappa More |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,249 |percentage = 1.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sudhir Arjun Pol |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,029 |percentage = 1.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Pandurang Sadashiv |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,882 |percentage = 1.66% |change = {{decrease}}13.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamble Dnyandeo Ganpat |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 2,103 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,226 |percentage = 9.34% |change = {{decrease}}45.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 174,207 |percentage = 64.18% |change = {{decrease}}14.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 173,640}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 271,422 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}22.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malshiras }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vijaysinh Mohite–Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 132,543 |percentage = 69.92% |change = {{increase}}15.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Ramdas Abasaheb |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 27,831 |percentage = 14.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mote Ajitkumar (Kaka) Shivaji |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 24,013 |percentage = 12.67% |change = {{decrease}}27.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rupnavar Annasaheb Balwant |party = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 5,165 |percentage = 2.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 104,712 |percentage = 55.24% |change = {{increase}}41.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 189,575 |percentage = 78.27% |change = {{decrease}}0.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 189,552}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 242,216 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.38 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}15.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malshiras <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vijaysinh Mohite–Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 76,576 |percentage = 54.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Patil Subhash Balasaheb |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 56,692 |percentage = 40.09% |change = {{decrease}}2.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Prakash Shamrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 5,064 |percentage = 3.58% |change = {{decrease}}51.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vastad Bhusare Nivruti Bhagwat |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,082 |percentage = 2.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,884 |percentage = 14.06% |change = {{increase}}1.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 154,013 |percentage = 78.45% |change = {{decrease}}6.37 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 141,414}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 196,318 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malshiras <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vijaysinh Mohite–Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 84,709 |percentage = 54.90% |change = {{decrease}}9.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Subhash Balasaheb |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 65,247 |percentage = 42.29% |change = {{increase}}8.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Shamrao Bhimrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,768 |percentage = 1.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Ravindra Gambhir |party = Doordarshi Party |votes = 1,037 |percentage = 0.67% |change = {{decrease}}0.16 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,462 |percentage = 12.61% |change = {{decrease}}18.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 158,638 |percentage = 84.82% |change = {{increase}}9.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 154,302}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 187,030 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.40 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malshiras <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vijaysinh Mohite–Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 84,747 |percentage = 64.73% |change = {{decrease}}18.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Subhash Balasaheb |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 44,445 |percentage = 33.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Pitambar Tanaku |party = Doordarshi Party |votes = 1,086 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 40,302 |percentage = 30.78% |change = {{decrease}}37.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 133,701 |percentage = 75.35% |change = {{increase}}0.24 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 130,933}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 177,440 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}18.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malshiras <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vijaysinh Mohite–Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 89,397 |percentage = 83.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tate Subhash Mahadeo |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 16,635 |percentage = 15.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 72,762 |percentage = 67.84% |change = {{increase}}25.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 109,624 |percentage = 75.11% |change = {{increase}}1.54 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 107,256}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 145,948 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.87 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}12.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malshiras <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vijaysinh Mohite–Patil]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 64,086 |percentage = 70.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Shivajirao Bhavanrao |party = Janata Party |votes = 25,655 |percentage = 28.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 38,431 |percentage = 42.37% |change = {{increase}}29.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,476 |percentage = 73.57% |change = {{decrease}}7.23 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 90,704}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,050 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.60 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}14.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malshiras <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pati Shamrao Bhimrao |party = Janata Party |votes = 48,473 |percentage = 56.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shankarrao Mohite-Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,025 |percentage = 42.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,448 |percentage = 13.24% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 89,578 |percentage = 80.80% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 86,483}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 110,860 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malshiras <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link |candidate = Deshmukh C. Abasaheb |party = Indian National Congress |percentage = |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,178 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malshiras <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shankarrao Mohite-Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,145 |percentage = 60.99% |change = {{increase}}1.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. N. Jadhav |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 21,019 |percentage = 37.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. C. Salave |party = Independent politician |votes = 821 |percentage = 1.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,126 |percentage = 23.45% |change = {{increase}}1.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,706 |percentage = 72.83% |change = {{decrease}}0.82 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,985}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,985 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malshiras <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shankarrao Mohite-Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,685 |percentage = 59.90% |change = {{increase}}27.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivajirao Bhawanrao Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,767 |percentage = 38.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Appa Sambhaji Londhe |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,115 |percentage = 2.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,918 |percentage = 21.84% |change = {{decrease}}6.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,590 |percentage = 73.65% |change = {{increase}}16.34 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 54,567}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,196 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}1.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Malshiras <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shankarrao Mohite-Patil]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,492 |percentage = 61.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Hanamantrao Shankarrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,484 |percentage = 32.77% |change = {{increase}}8.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Tukaram Ganapatrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,063 |percentage = 5.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,008 |percentage = 28.56% |change = {{increase}}0.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,039 |percentage = 57.31% |change = {{increase}}1.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,039}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,141 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}9.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Malshiras <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shankarrao Mohite-Patil]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,076 |percentage = 51.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Girme Jagannath Haribhau |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,967 |percentage = 23.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Waghmode Sitaram Laxman |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,841 |percentage = 16.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadha Tukaram Ganpat |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,657 |percentage = 5.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhagwat Sonappa Ballappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 726 |percentage = 2.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,109 |percentage = 27.71% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,267 |percentage = 55.84% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,267}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,408 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Karmala]]
* [[Politics of Maharashtra]]
*[[Politics in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Solapur district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|17.863|74.906|display=title}}

[[Category:Akluj]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Solapur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

Ottapalam Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T09:53:48Z

SanjayGhare: started initial post basic info.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ottapalam
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 52
| map_image = Ottpalam town4.jpg
| map_caption = [[Ottapalam]] town
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,07,723 (2021)
| mla = [[K. Premkumar (politician)|K. Premkumar]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| alliance = {{legend2|#ED1C24|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| district = [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
}}
'''Ottapalam State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/palakkad.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Palakkad district, Kerala.
|access-date = 9 September 2019
|archive-date = 3 September 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190903213246/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/palakkad.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[K. Premkumar (politician)|K. Premkumar]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Ottapalam Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/palakkad.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Palakkad District
|access-date = 9 September 2019
|archive-date = 3 September 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190903213246/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/palakkad.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Ottapalam]]
|Municipality
|[[Ottapalam]]
|-
|2
|[[Ambalappara]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Ottapalam]]
|-
|3
|[[Kadampazhipuram]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Ottapalam]]
|-
|4
|[[Karimpuzha, Palakkad|Karimpuzha]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Ottapalam]]
|-
|5
|[[Lakkidi, Palakkad|Lakkidi-Perur]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Ottapalam]]
|-
|6
|Pookkottukavu
|Grama panchayat
|[[Ottapalam]]
|-
|7
|[[Sreekrishnapuram, Palakkad|Sreekrishnapuram]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Ottapalam]]
|-
|8
|Thachanattukara
|Grama panchayat
|[[Mannarkkad]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama
Sabha
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
!Tenure
|-
| [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| 1st
| rowspan="2" | [[P. V. Kunhunni Nair]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India}}
| 1957 – 1960
|-
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| 2nd
| 1960 – 1965
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 3rd
| rowspan="2" | P. P. Krishnan
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 1967 – 1970
|-
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| 4th
| 1970 – 1977
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 5th
| [[P. Balan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1977 – 1980
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 6th
| rowspan="2" | [[V. C. Kabeer]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
| 1980 – 1982
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 7th
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
| 1982 – 1987
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 8th
|[[K. Sankaranarayanan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1987 – 1991
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
| rowspan="3" | V. C. Kabeer
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
| 1991 – 1996
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 10th
| 1996 – 2001
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| 2001 – 2006
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 12th
| rowspan="2" |[[M. Hamsa]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 2006 – 2011
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
|[[P. Unni]]
| 2016 – 2021
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 15th
|[[K. Premkumar (politician)|K. Premkumar]]
|Incumbent
|}
{{notelist}}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Ottapalam}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=CPI(M)|candidate=[[K. Premkumar]]|votes=75362|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=United Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate=[[P. K. Sasi]]|votes=48585|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP|candidate=[[Major Ravi]]|votes=42476|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1135|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 26777
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 2,07,723 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2021, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2021}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Ottapalam}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=K. Premkumar|votes=74,859|percentage=46.45|change={{increase}}1.74|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=P. Sarin|votes=59,707|percentage=37.05|change={{increase}}3.05|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P. Venugopalan|votes=25,056|percentage=15.55|change={{decrease}}2.83|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=P. P. Sivan|votes=672|percentage=0.42|change={{decrease}}0.12|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=867|percentage=0.64|change=-|}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=15,152|percentage=9.96|change={{decrease}}0.78}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,61,509|percentage=77.75|change={{increase}}1.75}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{increase}}1.65}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,97,646 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Ottapalam}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=P. Unni|votes=67,161|percentage=44.71|change={{decrease}}4.76|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Shanimol Usman|votes=51,073|percentage=34.00|change={{decrease}}5.43|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P. Venugopalan|votes=27,605|percentage=18.38|change={{increase}}11.05|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=A. A. Sulfikar|votes=1,166|percentage=0.78|change={{decrease}}0.69|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,012|percentage=0.67|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=K. T. Padmini|votes=811|percentage=0.54|change={{decrease}}0.18|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=S. R. Prakash|votes=805|percentage=0.54|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiv Sena|candidate=M. S. Suneesh|votes=399|percentage=0.27|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Suresh Velayudhan|votes=180|percentage=0.12|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=16,088|percentage=10.71|change={{increase}}0.67}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,50,212|percentage=76.00|change={{increase}}0.92}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{decrease}}4.76}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,75,066 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Ottapalam}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=M. Hamza|votes=65,023|percentage=49.47|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=V. K. Sreekandan|votes=51,820|percentage=39.43|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P. Venugopalan|votes=9,631|percentage=7.33|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=E. S. Kajahussain|votes=1,933|percentage=1.47|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=M. Hamza|votes=1,097|percentage=0.83|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=K. T. Padmini|votes=947|percentage=0.72|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=N. Hamza|votes=604|percentage=0.46|change={{decrease}}0.31|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Aravindan Karimpuzha|votes=379|percentage=0.29|change=-|}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=13,203|percentage=10.04|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,31,434|percentage=75.08|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}{{notelist}}
===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Ottappalam<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Narayana Kurup |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=12,277 |percentage=33.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. P. Madhavan Nair |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,518 |percentage=26.16% |change=26.16% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Madhavan Nair |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=8,185 |percentage=22.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Krishnan Nair |party=Independent politician |votes=5,571 |percentage=15.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. P. Narayaana Menon |party=Independent politician |votes=832 |percentage=2.29% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,759 |percentage=7.58% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,383 |percentage=56.69% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,179 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Ottapalam]]
* [[Palakkad district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Ottapalam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

Subhodrishti

2026-05-04T05:03:17Z

SanjayGhare:

{{Short description|2005 Bengali family drama film by Prabhat Roy}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Subhodrishti
| image = Shubhodrishti 2005 poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Prabhat Roy]]
| producer = Kamal Kumar Barjatya [[Shrikant Mohta]]
| screenplay = Prabhat Roy
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1 = Dialogues by
| data1 = Prabhat Roy
}}
| narrator =
| starring = [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] [[Koel Mallick]] [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] Sanjib Dasgupta [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] [[Laboni Sarkar]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Jeet Gannguli]] '''Background score:''' [[Debojyoti Mishra]]
| cinematography = [[Premendu Bikash Chaki]]
| editing = Swapan Guha
| studio = [[Rajshri Productions]] [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| distributor = Shree Venkatesh Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|11|04}}<ref name="the telegraph">{{cite news|title=A match for screen|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051101/asp/calcutta/story_5424926.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105110409/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051101/asp/calcutta/story_5424926.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 January 2010|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref>
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| story = [[Jashwant Gangani]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Subhodrishti''''' ({{IPA|bn|ʃubhodristi}}; {{Translation|'''''The Auspicious Gaze'''''}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]]-[[family drama]] film written and directed by [[Prabhat Roy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhuchhanda Sengupta filmmaker, Kolkata {{!}} Talentrack |url=https://m.talentrack.in/talent/talentportfolio/uid/5154d3fa608adc210977835e5bd38f24 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=m.talentrack.in}}</ref> Produced by Kamal Kumar Barjatya and [[Shrikant Mohta]] under the respective banners of [[Rajshri Productions]] and [[Shree Venkatesh Films]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Reshmi |date=2005-11-01 |title=A match for screen |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/a-match-for-screen/cid/1653033 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260504044500/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/a-match-for-screen/cid/1653033 |archive-date=2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> the film is based on a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] story by [[Jashwant Gangani]]. It stars [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] and [[Koel Mallick]] in their fifth consecutive pairing, alongside an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], Sanjib Dasgupta, [[Biswajit Chakraborty]], [[Laboni Sarkar]], Rupali Bhattacharya, [[Ashok Bhattacharya]], [[Alokananda Roy]], [[Bharat Kaul]], [[Mousumi Saha]] and [[Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay (actress)|Sanghamitra Banerjee]] in supporting roles. It revolves around the wedding traditions in Bengal, through the story of a married couple and the relationships between their families—who come together to face the situation when the husband is suddenly diagnosed with cancer.

[[Jeet Gannguli]] composed the soundtrack of the film, which consists of ten tracks, an usually large number at that time in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]], while [[Debojyoti Mishra]] provided its score.<ref name="main details">{{cite web|title=Shubhodrishti (2005)|url=http://www.gomolo.com/shubhodristi-movie/15379|publisher=Gomolo|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref> The film marks Roy's second collaboration with both Jeet and Koel. [[Premendu Bikash Chaki]] handled its cinematography, while Swapan Guha edited the film.

''Subhodrishti'' was theatrically released on 4 November 2005, receiving widespread acclaim both critically and commercially; critics praised the performances of Jeet and Koel as well as their chemistry, and the film's blend of simultaneously promoting strong family values and also its songs. Running for over 210 days in theatres, it emerged as the [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2005|second highest-grossing Bengali film]] of the year.

At the [[53rd National Film Awards|53nd National Film Awards]], ''Subhodrishti'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]. It is considered as one of the most influential films in the Bengali cinema as well as in [[pop culture]]. Attaining a cult status among the audiences, the soundtrack album of the film sold 16 million copies in [[West Bengal]], whereas the song "Pagoley Ki Naa Bole" and "Mon Rage Anurage" topped the music charts at that time. It is also credited for lasting an impact on wedding celebrations in India, which often include songs and games from the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-07-09 |title=SWEET DREAMS ARE MADE OF THESE |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/sweet-dreams-are-made-of-these/cid/1275783 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260504044116/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/sweet-dreams-are-made-of-these/cid/1275783 |archive-date=2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

Rajshri Productions remade ''Subhodrishti'' into [[Hindi]] as ''[[Vivah]]'' (2006), with [[Sooraj Barjatya|Sooraj R. Barjatya]] as the director, starring [[Shahid Kapoor]] and [[Amrita Rao]] in the lead.

== Cast ==

* [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] as Arun
* [[Koel Mallick]] as Sonali<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Arindam |date=2020-04-27 |title=Spending a birthday awaiting a new a birth |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/interview-koel-mallick-on-her-birthday-and-preganncy/cid/1768501 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260504045800/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/interview-koel-mallick-on-her-birthday-and-preganncy/cid/1768501#goog_rewarded |archive-date=2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>
* [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] as Ramen, Arun's younger brother
* [[Dilip Roy (actor)|Dilip Roy]] as Arun's father (voice dubbed by [[Arun Bannerjee]])
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] as Arun's uncle
* [[Laboni Sarkar]] as Arun's aunt
* Sanjib Dasgupta as Barun, Arun's elder brother
* Rupali Bhatacharya as Dipali, Sonali's elder sister and Barun's wife
* Susmit Majumder as Arun's second younger brother
* [[Ashok Bhattacharya]] as Sonali's Father
* [[Alokananda Roy]] as Sonali's mother
* Bharati Devi as Sonali's Grand-Mother
*[[Bharat Kaul]] as Dipali and Sonali's elder brother
*[[Mousumi Saha]] as Dipali and Sonali's sister-in-law
* Mimi Dutta as Rupali "Rupa", Dipali and Sonali's cousin sister
* [[Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay (actress)|Sanghamitra Banerjee]] as Sonali's paternal aunt
* Shyamal Dutta as Nagen, Dipali's paternal uncle
* [[Subhasish Mukherjee]] as Nitai Pandit
* Pradip Bhattacharya as Bhojon Thakur
== Soundtrack ==

{{Infobox album
| name = Subhodrishti
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2005
| recorded = 2005
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=35|s=52}}
| language = Bengali
| label = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Yuddho]]
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = [[Hero (2006 film)|Hero]]
| next_year = 2006
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|AoCz8rIgAi0&list|Subhodrishti Audio Jukebox}}
}}

{{Singles
| name = Subhodrishti
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Sona Roder Hanshi Dekhe
| single1date =
| single2 =
| single2date =
| single3 =
| single3date =
| single4 =
| single4date =
}}
}}

[[Jeet Gannguli]] composed the soundtrack of ''Subhodrishti'' in his maiden collaboration with Roy. It also marks his fourth and third collaborations with Jeet and Koel respectively, with the former after working on ''[[Premi]]'' (2004), ''[[Bandhan (2004 film)|Bandhan]]'' (2004) and ''[[Yuddho]]'' (2005), and with the latter after working on ''Bandhan'' and ''Yuddho''. The soundtrack contains nine tracks, each penned by Priyo Chattopadhyay with the exception of the [[Rabindra Sangeet]] "Jawkhon Porbe Na Mor".

The song "Shonkho Baja Tora" briefly described the rituals of wedding in Bengali culture. Portion of its tune was referenced from [[Aarti Mukherjee]]'s song "Laje Ranga Holo" from the 1969 film ''[[Parineeta (1969 film)|Parineeta]]'', composed by [[Hemant Kumar|Hemanta Mukherjee]], also based on the same theme. Gannguli also used a tune of Anshuman Roy's famous song "Dada Paye Pori Re" in the track "Pagoley Ki Naa Bole", as a tribute to that song.<ref name="songs">{{cite web|title=Shubhodrishti (2005) songs|url=http://www.gomolo.com/shubhodristi-movie-songs/15379|publisher=Gomolo|accessdate=4 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="mts">{{cite web|title=Shubhodrishti album|url=http://zoot.mtsindia.in/music-album-Subha%20Drishti-379246|publisher=[[MTS India]]|accessdate=4 September 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054017/http://zoot.mtsindia.in/music-album-Subha%20Drishti-379246|archivedate=21 September 2013}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 35:53
| title1 = Sona Roder Hanshi Dekhe
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 = 3:47
| title2 = Gaaye Holud
| extra2 = Shreya Ghoshal
| length2 = 3:52
| title3 = Shonkho Baja Tora
| extra3 = [[Babul Supriyo]], Shreya Ghoshal
| length3 = 5:23
| title4 = Pagoley Ki Naa Bole
| extra4 = Babul Supriyo, Shreya Ghoshal
| length4 = 4:47
| title5 = Bidhire Bidhire
| extra5 = [[Raghab Chatterjee]]
| length5 = 2:43
| title6 = Mon Rage Anurage
| extra6 = [[Sonu Nigam]], Shreya Ghoshal
| length6 = 3:55
| title7 = Tumi Amar Chiro Sathi
| extra7 = Shreya Ghoshal
| length7 = 3:57
| title8 = Bidhire Bidhire (Sad)
| extra8 = Raghab Chatterjee
| length8 = 2:42
| title9 = Jawkhon Porbe Na Mor
| extra9 = [[Srikanta Acharya]]
| note9 = Original composition by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| length9 = 4:47
}}

== Reception ==
Madhuparna Das of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' rated the film 6 out of 10 stars and opined "The film looks almost as rich in terms of production. Good clothes, huge mansions, lavish marriages, and a big happy family. On the whole, ''Subhodrishti'' scores well with its lively songs and a general lively feel".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Madhuparna |date=2005-11-11 |title=Just no crackle |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/just-no-crackle/cid/969235 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260504045016/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/just-no-crackle/cid/969235 |archive-date=2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
!Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!Category
!Recipient(s)
!Result
!{{Abbr|ref.|Reference}}
|-
|Kalakar Awards
|22 January 2006
|Best Rising Star
|[[Koel Mallick]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref name="Kalakar award winners">{{Cite web |date=22 January 2006 |title=Kalakar award winners |url=http://kalakarawards.co/images/listofawardees.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425155216/http://kalakarawards.co/images/listofawardees.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2012 |access-date=22 September 2019 |publisher=Kalakar website}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[BFJA Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |2 February 2006
|[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Male Playback Award|Best Male Playback]]
|[[Babul Supriyo]]
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-13 |title=Film journalists' association launched in Kolkata |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/film-journalists-association-launched-in-kolkata-113071700221_1.html#:~:text=Till%20date%2C%20the%20Bengal%20Film,organisation%20to%20the%20new%20body. |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Female Playback Award|Best Female Playback]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Anandalok Puraskar]]
| rowspan="2" |18 November 2006
|Best Director
|[[Prabhat Roy]]
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-11-21 |title=Tinsel trophies & tributes |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/tinsel-trophies-tributes/cid/1537088 |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-11-11 |title=The hunt for a heroine |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/the-hunt-for-a-heroine/cid/1659591#:~:text=It%20will%20be%20a%20nail,Akash%20Bangla%20on%20November%2012. |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Upcoming Star (Female)
|Koel Mallick
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[National Film Awards]]
|[[53rd National Film Awards|14 September 2007]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]
|Shrikant Mohta & Pradeep K. Barjatya
|{{Won}}
|<ref name="53rdaward">{{cite web |title=53rd National Film Awards |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm53NFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815224948/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm53NFAAward.aspx |archive-date=15 August 2016 |access-date=19 March 2012 |publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt4736040}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/shubhodrishti}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shubhodrishti}}
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:2005 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2005 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2005 musical films]]
[[Category:2005 drama films]]
[[Category:Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about arranged marriage]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films about orphans]]
[[Category:Films about cancer]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language romance films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language romantic tragedy films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language family drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language musical films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prabhat Roy]]
[[Category:Films adapted into plays]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jeet Gannguli]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Rajshri Productions films]]
[[Category:SVF Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian musical films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Bengali films remade in other languages]]

Patli Path

2026-05-04T03:13:34Z

SanjayGhare: started initial page with sources

{{Short description|AIIMS-Digha elevated corridor road}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| name = Digha AIIMS Elevated Road Patli Path
| map =
| map_notes =
| cities = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
| alternate_name =
| length_km = 12.47
| direction_a = North
| direction_b = South
| terminus_a = [[Digha, Patna]]
| junction =
| terminus_b = [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna]], [[Phulwari Sharif]]
| photo = Digha-AIIMS Elevated Road.jpg
| photo_notes = View of the Digha-AIIMS Elevated Road from Patliputra Junction. Photo captured by Santosh Chaudhary.
| maint = [[Government of Bihar]]
}}

'''Patli Path''' (also known as '''AIIMS-Digha elevated corridor''') is an elevated road in [[Patna]], the capital of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cm-to-inaugurate-elevated-road-between-aiims-and-digha-today/articleshow/79479509.cms|title=Bihar CM to inaugurate elevated road between AIIMS and Digha today}}</ref> It was inaugurated by Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] on 30 November 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/digha-aiims-elevated-road-big-relief-for-north-bihar-and-patna|title=Digha-AIIMS Elevated Road Opens: Big Relief For Patna, North Bihar}}</ref> At the time of inauguration of this elevated road, it was the longest elevated road of Bihar and seventh in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-kumar-inaugurates-bihars-longest-elevated-road-corridor-in-patna/articleshow/79496618.cms|title=Nitish Kumar inaugurates Bihar's longest elevated road corridor in Patna}}</ref>

This 12.47 km-long elevated road connects [[J.P. Setu]] towards [[Phulwari Sharif]] and vice versa. Around 8.5 km of the road is elevated structure and the remaining 4 km stretch of road is semi-elevated. The first 2 km of the road from [[National Highway 139 (India)|NH-98]] near [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna]] is a two-lane semi-elevated structure. The Digha AIIMS Elevated Road road runs parallel to two-lane Digha Bridge Link Road, and it is built above Rupaspur canal (Digha- Danapur canal).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/digha-aiims-elevated-road-gets-dec-date/articleshow/64140632.cms|title=Digha-AIIMS elevated road gets December date}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/march-deadline-for-aiims-digha-highway/articleshow/73102251.cms|title=Patna: March deadline for AIIMS-Digha highway}}</ref> As part of this project, there was construction of a railway overbridge (ROB) at Khagaul.

==History==
The foundation stone of AIIMS-Digha elevated corridor was laid on November 2, 2013, by Chief Minister Nitish Kumar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-kumar-inaugurates-bihars-longest-elevated-road-corridor-in-patna/articleshow/79496618.cms|title=Nitish Kumar inaugurates Bihar's longest elevated road corridor in Patna}}</ref> It is constructed at the cost of Rs 1,289.25 crore. The project is being executed by [[Gammon India]] Pvt Ltd.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/digha-aiims-semi-elevated-highway-to-be-ready-by-march/articleshow/62026612.cms|title=Digha-AIIMS semi-elevated highway to be ready by March}}</ref> In September 2013, [[Bihar State Road Development Corporation]] (BSRDC) awarded this project to [[Gammon India]] Pvt Ltd, which quoted the lowest bid of Rs Rs 717.14 crore.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/work-awarded-for-aiims-digha-elevated-road/articleshow/23013511.cms|title=Work awarded for AIIMS-Digha elevated road}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/on-the-basis-of-the-lowest-price-quote-the-ambitious-project-was-awarded-to-m/s-gammon-india-ltd-which-quoted-a-bid-of-rs-717-14-crore-/articleshow/23004423.cms|title=On the basis of the lowest price quote, the ambitious project was awarded to M/s Gammon India Ltd which quoted a bid of Rs 717.14 crore.}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Loknayak Ganga Path]] (Patna Marine Drive)
* [[Ashok Rajpath]]
* Digha Bridge Link Road
* Atal Path, Patna

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Roads in Bihar]]

Dinakar Keshav Shetty

2026-05-02T14:50:57Z

SanjayGhare: adding initial info w/ refs.

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1957)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Dinakar Keshav Shetty''' (born 21 July 1957) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is an MLA from [[Kumta Assembly constituency]] in [[Uttara Kannada district]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dinakar Keshav Shetty in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/dinakar-keshav-shetty-kumta-candidate-s10a078c008/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

He was Chairperson of Legislative committee on Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare in Karnataka Assembly.<ref name="Karnataka: Legislative committee asks district authorities to conduct survey of churches, Christian missionaries">{{cite news |title=Karnataka: Legislative committee asks district authorities to conduct survey of churches, Christian missionaries |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-legislative-committee-asks-district-authorities-to-conduct-survey-of-churches-christian-missionaries/articleshow/87040370.cms |access-date=25 April 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425172359/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-legislative-committee-asks-district-authorities-to-conduct-survey-of-churches-christian-missionaries/articleshow/87040370.cms |archive-date=25 April 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shetty is from [[Kumta]], Uttara Kannada district. His father is Keshav Venkataraman. He completed his Class 12 in commerce in 1975 at D. A. V. Baaliga Commerce College, Kumta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dinakar Keshav Shetty(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KUMTA(UTTARA KANNADA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7491 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shetty won the [[Kumta Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He secured 59,965 votes, defeating his closest rival,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Kumta Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/kumta-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99017282.cms |access-date=2024-08-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Kumta">{{cite news |date=13 May 2023 |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Kumta |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1078.htm?ac=78 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425172257/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1078.htm?ac=78 |archive-date=25 April 2025 |access-date=25 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> Suraj Naik Soni of [[Janata Dal (Secular)]], by a narrow margin of 676 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Kumta Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Dinakar Keshav Shetty Wins From Kumta |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/kumta-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601797 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election: Kumta Assembly constituency result 2023 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/karnataka/acno78-acno78.html |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> He successfully retained the seat, which he had previously won in the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]], where he defeated Sharada Mohan Shetty of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He first became an MLA after winning the [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] as a [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] candidate, narrowly defeating Mohan Krishna Shetty of the Indian National Congress by just 20 votes.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dinakar Keshav, Shetty}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Uttara Kannada]]

List of incumbent Indian governors

2026-04-30T02:25:45Z

SanjayGhare: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Governor (India)#List of incumbent governors]]

[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]

Vaasanthi

2026-04-29T04:44:08Z

SanjayGhare: Adding Basic Stub W/ Sources

{{short description|Indian journalist and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Vaasanthi Sundaram
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1941|07|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[Mysore University]] [[Oslo University]]
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Journalist
* Writer
* novelist
* Editor
}}
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Vaasanthi''' (born as '''Pankajam''' on 26 July 1941) is an Indian journalist and writer.

She got her degree in English literature and history at [[Mysore University]] and a Master's degree at [[Oslo University]] in Norway. She served as the editor of [[India Today]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] edition for nine years. Many of her essays on art, culture, and politics have been seriously focused on the emergence of a number of articles and created debates.{{clarify|date=November 2018}}

Vaasanthi has written a number of lectures and reports on women's issues and she is also a political analyst. [[Penguin Books]] published a book in English (''Cut-outs, Caste and Cines Stars'') with their standings in the political history of [[Tamil Nadu]] during the time she worked as the editor of India Today.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/litfest/delhi-litfest-2016/speakers/Vaasanthi/articleshow/55049982.cms|title=Vaasanthi|newspaper=The Times of India|date=27 October 2016|access-date=1 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/meet-tamil-writer-vaasanthi-the-first-to-pen-novel-on-punjab-of-1984/story-yALAefJju19IQX4f3KUZ7I.html|title=Meet Tamil writer Vaasanthi, the first to pen novel on Punjab of 1984|date=2 July 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

She also wrote the biography of [[J. Jayalalithaa]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/jayalalithaa-had-a-knack-of-creating-fear-amma-s-biographer-vaasanthi/story-RpnYGVCQJk9SBOfTRuNZEP.html|title=Jayalalithaa had a knack of creating fear: Amma's biographer Vaasanthi|date=19 January 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/The-enigma-that-is-Amma-telling-the-Jayalalithaa-story/article14335267.ece|title=The enigma that is Amma: telling the Jayalalithaa story|first=Ramakrishnan|last=M|date=23 May 2016|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/A-tale-of-two-women/article14674188.ece|title=A tale of two women|first=Baradwaj|last=Rangan|date=7 April 2011|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> She has written around 40 novels and six short story collections.

Vaasanthi wrote a biography of [[M. Karunanidhi]] titled ''Karunanidhi: The Definitive Biography.''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karunanidhi a visionary and a reformist pushing for social justice: Biographer Vasanthi|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/karunanidhi-a-visionary-and-a-reformist-pushing-for-social-justice-biographer-vasanthi/1823441|access-date=2021-12-30|website=outlookindia.com|language=en}}</ref>

She appeared on the podcast, The Literary City with [[Ramjee Chandran]] to talk about her latest book, Breaking Free.

==Books==
===Tamil===
{{refbegin|10em}}
*Aakasa Veedugal
*Aarthikku Mugam Sivanthathu
*Aasai Mugam Maranthu Pochey!
*Agni Kunju
*Ammani
*America Payana Diary
*Aval Sonnathu
*Deivangal Ezhuga
*Ellai Kodu
*Ellaigalin Vilimbil
*Ettatha Kilaigal
*Idaiveligal Thodarkindrana
*India Enum Aithegam
*Indre Nesiyungal
*Iravukkum Pagalukkum Idaiye...
*Jaipur Necklace
*Jananam
*Jeyalalitaa Manamum Maayaiyum
*Kaadhalenum Vaanavil
*Kaalam
*Kaalamellam Kaathirunthu...
*Kaaranamilla Kaariyangal
*Kadai Bommaigal
*Kadaisi Varai
*Kalaignar Ennum Karunanidhi
*Kannukku Theriyatha Ulagangal
*Karai Seratha Odangal
*Kariya Megangalil Oli Keetrugal
*Kathai Kathaiyaam Karanamaam
*Kathavillatha Veedu
*Kizhakkey Oru Ulagam
*Kuttravaali
*Maaligai Paravaigal
*Maara Vendiya Paathaigal
*Manithargal Paathi Neram Thoongukirargal
*Meendum Naalai Varum
*Meetchi
*Moongil Pookkal
*Mouna Puyal
*Mounathin Kural
*Munneru!
*Muthukkal Pathu
*Naan Budhanillai
*Nagarangal Manithargal Panpaadugal
*Nalliravu Suriyargal
*Nazhuvum Nerangal
*Nijangal Nizhalahumpothu...
*Nijangal
*Ninaivil Pathintha Chuvadukal
*Nirkka Nizhal Vendum
*Nizhal Tharum Tharuve
*Nizhalattam
*Nizhalgal
*Oru Sangamathai Thedi...
*Paarvaigalum Pathivugalum
*Paathipugal
*Paravaigal Parakkindrana
*Pathaiyorathu Pookkal
*Petrathum Izhanthathum
*Plum Marangal Poothuvittana
*Poi Mugam
*Poiyil Pootha Nijam
*Puriyatha Arthangal
*Puthiya Vaanam
*S.V.V. Enum Rasavaadhi
*Sandhiya
*Sariyaa? Sariyaa?
*Santhanakaadugal
*Shurthi Bethangal
*Sindhikka Oru Nodi
*Siragukal
*Sirai!
*Sontham Illatha Bandham
*Thaagam
*Tharaiyellam Shenbaga Poo
*Theekul Viralai Vaithal
*Thirakkatha Jannalgal
*Thunaivi
*Thurathum Ninaivugal Azhaikkum Kanavugal
*Ula Vara Oru Ulagam
*Vaakkumoolam
*Vadikaal
*Valliname Melliname
*Vasantham Kasanthathu!
*Veedu Varai Uravu
*Veli
*Vendatha Varam
*Ver Pidikkum Mann
*Vergalai Thedi...
*Vidiyalai Nokki...
*[[Vittu Viduthalaiyagi (Breaking Free)]]
*Yathumagi...
*Yuga Sandhi
*Yugangal Marumpothu
{{refend}}

===English===
{{colbegin}}
*Amma: Jayalalithaa's Journey from Movie Star to Political Queen (2016)<ref>{{cite book |last= Sundaram |first= Vaasanthi |author-link= |title=Amma: Jayalalithaa's Journey from Movie Star to Political Queen |year= 2016 |url= |location= |publisher=Juggernaut |page= |isbn=978-8193284148}}</ref>
*At the Cusp of Ages (2008)
*Cut-outs, Caste and Cines Stars (2008)<ref>{{cite book |last= Sundaram |first= Vaasanthi |author-link= |title=Cut-outs, Caste and Cines Stars |year= 2008 |url= |location= |publisher=Penguin Books |page= |isbn=9780143063124}}</ref>
*Karunanidhi: The Definitive Biography (2020)
*The Lone Empress: A Portrait of Jayalalithaa (2020)
*Rajnikanth: A Life (2021)
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women writers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

Tikka (food)

2026-04-22T20:40:29Z

SanjayGhare: Adding First Article Basic Info

{{Short description|Type of Indian or Pakistani food}}
{{Distinguish|Chicken Tikka Masala}}
{{other uses|Tikka (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Tikka
| image = Paneertikkaindia.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_alt =
| caption = Paneer Tikka served in a restaurant in [[Mumbai]], India.
| alternate_name =
| type =
| course = [[Hors d'oeuvre]]
| country =
| region = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| national_cuisine =
| creator = 
| year =
| mintime =
| maxtime =
| served = Hot
| main_ingredient = Meat, [[paneer]], [[marinade]], [[yogurt]], [[spices]] or [[curry]]
| minor_ingredient =
| variations = [[Chicken Tikka Masala]], [[Paneer Tikka Masala]]
| serving_size =
| calories =
| calories_ref =
| protein =
| fat =
| carbohydrate =
| glycemic_index =
| similar_dish =
| cookbook =
| commons =
| other =
| no_recipes= false
}}
'''Tikka''' (pronounced [[Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu|[ʈɪkkaː]]]) is a dish consisting of pieces of [[meat]] or [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] alternatives whose origins are traced back to [[ancient Babylon]]. The term 'tikka' was given in the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal era]].<ref name="Maher2022" /><ref name=":5" /> It is made by [[Marination|marinating]] the pieces in [[Spice|spices]] and [[yogurt]], and cooking them in a [[tandoor]]. Tikka is popular throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]] and also in the [[United Kingdom]].

==Etymology==
''Tikka'' is a [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]] word which has been commonly combined with the [[Hindi-Urdu]] word ''masala'' — itself derived from [[Arabic]] — with the combined word originating from [[British English]].<ref name="Maher2022">{{cite book |last1=Maher |first1=John C. |title=Language Communities in Japan |date=25 January 2022 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-885661-0 |page=126 |language=English |quote=Garamu masara (Eng. 'garam masala', originally Hindi-Urdu 'hot spices'), the term for a mixture of rika yamashita.}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Kiaer, Jieun|url= |title=Translingual words : an East Asian lexical encounter with English|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-10946-8|location=Milton|pages=8|oclc=1076808280}}</ref> The [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]] word ''tikka'' itself is a derivation of the [[Proto-Turkic language|Common Turkic]] word ''tikkü'', which means "piece" or "chunk".<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Ayto |first= John |url= |title=The Diner's Dictionary: Word Origins of Food & Drink|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-174443-3|edition=2nd|location=Oxford|page=371|oclc=840919592}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Davidson |first=Alan |url= |title=The Oxford Companion to Food|editor-last=Jaine |editor-first=Tom |others=illustrations by Soun Vannithone |year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-967733-7|edition=3rd|location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |oclc=890807357}}</ref>

==Origin==
The precise origin of the dish is uncertain. Recipes for cooked meat enriched with spices and mixed within a sauce date back to 1700 BCE found on [[cuneiform]] tablets near [[Babylon]], credited to the [[Sumer]]ians.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=A postcolonial people : South Asians in Britain|date=2006|publisher=Hurst & Co|others=Ali, N. (Nasreen), 1969–, Kalra, Virinder S., Sayyid, S. (Salman)|isbn=1-85065-796-3|location=London|pages=62|oclc=70208358}}</ref> During the [[Mughal dynasty]], the Mughals called "boneless pieces of cooked meat" ''Tikka''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Indigenous culture, education and globalization : critical perspectives from Asia|others=Xing, Jun,, Ng, Pak-sheung|date=23 October 2015|isbn=978-3-662-48159-2|location=Heidelberg|pages=130|oclc=926915075}}</ref>

There are different varieties of the dish, both meat inclusive and [[vegetarian]]. Generally, the dish is defined as "a dish of small pieces of meat or vegetables [[Marination|marinated]] in a [[spice mixture]]".<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Concise Oxford English dictionary|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Stevenson, Angus., Waite, Maurice.|isbn=978-0-19-960108-0|edition=12th|location=Oxford|pages=1508|oclc=692291307}}</ref>

==Preparation==
''Tikka'' consists of boneless pieces of meat or vegetarian alternatives such as [[paneer]], which are marinated in spices and [[yogurt]] and subsequently strung through a [[skewer]] to be cooked.<ref name=":2" /> It is generally cooked in a [[tandoor]] and served dry.<ref name=":2" />

==Variations==

=== Indian-subcontinent variations===
The Sub-continent, especially Pakistani, variations of ''Tikka'' are the roots of the Western variations, including Malai Boti, ''[[Chicken tikka]]'' and ''[[Paneer tikka]]'', which are generally served dry.

=== Cross-cultural variations ===
Regular chicken and paneer tikka have been combined with dishes from other cultures such as [[Mexican cuisine]] to create hybrid dishes such as Tikka Masala [[Burrito]]s, which are served with either chicken or [[paneer]] as their main ingredient.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tanyeri|first=D|date=September 2018|title=Fast-Casual Indian|pages=18–21|work=Restaurant Development + Design}}</ref>

==Popularity==

=== In Britain ===
A study was undertaken in the 1990s that revealed British interest in foreign food, with chicken tikka being a favourite filling in the [[British Rail sandwich]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=A.|title=Food, Health and Identity|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2013|pages=71}}</ref>

=== In Pakistan ===
A variations of Tikka, like Malai Boti, Chicken Tikka, Balochi Tikka, Achari Tikka, Balochi Tikka, Darbari Tikka, Beef Kabab Tikka Fry, inspired by Mughal era cuisine, are commonly found in Pakistan.

==Preservation and quality==

=== Paneer tikka ===
Paneer tikka has a [[Shelf life|shelf-life]] of 1–2 days, which can be increased to 28 days using modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) technology.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=M.|date=June 2016|title=Shelf Life Enhancement of Paneer tikka by Modified Atmospheric Packaging|journal=Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology|volume=10|issue=2|pages=1415–1420}}</ref> [[Vacuum packing|Vacuum packaging]] is most effective as it is able to limit [[chemical change]]s during storage, increasing the refrigerated shelf-life of paneer tikka to 40 days.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=Ahuja|first1=Kunal K.|last2=Goyal|first2=G. K.|date=June 2013|title=Combined effect of vacuum packaging and refrigerated storage on the chemical quality of paneer tikka|url= |journal=Journal of Food Science and Technology|language=en|volume=50|issue=3|pages=620–623|doi=10.1007/s13197-012-0688-x|issn=0022-1155|pmc=3602555|pmid=24425964}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pakistani dishes}}

[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Pakistani cuisine]]
[[Category:Punjabi cuisine]]
[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi cuisine]]
[[Category:Iraqi cuisine]]
[[Category:Hors d'oeuvres]]
[[Category:Cheese dishes]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Pakistani cuisine in the United Kingdom]]

Ricky A. J. Syngkon

2026-04-20T10:36:21Z

SanjayGhare: Put Up Some Pg W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician (1972–2026)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ricky A.J. Syngkon
| image = File:Ricky_A._J._Syngkon.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 6 January 1972
| birth_place = Sansaimitre Nongsder, [[Ri Bhoi]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|2026|2|19|54|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Shillong]], Meghalaya, India
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = June 2024
| term_end = 19 February 2026
| constituency = [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]]
| predecessor = [[Vincent Pala]]
| successor =
| party = [[Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)|Voice of the People Party]]
| website =
| alma_mater = [[North-Eastern Hill University]]
}}

'''Ricky Andrew Jones Syngkon''' (6 January 1972 – 19 February 2026) was an Indian politician from [[Meghalaya]]. He was a member of the [[18th Lok Sabha|18th]] [[Lok Sabha]] representing the [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]] constituency in the state of Meghalaya as a member of the [[Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)|Voice of the People Party]] (VPP). He was also the general secretary of the VPP.

== Early life and personal life ==

Ricky Andrew J. Syngkon was born to Sainbor Jones Syngkon and S. M. Tariang on 6 January 1972, in Sansaimitre Nongsder village in [[Ri-Bhoi district]] of [[Meghalaya]]. Syngkon got his MA in Economics, M.Com and Doctor of Philosophy in Economics, School Of Economics, Management and Information Sciences, [[North-Eastern Hill University|North Eastern Hill University]] 2007. He was also an assistant professor in the Department of Commerce at North-Eastern Hill University.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

He married Audrey, who passed away in 2019. They had no children. He is survived by one brother and two sisters.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

== Political career ==
In the [[2024 Indian general election in Meghalaya|2024 general election]], Syngkon ran for the [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong constituency]] as a member of the VPP. He won that seat and was elected to the [[18th Lok Sabha]], having defeated five other candidates, including the then MP, [[Vincent Pala]] of [[Indian National Congress]] by over 271,910 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2024/06/04/saleng-a-sangma-wins-tura-ricky-aj-syngkon-secures-shillong-seat-in-meghalaya-ls-polls/|title=Saleng A. Sangma Wins Tura; Ricky AJ Syngkon Secures Shillong Seat In Meghalaya LS Polls|publisher=Northeast Today|date=4 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/meghalaya-election-results-2024-live/article68214640.ece|title=Meghalaya Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP-ally NPP loses both seats as INC, VPP register big wins|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Shillong Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=Shillong Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/meghalaya/shillong |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260221071729/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/meghalaya/shillong |archivedate=21 February 2026 |accessdate=21 February 2026 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==

Syngkon died on 19 February 2026, at the age of 54, following a cardiac arrest whilst playing a futsal match.<ref name="Shillong MP Ricky Syngkon collapses while playing futsal; dies">{{cite news|title=Shillong MP Ricky Syngkon collapses while playing futsal; dies|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shillong-mp-ricky-syngkon-collapses-while-playing-futsal-dies/articleshow/128581285.cms|accessdate=21 February 2026|publisher=The Times of India|date=20 February 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260220225653/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shillong-mp-ricky-syngkon-collapses-while-playing-futsal-dies/articleshow/128581285.cms|archivedate=20 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="Shillong MP Ricky Andrew J. Syngkon passes away">{{cite news|title=Shillong MP Ricky Andrew J. Syngkon passes away|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/meghalaya/shillong-mp-ricky-andrew-j-syngkon-passes-away/article70653220.ece|accessdate=21 February 2026|publisher=The Hindu|date=19 February 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260221071148/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/meghalaya/shillong-mp-ricky-andrew-j-syngkon-passes-away/article70653220.ece|archivedate=21 February 2026|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Vincent Pala]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]]|years=2024 - 2026}}
{{s-aft|after=Vacant}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Syngkon, Ricky A. J.}}
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Shillong]]
[[Category:Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya) politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:People from Ri-Bhoi district]]
[[Category:People associated with Shillong]]

{{Meghalaya-politician-stub}}

Jetpur, Chhota Udaipur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:21:46Z

SanjayGhare: started first info more to come

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{about|the constituency in Chhota Udaipur district|the constituency in Rajkot district|Jetpur, Rajkot Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jetpur
| mla = Rathwa Jayantibhai Savjibhai
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Chhota Udaipur district|Chhota Udaipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Chhota Udaipur]]
| established = 2007
| reservation = ST
| electors = {{formatnum:271247}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 138
}}

'''Jetpur''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Chhota Udaipur district|Chhota Udaipur]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

'''Jetpur''' assembly constituency is one of the 182 assembly constituencies of Gujarat. It is located in [[Chhota Udaipur district]]. This seat is reserved for members of [[Scheduled Tribes]]. After the 2017 Vidhansabha Elections, Jayantibhai Rathwa (BJP) was dethroned by Sukhram Rathwa (INC).

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date= 5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Jetpur Pavi Taluka (Part) Villages – Lodhan, Mesara, Vankol, Sihod, Moti Bumdi, Patiya, Nana Butiyapura, Mota Butiyapura, Ranbhun, Amalpur, Gadoth, Moti Tejavav, Khandivav, Pratapnagar, Shithol, Aniyadri, Moti Amrol, Sengpur, Tamboliya, Chudel, Ambadi, Bhensavahi, Suskal, Nani Tejavav, Kukna, Chapargota, Jivanpura, Timbi, Pandhara, Visadi, Dhorivav, Jabugam, Baravad, Harakhpur, Kohivav, Vavdi, Majigam, Chhotanagar, Ratanpur, Khandiyakuva, Polanpur, Muldhar, Tokarva, Chachak, Simaliya, Tadkachhala, Vanta, Vaddhari, Khadakla, Vadatalav, Gaidiya, Sakhandra, Devmori, Gajra, Bordha, Degla, Pandharva, Sajuli, Nani Amrol, Bandi, Kosum, Deriya, Kalarani, Vantada, Dharoliya (Sakhandra), Kothiya, Sadadhari, Sherpura, Valpari, Undva, Haripura, Karsan, Rajpur (Karali), Bhindol, Dharoliya Bhindol, Ambazati, Zab (Sajva), Ghodiyala, Sadhali, Pratappura, Kavara, Chimli, Panibar, Saloj, Ghodaj, Mota Amadra (Chhatrali), Chundheli, Kadachhala, Nana Amadra (Chhatrali), Chhatrali, Karali, Thambhla, Sajva, Ambalag, Vankala, Karajvant, Jitnagar, Mora Dungari, Navi Rudhi, Ferkuva, Simal Ghoda, Khareda, Bhorda, Nani Vant, Vanadha, Juni Rudhi, Juna Timbarva, Nava Timbarva, Badaliya, Chalamali, Moti Vant, Rajvasana, Rajbodeli, Un, Navagam, Vadivada, Athavali, Mavali, Bhilvaniya, Zoz, Unada, Untkoi.
# Kavant Taluka

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Mohansinh Rathwa
|
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Jayantibhai Rathva]]
|
|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Sukhram Rathva]]<ref name=election2017/> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Jayantibhai Rathva|Jayantibhai Savjibhai Rathwa]]||
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Jetpur, Chhota Udaipur Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jayantibhai Rathva]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=86,041|percentage=47.53|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rathwa Radhikaben Amarsinghbhai|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=48,262|percentage=26.66|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sukhrambhai Hariyabhai Rathwa|party=Indian National Congress|votes=33,672|percentage=18.6|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=4,598|percentage=2.54|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=37,779|percentage=20.87|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:265,890}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2017]]: Jetpur<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sukhram Rathva]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 77,701
|percentage = 45.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jayantibhai Rathwa]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=74,649|percentage=44.05|change=}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = None of the above
|party = NOTA
|votes = 6,155
|percentage = 3.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Surajben Rathva
|party = IND
|votes = 3,314
|percentage = 1.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Gangaben Rathva
|party = GJCP
|votes = 2,947
|percentage = 1.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,052|percentage=1.80|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,69,461|percentage=69.19|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jayantibhai Rathwa]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=61,966|percentage=39.44|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sukhram Rathva]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=57,693|percentage=36.72|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,273|percentage=2.72|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=157,127|percentage=72.54|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.35|73.85|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Chhota Udaipur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2007]]

Sanganer Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:54:27Z

SanjayGhare: Adding Initial Details From Scratch

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sanganer
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-55-Sanganer.svg
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Jaipur district]]
| established = 1977
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 55
| mla = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]] {{Small|[[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]]}}
| incumbent_image = File:Shri Bhajan Lal Sharma.jpg
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Ashok Lahoty
}}
'''Sanganer Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] in the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] and falls within the [[Jaipur Lok Sabha constituency]]. It encompasses parts of the [[Mansarovar (Jaipur)|Mansarovar]] and [[Sanganer]] neighborhoods in [[Jaipur]] city, covering all voters from Ward numbers 24 to 32 of the [[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]].<ref name="election2024">{{cite web | title=Map of Sanganer Assembly constituency | url=http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/ac_maps//AM055.pdf | access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref> Chief minister of state represents this constituency.

==History==
Sanganer Assembly constituency was established in 1976 through the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976''. The [[Delimitation Commission of India]] created 16 new constituencies at that time, bringing the total number of constituencies to 200, in accordance with the Delimitation Act of 1972.<ref name="election1976">{{cite web |title=Archive Delimitation Orders, DPACO (1976) |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name="election1977">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Rajasthan.pdf 1977 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || rowspan=4|Vidhya Pathak || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name="election1980">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Rajasthan.pdf 1980 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name="election1985">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%201985%20Rajasthan.pdf 1985 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name="election1990">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_RJ_90.pdf 1990 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name="election1993">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_RJ_93.pdf 1993 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || rowspan=2|Indira Mayaram ||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name="election1998">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-RAJ98.pdf 1998 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name="election2003">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_RAJ_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || rowspan=3|[[Ghanshyam Tiwari (politician, born 1947)|Ghanshyam Tiwari]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/Stats_report_RJ2008.pdf 2008 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Ashok Lahoty]]
|-
| [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Sanganer<ref name=results2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 March 2024}}</ref><ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:145162}}
|percentage = 58.44
|change = +6.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pushpendra Bhardwaj
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:97081}}
|percentage = 39.08
|change = +4.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1296}}
|percentage = 0.52
|change = -0.59
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:48081}}
|percentage = 19.36
|change = +2.46
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:248412}}
|percentage = 70.93
|change = +1.75
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sanganer]]<ref name="election2018">{{cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2018|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Ashok Lahoti
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:107947}}
|percentage = 51.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pushpendra Bhardwaj
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:72542}}
|percentage = 34.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Vahini Party
|candidate = Ghanshyam Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:17371}}
|percentage = 8.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2325}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:35405}}
|percentage = 16.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:209572}}
|percentage = 69.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Assembly Election, 2013]]: [[Sanganer]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Ghanshyam Tiwari (politician, born 1947)|Ghanshyam Tiwari]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,12,465
|percentage = 65.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sanjay Bapna
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 47,115
|percentage = 27.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Vijay Sharma
|party = [[Jago Party|JGP]]
|votes = 1,780
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Keshav Shukla
|votes = 1,395
|percentage = 0.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|candidate = Chhail Bihari
|party = [[Rashtriya Lok Dal|NPEP]]
|votes = 1,302
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = None of the Above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,911
|percentage = 1.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 65,350
|percentage = 38.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,71,474
|percentage = 68.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.82|75.77|display=title}}

[[Category:Jaipur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Shrinjay Pratap Singh

2026-04-15T14:33:03Z

SanjayGhare: Adding New Bio Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian Army officer}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General]]
| name = Shrinjay Pratap Singh
| honorific_suffix = [[AVSM]], [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]]
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{army|IND}}
| serviceyears = 10 June 1989 – present
| rank = [[Lieutenant General]]
| servicenumber = IC-48530M
| unit = [[Kumaon Regiment]]
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] (AVSM)
* [[Yudh Seva Medal]] (YSM)
}}
}}

'''Shrinjay Pratap Singh''' {{post-nominals|country=IND|AVSM|YSM}} is a Lieutenant general of the [[Indian Army]], currently serving as the Director General of the [[Defence Intelligence Agency (India)|Defence Intelligence Agency]] and [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff|Deputy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]] (Intelligence).

== Early life and education ==
Singh is a second-generation Army officer. He is an alumnus of the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], and the [[Indian Military Academy]]. He attended the Higher Command Course and the [[National Defense University (United States)|National Defence College]] in the [[United States]]. He holds a master's degree in Strategic Studies from [[University of Madras]] and an MPhil from [[Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya]].<ref name="FPJ12">{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Shrinjay Pratap Singh Assumes Charge As Chief Of Staff Of Southern Command |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/pune-lt-gen-shrinjay-pratap-singh-assumes-charge-as-chief-of-staff-of-southern-command |website=Free Press Journal |date=2 October 2024 |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref>

== Military career ==
Shrinjay Pratap Singh was commissioned into the [[Indian Army]] on 10 June 1989.<ref name="FPJ12"/> He has commanded an [[infantry battalion]] in the semi-desert sector, a [[brigade]] in counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], a [[Division (military)|division]] on the northern borders, and a [[corps]] on the western front.<ref name="FPJ12"/>

As a staff officer, he has served in operational and intelligence appointments, and at the Army Headquarters in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="IE">{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Shrinjay Pratap Singh assumes charge as Chief of Staff of Southern Command |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lt-gen-shrinjay-pratap-singh-assumes-charge-as-chief-of-staff-of-southern-command-9598725/ |website=The Indian Express |date=1 October 2024 |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref>

In October 2024, he assumed charge as the Chief of Staff of the [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]] succeeding Lieutenant General Manjit Kumar upon his superannuation.<ref name="FPJ12"/><ref name="IE"/><ref name="TBC">{{cite web |title=Southern Command welcomes new Chief of Staff Lt Gen Shrinjay Pratap Singh |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/news/southern-command-welcomes-new-chief-of-staff-lt-gen-shrinjay-pratap-singh |website=The Bridge Chronicle |date=1 October 2024 |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="PN">{{cite web |title=Pune: Lt Gen Shrinjay Pratap Singh takes over as Chief of Staff at Army's Southern Command |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/pune-lt-gen-shrinjay-pratap-singh-takes-over-as-chief-of-staff-at-armys-southern-command/ |website=Punekar News |date=1 October 2024 |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref>

In 2025, Lt Gen Singh assumed charge as the Director General of the Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) and Deputy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Intelligence). In this capacity, he oversees defence intelligence coordination and tri-service intelligence operations.

In July 2025, he led a high-level Indian military delegation to [[Naypyidaw]], [[Myanmar]], where he met the junta's Deputy Chief Soe Win. According to [[The Irrawaddy]].<ref name="IRR">{{cite web |title=Indian Top Brass Visit Myanmar After Cross-Border Drone Attack |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/indian-top-brass-visit-myanmar-after-cross-border-drone-attack.html |website=The Irrawaddy |date=18 July 2025 |access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="Mizzima">{{cite web |title=Indian military intelligence chief meets Myanmar junta |url=https://eng.mizzima.com/2025/07/19/24531 |website=Mizzima |date=19 July 2025 |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="CNI">{{cite web |title=Does the arrival of Indian intelligence chief make any difference? |url=https://cnimyanmar.com/index.php/english-edition/30312-does-the-arrival-of-indian-intelligence-chief-make-any-difference |website=CNI Myanmar |date=19 July 2025 |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref>

== Awards and decorations ==
Lt Gen Singh has been awarded the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] and the [[Yudh Seva Medal]] for his distinguished service.<ref name="Gazette2025">{{cite web |title=Gazette of India, April 2025 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2025/262425.pdf |website=egazette.gov.in |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="PIBInv">{{cite web |title=Defence Investiture Ceremony 2025 (Phase-II) |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2133924 |website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Shrinjay Pratap}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Indian lieutenant generals]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:National Defense University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya alumni]]

List of Kathak dancers

2026-04-13T10:11:48Z

SanjayGhare: stub

{{short description|None}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Kathak'' dancers}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
This is a list of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] awards for the [[Indian classical dance|Indian classical dance form]] of ''[[Kathak]]'', as well as gurus and well-known performers.

==Sangeet Natak Akademi awardees==
[[File:Shovana Narayan.jpg|thumb|Dancer [[Shovana Narayan]]]]
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/Awardees.php |title=SNA {{!}}{{!}} List of Awardees |website=www.sangeetnatak.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817135029/http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/Awardees.php |archive-date=2016-08-17}} </ref>
*[[Shambhu Maharaj]] 1955
*[[Lacchu Maharaj]] 1957
*[[Sunder Prasad]] 1959
*[[Mohanrao Kallianpurkar]] 1962
*[[Birju Maharaj]] 1964
*[[Damayanti Joshi]] 1968
*[[Sitara Devi]] 1969
*[[Devilal]] 1974
*[[Roshan Kumari]] 1975
*[[Rohini Bhate]] 1979
* Pt. Kartik Ram, [[Kumudini Lakhia]] 1982
*[[Durga Lal]] 1984
*[[Uma Sharma]] 1987
*Reba Vidyarthi 1991
*Ramlal Bareth 1995
*[[Maya Rao]] 1989
*[[Rani Karnaa]] 1996
*[[Shovana Narayan]] 1999-2000
*Guru Surendra Saikia 2000
*[[Rajendra Gangani]] 2002
*[[Sunayana Hazarilal|Sunayana Hazarilal Agarwal]], Urmila Nagar 2003
*[[Saswati Sen]] 2004
*Pt.Tirath Ram Azad 2005
*[[Munna Shukla]] 2006
*[[Geetanjali Lal]] 2007
*[[Shashi Sankhla]] 2008
*[[Prerana Shrimali]] 2009
*Malabika Mitra 2010
*Manjushree Chatterjee 2011
*Vijai Shankar 2012<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1704544968_Vijai%20Shankar.pdf | title=Vijai Shankar - Akademi Award: Kathak | website=www.sangeetnatak.gov.in}}</ref>
*Rajashree Shirke 2013
*[[Uma Dogra]] 2014
*[[Jitendra Maharaj]] 2016
*[[Shobha Koser]] 2017
*Maulik Shah, Ishira Parikh 2018
*[[Puru Dadheech]] 2018
*[[Raghav Raj Bhatt & Mangala Bhatt]] 2019
*[[Kumkum Dhar]] 2020
*[[Nandkishore Kapote]] 2020
*[[Shama Bhate]] 2021
*[[Kamalini Asthana and Nalini Asthana]] 2022
*Jagdish Gangani 2023

== Padma awardees ==
*[[Shambhu Maharaj]]
*[[Damayanti Joshi]]
*[[Sitara Devi]]
*[[Uma Sharma]]
*[[Gopi Krishna (dancer)]]
*[[Roshan Kumari]]
*[[Birju Maharaj]]
*[[Kumudini Lakhia]]
*[[Shovana Narayan]]
*[[Sunayana Hazarilal]]
*[[Rani Karnaa]]
*[[Puru Dadheech]]
*[[Kamalini Asthana and Nalini Asthana]]

== Gharana founders ==
* [[Ishwari Prasad]] - Founder:Lucknow Gharana
* [[Raja Chakradhar Singh]] - Founder: Raigarh Gharana

== Lucknow gharana ==
The following is a list of the [[Guru]]s of the ''Lucknow Gharana'', beginning with the disciples of Ishwari Prasad:<ref name="ns">{{cite web|url=http://www.nadsadhna.com/pages/IndianMusic/Dance.asp?About=Gharanas|title=Gharanas of Kathak|publisher=Nad Sadhna website|accessdate=2 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714145914/http://www.nadsadhna.com/pages/IndianMusic/Dance.asp?About=Gharanas|archive-date=2011-07-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Wajid Ali Shah]] (1822 – 1887, [[Nawab of Oudh]] and patron of the arts)
* [[Lachhu Maharaj]]
* [[Shambhu Maharaj]]
* [[Maya Rao]]
* [[Damayanti Joshi]]
* [[Birju Maharaj]]
* [[Ram Mohan Maharaj]]
* [[Sushmita Banerjee (dancer)|Sushmita Banerjee]]
* [[Maharaj Ghulam Hussain Kathak]]
* [[Saswati Sen]]
* [[Vibha Dadheech]]
[[File:Kathak Dancer Namrata Rai, clicked by famous photographer (Padma Shri) Shri Avinash Pasricha.jpg|thumb|Kathak Dancer Namrata Rai<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ashirvachan.com/Portrait/Namrata-Rai | title=Namrata Rai: Uniting Cultures with Kathak | date=8 July 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.namratarai.com/|title=Namrata Rai- Famous Kathak Dancer in India|website=www.namratarai.com}}</ref>]]
* [[Munna Shukla]]
* [[Nandkishore Kapote]]
* Mahua Shankar
* [[Shila Mehta]]
* [[Prerana Deshpande]]
* [[Gauri Jog]]
* [[Sushmita Banerjee (dancer)|Sushmita Banerjee]]
* [[Kumkum Dhar]]
* [[Papia Bhowmik]]
* [[Deepa Devasena]]
* [[Manjari Chaturvedi]]
* [[Pali Chandra]]
* Namrata Rai <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gettyimages.in/detail/news-photo/kathak-dancer-namrata-rai-performs-in-front-of-the-1000-news-photo/464137097 | title=Kathak dancer, Namrata Rai performs in front of the 1000 year old | date=21 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/timtom/4057936119 | title=Namrata Rai | date=25 October 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://himalini.com/en/c-g-i-birgunj-organized-a-kathak-dance-performance-by-ms-namrata-rai-her-troups.html | title=C.G.I.Birgunj organized a Kathak Dance performance by Ms. Namrata Rai & her troups | date=28 January 2023 }}</ref>

==Jaipur gharana==

* [[Sunder Prasad]] (Sundar Chunnilal Prasad)
* [[Puru Dadheech]]
* [[Mangala Bhatt]]
* [[Pandit Bhanuji Maharaj]]
* [[Kundan Lal Gangani]]
* [[Durga Lal-Devi Lal]]
* [[Geetanjali Lal]]
* [[Rajendra Gangani]]

==Banaras gharana==
The following is a list of the [[guru]]s of the ''Benaras Gharana'', beginning with the disciples of Janaki Prasad:<ref name="ns"/>
* [[Sitara Devi]], daughter of Sukhdev
* [[Jitendra maharaj]] Disciple of Krishna Kumar maharaj
* [[Kamalini Asthana and Nalini Asthana]]
* [[Gopi Krishna (dancer)|Gopi Krishna]]

== Gurus (deceased) ==
* [[Damayanti Joshi]]
* [[Rohini Bhate]]
* [[Chitresh Das]]
* [[Rani Karnaa]]
* [[Maya Rao]]
* [[Birju Maharaj]]

== Current elder/senior gurus ==
*[[Roshan Kumari]]
*[[Puru Dadheech]]
*[[Nahid Siddiqui]]
*[[Kumudini Lakhia]]
*[[Maya Rao]] (1928-2014)
*[[Nirupama Rajendra]]
*[[Nandini Singh]]
*[[Geetanjali Lal]]
*[[Shama Bhate]]
*[[Prerana Shrimali]]
*[[Nandkishore Kapote]]
*[[Saswati Sen]]
*[[Rajendra Gangani]]
*[[Shovana Narayan]]
*[[Pali Chandra]]
*[[Prof.Purnima Pande]]
*[[Papia Bhowmik]]
*[[Marami Medhi]]

== Younger artists ==
* [[Maryada Kulshreastha]]
* [[Jaya Sharma]]
* [[Prerana Deshpande]]
* [[Manisha Gulyani]]
* [[Neha Pendse]]
* [[Akram Khan (dancer)]]
* [[Chitresh Das]]
* [[Satya Narayana Charka]]
* [[Cynthia Ling Lee]]
* [[Meenakshi J Kamath]]
* [[Swati S Kolle]]
* [[Meghranjani Medhi]]
* [[Anshika Kataria]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dance}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kathak Exponents, List Of}}
[[Category:Kathak dancers| ]]
[[Category:India dance-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of dancers]]

Rabichandra Singh Moirangthem

2026-04-13T05:14:08Z

SanjayGhare: started initial biography w/ refs.

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Meitei name|Moirangthem|Rabichandra|Singh}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Rabichandra Singh Moirangthem
| image = Field hockey at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys Preliminary Round – IND-AUS (58).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = [[Field hockey at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' tournament|2018 Summer Youth Olympics]]
| full_name = Rabichandra Singh Moirangthem
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|08|03|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Moirang]], [[Manipur]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| position = Midfielder
| years1 =
| clubs1 = Manipur Hockey
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 =
| clubs2 = Petroleum Sports Promotion Board
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2024–
| clubs3 = [[Kalinga Lancers]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| nationalyears1 = 2018
| nationalteam1 = [[India men's national under-18 field hockey team|India U18]]
| nationalcaps1 = 14
| nationalgoals1 = 10
| nationalyears2 = 2017–2021
| nationalteam2 = [[India men's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]
| nationalcaps2 = 23
| nationalgoals2 = 1
| nationalyears3 = 2022–
| nationalteam3 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps3 = 25
| nationalgoals3 = 0
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Hockey5s]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Youth Olympic Games|Summer Youth Olympics]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2018 Summer Youth Olympics|2018 Buenos Aires]]|[[Field hockey at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' tournament|Team]]}}
| updated =
}}
'''Rabichandra Singh Moirangthem''' (born 3 August 2001)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rabichandra Singh Moirangthem Profile |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/rabichandra-singh-moirangthem-profile-4456 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Hockey India |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[field hockey]] player from Manipur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-15 |title=Rabichandra Singh: From dodging mom to watch hockey to donning India colours |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/hockey/rabichandra-singh-from-dodging-mom-to-watch-hockey-to-donning-india-colours-101668526543750.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He plays as a midfielder for the [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian national team]] and represents Petroleum Sports Promotion Board in the domestic tournaments.

== Early life ==
Rabichandra is from Thoya Leikai village in [[Moirang]], Manipur. His is born to Bheigyabati Devi and late Nimai Singh. His father died in 2016. He was the youngest of four siblings. His elder brother Devid Singh, who was a state hockey player, joined Indian Army to meet the family's financial needs.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Rabichandra started playing hockey at the age of 10, when he attended a coaching camp at the All Moirang Hockey Association, [[Moirang]]. After the camp, the coach took his for trials at the [[Sports Authority of India]] training centre (SAI) hostel in Imphal, where he was selected as an inmate in 2012. He played for SAI, Imphal till 2016. During the Sub-Junior Nationals at Imphal, he was spotted to attend the selection trials for National Hockey Academy at [[Delhi]]. He passed the trials and joined the academy. After the Junior World Cup, he was given a three-year scholarship from 2019 to 2022 by the Petroleum Sports Promotion Board (PSPB). He also played the [[2022 Men's FIH Hockey5s|FIH Hockey5s]] and got a gold for India at Lausanne in June 2022.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Hockey player Rabichandra Moirangthem greeted with fanfare |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/sports/hockey-player-rabichandra-moirangthem-greeted-with-fanfare |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en}}</ref> He was felicitated by the Manipur government after his return from [[Lausanne]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Senior India career ==
Rabichandra was selected for the Senior India National camp in January 2022 and made the cut to make his Senior India debut two months later [[2022–23 Men's FIH Pro League|FIH Pro League]] tie against Argentina in March 2022.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-16 |title=Moirangthem Rabichandra Singh to make debut, Gurjant Singh returns in Indian hockey team for Argentina tie |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/moirangthem-rabichandra-singh-to-make-debut-gurjant-singh-returns-in-indian-hockey-team-for-argentina-tie/articleshow/90263775.cms |access-date=2023-12-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He also played for India in the Hockey 5s format and was part of the team that won gold at the inaugural edition of Hero Hockey five-a-side Championship at Lausanne in June 2022.<ref name=":1"/> He also represented senior India in the FIH Hockey Pro League (M) for the years 2021–22, 2022–23 and 2023–24.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=MOIRANGTHEM Rabichandra {{!}} India hockey player |url=https://www.fih.hockey/events/fih-pro-league/teams/men/player/moirangthem-rabichandra-18693 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=International Hockey Federation |language=en}}</ref>

== Junior India debut ==
Rabichandra was selected for the Junior national camp in 2017<ref name=":0" /> and made his India debut at the Sultan of Johor Cup in October. He then played the [[Field hockey at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' tournament|3rd Youth Olympic Games 2018]] and was part of the Silver-winning Indian junior team where he scored four goals.<ref name=":2" /> Later, he represented India in the [[2023 Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup|FIH Odisha Hockey Men's Junior World Cup Bhubaneswar 2021]], where India finished fourth.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}
* [https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/moirangthem-rabichandra-singh-profile-4456 Rabichandra Singh Moirangthem] as [[Hockey India]]
{{Commons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moirangthem, Rabichandra Singh}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Manipur]]
[[Category:People from Bishnupur district]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Sattenapalli revenue division

2026-04-12T02:02:09Z

SanjayGhare: Adding Some Info Initial Version

{{Short description|Revenue division in Palnadu district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{infobox settlement
| name = Sattenapalli Revenue Division
| settlement_type = [[Revenue division]] in [[Palnadu district]]
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
| established_title = Formed
| established_date = 4 April 2022
| founder = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
}}

'''Sattenapalli Revenue Division''' is an [[administrative division]] in the [[Palnadu district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is one of the [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|three revenue divisions]] in the district and comprises 9 [[mandals]]. It was formed on 4 April 2022 along with the newly formed Palnadu district.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2022 |title=New districts to come into force on April 4 |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/new-districts-to-come-into-force-on-april-4/article65274658.ece |access-date=31 May 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The revenue division comprises 9 mandals: [[Atchampet mandal, Palnadu district|Atchampet]], [[Amaravathi mandal, Andhra Pradesh|Amaravathi]], [[Bellamkonda]], [[Krosuru]], [[Muppalla]], [[Nekarikallu]], [[Pedakurapadu]], [[Rajupalem, Guntur district|Rajupalem]], and [[Sattenapalle mandal|Sattenapalle]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2022 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=[[Sakshi Post]] |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601231914/https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Palnadu district}}

[[Category:2022 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

[[Category:Revenue divisions in Palnadu district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Waheed Akhtar

2026-04-06T12:45:17Z

SanjayGhare: Adding A Post W/ Refs

{{More citations needed|date= June 2018}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Expert needed|literature|date=May 2015|reason=The article needs someone familiar with this subject to improve its sourcing and other details}}
{{Infobox religious biography|religion=[[Islam]]
| occupation = [[Urdu poet]] and [[Islamic philosophy|Muslim philosopher]]
| era = Contemporary
| image = Syed Waheed Akhtar.jpg
| caption = Waheed Akhtar
| name = Syed Waheed Akhtar
| title = Syed
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1934|08|12}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1996|12|13|1934|08|12}}
| nationality = Indian
| region = India
| main_interests = [[Sufism]] [[Islamic philosophy]] philosophy
| works = ''Paththaron Ka Mughanni'', ''Shab Ka Razmiyah'', ''Zanjeer ka Naghma'', ''Karbala Ta Karbala'', ''Early Imamiyah Shia Thinkers'', etc
| signature = WaheedAkhtar.jpg
| module={{Infobox writer|embed=yes|
| genres = [[Ghazal]] [[Nazm]] [[Marsiyah]] [[Hijv]]}}
}}

'''Syed Waheed Akhtar''' (12 August 1934, in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] ([[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]) – 13 December 1996) was an Urdu poet, writer, critic, orator, and a Muslim scholar and philosopher.

== Works ==

According to [[Shamsur Rahman Faruqi]], "Wahid Akhtar, regarded by many as a Modernist and by many others as Progressive, wrote that Modernism was really an extension of Progressivism".<ref>Shamsur Rahman Faruqi "Images in a Darkened Mirror: Issues and Ideas in Modern Urdu Literature", ''The Annual of Urdu Studies'', 1987, Volume 6, page 54.</ref> Akhtar is also considered by at least one writer to be among the few successful modern Urdu poets who took Marsia to new heights and gave it new direction in this age.<ref>{{cite book|author=Syed Akbar Hyder|title=Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=0195189302}}{{Page needed|date=July 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Urdu poetry]]
* [[Mir Babar Ali Anis]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=QxpSf_JV0pEC&pg=PA30] Reliving Karbala Martyrdom in South Asian Memory By Syed Akbar Hyder, Inc NetLibrary

{{Authority control}}{{portal|Poetry}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Akhtar, Waheed}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Shia scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Writers from Aligarh]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Islamic philosophers]]
[[Category:People from Aurangabad]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:People from Marathwada]]
[[Category:Indian Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Electoral bonds

2026-04-01T06:49:41Z

SanjayGhare:

{{Short description|Mode of political funding in India}}
{{politics}}
{{Political corruption sidebar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
'''Electoral bonds''' were a mode of funding for political parties in India. It was introduced in 2018 and a public interest litigation was started against it in 2020 by the [[Association for Democratic Reforms]] (ADR) and the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{cite news| work = Hindustan Times | title = Petition against electoral bonds to be heard on 20 January | url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/petition-over-electoral-bonds-in-sc-on-jan-20/story-WarIR4lrt4ti1o5y80eWtO.html}}</ref> The law struck down as unconstitutional by a five-judge bench of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] on 15 February 2024. The [[State Bank of India]] was directed to cede the identities and other details of donors and recipients to the [[Election Commission of India]], which was to publish them on its website.<ref name = TH67848211/>

On 7 November 2022, the Electoral Bond scheme was amended to increase the sale days from 70 to 85 in a year where any assembly election may be scheduled. The decision on '''Electoral Bond (Amendment) Scheme, 2022''' was taken shortly prior to the assembly elections in Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh, while the [[Model Code of Conduct]] was implemented in both the states.<ref>{{cite news |title=Electoral bonds: Purchase days raised from 70 to 85 each year |url=https://mintgenie.livemint.com/news/personal-finance/electoral-bonds-purchase-days-raised-from-70-to-85-each-year-151667884015617 |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=Mintgenie |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005081923/https://mintgenie.livemint.com/news/personal-finance/electoral-bonds-purchase-days-raised-from-70-to-85-each-year-151667884015617 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Ahead of the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 General Elections]], [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] announced its intention to eliminate electoral bonds, if the party is elected to power.<ref>{{cite news |last1=N. K. R. |first1=Ashwani Kumar |title=Cong to scrap electoral bonds if given power |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/cong-to-scrap-electoral-bonds-if-given-power-726668.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |date=3 April 2019 |language=en |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006061252/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/cong-to-scrap-electoral-bonds-if-given-power-726668.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] has also opposed the scheme, and was the sole national party to refuse donations through electoral bonds.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Never accepted any electoral bonds funding; always opposed it: CPI(M) | url = https://www.business-standard.com/politics/never-accepted-any-electoral-bonds-funding-always-opposed-it-cpi-m-124021600713_1.html | date = 2024-02-16 | access-date = 2024-03-15 | archive-date = 15 March 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240315160524/https://www.business-standard.com/politics/never-accepted-any-electoral-bonds-funding-always-opposed-it-cpi-m-124021600713_1.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ban on India's electoral bonds: How will it affect 2024 election? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/16/check-on-quid-pro-quo-will-indias-electoral-bonds-ban-hurt-modi |access-date=11 March 2024 |agency=Al Jazeera Media Network |publisher=Al Jazeera Media Network |date=16 February 2024 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328055254/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/16/check-on-quid-pro-quo-will-indias-electoral-bonds-ban-hurt-modi |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 15 February 2024, a five-judge bench of the Supreme Court of India, headed by Chief Justice [[DY Chandrachud]], unanimously struck down the electoral bonds scheme, as well as amendments to the ''Representation of People Act'', ''Companies Act'' and ''Income Tax Act'', as unconstitutional.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-15 |title=Electoral bonds verdict LIVE updates: Supreme Court deems EB scheme 'violative of right to information' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/electoral-bonds-scheme-verdict-live-updates-supreme-court-pronounce-judgement-today-february-15-dy-chandrachud-101707963574621.html |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Awstika |date=2024-02-15 |title=BREAKING {{!}} Supreme Court Strikes Down Electoral Bonds Scheme As Unconstitutional, Asks SBI To Stop Issuing EBs |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-electoral-bonds-1scheme-249553 |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2024-02-15 |title=Electoral Bonds Scheme: SC strikes down EBS, calls it 'unconstitutional' |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/electoral-bonds-scheme-verdict-live-supreme-court-judgment-on-pleas-challenging-its-validity-dy-chandrachud-case-11707961175743.html |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217173446/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/electoral-bonds-scheme-verdict-live-supreme-court-judgment-on-pleas-challenging-its-validity-dy-chandrachud-case-11707961175743.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They found it "violative of [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI (Right to Information)]]" and of voters’ right to information about political funding under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution.<ref name = TH67848211>{{Cite web | title = Supreme Court declares electoral bonds scheme unconstitutional | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/electoral-bonds-scheme-unconstitutional-sbi-should-reveal-the-details-of-donors-rules-sc/article67848211.ece | author = Krishnadas Rajagopal | date = 2024-02-15 | access-date = 2024-03-15 | website = The Hindu | language = en | archive-date = 29 April 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240429132445/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/electoral-bonds-scheme-unconstitutional-sbi-should-reveal-the-details-of-donors-rules-sc/article67848211.ece | url-status = live }}</ref> They also pointed out that it "would lead to ''[[quid pro quo]]'' arrangements" between corporations and politicians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Supreme Court scraps electoral bonds, calls them 'unconstitutional' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/15/indias-supreme-court-scraps-electoral-bonds-calls-it-unconstitutional |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429025154/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/15/indias-supreme-court-scraps-electoral-bonds-calls-it-unconstitutional |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Why did the Supreme Court strike down the electoral bonds scheme? Explained | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/why-did-the-supreme-court-strike-down-the-electoral-bonds-scheme-explained/article67848657.ece | author = | date = 2024-02-15 | access-date = 2024-03-15 | website = The Hindu | language = en | archive-date = 28 April 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240428203708/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/why-did-the-supreme-court-strike-down-the-electoral-bonds-scheme-explained/article67848657.ece | url-status = live }}</ref>

The State Bank of India was asked to hand over details of donors and recipients to the Election Commission of India by 6 March, and the ECI was to publish these online by 13 March.<ref name = TH67848211/> However, the SBI failed to submit the details by 6 March, and approached the Supreme Court asking for more time. The court turned down this request, following which the details were turned over to the ECI and published on their website.<ref>{{Cite web | title = EC releases electoral bonds data, billionaire giants to lesser-known entities among buyers |url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Mar/14/election-commission-uploads-electoral-bonds-data-received-from-sbi | author = Mukesh Ranjan | date = 2024-03-15 | access-date = 2024-03-15 | website = The New Indian Express | language = en}}</ref>

==Features==
Electoral bonds functioned like [[promissory note]]s and [[interest-free banking]] tools. Any Indian citizen or organization registered in India could buy these bonds after fulfilling the [[Know your customer|KYC]] norms laid down by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI). They could be procured by a donor solely through the means of cheque or digital payments in various denominations, such as one thousand, ten thousand, one lakh, ten lakh, and one crore from specific branches of the [[State Bank of India]] (SBI). Within a span of 15 days of issuance, these electoral bonds could be redeemed in the designated account of a legally registered political party under the [[Representation of the People Act, 1951]] (u/s 29A) which had received at least 1% of the votes in the last election. The stanches of bonds were available for purchase for 10 days in the months of January, April, July, and October with an additional time-frame of 30 days in the year of general elections for [[Lok Sabha]].<ref name="Gazette" /><ref name="EBpib" /><ref>{{cite web |title=PRESS RELEASE: Introduction of the Scheme of Electoral Bond |url=https://dea.gov.in/sites/default/files/Electoral%20Bonds_Press%20RELEASE_2-1-2018.pdf |website=dea.gov.in |publisher=Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India |access-date=4 October 2023}}</ref>

Electoral bonds featured anonymity since they bore no identification of the donor and the political party to which they were issued.<ref>{{cite news |title=EC opposes anonymity involved in electoral bonds |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ec-opposes-anonymity-involved-in-electoral-bonds-1554901750489.html |access-date=4 October 2023 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=10 April 2019 |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004080253/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ec-opposes-anonymity-involved-in-electoral-bonds-1554901750489.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the event that the 15-day deadline was not met, neither the donor nor the receiving political party received a refund for the issued electoral bonds. Rather, the fund value of the electoral bond was remitted to the [[Prime Minister's National Relief Fund]] (PMNRF).<ref name="VNw" />

==Objective==
The government capped cash donations to political parties at {{INR|2000}}. Enforcing donation amount exceeding {{INR|2000}} via the banking system would mean the declaration of assets by political parties and also enable their traceability. Then Finance Minister [[Arun Jaitley]] argued that this reform of electoral bonds is expected to enhance transparency and accountability in the realm of [[political funding in India|political funding]], while also preventing the creation of illegal funds for future generations.<ref name="SMreuters17">{{cite news |last1=Sanjeev Miglani |first1=Tommy Wilkes |title=On eve of state polls, Modi looks to clean up campaign funding |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-budget-politics-modi-idINKBN15H01W |access-date=4 October 2023 |work=Reuters |date=2 February 2017 |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004090757/https://www.reuters.com/article/india-budget-politics-modi-idINKBN15H01W |url-status=live }}</ref> Jaitley, while defending the anonymity of bonds, argued that if donors were asked to disclose their identity, they would revert back to cash donations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vishwanath |first1=Apurva |last2=Pathak |first2=Vikas |title=Electoral bonds: How the SC verdict counters former FM Arun Jaitley's arguments |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-verdict-on-poll-bonds-how-the-verdict-counters-former-fm-arun-jaitleys-arguments-9164201/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=10 May 2024 |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216031513/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-verdict-on-poll-bonds-how-the-verdict-counters-former-fm-arun-jaitleys-arguments-9164201/ |archive-date=16 February 2024 |language=en |date=16 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> The anonymity of the bonds was also intended to protect the donors' privacy and shield them from potential harassment.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rai |first1=Suyash |last2=Burman |first2=Anirudh |title=Analyzing the Benefits of Electoral Bonds {{!}} John Rawls on a Fair Society |url=https://carnegieindia.org/india/ideas-and-institutions/analyzing-the-benefits-of-electoral-bonds-or-john-rawls-on-a-fair-society?lang=en |website=Carnegie India |access-date=10 May 2024 |language=en |date=17 November 2023 |archive-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510072131/https://carnegieindia.org/india/ideas-and-institutions/analyzing-the-benefits-of-electoral-bonds-or-john-rawls-on-a-fair-society?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Explained: India Supreme Court strikes down electoral bonds. Why are they controversial? |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/explained-what-are-electoral-bonds-why-supreme-court-strikes-down-electoral-bonds-scheme-690460 |website=[[WION]] |access-date=10 May 2024 |date=15 February 2023}}</ref>

==Impact ==
*The monetary contribution limit that any registered political party in India can receive from an individual has been restricted to ₹2,000 – representing a reduction to 10% of the previous threshold of ₹20,000.<ref name="ADscroll">{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Abhishek |title=Will the Rs 2,000 cap on cash donations for political parties bring more transparency in the system? |url=https://scroll.in/article/828281/will-the-rs-2000-cap-on-cash-donations-for-political-parties-bring-more-transparency-in-the-system |access-date=4 October 2023 |work=Scroll.in |date=1 February 2017}}</ref> This was done through the Finance Act, 2017.<ref name="VNw">{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Venkatesh |title=SBI Accepts It Goofed Up RTI Data About Buyers of Electoral Bonds |url=https://thewire.in/banking/sbi-rti-electoral-bonds-data |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=The Wire |date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005083425/https://thewire.in/banking/sbi-rti-electoral-bonds-data |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Introduction of electoral bonds has effectively abolished the ceiling on contributions made by corporations, which was earlier limited to 7.5% of the organization's average net earnings over the preceding three-year period.<ref name="MV">{{cite web |last1=Vaishnav |first1=Milan |title=Electoral Bonds: The Safeguards of Indian Democracy Are Crumbling |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2019/11/electoral-bonds-the-safeguards-of-indian-democracy-are-crumbling?lang=en |website=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |access-date=4 October 2023 |location=Washington, DC |language=en |date=25 November 2019}}</ref> An amendment to the [[Companies Act 2013|Companies Act, 2013]] ensured this change.<ref name="VNw" />
*The scheme resulted in the elimination of the mandatory obligation for individuals or corporations to provide comprehensive information regarding their political contributions. Instead of reporting a comprehensive breakdown of political donations within their annual financial reports, companies would now be solely required to disclose a consolidated sum for purchase of electoral bonds.<ref name="MV" /> Relevant provisions under the [[Income Tax Act, 1961]] were amended in this regard.<ref name="VNw" />
*The [[Foreign Contribution Regulation Act]] (FCRA) was amended by the government, with the support of the opposition, to broaden the definition of a "foreign" entity, with the explicit aim of expanding the scope of firms that could lawfully make political contributions.<ref name="MV" />

Critics argued that these changes would allow any person, corporation, or interest group to now anonymously donate an unrestricted amount of funds to any political party, and that no citizen, journalist, or civil society representative would be able to establish any connections.<ref name="MV" />
== Statistics ==
=== ECI Data ===
On 11 March 2024, the Supreme Court ordered the State Bank of India to disclose the details of electoral bonds to the Election Commission of India (ECI) by the end of business hours the next day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=Miscellaneous Application No 486 of 2024 In Writ Petition (Civil) No 880 of 2017 |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2024/10382/10382_2024_1_301_51365_Judgement_11-Mar-2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315095456/https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2024/10382/10382_2024_1_301_51365_Judgement_11-Mar-2024.pdf |archive-date=2024-03-15 |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=[[Supreme Court of India]]}}</ref> This data was subsequently released by the ECI on their website on 15 March 2024. It includes the details of all bonds encashed between 12 April 2019, and 24 January 2024. On 17 March 2024, the Election Commission unveiled data received directly from political parties and is believed to be from the period before 12 April 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-21 |title=Judicial References {{!}} Election Commission of India |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/disclosure-of-electoral-bonds |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508003309/https://www.eci.gov.in/disclosure-of-electoral-bonds/ |archive-date=2024-05-08 |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

The data released by the ECI showed that the biggest donor was Future Gaming and Hotels Pvt Ltd run by Mr Santiago Martin. This lottery company purchased bonds worth Rs 1,300 crore during the period 2019–2024.<ref name = IE9214783>{{Cite web | title = 3 of top 5 donors bought electoral bonds with ED and I-T knocking on their door | url = https://indianexpress.com/article/india/3-of-top-5-donors-bought-electoral-bonds-with-ed-and-i-t-knocking-on-their-door-9214783/ | author = | date = 2024-03-15 | access-date = 2024-03-15 | website = Indian Express | language = en | archive-date = 15 March 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240315184748/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/3-of-top-5-donors-bought-electoral-bonds-with-ed-and-i-t-knocking-on-their-door-9214783/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Of these, bonds worth Rs 100 crore were purchased seven days after a raid by India's Enforcement Directorate over charges of money laundering. The second and fifth biggest donors - Megha Engineering and Infrastructures Ltd and [[Vedanta Limited]] - also faced probes by law enforcement agencies during the period.<ref name = IE9214783/> Meanwhile, the third biggest donor - Qwik Supply Chain - was accused of being a subsidiary of [[Reliance Industries]], a charge Reliance denied. However, the company's registration details indicated a connection. <ref>{{Cite web | title = Qwik, a top buyer of Indian electoral bonds, is affiliated to Ambani's Reliance, filings show |url = https://www.reuters.com/world/india/qwik-top-buyer-indian-electoral-bonds-is-affiliated-ambanis-reliance-filings-2024-03-15/ | author = Krishn Kaushik, Aditya Kalra and Dhwani Pandya | date = 2024-03-15 | access-date = 2024-03-15 | website = Reuters | language = en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2024-03-15 |title=Reliance-Linked Qwik Supply 3rd-Largest Electoral Bond Buyer; Reliance Says Not Its Subsidiary |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/reliance-linked-qwik-supply-3rd-largest-electoral-bond-buyer-reliance-says-not-its-subsidiary-5245705 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315162336/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/reliance-linked-qwik-supply-3rd-largest-electoral-bond-buyer-reliance-says-not-its-subsidiary-5245705 |archive-date=2024-03-15 |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Amount encashed by political parties since 12 April 2019<ref>{{cite web |title=Regional parties together raised Rs 5,221 crore through electoral bonds |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/regional-parties-together-raised-rs-5-221-crore-through-electoral-bonds-124031500518_1.html |website=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=9 May 2024 |date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509172420/https://www.business-standard.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/regional-parties-together-raised-rs-5-221-crore-through-electoral-bonds-124031500518_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Electoral bonds full data {{!}} Complete list of donors, parties and unique numbers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/electoral-bond-full-data-complete-list-of-donors-parties-and-unique-numbers/article67976056.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 May 2024 |date=21 March 2024 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509172420/https://www.thehindu.com/data/electoral-bond-full-data-complete-list-of-donors-parties-and-unique-numbers/article67976056.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
! !! Political Party
!Amount (in crores)
|-
| 1 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| {{INR|6060.51}}
|-
| 2 || [[Trinamool Congress|All India Trinamool Congress]]|| {{INR|1609.53}}
|-
| 3 || [[Indian National Congress]]|| {{INR|1421.86}}
|-
| 4 || [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]|| {{INR|1214.70}}
|-
| 5 || [[Biju Janata Dal]]||{{INR|775.50}}
|-
| 6 || [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|| {{INR|639}}
|-
| 7 || [[YSR Congress Party]]|| {{INR|337}}
|-
| 8 || [[Telugu Desam Party]]|| {{INR|218.88}}
|-
| 9 || [[Shiv Sena]]|| {{INR|159.38}}
|-
| 10 || [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]|| {{INR|73.50}}
|-
| 11 || [[Aam Aadmi Party]]|| {{INR|65.45}}
|-
| 12 || [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]|| {{INR|43.40}}
|-
| 13 || [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]|| {{INR|36.50}}
|-
| 14 || [[Nationalist Congress Party]]|| {{INR|31}}
|-
| 15 || [[Jana Sena Party]]|| {{INR|21}}
|-
| 16 || [[Samajwadi Party]]|| {{INR|14.05}}
|-
| 17 || [[Janata Dal (United)]]|| {{INR|14}}
|-
| 18 || [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]|| {{INR|13.50}}
|-
| 19 || [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|| {{INR|7.2}}
|-
| 20 || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|| {{INR|6.05}}
|-
| 21 || [[Sikkim Democratic Front]]|| {{INR|5.50}}
|-
| 22 || [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]|| {{INR|0.55}}
|-
| 23 || [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]|| {{INR|0.50}}
|-
| 24 || [[Goa Forward Party]]|| {{INR|0.35}}
|}
=== Issues ===
==== 2018 ====
Postponed from January 2018 and commencing on 1 March 2018, the first tranche of electoral bonds were made available for purchase over a span of ten days. State Bank of India issued and encashed these electoral bonds in fours of its branches at Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |title=First tranche of electoral bonds from March 1 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/policy/economy-first-tranche-of-electoral-bonds-from-march-1-1076316/ |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=Financial Express |date=23 February 2018 |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005083425/https://www.financialexpress.com/policy/economy-first-tranche-of-electoral-bonds-from-march-1-1076316/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=First tranche of electoral bonds on sale from March 1 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/first-tranche-of-electoral-bonds-on-sale-from-march-1/article22828026.ece |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=BusinessLine |date=22 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

Analysis of political parties' "Audited Accounts Contribution Statements" for the fiscal year 2017-18 ending on 31 March, which were duly submitted to both the [[Income Tax Department]] and the [[Election Commission of India]] reveals that BJP obtained electoral bonds amounting to ₹215 crore, whereas the Congress party received only ₹5 crore. It is noteworthy that no other registered political party, national or regional, has reported receiving any form of contribution through electoral bonds.<ref name="JSCdh" />

The third phase of electoral bond sale was scheduled for purchase from 1 May to 10 May at eleven SBI branches in Chennai, Kolkata, Mumbai and New Delhi along with designated branches in Assam, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Sagar |title=Third tranche of electoral bonds sale from May 1: FinMin |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/3rd-tranche-electoral-bonds-sale-may-1-finmin-666369.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006061252/https://www.deccanherald.com/business/3rd-tranche-electoral-bonds-sale-may-1-finmin-666369.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

An application under the Right to Information (RTI) Act was filed in May 2018 to obtain information on cumulative number of donors and the aggregate quantity of electoral bonds sold by each authorized branch during the months of March and April, among other relevant particulars. The Central Public Information Officer (CPIO) declined the application in June 2018, citing that the compilation of such data would result in "disproportionate diversion of the bank’s resources" but gave only the denomination-wise figures for the sale of all such bonds through the designated branches which did not match with information provided in another application. However, SBI’s first appellate authority (FAA), in July 2018, acknowledged the blunder that the previously given electoral bond sale data — 10 bonds of ₹100,000 denomination, 38 bonds of ₹10,00,000 and 9 bonds of ₹1,00,00,000 denomination, totaling ₹12.93 crore — for the Gandhinagar branch was, in fact, "belonged" to the Bengaluru branch of the State Bank of India. The RTI applicant regretted the claims of transparency made by the government.<ref name="VNw" />

====2019====
The RTI response of SBI to a query by Vihar Durve has shown that the 2019 sale of Electoral Bonds in two tranches of January and March at eleven SBI branches, prior to the Lok Sabha elections in May, has experienced a significant surge amounting to Rs 1,716.05 crore. This figure represents a notable increase of 62.39% in comparison to the total sales of Rs 1,056.73 crore achieved through six tranches conducted in March, April, May, July, October and November of 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Joy |first1=Shemin |title=Electoral bond sales rise in 2019's first 3 months |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/electoral-bond-sales-rise-in-2019s-first-3-months-726328.html |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |date=18 April 2019 |language=en |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006061253/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/electoral-bond-sales-rise-in-2019s-first-3-months-726328.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====2022====
From 1 July to 10 July, SBI conducted the 21st phase of Electoral Bond sale.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sale of electoral bonds to begin from July 1-10, SBI to issue these bonds |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/sale-of-electoral-bonds-to-begin-from-july-1-10-sbi-to-issue-these-bonds-11656590223132.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=mint |date=30 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005081923/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/sale-of-electoral-bonds-to-begin-from-july-1-10-sbi-to-issue-these-bonds-11656590223132.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====2023====
From 19 January to 28 January, 25th electoral bond sale was carried out while 26th phase of sale worth ₹970.50 crore was conducted from 3 April to 12 April ahead of Karnataka assembly elections on 10 May 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Govt clears 26th tranche of electoral bonds; sale from April 3 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/karnataka/govt-clears-26th-tranche-of-electoral-bonds-sale-from-april-3-1205440.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Based on the data obtained through the Right to Information (RTI) by Commodore Lokesh Batra (retired) for the 26th edition of bond sale conducted by the State Bank of India (SBI), it has been revealed that a total of 1,470 bonds were sold. Among these, 923 bonds accounting for 95.10% of the total, were of the denomination of ₹1 crore. Additionally, the SBI sold 468 bonds valued at ₹10 lakh each, 69 bonds valued at ₹1 lakh each, and 10 bonds valued at ₹10,000 each. Highest sales of bonds amounting to ₹335.30 crore was at Hyderabad branch, followed by the Kolkata branch with sales of ₹197.40 crore and the Mumbai branch with sales of ₹169.37 crore. The Chennai branch recorded sales of bonds worth ₹122 crore, while the Bengaluru branch sold bonds worth ₹46 crore. In terms of bond encashment, the New Delhi branch saw redemption of bonds valued at ₹565.79 crore. Subsequently, the Kolkata branch redeemed bonds worth ₹186.95 crore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Joy |first1=Shemin |title=Karnataka poll: Rs 970.50 cr worth electoral bonds raised |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/karnataka/karnataka-poll-rs-97050-cr-worth-electoral-bonds-raised-1215294.html |work=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=6 October 2023 |access-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006061252/https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/karnataka/karnataka-poll-rs-97050-cr-worth-electoral-bonds-raised-1215294.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

27th edition of bond sale was held between 3 July and 12 July which saw 1,371 transactions worth ₹812.80 crore. The Hyderabad branch achieved the highest sales in bonds amounting to ₹266.72 crore, followed by the Kolkata branch with sales worth ₹143.20 crore, and the Mumbai branch with sales worth ₹135 crore. The Bengaluru branch recorded sales of bonds worth ₹46 crore. In terms of bond encashment, the Bhubaneswar branch saw highest redemption of electoral bonds valued at ₹155.50 crore. Subsequently, the New Delhi branch encashed electoral bonds worth ₹117.58 crore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Joy |first1=Shemin |title=Electoral bonds worth Rs 812.80 crore sold in latest edition of sale |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/electoral-bonds-worth-rs-81280-crore-sold-in-latest-edition-of-sale-1243553.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005081923/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/electoral-bonds-worth-rs-81280-crore-sold-in-latest-edition-of-sale-1243553.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Implementation ==
On 28 January 2017, the finance ministry in a correspondence with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) sought comments on the proposed amendments in The Finance Bill, 2017. The necessity of amendments to RBI Act was realized. Next day, on 30 January 2017, the RBI replied by expressing its severe apprehensions, contending that the electoral bond scheme was susceptible to illicit financial activities, lack of transparency, and possible exploitation.<ref name="MV" /> [[HuffPost India]] reported that the government overlooked the RBI concerns and went ahead with its announcement during Budget Session in Parliament on 1 February 2017.<ref name="NShi1">{{cite news |last1=Sethi |first1=Nitin |title=EXCLUSIVE: Electoral Bonds: Seeking Secretive Funds, Modi Govt Overruled RBI |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/rbi-warned-electoral-bonds-arun-jaitley-black-money-modi-government_in_5dcbde68e4b0d43931ccd200 |access-date=4 October 2023 |work=HuffPost |date=18 November 2019 |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004141125/https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/rbi-warned-electoral-bonds-arun-jaitley-black-money-modi-government_in_5dcbde68e4b0d43931ccd200 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The course of action was introduced in ''The Finance Bill, 2017'' during the [[2017 Union budget of India|Union Budget 2017-18]] by then Finance Minister [[Arun Jaitley]]. They were classified as a Money Bill,{{refn|group=note|name=first|According to the Indian Constitution, Money Bills are legislation that are exempt from the requirement of being "passed" in the [[Rajya Sabha]], as the upper house is only permitted to offer commentary on such bills introduced in [[Lok Sabha]].<ref name="JSCdh">{{cite news |last1=Chhokar |first1=Jagdeep S. |title=Corporate-Political Party Bond |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/corporate-political-party-bond-716378.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |date=5 February 2019 |language=en |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006061254/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/corporate-political-party-bond-716378.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}} and thus bypassed certain parliamentary scrutiny processes, in what was alleged to be a violation of Article 110 of Indian constitution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Law Journal |url=https://www.indialawjournal.org/electoral-bond-scheme-the-paragon-of-paradoxe.php |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=www.indialawjournal.org}}</ref> Jaitley also proposed to amend the [[Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934|Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Act]] in order to facilitate the issuance of electoral bonds by banks for the purpose of political funding.<ref>{{cite news |title=BRIEF-India proposes to amend RBI act for issue of electoral bonds for political funding |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idIND8N1AX018 |access-date=4 October 2023 |work=Reuters |date=1 February 2017 |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004090756/https://www.reuters.com/article/idIND8N1AX018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Although introduced in early 2017, the Department of Economic Affairs in Ministry Of Finance notified the '''Electoral Bond Scheme 2018''' in a Gazette only on 2 January 2018.<ref name="Gazette">{{cite web |title=GAZETTE NOTIFICATION - Electoral Bond Scheme, 2018. |url=https://retail.onlinesbi.sbi/documents/Gazette.pdf |publisher=Department of Economic Affairs, MoF-GoI |access-date=5 October 2023 |date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005081928/https://retail.onlinesbi.sbi/documents/Gazette.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="EBpib">{{cite news |title=Sale of Electoral Bonds at Authorised Branches of State Bank of India (SBI) |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1936398 |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=pib.gov.in |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005081923/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1936398 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an estimate, a total of 18,299 electoral bonds equivalent to a monetary value of ₹9,857 crore (98.57 billion) were successfully transacted during the period spanning from March 2018 to April 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=What are electoral bonds? |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/mcminis/markets/what-are-electoral-bonds-8977431.html |access-date=4 October 2023 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

=== Data on Funding ===

====Pre-implementation====
Previously, it was mandatory for all political parties to report the names and other details of donors who contribute more than ₹20,000 towards the party fund while filing their income-tax returns. Information was not sought for those donating an amount less than ₹20,000. Such donations were declared as Income from "unknown sources" and the details of such donors are not available in the public domain.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bulk of political donations in past decade came from unknown sources: ADR report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bulk-of-political-donations-in-past-decade-came-from-unknown-sources-adr-report/story-9czXwQx8cl88GZ2Mz57lrK.html |access-date=4 October 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 January 2017 |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004090756/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bulk-of-political-donations-in-past-decade-came-from-unknown-sources-adr-report/story-9czXwQx8cl88GZ2Mz57lrK.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Association for Democratic Reforms]] (ADR) conducted a study in 2017 which found the total income of political parties in India between 2004–05 and 2014-15 was ₹11,367 crore and that 69% of income from donations below ₹20,000 given to political parties amounting to ₹7,833 crore came from unknown sources. Only 16 per cent of their total income was from the known donors.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sources 'untraceable' for 69% income of political parties: ADR {{!}} India News {{!}} Zee News |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/sources-untraceable-for-69-income-of-political-parties-adr_1970285.html/amp |access-date=4 October 2023 |work=zeenews.india.com |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004090756/https://zeenews.india.com/india/sources-untraceable-for-69-income-of-political-parties-adr_1970285.html/amp |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP) declared 100% of its income of ₹111.96 crore in 2014-15 from unknown sources. This was a 2,057% jump from its ₹5.19 crore income in 2004–05. [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] had the highest income of ₹3,982 crore among national parties while [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) reported an income of ₹3,272.63 crore. Approximately 83% of the aggregate income received by the Congress, totaling ₹3,323.39 crore, and 65% of the total income acquired by the BJP, amounting to ₹2,125.91 crore was attributed to unknown sources. The CPI(M) declared ₹893 crore as its income, which was third highest in 2014–15.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Devesh K. |title='69% of political funds was from unknown sources' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/69-of-political-funds-was-from-unknown-sources/article17089815.ece |access-date=4 October 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=24 January 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

[[Samajwadi Party]] had the highest income of ₹819.1 crore among regional political parties while [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) reported second highest income of ₹203.02 crore followed by [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) with third highest net revenue of ₹165.01 crore.<ref name="TNIEadr">{{cite news |title=69% of funds for India political parties from unknown sources: Report |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jan/24/69-of-funds-for-india-political-parties-from-unknown-sources-report-1563076.html |access-date=4 October 2023 |work=The New Indian Express |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004090756/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jan/24/69-of-funds-for-india-political-parties-from-unknown-sources-report-1563076.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ADR study showed 94% of Samajwadi Party income (₹766.27 crore) was from unknown sources whereas [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (SAD) reported 86% (₹88.06 crore) of revenue from unknown sources.<ref>{{cite news |title=69% of political funding comes from unknown sources |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-69-of-political-funding-comes-from-unknown-sources-2295928 |access-date=4 October 2023 |work=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

====Post-implementation====
In 2018, the 133-year old [[Indian National Congress]] which ruled for 49 years of Independent India's 71 years history, for the first time made a public request for "small contribution" to its party fund which pointed to shortfall in party's income. It is impossible to determine the exact amount of money that political parties earn or possess. The appeal by Congress was seen as a move to portray itself as an honest party that is not getting enough funding from corporate companies and wealthy donors. The Congress-led UPA government faced allegations of involvement in major scandals during its previous tenure. While the INC saw dip in their revenues, BJP had seen doubling of its earning in the same period.<ref>{{cite news |title=Is India's Congress party really running out of cash? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44249876 |access-date=4 October 2023 |work=BBC News |date=26 May 2018}}</ref>

For the Financial Year 2021–22, ADR Annual Audit report revealed that the regional parties declared ₹887.55 crore as income from unknown sources which amounts to 75% of their net income. Only 12% (₹145.42 crore) of the total income (₹1165.576 crore) of the 27 regional parties was attributed to known sources. Electoral bonds contributed to 93.26% (₹827.76 crore) of the entire income from unknown sources. Also, ₹38.354 crore (4.32%) was garnered from sale of coupons while ₹21.293 crore (2.4%) was received by the regional parties in form of donations each amounting to less than ₹20,000. According the information given by 27 out of 54 recognized regional parties to [[Election Commission of India]] by May 2023, DMK received 96.01% (₹306.025 crore) of its total income (₹318.745 crore) from unknown sources.<ref name="TWadr">{{cite news |title=Regional Parties Got More Than 75% of Income From Unknown Sources |url=https://thewire.in/political-economy/regional-political-parties-unknown-sources-income-fy-22-adr |access-date=4 October 2023 |work=The Wire}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Top 10 Regional Parties Income (₹) in FY 2021-22<ref name="TWadr" />

|-

! Party !! Total Income !! Unknown Sources !! % Unknown Sources

|-

| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] || 318.745 crore || 306.025 crore || 96%

|-

| [[Biju Janata Dal]] || 307.288 crore || 291.096 crore || 95%

|-

| [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] || 218.112 crore || 153.037 crore || 70%

|-

| [[YSR Congress Party]] || 93.724 crore || 60.0168 crore || 64%

|-

| [[Janata Dal (United)]] || 86.555 crore|| 48.3617 crore || 56%

|-

| [[Samajwadi Party]] || 61.011 crore || 3.66 crore || 6%

|-

| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] || 25.414 crore || 12.1987 crore || 48%

|-

| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] || 25.263 crore || nil || 0%

|-

| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] || 6.7683 crore || 5.0762 crore || 75%

|-

| [[Telugu Desam Party]] || 6.028 crore|| 3.667 crore || 61%
|}

==Public interest litigation==
{{See also|Association for Democratic Reforms v. Union of India}}
The electoral bonds scheme has been subjected to legal challenge through a [[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] (PIL) in the [[Supreme Court of India]] on two grounds. Firstly, it is argued that the scheme has resulted in a complete lack of transparency in [[political funding in India]], thereby preventing the Election Commission and the citizens of the country from accessing crucial information regarding political contributions and parties' significant source of income. Secondly, it is contended that the passage of this scheme as a Money Bill, thereby circumventing the upper house of Parliament — Rajya Sabha, is unconstitutional and infringes upon the doctrine of separation of powers and the citizen's fundamental right to information, both of which form integral components of the basic structure of the Constitution. The PIL was initiated in October 2017, with the Ministry of Finance submitting its response in January 2018 and the Law Ministry responding in March 2018.<ref name="JSCdh" />

The Supreme Court considered a collection of petitions submitted by the non-governmental organization [[Association for Democratic Reforms]], [[Common Cause (India)]],<ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/petition-in-supreme-court-demanding-sit-probe-into-electoral-bond-scheme-101713945246277.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524085744/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/petition-in-supreme-court-demanding-sit-probe-into-electoral-bond-scheme-101713945246277.html |date=24 May 2024 }}</ref> (represented by [[Prashant Bhushan]]) and the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], which contest the legality of the modifications made to the Reserve Bank of India Act, the Representation of the People Act, the Income Tax Act, the Companies Act, and the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act through the Finance Acts of 2016 and 2017. These amendments enabled the utilization of electoral bonds.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Ashish |title=Electoral bonds make political donations transparent |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/electoral-bonds-make-political-donations-transparent-726994.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |date=4 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

In his petition against the government's decision, [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] leader [[Sitaram Yechury]] demanded for revocation of Electoral Bond Scheme and the called the issuance of electoral bonds and the Finance Act 2017, as "arbitrary" and "discriminatory". The government in its defense of its decision to introduce electoral bonds, asserted in Supreme Court that its primary objective was to ensure increased accountability and promote electoral reforms as a means to combat the escalating threat of "black money" and to help nation's transitions towards a cashless and digital economy. Government said that the implementation of a restricted time-frame and a significantly brief period of maturity for electoral bonds reduces the likelihood of any potential misuse. The acquisition of these bonds by donors will be duly recorded in their financial statements, thereby reflecting the donations made. Further, government added that the introduction of electoral bonds will encourage donors to opt for the banking channel as a means of contributing, with their personal information being captured by the authorized issuing entity. Consequently, this measure will guarantee transparency, accountability, and serve as a significant stride towards electoral reform.<ref name="CPIMsy">{{cite news |title=Centre defends electoral bonds in SC |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/centre-defends-electoral-bonds-in-sc-723240.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=15 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

The government requested the dismissal of the petition submitted by the left party, asserting that there is an absence of "invidious or arbitrary discrimination" and no infringement upon any fundamental rights of the Petitioner.<ref name="CPIMsy" />

The Election Commission of India submitted its views on the matter to the Supreme Court that the amendments in existing legislation, which permit the utilization of electoral bonds and eliminate the restriction on donations, including those from foreign origins, to political parties, would inevitably result in a surge in the utilization of illicit funds (black money) during the electoral process. Furthermore, this alteration would have profound consequences on the transparency of financial contributions to political parties, ultimately leading to the manipulation of Indian policies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Ashish |title=Electoral bonds may lead to black money use: EC to SC |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/electoral-bonds-may-lead-to-black-money-use-ec-to-sc-725487.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |date=5 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Criticism==
The [[Constitution of India]] clearly specifies the conditions for a legislation under consideration to be classified as a Money Bill. The provisions pertaining to electoral bonds fail to satisfy the criteria for classification as a Money Bill. The government's justification for this is that any component of the Budget, being a Money Bill, automatically fulfills the prerequisites for classification as such. A comparable instance of the misuse of the Money Bill was seen previous to the retrospective amendments made to the Foreign Currency Regulation Act (FCRA) by the government, on two separate occasions, in an effort to shield the BJP and the Congress from prosecution for FCRA violations, as determined by the [[Delhi High Court]]. The [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]-administration had earlier implemented "Electoral Trusts" with false narratives on better electoral fundings.<ref name="JSCdh" />

All political parties have a tendency to possess a vested interest in maintaining the anonymity of fund origins due to the predominant presence of unreported funds. These parties not only tolerate the existence of illicit funds in the form of "black money" but also safeguard their sources and actively engage in their utilization. Regrettably, comprehensive documentation in regard to the allocation of these funds does not exist as it is not mandated by any of the existing laws. Consequently, electoral finances and expenditures emerge as the principal catalysts for corruption and the proliferation of unaccounted funds, hence the black money is widely prevalent in Indian politics.<ref>{{cite news |title=Political funding: reforms needed |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/editorial/political-funding-reforms-714976.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |date=18 April 2019 |language=en |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006061252/https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/editorial/political-funding-reforms-714976.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

While the Modi-administration has taken steps to address the issue of political funding by imposing restrictions on cash donations and introducing "election bonds", some politicians and election officials believe that these measures will not have a significant impact. It is said that the upcoming elections will not be directly affected by these changes, but the government is likely to view them as an opportunity for [[Narendra Modi]] to enhance his reputation as a fighter against corruption. This comes after he announced several measures to address illegal wealth.<ref name="SMreuters17" />

It is difficult to fully understand the financial aspects of politics in the world's largest democracy due to the lack of transparency in campaign financing. The introduction of Electoral Bonds has enabled companies to anonymously finance political parties without any limitations on the amount of donations. This development has been criticized by activists who argue that it grants corporations excessive influence and obfuscates the connections between politicians and business entities. The initial issuance of electoral bonds saw the BJP acquire approximately 95 percent of the total bonds, as per information obtained by [[Reuters]] through a [[Right to Information Act, 2005|Right to Information]] request and BJP submissions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Modi's war chest leaves India election rivals in the dust |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-election-spending-bjp-congress-idUSKCN1S7390 |access-date=4 October 2023 |work=Reuters |date=1 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005081923/https://www.reuters.com/article/india-election-spending-bjp-congress-idUSKCN1S7390 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The purpose of introducing the bonds was to expose illegal money and increase transparency in political funding. However, critics argue that it has had the opposite effect, as they claim the bonds are shrouded in secrecy. There exists an absence of publicly available documentation regarding the purchasers of individual bonds and the recipients of the corresponding donations. This lack of transparency renders the bonds susceptible to being deemed "unconstitutional and problematic," as it hinders taxpayers and citizens from obtaining knowledge about the origins of these contributions. Moreover, according to some critics, it is argued that the anonymity of the bonds is not absolute since [[State Bank of India|SBI]], the state-owned bank maintains a comprehensive record of both the benefactor and the beneficiary. Consequently, this enables the ruling government to effortlessly obtain pertinent information and potentially exploit it in order to exert influence over donors. This practice has been deemed as conferring an unjust advantage upon the ruling party and the government.<ref name="SB">{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Soutik |title=Electoral bonds: India's rocky road to transparency in political financing |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62991256 |access-date=4 October 2023 |work=BBC News |date=2 October 2022}}</ref>

In 2017, upon the initial announcement of the bonds, the [[Election Commission of India]] expressed concerns regarding the potential compromise of electoral transparency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-26 |title=Electoral Bonds: How concerns expressed by Election Commission of India, RBI were brushed aside |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/electoral-bonds-how-concerns-expressed-by-election-commission-of-india-rbi-were-brushed-aside |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref> This apprehension was echoed by various entities including the central bank, the law ministry, and several Members of Parliament, who contended that the electoral bonds would not effectively deter the influx of illicit funds into the political sphere. Notably, the ECI later altered its stance and extended support to the electoral bonds after a year. Furthermore, the courts have postponed their verdict on the matter, thus leaving it unresolved. Those who oppose this scheme argue that the government has effectively enacted opacity through the implementation of electoral bonds.<ref name="SB" />

There can be a possibility of shell companies' accounts to serve as a means to facilitate contributions for favorable political parties.<ref>{{cite news |title=Electoral bonds must be scrapped |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/editorial/electoral-bonds-must-be-scrapped-1237117.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006061252/https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/editorial/electoral-bonds-must-be-scrapped-1237117.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Opponents highlight that there exists a potential scenario wherein benefactors may procure bonds using funds acquired through legitimate means or subjected to taxation, and subsequently vend them to a third party utilizing illicitly obtained or undeclared funds for tax purposes. The third party may then transfer the bonds to a political organization.<ref name="SB" /> A major issue with political financing in India is the anonymity of funding sources. Since the ₹2,000 limit still exist for donations in cash, there is an apprehension that political parties will hide a large portion of their illegal money in this category.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Safi |first1=Michael |last2=correspondent |first2=Michael Safi South Asia |title=India caps cash donations to parties in landmark reform |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/01/india-caps-cash-donations-to-parties-in-landmark-reform |access-date=4 October 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=1 February 2017}}</ref>

The potential consequences of a political party in possession of both Electoral Bonds funds and the [[Aadhaar]] and [[Jan Dhan]] account numbers of voters are significant. The party could potentially engage in a "[[Direct Benefit Transfer]]" of funds into the accounts of voters in advance of an election. The pathway from Electoral Bonds to Aadhaar and bank account numbers, or even just [[Unified Payments Interface|UPI]] numbers, presents a potential conduit for untraceable funds from anonymous sources to anonymous voters. This development could ultimately undermine the integrity of democratic elections, rendering them neither "free" nor "fair."<ref name="SRdh">{{cite news |last1=Raghotham |first1=S. |title=An Appeal to Supreme Court: Scrap Electoral Bonds |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/an-appeal-to-supreme-court-scrap-electoral-bonds-725029.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |date=25 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006061253/https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/an-appeal-to-supreme-court-scrap-electoral-bonds-725029.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Retired Chief Election Commissioner [[V. S. Sampath]] said the Election Commission can't do much in situations where legislative modifications are tailored to accommodate the interests of corporate benefactors and political organizations that receive financial contributions from businesses including foreign entities.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rathee |first1=Pranshu |title=With Electoral Bonds, transparency has been lost |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/electoral-bonds-transparency-716379.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |date=3 February 2019 |language=en |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006061253/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/electoral-bonds-transparency-716379.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Controversies==
In 2023, former CM [[Chandrababu Naidu]] was arrested and the Andhra Pradesh Criminal Investigation Department (CID) had submitted evidence to the Anti Corruption Bureau (ACB) Court, indicating that the [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) received ₹27 crore in the form of electoral bonds as donations during the fiscal year 2018-19. This substantial amount allegedly serves as proof of the funds that were misappropriated in a skill development project. Calling this a political hunt and misuse of state police machinery, the TDP countered that ruling [[YSR Congress Party]] (YSRCP) led by Chief Minister [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]] had obtained a total of ₹99.84 crore in electoral bonds during the fiscal year 2018-19, ₹74.35 crore in 2019-20, ₹96.25 crore in 2020-21, and ₹60 crore in 2021-22 but the YSRCP refrained from disclosing this information in its publication, ''Saakshi'', indicating a lack of transparency and accountability.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghavendra |first1=V. |title=Donations received by party through electoral bonds being deliberately linked to skill development scam, says TDP leader Atchannaidu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/donations-received-by-party-through-electoral-bonds-being-deliberately-linked-to-skill-development-scam-says-tdp-leader-atchannaidu/article67384573.ece |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=5 October 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=What is the alleged AP skill development scam in which Chandrababu Naidu has been arrested? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/alleged-ap-skill-development-scam-chandrababu-naidu-arrested-8931752/ |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=9 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[Electoral reform in India]]
*[[Political funding in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.eci.gov.in/disclosure-of-electoral-bonds The lists of electoral bond donors and recipients, published on the website of the Election Commission of india]

{{Corruption in India}}
{{Corruption}}

[[Category:Electoral reform in India]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
[[Category:Political corruption]]
[[Category:Political funding|India]]
[[Category:Politics of India]]
[[Category:Abuse]]
[[Category:Organized crime activity]]
[[Category:Corruption in India]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Electoral fraud]]
[[Category:State crime]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:Fraud in India]]
[[Category:Political corruption in India]]
[[Category:Political scandals in India]]
[[Category:Electoral fraud in India]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases in 2024]]

Harisse

2026-03-28T23:30:46Z

SanjayGhare: started some info w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Traditional mutton dish from the Kashmir Valley}}

'''Harisse''' ({{IPA|ks|hərʲsɨ}}) is a traditional slow-cooked mutton dish from the [[Kashmir Valley]]. It is a seasonal staple primarily prepared during the winter months, specifically during [[Chillai Kalan]]. The dish is prepared using mutton, rice and a blend of spices cooked to a paste-like consistency and is traditionally served with girda, a local Kashmiri flatbread.<ref name="ht_harissa">{{Cite news |last=Andrabi |first=Waseem |date=2018-12-18 |title=Harissa: The one-pot wonder keeping Kashmir warm |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india-news/photos-harissa-the-one-pot-wonder-keeping-kashmir-warm-in-the-winter/photo-OlRWAZOYm2e6cGkeac2MiP.html |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref><ref name="deccan_harissa">{{Cite news |last=Bhat |first=Majid |date=2020-01-05 |title=Kashmiri harissa: The winter superfood |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sunday-herald/sunday-herald-food/kashmiri-harissa-the-winter-superfood-791334.html |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref><ref name="timesnow_harissa">{{Cite news |author=Lifestyle Desk |date=2024-12-10 |title=Harissa: The Warming History of Kashmir's Comfort Winter Breakfast |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/food/recipes/harissa-recipe-116171183 |work=[[Times Now]] |access-date=2026-02-22}}</ref><ref name="ndtv_harissa">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Niru |title=Kashmiri Harissa Recipe |url=https://food.ndtv.com/recipe-kashmiri-harissa-955920 |website=NDTV Food |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>

{{Short description|Kashmiri meat dish}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Harisse
| image = File:Harressa or Harees.jpeg
| image_size = 275px
| caption = Harisse
| region = [[Kashmir Valley]]
| place_of_origin = [[Kashmir]]
| course =
| type = Meat dish
| served = Hot
| main_ingredient = [[Mutton]], [[Rice]]
| variations =
| calories =
}}

== History ==
Kashmiri Harisse is regarded as a culinary link between the [[Kashmir Valley]] and [[Persia]] (modern-day Iran). While the dish shares a linguistic root with the Middle Eastern [[Harees]], the Kashmiri variation evolved uniquely following its introduction to the region, likely during the 14th century.<ref name="observer_harissa">{{Cite news |last=Staff |date=2023-10-13 |title=Harissa: A Culinary Bridge Between Kashmir and Persia |work=Kashmir Observer |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2023/10/13/harissa-a-culinary-bridge-between-kashmir-and-persia/ |access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>

Historical accounts often credit the introduction of the dish to Central Asian influences brought by [[Sufism|Sufi]] missionaries or by [[Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat]], a military general and governor who ruled Kashmir in the 16th century. Originally considered a delicacy reserved for royalty and the elite, it gradually transitioned into a vital seasonal staple for the general population to combat the sub-zero temperatures of the Kashmiri winter.<ref name="observer_harissa" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kashmiri cuisine]]
[[Category:Lamb and mutton dishes]]

Laurus Labs

2026-03-27T17:34:44Z

SanjayGhare: stub

{{short description|Indian pharmaceutical company}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Tone|date=March 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Laurus Labs Limited
| logo = Laurus Labs Logo.png
| logo_size =
| image_caption = Laurus Labs manufacturing facility in [[Visakhapatnam]]
| image = Laurus Labs Unit 3.jpg
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| genre =
| traded_as = {{NSE|LAURUSLABS}} {{BSE|540222}}
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{start date and age|2005}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Laurus Labs Ltd |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/LAURUS:IN |accessdate=17 April 2020 |work=Bloomberg}}</ref>
| founder = Satyanarayana Chava
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| location_country = India<ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabad-based Laurus Labs receives licence to manufacture 2DG |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-based-laurus-labs-receives-licence-to-manufacture-2dg |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=Telangana Today |date=2 July 2021}}</ref>
| locations = 6
| area_served = Global
| key_people = {{ubl|
*Satyanarayana Chava (CEO)
*Vantaram Venkata Ravi Kumar (CFO)<ref>{{cite news |title=Laurus Labs banking on vertical integration to crack anti-HIV tenders and US formulations mkts |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/laurus-labs-banking-on-vertical-integration-to-crack-anti-hiv-tenders-and-us-formulations-mkts-4976561.html |accessdate=17 April 2020 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Laurus Labs: A hot startup in the pharma sector |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/hidden-gems/laurus-labs-a-hot-startup-in-the-pharma-sector/41063/1 |accessdate=17 April 2020 |work=Forbes India}}</ref>}}
| industry = [[Pharmaceuticals]]
| products = [[Pharmaceutical formulation|Formulations]] [[Active pharmaceutical ingredients]] Speciality Chemicals, Agro Chemicals
| services = Custom synthesis [[Contract development and manufacturing organization]] [[Fermentation]]
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|6040|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23"/>
| operating_income =
| net_income = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|796|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23">{{cite news |title=Laurus Labs Q4 net slumps |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/laurus-labs-q4-net-slumps/article66785640.ece |access-date=27 June 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=27 April 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 5,700 (2022)<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Laurus Labs says four employees died in fire incident |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-laurus-labs-says-four-employees-dead-after-fire-incident-2022-12-27/ |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=Reuters |date=27 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid = Laurus Synthesis {{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.lauruslabs.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Laurus Labs''' is an Indian multinational [[Pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceutical]] and [[biotechnology]] company headquartered in [[Hyderabad]]. Its focus areas include [[active pharmaceutical ingredients]] (APIs), [[Generic drug|generic formulations]], custom synthesis (CDMO), [[biotechnology]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-27|title=Laurus Labs Share Price: Company forays into Lucrative Biotech Space|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-laurus-labs-share-price-company-forays-into-lucrative-biotech-space-142066|access-date=2020-11-27|website=Zee Business}}</ref> veterinary APIs and [[agrochemical]]s. The company was founded in 2005 by Satyanarayana Chava.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Neetu Chandra |title=How Satyanarayana Chava Grew Laurus Labs |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/corporate/story/how-satyanarayana-chava-grew-laurus-labs-326080-2022-03-15 |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Business Today |date=15 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Laurus Labs has its eight manufacturing plants located at [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Bangalore]]. The manufacturing units have received one or more approvals from [[USFDA]], WHO, NIP Hungary, KFDA, MHRA, TGA, and PMDA.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Trivedi|first=Isha|title=Laurus Labs strikes gold by moving up the value chain. But there's a steeper climb ahead.|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/prime/pharma-and-healthcare/laurus-labs-strikes-gold-by-moving-up-the-value-chain-but-theres-a-steeper-climb-ahead-/primearticleshow/77515258.cms|access-date=2020-10-19}}</ref> The company operates through its subsidiaries in Europe and United States and also offers its services in contract research, clinical research and analytical research through its R&D centers.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} The R&D centres are based in Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam and United States.

== Business divisions ==
The company has 4 business divisions, which are [[generic formulation]] (FDF), generic [[Active pharmaceutical ingredient|APIs]], [[Contract development and manufacturing organization|contract development and manufacturing]] (CDMO)-Synthesis, [[biotechnology]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Laurus Labs Limited: Annual Report 2021-22 |url=https://www.lauruslabs.com/Investors/PDF/Disclosures/LaurusLabsAnnualReportFY2021-22.pdf |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=Laurus Labs |page=3 }}</ref> and speciality chemicals.

=== Generic formulation (FDF) ===
In March 2020, Laurus Labs received US Food and Drug Administration approval to market [[hydroxychloroquine]] tablets. The company announced that it would supply hydroxychloroquine for clinical trials of preventive treatment of [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: Laurus Labs to supply Hydroxychloroquine for clinical trials in the US |work=Moneycontrol |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/coronavirus-laurus-labs-to-supply-hydroxychloroquine-for-clinical-trials-in-the-us-5082031.html |accessdate=17 April 2020}}</ref>

=== Generic APIs ===
Laurus Labs claims to be the "world's largest third party API supplier for anti-retrovirals" and has one of the largest<ref>{{Cite web |last=Laurus Labs |title=Investor Presentation |url=https://www.lauruslabs.com/Investors/PDF/Q3/LaurusLabsFinancialResultsQ3FY2020InvestorPresentation.pdf }}</ref> HiPotent API capacities in India<ref>{{cite news |title=Laurus Labs eyes bigger play in generic formulations segment |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/laurus-labs-eyes-bigger-play-in-generic-formulations-segment/articleshow/73001890.cms |accessdate=17 April 2020}}</ref> The company also makes [[Dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir]], a medication for [[HIV/AIDS]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Laurus Labs gets USFDA nod for HIV drug |work=Economic Times Health |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/laurus-labs-gets-usfda-nod-for-hiv-drug/67821291 |accessdate=17 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Laurus Labs is ready to flood the US with cheap HIV drugs |work=Livemint |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/BvlKjOnhLgiHu1xbLqmiSP/Laurus-Labs-is-ready-to-flood-the-US-with-cheap-HIV-drugs.html |accessdate=17 April 2020}}</ref> and [[hydroxychloroquine]] tablets, which are used to treat certain types of [[malaria]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Laurus Labs gets USFDA nod for malaria tablets |work=The Hindu Business Line |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/laurus-labs-gets-usfda-nod-for-malaria-treatment-tablets/article26496219.ece |accessdate=17 April 2020}}</ref>

The company also manufactures oncology and cardiovascular APIs.<ref name=":1" /> Laurus Labs supplies (APIs) to nine of the 10 largest generic pharma companies in the world.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=ET Bureau |date=29 March 2022 |title=ET Emerging Company of the Year 2021: Laurus Labs-A pharma company beats the virus trap to make it big |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/emerging-company-of-the-year-laurus-labs-a-pharma-company-beats-the-virus-trap-to-make-it-big/articleshow/90481868.cms |access-date=2022-07-24}}</ref>

=== CDMO-Synthesis ===
Laurus Synthesis is the company's CDMO subsidiary.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Capital Market |first= |date=2021-01-12 |title=Laurus Labs arm incorporates wholly-owned unit |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/laurus-labs-arm-incorporates-wholly-owned-unit-121011200273_1.html |access-date=2022-07-24}}</ref> The US, [[European Union]] and [[Japan]] are the three most important markets for Laurus Synthesis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Laurus Labs Limited: Annual Report 2021-22 |url=https://www.lauruslabs.com/Investors/PDF/Disclosures/LaurusLabsAnnualReportFY2021-22.pdf |access-date=17 July 2022 |website=Laurus Labs |page=6 }}</ref>

=== Laurus Bio ===
Laurus Bio is the company's biotechnology subsidiary. Laurus Labs entered the biotechnology sector in 2020, by acquiring the Indian biotech company, Richcore.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ramarathinam |first=Ashwin |date=2020-11-25 |title=Laurus Labs buys 73% stake in Biotech firm Richcore Lifesciences for Rs247 crore |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/laurus-labs-buys-73-stake-in-biotech-firm-richcore-lifesciences-for-rs247-crore-11606311893776.html |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Post the acquisition, Richcore was renamed to Laurus Bio Pvt Ltd, and became a subsidiary of Laurus Labs.<ref name=":0" /> As of 2022, Laurus Bio has put into operation a 180 [[Cubic metre|kilolitre]] fermentation capacity in food proteins.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=NSE Website - Investors Presentation of the company |title=Investors Presentation of the company |url=https://archives.nseindia.com/corporate/LAURUSLABS_30012023120401_LaurusLabsFinancialResultsQ3FY2023InvestorPresentation.pdf |id=[https://www.nseindia.com/get-quotes/equity?symbol=LAURUSLABS Quotes] |website=www.nseindia.com/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Laurus Labs Limited: Annual Report 2021-22 |url=https://www.lauruslabs.com/Investors/PDF/Disclosures/LaurusLabsAnnualReportFY2021-22.pdf |access-date=13 July 2013 |website=Laurus Labs |page=7 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web|title=Laurus Labs subsidiary incorporates Laurus Ingredients; stock gains 1%|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/laurus-labs-subsidiary-incorporates-laurus-ingredients-stock-gains-1-121011200323_1.html|access-date=2021-01-20|website=www.indiainfoline.com|language=en}}
* {{Cite news|date=3 May 2021|title=Laurus Labs: Diversification to speed up in FY23; add on declines|work=Moneycontrol|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/moneycontrol-research/laurus-labs-diversification-to-speed-up-in-fy23-add-on-declines-6847661.html|access-date=3 May 2021}}
* {{Cite web|date=4 May 2021|title=Laurus Labs is already halfway past its $1 billion revenue target and has new capacities and products to back up its growth plan|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/laurus-labs-1-billion-sales-target-needs-a-bit-of-luck-on-execution-6851581.html|access-date=4 May 2021|website=Moneycontrol}}

{{Nifty 200 companies}}

[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of India]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Datun Sahib

2026-03-17T23:31:50Z

SanjayGhare: adding the info w/ sources.

{{Short description|Tree in Leh, Ladakh, India}}
{{unreferenced|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox tree
| name = Datun Sahib
| image = Datun Sahib tree in Leh, 2009.jpg
| alt =
| image_caption = The tree in 2009
| species =
| binominal =
| location = [[Leh]], [[Ladakh]], India
| coordinates =
| seeded = 1516
| felled = 
| custodian =
}}

[[File:Leh 62 (Friar's Balsam Flickr).jpg|thumb|Sign near the tree]]
'''Datun Sahib''' is the name of a tree in the main bazaar at [[Leh]], [[Ladakh]], [[India]]. [[Guru Nanak]] visited this site around 1516. There is no [[Gurudwara]] at the site, but the remains of a large [[Salvadora persica|meswak]] tree are located behind the Jamia Masjid in the main bazaar at Leh. The Datun Sahib is located close to the Leh Palace, on a lane which mainly houses bread makers.

Datun Sahib contains a nishan sahib and a tree wrapped with orange cloth. A yellow board in front of the tree refers to the visit of [[Guru Nanak|"Rimpoche Nanak"]] (Holy Nanak) around 1516. Guru Nanak was revered by both [[Buddhist]]s and [[Muslim]]s. It is said that Leh was devoid of greenery at the time, but Nanak blessed the city with greenery by planting a meswak tree. There are two main Singh Sabha Gurudwaras located within one kilometre of the site.

== See also ==

* [[Sacred trees in Sikhism]]
{{commonscat|Datun Sahib}}

==External links==
*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060808/punjab1.htm Datun Sahib]

[[Category:Leh]]
[[Category:Trees in religion]]
[[Category:Religion in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Individual trees in India]]
[[Category:Guru Nanak Dev]]

Samata Party

2026-03-15T12:55:11Z

SanjayGhare:

{{other uses|Samata Party (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian Political Party
| party_name = Samata Party
| president = Uday Mandal<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/dispute-over-new-symbol-of-uddhav-shiv-sena-samata-party-files-complaint-101665598941570.html | title=Dispute over new symbol of Uddhav Shiv Sena, Samata Party files complaint | date=12 October 2022 }}</ref>
| colorcode = {{party color|Samata Party}}
|founder = [[George Fernandes]] and [[Nitish Kumar]]
| foundation = 1994
| students = Rashtra Nirman Vidyarthi Parishad (RNVP)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rnvp.in/?i=1}}</ref>
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance]](1996 - 2003)
|website = {{URL|samataparty.org}}
|loksabha_seats = {{Infobox political party/seats|0|543|hex={{party color|Samata Party}}}}
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Infobox political party/seats|0|245|hex={{party color|Samata Party}}}}
|ideology = [[Socialism]]
|position=[[Centrist|Centre]] to [[centre-left]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mukherjee|last2=Saxena|last3=Mitra|first1=Pampa|first2=Rekha|first3=Subrata|author-link=|date=16 June 2022|title=The 2019 Parliamentary Elections in India Democracy at the Crossroads?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTZwEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Bharatiya+Lok+Dal%22+-wikipedia&pg=PT78|location=|publisher=Taylor and Francis |page=|isbn=9781000591057}}</ref>
|symbol =
| eci = Unrecognised<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-22 |title=Samata Party delegation meets Maharashtra CM Eknath Shinde to seek help in getting back 'flaming torch' symbol from Thackeray faction |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/samata-party-delegation-meets-maharashtra-cm-eknath-shinde-to-seek-help-in-getting-back-flaming-torch-symbol-from-thackeray-faction/article66539962.ece |access-date=2023-07-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|split = [[Janata Dal]]|abbreviation=SAP
|flag= }}
'''Samata Party''' ('''SAP''') is a [[political party]] in [[India]], initially formed in 1994 by [[George Fernandes]] and [[Nitish Kumar]], and now led by Uday Mandal as its National President.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dash |first1=Nivedita |last2=News |first2=India TV |date=2023-07-12 |title=From Mulayam Singh's SP to George Fernandes' Samata Party: List of splits in Janata Dal {{!}} EXPLAINED |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/explainers/from-mulayam-singh-s-sp-to-george-fernandes-samata-party-list-of-splits-in-janata-dal-explained-2023-07-12-880657 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-19 |title=Delhi HC dismisses Samata Party plea against 'flaming torch' symbol allotment |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-hc-samata-party-shiv-sena-flaming-torch-symbol-8218449/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Samata Party once launched Nitish Kumar as the Chief Minister of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-19 |title='Flaming Torch' Election Symbol: A Look Back At Samata Party And Nitish Kumar's Ascension To Bihar CM |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/delhi-hc-rejects-samata-party-s-claims-over-flaming-torch-flames-up-memories-of-nitish-kumar-s-installation-as-cm--news-231105 |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=outlookindia.com/ |language=en}}</ref> It was an offshoot of the [[Janata Dal]], with the alleged [[caste]]ism of the parent party being the reason given for the split.<ref>{{cite web | title=Samata Party | url=http://www.indian-elections.com/partyprofiles/samta-party.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040601221604/http://www.indian-elections.com/partyprofiles/samta-party.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=2004-06-01 | publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref> The party has [[socialist]] leanings; at one point, it wielded considerable [[Politics|political]] and [[social]] influence in [[North India]], particularly in [[Bihar]]. In 2003, most Samata Party members joined [[Janata Dal (United)]]. Only a faction led by MP [[Brahmanand Mandal]] remained in Samata Party and continued to use the party name and symbol.<ref name="BBCHindi" /><ref name="rejects" />

==History==
In the [[1996 Indian general election|general elections]] of 1996, the Samata Party formed an alliance with the [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] and won eight seats, six of which were in [[Bihar]] and one each in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Odisha]]. Before the election, the party was largely rooted only in Bihar. In the [[1998 Indian general election|1998 general elections]], again in alliance with [[Bharatiya Janta Party]], it won twelve seats, ten from [[Bihar]] and two from [[Uttar Pradesh]].

In March 2000, [[Nitish Kumar]] was elected leader of the NDA for [[Chief Minister of Bihar]] post. On 3 March, he was sworn in as the [[Chief Minister of Bihar]] for the first time at the behest of the Vajpayee Government in the center. NDA and allies had 151 MLA whereas [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] had 159 MLA in the 324-member house. Both alliances were less than the majority mark, 163. Nithish resigned because he could not prove his numbers in the house.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/march-2000-when-nitish-quit-as-cm-before-floor-test-779422.html | title=March 2000: When Nitish quit as CM, before floor test | newspaper=Deccan Herald | first=Abhay | last=Kumar | date=24 November 2019 | accessdate=3 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20000320-nitish-kumars-government-in-bihar-not-outvoted-as-much-as-outmanoeuvred-by-laloo-yadav-777236-2000-03-20 | title=Nitish Kumar's government in Bihar not outvoted as much as outmanoeuvred by Laloo Yadav | publisher=India Today | first=Swapan | last=Dasgupta | date=20 March 2000 | accessdate=3 December 2021}}</ref>

[[Radhabinod Koijam]] became the second chief minister from Samata Party when was sworn in as [[Chief Minister of Manipur]] on 15 February 2001.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://in.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/15mani1.htm | publisher=Rediff | title= Koijam sworn in Manipur CM | agency=PTI | date=15 February 2001 | accessdate=3 December 2021 }}</ref> The government was, however, short-lived. The coalition he was leading fell in May of the same year.<ref>[http://www.himalmag.com/september2001/report.html Himal South Asian-August-2000] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407212128/http://www.himalmag.com/september2001/report.html |date=7 April 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010602/edit.htm | newspaper=The Tribune | location=Chandigarh, India | title=Message from Manipur | date=2 June 2001 | accessdate=3 December 2021 }}</ref>

In the 1999 Loksabha election, Samata Party was in an informal alliance with the Lok Shakti and the Janata Dal(U). A proposal to merge the three into a single party was called off in January 2000 by George Fernandes who said the party would contest in the [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] on its own.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2000/jan/06jdu.htm | title=Samata Party breaks away from JD (U) | publisher=Rediff | date=6 January 2000 | agency=UNI | accessdate=3 December 2021 }}</ref>

=== 2003 Split and merger with JD (U) ===
In October 2003, [[George Fernandes]], the president of the Samata Party, announced that the party would be completely merging with the [[Janata Dal (United)]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Fernandes to head Janata Dal (United) | url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/10/31/stories/2003103104371100.htm | author=Gargi Parsai | date=31 October 2003 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204034133/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/10/31/stories/2003103104371100.htm | archive-date=4 February 2012 | work=[[The Hindu]] | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Janata Dal (United) was part of the ruling coalition in the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]].

Samata Party Member of parliament (Lok Sabha) [[Brahmanand Mandal]] was opposed to the merger split with the other members. Mandal was the leader of the minority faction opposing the merger. Since all the members did not support the official merge, and Brahmanand's faction challenged the merger of the party in front of ECI, the merger wasn't officially recognized by the [[Election Commission of India]]. The [[Election Commission of India]] decided that the merger was not technically complete and so a faction was allowed to function under the Samata Party name.<ref name="rejects">{{cite news |title=EC rejects merger of JD-U, Samata Party |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/mar/20ec.htm |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=rediff.com |date=20 March 2004}}</ref>

Party leader Sharad Yadav, said that the ECI decision would have no effect on his merger plans as all candidates of Samata Party would be contesting the upcoming 2004 Lok Sabha election as candidate of Janata Dal United on the election symbol of Arrow.<ref name="BBCHindi">{{Cite web |title=BBCHindi |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/regionalnews/story/2004/03/printable/040320_politics_delhi |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=www.bbc.com}}</ref>

Most members of the party merged with JDU as proposed however a small faction of Samata Party continued using the name Samata party under the leadership of [[Brahmanand Mandal]].<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110427160033/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/03/21/stories/2004032104480801.htm "EC recognises old Samata Party"]}}, ''The Hindu'' (Sunday, 21 March 2004)</ref>

=== Samata Party after 2004 ===
In the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general elections]] for the 14th [[Lok Sabha]] (2009-2014), it had contested in 11 seats and was defeated in all of them. It had secured a total of 31324 votes which was only 0.02 percent of the total number of votes cast in that state.<ref>{{cite web|title=PERFORMANCE OF GENERAL ELECTIONS - INDIA, 2009 - REGISTERED (UNRECOGNISED) PARTIES & INDEPENDENTS|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/14_PerformanceOfRegistered_UnRecognisedParties.pdf|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|year=2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926021554/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/14_PerformanceOfRegistered_UnRecognisedParties.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

For the [[2014 Indian general election|Lok Sabha elections of 2014]], the Samata Party decided to forgo any alliance, stating that it would not ally with the Congress.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-10237767.html |title=कांग्रेस से गठबंधन नहीं करेगी समता पार्टी 10237767 |access-date=2013-06-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214024456/http://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-10237767.html |archive-date=14 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Due to the departure of all the bigwigs from the Samata Party to Janata Dal (United), the party started shrinking gradually. Due to its poor election performance, it began to lose popularity and was almost on the verge of closure. In 2020, the leadership of the party was given to Uday Mandal, he started restructuring it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=दिल्ली HC ने शिवसेना धड़े को मशाल चुनाव चिह्न आवंटित किए जाने के खिलाफ समता पार्टी की याचिका खारिज की |url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-ncr-delhi-high-court-dismisses-samata-partys-plea-against-allotment-of-torch-symbol-to-shiv-sena-23179681.html |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

[[File:Samata Party President Uday Mandal Press Conference at Patna in 20 December 2022 to call Luv Kush Equation.jpg |thumb|upright=1.0 |Samata Party Press Conference at Patna]]
===Fernandes return in Samata Party in 2007===
In 2007, George Fernandes left JD(U) and joined Samata Party along with their supporters, JD(U) general secretary and spokesman Shiv Kumar and senior leader Aneel Hegde, several other leaders and workers from various states left the JD(U) to join the Samata Party on the occasion. These included the Gujarat party unit president Praveensinh Jadeja, Andhra Pradesh unit chief Narasimha Reddy, Uttarakhand party chief Anurag Kumar and suspended party MLA from Bihar Chhedi Paswan. Also present on the occasion was former MP Brahmanand Mandal, the current president of Samata Party who had refused to join the JD(U) at the time of merger.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-01-22 |title=Fernandes' supporters bid to revive Samata |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/fernandes-supporters-bid-to-revive-samata/story-AtAiLKzMBTLJEzuBhxjZSI.html |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-02-14 |title=George may attend Samata convention |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/george-may-attend-samata-convention/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Ideology ==
The party follows a socialist ideology; in particular, that of [[Ram Manohar Lohia]].<ref name=SP1>{{cite web|title=Samata Party|url=http://samataparty.com/|publisher=Samata Party|access-date=8 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617054409/http://samataparty.com/|archive-date=17 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Electoral performances==
{{Unsourced section|date=October 2025}}
=== Lok Sabha (Lower House) ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="background:#00f;"
! Lok Sabha Term
! Indian General Election
! Seats contested
! Seats won
! No. of votes
! %.of votes in seats contested
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha]]
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| 81
| 8
| 7,256,086
| 2.2%
|-
| [[12th Lok Sabha]]
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| 57
| 12
| 6,491,639
| 1.8%
|-
| [[14th Lok Sabha]]
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| 40
| 0
| 201,276
| 0.1%
|-
| [[15th Lok Sabha]]
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| 11
| 0
|
| 0.0%
|-
| [[16th Lok Sabha]]
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| 10
| 0
|
| 0.0%
|-
| [[18th Lok Sabha]]
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| 22
| 0
| 73,318
| 0.01%
|-
|}

=== Vidhan Sabha (Lower House) ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="background:#00f;"
! Vidhan Sabha Term
! State
! elections
! Seats contested
! Seats won
! % of votes
! Party Votes
|-
| 11th Assembly
| Bihar
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| 310
| 7
| 24,40,275
| 7.1%
|-
| 12th Assembly
| Bihar
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| 120
| 34
| 32,05,746
| 8.7%
|-
| 7th Assembly
| Manipur
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| 23
| 2
| 70,887
| 6.2%
|-
| 8th Assembly
| Manipur
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| 36
| 1
| 84,215
| 6.7%
|-
| 9th Assembly
| Manipur
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| 31
| 3
| 1,09,912
| 8.3%
|-
|
| Nagaland
| 2003
| 4
| 1
| 10,456
| 1.2%
|-
|
| Jharkhand
| 2019
| 1
| 0
|
| 0.1
|-
|
| Bihar
| 2020
| 10
| 0
|
| 0.1
|-
|
| Tamil Nadu
| 2021
| 1
| 0
|
| 0.1
|-
|
| Haryana
| 2024
| 3
| 0
|
| 0.1
|-
|
| Jharkhand
| 2024
| 4
| 0
|
| 0.1
|-
|
| Maharashtra
| 2020
| 9
| 0
|
| 0.1
|-
|
| Delhi
| 2025
| 2
| 0
|
| 0.1
|-
|}

== List of chief ministers ==
{{Unsourced section|date=October 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No
! Name {{small|Constituency}}
! colspan=2| Term of office
! Tenure length
! Party
! State
! Assembly
|-
| 1
| [[Nitish Kumar]]
| 3 March 2000
| 10 March 2000
| {{age in years and days|2000|03|03|2000|03|10}}
| style="background-color:{{party color|Samata Party}}" | Samata Party
| [[Bihar]]
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|12th Assembly]]
|-
| 2
| [[Radhabinod Koijam]]
| 15 February 2001
| 1 June 2001
| {{age in years and days|2001|02|15|2001|06|01}}
| style="background-color:{{party color|Samata Party}}" | Samata Party
| [[Manipur]]
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|8th Assembly]]
|-
|}

==Symbol crisis==

The [[Election Commission of India]] allotted the "Flaming Torch" symbol to [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]], the Samata Party raise objection against it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-12 |title=Dispute over new symbol of Uddhav Shiv Sena, Samata Party files complaint |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/dispute-over-new-symbol-of-uddhav-shiv-sena-samata-party-files-complaint-101665598941570.html |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> A petition filed in [[Delhi High Court]], Samata Party through Uday Kr. Mandal its President Vs Election Commission of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-14 |title=Samata Party to move Delhi HC against Thackeray faction's 'flaming torch' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/samata-party-to-move-delhi-hc-against-thackeray-faction-s-flaming-torch-101665771404653.html |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Unnati |date=2022-10-15 |title=Samata Party moves Delhi HC against mashaal symbol for Uddhav Sena, claims it as own |url=https://theprint.in/politics/samata-party-moves-delhi-hc-against-mashaal-symbol-for-uddhav-sena-claims-it-as-own/1169257/ |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> A single bench of Justice Sanjeev Narula dismissed the case, Samata party appeal in double bench of Judges.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-15 |title=ठाकरे गटाच्या चिन्हाला आव्हान; दिल्ली उच्च न्यायालयात याचिका |url=https://www.lokmat.com/national/challenge-to-shiv-sena-uddhav-thackeray-group-election-symbol-samta-party-petition-in-delhi-high-court-a719/ |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=LOKMAT |language=mr}}</ref> Chief Justice Satish Chandra Sharma and Justice Subramontium Prasad again dismissed that appeal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi HC rejects Samata Party's plea challenging ECI's allotment of 'Flaming Torch' to Thackeray faction |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/delhi-hc-rejects-samata-partys-plea-challenging-ecis-allotment-of-flaming-torch-to-thackeray-faction20221019151931/ |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-19 |title=Delhi HC Rejects Plea by Samata Party Against Flaming Torch Election Symbol to Sena Faction |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/delhi-hc-rejects-plea-by-samata-party-against-flaming-torch-election-symbol-to-sena-faction-6197659.html |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi HC dismisses Samata Party appeal challenging ECI decision on allotment of symbol 'Flaming Torch' |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/delhi-hc-dismisses-samata-party-appeal-challenging-eci-decision-on-allotment-of-symbol-flaming-torch20221103160249/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> In Uttar Pradesh Local Body Election 2022, Samata Party got their symbol, now the [[Shiv Sena (UBT)]] and Samata Party both have the '''Flaming Torch or Mashal''' as state Party Symbol.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Unnati |date=2022-12-03 |title=After reclaiming mashaal for UP civic polls, Samata Party says will move SC for old symbol |url=https://theprint.in/politics/after-reclaiming-mashaal-for-up-civic-polls-samata-party-says-will-move-sc-for-old-symbol/1246815/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of political parties in India]]

==References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian political parties}}

{{Janata Parivar parties}}

[[Category:Samata Party| ]]
[[Category:Socialist parties in India]]
[[Category:Janata Parivar]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1994]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Janata Dal]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United)]][[Category:Former member parties of the National Democratic Alliance]]

Barood (1976 film)

2026-03-07T15:09:09Z

SanjayGhare: add citations further and fixed typos

{{about|the 1976 film|the 1998 film|Barood (1998 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Barood
| image = Barood 1976 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Pramod Chakravorty]]
| producer = J. C. Bhagat H. S. Bhattacharya Jitu Thakar
| screenplay = [[Sachin Bhowmick]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[The Summertime Killer]]''|[[Antonio Isasi-Isasmendi]]}}
| starring = [[Ashok Kumar]] [[Rishi Kapoor]] [[Shoma Anand]] [[Ajit (Hindi film actor)|Ajit]] [[Reena Roy]]
| music = [[Sachin Dev Burman]]
| cinematography = [[V. K. Murthy]]
| editing = Narendra Arora
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1976|04|02|df=y}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = [[#Box office|{{estimation}} {{INR|19.32 crore}} ({{US$|23.52 million|long=no}})]]
}}

'''{{Lang|hi-latn|Barood}}''' ({{Translation|Gunpowder}}) is a 1976 Indian [[Hindi language|Hindi]]-language [[action crime film]] directed by [[Pramod Chakravorty]], with screenplay by [[Sachin Bhowmick]] and dialogues by Ahsan Rizvi.<ref>{{cite AV media | title = Barood | time = 0:16}}</ref> It stars [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Shoma Anand]], [[Ajit (Hindi film actor)|Ajit]] and [[Reena Roy]] in leading roles, with [[Dharmendra]] and [[Hema Malini]] in guest appearances. The film was shot in several foreign locations, including [[Las Vegas]], [[New York City|New York]], [[Paris]], [[Madrid]] and [[Geneva]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Raj|first1=Ashok|title=Hero Vol.1|date=2009|publisher=[[Hay House]]|isbn=9789381398029|page=30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT30|language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Anup Saxena, a young eight-year-old boy lives in [[Mumbai]] in a middle class society, with his father Durga Prasad Saxena, who is a [[Police Inspector]] in [[Mumbai Police]]. He receives a medal for his dedication, honesty for his services, given to the force. Anup's life is suddenly goes dark, when he witnesses four notorious smugglers, Prem, Jagdish, Ratan and Bakshi, assault and kill his father, in broad daylight on Juhu Beach.

He spends the rest of his childhood trying to make money to avenge his father's death. Twelve years later, the boy is now a champion motor cyclist. He, with the help of his pet [[Labrador Retriever|Labrador]] Django, seeks revenge. In true [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] style, he begins to track down and eliminate the gang of smugglers.

His search leads him to various places like [[Las Vegas]], [[New York City|New York]], [[Geneva]], [[Madrid]], [[Paris]], [[Barcelona]], and the coastal areas of [[Spain]]. Where he finds his life threatened by his father's murderers. He kills them one by one in different countries like Prem in Geneva, Ratan in Las Vegas and Jagdish in New York. He leaves his dog at a kennel with Harry Ramani, a vet. He tries to woo Sapna, who is an assistant of Bakshi, in order to get his details and kill him. Bakshi is shot by him, but survives and Anup is already followed by a New York-based retired police detective Balraj Gupta, who is a friend of his late father and is determined to save him. He shadows his every move and will not hesitate to arrest him. Gupta and Bakshi, the [[Organised crime in India|Mafia]] Lord are hell bent to track him. Bakshi is into [[Winemaking|wine manufacturing]] and is operating out of Madrid and has a beautiful daughter Seema. Anup starts falling for her and then kidnaps her and takes her to an island and tells Bakshi to follow his instructions.

Bakshi's cronies give anup a wild car chase and finally Bakshi tries to follow him and dies in a car crash. Gupta arrests Anup and takes him to the police but in the middle of the trip he uncuffs and releases him. Seema wants to go with him. But he leaves her stranded in the middle and hands himself over to the police. After his release from the jail, Gupta comes to receive him and finally they end up together.

==Cast==
* [[Rishi Kapoor]] as Anup D. "Pappu" Saxena
* [[Reena Roy]] as Sapna, Bakshi's assistant
* [[Shoma Anand]] as Seema Bakshi
* [[Ashok Kumar]] as Balraj Gupta, Criminologist
* [[Ajit Khan]] as Bakshi
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Prem, Bakshi's Madrid associate
* [[Madan Puri]] as B. Puri – Bakshi's New York associate
* [[Sujit Kumar]] as Ratan – Bakshi's Las Vegas Associate
* [[Manmohan (actor)|Manmohan]] as Jagdish
* [[Asrani]] as Hari Ramchandani / Harry Ramani – Veterinary surgeon
* [[David Abraham Cheulkar|David]] as Dominic Francis
* [[Dr. Shriram Lagoo]] as Inspector Durgaprasad Saxena - Anup's father
* [[Dharmendra]] as Ashok , Anup's Landlord (Cameo)
* [[Hema Malini]] as Seema , Anup's Landlady (Cameo)

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Barood
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[S. D. Burman]]
| released = {{Start date|1976|04|2}}<ref name="Apple Music">{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=Barood |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/barood-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1548690744|publisher=Apple Music}}</ref>
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=33|s=11}}
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Universal Music India]]
| producer = [[S. D. Burman]]
| prev_title = [[Mili (1975 film)|Mili]]
| prev_year = 1975
| next_title = [[Arjun Pandit (1976 film)|Arjun Pandit]]
| next_year = 1976
| chronology = [[S. D. Burman]]
}}
The music was composed by [[S. D. Burman]] with lyrics written by [[Anand Bakshi]].<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nagme-kisse-baatein-yaadein-a-peek-into-anand-bakshis-life-and-lyrics/article34605876.ece|url-status=dead|title=Nagme, Kisse, Baatein, Yaadein..{{endash}} A peek into the illustrious career of Anand Bakshi|newspaper=The Hindu newspaper|archive-date=30 August 2022|access-date=7 June 2024|author=Narendra Kusnur|date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830045429/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nagme-kisse-baatein-yaadein-a-peek-into-anand-bakshis-life-and-lyrics/article34605876.ece}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Songs
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Matlab Jo Samjhe
| length1 = 4:25
| extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]]
| title2 = Dil Kanton Mein (Ek Dushman Pe Pyar Aaya Hai)
| length2 = 4:32
| extra2 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| title3 = Tu Shaitano Ka Sardar Hai
| length3 = 3:55
| extra3 = [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] & Shivangi Kolhapure
| title4 = Samandar Samandar - Instrumental
| length4 = 4:51
| extra4 = [[S. D. Burman]]
| title5 = Samandar Samandar
| length5 = 4:26
| extra5 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| title6 = I Love You
| length6 = 4:42
| extra6 = [[Asha Bhosle]]
| title7 = Tu Shaitano Ka Sardar Hai - Instrumental
| length7 = 5:03
| extra7 = [[S. D. Burman]]
| total_length = 33:11
}}

==Box office==

''Barood'' was a successful venture in India, but an ''All Time Blockbuster'' in the [[Soviet Union]], where it released in 1978 and topped the year's [[List of Soviet films of the year by ticket sales|Soviet box office chart]].<ref name=FI1976>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/image/Film-Inf-1976-Classification.jpg|title=Film Information Classification 1976}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7561|title=Worldwide Gross - The Russian And Chinese Factor|date=11 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="taste">[https://books.google.com/books?id=-FceAQAAMAAJ A Taste for Indian Films: Negotiating Cultural Boundaries in Post-Stalinist Soviet Society], page 170, [[Indiana University]], 2005</ref> The film drew a box office audience of 60 million Soviet viewers, the second highest for an Indian film in the 1970s (after the earlier Rishi Kapoor starrer ''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]'') and the fifth highest for a foreign film that decade.<ref name="soviet-foreign">{{cite web|url=http://kinanet.livejournal.com/13882.html|title=Зарубежные фильмы в советском кинопрокате|author=Sergey Kudryavtsev|author-link=Sergey Kudryavtsev (film critic)}}</ref> At the Soviet box office, it was the 13th biggest hit of the 1970s,<ref name="soviet-foreign"/><ref name="soviet-domestic">{{cite web|url=http://kinanet.livejournal.com/14172.html|title=Отечественные фильмы в советском кинопрокате|author=Sergey Kudryavtsev|author-link=Sergey Kudryavtsev (film critic)}}</ref> the fourth most successful Indian import of all time (after ''[[Awaara]]'', ''Bobby'' and ''[[Disco Dancer]]''), the ninth biggest foreign hit of all time,<ref name="soviet-domestic"/> and one of the top 30 biggest hits of all time.<ref name="soviet-foreign"/><ref name="soviet-domestic"/>

==See also==
*[[List of highest-grossing Indian films]]
*[[List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets]]
*[[List of Soviet films of the year by ticket sales]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0157358}}

[[Category:1976 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s crime action films]]
[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York City]]
[[Category:Films shot in Paris]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pramod Chakravorty]]
[[Category:Films shot in the Las Vegas Valley]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Police detective films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian films set in New York City]]
[[Category:Films set in Madrid]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madrid]]
[[Category:Films set in the Las Vegas Valley]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Outlaw biker films]]
[[Category:Films set in Geneva]]
[[Category:Films set in Paris]]
[[Category:Films set in Barcelona]]
[[Category:Films shot in Barcelona]]
[[Category:1970s police procedural films]]

Eastern Naval Command

2026-03-05T17:36:12Z

SanjayGhare: minor cleaned up intro per sources

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = '''Eastern Naval Command'''
| image = File:Eastern Naval Command (India).png
| image_size = 170
| caption = Crest of the Eastern Naval Command
| dates = 1968
| country = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{navy|India}}
| type = [[Command (military formation)|Command]]
| role =
| size =
| command_structure =
| garrison = [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| nickname =
| motto =
| colors =
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours = 
| commander1 = [[Vice Admiral]] [[Sanjay Bhalla]], [[AVSM]], [[Nao Sena Medal|NM]]
| commander1_label = FOC-in-C
| commander2 = [[Vice Admiral]] [[Susheel Menon]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
| commander2_label = Chief of Staff
| commander3 = [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Alok Ananda]], [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]]
| commander3_label = [[Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet|FOCEF]]
| notable_commanders = 
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label = 
| aircraft_attack =
| aircraft_bomber =
| aircraft_electronic =
| aircraft_fighter =
| aircraft_helicopter =
| aircraft_helicopter_attack =
| aircraft_helicopter_cargo =
| aircraft_helicopter_multirole =
| aircraft_helicopter_observation =
| aircraft_helicopter_trainer =
| aircraft_helicopter_utility =
| aircraft_interceptor =
| aircraft_patrol =
| aircraft_recon =
| aircraft_trainer =
| aircraft_transport =
| aircraft_tanker =
| aircraft_general =
| aircraft_helicopter_transport =
}}

The '''Eastern Naval Command''' is one of the three command-level formations of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Organisation of the Eastern Naval Command|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/about-indian-navy/organisation-eastern-naval-command-visakhapatnam-0|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=1 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210050653/http://indiannavy.nic.in/about-indian-navy/organisation-eastern-naval-command-visakhapatnam-0|archive-date=10 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is headquartered in [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = The might of the Indian Navy: ENC - Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/The-might-of-the-Indian-Navy-ENC/articleshow/50348834.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref> The command is responsible for the all naval forces in the [[Bay of Bengal]] and parts of the [[Indian Ocean]] and the naval establishments on the east coast of India.

The Command was established in 1983.<ref>{{cite web |title=CM Chandrababu Naidu envisions Andhra Pradesh as maritime gateway of India |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2025/Jan/05/cm-chandrababu-naidu-envisions-andhra-pradesh-as-maritime-gateway-of-india |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref> The Command is commanded by a [[Three-star rank|Three Star]] Flag Officer of the rank of Vice Admiral with the title Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Command (FOC-in-C). [[Vice Admiral]] [[Sanjay Bhalla]] is the current FOC-in-C ENC, who took over on 31 October 2025.

[[File:Eastern Naval Command HQ at Visakhapatnam.jpg|thumb|The HQ of the Eastern Naval Command at Visakhapatnam.]]

==History==
After the [[independence of India|independence]] and the [[partition of India]] on 15 August 1947, the ships and personnel of the [[Royal Indian Navy]] were divided between the [[Dominion of India]] and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. The division of the ships was on the basis of two-thirds of the fleet to India, one third to Pakistan.<ref>Bhatia (1977), p. 28: "Consequent on the partition of the country on 15 August 1947, two thirds of the undivided fleet and associated assets came to India."</ref>

The Surface Fleet of the Navy was called Indian Fleet and was commanded by the Flag Officer Commanding Indian Fleet (FOCIF). Initially, the shore establishments on the eastern coast were headed by a captain in the appointment of Naval Officer-in-Charge, Vishakapatnam (NOIC).<ref name="Ind_Navy_Appts"/> This was subsequently upgraded to the appointment of Commodore East (COMEAST), a [[One-star rank|One Star]] appointment. The FOCIF and COMEAST reported into the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]. In July 1967, COMEAST was upgraded to the [[two-star rank|two-star]] appointment of Flag Officer, East Coast (FOEC).<ref name="Flag_East">{{cite web|title=Admiral Nair, New Flag Officer, East Coast|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1967-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-VOL-2/PDF/DEF-1967-07-17_015.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=17 July 1967|access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> On 1 March 1968, the Eastern Fleet was also created. With this, the appointment of FOEC was re-designated Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command (FOC-in-C ENC). The Indian Fleet was split between the [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]] and the [[Eastern Fleet (India)|Eastern Fleet]] with the Fleet Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet (FOCEF) reporting into the FOC-in-C ENC.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hiranandani |first1=G M |title=Transition to triumph : history of the Indian Navy, 1965-1975 |year=2000 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1897829721 |pages=615}}</ref> On 1 March 1971, [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Nilakanta Krishnan]] took over as FOC-in-C, the first three-star officer to lead the command.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral to Head Eastern Naval Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1973-JUNE-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1973-11-01_149.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=1 November 1973|access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref>

The oldest naval establishment of the Eastern Seaboard was the [[INS Circars]], [[Visakhapatnam]], which was identified as "an important convoy assembly point" for the [[Royal Indian Navy]] flotillas. A small Naval Base was established there on 12 December 1939 and the base was designated as HMIS Circars on 12 April 1942.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-11 |title=Platinum jubilee of INS Circars today |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Platinum-jubilee-of-INS-Circars-today/article60492071.ece |access-date=2024-10-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Now, the base is the base depot ship of the Eastern Naval Command. It is the logistics and administrative support establishment of the Command, supporting all ships and units based in Visakhapatnam. As of 2018, the establishment supports 52 additional units with strength of 2,300 sailors and 400 officers, besides accommodating live-in sailors of Circars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-11 |title=Indian Naval Ship Circars |url=https://www.facebook.com/IndianNavy/posts/knowyournavy-indian-naval-ship-circars-the-oldest-establishment-on-the-eastern-s/797587887262740/ |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=facebook.com}}</ref>

==Area of responsibility==
Under the Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command (FOC-in-C East) is the [[Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet]] (FOCEF), [[Commodore Commanding Submarines (East)]] (COMCOS (E)), Admiral Superintendent Dockyard for [[Visakhapatnam]], shore establishments, and five Naval Officers-in-Charge (NOICs).

The Eastern naval Command has the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Odisha]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] etc., under its area of responsibility.<ref name=inenca>{{cite web|title=Indian Navy ENC Authorities & Units|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/about-indian-navy/enc-authorities-units|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=14 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822140334/http://indiannavy.nic.in/about-indian-navy/enc-authorities-units|archive-date=22 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The FOC-in-C (East) is the submarine operating authority, under whom COMCOS (E) operates. The 11th ([[Sindhughosh class submarine|''Sindhughosh'' class submarine]]) and 8th ([[Foxtrot class submarine|Foxtrot class]]) Submarine Squadrons operate under COMCOS (E). [[INS Virbahu|INS ''Virbahu'']], a submarine base commissioned on 19 May 1971, is the alma mater of the Indian Navy submariners.
[[File:INS Jalashwa departs Maldives.jpg|thumb|[[INS Jalashwa]] flagship of Eastern Naval Command]]

== Organization ==
The Eastern Naval Command is organized as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/organisation|title=Organisation {{!}} Indian Navy|website=indiannavy.nic.in|access-date=2016-10-17}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Post
!Current Holder
!References
|-
|Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief
|[[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sanjay Bhalla]], [[AVSM]], [[Nao Sena Medal|NM]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral Sanjay Bhalla takes charge as flag officer commanding-in-chief, eastern naval command |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/vice-admiral-sanjay-bhalla-assumes-charge-as-eastern-naval-command-chief-23601103 |website=Mid-day |access-date=31 October 2025 |language=en |date=31 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Chief of Staff
|[[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Susheel Menon]], VSM
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Naval Command |url=https://x.com/IN_HQENC/status/1984570678402842691 |website=x.com |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet]]
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Alok Ananda]], YSM
|<ref>{{cite web |title=The Eastern Sword |url=https://x.com/IN_EasternFleet/status/1979070211753144412 |website=x.com |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Flag Officer Commanding Tamil Nadu & Puducherry Naval Area]]
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Ravi Kumar Dhingra]], VSM
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Change of Command - Flag Officer Commanding TN and P Naval Area {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/change-command-flag-officer-commanding-tn-and-p-naval-area#:~:text=Rear%20Admiral%20Ravi%20Kumar%20Dhingra,an%20alumnus%20of%20NDA%20%2C%20Pune. |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in |access-date=21 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Flag Officer Submarines (India)|Flag Officer Submarines]]
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Chetan C Chandegave
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Spokesperson Navy |url=https://x.com/indiannavy/status/1830562486988210325 |website=x.com |access-date=7 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Admiral Superintendent Dockyard (ASD) - Visakhapatnam
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] R. Vijay Sekhar, [[AVSM]], [[Nau Sena Medal|NM]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Adm R Vijay Sekhar Takes Over as Admiral Superintendent Naval Dockyard Visakhapatnam |url=https://sainiksamachar.nic.in/press-realease-details/5918 |website=sainiksamachar.nic.in |access-date=25 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Commodore Commanding Submarines (East)]]
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] L. M. Fernandes
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Cmde LM Fernandes took over as Commodore Commanding Submarines (East) and CO #INSVirbahu from Cmde Chetan Chandegave.|url=https://twitter.com/IN_HQENC/status/1718550946261708925 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |access-date=29 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Naval bases==
[[File:Admiral DK Joshi receives a guard of honour during a visit to the Eastern Naval Command in November 2013.jpeg|thumb|Admiral DK Joshi, then Chief of the Naval Staff, receiving a guard of honour during a visit to the Eastern Naval Command in November 2013]]
The headquarters in [[Visakhapatnam]], is also a strategically important dockyard for two nuclear-powered submarines of the [[Arihant-class submarine]]. Due to congestion and heavy shipping traffic, a new 20 square km base [[INS Varsha]] is being developed for exclusive naval use about 50 km south of Visakhapatnam.

The Eastern Navy fleet is distributed among its bases at [[Paradip]], [[Tuticorin]], [[Kakinada]] and [[Chennai]] on the east coast, and in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref name=inenca /> The Navy has opened its latest naval air base, [[INS Baaz]], at the southernmost tip of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to secure the strategically important [[Straits of Malacca]], and another naval air station in Kolkata to base an unmanned aerial vehicle squadron.<ref name=niex>{{cite news|title=Navy boosting Eastern flank|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article1401333.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223042843/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article1401333.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 December 2014|access-date=14 January 2013|newspaper=New Indian Express|date=31 December 2012}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = ENC Authorities & Units {{!}} Indian Navy|url = http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/enc-authorities-units|website = indiannavy.nic.in|access-date = 2015-12-29}}</ref>
[[File:Vikrant Museum Ship.jpg|thumb|The ex-INS ''Vikrant'' as a museum ship in Mumbai.]]
[[File:IAC1 Vikrant during sea trials (cropped).png|thumb|INS Vikrant during its sea trials]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="text-align:left;" | Base
!City
! style="text-align:left;" | [[States and territories of India|State/Territory]]
!Role
|-
| [[INS Circars]]
| rowspan="8" | [[Visakhapatnam]]
| rowspan="9" | [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|Logistics and Administrative support
|-
| [[INS Dega]]
| [[Indian Naval Air Arm|Naval Air Station]]
|-
| [[INS Virbahu]]
|Submarine base
|-
|[[INS Satavahana]]
|Submarine Training Base of the Indian Navy
|-
| [[INHS Kalyani]]
|Naval Hospital
|-
| [[INS Kalinga]]
|Naval Missile Depot
|-
| [[INS Eksila]]
|Marine gas turbine maintenance
|-
|INS Karna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Navy-chiefs-maiden-visit-to-ENC-today/2016/07/10/article3521950.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711153512/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Navy-chiefs-maiden-visit-to-ENC-today/2016/07/10/article3521950.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 July 2016|title=Navy chief's maiden visit to ENC today|access-date=2016-07-10}}</ref>
|[[MARCOS|MARCOS Base]]
|-
| [[INS Varsha]] (Under Construction)
|[[Rambilli]]
|Future submarine base for the ENC
|-
| [[INS Adyar]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Chennai]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Tamil Nadu]]
|Logistics and Maintenance support
|-
| [[NAE Chennai]]
|Naval Air Enclave at [[Chennai International Airport]]
|-
| [[INS Parundu]]
| [[Uchipuli]]
|[[Indian Naval Air Arm|Naval Air Station]]
|-
| [[INS Rajali]]
| [[Arakkonam]]
|[[Indian Naval Air Arm|Naval Air Station]]
|-
|[[INS Kattabomman]]
|Tirunelveli
|Submarine VLF facility
|-
|[[INS Tuticorin]]
|Tuticorin
|Logistics support
|-
|[[INS Netaji Subhash]]
|[[Kolkata]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|Logistics and Administrative support
|-
|[[INS Paradip]] (Under Construction)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/n-o-i-c-or|title=N O I C (OR) {{!}} Indian Navy|website=indiannavy.nic.in|access-date=2016-03-13}}</ref>
| [[Paradip]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Odisha]]
|Forward Operating Base
|-
|[[INS Bhubaneswar]] (Under Construction)
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
|Naval Air Enclave
|}

==Capabilities==
In 2005, Eastern Naval Command was home to 30 warships. [[INS Jalashwa|INS ''Jalashwa'']] is the flagship of Eastern Fleet and provides amphibious capabilities to the [[Indian Navy]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Eastern Fleet is equipped with submarine pens and maintenance dockyards. The Amphibious Task Group of Eastern Naval Fleet has INS ''Jalashwa'' (LPD). It also includes five [[Rajput-class destroyer|''Rajput''-class destroyer]]s, four ''Kora''-class corvettes, three ''Godavari''-class frigates, three [[Shivalik-class frigate|''Shivalik''-class frigate]]s, [[Sindhughosh-class submarine|''Sindhughosh''-class submarine]]s and the {{Sclass|Akula|submarine}} [[INS Chakra (2011)|INS ''Chakra'']]. Naval aviation is provided by [[Westland Sea King]] helicopters. Apart from these, a number of smaller vessels such as [[fast attack craft]] made the total fleet strength of the command 52 vessels in 2012.

==Future==
Until 1997, {{INS|Vikrant|1961}} was the flagship of Eastern Fleet. After her de-commissioning in 1997, the Eastern Fleet has been without an [[aircraft carrier]].<ref name=niex /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/warship-trials-finally-begin/432214.html |title=INS Vikramaditya Trials Finally Begin}}</ref> Its aircraft carrier capability will get restored after first indigenously built aircraft carrier {{INS|Vikrant|2013}} joins the Eastern Fleet by 2023 after completing extensive sea trials and is likely to based in [[Visakhapatnam|Vishakapatnam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m-economictimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/m.economictimes.com/news/defence/indigenous-carrier-ins-vikrant-likely-to-be-based-in-visakhapatnam/amp_articleshow/66956377.cms?usqp=mq331AQCCAE=&amp_js_v=0.1|title=Indigenous carrier INS Vikrant likely to be based in Visakhapatnam - The Economic Times|website=m-economictimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org|access-date=2019-05-16}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www-newindianexpress-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/dec/04/ins-vikrant-aircraft-carrier-to-be-based-in-vizag-2071274.amp?usqp=mq331AQCKAE=&amp_js_v=0.1|title=INS Vikrant aircraft carrier to be based in Vizag - The New Indian Express|website=www-newindianexpress-com.cdn.ampproject.org|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref>

== List of commanders ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;" | S.No
! scope="col" style="width: 510px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Assumed office
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office
! scope="col" style="width: 600px;" | Notes
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;" | References
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Naval Officer-in-Charge, Visakhapatnam (NOIC Visakhapatnam)'''
|-
|1
|[[Captain (naval)|Captain]] Geoffrey Gowlland
|11 January 1948
|12 December 1951
|Seconded from the [[Royal Navy]]
|<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Ships Of The Indian Navy |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/navylist1950/1952NavyList/page/573/mode/2up |title=The Navy List for May 1952 |volume= |publication-place=London|publisher= HM Stationery Office |publication-date=1952 |pages=574}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Captain (naval)|Captain]] [[Bhaskar Sadashiv Soman]]
|12 December 1951
|2 December 1953
|First Indian appointee. Later served as Chief of the Naval Staff.
|<ref name="Ind_Navy_Appts"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Press Note|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1951-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1951-11-15_215.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=18 November 1951|access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=Ships Of The Indian Navy |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/navylist1950/1953NavyList/page/591/mode/2up |title=The Navy List for May 1953 |volume= |publication-place=London|publisher= HM Stationery Office |publication-date=1953 |pages=592}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Captain (naval)|Captain]] Reginald Sawhny
|2 December 1953
|June 1954
|
|<ref name="Ind_Navy_Appts">{{cite web|title=I.N. Appointments|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1953-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1953-11-28_431.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=28 November 1953|access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|4
|[[Captain (naval)|Captain]] Reginald Sherring David
|27 December 1954
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=I. N. Appointments|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1954%20DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1954-06-25_189.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=25 June 1954|access-date=10 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Naval Chief's Visit to the Circars|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1955-JULY%20DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1955-08-22_074.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=22 August 1955|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=Ships Of The Indian Navy |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/navylist1955/1955NavyList/page/665/mode/2up |title=The Navy List for May 1955 |volume= |publication-place=London|publisher= HM Stationery Office |publication-date=1955 |pages=668}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Commodore, East Coast (COMEAST)'''
|-
|1
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] Manchar Krishna Heble
|12 June 1958
|5 February 1960
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=194 |date=23 August 1958 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] [[G. S. Kapoor]]
|5 February 1960
|June 1962
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=87 |date=9 April 1960 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Senior Naval Officers to Meet|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1961-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1961-04-29_205.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=29 April 1961|access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] Jai Shankar Mehra
|14 June 1962
|June 1965
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=188 |date=7 July 1962 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New Naval Establishment at Andamans|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1964-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1964-02-15_139.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=15 February 1964|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|4
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] Douglas St. John Cameron
|June 1965
|31 May 1967
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Defence Minister Visits Naval Installations at Vishakapatnam|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1965-AUG-DECC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1965-08-09_013.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=9 August 1965|access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Flag Officer, East Coast (FOEC)'''
|-
|1
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[K. R. Nair|Kesavapillai Ramakrishnan Nair]]
|July 1967
|1 March 1968
|
|<ref name="Flag_East"/>
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command (FOC-in-C ENC)'''
|-
|1
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[K. R. Nair|Kesavapillai Ramakrishnan Nair]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|1 March 1968
|1 March 1971
|
|<ref name="Krishnan_takes">{{cite web|title=Admiral Krishnan Takes Over as FOC-in-C Eastern Naval Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1971-JAN-AUG-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1971-02-28_096.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=28 February 1971|access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Nilakanta Krishnan]] {{small|[[PVSM]], [[Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)|DSC]]}}
|1 March 1971
|March 1973
|
|<ref name="Krishnan_takes"/>
|-
|3
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[K. L. Kulkarni]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|March 1973
|1 April 1976
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Admiral Krishnan To Head Cochin Shipyard|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1973-JAN-MAY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1973-03-02_108.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=2 March 1973|access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Admiral Kulkarni Retires|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1976-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1976-04-01_086.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=1 April 1976|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New Senior Naval Appointments|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1976-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1976-02-28_054.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=28 February 1976|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|4
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Swaraj Parkash]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|MVC|AVSM}}}}
|1 April 1976
|1 March 1977
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Admiral Parkash to Head Eastern Naval Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1976-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1976-04-02_089.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=2 April 1976|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|5
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[S. H. Sarma]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|1 March 1977
|2 February 1978
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Admiral Sarma to Head Eastern Naval Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-JAN-JULY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-I/PDF/DEF-1977-03-08_049.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=8 March 1977|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|6
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[M. R. Schunker]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|2 February 1978
|24 March 1980
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Admiral Schunker to Head Eastern Naval Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1978-JAN-MAR-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-I/PDF/DEF-1978-02-02_113.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=2 February 1978|access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral Schunker Takes Over as Vice Chief of the Naval Staff|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1980-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1980-04-01_126.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=1 April 1980|access-date=6 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|7
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Mihir K. Roy]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|24 March 1980
|31 March 1984
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=New Naval Commander-in-Chief for the Bay of Bengal|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1980-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1980-03-23_114.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=23 March 1980|access-date=6 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Senior Naval Appointments|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1984-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1984-04-06_132.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=6 April 1984|access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|8
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Jayant Ganpat Nadkarni]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM|VSM}}}}
|8 April 1984
|28 February 1986
|Later served as [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral Nadkarni Takes Over Eastern Naval Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1984-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1984-04-08_136.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=8 April 1984|access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral Nadkarni New Vice Chief of Navy|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1986-JAN-JULY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1986-02-27_123.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=28 February 1986|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|9
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] S. C. Chopra {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
|28 February 1986
|27 February 1989
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral Chopra Takes Over Eastern Naval Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1986-JAN-JULY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1986-02-23_120.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=28 December 1990|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|10
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Laxminarayan Ramdas]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VrC|VSM}}}}
|27 February 1989
|30 November 1990
|Later served as [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/19900930-loss-of-ins-andaman-points-to-maintenance-problems-in-indian-navy-813061-1990-09-29|title=Loss of INS Andaman points to maintenance problems in Indian Navy|access-date=2017-10-25}}</ref>
|-
|11
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Vijai Singh Shekhawat]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VrC}}}}
|31 December 1990
|31 October 1992
|Later served as [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=New Vice Chief, Flag Officer Commanders-in-Chief and Deputy Chief for Indian Navy|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1990-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-II/PDF/DEF-1990-12-28_181.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=28 December 1990|access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|12
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] B. Guha {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|10 November 1992
|31 May 1995
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=New Deputy Chief of Naval Staff|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1992-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1992-11-10_262.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=10 November 1992|access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|13
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] P. S. Das {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|VSM}}}}
|31 May 1995
|27 February 1998
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=P. S. Das, New Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1995-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1995-06-01_118.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=1 June 1995|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|14
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Vinod Pasricha {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
|28 February 1998
|28 February 2001
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Naval Appointments Announced by the Government|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1998-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1998-02-26_056.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=26 February 1998|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="major_shake_up">{{cite news |author= |title=Major shake up in naval command structure |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/mar/01navy.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=1 March 2001 |access-date=8 February 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|15
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[John Colin De Silva]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 March 2001
|1 January 2002
|
|<ref name="major_shake_up"/>
|-
|16
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Raman Puri {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|15 January 2002
|30 September 2003
|
|<ref name="vizagcityonline.com">{{cite web |title=VizagCityOnline.com - Vizag Snapshots |url=https://www.vizagcityonline.com/Snapshots/2003/oct.html |website=www.vizagcityonline.com}}</ref><ref name="rediff.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/20navy.htm|title=Navy officer to head Integrated Defence Staff|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2017-10-25}}</ref>
|-
|17
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] O. P. Bansal {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 October 2003
|30 September 2005
|
|<ref name="rediff.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=11492|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-10-25}}</ref><ref name="vizagcityonline.com"/>
|-
|18
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sureesh Mehta]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 October 2005
|31 October 2006
|Later served as [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=12457|title=Vice Admiral Sureesh Mehta, takes over as Foc-In-C East|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=20457|title=Vice Admiral Sureesh Mehta to be the next Naval Chief|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-10-25}}</ref>
|-
|19
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Arun Kumar Singh {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
|1 November 2006
|31 March 2007
|
|
|-
|20
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Raman Prem Suthan {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 April 2007
|30 March 2008
|Later served as [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Vice-Admiral-R-P-Suthan-to-head-Eastern-Naval-Command/articleshow/1981390.cms|title=Vice Admiral R P Suthan to head Eastern Naval Command - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=26992|title=Vice Admiral Raman P Suthan, AVSM VSM appointed Foc-in-C East|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-10-25}}</ref>
|-
|21
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Nirmal Kumar Verma]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 April 2008
|31 August 2009
|Later served as [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.domain-b.com/people/in_the_news/20080320_naval_command.html|title=domain-b.com : Vice Adm N Verma to head eastern naval command, Vice Adm RP Suthan is new vice chief|website=www.domain-b.com|access-date=2017-10-25}}</ref>
|-
|22
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Anup Singh (admiral)|Anup Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
|1 September 2009
|31 October 2011
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories397.htm|title=..:: India Strategic ::.. Vice Admiral Anup Singh AVSM NSM|website=www.indiastrategic.in|access-date=2017-10-25|archive-date=18 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818194635/http://indiastrategic.in/topstories397.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|23
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Anil Chopra (admiral)|Anil Chopra]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 November 2011
|2014
|Later served as FOC-in-C Western Naval Command
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/vice-admiral-anil-chopra-takes-over-commander-chief-eastern-naval-command|title=Vice Admiral Anil Chopra Takes over as The Commander-in-chief of The Eastern Naval Command {{!}} Indian Navy|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in|language=en|access-date=2017-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://netindian.in/news/2011/10/29/00016810/vice-admiral-anil-chopra-appointed-foc-c-eastern-naval-command|title=Vice Admiral Anil Chopra appointed as FOC-in-C, Eastern Naval Command {{!}} NetIndian|date=2011-10-29|website=netindian.in|language=en|access-date=2017-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://navaltoday.com/2011/11/01/india-vice-admiral-anil-chopra-takes-over-as-flag-officer-commanding-in-chief-eastern-naval-command/|title=India: Admiral Chopra Takes Over as Flag Officer Commanding in Chief, Eastern Naval Command|work=Naval Today|access-date=2017-10-25|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|24
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Satish Soni]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
|16 June 2014
|29 February 2016
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/satish-soni-takes-over-as-enc-chief/article6120496.ece|title=Satish Soni takes over as ENC chief|date=2014-06-17|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-10-25|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/vice-admiral-satish-soni-takes-over-foc-c-east|title=Vice Admiral Satish Soni takes over as FOC-in-C East {{!}} Indian Navy|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in|language=en|access-date=2017-10-25}}</ref>
|-
|25
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Harish Bisht]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 March 2016
|30 October 2017
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/vice-admiral-hcs-bisht-taking-over-flag-officer-commanding-chief-eastern-naval-command|title=Vice Admiral HCS Bisht taking over as Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Eastern Naval Command {{!}} Indian Navy|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in|language=en|access-date=2017-10-25}}</ref>
|-
|26
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Karambir Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|31 October 2017
|30 May 2019
|Later served as Chief of the Naval Staff
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=173096|title=Vice Admiral Karambir Singh takes over as the Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, ENC|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-01-26}}</ref>
|-
|27
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Atul Kumar Jain]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 June 2019
|28 February 2021
| Later serves as Chief of Integrated Defense Staff
|<ref name="pib.nic.in">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=190135|title=Vice Admiral Atul Kumar Jain takes over as the Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, ENC|website=pib.nic.in|date=2019-05-30}}</ref>
|-
|28
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Ajendra Bahadur Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|28 February 2021
|28 November 2021
|Later served as FOC-in-C Western Naval Command
|<ref name="hindu-280221">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/vice-admiral-ab-singh-to-take-over-as-foc-in-c-of-enc/article33952380.ece|title= Vice Admiral A.B. Singh to take over as FOC-in-C of ENC |work=The Hindu|date=28 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/enc-bids-farewell-to-vice-admiral-ajendra-bahadur-singh/States/news/2576666.html|title=ENC bids Farewell to Vice Admiral Ajendra Bahadur Singh|publisher=United News of India|date=2021-11-28}}</ref>
|-
|29
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Biswajit Dasgupta]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|YSM|VSM}}}}
|1 December 2021
|31 July 2023
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1776739 |title=Vice Admiral Biswajit Dasgupta, AVSM, YSM, VSM Takes Over As The Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, ENC |date=1 December 2021 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Government of India |access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|30
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Rajesh Pendharkar]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 August 2023
|31 October 2025
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1944737|title=Vice Admiral Rajesh Pendharkar, AVSM, VSM Takes Over As The Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, ENC |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Government of India |access-date=1 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
|31
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sanjay Bhalla]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|NM}}}}
|31 October 2025
|Present
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral Sanjay Bhalla takes charge as flag officer commanding-in-chief, eastern naval command |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/vice-admiral-sanjay-bhalla-assumes-charge-as-eastern-naval-command-chief-23601103 |website=Mid-day |access-date=31 October 2025 |language=en |date=31 October 2025}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Southern Naval Command]]
* [[Western Naval Command]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Military of India}}
{{Indian Navy}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

[[Category:Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Commands of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1983]]

Guru Sishyan (1988 film)

2026-03-05T02:57:04Z

SanjayGhare: started the article initial version...

{{short description|1988 film by S. P. Muthuraman}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Guru Sishyan
| image = Guru Sishyan 1988 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. P. Muthuraman]]
| screenplay = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Insaf Ki Pukar]]''|M. D. Sunder}}
| producer = Meena Panchu Arunachalam
| starring = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] [[Gautami]]
| cinematography = T. S. Vinayagam
| editing = R. Vittal C. Lancy
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = P. A. Art Productions
| distributor = Mangaadu Amman Films
| released = {{film date|1988|4|13|df=y}}
| runtime = 144 minutes<ref name="AllMovie" />
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Guru Sishyan''''' ({{IPA|ta|ɡuɾu siʂjan|pron}} {{Translation|Master and Disciple}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by [[S. P. Muthuraman]]. A remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Insaf Ki Pukar]]'' (1987), it stars [[Rajinikanth]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] and [[Gautami]] with [[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]], [[Cho Ramaswamy]], [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[Radha Ravi]], [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]], [[Vinu Chakravarthy]] and [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] in supporting roles. The film is about two ex-prisoners who set out to prove the innocence of their [[Miscarriage of justice|wrongfully convicted]] fellow prisoner. In the process, they uncover a bigger conspiracy.

Meena Panchu Arunachalam produced ''Guru Sishyan'' under the production company P. A. Art Productions. The screenplay was written by her husband [[Panchu Arunachalam]]. The cinematography was handled by T. S. Vinayagam, the editing was by R. Vittal and C. Lancy, and the art direction was by B. Chalam. The film is Gautami's debut role in [[Tamil cinema]], and the first film in which Rajinikanth and Prabhu co-starred. Filming took place primarily in [[Mysore]] and [[Chennai]], and was completed in 25 days.

''Guru Sishyan'' was released on 13 April 1988 during the [[Puthandu]] (Tamil New Year) holiday. Despite being released at a time of political turmoil in [[Tamil Nadu]] after the death of chief minister [[M. G. Ramachandran]] months earlier, ''Guru Sishyan'', which includes many political references, became a commercial success, running in theatres for over 175 days.

== Plot ==
Soon-to-be-released convicts Raja and Babu meet Manohar, who is on [[death row]]. He tells them his sister Sumathi was kidnapped by a taxi driver and taken to Muthuraaj, a [[Playboy lifestyle|playboy]] who raped and killed her. Muthuraaj murdered the taxi driver and framed Manohar with his elder brother Rajamanickam, ally Jayaram and a corrupt police inspector Nallasivam. Raja and Babu believe Manohar; Raja stalls his execution by fracturing his left arm. Once released, the two men initiate an elaborate plan.

Under the pretense of an [[Income tax in India|income tax raid]], Raja and Babu search Nallasivam's house. They discover he has an abundance of illegally earned wealth, and force his wife Kalyani to sign a paper confirming this. Nallasivam learns about the "raid" in his house and threatens to arrest Raja and Babu, but they gain leverage over him, having created numerous copies of the paper.

Raja later falls in love with Geetha, another police inspector. He tells Babu to "romance" Rajamanickam's daughter Chithra as part of the plan, but it backfires. Raja discovers that Geetha is Nallasivam's daughter and lies to her about being a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer. He blackmails Nallasivam into helping him infiltrate Muthuraaj's services as a new bodyguard. Babu later genuinely falls in love with Chithra, who reciprocates. Though Raja soon reveals his true identity to Geetha, and Nallasivam's corrupt nature, she accepts him.

Pressured by Raja, Nallasivam introduces Babu to Rajamanickam as a millionaire in love with Chithra; Rajamanickam arranges their marriage. During the ceremony, Babu tells Rajamanickam he knows of the group's crimes and says he will only marry Chithra if the group confess in writing. When Rajamanickam refuses, Babu reveals his true identity and cancels the marriage, telling Chithra her father refused to give him the requested [[Dowry system in India|dowry]]. Rajamanickam, Jayaram and Muthuraaj realise that Nallasivam lied to them, and Babu is helping Manohar. They plan revenge.

For over 20 years, Rajamanickam has been trying to uncover a secret that is only known to Kandhasamy, Manohar's father, held captive in his basement. Kandhasamy has amnesia so a rope is used to jolt his memory. It succeeds but Kandhasamy refuses to tell Rajamanickam. Jayaram believes Kandhasamy will only tell Babu because he is helping Manohar. Babu, now their prisoner, is taken to the basement. Raja follows to watch over Babu, and they secretly rescue Kandhasamy and his wife Padma and escape.

While conversing with Padma, Raja realises he is Kandhasamy's first son who went missing years ago during a school trip. Babu recognises Kandhasamy as the murderer of his parents and has a fight with Raja. Kandhasamy stops their fight and reveals the truth: he had learned the location of a treasure cave, but wanted to tell only his superior, [[Inspector-general of police|IG]] Sriram. Rajamanickam imprisoned Kandhasamy and his family to seek the location, but he refused. Rajamanickam then murdered Sriram and his wife while disguised as Kandhasamy, sparing their son Babu so that he could blame him. The family escaped, and Padma reveals that they were recaptured after Manohar's arrest before being rescued by Raja and Babu. On learning the truth, Raja and Babu reunite and swear revenge.

Geetha and Chithra join Raja and Babu in their plan to avenge. Chithra draws Rajamanickam to a meeting with Raja and Babu. At the instigation of Jayaram, he agrees to sign a paper incriminating Muthuraaj in exchange for the location to the cave, which will be the "dowry" for Chithra and Babu's marriage. Chithra records Rajamanickam and Jayaram's conversation on tape; she gives it to Muthuraaj, who plans revenge along with Nallasivam.

Kandhasamy, Rajamanickam, Jayaram, Babu and Raja reach the cave and find many gold bars. Rajamanickam signs the paper as promised, but Raja and Babu intend to have him arrested for his crimes. Soon after, Muthuraaj and Nallasivam arrive and create chaos with thugs and bombs; Rajamanickam and Jayaram are killed while Raja, Babu and Kandhasamy escape. Muthuraaj and Nallasivam drive away with many gold bars but are stopped by Raja and Babu, and arrested by Geetha. Manohar, now fully healed, is exonerated.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Raja
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Babu
* [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Chithra<ref name="moviefone" />
* [[Gautami]] as Geetha
* [[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]] as Manohar<ref name="cinemaexpress" />
* [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]] as Jayaram<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2016 |title="மந்திரியின் லஞ்சம் கட்சிக்கு நிதி!" – சோவின் அரசியல் பகடிகள் |trans-title="The Minister's bribe is the party's justice!" – Cho's political jokes |url=https://www.vikatan.com/anniversaries/kollywood/74442-cho-and-his-bold-political-satires-in-tamil-cinema |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190129052052/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/pokkisham/74442-cho-and-his-bold-political-satires-in-tamil-cinema.html |archive-date=29 January 2019 |access-date=28 January 2019 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] as Rajamanickam
* [[Radha Ravi]] as Muthuraaj<ref name="AllMovie" />
* [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Kandhasamy<ref name="moviefone" />
* [[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Nallasivam<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sundaram |first=Nandhu |date=28 April 2017 |title=The man who found Silk Smitha: Vinu Chakravarthy reminded us of the classicism in cinema |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/man-who-found-silk-smitha-vinu-chakravarthy-reminded-us-classism-cinema-61116 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216200648/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/man-who-found-silk-smitha-vinu-chakravarthy-reminded-us-classism-cinema-61116 |archive-date=16 December 2017 |access-date=7 June 2018 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Kalyani<ref name="moviefone" />
* [[K. Natraj]] as Solomon<ref name="movie" />
* [[LIC Narasimhan]] as Sriram<ref name="moviefone" />
* Nagaraja Chozhan as the taxi driver<ref name="movie" />
* Padmasri as Padma<ref name="cinemaexpress" />
* [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as Sumathi<ref name="moviefone" />
* [[K. S. Jayalakshmi]] as the call girl<ref name="movie" />
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
When filmmaker and writer [[Panchu Arunachalam]] was in financial crisis, director [[S. P. Muthuraman]] suggested actor [[Rajinikanth]] to collaborate with Arunachalam for a film. Rajinikanth agreed and offered to give a [[Daily call sheet|call-sheet]] of 10 days, asking Muthuraman to prepare a story. Muthuraman objected, saying that if Rajinikanth did a "guest role", the audience would not accept it and distributors would not buy the film, meaning low chances of profit. Muthuraman asked Rajinikanth to give 25 call-sheet days and said he would finish the film within that time;<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 81" /> the average Tamil film then would take 45 days to film.<ref name="canadauthayan" />

Muthuraman had seen ''[[Insaf Ki Pukar]]'' (1987),{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=113}} a Hindi film with two heroes. He decided to remake this film in Tamil and told Rajinikanth 25 days was enough. Rajinikanth signed on the film but said he would not act for longer than the given dates.<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 81" /> The film was produced by Arunachalam's wife Meena under their own company P. A. Art Productions,<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2001 |title=Meena Panchu Arunachalam v. Sun T.V. |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/56b495e9607dba348f015cf8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190808100952/https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/56b495e9607dba348f015cf8 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |access-date=8 August 2019 |website=CaseMine |publisher=[[Madras High Court]]}}</ref> while Arunachalam wrote the screenplay.<ref name="Trolly" /> Cinematography was handled by T. S. Vinayagam,<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 November 2018 |title=ஒளிப்பதிவாளர் டி.எஸ்.விநாயகம் மரணம் |trans-title=Cinematographer T. S. Vinayagam is dead |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?Nid=449779 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190729085020/http://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?Nid=449779 |archive-date=29 July 2019 |access-date=29 July 2019 |work=[[Dinakaran]] |language=ta}}</ref> editing by R. Vittal and C. Lancy, and art direction was by B. Chalam.<ref name="cinemaexpress" /><ref name="movie" /> Arunachalam's son [[Subbu Panchu]] worked as an assistant production manager for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=12 February 2011 |title=My First Break: Subbu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/My-First-Break-Subbu/article15411774.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518190115/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/My-First-Break-Subbu/article15411774.ece |archive-date=18 May 2018 |access-date=14 October 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=5 March 2016 |title=Subbu Panchu on a roll |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/050316/subbu-panchu-on-a-roll.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190809034918/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/050316/subbu-panchu-on-a-roll.html |archive-date=9 August 2019 |access-date=9 August 2019 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

=== Casting and filming ===
Muthuraman said he made ''Guru Sishyan'' to exploit Rajinikanth's flair for comedy.{{sfn|The Hindu|2012|p=17}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muthuraman |first=S. P. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=22 December 1999 |title=Rajini acts in front of the camera, never behind it |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/dec/22muthu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208004408/https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/dec/22muthu.htm |archive-date=8 February 2018 |access-date=14 October 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Rajinikanth and [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] were cast as Raja and Babu.<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 82" /><ref name="moviefone" /> This was the first film in which the two actors were seen together onscreen; though they had first acted together in ''[[Dharmathin Thalaivan]]'', it was released later in 1988.{{sfn|The Hindu|2012|p=36}} [[Jayashree (Tamil actress)|Jayashree]] was initially cast as the police inspector Geetha, but she later backed out due to her marriage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ஆனந்தராஜ் |first=கு. |date=7 January 2020 |title=80'ஸ் எவர்கிரீன் நாயகிகள் 26: அன்று நடிகை... இன்று புராஜெக்ட் மேனேஜர்! |trans-title=80's evergreen heroines 26: Then an actress... today a project manager! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/1980s-evergreens-heroins-actress-jayashree |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200715045800/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/1980s-evergreens-heroins-actress-jayashree |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=15 July 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> The role went to [[Gautami]];<ref name="AllMovie" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shrikumar |first=A. |date=15 February 2017 |title=Conquering cancer, celebrating cinema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/Conquering-cancer-celebrating-cinema/article17306972.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190903061154/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/Conquering-cancer-celebrating-cinema/article17306972.ece |archive-date=3 September 2019 |access-date=11 September 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> it marked her debut in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subhakeerthana |first=S |date=8 July 2019 |title=I miss being in films: Gautami |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/i-miss-being-away-from-films-gautami-5820078/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724201312/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/i-miss-being-away-from-films-gautami-5820078/ |archive-date=24 July 2019 |access-date=11 September 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=20 July 2007 |title=Determined to make a mark, again |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/determined-to-make-a-mark-again/article2273116.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190129052342/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/determined-to-make-a-mark-again/article2273116.ece |archive-date=29 January 2019 |access-date=28 January 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] played the antagonist Rajamanickam,<ref name="AllMovie" /> deviating from the heroic roles he was previously known for.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kesavan |first=N. |date=14 April 2016 |title=Villains with heroic pasts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/tamil-film-industry-villains-with-heroic-pasts/article8475517.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206203016/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/tamil-film-industry-villains-with-heroic-pasts/article8475517.ece |archive-date=6 December 2017 |access-date=28 January 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Padmasri plays the role of Raja's mother, and was not hesitant to play an elderly role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=அன்று ரஜினிக்கு அம்மா; இன்று டீக்கடை ஓனர் - நினைவுகள் பகிரும் நடிகை பத்மஶ்ரீ |trans-title=Rajini's mother then; today a tea shop owner - Padmasri shared memories |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/veteran-actress-padmashree-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250818140557/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/veteran-actress-padmashree-interview |archive-date=2025-08-18 |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] began with the filming of the song "Jingidi Jingidi" at [[VGP Universal Kingdom]], Chennai.<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 81" /> Gautami was initially nervous dancing with Rajinikanth in "Jingidi Jingidi" because it was the first time they acted together so it was decided to film non-dancing scenes for two days then film the dance. Choreographer Puliyur Saroja trained Gauthami, who was able to dance convincingly.<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 82" /> Many of the film's scenes were shot in Mysore,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |date=11 February 2017 |title=Excellence in execution is the key to success |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Opinion/2017/02/11102306/1027143/Excellence-in-execution-is-the-key-to-success.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607053450/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Opinion/2017/02/11102306/1027143/Excellence-in-execution-is-the-key-to-success.vpf |archive-date=7 June 2018 |access-date=7 June 2018 |work=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> as filming in Chennai turned problematic.<ref name="canadauthayan" /><ref name="cinemaexpress" /> Initially, the script did not have a fight scene for Prabhu.<ref name="Trolly" /> At Rajinikanth's insistence, the fight scene intended for him was later given to Prabhu.<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 82" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shoba |first=V. |date=18 December 2014 |title=The Enduring Legend of Rajini |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/art-culture/the-enduring-legend-of-rajini/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808103332/https://openthemagazine.com/features/art-culture/the-enduring-legend-of-rajini/ |archive-date=8 August 2019 |access-date=8 August 2019 |website=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]]}}</ref> The song "Kandu Pudichen", picturised on Rajinikanth and Gauthami, was shot in a day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2013 |title=கமலின் ஸ்கேட்டிங் டான்ஸ்... ரஜினியின் மலை டான்ஸ்..! |trans-title=Kamal's skating dance... Rajini's mountain dance..! |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=5788&id1=67&issue=20130819 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190729092039/http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=5788&id1=67&issue=20130819 |archive-date=29 July 2019 |access-date=29 July 2019 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref>

The climactic fight sequence was planned to be filmed in the [[Borra Caves]] at [[Araku Valley]], but because Rajinikanth's call-sheet dates were nearing the end and a round-trip to Araku Valley would take longer, Chalam designed an identical cave set in Chennai.<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 82" /> The scene in which Raja and Babu escape through a tunnel while being pursued by a rolling boulder was based on a similar scene from ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' (1981).<ref name="IE review" /> While Rajinikanth had given a call-sheet of 25 days, all his scenes were filmed in 23 days;<ref name="canadauthayan" /><ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 82" /> he stayed for the remaining two days, during which he moved the trolley for the song "Vaa Vaa Vanji", which was picturised on Prabhu and [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] (who played Babu's love interest Chithra), and filmed at [[Brindavan Gardens]].<ref name="Trolly" /><ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 82" /> The final length of the film is {{convert|3996.19|metres|feet|abbr=out}}.<ref name="movie" />

== Themes ==
Film critic [[Naman Ramachandran]] considers the film to have an "overt political message".{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=112}} He, Jeeva Sahapthan of ''Patrikai'' and writer S. Rajanayagam interpret the scene in which many convicts fight for the chief's chair and Raja sings "''Naatkaalikku Sandai Podum Naamellam Paithiyam Thaanda''" (People who fight for a chair are mad) as a reference to infighting that occurred within the political party [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) following the death of Tamil Nadu chief minister [[M. G. Ramachandran]] on 24 December 1987; after his death, the AIADMK was split into two factions.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|pp=112–113}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |date=27 January 2018 |title=Rajinikanth and realpolitik: In search of the Superstar's political script |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-search-of-an-ideology/story-VySf2dsFMU8Wivqw4zkBmN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181219050124/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-search-of-an-ideology/story-VySf2dsFMU8Wivqw4zkBmN.html |archive-date=19 December 2018 |access-date=28 January 2019 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Rajanayagam|2015|p=169}}<ref name="patrikai" /> Jeeva Sahapthan notes that Raja's dialogue "''Mike aala pesaradhu andha kaalam, mike aala adikkaradhu indha kaalam''" (Talking through the microphone is old, beating with the microphone is new) references several incidents in which people were beaten with microphones.<ref name="patrikai" /><ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Guru Sishyan |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=P. A. Art Productions |year=1988 |time=27:42 to 27:46 |time-caption=From}}</ref>

A writer from ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]'' using the [[Pen name|''nom de plume'']] "Cinema Pithan" compared ''Guru Sishyan'' to many other Rajinikanth films from the 1980s like ''[[Polladhavan (1980 film)|Polladhavan]]'' (1980), ''[[Moondru Mugam]]'' (1982), ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (1984 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'' (1984) and ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (1985 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' (1985) because revenge is a mutual theme in them,<ref>{{Cite news |last=பித்தன் |first=சினிமா |date=25 April 2014 |title=திரையும் கதையும்: பழிவாங்கும் படங்களின் பரிணாமம் |trans-title=Screen and story: The evolution of revenge films |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/905-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926034009/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/905-.html |archive-date=26 September 2019 |access-date=26 September 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> while other sources identify it as a treasure hunt film in the vein of the ''[[Indiana Jones]]'' films.<ref name="IE review" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajini's sidekicks |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/rajini-s-sidekicks-imagegallery-7-kollywood-kkloxteaijesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020053020/https://www.sify.com/movies/rajini-s-sidekicks-imagegallery-7-kollywood-kkloxteaijesi.html |archive-date=20 October 2019 |access-date=1 November 2019 |website=[[Sify]] |at=slide 8}}</ref> S. Rajanayagam writes that the scene in which the jailer advises Raja not to visit the jail again, and Raja asks why he should have to come to the jail if those outside are good, mirrors many films in which Rajinikanth's character submits himself to the law and gets punished as a routine but does not generally feel guilty about his petty crimes and is depicted as taking for granted that minor offences are a part of daily living.{{sfn|Rajanayagam|2015|p=89}}

Writing for ''[[Firstpost]]'' in 2014, S. Srinivasan said the film says people with "families and reputations and clean linen shirts to protect" should normally "avoid messing up with the poor, who have nothing to lose, or the rich, who can swat us like a fly".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=S |date=20 December 2014 |title=Why the Buddha never smiled |url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/economy/why-the-buddha-never-smiled-8436.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190917042357/https://www.firstpost.com/business/economy/why-the-buddha-never-smiled-8436.html |archive-date=17 September 2019 |access-date=18 September 2019 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> In another ''Firstpost'' article, Apoorva Sripathi noted that the hand gestures Jayaram ([[Cho Ramaswamy]]) makes in one scene in which he is in deep thought were actually symbols of the AIADMK, [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] and the [[Indian National Congress]]. She called this an example of Ramaswamy making references to politics in his films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sripathi |first=Apoorva |date=7 December 2016 |title=Remembering Cho Ramaswamy: From theatre to films, a lodestar of lampoon |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/remembering-cho-ramaswamy-from-theatre-to-films-a-lodestar-of-lampoon-3144504.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190128170456/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/remembering-cho-ramaswamy-from-theatre-to-films-a-lodestar-of-lampoon-3144504.html |archive-date=28 January 2019 |access-date=28 January 2019 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Film historian [[Mohan Raman]] said, "Cho was one person who could spout political dialogues and display his brand of wit ... His comedy in [''Guru Sishyan''] was satire-driven ... maybe because he was essentially a stage actor".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=7 December 2016 |title=A different brand of wit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/A-different-brand-of-wit/article16773046.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913051810/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/A-different-brand-of-wit/article16773046.ece |archive-date=13 September 2019 |access-date=13 September 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Rajanayagam states that "Kandu Pudichen" replaying in part at the film's end signifies a trend in Tamil cinema wherein the last song to be played is usually heard earlier in the film.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajayanagam |first=S. |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/80882/5/raja_chapter3.pdf |title=Cultural and Political Ramifications of Popular Screen Image in Thamizh Nadu: A Comparative Study of the Films of M G Ramachandran and Rajinikanth |date=2002 |publisher=[[University of Madras]] |pages=79 |chapter=Narrative Structuring |access-date=5 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905113537/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/80882/5/raja_chapter3.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music for ''Guru Sishyan'' was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guru Sishyan (1988) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000056 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140107060847/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000056 |archive-date=7 January 2014 |access-date=7 January 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] wrote the lyrics of all songs except "Jingidi Jingidi", which Ilaiyaraaja himself wrote. The soundtrack was released by Echo Records.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guru Sishyan Tamil FIlm LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/guru-sishyan-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209060129/https://mossymart.com/product/guru-sishyan-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-3/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> "Kandu Pudichen" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Shubhapantuvarali]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |location=Chennai |pages=136 |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}</ref><ref name="Subhapantuvarali" /> Unlike most Shubhapantuvarali songs, which are composed with melancholic overtones, it was written to be "playful" and "fun".<ref name="Subhapantuvarali" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pramod Kumar |first=G. |date=13 December 2018 |title=The Saketharaman interview: 'Bhava is very important in music. My ultimate goal is spiritual' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/saketharaman-interview-carnatic-music-margazhi-festival-ilayaraja-hindustani-music-5490268/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213123242/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/saketharaman-interview-carnatic-music-margazhi-festival-ilayaraja-hindustani-music-5490268/ |archive-date=13 December 2018 |access-date=1 February 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The song attained popularity,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subhakeerthana |first=S. |date=3 December 2018 |title=The best SP Balasubrahmanyam-Rajinikanth songs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/the-best-sp-balasubrahmanyam-rajinikanth-songs-5476884/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128162601/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/the-best-sp-balasubrahmanyam-rajinikanth-songs-5476884/ |archive-date=28 January 2019 |access-date=28 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> as did "Naatkaalikku Sandai" despite its anti-political lyrics,<ref name="patrikai" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 December 2018 |title=ரஜினியின் புதிய படம் நாற்காலி ? |trans-title=Rajini's new film titled Naatkaali? |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/73961/cinema/Kollywood/rajini-new-movie-may-titled-as-narkkali.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190912115106/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/73961/cinema/Kollywood/rajini-new-movie-may-titled-as-narkkali.htm |archive-date=12 September 2019 |access-date=13 September 2019 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> and "Jingidi Jingidi" with its nonsensical lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2012 |title=தமிழ்சினிமா இசையில் அகத்தூண்டுதல் : 6(முற்றும்) : T .சௌந்தர் |url=http://inioru.com/தமிழ்சினிமா-இசையில்-அகத்/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190910081755/http://inioru.com/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D/ |archive-date=10 September 2019 |access-date=26 September 2019 |website=Inioru |language=ta}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kandu Pudichen
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 04:34
| title2 = Vaa Vaa Vanji
| lyrics2 = Vaali
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 04:28
| title3 = Naatkaalikku Sandai
| lyrics3 = Vaali
| extra3 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length3 = 04:30
| title4 = Jingidi Jingidi
| lyrics4 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| extra4 = Mano, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length4 = 04:27
| title5 = Uthama Puthiri Naanu
| lyrics5 = Vaali
| extra5 = [[Swarnalatha]]
| length5 = 04:13
| total_length = 22:12 
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Guru Sishyan'' was released on 13 April 1988 during [[Puthandu]], the Tamil New Year holiday,{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=113}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 1988 |title=Guru Sishyan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19880413&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=7 June 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and was distributed by Mangaadu Amman Films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 1988 |title=Guru Sishyan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19880415&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=15 September 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> According to trade analyst Sreedhar Pillai, the overseas rights of the film were sold for {{INRConvert|1|l|year=1988}};<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=16 April 2016 |title=A gold mine around the globe |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-business-in-overseas-market/article8483410.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607053427/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-business-in-overseas-market/article8483410.ece |archive-date=7 June 2018 |access-date=7 June 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Prathibha Parameswaran of ''[[Scroll.in]]'', however, said the film "did a business of just about a lakh of rupees", its distributor having acquired its overseas rights for {{INRConvert|60000|year=1988}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parameswaran |first=Prathibha |date=7 August 2016 |title=The Tamil film industry's Look East-West policy is opening up new markets |url=https://scroll.in/reel/813380/the-tamil-film-industrys-look-east-west-policy-is-opening-up-new-markets |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190905102636/https://scroll.in/reel/813380/the-tamil-film-industrys-look-east-west-policy-is-opening-up-new-markets |archive-date=5 September 2019 |access-date=5 September 2019 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>

On 24 April 1988, the review board of the magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' praised ''Guru Sishyan'' for its comedy and Rajinikanth's performance—especially his English malapropisms—giving it a rating of 40 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vikatan Review Board |date=24 April 1988 |title=குரு சிஷ்யன் |trans-title=Guru Sishyan |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/38167--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200210095726/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/38167--2 |archive-date=10 February 2020 |access-date=12 September 2019 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Rajinikanth and Prabhu enjoy to the hilt playing their light-hearted roles, lissom newface Gautami and short and square [Seetha] prance around with abandon. [Ilaiyaraaja's] numbers are pleasant and add sparkle to the song-and-dance sequences."<ref name="IE review" /> Despite being released at a time of political turmoil in Tamil Nadu after M. G. Ramachandran's death,{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=113}}{{sfn|Ramki|2005|p=34}} the film became a commercial success, running in theatres for over 175 days,<ref name="cinemaexpress" /> thereby becoming a [[silver jubilee film]].{{sfn|Ramki|2005|p=114}}{{Efn|A silver jubilee film is one that completes a theatrical run of 25 weeks or 175 days.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Suresh |date=29 December 2014 |title=Disappointing year for Telugu tinseltown |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/disappointing-year-for-telugu-tinseltown/article6734032.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110073844/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/disappointing-year-for-telugu-tinseltown/article6734032.ece |archive-date=10 January 2017 |access-date=17 September 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>}}

== Legacy ==


''Guru Sishyan'' brought Gautami to instant stardom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadar |first=A Ganesh |date=12 June 1999 |title=Sex should be displayed naturally |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jun/12gau.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814220837/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jun/12gau.htm |archive-date=14 August 2017 |access-date=14 October 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Many of Rajinikanth's English malapropisms such as "Es-kiss me" or "Yes kiss me" instead of "Excuse me",<ref name="behindwoods" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajini punch lines |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/rajini-punch-lines-imagegallery-14-movies-jdwmUcjfbdhsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190128172107/http://www.sify.com/movies/rajini-punch-lines-imagegallery-14-movies-jdwmUcjfbdhsi.html |archive-date=28 January 2019 |access-date=28 January 2019 |website=[[Sify]] |at=slide 15}}</ref> "underwear" instead of "understand",<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. Shiva |date=17 January 2019 |title=Thalaiva versus thala: 'Petta' vs 'Viswasam' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalaiva-versus-thala/article26011538.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128164312/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalaiva-versus-thala/article26011538.ece |archive-date=28 January 2019 |access-date=28 January 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> "jaundice" instead of "justice",<ref name="IE review" /> and "ABC" instead of "CBI" gained popularity,<ref name="behindwoods" /> as did the scene where Raja and Babu conduct a fake income tax raid.{{sfn|The Hindu|2012|p=44}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shrikumar |first=A. |date=5 November 2015 |title=Flitting into flashbacks |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/flitting-into-flashbacks/article7846091.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224071227/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/flitting-into-flashbacks/article7846091.ece |archive-date=24 February 2018 |access-date=28 January 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> S. Rajanayagam wrote that the imaging of Rajinikanth's politics can be seen in four phases, where the second covers "the period from ''Guru Sishyan'' (1988) to {{sic|[[Baashha|''Baatshaa'']]}} (1995)".{{sfn|Rajanayagam|2015|p=168}} Naman Ramachandran noted that after the release of ''Guru Sishyan'', "overt political commentary would become increasingly common in Rajinikanth's films".{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=113}} ''Guru Sishyan'' was later screened at Chennai's AGS Cinemas on 27 September 2010 as part of their "Rajnikanth Film Festival".<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 September 2010 |title=One for the fans |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/One-for-the-fans/article16045027.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190921062133/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/One-for-the-fans/article16045027.ece |archive-date=21 September 2019 |access-date=12 October 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

In his review of ''[[Sundara Travels]]'' (2002), S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' compared Vinu Chakravarthy's comical police character to Nallasivam.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=6 September 2002 |title=Sundara Travels |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/sundara-travels/article28571490.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190917041147/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/sundara-travels/article28571490.ece |archive-date=17 September 2019 |access-date=18 September 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The 2010 film ''[[Guru Sishyan (2010 film)|Guru Sishyan]]'', directed by [[Sakthi Chidambaram]], has a different storyline from its 1988 namesake. Sakthi Chidambaram said, "the story demanded such a title, we short-listed 50 titles, finally decided we could use the old one".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aishwarya |first=S. |date=18 July 2009 |title=Old titles retain charm |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Old-titles-retain-charm/article16557698.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190129051439/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Old-titles-retain-charm/article16557698.ece |archive-date=29 January 2019 |access-date=14 October 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In ''[[Engitta Modhathey]]'' (2017), "Naatkaalikku Sandai" plays in a theatre where, at the same time, there is a scuffle between Ravi ([[Natty Subramaniam]]) and Mandhramoorthy (Radha Ravi) on who is bigger.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=24 March 2017 |title=Enkitta Mothathe: Brush with fame |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/enkitta-mothathe-brush-with-fame/article17647811.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627070749/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/enkitta-mothathe-brush-with-fame/article17647811.ece |archive-date=27 June 2019 |access-date=27 June 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="cinemaexpress">{{Cite news |title=குரு சிஷ்யன் – (1988) |trans-title=Guru Sishyan (1988) |url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/cinemaexpress/story.aspx?Title=%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%20%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%20-%20(1988)&artid=111837&SectionID=144&MainSectionID=144&SEO=&SectionName=Fashion |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161119061034/http://www.cinemaexpress.com/cinemaexpress/story.aspx?Title=%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%20%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%20-%20(1988)&artid=111837&SectionID=144&MainSectionID=144&SEO=&SectionName=Fashion |archive-date=19 November 2016 |access-date=24 September 2019 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="Trolly">{{Cite news |date=8 November 2016 |title=பிளாஷ்பேக்: பிரபு பாடல் காட்சிக்கு டிராலி தள்ளிய ரஜினி |trans-title=Flashback: Rajini moved the trolly for a song picturised on Prabhu |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/52858/cinema/Kollywood/Flashback-:-Rajini-move-Trolly-for-Prabhu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112111224/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/52858/cinema/Kollywood/Flashback-:-Rajini-move-Trolly-for-Prabhu.htm |archive-date=12 November 2016 |access-date=28 January 2019 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="movie">{{Cite AV media |title=Guru Sishyan |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=P. A. Art Productions |year=1988 |time=0:00 to 2:14 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>
<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 81">{{Cite news |last=Muthuraman |first=S. P. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=26 October 2016 |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 81: கண் தானத்தை ஊக்குவித்த ரஜினி! |trans-title=Try to make a film 81: Rajini encouraged eye donation! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/86326-81-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808104326/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/86326-81-2.html |archive-date=8 August 2019 |access-date=8 August 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 82">{{Cite news |last=Muthuraman |first=S. P. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=2 November 2016 |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 82: பிரபுவுக்கு விட்டுக்கொடுத்த ரஜினி! |trans-title=Try to make a film 82: Rajini, who sacrificed for Prabhu! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/89102-82.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808102636/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/89102-82.html |archive-date=8 August 2019 |access-date=8 August 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="Subhapantuvarali">{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=24 February 2012 |title=Sorrowful Subhapantuvarali |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/sorrowful-subhapantuvarali/article2925845.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190129051707/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/sorrowful-subhapantuvarali/article2925845.ece |archive-date=29 January 2019 |access-date=14 October 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="IE review">{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=29 April 1988 |title=Guru Sishyan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19880429&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=7 June 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="canadauthayan">{{Cite news |date=26 June 2015 |title=சூப்பர்ஸ்டார் ரஜினிகாந்த் வாழ்க்கை வரலாறு 48 |trans-title=Superstar Rajinikanth's life history 48 |url=http://canadauthayan.ca/oldsite/epaper/June26_2015/files/assets/downloads/page0033.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129052456/http://canadauthayan.ca/oldsite/epaper/June26_2015/files/assets/downloads/page0033.pdf |archive-date=29 January 2019 |access-date=28 January 2019 |work=Uthayan |location=Canada |pages=33 |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="behindwoods">{{Cite web |last=Iyer |first=Anuja |author-link=Anuja Iyer |title=Like ah, No like ah? |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-celebs-column/like-ah-no-like-ah.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190128055747/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-celebs-column/like-ah-no-like-ah.html |archive-date=28 January 2019 |access-date=28 January 2019 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>
<ref name="AllMovie">{{Cite web |title=Guru Sishyan (1988) |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/guru-sishyan-v588062 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190729085500/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/guru-sishyan-v588062 |archive-date=29 July 2019 |access-date=29 July 2019 |website=[[AllMovie]]}}</ref>
<ref name="patrikai">{{Cite web |date=22 January 2018 |title=ரஜினிகாந்த் முதலமைச்சராக வாய்ப்பிருக்கிறது: ஜீவசகாப்தன் |trans-title=Rajinikanth may likely become chief minister: Jeeva Sahapthan |url=https://patrikai.com/rajinikanth-may-likely-to-be-chief-minister-special-article-by-jeeva-sahapthan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190128085815/https://patrikai.com/rajinikanth-may-likely-to-be-chief-minister-special-article-by-jeeva-sahapthan/ |archive-date=28 January 2019 |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=Patrikai |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="moviefone">{{Cite web |title=Guru Sishyan Cast and Crew |url=https://www.moviefone.com/movie/guru-sishyan/HyKzC3xP2Qk8sgouDTvZV2/credits/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512061948/https://www.moviefone.com/movie/guru-sishyan/HyKzC3xP2Qk8sgouDTvZV2/credits/ |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=12 May 2021 |website=[[Moviefone]]}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Rajanayagam |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5FHeCQAAQBAJ |title=Popular Cinema and Politics in South India: The Films of MGR and Rajinikanth |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-138-82203-0}}
* {{Cite book |title=Rajinikanth 12.12.12: A Birthday Special |publisher=[[The Hindu|Kasturi & Sons Ltd]] |year=2012 |editor-last=Ramachandran |editor-first=Naman |editor-link=Naman Ramachandran |ref={{sfnref|The Hindu|2012}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-8475-796-5 |location=New Delhi |orig-date=2012}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramki |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqRKAQAAIAAJ |title=Rajini: Sapthama? Sagaapthama? |publisher=Kizhakku Pathippagam |year=2005 |language=ta |oclc=741479408}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{S. P. Muthuraman}}

[[Category:1980s masala films]]
[[Category:1988 action comedy films]]
[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:1988 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about miscarriage of justice]]
[[Category:Films about police corruption]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Films about treasure hunting]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Muthuraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Panchu Arunachalam]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Naalu Veli Nilam

2026-03-04T05:01:42Z

SanjayGhare: done

{{No plot|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Naalu Veli Nilam.JPG
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Muktha Srinivasan|Muktha V. Srinivasan]]
| screenplay = [[Thi. Janakiraman]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Naalu Veli Nilam''|Seva Stage}}
| producer = [[S. V. Sahasranamam]]
| starring = [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] [[Pandari Bai]] [[Mynavathi]] V. R. Rajagopal
| cinematography = Nimai Gosh
| editing = D. Vijayarangam K. Durai
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]] [[M. K. Athmanathan]]
| studio = Seva Screens
| distributor = Ananda Pictures<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=7 June 1959 |title=நாலு வெளி நிலம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1959-06-07/page/n21/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241005135244/https://archive.org/details/kalki1959-06-07/page/n21/mode/2up |archive-date=2024-10-05 |access-date=2024-10-05 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=20 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1959|9|2}}
| runtime = 173 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Naalu Veli Nilam''''' ({{translation|Four-fenced land}}) is a 1959 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Muktha Srinivasan|Muktha V. Srinivasan]]. The film stars [[S. V. Sahasranamam]], [[Pandari Bai|M. Pandaribai]] and [[Mynavathi|M. Mynavathi]]. It is based on the play of the same name. The film was released on 2 September 1959.<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1959 – நாலு வேலி {{sic|nolink=y|நலிம்}} –சுஜா ஸ்கிரின்ஸ் |trans-title=1959 – Naalu Veli Nilam –சுஜா ஸ்கிரின்ஸ் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1959-cinedetails30.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170620010658/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1959-cinedetails30.asp |archive-date=20 June 2017 |access-date=20 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Cast ==
List adapted from the database of [[Film News Anandan]].<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />
{{Col-begin|width=55%}}
{{Col-2}}
;Male cast
*[[S. V. Sahasranamam]]
*[[S. V. Subbaiah]]
*[[Kuladeivam Rajagopal]]
*[[R. Muthuraman]]
*[[A. Veerappan]]
{{Col-2}}
;Female cast
*[[Pandari Bai|M. Pandari Bai]]
*[[Mynavathi|M. Mynavathi]]
*[[Devika]]
*[[S. N. Lakshmi]]
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==
''Naalu Veli Nilam'' was adapted from the Seva Stage play of the same name.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatt |first=Karthik |date=25 April 2015 |title=Policekaran Magal: From stage to celluloid |url=https://tcrcindia.com/2015/04/25/policekaran-magal-from-stage-to-celluloid/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127203153/https://tcrcindia.com/2015/04/25/policekaran-magal-from-stage-to-celluloid/ |archive-date=27 January 2018 |access-date=20 April 2018 |website=The Cinema Resource Centre}}</ref> The film adaptation was produced by [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] (who also acted in the play) and was directed by [[Muktha Srinivasan|Muktha V. Srinivasan]]. Story, screenplay and dialogues were written by writer and novelist T. Janakiraman. Nimai Gosh was in charge of cinematography while editing was done by D. Vijayarangam and K. Durai. ''Kalasaagaram'' Rajagopal was in charge of art direction. Choreography was done by Madhavan, Chinnilal and Sampathkumar. Still photography was done by B. Ranganathan.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> The film was shot at Bharani Studios and processed at [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios|Vijaya]] laboratory.

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]] and [[M. K. Athmanathan]]. A folk song, a Thiruvarutpa by [[Ramalinga Swamigal]] and three songs by [[Subramania Bharati|Bharathiyar]] were also included in the film.<ref name="neelamegam">{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=174–175 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Composer !! Lyricist !! Duration (m:ss)
|-
| "Ooraar Urangaiyile" || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]] & [[L. R. Eswari]] || rowspan=4|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]|| Folk Song || 03:21
|-
| "Kulipen Panneerile" || [[S. C. Krishnan]] & [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || rowspan=2|[[A. Maruthakasi]]|| 05:01
|-
| "Paadupattu Thaedi Panathai .. Iruppavargal Anubavikka" || [[P. Susheela]] || 04:05
|-
| "Muruga Muruga Muruga" Title song || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] || rowspan=3|[[Subramania Bharati|Bharathiyar]]|| 02:56
|-
| "Nambinaar Keduvadhillai" || [[A. L. Raghavan]] & [[Andal (singer)|A. Andal]] || rowspan=7|[[M. K. Athmanathan]]|| 03:36
|-
| "Kaani Nilam Vendum" || rowspan=2|[[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]] || 00:49
|-
| "Enakkum Unakkum" || Ramalinga Swamigal || 03:46
|-
| "Singaara Cholaiyile" || S. C. Krishnan || rowspan=4|M. K. Athmanathan ||
|-
| "Unnai Thaedi Vandhen" || S. C. Krishnan & K. Jamuna Rani || 01:49
|-
| "Inba Kavidhai Paaduthu" || R. Jayaraman & [[S. Janaki]] || 02:46
|-
| "Kalyaanamaam Kalyaanam" || R. Jayaraman, S. Janaki & group || 03:55
|}

== Reception ==
The film was a loss to Sahasranamam. He mortgaged his house, paid compensation to the distributors and paid the balance fee to Pandari Bai and Mynavathi.<ref name="neelamegam" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Majordasan |title=Potpourri of titbits about Tamil cinema – Muthuraman |url=http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/Dec_16_31/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_Muthuraman_page1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622192023/http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/Dec_16_31/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_Muthuraman_page1.html |archive-date=22 June 2017 |access-date=20 April 2018 |website=Kalyanamalai}}</ref> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated Janakiraman's writing, Srinivasan's direction and Gosh's cinematography.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=13 September 1959 |title=நாலு வெளி நிலம் |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1959-09-13/kalki1959-09-13.pdf |access-date=2024-10-05 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=38–39 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Muktha Srinivasan}}

[[Category:1959 Indian films]]
[[Category:1959 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1959 drama films]]
[[Category:1959 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Muktha Srinivasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Jeene Ki Raah

2026-03-04T03:52:39Z

SanjayGhare: quick refine details for clarity and corrected details

{{short description|1969 Bollywood drama film by L. V. Prasad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jeene Ki Raah
| image = Jeene Ki Raah.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[L. V. Prasad]]
| producer = [[L. V. Prasad]]
| writer = [[Mukhram Sharma]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = L. V. Prasad
| screenplay = L. V. Prasad
| starring = [[Jeetendra]] [[Tanuja]] [[Sanjeev Kumar (actor)|Sanjeev Kumar]]
| music = [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = [[Dwarka Divecha]]
| editing = Shivaji Avdhut
| based_on = ''[[Bratuku Theruvu]]'' (1953)
| studio = Prasad Productions Pvt Ltd
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1969|04|25}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = 3.2 crore
}}

'''''Jeene Ki Raah''''' ({{Translation|Way of Life}}) is a 1969 [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] produced & directed by [[L. V. Prasad]] under the Prasad Productions Pvt. Ltd. banner. The film stars [[Jeetendra]], [[Tanuja]] and [[Sanjeev Kumar (actor)|Sanjeev Kumar]] and music composed by [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]. It is a remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Bratuku Teruvu]]'' (1953).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Guy|first=Randor|date=2016-03-26|title=Naan Yean Pirandhen (1972)|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Naan-Yean-Pirandhen-1972/article14176379.ece|access-date=2020-12-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Best Tanuja Movies|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/best-tanuja-movies-43747.html|access-date=2020-12-11|website=filmfare.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with Mohan returning to his village after completing his studies when he finds they encompass the debts. So, he decides to aid his joint family containing his wife Shobha, a 5-year-old daughter, the mother Janki, 3 sisters & 2 brothers. Hence, he moves to the city for a job but fails. Disparate Mohan, fortunately, meets his childhood mate Manohar, who makes his acquaintance with tycoon Kamalrai Mansukh Lal and leaves abroad. Rai offers him a job, provided he is single. Owing to necessity, Mohan claims to be solitary.

Meanwhile, Rai's daughter Radha, a heart patient, is back from a foreign country. Radha feels relief in Mohan's breezy company and gradually recoups her when she falls for him. Now, Mohan is under a dichotomy as he cannot reveal the truth. Moreover, Mohan's virago sister, Durga, expels the family, and they land in the city. Accidentally, Mohan spots and accommodates them at Manohar's house. Eventually, Durga & her husband Ramadas also arrive and, by mischief, take shelter at Sunder's residence, one that aspires to knit Radha. After a while, they reform, and Mohan retrieves them.

Destiny befriends Radha & Shobha when Mohan leads a dual life and daringly tries to avoid all the parties. Then, Rai decides to splice Radha with Mohan, but Mohan denies betrayal. Being aware of it, Shobha collapses, and the family accuses Mohan when he decides to confess his blunder. Parallelly, Sundar envies abducting Radha when Mohan rescues and divulges the actuality to her. Initially, she misconstrues him, but later, she understands his virtue and affirms it to Rai. At last, Manohar checks in and expresses his love towards Radha, which she too accepts. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Manohar & Radha.

==Cast==
*[[Jeetendra]] as Mohan
*[[Tanuja]] as Radha
*[[Sanjeev Kumar (actor)|Sanjeev Kumar]] as Dr. Manohar
*[[Anjali Kadam]] as Shobha
*[[Manmohan Krishna]] as Kamalrai Mansukhlal
*[[Durga Khote]] as Janki
*[[Jagdeep]] as Sunder
*[[Bela Bose]] as Durga
*[[Roopesh Kumar]] as Ramdas
*[[Karan Dewan]] as Doctor
*[[Ram Mohan]] as Ranjan
*[[Sudhir Kumar]] as Manohar's Brother
*[[Meena T.]] as Sudha
*[[Viju Khote]] as Raghunandan
*[[C. S. Dubey]] as Raghunandan's Father

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack for this album was composed by the legendary music composer duo [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]], and won them Filmfare award for best music director in 1970. All songs written by [[Anand Bakshi]]. The song "Aane se Uske Aaye Bahar" and "Ek Banjara Gaye" sung by [[Mohammed Rafi]] became an evergreen song of the Indian music history. "Aap Mujhe Achhe Lagne Lage" won [[Lata Mangeshkar]] her last Filmfare award for best female playback singer.

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Aap Mujhe Achhe Lagne"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Aa Mere Humjoli Aa, Khele Aankh Micholi Aa"
| Lata Mangeshkar, [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Chanda Ko Dhundne" (Male)
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Ek Banjara Gaaye"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Aane Se Uske"-1
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Aane Se Uske"-2
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Aane Se Uske Aaye Bahar" (Short)
| Mohammed Rafi, [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
|-
| "Chanda Ko Dhundne Sabhi Taare Nikal Pade" (Female)
| [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]], [[Hemlata (singer)|Hemlata]]
|-
|}

==Awards==
* [[Filmfare Best Music Director Award]] – [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]
* [[Filmfare Best Female Playback Award]] – [[Lata Mangeshkar]] for the song "Aap Mujhe Achhe Lagne"

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0148353|Jeene Ki Raah}}

{{L. V. Prasad}}

[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:1969 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1969 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by L. V. Prasad]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]

Pratibad

2026-03-04T03:42:11Z

SanjayGhare: reworked lead also and added references per sources

{{short description|2001 Indian Bengali vigilante action film by Haranath Chakraborty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pratibad
| image = Pratibad Movie.jpg
| alt =
| caption = ''Pratibad'' film poster
| director = [[Haranath Chakraborty]]
| producer = [[Shrikant Mohta]]
| screenplay = [[Anjan Choudhury]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Anjan Choudhury
}}
| story = Anjan Choudhury
| narrator =
| starring = [[Ranjit Mallick]] [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] [[Arpita Chatterjee|Arpita Pal]] [[Laboni Sarkar]] [[Dipankar De]] Debesh Roy Chowdhury Arun Mukherjee [[Nirmal Kumar]] [[Anamika Saha]] [[Sreela Majumdar]]
| music = '''Songs:''' Babul Bose '''Background Score:''' [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = V. Prabhakar
| editing = Swapan Guha
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| distributor = Shree Venkatesh Films
| released = {{Film date|2001|04|13|df=yes}}
| runtime = 149 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget = {{INR|80}} lakh<ref>{{cite news |title=RISING GRAPH|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/legacy/1040112/images/12zzRISINGGRAPHbig.jpg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095819/http://www.telegraphindia.com/legacy/1040112/images/12zzRISINGGRAPHbig.jpg|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|publisher=The Telegraph|date= 12 January 2004}}</ref>
| gross = 
}}

'''''Pratibad''''' (English: '''''Protest''')'' is a 2001 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Haranath Chakraborty]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Watch Pratibad Full Bengali Movie Online |url=https://www.hoichoi.tv/films/title/pratibad |access-date=2023-08-01 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Video: Pratibad |url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Pratibad/0GZ3KVU33IIR304JGDP4X1WUXQ |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.primevideo.com |language=hi-in}}</ref> Produced by [[Shrikant Mohta]] under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]], the story, screenplay and dialogues of the film were written by [[Anjan Choudhury]], which itself was based on the [[political violence]] that rocked [[Bengal]] during the late 90s. It stars [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] and [[Arpita Pal]] in lead roles; while [[Dipankar De]], [[Laboni Sarkar]], Debesh Roy Chowdhury, Arun Mukherjee, [[Nirmal Kumar]], [[Anamika Saha]], [[Sreela Majumdar]] and [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] play another pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pratibad {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/pratibad |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>

''Pratibad'' was released on 13 April 2001 worldwide and became blockbuster at the box office and ran for 210 days in theatres; also being the [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2001|highest-grossing Bengali film of 2001]]. It was declared to be tacs-free by the [[Government of West Bengal]] and it eventually gained a [[Cult following|cult status]] in the history of [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]]. After the massive success of ''[[Sasurbari Zindabad]]'' in [[Assam]], the film was released in [[Assamese language|Assamese]] as ''Ranabhumi'' and achieved commercial success.

==Plot==
The story is of a middle-class family struggling financially. The family consists of two sisters, mother and father. [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as a Rana is the main and a promising character. He is a daredevil and a terrific fighter against injustice. Once, he was travelling with his pregnant sister in a train, he begged everybody for a seat for his sister, but no one paid heed. There were some burglars in the train who started looting, but Rana saved it from happening. By this act, he was given the job of a police officer. In Rana's area of jurisdiction, there lived an MLA name Bikas. He was a very corrupt politician and indulged in illegal activities. There lived another man Azad who fought against injustice everywhere. Now this minister's girl Jaya, fell in love with Rana. Once, it so happened that while Rana's sister was about to give birth to her child, this minister, Bikas, tried to kill Rana, but his sister was injured and ultimately died. Then Rana decided to take revenge but was initially not allowed to do so. Ultimately MLA Bikas's real character was revealed, and in a serious fighting with Rana, MLA Bikas dies.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ranjit Mallick]] as Azad Da
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as Rana Mitra, an ordinary person
* [[Arpita Pal]] as Jaya
* [[Laboni Sarkar]] as MP Namita Sanyal
* [[Dipankar De]] as Kalu Prasad, Central Home Minister
* Debesh Roy Chowdhury as MLA Bikash Dutta
* Arun Mukherjee as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Mukherjee
* [[Anamika Saha]] as Beena Mitra, Rana's Mother
* [[Nirmal Kumar]] as Pratap Mitra, Rana's Father
* [[Bharat Kaul]] as MLA's son
* [[Sreela Majumdar]] as Meenu, Rana's elder sister
* [[Subhasish Mukherjee]] as Police Constable
* [[Monu Mukherjee]] as Anil Manna, Landlord
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Tinu
* Master Debarjun as Chhottu
* Mitali Chakraborty as Meenu, Chhottu's elder sister
* Pushpita Mukherjee as Tina
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pratibad
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Babul Bose
| cover =
| alt =
| released = May 2001
| recorded = 2001
| venue =
| studio = Musicians Studio, ([[Mumbai]])
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 27:01
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| label = [[Eskay Movies|Eskay Video]]
| producer = Jay Ghosh, Shanu Mukherjee
| prev_title = [[Aasroy]]
| prev_year = 2000
| next_title = [[Dada Thakur (2001 film)|Dada Thakur]]
| next_year = 2001
| chronology = Babul Bose
}}

The album is composed by Babul Bose, while lyrics are penned by Goutam Susmit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pratibad |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/pratibad/cast/2000313910/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref> The background score is composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh]]. [[Babul Supriyo]], [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Sushma Shrestha|Poornima]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], Miss Jojo has given their voices for the album.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Pratibad (2001) Complete Cast & Crew |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/pratibad-2001-bengali-movie/cast-crew |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=FilmiClub }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = Gautam Susmit
| title1 = Ki Holo Ki Hobe
| extra1 = [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Sushma Shrestha|Poornima]]
| length1 = 3:55
| title2 = Aasbe Ghare Khokon Sona
| extra2 = [[Babul Supriyo]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length2 = 3:53
| title3 = Elo Monete Basanto Bahar
| extra3 = [[Sushma Shrestha|Poornima]]
| length3 = 4:39
| title4 = Pratibad title track (Charidike Lootpaat Hahakaar)
| extra4 = Arshad
| length4 = 4:01
| title5 = Jakhoni Jedike Chai
| extra5 = Sadhana Sargam
| length5 = 4:32
| title6 = Koli Kale Ghore Koli Haar
| extra6 = Babul Supriyo, Arshad, Priya Bhattacharya
| length6 = 6:01
| total_length = 27:01
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4249058}}

{{Haranath Chakraborty}}
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the West Bengal Police]]
[[Category:2001 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2001 action films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:2000s police films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Babul Bose]]
[[Category:Films directed by Haranath Chakraborty]]
{{2000s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Mondha

2026-03-03T23:34:50Z

SanjayGhare: new

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mondha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Mondha.png
| map_caption = Map showing Mondha in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.13146|N|78.42872|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.581
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3216
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 283203
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mondha''' ({{IAST|Moṃḍhā}}) is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. It is located just to the southeast of the city. As of 2011, it had a population of 3,216, in 555 households.

== Geography ==
Mondha is located a short distance southeast of Firozabad's urban area, with its main part just to the south of the main line of the [[Northern Railway Zone|Northern Railway]]. [[National Highway 2 (India, old numbering)|The old NH 2]] passes by just to the north of the train tracks. The Firozabad Distributary canal also passes nearby, about 1 km west of Mondha in the area of [[Asafabad, Firozabad|Asafabad]], and bends toward the southeast just south of Asafabad so that it also passes Mondha on the southwest, near the village of [[Ghazipur, Firozabad|Ghazipur]], about 1 km away. Other nearby villages include [[Rashidpur Kaneta]], about 1 km to the southeast along the railway and highway; [[Jamalpur, Firozabad|Jamalpur]], about 1.5 km to the south by the canal; and [[Akalpur Damodarpur]]; about 2 km to the northeast.<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Mondha had a population of 3,216, in 555 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|119}} This population was 52.9% male (1,700) and 47.1% female (1,516). The 0–6 age group numbered 458 (239 male and 219 female), making up 14.2% of the total population. 983 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 30.6% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|110–1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Mondha (as "Monra" in English, but "{{lang|hi|मेंढा}}", ''Moṃḍhā'', in Hindi) as having a population of 1,547 people (828 male and 719 female), in 242 households and 241 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|194-5}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Mondha as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 921 people (486 male and 435 female), in 165 households and 125 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 350 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xciv}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Mondha had 2 primary schools; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap, hand pump, and tube well/bore well; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|119–24}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Mandirbazar (community development block)

2026-03-02T16:39:01Z

SanjayGhare: new

{{Short description|Community Development Block in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mandirbazar
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Community development block|Community Development Block]]
| image_skyline =
| image_map = Mandirbazar in South 24 Parganas (West Bengal).svg
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption = Location of Mandirbazar community development block in South 24 Parganas district
| coordinates = {{coord|22.1633|N|88.3258|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Diamond Harbour subdivision|Diamond Harbour]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Mandirbazar]]
| leader_title = [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayats]]
| leader_name = Anchana, Chandpur, Dakshin Bishnupur, Dhanurhat, Gabberia, Ghateswar, Jagadishpur, Kecharkur, Krishnapur, Nisapur
| leader_title1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mathurapur]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Mandirbazar Assembly constituency|Mandirbazar]]
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 118.07
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 214,050
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 25,055
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 75.89 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 944 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://s24pgs.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Mandirbazar''' is a [[community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Diamond Harbour subdivision]] of [[South 24 Parganas|South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
[[File:South 24 Parganas Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]
Mandirbazar CD block is located at {{coord|22.1633|N|88.3258|E|format=dms|}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|7|m}}.

Mandirbazar CD block is bounded by [[Magrahat I]] and [[Magrahat II]] CD blocks in the north, [[Jaynagar I]] and [[Jaynagar II]] CD blocks in the east, [[Mathurapur I]] CD block in the east and south, [[Kulpi (community development block)|Kulpi]] CD block in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1917_PART_B_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: South 24 Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of South 24 Parganas with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/south-24-parganas.html|title = South Twenty-four Parganas | work= CD block/ tehsil map|publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 11 October 2019}}</ref>

[[South 24 Parganas district]] is divided into two distinct physiographic zones: the marine-riverine delta in the north and the marine delta zone in the south. As the sea receded southwards, in the sub-recent [[Period (geology)|geological period]], a large low-lying plain got exposed. Both [[Tide|tidal]] inflows and the rivers have been depositing sediments in this plain. The periodical collapse of both the natural [[levee]]s and man-made embankments speed up the process of filling up of the depressions containing [[brackish water]] wetlands. The marine delta in the south is formed of interlacing tidal channels. As non-saline water for irrigation is scarce, agriculture is [[monsoon]] dominated. Some parts of the wetlands are still preserved for raising fish.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 1 South 24 Parganas: An Overview, p 9-12 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 1 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Mandirbazar CD block has an area of 118.07 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 10 [[gram panchayat]]s, 159 gram sansads (village councils), 112 [[mouza]]s and 110 inhabited villages, as per the ''District Statistical Handbook'', South Twenty-four Parganas. Sadasibpur village is located partly in Magrahat I and partly in Mandirbazar CD block. [[Mandirbazar#Police station|Mandirbazar]] police station serves this CD Block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Mandirbazar]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | title = BDO Offices under South 24 Parganas District | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181003083629/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | archive-date = 3 October 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Gram Panchayat]]s of Mandirbazar CD block/[[Panchayat Samiti]] are: Anchana, Chandpur, Dakshin Bishnupur, Dhanurhat, Gabberia, Ghateswar, Jagadishpur, Kecharkur, Krishnapur and Nisapur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://s24pgs.gov.in/s24p/page.php?nm=Blocks |title= Blocks and Gram Panchayats in South 24 Parganas| publisher = South 24 Parganas District Administration |access-date = 1 April 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Mandirbazar CD block had a total population of 214,050, of which 188,995 were rural and 25,055 were urban. There were 110,105 (51%) males and 103,945 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 29,752. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 90,955 (42.49%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 31 (0.01%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 2 April 2016}}</ref>

As per the [[2001 Census of India]], Mandirbazar CD block had a total population of 183,093, out of which 94,627 were males and 88,466 were females. Mandirbazar CD block registered a population growth of 14.54 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 20.89 per cent. Decadal growth in [[West Bengal]] was 17.84 per cent. [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes]] at 85,077 formed about one-half the population. [[Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 1,547.<ref name=handbook>{{cite web | url =http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title =District Statistical Handbook – 2010-11 – South 24 Parganas | work =South 24 Parganas at a glance, Tables 2.2, 2.4 (b), 4.5 | publisher =Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 April 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date =21 January 2019 | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 – South 24 Parganas |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719041523/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

[[Census Town]]s in Mandirbazar CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Chandpur, Mandirbazar|Chandpur]] (M) (6,777), [[Bangsidharpur]] (M) (5,218) and [[Purba Bishnupur]] (13,060).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Mandirbazari CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): Sadashibpur (10,935), Nilambarpur (K) (8,636), Purba Gopalnagar (K) (4,231), Mallikpratap (M) (9,462), Tekpanza (M) (9,107), Nishapur (M) (5,427) and [[Lakshmikantapur]] (4,642).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Mandirbazar CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Krishnapur, Mandirbazar|Krishnapur]] (3,594), Gabberia (1,590), Chaitanyapur (886), Dhaurhat (823) and Ghateshwar (2,430).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Mandirbazar CD block was 139,868 (75.89% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 78,647 (82.93% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 61,221 (68.44% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 14.49%.<ref name=census2011/>

As per the [[2011 Census of India]], literacy in [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 77.51<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |title = District Census 2011 |publisher= Population Census 2011 | access-date = 24 January 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[West Bengal]] was 77.08% in 2011.<ref name=literacy>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_progresstables.pdf | title= Provisional population tables and annexures| work= Census 2011:Table 2(3) Literates and Literacy rates by sex |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 9 February 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[India]] in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name=literacy/>

As per the [[2001 Census of India]], Mandirbazar CD block had a total literacy of 65.99 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 77.83 per cent female literacy was 53.29 per cent. [[South 24 Parganas district]] had a total literacy of 69.45 per cent, male literacy being 79.19 per cent and female literacy being 59.01 per cent.<ref name=handbook/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of South 24 Parganas district|collapsible=y}}

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Mandirbazar CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 99.84 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 0.13 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 0.02 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.01 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 99.84% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 0.13% [[Hindi]] and 0.02% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Mandirbazar CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|62.03}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|37.65}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.32}}
}}

In the [[2011 Census of India]], Hindus numbered 132,770 and formed 62.03% of the population in Mandirbazar CD block. Muslims numbered 80,599 and formed 37.65% of the population. Others numbered 681 and formed 0.32% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> In 2001, Hindus and Muslims were 65.79% and 33.91% of the population respectively.

The proportion of Hindus in South Twenty-four Parganas district has declined from 76.0% in 1961 to 63.2% in 2011. The proportion of Muslims in South Twenty-four Parganas district has increased from 23.4% to 35.6% during the same period. Christians formed 0.8% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 52-53: Religion| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 5 October 2018}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per the [[Human Development Report]] for South 24 Parganas district, published in 2009, in Mandirbazar CD block the percentage of households [[Below Poverty Line|below poverty line]] was 29.90%, a moderate level of poverty. In the north-east and mid central portion of the district, all CD blocks, with the exception of [[Kulpi (community development block)|Kulpi]] CD block, had poverty rates below 30%. As per rural household survey in 2005, the proportion of households in South 24 Parganas with poverty rates below poverty line was 34.11%, way above the state and national poverty ratios. The poverty rates were very high in the [[Sundarbans settlements]] with all thirteen CD blocks registering poverty ratios above 30% and eight CD blocks had more than 40% of the population in the BPL category.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 42-43, Chapter 3.8: Poverty Scenario in South 24 Parganas | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Mandirbazar CD block'''
|value1 = 8.83
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 27.49
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 6.70
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 56.98
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Mandirbazar CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 6,232 and formed 8.83%, agricultural labourers numbered 19,406 and formed 27.49%, household industry workers numbered 4,728 and formed 6.70% and other workers numbered 40,227 and formed 56.98%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref> Total workers numbered 70,593 and formed 32.98% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 143,457 and formed 67.02% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref>

The ''District Human Development Report'' points out that in the blocks of region situated in the close proximity of the Kolkata metropolis, overwhelming majority are involved in the non-agricultural sector for their livelihood. On the other hand, in the Sundarban region, overwhelming majority are dependent on agriculture. In the intermediate region, there is again predominance of the non-agricultural sector. Though the region is not very close to Kolkata, many places are well connected and some industrial/ economic development has taken place.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Page 69, Chapter 4.3: Occupational Diversification | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 110 inhabited villages in Mandirbazar CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', South Twenty-four Parganas, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 106 villages (96.36%) have drinking water supply. 31 villages (21.18%) have post offices. 99 villages (90.00%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 34 villages (37.26%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 30 villages (27.27%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 8 villages (7.27%) have agricultural credit societies and 3 villages (2.73%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 111, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
South 24 Parganas had played a significant role in the [[Tebhaga movement]] launched by the [[Communist Party of India]] in 1946. Subsequently, ''[[Operation Barga]]'' was aimed at securing tenancy rights for the peasants. In Mandirbazar CD block 1,097.89 acres of land was acquired and vested. Out of this 413.42 acres or 37.66% of the vested land was distributed. The total number of patta (document) holders was 2,116.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 3 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

According to the ''District Human Development Report'', agriculture is an important source of livelihood in South Twentyfour Parganas district. The amount of cultivable land per agricultural worker is only 0.41 hectare in the district. Moreover, the irrigation facilities have not been extended to a satisfactory scale. Agriculture mostly remains a mono-cropped activity.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 28-30, Chapter 3.2: Sectoral Composition of Output | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

As per the ''District Census Handbook'', the saline soil of the district is unfit for cultivation, but the non-salty lands are very fertile. While rice is the main food crop, jute is the main cash crop.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 21: Agriculture | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>

In 2013–14, there were 26 fertiliser depots, 3 seed stores and 44 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in Mandirbazar CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, Mandirbazar CD block produced 18,679 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 9,149 hectares, 2,084 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 747 hectares, 2446 tonnes of potatoes from 73 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Pisciculture===
In Mandirbazar CD block, in 2013–14, net area under effective pisciculture was 377 hectares, engaging 3,940 persons in the profession, and with an approximate annual production of 17,730 quintals.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Pisciculture is an important source of employment in South 24 Parganas district. As of 2001, more than 4.5 lakh people were engaged in Pisciculture. Out of this 2.57 lakhs were from the 13 blocks in the [[Sundarbans settlements]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 76, Chapter 4.5.2: Non-agriculture, (i) Pisciculture | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Mandirbazar CD block had offices of 6 commercial banks and 1 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
South 24 Parganas district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
Mandirbazar CD block has 3 originating/ terminating bus routes. 7 bus routes have ceased to operate.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Madhabpur railway station|Madhabpur]] and [[Lakshmikantapur railway station|Lakshmikantapur]] are stations on the [[Sealdah South section]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-sealdah-namkhana-local-34792/14397/325/9534 | title = 34792 Sealdah-Namkhana Local | work = Time Table | publisher = India Rail Info | access-date = 22 April 2019}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Mandirbazar CD block had 131 primary schools with 12,735 students, 10 middle schools with 1,402 students, 12 high schools with 5,265 students and 12 higher secondary schools with 7,691 students. Mandirbazar CD block had 1 general degree college with 6,431 students and 291 institutions for special and non-formal education with 12,852 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

See also – [[Education in India]]

As per the 2011 census, in Mandirbazar CD block, amongst the 110 inhabited villages, 12 villages did not have a school, 33 villages had two or more primary schools, 20 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 23 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, South 24 Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 931-932, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 2 October 2019}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Mandirbazar CD block had 1 rural hospital and 6 private nursing homes with total 57 beds and 10 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 25 family welfare subcentres. 1,089 patients were treated indoor and 27,348 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per 2011 census, in Madirbazar CD block, 4 villages had community health centres, 1 village had a primary health centre, 24 villages had primary health subcentres, 7 villages had maternity and child welfare centres, 4 villages had veterinary hospitals, 13 villages had medicine shops and out of the 110 inhabited villages 41 villages had no medical facilities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 927-929, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – CD block level | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 October 2019}}</ref>

Naiyarat Rural Hospital at [[Krishnapur, Mandirbazar|Naiyarat]], with 30 beds, is the major government medical facility in Mandirbazar CD block. (As per state government website, there is no primary health centre in this block)<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 November 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in South 24 Parganas district]]

Parle Andheri Assembly constituency

2026-02-27T22:42:27Z

SanjayGhare: started new stub with sources.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Parle Andheri
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1964 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Delimitation Commission (1964) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 119,190
| mla = Shantilal Harijivan Shah
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}

'''Parle Andheri Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Shah Shantilal Harjivan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Shantilal Harijivan Shah
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parle Andheri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shantilal Harijivan Shah |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,349 |percentage = 46.23% |change={{decrease}}10.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balkrishana Shantaram Dhume |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 29,127 |percentage = 39.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sureshchandra Gendalal Cheturvedi |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 7,916 |percentage = 10.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tulsidas Dayalji Boda |party=Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 2,916 |percentage = 3.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,222 |percentage = 7.03% |change= {{decrease}}7.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,369 |percentage = 64.91% |change= {{decrease}}2.82 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,308}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,19,190|ref = |change= {{increase}}60.23 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Parle Andheri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shah Shantilal Harjivan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 28,771 |percentage = 57.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhurandhar Anandrao Sadashiv |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 21,613 |percentage = 42.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,158 |percentage = 14.21% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,384 |percentage = 67.73% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,384}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,387|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Runu Dutta

2026-02-25T10:31:39Z

SanjayGhare: started basic article with sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

'''Runu Dutta''' (born 2 Feburary1954)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Runu Dutta, CPI-M MLA from Raniganj - Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/runu-dutta/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a former member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Raniganj, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Raniganj Assembly constituency]] in [[Bardhaman district]]. He won the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raniganj Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Raniganj Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-raniganj-constituency-278.html |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raniganj Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Dr Bijan Mukherjee Of BJP Wins. |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/raniganj-election-result-2021-live-updates-raniganj-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3696110.html |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Dutta is from [[Raniganj]], Bardhaman district, West Bengal and his father was Sunil Dutta. He studied Class 12 and passed the higher secondary examinations. He later discontinued his studies. He is a retired primary school teacher.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Runu Dutta(CPM):Constituency- RANIGANJ(BARDHAMAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/westbengal2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=1167 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Dutta won from Raniganj Assembly constituency representing the Communist Party of India (Marxist) in the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 74,995 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Bano Nargis of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]], by a margin of 12,385 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Raniganj Election Result 2021 LIVE: How to check Raniganj assembly (Vidhan Sabha) election winners, losers, vote margin, news updates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/raniganj-election-result-2021-live-how-to-check-raniganj-assembly-vidhan-sabha-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-9131001.htm |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> Earlier in the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], he contested on CPI (M) ticket but lost to Md. Sohrab Ali of the All India Trinamool Congress by a margin of 1,751 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raniganj Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/raniganj-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutta, Runu}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Asansol]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Indian schoolteachers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]

Rajnagar, Madhya Pradesh

2026-02-08T17:42:46Z

SanjayGhare:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajnagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Rajnagar, Chhatarpur.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Rajnagar, [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.8874961|N|79.9135889|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chhatarpur district|Chhatarpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 15.5
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 273
| population_total = 14253
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]/[[Bundeli]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP16]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| translit_lang2 =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07686
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 882 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
}}
'''Rajnagar''' is a town and [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Chhatarpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], it is 6 km from [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]], 5 km from [[Khajwa, Chhatarpur|Khajwa]] town and 35 km from [[Chhatarpur district|district headquarters, Chhatarpur.]]

==Geography==
Rajnagar is located at {{coord|24.8874961|N|79.9135889|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Rajnagar.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Rajnagar]</ref> It has an average elevation of 273 [[metre]]s (895 [[foot (length)|feet]]).

==Demographics==
At the 2001 [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher=Census Commission of India}}</ref> Rajnagar<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-16|title=Rajnagar, Chhatarpur|url=https://oksettlement.wordpress.com/2021/02/16/welcome-to-bundelkhand-settlement/|access-date=2021-02-17|website=Bundelkhand settlement|language=en}}</ref> had a population of 12,442. Males constituted 53% of the population, and females 47%. In Rajnagar, 18% of the population is under 6 years of age.

In Census 2011, total population stood at 14,253.

Literacy rate of Rajnagar town was found to be 73.71%, higher than the state average of 69.32%. In Rajnagar, male literacy rate was around 79.93% while female literacy rate was 66.60% in 2011.

== Nearest town and cities ==
[[Chhatarpur]], [[Khajuraho]], [[Khajwa, Chhatarpur|khajwa]], [[Panna, India|Panna]], [[Mahoba]], [[Nowgong, Chhatarpur|Nowgong]] are the nearby town and Cities to Rajnagar.

== Schools ==
*Government school Rajnagar.
*Little Angel's Model High school rajnagar.
*Sarswati Sishu Mandir

== Hospital ==
*Rajnagar government Hospital.

== Transport ==
=== Bus stop and bus stand ===
* Rajnagar bus stand
* Khajuraho bus stand
* Khajwa chauraha bus stop

=== Train ===
* Rajnagar railway station
* [[Khajuraho railway station]]

=== Airport ===
* [[Khajuraho Airport]]

==References==
<references/>

{{Sagar Division}}

[[Category:Bundelkhand]]
[[Category:Chhatarpur]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Chhatarpur district]]

{{Sagar-geo-stub}}

Simariya, Panna

2026-02-06T13:49:42Z

SanjayGhare: Adding First Details V1

{{Short description|Village in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Garhi Simariya
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.53|N|80.24|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Panna district|Panna]]}}
'''Simariya''', '''Simaria Dauwa''' or '''Simariya Garhi''' is a village in [[Panna district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It belongs to [[Sagar division]]. It is also a tehsil.<ref>[https://panna.nic.in/en/tehsil/ Panna.nic.in - tehsil]</ref>

In 2011 the village had a population of 5,076, of which 2,680 were males while 2,396 were females.<ref>[https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/459177-simariya-garhi-madhya-pradesh.html Census 2011]</ref>

Simariya is Located on [[Damoh]], [[Hatta, Madhya Pradesh|Hatta]], [[Panna, Madhya Pradesh|Panna]] Road, its connected major cities by Bus Service. 488442 is Pin Code of Simariya. <ref>https://pincode.net.in/MADHYA_PRADESH/SAGAR/S/SIMARIYA</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Sagar Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Panna district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Panna district]]

{{Sagar-geo-stub}}

Someshwara Swamy Temple

2026-02-05T04:49:38Z

SanjayGhare: enhance lead for accuracy and updated info

{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Someshwara Swamy Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Bangalore Urban]]
| location = [[Agara, Bangalore|Agara]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Lord ([[Shiva]])
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}
The '''Someshwara Temple''' is located in [[Agara, Bangalore|Agara]], on Sarjapura main road in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]].The Co-Ordinates of this temple are:- 12°55'5"N 77°37'6"E. It is dedicated to the Deity Someshwara (the [[Hindu]] God [[Shiva]]) and dates back to the [[Chola dynasty|Chola period]]. The temple has a history of 1,200 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=A 1200-year-old Shiva Temple|url=http://cityplus.jagran.com/city-news/a-1200-year-old-shiva-temple_1326437901.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715052626/http://cityplus.jagran.com/city-news/a-1200-year-old-shiva-temple_1326437901.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Chola architecture]]
[[Category:9th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Karnataka]]

{{India-Hindu-temple-stub}}

Ambikesh Mahapatra

2026-02-05T01:57:26Z

SanjayGhare: put up new post initial version - done

{{short description|Indian chemistry academic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
'''Ambikesh Mahapatra''' is an Indian [[Academic staff|academic]] with the Department of [[Chemistry]] at [[Jadavpur University]], He gained national attention due to his arrest in 2012 for sharing a satirical cartoon about [[West Bengal]] [[Chief Minister of West Bengal|Chief Minister]] [[Mamata Banerjee]], leading to a prolonged legal battle where he spent 10 years in jail before his [[acquittal]] in 2023. His persecution has been recognized as a symbol of Mamta Bannerjee's intolerance for dissent.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-04-05 |title=Meet Ambikesh Mahapatra, whose persecution symbolises Mamata's intolerance |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/meet-ambikesh-mahapatra-whose-persecution-symbolises-mamatas-intolerance-2713470.html |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Background ==
Mahapatra earned his Ph.D. from [[Jadavpur University]] in 1991. Since 2001, he has been serving as a professor in the Department of Chemistry at the same institution. His research interests include physical chemistry and chemical kinetics.<ref name=":1">{{cite web | title=Indian Research Information Network System | url=https://jaduniv.irins.org/profile/56741 }}</ref> Throughout his career, Mahapatra has published extensively in the fields of physical chemistry and chemical kinetics. His work has been cited over 900 times.<ref name=":1" />

== Assault and imprisonment ==
In April 2012, Mahapatra forwarded an email containing a satirical cartoon that depicted Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee in a critical light. The cartoon was a commentary on the political scenario involving the replacement of the then Railway Minister [[Dinesh Trivedi]] with [[Mukul Roy]].

The day after he shared the email, he was accosted and attacked by a group of 70-80 members of the [[Trinamool Congress]], forced to write a confession statement admitting to be a member of the rival [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref name="ndtv.com">{{Cite web |title=Professor Jailed For Circulating Mamata Cartoons to be Compensated, Says Court |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/double-the-compensation-of-jadavpur-professor-arrested-for-circulating-mamata-cartoons-court-tells-g-745593 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> He was charged with defamation and outraging the modesty of a woman, as well as under [[Information Technology Act, 2000#Section 66A|Section 66A]] of the [[Information Technology Act, 2000|Information Technology Act]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=11-year ordeal: Professor's life spins out of control over toon |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/11-year-ordeal-professors-life-spins-out-of-control-over-toon-1187880.html |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Mahapatra noted in 2013 that he had 'very little hope for justice'.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-04-15 |title=Mahapatra a 'forgotten cause' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mahapatra-a-forgotten-cause/article4620803.ece |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Bannerjee also commented on the case, saying "Conspiracies won't be tolerated."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-04-13 |title=Professor arrested for poking fun at Mamata |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/professor-arrested-for-poking-fun-at-mamata/story-OmV4FhEop4XaRP13gZdI1H.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617223114/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/professor-arrested-for-poking-fun-at-mamata/story-OmV4FhEop4XaRP13gZdI1H.html |archive-date=2024-06-17 |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>

=== Acquittal ===
Mahapatra eventually approached the [[West Bengal Human Rights Commission]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambikesh Mahapatra approaches West Bengal Human Rights Commission |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/ambikesh-mahapatra-approaches-west-bengal-human-rights-commission/cid/1933137 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604172049/https://www.telegraphindia.com//my-kolkata/news/ambikesh-mahapatra-approaches-west-bengal-human-rights-commission/cid/1933137 |archive-date=2023-06-04 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> which was then headed by Justice [[Asok Kumar Ganguly|Ashok Kumar Ganguly]]. The Jadavpur police admitted in a written statement that they had arrested Mahapatra without even seeing the alleged cartoon that he had circulated and for which charges are being framed against him.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Mondal |first=Dibyendu |date=2023-01-28 |title=Professor slapped with criminal charges for critical Mamata cartoon walks free after 11 years |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/professor-slapped-criminal-charges-critical-mamata-cartoon-walks-free-11-years |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref>

After nearly 11 years and 72 rounds of legal proceedings,<ref>{{Cite web |title=JU professor Ambikesh Mahapatra fights a lone battle after 72 rounds of the court in 10yrs |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/jadavpur-university-professor-ambikesh-mahapatra-fights-a-lone-battle-makes-72-rounds-of-the-court-in-10-years/cid/1891933 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028102323/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/jadavpur-university-professor-ambikesh-mahapatra-fights-a-lone-battle-makes-72-rounds-of-the-court-in-10-years/cid/1891933 |archive-date=2022-10-28 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> a local court in Kolkata discharged Mahapatra from the case in January 2023. The court's decision brought relief to Mahapatra, who had faced prolonged legal challenges and personal hardships due to the case.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Madhuparna |date=2021-11-15 |title=9 years on, Jadavpur prof arrested for forwarding Mamata cartoon is still stuck in legal battle |url=https://theprint.in/india/9-years-on-jadavpur-prof-arrested-for-forwarding-mamata-cartoon-is-still-stuck-in-legal-battle/765431/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Following his acquittal, he was awarded Rs. 50,000 as compensation, but he claims said money was never disbursed, despite a further [[Calcutta High Court]] ruling mandating them to, yet the government has as of yet failed to comply.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2023-01-21 |title=Professor charged for forwarding Mamata cartoon acquitted after 10 years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/professor-charged-for-forwarding-mamata-cartoon-acquitted-after-10-years/article66414198.ece |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="ndtv.com"/>

== Legacy ==
Following his acquittal, Mahapatra expressed concerns about the misuse of legal provisions to suppress dissent and highlighted the need for safeguarding democratic rights in India. His persecution has been recognized as a symbol of Mamta Bannerjee's intolerance for dissent.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[Shreya Singhal v. Union of India]]
* [[Mamata Banerjee]]
* [[Nupur Sharma]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahapatra, Ambikesh}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jadavpur University]]
[[Category:People wrongfully convicted of a crime]]
[[Category:Overturned convictions]]
[[Category:Mamata Banerjee]]

Jawahar taluka

2026-02-01T19:08:12Z

SanjayGhare: started first entry v1...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
'''Jawahar taluka''' is a [[taluka]] in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Prahar-20141127">{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके - महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या. |date=2014-11-27 |work=Prahar |accessdate=2015-08-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |archivedate=2015-07-22 }}</ref>

==Thane district==
On 1 August 2014, the talukas of [[Mokhada taluka|Mokhada]], Jawahar, [[Talasari taluka|Talasari]], [[Vikramgadh taluka|Vikramgadh]], [[Wada taluka|Wada]], [[Dahanu taluka|Dahanu]], [[Palghar taluka|Palghar]] and [[Vasai taluka|Vasai]] were separated from the erstwhile [[Thane district]] to form a new district [[Palghar district|Palghar]].<ref name="TimesOfIndia-20140614">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/Thane-district-will-finally-be-split-into-2-parts-from-August-15/articleshow/36516533.cms|title=Thane district will finally be split into 2 parts from August 15|last=Tembhekar|first=Chittaranjan |author2=Sanjeev Shivadekar |date=2014-06-14|work=Times of India|accessdate=16 August 2015}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Jawahar taluk (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|96.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|2.47}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|0.48}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.52}}
}}

Jawahar taluka has a population of 140,187 according to the 2011 census. Jawahar had a literacy rate of 57.42% and a sex ratio of 1022 females per 1000 males. 23,284 (16.61%) are under 7 years of age. 12,040 (8.59%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 1.03% and 91.64% of the population respectively.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Thane |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/834/download/36204/DH_2011_2721_PART_A_DCHB_THANE.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Jawahar taluk (2011)<ref name="langs" />
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 82.22 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Varli language|Varli]] |value2 = 9.84 |color2 = mediumvioletred
|label3 = [[Dhodia-Kukna language|Kokna]] |value3 = 2.09 |color3 = darksalmon
|label4 = 'Other' Marathi |value4 = 2.05 |color4 = tomato
|label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 1.51 |color5 = orange
|label6 = [[Urdu]] |value6 = 1.03 |color6 = green
|label7 = Others |value7 = 1.26 |color7 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 82.22% of the population in the district spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 9.84% [[Varli language|Varli]], 2.09% [[Dhodia-Kukna language|Kukna]], and 1.51% [[Hindi]] and 1.03% [[Urdu]] as their first language. 2.05% of the population spoke 'Others' under Marathi.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Palghar district topics}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Talukas in Palghar district]]
{{Palghar-geo-stub}}

Al-Wasat Party

2026-01-27T05:49:36Z

SanjayGhare: correct layout also and updated info

{{Short description|Political party in Egypt}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = New Center Party
| native_name = حزب الوسط الجديد Hizb al-Wasat al-Jadid
| native_name_lang = ar
| logo = Wasat Party, Egypt.png
| colorcode = #960018
| president = Mohamed Abdel Latif (acting)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.youm7.com/story/2014/11/24/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7--%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-28-%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A9-%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83-%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%A7/1964350#.VHN8fmdNfSc|title=حزب الوسط: مظاهرات 28 نوفمبر خطوة غير موفقة ولننشارك فيها|agency=Youm7|date=24 November 2014|access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref> [[Abou Elela Mady]]
| leader1_title = Vice-President
| leader1_name = [[Essam Sultan]]
| leader2_title = Vice-President
| leader2_name = [[Mohamed Mahsoub]]
| leader3_title = Secretary-General
| leader3_name = [[Mohammed Abdul-Latif]]
| leader4_title = Spokesperson
| leader4_name = [[Amr Farouk]]
| slogan = الوطن قبل الوسط Motherland before Al-wasat
| split = [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/files/cp_67_grayzones_final.pdf|page=18|title=Islamist Movements and the Democratic Process in the Arab World: Exploring the Gray Zones|work=Herbert Quandt Stiftung|year=2006}}</ref>
| founded = {{Start date|1996}}
| legalized = 19 February 2011
| dissolved = 
| headquarters = 8 Pearl St., [[Mokattam]], [[Cairo]]
| membership_year = 2011
| position = [[Centrism|Centre]]<ref name="Almasry Alyoum">{{Cite web|author=Shaimaa el-Karanshawi|date=19 February 2011|title=Egypt court approves moderate Islamic party|work=[[Almasry Alyoum]]|access-date=10 January 2026|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/323634|archive-date=4 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104092809/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/323634}}</ref>
| membership = 5.088<ref name=KAS>{{cite web |title=Länderbericht Parteienmonitor Ägypten 2011 |url=http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_29524-1522-1-30.pdf |publisher=[[Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung]] |language=de |page=3 |date=27 November 2011 |access-date=18 October 2015}}</ref>
| ideology = [[Islamic democracy]]<ref>[http://www.aucegypt.edu/gapp/cairoreview/pages/articleDetails.aspx?aid=100 The Cairo Review of Global Affairs, "Egypt Elections: al-Wasat (Center Party)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130235012/http://www.aucegypt.edu/GAPP/CairoReview/Pages/articleDetails.aspx?aid=100 |date=30 January 2012 }}. Retrieved 31 January 2012</ref>
| national =
| colors = Maroon
| country = Egypt
| seats1_title = [[House of Representatives (Egypt)|House of Representatives]]
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|0|568}}
| website =
}}

The '''al-Wasat Party''' ({{langx|ar|حزب الوسط|Hizb al-Wasat}}), translated in English as the '''Center Party''', is a moderate [[Islamist]] political party in [[Egypt]].<ref>[http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2010/09/16/center-al-wasat-party Egypt Elections – Carnegie Endowment For International Peace, Guide to Egypt's Transition, "Al-Wasat (Center Party)".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130141131/http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2010/09/16/center-al-wasat-party |date=30 January 2012 }} Retrieved 31 January 2012</ref>

== History ==
=== Foundation ===
The party was founded by [[Abou Elela Mady]] in 1996 as a split from the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt]],<ref name=map>{{cite web|author=Dina Shehata|title=Mapping Islamic Actors in Egypt|url=http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/mapping-islamic-actors---version-2.2.pdf|publisher=Islam Research Program|access-date=6 October 2014|date=March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927043841/http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/mapping-islamic-actors---version-2.2.pdf|archive-date=27 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> which Mady accused of having "narrow political horizons." The creation of al-Wasat was criticized by the Brotherhood, which said Mady was trying to split the movement.<ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news|title=New party shows deep political change in new Egypt|author=Sarah Mikhail|author2=Tom Perry|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-idUSTRE70O3UW20110219|work=[[Reuters]]|date=19 February 2011|access-date=10 January 2026|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110220043329/https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/19/us-egypt-idUSTRE70O3UW20110219| archive-date=20 February 2011|url-status= live}}</ref> It was also not well received by the Egyptian government, which brought its founders before a [[Military tribunal|military court]] on the charge of setting up a party as an Islamist front.

Al-Wasat tried to gain an official license four times between 1996 and 2009, but its application was rejected each time by the political parties committee, which was chaired by a leading member of the ruling [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|National Democratic Party]].<ref name="Reuters"/> Political parties formed on the basis of religion have been banned by the [[Constitution of Egypt|Egyptian constitution]] since an amendment to Article 5 was [[2007 Egyptian constitutional referendum|approved in 2007]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cabinet.gov.eg/AboutEgypt/HTML/Constit_update2007_e.pdf |title=Constitutional Amendments of 2007 |publisher=[[Cabinet of Egypt]] |access-date=19 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217033527/http://cabinet.gov.eg/AboutEgypt/HTML/Constit_update2007_e.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2010 }}</ref>

=== Recognition ===
Al-Wasat was granted official recognition on 19 February 2011 after a court in [[Cairo]] approved its establishment. The court's ruling was handed down in the wake of the [[Egyptian Revolution of 2011]], and made al-Wasat the first new party to gain official status after the [[Resignation of Hosni Mubarak|resignation]] of [[President of Egypt|President]] [[Hosni Mubarak]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=After 15-year wait, Egypt's Wasat Party approved|author=Tom Perry|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/egypt-politics-party-idUSLDE71I06320110219|work=[[Reuters]]|date=19 February 2011|access-date=19 February 2011}}</ref> Its newly acquired official status allowed al-Wasat to compete in the [[2011 Egyptian parliamentary election|next parliamentary election]], and made it the first legal party in Egypt with an Islamic background.<ref name="IANS">{{Cite news|title=Egypt court approves country's first Islamic party |url=http://www.sify.com/news/egypt-court-approves-country-s-first-islamic-party-news-international-lctu4fiafed.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222195317/http://www.sify.com/news/egypt-court-approves-country-s-first-islamic-party-news-international-lctu4fiafed.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2011 |format=Reprint|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|date=19 February 2011|access-date=19 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=19 February 2011 |title=Egypt licenses first moderate Islamic party|journal=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |access-date=20 February 2011|url=https://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=208916|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110219124334/http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=208916|archive-date=19 February 2011 |url-status= live}}</ref>

=== 2011/2012 parliamentary election ===
The party initially was part of the [[Democratic Alliance for Egypt]], though it left in October 2011<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2010/09/wasat-party?lang=en|title=Wasat Party|work=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref> and later allied with the [[Renaissance Party (Egypt)|Renaissance Party]] and the [[Pioneer Party]], both of which were also offshoots of the Muslim Brotherhood,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/24640/Al-Wasat-Party|title=Al-Wasat Party|work=Jadaliyya|date=18 November 2011|access-date=26 January 2026}}</ref> and won 10 seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/33/100/32384/Elections-/News/Egypts-postMubarak-legislative-life-begins-amid-te.aspx|title=Egypt's post-Mubarak legislative life begins amid tension and divisions|date=23 January 2012|access-date=26 January 2026|work=Ahram Online}}</ref>

=== Post-coup d'etat ===
The leader of the party, [[Abou Elela Mady]], as well as deputy head Essam Sultan, were detained following the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Wasat Party initially boycotting constitutional referendums|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/12/17/wasat-party-initially-boycotting-constitutional-referendum/|agency=Daily News Egypt|date=17 December 2013|access-date=17 December 2013}}</ref> Elela Mady was released in August 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pro-Morsi political leader Abul-Ela Madi released from jail|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/137716.aspx|agency=Ahram Online|date=13 August 2015|access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref>

The party withdrew from the [[Anti-Coup Alliance]] on 28 August 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thecairopost.com/news/123570/inside_egypt/wasat-party-withdraws-from-nasl-considers-parliamentary-elections-source|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830054444/http://thecairopost.com/news/123570/inside_egypt/wasat-party-withdraws-from-nasl-considers-parliamentary-elections-source|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2014|title=Wasat Party withdraws from NASL, considers parliamentary elections: Source|agency=Cairo Post|date=28 August 2014|access-date=28 August 2014}}</ref> A court case was brought forth to dissolve the party,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/egyptsource/political-islam-s-fate-in-egypt-lies-in-the-hands-of-the-courts|title=Political Islam's Fate in Egypt Lies in the Hands of the Courts|author=Yussef Auf|date=25 November 2014|work=Atlantic Council|access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref> though the Alexandria Urgent Matters Court ruled on 26 November 2014 that it lacked jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/11/26/court-claims-jurisdiction-religiously-affiliated-parties/|title=Court claims no jurisdiction over religiously affiliated parties|date=26 November 2014|work=Daily News Egypt|access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref>

==Ideology==
According to the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]], al-Wasat "seeks to interpret Islamic sharia principles in a manner consistent with the values of a liberal democratic system. Although al-Wasat advocates a political system that is firmly anchored in Islamic law, it also views sharia principles as flexible and wholly compatible with the principles of pluralism and equal citizenship rights."<ref name="Almasry Alyoum"/> The party's manifesto accepts the right of a Christian to become head of state in a Muslim-majority country.<ref name="IANS"/> Its founder Mady likens its ideology to that of the Turkish [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party (AKP)]].<ref name="Reuters"/>

==Electoral history==

===People's Assembly elections===
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!Election
!Seats
!+/–
|-
|[[2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election|2011–12]]
|{{Composition bar|10|596|{{party color|Al-Wasat Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 10
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Islamic political parties]]
*[[List of political parties in Egypt]]

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite book|last=Norton|first=Augustus Richard|year=2005|chapter=Thwarted Politics: The Case of Egypt’s Hizb al-Wasat|editor=Robert Hefner|title=Remaking Muslim Politics: Pluralism, Contestation, and Democratization|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=133–60|access-date=20 February 2011|url=http://people.bu.edu/arn/Hizb%20al-Wasat1.pdf}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Wickham|first=Carrie Rosefsky|date=January 2004|title=The Path to Moderation: Strategy and Learning in the Formation of Egypt's ''Wasat'' Party|journal=Comparative Politics|volume= 36|issue= 2|pages=205–228|doi=10.2307/4150143|jstor=4150143}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*https://twitter.com/Alwasatpartyeg

{{Egyptian political parties}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wasat Party, Al}}
[[Category:1996 establishments in Egypt]]
[[Category:2013 Egyptian coup d'état]]
[[Category:Centrist parties in Egypt]]
[[Category:Egyptian revolution of 2011]]
[[Category:Islamic political parties in Egypt]]
[[Category:Organisations of the Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)]]
[[Category:Offshoots of the Muslim Brotherhood]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1996]]

Adampur

2026-01-21T12:06:36Z

SanjayGhare: put up initial info initial version - done

{{other uses|Adampur (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Adampur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Adampur Doaba
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.43|N|75.72|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Rahi Litt
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = MLA (Member of Legislative Assembly)
| leader_name = Sukhwinder Singh Kotli ([[Indian National Congress]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 233
| population_total = 20922
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 144102
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Adampur''' is a town, a [[municipal council]] and a sub-tehsil in [[Jalandhar district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].

==Geography==
Adampur Doaba is located at {{Coord|31.43|N|75.72|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/23/Adampur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Adampur]</ref> It has an average elevation of 233 metres (764 feet). It is located at a distance of 24 km from its district headquarters [[Jalandhar]] and approximately 26 km from [[Hoshiarpur]]. The nearest hill station is [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]] which is the headquarters of the [[Dalai Lama]]. Another hill-station around Adampur is [[McLeodganj]]. The Main Bazaar is the main market and one of the best areas to live in and around the town.

It is situated in the center of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and its two main cities, [[Jalandhar]] and [[Hoshiarpur]].

The clock tower of Adampur and Punjab Khadi Mandal are some of the oldest buildings of this town. The Khadi Bhandar was inaugurated by [[Mahatma Gandhi]].

The [[Adampur Air Force Station]] was built by the British in the early 1900s and is the second largest Air Force base in India. The [[Adampur Airport|domestic airport of Jalandhar]] is also situated at Adampur.

The railway line which runs through Adampur was constructed by the British in 1902. Adampur train station was built, which was later renamed Khurdpur due to the close proximity of the Air Force base.

== History ==
According to the history the town was founded by a person named Rahi who was a [[Jats|Jatt]] of Litt Clan and originally named it Raipur Litt\Raipur Littan, later Bhaun [[Jats|Jatts]] took possession of the town and sold it to a [[Pashtuns|pathan]] named Adam Khan who was from the Village Dhogri & he renamed it to Adampur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Government of Punjab |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08593 |title=Punjab District Gazetteers, Volume XIV A. Jullundur District, with maps, 1904 |date=1908 |publisher=Lahore, Civil and Military Gazette Press}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of the 2011 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> the Adampur Municipal Council had a population of 20,922, of whom 11,152 were males while 9,770 were females as per the report released by Census India 2011. Adampur had an average literacy rate of 87.98%, higher than the national average of 75.84%. 12% of the population was under 6 years of age. The scheduled caste population was 47.30%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/blocksc50.php?format=print |title=State-wise, District-wise List of Blocks with >40% but less than 50% SC population |url-status=dead |access-date=12 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723091635/http://socialjustice.nic.in/blocksc50.php?format=print |archive-date=23 July 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The Virdi family of the Ramgarhia community are one of the oldest serving families in Adampur, tracing their settlement into the town from the 1700s.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==Legislative setup==
The city is part of the [[Adampur, Punjab Assembly constituency|Adampur legislative assembly constituency]]. [[Sukhwinder Singh Kotli]] of Congress is the current MLA from this seat. The town comes under the [[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalandhar parliamentary constituency]], which is currently represented by [[Charanjit Singh Channi]] of Indian National Congress.

==See also==
* [[Khurdpur]]
* [[Khiala Pind]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=32367 Jalandhar district]

{{Jalandhar district}}
{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jalandhar district]]

Khanpur Kalan

2026-01-18T21:59:31Z

SanjayGhare: started first info added tags

{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khanpur Kalan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.1637934|76.7899135|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Haryana|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Municipal council|Municipality]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sonipat district]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gohana]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder = Tinku Malik
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party = Indian National Lokdal
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 131305
| area_code =
| area_code_type =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
| website = {{URL|haryana.gov.in}} 
| footnotes =
}}
'''Khanpur Kalan''' is a village in [[Gohana]] [[tehsil]] of [[Sonipat district]], in [[Haryana]], India.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 10, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>
B.P.S.M women's university & PGI hospitals are in Khanpur kalan.

==Demographics==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Particulars
! Total
! Male
! Female
|-
| Total No. of Houses || ''1,987'' || - || -
|-
| Population || ''12,544'' || 5,273 || 7,271
|-
| Child (0-6)|| ''1,324'' || 710 || 614
|-
| Schedule Caste || ''2,659'' || 1,384 || 1,275
|-
| Schedule Tribe || ''0'' || 0 || 0
|-
| Literacy || ''80.75 % '' || 83.41% || 78.92%
|-
| Total Workers || ''4,345'' || 2,794 || 1,551
|-
| Main Workers || ''2,537'' || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal Workers || ''1,808'' || 726 || 1,082
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Sonipat district]]

{{Sonipat district topics}}{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

List of Odia films of 1995

2026-01-07T04:26:28Z

SanjayGhare: done

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Ollywood films}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]] in 1995:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1995 in film|1995]]'''
|-
|''[[Kula Nandan]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Kula Nandan|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1446092/|access-date=2019-02-06}} {{unreliable source?|date=September 2022}}</ref>|| [[Himanshu Parija]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Meghana Mishra]] || ||
|-
|''[[Mani Nageswari]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Mani Nageswari|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1449216/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>||[[Bijay Bhaskar]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]] || ||
|-
|''[[Mo Bhai Jaga]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Mo Bhai Jaga|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1433316/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Rajani Kanta Samantaray]] || [[Nihar Samal]], [[Puja Mishra]] || ||
|-
|''[[Mo Mana Khali Tumari Pain]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Mo Mana Khali Tumari Pain|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1446108/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Shantunu Misra]] || [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Bijay Mohanty]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Rakata Kahiba Kie Kahara]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Rakata Kahiba Kie Kahara|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1446141/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>||[[Mohamadd Mohsin]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Bijay Mohanty]] || ||
|-
|''[[Rana Bhumi]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Rana Bhumi|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1446142/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>||[[Pranab Das]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Roopa Gangooly]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Subhadra (1995 film)|Subhadra]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Subhadra|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1411790/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Prabhakar (actor)|Prabhakar]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Rachna Banerji]] || ||
|-
|''[[Suna Panjuri]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Suna Panjuri|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1446180/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Ravi Kinnagi]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], Indira Krishnan || ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1995 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1995]]
[[Category:Lists of 1995 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:1990s in Orissa]]
[[Category:1995 in Indian cinema]]

Indirana paramakri

2025-12-18T04:11:47Z

SanjayGhare: started a post basic info...

{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status = EN
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN/>
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| taxon = Indirana paramakri
| authority = Garg and Biju, 2016
| range_map =
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =
}}

'''''Indirana paramakri''''', the '''rocky terrain leaping frog''' or '''Suganthagiri leaping frog''', is a frog in the family [[Ranixalidae]]. It is endemic to [[Kerala]], [[India]] in the [[Western Ghat]] mountains.<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6
|title=''Indirana paramakri'' Garg and Biju, 2016
|url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Ranixalidae/Indirana/Indirana-paramakri
|access-date=May 27, 2024}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb
|title=''Indirana paramakri'' Garg and Biju, 2016
|author1=
|editor1=
|editor2=
|date=
|language=
|url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/8533
|access-date=May 27, 2024}}</ref><ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN
|title= Bhadra Leaping Frog: ''Indirana paramakri''
|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/119242835/119242839
|article-number=e.T119242835A119242839
|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T119242835A119242839.en
|id=119242835
|year=2023
|author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group
|accessdate=May 27, 2024}}</ref>

==Appearance==
The adult female holotype measured 30.9 mm in [[snout-vent length]]. The skin of the dorsum was red-brown in color. There was a dark black-brown stripe from each nostril running past the bottom of each eye over the tympanum to the armpit. The eardrum was black-brown in color. Parts of the lip were interspersed with dark brown and cream-colored stripes. The front and hind legs were red-brown in color with brown marks. Parts of the legs and flanks were gray-brown in color. Her ventrum was gray with some black-brown spots.<ref name=Des>{{cite journal|author1=Garg S|author2= Biju SD |year=2016 |title=Molecular and morphological study of leaping frogs (Anura, Ranixalidae) with description of two new species. |journal=PLOS One |volume= 11 |issue= 11 |article-number= e0166326 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0166326|doi-access= free |pmid= 27851823 |pmc= 5112961 |bibcode= 2016PLoSO..1166326G |type=Full text}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Scientists named this species ''paramakri''. In the [[Malayalam language]], which is the official language of Kerala, ''para'' means "rock" and ''makri'' means "frog." This refers to the frog's tendency to inhabit rocky places.<ref name=Des />

==Habitat==
People have seen this frog near streams on wet rocks or among the leaf litter. It lives in disturbed areas and is suspected in nearby primary forest. This frog has been observed between 823 and 1100 meters above sea level.<ref name=IUCN />

==Reproduction==
This frog lays eggs on wet rocks. The tadpoles are semi-aquatic and use their strong tails and hind limbs to move. These limbs grow in at a much younger age than those of other frogs' tadpoles.<ref name=IUCN />

==Threats==
The IUCN classifies this frog as endangered because its small range is subject to ongoing degradation. Scientists name pesticides and climate change as threats, specifically drying out of its habitat. Some landslide prevention efforts can also harm this frog: the materials people use to make roads stronger can fill in the cracks in the rocks where frogs would lay their eggs.<ref name=IUCN />

Scientists have observed the fungus ''[[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]]'' on other frogs in ''Indirana'', but they do not know its specific morbidity or mortality in this frog. ''Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis'' causes the fungal disease [[chytridiomycosis]].<ref name=IUCN />

The frog's range contains at least one protected park: [[Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref name=IUCN />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q51326728}}

[[Category:Frogs of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2016]]
[[Category:Indirana|paramakri]]

{{Ranoidea-stub}}

Khurchan

2025-11-17T16:20:55Z

SanjayGhare: started initial pg needs work...

{{Short description|Milk-based sweet dish in India}}
{{for|the village in Iran|Khvorchan}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Khurchan
| name_lang = खुरचन
| image = Khurchan mithai.jpg
| image_upright = 0.75
| caption =
| alternative_name = Malai Khurchan
| type = Milk-based sweet
| course = [[Sweet]], [[Dessert]]
| place_of_origin = [[North India]]
| region = Primarily associated with [[Delhi]] and [[Khurja]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]]), also a local specialty in the Bundelkhand region of [[Madhya Pradesh]].
| associated_cuisine = [[Indian cuisine]]
| main_ingredient = Full-fat milk (typically buffalo's milk), [[Sugar]]
| minor_ingredient = [[Cardamom]], [[Pistachio]]s
| similar_dish = [[Rabri]], [[Kalakand]]
}}
'''Khurchan''' is a traditional Indian [[sweet]] delicacy originating from [[North India]].<ref name=hindustantimes>{{cite news |last1=Austen Soofi |first1=Mayank |title=Delhi's sweetest leftover |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/delhi-s-sweetest-leftover/story-OeZcfGwEeV7jXHEK7zT4rI.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=October 31, 2010}}</ref> It is particularly associated with the cities of [[Delhi]] and [[Mathura]]. Its name 'Khurchan' is derived from the [[Hindi]] word ''khurchana'', meaning "to scrape," which refers to the process of scraping off layers of thickened cream during its preparation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sanghvi |first1=Vir |title=Scrape it up |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/rude-food-scrape-it-up/story-uEoytQAWTTPclKE1wMXEHL.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=January 9, 2010}}</ref> It is a seasonal sweet, often enjoyed during the winter months, and is known for its rich, creamy texture and distinct milky flavour.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Akanksha |title=The beloved 'snack of wealth' made on Delhi's streets |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220717-the-beloved-snack-of-wealth-made-on-delhis-streets |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=July 22, 2022}}</ref>

In 1999, during his [[Lahore Declaration|Lahore bus ride]] to [[Pakistan]], [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] carried khurchan for Pakistani Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]].<ref name=hindustantimes/><ref>{{cite news |title=Former Pakistani Prime Ministers would get sweets from this khurchan shop |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2LSeVoGs3Cg |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=September 23, 2017}}</ref>

== History ==
The sweet is believed to have developed in regions with a strong tradition of dairy production. It has been associated with [[Old Delhi]]'s Kinari Bazaar, where some vendors are reported to have been preparing and selling it for over a century.<ref name=hindustantimes/> The city of [[Khurja]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] is also noted for its long-standing connection to the sweet.<ref>{{cite web |title=100 साल से भी ज्यादा पुराना है खुर्जा और खुरचन का इतिहास, कहीं और नहीं मिलेगा ऐसा स्वाद |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/uttar-pradesh/swadist-food-bulandshahr-khuja-khurchan-famous-street-food-sweet-made-of-milk-know-history-mithai-pcup/1155412 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref> Khurchan is referenced as a local specialty in parts of the [[Bundelkhand]] region, including the [[Chhatarpur district]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Khurchan |url=https://chhatarpur.nic.in/en/culinary-delight/khurchan/ |website=District Chhatarpur, Government of Madhya Pradesh}}</ref> [[Rampur Baghelan]], [[Satna]], located in Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Visnukant |title=शुद्ध दूध की मलाई से बनती है खुरचन:MP की खास मिठाइयों में से एक; 80 साल पुरानी है इसकी कहानी |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/satna/news/the-sweetness-is-dissolving-all-over-the-country-big-business-in-small-shops-on-the-highway-130600832.html |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=November 23, 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>

Some sources described Khurchan as having originated in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name=Apple>{{cite book |author1=Megh R. Goyal |author2=Murlidhar Meghwal |author3=Rupesh S. Chavan |title=Dairy Engineering Advanced Technologies and Their Applications |date=2017 |publisher=Apple Academic Press |isbn=9781315341989 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Dairy_Engineering/6ufeDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Khurchan&pg=PT139&printsec=frontcover}}</ref>

== Preparation ==
It is made by simmering full-fat milk in a large, shallow iron pan over a low flame. As a thin layer of cream ([[malai]]) forms on the surface, it is carefully lifted and pushed to the side of the pan with a spatula. This process is repeated continuously, creating a stack of flaky, yellowish layers of malai. The collected layers are then gently sweetened with sugar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Shivank |last2=Mishra |first2=Rishi |title=पता चल गया कहां से शुरू हुई खुरचन मिठाई, खा लिया तो भूल जाएंगे रबड़ी मलाई! यहां 3 KM में बस इसकी दुकानें |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/lifestyle/recipe-khurchan-sweet-history-after-eating-forget-rabri-malai-shops-spread-across-3-kms-in-satna-local18-ws-kl-9311852.html |publisher=[[News18]] |date=June 16, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mamgain |first1=Asheesh |title=The Sweet Side of Dilli |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/14971/The-Sweet-Side-of-Dilli-- |publisher=The Citizen |date=September 14, 2018}}</ref>

Khurchan is typically prepared using buffalo milk, which is preferred due to its higher fat content and yield compared to [[cow's milk]].<ref name=Apple/>

== See also ==
* [[Peda]]
* [[Rabri]]
* [[Kalakand]]
* [[Kulfi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian desserts]]
[[Category:North Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradeshi cuisine]]

Akkayapalem

2025-11-17T05:10:27Z

SanjayGhare: put up some page w/ refs - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{inline|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Akkayapalem
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = locality
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|44|11|N|83|18|00|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 18247
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Akkayapalem''' is a neighborhood of [[Visakhapatnam]] city in [[Visakhapatnam district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Visakhapatnam]]

Indian wedding invitations

2025-10-24T15:19:58Z

SanjayGhare: started first details initial version...

{{Multiple issues|{{Unfocused|date=November 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}}}

'''Indian wedding invitations''' are made and distributed to invite guests to wedding celebrations and to honor and commemorate weddings. A wedding invitation may be referred to as a kankotri, ''laganapatrikā'', or ''Nimantraṇa patra/Patrikā'' (निमन्त्रण पत्र/पत्रिका).

Since the medieval period, wedding invitations have carried great importance in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Wedding invitations are one of the earliest personal applications of Tamil [[Printing|print]] media.<ref name = "komuni">{{cite journal |url = https://www.komunikacijaikultura.org/index.php/kk/article/view/271/220|last1=Harishankar |first1=V. Bharathi |title=CONSTRUCTING THE BILDUNGSROMAN OF A COMMUNITY: A STUDY OF PRINTED PERSONAL INVITATIONS |journal=Komunikacija i kultura online |date=2010 |volume=I |issue=1}}</ref>

These invitation cards are used for announcing the marriage ceremony, and this process of sending an invitation card to guests and relatives forms an integral part of the ritual. The cards stand out due to their unique patterns, colors and symbols.

== Features ==
Invitations open by invoking various [[Hindu deities|deities]].<ref name = "komuni"/>

[[Image:Mgcard.jpg|thumb|left|Ganesha on an Indian Wedding Invitation Card. Many Hindu cards have this printed on cover or inside page. Ganesha is believed to bring prosperity to the couple.]]

== Common symbols ==
Usually for Indian wedding cards have designs like peacock or peacock feather; diya (lamp), swastika, and OM are used for designing these cards. These designs have religious meaning and display Indian culture.

* [[Ganesh]]: Lord Ganesha is considered as God of education and wealth. In Indian culture, Lord Ganesha is worshiped first to remove all the obstructions and hurdles and before starting an auspicious event like matrimonial ceremony. Due to this characteristic, the symbol of Lord Ganesha is printed on the Indian wedding cards, with a belief that Lord Ganesha will make the wedding successful and hurdle free.
* [[Kalasha]]: The symbol of Kalasha is prominent Vedic symbol which is a vase covered with leaves and symbolizes bliss, abundance and joy.
* [[Swastika]]: This Swastika symbol means all is well and is an ancient symbol present in numerous and diverse cultures around the world which symbolizes peace and happiness.
* [[Dhol|Doli]]: This symbol denotes glee, fun, happiness and marks the beginning of an auspicious occasion. It not only brings happiness to the faces of guests who are attending the wedding but also used to seek blessings from the God before starting an event.
* [[Om]]: The OM symbol has a deep cultural and religious significance in the Indian society. It is the universally accepted and the supreme symbol of Hinduism all across the globe. This sacred symbol represents ultimate peace and harmony. It is printed on Indian wedding cards to bring harmony and peace to a function like marriage.
* [[Christian symbolism|Christian symbols]]: The symbols printed on the Christian wedding cards are the cross, church, the Lord Jesus and many more. These symbols denote purity, simplicity and holiness. The symbols are believed to bring sanctity to the whole wedding function.
* [[Symbols of Islam|Muslim symbols]] In the Muslim community, marriage is regarded as an auspicious occasion and various types of symbols like the Star and Crescent, Bismillah, Allah and many more printed on the wedding invitation card to seek the blessings from the God. Basmala is considered very lucky in Islam, and it is believed that 786 is the number of days in which Allah created the world. It is also used to mark the starting of an auspicious or good event.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Bengali wedding}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Wedding Card}}
[[Category:Indian wedding]]
[[Category:Marriage in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi wedding]]
[[Category:Pre-wedding]]
[[Category: Wedding objects]]

India International Friendship Society

2025-10-18T14:25:09Z

SanjayGhare: started initial details added tags...

{{short description|Indian award-granting organisation}}
{{pp-pc1}}
The '''India International Friendship Society''' (IIFS) is a private voluntary organisation based in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. Its stated aim is to strengthen the ties between India and its [[expatriate]] community in the hope of using the resources and potential of the expatriates to benefit India. The organisation's chief activity is the awarding of the '''Glory of India Award''' (also called the "Bharat Jyoti Award") in ceremonies held regularly in New Delhi and in international cities with large expatriate Indian communities.

The validity of the awards has been called into question, based on the request for biographical data from award invitees accompanied by a request for the payment of a fee of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]12,500.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/mobi/news/sunday-special/bharat-jyoti-award/6265.html
|title=Bharat Jyoti Award
|first=Hand|last=Ajaz-ul-Haque
|work=Greater Kashmir
|date=6 May 2006
}}
{{dead link|date=October 2025}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://rkasturi.wordpress.com/2012/06/22/how-to-run-a-successful-scam/
|title=How to run a successful scam
|author=Rajesh Kasturirangan
|date=June 22, 2012
|access-date=September 9, 2016
|archive-date=October 14, 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014033704/https://rkasturi.wordpress.com/2012/06/22/how-to-run-a-successful-scam/
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2006/May/9/spot-iifs-office-in-new-delhi-and-win-a-bharat-jyoti-award-18.asp
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116035524/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2006/May/9/spot-iifs-office-in-new-delhi-and-win-a-bharat-jyoti-award-18.asp
|archive-date=16 January 2015
|title=Spot IIFS Office in New Delhi and Win a Bharat Jyoti Award
|first=Ishtyaq Ahmad
|last=Gaani
|work=Greater Kashmir
|date=9 May 2006
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==Awardees==
Among its awardees, IIFS counts the following prominent people:

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Dev Anand]]<ref name=Hindu2012Jan/>
* [[Prema Cariappa]]<ref name=Hindu2012Jan/>
* [[Sunil Dutt]]<ref name=Hindu2012Jan>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article2816551.ece
|title=‘Glory of India Award' for surgeon hailing from Tenali
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=20 January 2012
|first=P. Sujatha|last=Varma
}}</ref>
* [[Shamim Jairajpuri]]<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/28/stories/2007062858990300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103175403/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/28/stories/2007062858990300.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=3 November 2012
|title=A new hostel for students
|date=28 January 2007
|first=Parul|work=[[The Hindu]]
|last=Sharma
}}</ref>
* [[Basappa Danappa Jatti]]<ref name=Hindu2012Jan/>
* [[Rajesh Khanna]]<ref name=Hindu2012Jan/>
* [[Owais Mohammad]]<ref name="Aligarh Muslim University - Department Page">{{Cite web |url=https://www.amu.ac.in/dshowfacultydata.jsp?did=47&eid=10058666 |title=Aligarh Muslim University - Department Page |date=2017-12-27 |website=www.amu.ac.in |language=en |access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref>
* [[Prem Chand Pandey]]<ref>
{{cite book
|page=449
|title=Advances in Marine and Antarctic Science
|first1=Dinabandhu|last1=Sahoo
|first2=Prem Chand|last2=Pandey
|publisher=APH Publishing
|year=2002
|isbn=9788176483476
}}</ref>
* [[Kamlesh D. Patel|Kamlesh Patel]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.fead.org.uk/docs/LKP_CV.doc
|title=C.V. of Professor Lord Kamlesh Kumar Patel, OBE
|publisher=Film Exchange on Alcohol and Drugs
|access-date=7 June 2012
}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [[Amichand Rajbansi]]<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://news.in.msn.com/international/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5714198
|title=South African political veteran Rajbansi dies
|date=29 December 2011
|work=MSN News
|first=Fakir
|last=Hassan
|access-date=11 June 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927194759/http://news.in.msn.com/international/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5714198
|archive-date=27 September 2013
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
* [[Dhirubhai Shah]]<ref name=Crescents>
{{cite press release
|url=http://www.crescentsofbrisbane.org/00%20Files%20&%20Images/CCN322/Umesh%20Chandra.pdf
|title=Umesh Chandra receives “Bharat Gaurav” Pride of India award
|publisher=Crescents of Brisbane
}}</ref>
* [[Chaudhary Ishwar Singh]]<ref name=Crescents/>
* [[Marsha Singh]]<ref name=Crescents/>
* [[Ashok Sinha]]<ref name=Crescents/>
* [[R. Sowdhamini]]<ref name="Prof. R. Sowdhamini - News - NCBS">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncbs.res.in/faculty/mini-news |title=Prof. R. Sowdhamini - News - NCBS |website=www.ncbs.res.in |language=en |access-date=2017-12-26}}</ref>
* [[Nirmal Chandra Suri]]<ref name=Hindu2012Jan/>
* [[Harinder Takhar]]<ref name=Crescents/>
* [[Mother Teresa]]<ref name=Hindu2012Jan/>
* [[Pankaj Udhas]]<ref name=Crescents/>
* [[Bharati Vaishampayan]]<ref name=Crescents/>
* [[Drukchen Jigme Pema Wangchen]]<ref name=Crescents/>
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|http://www.iifsind.org}}

[[Category:Indian awards]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora]]

Mayanur (Karur)

2025-10-12T08:10:47Z

SanjayGhare: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mayanur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Kongu Tamil
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Mayanur DIET Seminar hall.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|54|20|N|78|09|59|E|source:kolossus-itwiki|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Karur district|Karur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kongu Tamil language|Kongu Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name = Mayanoor
}}
'''Mayanur''' is a small town situated in the [[Karur district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is located on the banks of the [[Kaveri]] river and on Karur–Trichy National Highway.

According to tradition, Mayanur is believed to be a place where the ancient [[Chera]], [[Chola]], and [[Pandya]] dynasties intersected, marked by the [[Madukkarai Wall]] fortification.{{not verified in body|date=June 2021}}

== Etymology ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2021}}
The name Mayanur is derived from the [[Tamil language|Tamil word]] ''maiyam'' (or ''mayanam''), which means "centre". It is believed to have been at the intersection of ancient kingdoms, and it is now located in the middle of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in [[South India]].

== Geography ==
[[File: WP 000458.jpg|thumb|The Kaveri river as seen from Mayanur.]]
[[File:NWP 130114 0000.jpg|thumb|Panoramic view from the old dam]]
Mayanur is situated in the Kaveri river basin in the Tamil Nadu plains. The [[Kaveri|Kaveri River]] flows through Mayanur's northern side. A check dam was constructed across the river for flood control and irrigation.

Mayanur is 20 kilometers (12.4 miles) from the district administrative capital, [[Karur]], and 21 kilometers (13 miles) from [[Kulithalai]]. Mayanur covers an area of {{convert|9.29|km2|abbr=on}} and has five sub-divisions: Kaspa Mayanur, Keela Mayanur, Pudhu Street, Mela Mayanur, and Kilinjanatham. It had a population of 4,846 in 2020.<ref name=qeoiq>{{Cite web|url=https://geoiq.io/places/Mayanur/6yxdoZs0ts|title=Mayanur, Karur | Village | GeoIQ}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2021}}

== Temples and festivals ==
[[File:WP 000455.jpg|thumb|Sellandiamman (local temple deity)]]
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2021}}
Sri Sellandiamman Temple is one of the most ancient and historical locations in Mayanur. The temple deity is known as Sellandiamman, and its sculpture within the shrine has a slight bend in its neck. This matches the slightly off-line position of the main center of the temple with the path of its main entrance, and it is locally believed that the deity's neck is bent to facilitate its view of the Kaveri river. This temple name is mentioned many times in the ancient folk legend, ''Ponnar-Sankar''.

Other temples include தானாய் வளர்ந்த மாரியம்மன் (Tāṉāy vaḷarnta māriyam'maṉ), திரு மாரியம்மன் (Tiru māriyam'maṉ) Sri Mariamman Temple, and Kilinjanatham Mariamman temple which is also called ஆதி மாரியம்மன் (Āti māriyam'maṉ). Sri Sannasi Appan Temple is located in Mettu Thiruckampuliyur, 2 km from Mayanur.

[[Aadi Perukku|Aadi-Perukku]] is a festival that is celebrated on the banks of the Kaveri River. It is a [[Tamizha]]r festival celebrated on the 18th day of the Tamizh month of Adi (Tamil: ஆடி மாதம்; mid-July to mid-August). The festival pays tribute to water's life-sustaining properties.

During April or May, a five-day festival is celebrated.

[[File:WP 000452.jpg|thumb|Greeny Park]]

== Economy ==
Mayanur's economy mainly consists of fishing, which is its biggest export to nearby districts and states, and tourism.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

=== Industry ===
Mayanur is a small industrial hub<ref>{{Cite web|title=mayanur造句_用"mayanur"造句|url=https://tw.ichacha.net/mzj/mayanur.html|access-date=2021-05-21|website=tw.ichacha.net}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2021}} and is home to many small and medium-sized manufacturing industries such as Karur KCP packaging Ltd, Fenner India Textiles, Ltd., and Muthu Spinning Mills Ltd.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

TANCEM (Tamil Nadu Cement Corporation) once had a Mayanur factory which produced commercial asbestos sheets and pipes from 1983 until 2001. Although a high-revenue industry, the factory was shut down due to political decisions.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

=== Markets ===
There are numerous provisional, grocery, garland shops, and multi-product stores, and a weekly vegetable and multi-product rural market.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

== Transportation ==
Mayanur is located on the Karur–Trichy National Highway ([[National Highway 17 (India)|NH-37]]). The Mayanur railway station is on two broad-gauge lines and is a stopping point for most trains. High-frequency bus service is available from Karur and Trichchirappalli.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Tamil Nadu {{!}} Tamil Nadu Government Portal|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/tamilnadustate|access-date=2021-05-21|website=www.tn.gov.in}}</ref>

== Education ==
Private and public schools are available with instruction in English and [[Tamizh]]. DIET-Mayanur (District Institute of Education and Training) has its main campus in Mayanur, and is among the higher-ranked government teacher training institutes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=District Institute of Education and Training Mayanur Karur, Karur - Address, Reviews, Fees and Admissions 2021|url=https://www.icbse.com/colleges/district-institute-of-education-and-training-mayanur-karur-0y9n9l|access-date=2021-05-21|website=iCBSE|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Karur district]]

Shaffi Mather

2025-09-22T04:14:59Z

SanjayGhare: Adding Initial Info Nd Citations

{{short description|Indian social entrepreneur (born 1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Shaffi Mather
|image =
|caption = Shaffi Mather addressing CII Young Indians meet
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|2|06|df=yes}}
|birth_place =
|citizenship = [[India]]
|occupation = Lawyer,Entrepreneur, Former Economic Adviser to the CM of Kerala
|alma_mater = [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]], [[Harvard]],
|website =
}}
'''Shaffi Mather''' (born 6 February 1970) is an Indian [[social entrepreneurship|social entrepreneur]], who served as the Economic Advisor to the Chief Minister,<ref>{{cite web|title=CM's Economic Advisor|url=http://www.keralacm.gov.in/index.php/newtopkey-contacts/newtopeconomic-advisor|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504152213/http://www.keralacm.gov.in/index.php/newtopkey-contacts/newtopeconomic-advisor|archivedate=2013-05-04}}</ref> [[Oommen Chandy]], of Kerala's Congress led, UDF Government. He also worked, for a short period, as an advisor to [[Rahul Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=LSE top university choice for 2012/13 Scholars|url=http://www.chevening.org/news/view?id=39&x%5B0%5D=news/list|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130811213951/http://www.chevening.org/news/view?id=39&x%5B0%5D=news/list|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2013|publisher=Foreign & Commonwealth office|accessdate=11 August 2013}}</ref> He is a lawyer. Shaffi has also worked in the Real Estate sector, along with his brothers. In April 2010, he attended the Entrepreneur Summit which was held at Washington DC, at the invitation of US President Barack Obama.<ref>{{cite news|title=He prefers to be the Change|date=16 April 2010|first=Prema|last=Manmadhan|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/He-prefers-to-BE-the-CHANGE/article16366939.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=30 September 2019}}</ref>
In his capacity as Economic Advisor, he was responsible for bringing the [[World Economic Forum]] community retreat, to be held in November 2013 to<ref>{{cite web|title=World Economic Forum India Community Retreat to be held in Cochin, Kerala|url=http://www.weforum.org/news/world-economic-forum-india-community-retreat-be-held-cochin-kerala|publisher=World Economic Forum|accessdate=11 August 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805233630/http://www.weforum.org/news/world-economic-forum-india-community-retreat-be-held-cochin-kerala|archivedate=5 August 2013}}</ref> Kochi. In 2015, Shaffi started [[Murgency|MUrgency]] with the aim to improve the emergency response scenario in India. [[Murgency|MUrgency]] in 2016, got funded by [[Ratan Tata]], [[Kris Gopalakrishnan]] and [[S. D. Shibulal]] in a seed round led by [[Axilor Ventures.]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Ratan Tata invests in MUrgency, a medical emergency response startup |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/money/axilor-ventures-invests-in-emergency-response-app-developer-murgency/articleshow/52008774.cms |access-date=2024-03-13 |newspaper=The Economic Times|date=27 April 2016 |last1=Sen |first1=Anirban }}</ref>

== Education ==
Shaffi, completed his BCom degree from Mahatma Gandhi University in 1990. He went on to obtain an MBA in Finance, from the [[University of Bridgeport]] in 1992. Following this he completed an MBA in General Administration from the [[Joseph M. Katz Graduate School of Business]] at the [[University of Pittsburgh]] in 1993. He then obtained an LLB Degree from the School of Legal Studies at the [[Cochin University of Science & Technology]] in 2003 and, a Masters in Public Administration from Harvard. He was a Mason Fellow in Public Policy at the [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]] at [[Harvard University]], in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shaffi Mather - Linkedin profile|url=http://in.linkedin.com/pub/shaffi-mather/6/9a2/b6b|publisher=Linkedin|accessdate=11 August 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130811195000/http://in.linkedin.com/pub/shaffi-mather/6/9a2/b6b|archivedate=11 August 2013}}</ref> He is a visiting lecturer at the London School of Economics, where he was also a [[Chevening Scholarship|Chevening]] Senior Scholar in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|title=The impact winning a Chevening Scholarship can have.|date=19 July 2012 |url=http://blogs.fco.gov.uk/cheveningconversations/2012/07/19/the-impact-winning-a-chevening-scholarship-can-have/|accessdate=19 July 2012}}</ref>
Shaffi Mather is a TEDIndia fellow.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mather|first=Shaffi|title=TED Fellow|url=http://fellows.ted.com/profiles/shaffi-mather|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231153310/http://fellows.ted.com/profiles/shaffi-mather|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 December 2012|accessdate=21 April 2013}}</ref>

== Social Entrepreneur ==
Shaffi is a part of the Ambulance Access for All(AAA)team that started the 1298 ambulance service, which provides ambulance services in Maharashtra, Kerala, Punjab and Bihar. The 1298 Ambulance services is operated by Ziqitza Healthcare of which Shaffi Mather was a Director (resigned in 2008, See ROC/MCA). Ambulance Access for All, won the [[Godfrey Phillips National Bravery Awards]] in 2006 for 'Social Act of Courage'.<ref>{{cite web|title=Godfrey Phillips Bravery Awards|url=http://www.bebrave.in/past-winners.aspx|accessdate=21 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=He dived into a Manhole to save a 4 Year old|date=20 January 2007|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1075391/report-he-dived-into-a-manhole-to-save-4-yr-old|accessdate=20 Jan 2007}}</ref>
Other social initiatives in which Shaffi is involved in include, Bribe Busters, which is an Anti-Corruption fee based, BPO service.<ref>{{cite web|title=A new way to fight corruption|url=https://www.ted.com/talks/shaffi_mather_a_new_way_to_fight_corruption|access-date=21 December 2009}}</ref>
Besides this, Shaffi is also a co-founder of Moksha Yug Access, a micro finance institution that operates in rural India, and the Education Initiative, which is involved in e-learning and starting Schools across India.

==Resignation as Economic Advisor==
Shaffi Mather, resigned from the position of Economic Adviser to the CM of Kerala, on 18 July 2013. Following his resignation as the Chief Economic Advisor to the CM, Shaffi also resigned from other public posts that he held, such as the 35th National Games Sponsorship and Rights Committee and from the board of Prateeksha Bus Shelters Kerala Limited as well as Ashwas Public Amenities Kerala Ltd.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shaffi Mather quits national games panel|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Shaffi-Mather-quits-national-games-panel/2013/07/25/article1700676.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306103329/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Shaffi-Mather-quits-national-games-panel/2013/07/25/article1700676.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2014|accessdate=25 July 2013|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=25 July 2013|author=Express News Service}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External References ==
* [https://www.ted.com/speakers/shaffi_mather Shaffi Mather TED profile]
* [https://twitter.com/shaffimather Shaffi Mather Twitter page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120916062200/http://download.microsoft.com/download/C/9/0/C90126D6-4DEF-469B-8A75-38FF7FD11CD0/2_12SocialImpact_ShaffiaMather.pdf Entrepreneurship, Making a Social Impact, Microsoft Leadership Conclave, 2011]
* [http://www.1298.in 1298 ambulance service]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/airasia-may-shift-india-base-to-kochi/article4866666.ece Shaffi Mather attends meeting with Air Asia chief, Tony Fernandes to discuss shift of Air Asia hub to Kochi]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mather, Shaffi}}
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kerala]]
[[Category:Harvard Kennedy School alumni]]
[[Category:Joseph M. Katz Graduate School of Business alumni]]
[[Category:University of Bridgeport alumni]]
[[Category:Mason Fellows]]

Guardian Angel SC

2025-09-20T09:56:34Z

SanjayGhare: adding first post more to come

{{Short description|Indian professional association football club}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Guardian Angel SC
| image = Guardian_Angel_Sports_Club_Logo.jpg
| fullname = Guardian Angel Sports Club
| short name = GASC
| founded = {{start date and age|1972}}
| dissolved =
| owner = John J Fernandes
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager =
| ground = Figueredo Ground and
Rosary Ground
| capacity =
| league = [[Goa Football League#Goa Professional League|Goa Professional League]]
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 =
| body1 =
| rightarm1 =
| shorts1 =
| socks1 =
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 =
| body2 =
| rightarm2 =
| shorts2 =
| socks2 =
| website =
}}

'''Guardian Angel Sports Club''' is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Curchorem]], [[Goa]], [[India]]. Established on October 2, 1972, the club has a rich history in Goan football and currently competes in the [[Goa Football League#Goa Professional League|Goa Professional League]] and plays home matches at the Figueredo Ground in [[Curchorem]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Pro League |url=https://theawayend.co/goa-pro-league/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=The Away End |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Guardian Angel Sports Club |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/10208 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=The-aiff}}</ref> Their home ground for [[Goa Football League|Goan Professional League]] is Rosary Ground.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-27 |title=13-Team Goa Professional League kicks off today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/13-team-goa-professional-league-kicks-off-today/articleshow/103093744.cms |access-date=2024-11-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Guardian Angel SC has been recognized for contributing to the local football scene.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=Late goals from Cyril, Velroy give Guardian Angel SC first win |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/sports/late-goals-from-cyril-velroy-give-guardian-angel-sc-first-win/414963 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Pro League: Calangute Association overcome Guardian Angel SC challenge |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2024-01-indian-football-goa-pro-league-jan-07-report |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref>

They hosted the first All Goa Guardian Angel Festival Soccer - inter-village football tournament in November 2023 at [[Curchorem]] where they reached the finals and defeated Curtorim Gymkhana by 6–5 by a tie-breaker.<ref name="heraldgoa_213969">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-21 |title=Guardian Angel SC emerge champs |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Guardian-Angel-SC-emerge-champs/213969 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref>

They participated in [[2024 Bandodkar Trophy|Bandolkar Trophy]], organised by [[Goa Football Association]] in August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-13 |title=Sesa FA too good for Guardian Angel SC |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Sesa-FA-too-good-for-Guardian-Angel-SC/224717 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref>

They participated in the 13th Our Lady of Fatima Cup inter-village football tournament played at Dicarpale ground in September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guardian Angel SC enter quarters |url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFguardian-angel-sc-enter-quarters/118731.html |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

They participated and defeated Navelim Sporting Club by 4–1 to clinch the 45th St Joseph Festival inter-village football tournament organised by Dramapur Sports Club at the [[Dramapur]] ground in October 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Souza |first=Walwyn D' |date=2024-10-13 |title=Guardian Angel SC lift St Joseph Festival trophy |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/sports/guardian-angel-sc-lift-st-joseph-festival-trophy/414484 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref>

The club recently organised the Fr. Gervasio Pinto Memorial Inter-Village Football Tournament in November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-29 |title=Guardian Angel march on |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2024/10/30/sports/guardian-angel-march-on/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=The Navhind Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PY Nuvem clinch Fr Gervasio Pinto Memorial Football title |url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFpy-nuvem-clinch-fr-gervasio-pinto-memorial-football-title/122117.html |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

They will also field their female squad for the first time in the 2024–25 season of [[Goa Women's League|Goa's Women League]]. This will be their first and inaugural season in the league.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-22 |title=Five of six teams new in Women's Football League |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/five-of-six-teams-new-in-womens-football-league/articleshow/115539782.cms |access-date=2024-11-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Honours ==
* All Goa Guardian Angel Festival Soccer - inter-village football tournament
** Champions (1): (2023)<ref name="heraldgoa_213969"/>
* 13th Our Lady of Fatima Cup inter-village football tournament
** Semi-Finals: (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-29 |title=Fr Agnel YSC in summit clash |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/sports/fr-agnel-ysc-in-summit-clash/413917 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref>
* 45th St Joseph Festival inter-village football tournament
** Champions: 2024<ref name=":0" />

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Football clubs in Goa]]
[[Category:Goa Football League]]

Burma Rifles

2025-08-27T19:55:34Z

SanjayGhare: cleanup

{{Short description|British colonial regiment raised in Burma}}
[[File:Burma Rifles 1944.jpg|thumb|right|The Burma Rifles in 1944]]
The '''Burma Rifles''' were a British colonial [[regiment]] raised in [[Burma]]. Founded in 1917 as a regiment of the [[British Indian Army]], the regiment re-used the name of an unrelated earlier unit, the 10th Regiment (1st Burma Rifles) Madras Infantry, which evolved into the [[10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles]]. After Burma was formally separated from India, the regiment was allocated to Burma. Following Burma's independence from Britain in 1948, the regiment was absorbed into the new [[Myanmar Army|Burmese army]].

==Origins of the regiment==

===Early history===
The expansion of the [[British Indian Army]] during World War I led to the raising of two [[Company (military unit)|companies]] of Burma [[Assault Pioneer|Pioneers]] in [[Mandalay]] in November 1916. Burmese of all groups were recruited for these units. After expanding to four companies, the Pioneers became the 70th Burma Rifles in September 1917. The [[85th Burman Rifles]] were raised from the [[Burma Military Police]] in July 1917. A second [[battalion]] of 70th Burma Rifles was raised in January 1918 and both battalions served in the Middle East in 1918–20.<ref name="BRif">{{cite web|url=http://www.rothwell.force9.co.uk/burmaweb/burif.htm| title=The Burma Rifles, Burma Campaign Website| first=Steve| last=Rothwell| date=2001-10-21| accessdate=2007-10-22}}</ref> Two more battalions were raised during 1918.<ref name="BRif2">{{cite web|url=http://homepages.force9.net/rothwell/burmaweb/2ndburma.htm| title=2nd Burma Rifles, Burma Campaign Website| first=Steve| last=Rothwell| date=2000-09-18| accessdate=2007-10-22}}</ref> According to John Gaylor in his history: ''Sons of John Company – The Indian & Pakistan Armies 1903–1991'', the 3/70th Burma Rifles, raised in April 1918, went to Southern India to suppress the [[Malabar rebellion|Moplah Rising]] whilst the 4/70th, raised in May 1918, remained in Burma.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Gaylor|page=199|title=Sons of John Company. The Indian & Pakistan Armies 1903–1991|year=1992|isbn=0-946771-98-7}}</ref>

===1922 reorganisation of the British Indian Army===
In the 1922 reorganisation of the British Indian Army the 70th Burma Rifles and the 85th Burma Rifles were merged to form the 20th Burma Rifles. The new regiment numbered four regular battalions. A new battalion, the 11th (Territorial) Battalion was also formed in 1922.

The Burman element in the regiment was mustered out after 1927,<ref name="BRif"/> although Burmans continued to serve in the Burma Military Police. Personnel drawn from the hill-tribes of Burma and other groups ([[Karen people|Karens]], [[Jingpo people|Kachins]] and [[Chin people|Chin]]) continued to serve and in 1940 Burmans were again recruited, although the [[Anglo-Burmese]] tended to be overly represented in the Burma Rifles and the Burma Military Police.

===Separation from India===
After the British formally separated Burma from India in 1937 the 20th Burma Rifles was allocated to Burma and renamed the Burma Rifles. The intention was for officers to be drawn from the British Army. However the majority of the British officers already serving with the regiment chose to remain with their units on secondment from the British Indian Army.

==Second World War==
The regiment was expanded during the [[Second World War]] to a total of 14 battalions and served through the Japanese invasion of Burma during the [[Burma campaign]].<ref name="BRif"/> Eight battalions of infantry were raised along with a holding battalion, a training battalion and four territorial battalions. The men of the territorial battalions were under no obligation to serve outside the borders of Burma.

After the British Burma Army's retreat from Burma, a reconstituted 2nd Battalion continued to take part in the Burma campaign.<ref name="BRif2"/> The remaining highly weakened battalions were disbanded although many of the non-Burmese nationals (Indians and Gurkhas) from them went to form battalions of the [[Burma Regiment]] created in September 1942.<ref name="BReg">{{cite web| url=http://www.rothwell.force9.co.uk/burmaweb/BurmaRegt.htm| title=The Burma Regiment, The Burma Campaign Website| first=Steve| last=Rothwell| date=1999-01-17| accessdate=2007-10-22}}</ref>

The 2nd Battalion participated in the 1st and 2nd [[Chindit]] expeditions into Burma. In his official report following the first expedition [[Orde Wingate]] the Chindit commander wrote:<ref name="BRif2"/>{{cquote|I would like to record here that I have never had under my command in the field as good a body of men as the 2nd Burma Rifles.}}

As a result, for the 1943 Chindit operation, the battalion was expanded and broken down into reconnaissance platoons for the Chindit columns.<ref name="BRif2"/> In 1944, the battalion was broken down into three detachments for attachment to Special Forces units among the Chindit force.

In 1945, the 2nd Burma Rifles was reconstituted as an infantry battalion.<ref name="BRif2"/> In July 1945, the 1st battalion was re-raised in Burma. Over the following three years leading up to Burmese independence, the 3rd through 6th battalions were re-raised.

===Post-Second World War===

Reorganised as a conventional infantry battalion of four companies, the 2nd Burma Rifles was based at Hshiarpur in India, where it remained until August 1945. It was listed in September 1945 as being as part of an internal security and administration static command in the South Burma District. In January 1946 the battalion was transferred to [[Syriam]] and in May 1947 formed part of a force involved in operations against [[dacoit]]s.<ref name="farsettingsun.co.uk">{{Cite web |url=http://www.farsettingsun.co.uk/ |title=The Far Setting Sun |access-date=2019-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035859/http://www.farsettingsun.co.uk/ |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{verification needed|date=January 2020}} On 4 January 1948 Burma became independent and the Burma Rifles was absorbed into the new [[Myanmar Army]], which unlike its Indian and Pakistani counterparts did not retain the regimental structure and most traditions of the former Indian Army.

==Uniform and insignia==

The [[mess uniform]] of the Burma Rifles was [[rifle green]] with scarlet facings. In Volume 2 of his work "Indian Army Uniforms" W.Y. Carman describes a full dress uniform in the same colours, noting that it was worn by officers and other ranks forming part of the Coronation Contingent of 1937. It is not however known on what other occasions (if any) it was used.

The last surviving Burma Rifles Officer, Major Neville Hogan MBE noted the following further insignia distinctions from the Second World War period:
Shoulder titles : rifle green with "BURMA RIFLES" in red.
Collar dogs: a (male) Burmese peacock (displaying) over a title-scroll "BURMA RIFLES" in white metal (officers silver or silver gilt).
Officers pips: silver for full dress, black for service dress. Black embroidered onto red worsted (after the traditions of the 60th Rifles/KRRC).
Enlisted stripes & crowns: black embroidered onto rifle green worsted (after the traditions of the 95th Rifles/Rifle Brigade).

This unusual mix was noted and verified by photographs in Major Hogan's collection.<ref name="farsettingsun.co.uk"/>

==Titles of the Regiment==
* 70th Burma Rifles / 85th Burman Rifles
* 20th Burma Rifles
* Burma Rifles

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book| title=The Standing Orders of the 2nd Battalion, The Burma Rifles |year=1948| publisher=[[Gale & Polden]], Ltd | location=Aldershot }}
* {{cite book| title=A Burmese Wonderland | url=https://archive.org/details/burmesewonderlan00enri | first=Colin Metcalf |last=Enriquez |year=1922| publisher=Thacker, Spink }}
* {{cite book| title= Imperial Sunset: Frontier Soldiering in the 20th Century | first=James D |last=Lunt|year=1981| publisher=Futura Publications| isbn=0-354-04528-8}}
* {{cite book| title=Dress Regulations (India) 1931|last=Government of British India|year=2000| publisher=Naval and Military Press| isbn= 1-84342-077-5}}
* {{cite book| title=Sons of John Company: the Indian and Pakistan Armies 1903-91 | first=John |last=Gaylor|year=1992| publisher=Spellmount| location=Tunbridge Wells| isbn=0-946771-98-7}}

[[Category:British Indian Army infantry regiments]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1917]]
[[Category:Indian World War I regiments]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of Burma in World War II]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1948]]