https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=SanjayBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-07-31T05:38:04ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_Minister_of_Telangana&diff=494099Chief Minister of Telangana2026-05-08T07:14:17Z<p>Sanjay: Added new details</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Leader of the executive branch of Government of Telangana}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox official post<br />
| post = Chief Minister<br />
| body = Telangana<br />
| insignia = Emblem of Telangana.svg<br />
| insigniasize = 125px<br />
| insigniacaption = Emblem of Telangana<br />
| native_name = {{lang|te-Latn|Telaṅgāṇa Mukhya Mantrī}}<br />
| flag = Flag of India.svg<br />
| flagsize = 100px<br />
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]<br />
| flagborder = yes<br />
| image = Shri Anumula Revanth Reddy (cropped).jpg<br />
| imagesize = 200px<br />
| abbreviation = CMoTelangana<br />
| department = {{ubl|[[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister's Office]]|[[Government of Telangana]]}}<br />
| style = [[The Honourable]] {{small|(formal)}}<br />Mr./Mrs. Chief Minister {{small|(informal)}}<br />
| status = [[Head of government]]<br />
| type = Leader of the Executive<br />
| reportsto = [[Governor of Telangana]]<br />[[Telangana Legislature]]<br />
| appointer = [[Governor of Telangana]]<br />
| appointer_qualified = by [[Political convention|convention]] based on appointees ability to command [[confidence]] in the Legislative Assembly<br />
| member_of = *[[Telangana Legislature|State Legislature]]<br />
*[[Telangana Council of Ministers|State Cabinet]]<br />
| seat = [[Telangana Secretariat|Dr. B. R. Ambedkar State Secretariat]], [[Hyderabad]]<br />
| residence = [[Praja Bhavan|Praja Bhavan, Hyderabad]]<br />
| termlength = Five years and subject to no [[term limit]]<br />
| termlength_qualified = at the confidence of the Legislative Assembly<br />
| inaugural = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]<br />
| formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|2014|06|02}}<br />
| deputy = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Telangana|Deputy Chief Minister of Telangana]]<br />
| salary = {{INRconvert|4|m}}<br />
| website = [https://cm.telangana.gov.in/ Official website]<br />
| incumbent = [[Anumula Revanth Reddy]]<br />
| incumbentsince = 7 December 2023<br />
| precursor = [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| nominator = MLAs of the majority party or alliance<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Chief Minister of Telangana''' is the [[head of government]] of the Indian state of [[Telangana]]. As per the [[Constitution of India]], the [[governor of Telangana]] is the state's ''[[de jure]]'' head, but ''[[de facto]]'' executive authority rests with the chief minister, a template applicable to all other Indian states. Following elections to the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], the governor usually invites the political party (or a coalition of political parties) with a majority of assembly seats to form the government in the state. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose [[Cabinet (government)|council of ministers]] is [[Cabinet collective responsibility|collectively responsible]] to the assembly. Given that they have the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years, renewable, and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.<ref>{{cite book|author=Durga Das Basu|author-link=Durga Das Basu|title=Introduction to the Constitution of India|year=1960|edition=20|pages=241-245|publisher=[[LexisNexis|LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa]]|isbn=978-81-8038-559-9|quote=Although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Telangana as well.}}</ref> Usually, the chief minister also serves as the leader of the house in the legislative assembly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apuat21.cgg.gov.in/web/legislative-assembly/leader-of-the-house|title=Leader of the House|work=[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following the enactment of the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014]], the state of Telangana was officially formed on 2 June 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=A mixed bag|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/a-mixed-bag/article7298203.ece|last=Shankar|first=Kunal|date=26 June 2015|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202101735/https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/a-mixed-bag/article7298203.ece|archive-date=2 February 2020|access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref> Following the [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014 assembly elections]], [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao]] of the [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]], was elected as the first chief minister of Telangana.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Amarnath K Menon |title=Telangana is born, KCR to take oath as its first CM |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/telangana-braces-to-celebrate-its-birthday-celebrations-kcr-195289-2014-06-01 |access-date=14 July 2014 |work=[[India Today]] |date=1 June 2014 |location=Hyderabad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111151025/https://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/telangana-braces-to-celebrate-its-birthday-celebrations-kcr/1/364724.html |archive-date=11 November 2014 }}</ref> He was re-elected to a second term in office after the elections in [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]. The [[List of current Indian chief ministers|incumbent]] chief minister is [[Revanth Reddy]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] since 7 December 2023.<br />
<br />
==Predecessors==<br />
{{see|List of chief ministers of Hyderabad State|List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
==Chief Ministers of Telangana (2014-present)==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; border:1px #aaf solid;"<br />
! rowspan="2"| #<br />
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| Portrait<br />
! rowspan="2"| Name<br />
! rowspan="2"| Constituency<br />
! rowspan="2"| Election<br />
! colspan="3"| Tenure in office<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Party<br />
! rowspan="2"| Ministry<br />
! rowspan="2" | Appointer<br/>(Governor)<br />
|- <br />
! From<br />
! To<br />
! Time in office<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2"| 1<br />
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao.png|70px]]<br />
| rowspan="2"| [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]<br />{{small|(born 1954)}}<br />
| rowspan="2"| [[Gajwel Assembly constituency|Gajwel]]<br />
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{small|2 June}}<br/>2014<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{small|6 December}}<br/>2023<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|2 Jun 2014|6 Dec 2023}}<br />
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}"|<br />
| rowspan="2" style="width:8em"| [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]<br />
| [[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Rao I]]<br />
| rowspan="2"| [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />
| [[Second K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Rao II]]<br />
|-<br />
! 2<br />
| [[File:Portrait of Telangana CM Revanth Reddy.png|70px]]<br />
| [[Revanth Reddy]]<br />{{small|(born 1969)}}<br />
| [[Kodangal Assembly constituency|Kodangal]]<br />
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| {{small|7 December}}<br/>2023<br />
| Incumbent<br />
| {{ayd|7 Dec 2023}}<br />
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| [[Revanth Reddy ministry|Reddy]]<br />
| [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Statistics==<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+By term length<br />
!No.<br />
!Name<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
!Length of term<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]<br />
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]<br />
|{{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}<br />
|9 years, 6 months 4 days<br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
|'''[[Anumula Revanth Reddy]]'''<br />
|'''[[Indian National Congress]]'''<br />
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|'''{{age in years and days|2023|12|07}}'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
;Parties by total duration (in days)<br />
{{#invoke:Chart|bar chart<br />
|float = center<br />
|width = 800<br />
|height = 300<br />
|stack = 1<br />
|group 1 = {{formatnum:{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{age in days|2014|06|02|2023|12|06}}}}}}|R}}:0<br />
|group 2 = 0:{{formatnum:{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{age in days|2023|12|07}}}}}}|R}}<br />
|colors = #F84996:#19AAED<br />
|group names = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]:[[Indian National Congress|INC]] <br />
|x legends = BRS:INC<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{commons category|Chief ministers of Telangana}}<br />
* [https://www.telangana.gov.in// Official Website of the Office of the Chief Minister]<br />
<br />
{{Current Indian chief ministers}}<br />
{{Telangana}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lists of chief ministers of Indian states|Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Chief ministers of Telangana|*]]<br />
[[Category:People from Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Telangana-related lists|Chief ministers]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of people from Telangana|Chief ministers]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stree_2&diff=537665Stree 22026-05-07T12:38:32Z<p>Sanjay: Made new details from scratch - done</p>
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<div>{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Amar Kaushik}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = <br />
| image = Stree 2.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Amar Kaushik]]<br />
| writer = [[Niren Bhatt]]<br />
| based_on = ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]''<br/>by [[Raj & DK]] <!--Warning: This has been quoted in the opening credits of the film and should therefore be retained--><br />
| producer = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Dinesh Vijan]]<br />
* [[Jyoti Deshpande]]}}<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Rajkummar Rao]]<br />
* [[Shraddha Kapoor]]<br />
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]]<br />
* [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]]<br />
* [[Aparshakti Khurana]]<br />
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Jishnu Bhattacharjee<br />
| editing = Hemanti Sarkar<br />
| music = {{ubl<br />
| '''Songs:'''<br />
| [[Sachin–Jigar]] <br />
| '''Score:'''<br />
| [[Justin Varghese]] <br />
}}<br />
| studio = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Maddock Films]]<br />
* [[Jio Platforms|Jio Studios]]}}<br />
| distributor = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[PVR Inox Pictures]]<br />
* [[Pen Studios|Pen Marudhar]]}}<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|08|15}}<br />
| runtime = 143 minutes<ref name="cbfc" /><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = {{INR|50–105 crore}}{{efn|Stree 2{{'s}} reported budget varies between ₹50 crore (''[[India Today]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title='Stree 2' box office day 10: Rajkummar's film sets spooky benchmark with Rs 70050.57 crore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/stree-2-box-office-collection-day-10-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-film-crosses-rs-500-crore-2587602-2024-08-25 |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=India Today |date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=25 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825151705/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/stree-2-box-office-collection-day-10-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-film-crosses-rs-500-crore-2587602-2024-08-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>) – ₹60 crore (''[[DNA India]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Not Stree 2, Kalki 2898 AD, Shaitaan, HanuMan, this Rs 3-crore film is India's biggest hit of 2024, has no stars, but... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-not-stree-2-kalki-2898-ad-shaitaan-hanuman-premalu-india-s-biggest-hit-of-2024-rs-3-crore-budget-box-office-3104637 |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |language=en |archive-date=28 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828052303/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-not-stree-2-kalki-2898-ad-shaitaan-hanuman-premalu-india-s-biggest-hit-of-2024-rs-3-crore-budget-box-office-3104637 |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2024 |title=Stree 2 proves big returns don't need big budgets: How Rajkummar Rao-Shraddha Kapoor film became Bollywood's most profitable movie – A 500% ROI story |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-stree-2-proves-big-returns-dont-need-big-budgets-how-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-film-became-bollywoods-most-profitable-movie-a-500-roi-story-3592625/ |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en |archive-date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827015149/https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-stree-2-proves-big-returns-dont-need-big-budgets-how-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-film-became-bollywoods-most-profitable-movie-a-500-roi-story-3592625/ |url-status=live }}</ref>) – ₹90 crore (''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=India's most profitable film of 2024 earned 45x its budget, ₹3 crore movie with no stars beat Pushpa 2, Kalki, Stree 2 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/indias-most-profitable-film-of-2024-premalu-box-office-45x-its-budget-3-crore-beat-pushpa-2-kalki-2898-ad-stree-2-101735886029776.html |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>) – ₹105 crore (''[[Bollywood Hungama]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2025 |title=Maddock Films leads Bollywood's new era with record-breaking revenues and stellar box office hits; becomes the new Powerhouse in Bollywood |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/maddock-films-leads-bollywoods-new-era-record-breaking-revenues-stellar-box-office-hits-becomes-new-powerhouse-bollywood/ |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>)}}<br />
| gross = {{INR|874.58}} crore<ref name=":BO" /><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Stree 2: Sarkate Ka Aatank''''' ({{Translation|Woman 2: Terror of the Headless}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy horror film]] directed by [[Amar Kaushik]], written by [[Niren Bhatt]] and produced jointly by [[Maddock Films]] and [[Jio Platforms|Jio Studios]]. A sequel to ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]'' (2018), which spawned the [[Maddock Horror Comedy Universe]], it serves as the fourth instalment in the franchise. The film stars [[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Shraddha Kapoor]], [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] and [[Aparshakti Khurana]] and as a group of friends who must defeat Sarkata, a headless malevolent entity abducting the women of [[Chanderi]].<br />
<br />
In February 2022, Rao confirmed that the project was in development, but original writers and producers [[Raj & DK]] were no longer involved, having parted ways with producer [[Dinesh Vijan]] over disputes regarding the rights to the franchise. The sequel was officially announced by Vijan and [[Jyoti Deshpande]] in April 2023. Principal photography began in July of the same year, primarily taking place in [[Chanderi]] and [[Bihar]], and concluded by mid-2024. The [[Stree 2 (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] was composed by [[Sachin–Jigar]]. The cinematography and editing were handled by Jishnu Bhattacharjee.<br />
<br />
''Stree 2'' was theatrically released worldwide on 15 August 2024, coinciding with [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]], and received positive reviews from critics. The film grossed over {{INRConvert|875|c|year=2024}} worldwide, emerging as the [[List of Indian films of 2024#Box office collection|third highest-grossing Indian film]] and the [[List of Hindi films of 2024|highest-grossing Hindi film]] of 2024, as well as the [[List of highest-grossing Hindi films|seventh highest-grossing Hindi film]] and the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|twelfth highest-grossing Indian film]] of all time.<ref name=":BO" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Horror-Comedy Sequel 'Stree 2' Wins Indian Independence Day Weekend – Global Bulletin |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/asia/stree-2-box-office-1236110526/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819131540/https://variety.com/2024/film/asia/stree-2-box-office-1236110526/ |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=Variety|date=19 August 2024 }}</ref><br />
<br />
''Stree 2'' received 14 nominations at the [[70th Filmfare Awards]] including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Kaushik), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Rao) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Kapoor), winning [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] (Bagchi for "Aaj Ki Raat).<ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations for The 70th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2025 With Gujarat Tourism: Full List Out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-78037.html|date=26 September 2025|website=Filmfare}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
<br />
After [[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]] ceases haunting [[Chanderi]], a headless demon named Sarkata emerges and abducts an unaccompanied woman. A few years later, the townsfolk of Chanderi worship Stree and believe that the women whom Sarkata abducted over the past few years left their homes in search of better opportunities. Meanwhile, Rudra receives an anonymous envelope containing several missing pages from the "Chanderi Puran" and a message stating, "Vo Aayega" ({{Translation |He will come}}). He promptly confides in Vicky, who brushes him off.<br />
<br />
The townsfolk become aware of Sarkata's existence after he abducts Bittu's girlfriend, Chitti. The enigmatic woman, who vanished from the bus, briefly reappears before Vicky and warns him about Sarkata. Vicky, Rudra and Bittu examine the missing pages of the 'Chanderi Puran' and discover that Sarkata is the malevolent ghost of Chandrabhan, a former chieftain of Chanderi who murdered Stree and her partner while their young daughter watched helplessly. He was later killed by Stree but was destined to return from the dead after her supposed departure from the town; he despises progressive women and targets them. Realising that they need Stree's assistance to defeat him, Vicky and Bittu meet Jana, who was once a medium for Stree, at the residence of his [[werewolf]] cousin [[Bhediya|Bhaskar]], and convince him to return home.{{Efn|As depicted in ''[[Bhediya]]''.}}<br />
<br />
They search for Stree at her lair, where Sarkata attacks Jana and the latter briefly undergoes an out-of-body experience; his soul visits Sarkata's lair, where he finds the missing women, including Chitti. His soul returns to his body, and the group flees the fort with Sarkata in pursuit. The woman appears again and fights Sarkata, having acquired Stree's powers through her braid, but he destroys Stree's statue to assert his authority. The women of the town fear being abducted and urge Vicky to find a solution. The woman encourages Vicky and reminds him that he is the town's saviour. She gives him a mystical dagger capable of killing Sarkata. To lure Sarkata out, they arrange a dance performance by Rudra's beautiful lover, Shama, who runs a dance troupe outside Chanderi. Sarkata appears to abduct her after her performance, but Vicky fails to muster the courage to kill him; Sarkata subsequently enchants the men of the town and abducts Shama, devastating Rudra. Elsewhere, the bewitched men become chauvinistic and begin dominating the women in their homes.<br />
<br />
Desperate to save the town, the group traces the writer of the letter to a mental asylum, where they realise that he is Sarkata's descendant. He reveals that Sarkata can only be defeated by a person who is neither solely a man nor solely a woman, but both. The woman temporarily merges her soul with Vicky, and they enter Sarkata's lair. They confront Sarkata and sever his head, but each dismembered part forms a new Sarkata and spreads terror. Bhaskar comes to their rescue, but they are still overwhelmed by Sarkata. Having no other choice, the woman calls for Stree, who is revealed to be her mother. Stree arrives and seemingly kills Sarkata by dragging him into [[lava]], freeing the abducted women and disenchanting the men of Chanderi. While the townsfolk celebrate, the woman reveals to Vicky that she is a ghost and that her true purpose is to help her mother attain salvation. She finally whispers her name into Vicky's ear and promises that they will meet again.<br />
<br />
In a [[post-credits scene|post-credits scene]], following his fight with Sarkata, Bhaskar finds himself stranded naked in a jungle. Jana brings him clothes{{Efn|As depicted in ''[[Munjya (film)|Munjya]]''.}} and learns from Bhaskar that a creature, apparently a [[Thamma|vampire]], has been wreaking havoc in [[Delhi]]. Elsewhere, Sarkata's remains reach his descendant at the mental asylum, and Sarkata's ghost possesses him, implying his return.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Rajkummar Rao]] as Vikrant "Vicky" Parashar <br />
* [[Shraddha Kapoor]] as a [[ghost|phantasm]] with undisclosed name;{{efn|A script leak tells her name to be Gayatri, but was not revealed in film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 March 2025 |title=‘Stree 3’ major leak: Shraddha Kapoor’s character name revealed, fans buzzing with theories |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/stree-3-major-leak-shraddha-kapoors-character-name-revealed-fans-buzzing-with-theories/articleshow/119430037.cms?from=mdr |access-date=13 April 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>}} the character is billed in the end credits as She (Stree's Daughter)<br />
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]] as Rudra Bhaiyya<br />
* [[Aparshakti Khurana]] as Bittu <br />
* [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] as Jana<br />
* [[Anya Singh]] as Chitti, Bittu's girlfriend<br />
* Atul Srivastava as Vicky's father<br />
* [[Mushtaq Khan]] as MLA<br />
* [[Sunita Rajwar]] as Jana's mother<br />
* Arvind Bilgaiyan as Jana's father<br />
* Bhoomi Rajgor as Stree (Rajgor replaces [[Flora Saini]] from the original)<br />
* Sunil Kumar as Chandrabhan / Sarkata<br />
* [[Aakash Dabhade]] as Narendra, Jana's friend<br />
* Simran Sharma as Mamata, Narendra's wife<br />
* Ajay Pal as postman<br />
* Mustaqueem Khan as Durga<br />
* Badriprasad Chavan as Lokesh<br />
* Vipasha Arvind as Anju Bhabhi<br />
<br />
; Special appearances<br />
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Shama, a professional dancer and Rudra's love interest<br />
* [[Varun Dhawan]] as Bhaskar / Bhediya<br />
* [[Akshay Kumar]] as Sarkata’s descendant<br />
* [[Amar Kaushik]] as homeless beggar; Kaushik also appears briefly in the song "Aaj Ki Raat"<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
=== Development ===<br />
In October 2018, following the success of ''Stree'', [[Amar Kaushik]] announced plans for a sequel.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=India |first=Press Trust of |date=4 May 2019 |title=Stree 2: Rajkummar Rao-Shraddha Kapoor's film sequel to go on floors next year? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/stree-2-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-s-film-sequel-to-go-on-floors-next-year-1516996-2019-05-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422183039/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/stree-2-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-s-film-sequel-to-go-on-floors-next-year-1516996-2019-05-04 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref> The project, produced by [[Raj & DK|Raj and DK]] alongside [[Dinesh Vijan]], was initially set to begin filming in 2019.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Entertainment |first=Quint |date=3 September 2018 |title=Rajkummar-Shraddha to Return With 'Stree 2'; Shoot Starts in 2019 |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/stree-2-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-confirmed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904082010/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/stree-2-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-confirmed |archive-date=4 September 2024 |access-date=29 August 2024 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> According to producer Vijan, the sequel would delve into [[Shraddha Kapoor]]’s character's backstory and answer several unanswered questions from the first film.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Entertainment |first=Quint |date=3 September 2018 |title=Rajkummar-Shraddha to Return With 'Stree 2'; Shoot Starts in 2019 |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/stree-2-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-confirmed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901121325/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/stree-2-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-confirmed |archive-date=1 September 2024 |access-date=29 August 2024 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> The original cast would return, with new additions, and the narrative would primarily focus on the characters played by [[Rajkummar Rao]] and Kapoor.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |title='Stree 2' to go on floors next year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/stree-2-to-go-on-floors-next-year/articleshow/69176421.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904082011/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/stree-2-to-go-on-floors-next-year/amp_articleshow/69176421.cms |archive-date=4 September 2024 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
However, script development continued throughout 2019, with filming postponed to 2020; in the meantime, Raj & DK distanced themselves from the sequel after a fallout with Vijan over the rights to ''Stree''. In February 2022, Rao confirmed the sequel's development.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=WOW! Rajkummar Rao CONFIRMS Stree 2 Is On The Cards, Actor To Begin The Shooting For Horror-Comedy Soon |url=https://www.spotboye.com/bollywood/news/wow-rajkummar-rao-confirms-stree-2-is-on-the-cards-actor-to-begin-the-shooting-for-horror-comedy-soon/62037b99a26fca0c50f98615 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422195115/https://www.spotboye.com/bollywood/news/wow-rajkummar-rao-confirms-stree-2-is-on-the-cards-actor-to-begin-the-shooting-for-horror-comedy-soon/62037b99a26fca0c50f98615 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=18 June 2022 |website=spotboye.com}}</ref> By October 2022, Kapoor also confirmed that shooting would commence soon.<ref name=":5" /> That same month, it was reported that Kaushik and his team had finalised the storyline for the sequel, which would continue from where the first film left off.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2022 |title=Rajkummar Rao and Shraddha Kapoor to reunite for Stree 2, Varun Dhawan's Bhediya to feature: Report |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rajkummar-rao-and-shraddha-kapoor-stree-2-varun-dhawan-bhediya-8238137/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115005734/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rajkummar-rao-and-shraddha-kapoor-stree-2-varun-dhawan-bhediya-8238137/lite/ |archive-date=15 November 2022 |access-date=29 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In March 2023, the film entered [[pre-production]], with filming scheduled to start in July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2023 |title='Stree 2' shooting begins: Rajkummar Rao updates with announcement video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/stree-2-shooting-begins-rajkummar-rao-updates-with-announcement-video-2404882-2023-07-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124205826/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/stree-2-shooting-begins-rajkummar-rao-updates-with-announcement-video-2404882-2023-07-11 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2023 |title=Exclusive: Shraddha Kapoor, Rajkummar Rao to start Stree 2 from July; Amar Kaushik to direct |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-shraddha-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-to-start-stree-2-from-july-amar-kaushik-to-direct-1212154 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626211949/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-shraddha-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-to-start-stree-2-from-july-amar-kaushik-to-direct-1212154 |archive-date=26 June 2023 |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref> In April 2023, [[Jio Platforms|Jio Studios]] joined as co-producers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2023 |title=Jio Studios unveils slate: Dunki, Bhediya 2, Stree 2, Zara Hatke Zara Bachke, Laal Batti and others |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jio-studios-unveils-slate-dunki-bhediya-2-stree-2-zara-hatke-zara-bachke-laal-batti-and-others-8553197/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901121431/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jio-studios-unveils-slate-dunki-bhediya-2-stree-2-zara-hatke-zara-bachke-laal-batti-and-others-8553197/ |archive-date=1 September 2024 |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The filmmakers announced that the sequel is set for release on 30 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2023 |title=Breaking: Stree 2 announced at Jio Studios event in a GRAND fashion; Shraddha Kapoor-Rajkummar Rao starrer to release on August 31, 2024 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-stree-2-announced-jio-studios-event-grand-fashion-shraddha-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-starrer-release-august-31-2024/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412173247/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-stree-2-announced-jio-studios-event-grand-fashion-shraddha-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-starrer-release-august-31-2024/ |archive-date=12 April 2023 |access-date=12 April 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
Rao, Kapoor, [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]], and [[Aparshakti Khurana]] reprise their respective roles, with Tripathi returning as Rudra, Banerjee as Jana, Khurana as Bittu, and Sunita Rajwar as Jana's mother. [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] makes a special appearance in a song, while [[Varun Dhawan]] features in a cameo, reprising his role from ''[[Bhediya]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sonavane |first=Gaurav |date=17 August 2024 |title=Stree 2 casting |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/stree-2-shraddha-kapoor-charged-rs-5-crore-for-the-horror-comedy-heres-how-many-crores-rajkummar-rao-pankaj-tripathi-and-other-members-of-the-cast-got-paid-for-the-movie-that-opened-with-over-rs-50-crores-at-the-box-office |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN |archive-date=12 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912213835/https://www.gqindia.com/content/stree-2-shraddha-kapoor-charged-rs-5-crore-for-the-horror-comedy-heres-how-many-crores-rajkummar-rao-pankaj-tripathi-and-other-members-of-the-cast-got-paid-for-the-movie-that-opened-with-over-rs-50-crores-at-the-box-office |url-status=live }}</ref> According to a report from ''Hindustan Times'', [[Akshay Kumar]] would be appearing in a cameo.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=10 July 2024 |title=Akshay Kumar to feature in a cameo in Stree 2, reveal reports |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-feature-cameo-stree-2-reveal-reports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710123106/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-feature-cameo-stree-2-reveal-reports/ |archive-date=10 July 2024 |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
Principal photography began on 10 July 2023, with the initial shoot taking place in [[Chanderi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2023 |title=Stree 2: Filming begins for Jio Studios and Dinesh Vijan's horror comedy sequel |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/stree-2-filming-begins-jio-studios-dinesh-vijans-horror-comedy-sequel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711145103/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/stree-2-filming-begins-jio-studios-dinesh-vijans-horror-comedy-sequel/ |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=11 July 2023 |title=Shraddha Kapoor spotted by fans in Chanderi as she kickstarts shoot for Stree 2! |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shraddha-kapoor-spotted-fans-chanderi-kickstarts-shoot-stree-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118145102/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shraddha-kapoor-spotted-fans-chanderi-kickstarts-shoot-stree-2/ |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=11 January 2024 |magazine=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Filming schedules were adjusted to accommodate [[Pankaj Tripathi]]'s commitments to his role in ''[[Main Atal Hoon]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2024 |title=Pankaj Tripathi: 'Started shooting for Stree 2 a day after completing Main Atal Hoon, one shouldn't...' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pankaj-tripathi-started-shooting-for-stree-2-a-day-after-completing-main-atal-hoon-one-shouldnt-13628922.html/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718092516/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pankaj-tripathi-started-shooting-for-stree-2-a-day-after-completing-main-atal-hoon-one-shouldnt-13628922.html/amp |archive-date=18 July 2024 |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> The first schedule concluded within the same month.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2023 |title=Shraddha Kapoor Wraps Up First Schedule of Stree 2 in Chanderi, Sports Ethnic As She Flies Back To Mumbai |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/shraddha-kapoor-wraps-up-first-schedule-of-stree-2-in-chanderi-sports-ethnic-as-she-flies-back-to-mumbai-8400373.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901121421/https://www.news18.com/movies/shraddha-kapoor-wraps-up-first-schedule-of-stree-2-in-chanderi-sports-ethnic-as-she-flies-back-to-mumbai-8400373.html |archive-date=1 September 2024 |access-date=29 August 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The second schedule commenced in November 2023, with the crew relocating to [[Madhya Pradesh]] for additional filming.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=25 November 2023 |title=Shraddha Kapoor and Rajkummar Rao jet off to Madhya Pradesh for Stree 2 shoot - watch |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/entertainment/movie/shraddha-kapoor-and-rajkummar-rao-jet-off-to-madhya-pradesh-for-stree-2-shoot-watch/na20231125130119901901668 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901121440/https://www.etvbharat.com/amp/english/entertainment/movie/shraddha-kapoor-and-rajkummar-rao-jet-off-to-madhya-pradesh-for-stree-2-shoot-watch/na20231125130119901901668 |archive-date=1 September 2024 |access-date=29 August 2024 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> In December 2023, scenes were shot in [[Indore]], and a dance number featuring [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] was filmed in [[Bihar]], choreographed by [[Vijay Ganguly]].<ref name="akr">{{Cite web |last=Juneja |first=Apeksha |date=24 July 2024 |title=Stree 2 song Aaj Ki Raat OUT: Tamannaah Bhatia oozes oomph in dance number; Rajkummar Rao, Pankaj Tripathi, Aparshakti, Amar, Abhishek get flirty |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/stree-2-song-aaj-ki-raat-out-tamannaah-bhatia-oozes-oomph-in-dance-number-rajkummar-rao-pankaj-tripathi-aparshakti-amar-abhishek-get-flirty-1331654 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724132020/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/stree-2-song-aaj-ki-raat-out-tamannaah-bhatia-oozes-oomph-in-dance-number-rajkummar-rao-pankaj-tripathi-aparshakti-amar-abhishek-get-flirty-1331654 |archive-date=24 July 2024 |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Pinkvilla}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=14 December 2023 |title=Ujjain: RajKummar offers prayers at Mahakal Temple with wife before 'Stree 2' shooting |url=https://theprint.in/feature/ujjain-rajkummar-offers-prayers-at-mahakal-temple-with-wife-before-stree-2-shooting/1886566/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901121433/https://theprint.in/feature/ujjain-rajkummar-offers-prayers-at-mahakal-temple-with-wife-before-stree-2-shooting/1886566/ |archive-date=1 September 2024 |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2024 |title=When Tamannaah Received A Surprise On The Sets Of ''Stree 2'' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tamannaah-receives-surprise-bday-cake-on-stree-2-set-during-aaj-ki-raat-shoot-6200892 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728061302/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tamannaah-receives-surprise-bday-cake-on-stree-2-set-during-aaj-ki-raat-shoot-6200892 |archive-date=28 July 2024 |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=ndtv.com}}</ref> In January 2024, the production moved to an old fort in [[Bhopal]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajkummar Rao recounts the time when the entire 'Stree' team got spooked while shooting at a haunted fort |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rajkummar-rao-recounts-the-time-when-the-entire-stree-team-got-spooked-while-shooting-at-a-haunted-fort/articleshow/106594285.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904082013/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rajkummar-rao-recounts-the-time-when-the-entire-stree-team-got-spooked-while-shooting-at-a-haunted-fort/amp_articleshow/106594285.cms |archive-date=4 September 2024 |access-date=30 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Varun Dhawan]] joined the set in February 2024 to film a guest appearance at a Mumbai studio, reprising his role from ''[[Bhediya]]'' (2022).<ref name="vd">{{Cite web |date=10 February 2024 |title=Varun Dhawan shoots for his cameo as Bhediya in Stree 2 with Shraddha Kapoor : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/varun-dhawan-shoots-cameo-bhediya-stree-2-shraddha-kapoor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212035159/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/varun-dhawan-shoots-cameo-bhediya-stree-2-shraddha-kapoor/ |archive-date=12 February 2024 |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Post-production ===<br />
The [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) did not mandate any visual cuts for ''Stree 2''. However, the board requested two audio modifications: the removal of a celebrity's name and the muting of a national monument's name. After these changes, the film was granted a U/A rating and has a runtime of 149 minutes.<ref name="cbfc">{{Cite web |date=10 August 2024 |title=Exclusive: CBFC censors 'inappropriate' mention of celebrity and national monument in Stree 2 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-cbfc-censors-inappropriate-mention-celebrity-national-monument-stree-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810124247/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-cbfc-censors-inappropriate-mention-celebrity-national-monument-stree-2/ |archive-date=10 August 2024 |access-date=10 August 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> One improvised scene involved [[Rajkummar Rao]] singing "[[Calm Down (Rema song)|Calm Down]]" by [[Rema (musician)|Rema]] and [[Selena Gomez]], which led to the producers paying ₹25 lakh in residuals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2024 |title=Abhishek Banerjee reveals how Rajkummar Rao's improvisation of Selena Gomez's Calm Down cost Stree 2 makers ₹25 lakh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/abhishek-banerjee-reveals-how-rajkummar-rao-improvisation-of-selena-gomez-calm-down-cost-stree-2-makers-25-lakh-101725421860076.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904082011/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/abhishek-banerjee-reveals-how-rajkummar-rao-improvisation-of-selena-gomez-calm-down-cost-stree-2-makers-25-lakh-101725421860076.html |archive-date=4 September 2024 |access-date=4 September 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
{{Main|Stree 2 (soundtrack){{!}}''Stree 2'' (soundtrack)}}<br />
The film's music was composed by [[Sachin–Jigar]], with lyrics written by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]], replacing [[Vayu Shrivastav|Vayu]] from the original, and the background score by [[Justin Varghese]] in his second Hindi film, replacing Ketan Sodha from the original. The soundtrack, distributed by [[Saregama]], consisted of four original tracks, namely "[[Aaj Ki Raat (Stree 2 song)|Aaj Ki Raat]]",<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2024 |title=Stree 2 song Aaj Ki Raat: Director Amar Kaushik makes a cameo in Tamannaah Bhatia's dance number. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/stree-2-song-aaj-ki-raat-tamannaah-bhatia-director-amar-kaushik-cameo-9473571/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725014220/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/stree-2-song-aaj-ki-raat-tamannaah-bhatia-director-amar-kaushik-cameo-9473571/ |archive-date=25 July 2024 |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> "Khoobsurat",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bohra |first=Anurag |date=9 August 2024 |title=Varun Dhawan romances, Shraddha Kapoor in Khoobsurat from Stree 2, fans ask 'Vicky ka kya hoga' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/varun-dhawan-romances-shraddha-kapoor-in-khoobsurat-from-stree-2-fans-ask-vicky-ka-kya-hoga-101723192696313.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809124140/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/varun-dhawan-romances-shraddha-kapoor-in-khoobsurat-from-stree-2-fans-ask-vicky-ka-kya-hoga-101723192696313.html |archive-date=9 August 2024 |access-date=9 August 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> "Aayi Nai"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Web |first=Statesman |date=1 August 2024 |title=Rajkummar Rao dazzles with dance moves in 'Stree 2' track 'Aayi Nai' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/rajkummar-rao-dazzles-with-dance-moves-in-stree-2-track-aayi-nai-1503327032.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801134945/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/rajkummar-rao-dazzles-with-dance-moves-in-stree-2-track-aayi-nai-1503327032.html |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=The Statesman}}</ref> and "Tumhare Hi Rahenge Hum"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maddock Films unveils love ballad 'Tumhare Hi Rahenge Hum' from Stree 2, reunites Shraddha Kapoor and Rajkummar Rao, watch |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/maddock-films-unveils-love-ballad-tumhare-hi-rahenge-hum-stree-2-reunites-shraddha-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-watch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806101221/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/maddock-films-unveils-love-ballad-tumhare-hi-rahenge-hum-stree-2-reunites-shraddha-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-watch/ |archive-date=6 August 2024 |access-date=6 August 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama|date=6 August 2024 }}</ref>—all of which were released as singles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2024 |title=Stree 2 (Full Album) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/36DaAZreJ2iN4oPZ8HBUeU?si=6p_vjSQaSpS3bVF2O05iKQ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810203847/https://open.spotify.com/album/36DaAZreJ2iN4oPZ8HBUeU?si=6p_vjSQaSpS3bVF2O05iKQ |archive-date=10 August 2024 |access-date=10 August 2024 |website=Spotify}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Marketing ==<br />
The teaser for ''Stree 2'' premiered in theatres during the end credits of ''[[Munjya (film)|Munjya]]'' on 14 June, and was later released on social media on 25 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2024 |title='Stree 2' teaser to release this week, but not on the internet |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/stree-2-teaser-to-release-this-week-but-not-on-the-internet-munjya-2551701-2024-06-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701190202/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/stree-2-teaser-to-release-this-week-but-not-on-the-internet-munjya-2551701-2024-06-11 |archive-date=1 July 2024 |access-date=8 July 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2024 |title='Stree 2' teaser: Rajkummar Rao, Shraddha Kapoor return with some frights and gags |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2024/Jun/25/watch-stree-2-teaser-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-return-with-some-frights-and-gags |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627015735/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2024/Jun/25/watch-stree-2-teaser-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-return-with-some-frights-and-gags |archive-date=27 June 2024 |access-date=8 July 2024 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The trailer of the film was released on 18 July 2024 and received over 10 million views across platforms within 24 hours.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stree 2 trailer: Rajkummar Rao, Shraddha Kapoor's film to see Stree battle new monster Sarkata |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/stree-2-trailer-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoors-film-to-see-stree-battle-new-monster-sarkata-101721292809477.html |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
=== Theatrical ===<br />
''Stree 2'' was initially scheduled for a worldwide theatrical release on 30 August 2024, but was later rescheduled to premiere on [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]]. The day before its release, nearly 3,000 paid preview night shows were held.<ref name="BH">{{Cite web |date=14 June 2024 |title=Shraddha Kapoor, Rajkummar Rao starrer Stree 2 to release on August 15 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shraddha-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-starrer-stree-2-release-august-15/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614054030/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shraddha-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-starrer-stree-2-release-august-15/ |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jatinder |date=14 August 2024 |title=Stree 2 box office collections: Brakes 11 years running previews record of Chennai Express |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/stree-2-box-office-collections-brakes-11-years-running-previews-record-of-shah-rukh-khans-chennai-express-1339178 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814185422/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/stree-2-box-office-collections-brakes-11-years-running-previews-record-of-shah-rukh-khans-chennai-express-1339178 |archive-date=14 August 2024 |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=Pinkvilla}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Home media ===<br />
The film began streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]] from 10 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stree 2 OTT premiere: When and where to watch Rajkummar Rao, Shraddha Kapoor's horror comedy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/stree-2-ott-premiere-when-and-where-to-watch-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-horror-comedy-prime-video-101728532359899.html|work=India Today|access-date=10 October 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
=== Box office ===<br />
''Stree 2'' grossed ₹9.40 crore from paid previews in select theatres the day before its official release, which was the highest ever for a Hindi film at the time, breaking the previous record set by ''[[Chennai Express]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2024 |title=Stree 2 records the biggest advance booking of 2024; leaving behind Kalki 2898 AD, Fighter with 12 hours to go |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/stree-2-records-the-biggest-advance-booking-of-2024-leaving-behind-kalki-2898-ad-fighter-with-12-hours-to-go-1338984 |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref> The record was later surpassed by ''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]'', which grossed ₹75 crore from paid previews.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=18 March 2026 |title=Box Office Estimates: Jio Studios’ Dhurandhar 2 smashes all records in paid previews; hits Rs. 43 crores in half a day :Bollywood Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-estimates-dhurandhar-2-smashes-records-paid-previews-hits-rs-43-crores-half-day/ |access-date=20 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Palat |first=Lakshana N. |date=20 March 2026 |title=Dhurandhar 2 crosses Rs 2.4 billion worldwide, overtakes Baahubali 2 as biggest Indian opener ever |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/dhurandhar-2-crosses-rs-24-billion-worldwide-overtakes-baahubali-2-as-biggest-indian-opener-ever-1.500480785 |access-date=20 March 2026 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}</ref> Released on [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] alongside ''[[Vedaa]]'' and ''[[Khel Khel Mein (2024 film)|Khel Khel Mein]]'', the film earned ₹64.80 crore on its opening day, making it the second-highest opening day for a Hindi film, only behind ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2024 |title=Stree 2 box office collection day 3: Shraddha Kapoor's horror comedy continues its rapid growth, earns over Rs 145 crore |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/box-office-collection/stree-2-box-office-collection-day-3-shraddha-kapoors-horror-comedy-earns-over-rs-135-crore-9520138/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819131544/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/box-office-collection/stree-2-box-office-collection-day-3-shraddha-kapoors-horror-comedy-earns-over-rs-135-crore-9520138/ |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=16 August 2024 |title=Stree 2 box office report: Is it the biggest Bollywood opener ever? Maddock Films quote unbelievable ₹76 crore haul |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/stree-2-box-office-report-is-it-the-biggest-bollywood-opener-ever-maddock-films-quote-unbelievable-76-crore-haul-101723803623301-amp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817102640/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/stree-2-box-office-report-is-it-the-biggest-bollywood-opener-ever-maddock-films-quote-unbelievable-76-crore-haul-101723803623301-amp.html |archive-date=17 August 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> It marked the highest opening of [[Rajkummar Rao]]'s career and the second-highest for [[Shraddha Kapoor]], following ''[[Saaho]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shraddha Kapoor's Stree 2 FAILS to beat Saaho's opening day collection |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/shraddha-kapoors-stree-2-fails-to-beat-saahos-opening-day-collection/articleshow/112559298.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817102641/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/shraddha-kapoors-stree-2-fails-to-beat-saahos-opening-day-collection/amp_articleshow/112559298.cms |archive-date=17 August 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Worldwide, the film crossed {{INR|100}} crore on its second day, the {{INR|300}} crore mark on its eighth day and the {{INR|400}} crore mark in its first week.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2024 |title=Stree 2 box office collection day 2: Rajkummar Rao-Shraddha Kapoor film crosses Rs 100 cr, beats Gadar 2's historic numbers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/stree-2-box-office-collection-day-2-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-rs-100-crore-beats-gadar-2-9518688/ |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Stree 2 Enters Rs 300 Crore Club |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/stree-2-enters-rs-300-crore-club/20240823.htm#google_vignette |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2024 |title='Stree 2' beats Fighter to become the HIGHEST grossing film of 2024 with global collection of Rs 400 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/stree-2-becomes-highest-grossing-film-of-2024-with-global-collection-of-rs-400-crore/articleshow/112757561.cms |access-date=23 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Additionally, it surpassed the earnings of ''Stree'' on its third day.<ref name=":0" /> In its fifth week, the film earned an additional ₹16 crore, setting a record for the highest fifth-week collection in Indian cinema history.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2024 |title=Stree 2 Box Office: Rajkummar Rao – Shraddha Kapoor starrer horror comedy becomes the highest 5th weekend grosser of all time |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/stree-2-box-office-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-starrer-horror-comedy-becomes-highest-5th-weekend-grosser-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918001320/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/stree-2-box-office-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-starrer-horror-comedy-becomes-highest-5th-weekend-grosser-time/ |archive-date=18 September 2024 |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Internationally, the film debuted within the top 10 at the US domestic box office with an opening gross of $2.57 million.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rezwan |first=Fariba |date=29 August 2024 |title=Indian Horror Comedy Movie Passes Rare Global Box Office Milestone As It Climbs All-Time Bollywood Record |url=https://screenrant.com/stree-2-movie-box-office-70-million-milestone-bollywood-record/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829095126/https://screenrant.com/stree-2-movie-box-office-70-million-milestone-bollywood-record/ |archive-date=29 August 2024 |access-date=29 August 2024 |website=ScreenRant |language=en}}</ref> It also became the eleventh Indian film to cross {{AUD|link=yes|2|2024}} million in Australia and crossed {{GBP|1}} million in the United Kingdom, the first for an Indian horror film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title=Stree 2's opening day collections across five countries – From the U.S.A. to Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and United Kingdom :Bollywood Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/stree-2s-opening-day-collections-across-five-countries-u-s-australia-canada-new-zealand-united-kingdom/ |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Box Office India]]'' reported that the film did particularly well overseas despite the fact it did not have a prominent male lead.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stree 2 - Overseas And Worldwide Update - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8685 |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 10 October 2024, the film has grossed ₹739.40 crore in India and ₹134.30 crore internationally, bringing its total worldwide gross to ₹875 crore.<ref name=":BO">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2024 |title=Stree 2 Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/stree-2-2/box-office/ |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Critical response ===<br />
''Stree 2'' received positive reviews from Indian critics, who praised its blend of horror and comedy, performances, and sharp dialogue, though some found the sequel lacking in novelty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title='Stree 2' box office collection day 1: Shraddha Kapoor-Rajkummar Rao film crosses Rs 50 cr; beats Kalki 2898 AD |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/stree-2-box-office-collection-day-1-shraddha-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-film-crosses-rs-50-cr-beats-kalki-2898-ad-441676-2024-08-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816054415/https://www.businesstoday.in/amp/trending/box-office/story/stree-2-box-office-collection-day-1-shraddha-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-film-crosses-rs-50-cr-beats-kalki-2898-ad-441676-2024-08-16 |archive-date=16 August 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|57|6.1|14|ref=y |access-date=13 August 2025}}<br />
<br />
A critic for ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 4.5 out of 5, calling it "the birth of a successful franchise" and highlighting its seamless mix of humour and horror.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=15 August 2024 |title=Stree 2 Movie Review: STREE 2 marks the birth of a successful franchise and is laced with humour and horror. |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/stree-2-2/critic-review/stree-2-2-movie-review/stree-2-marks-the-birth-of-a-successful-franchise-and-is-laced-with-humour-and-horror/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820182404/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/stree-2-2/critic-review/stree-2-2-movie-review/stree-2-marks-the-birth-of-a-successful-franchise-and-is-laced-with-humour-and-horror/ |archive-date=20 August 2024 |access-date=20 August 2024 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Similarly, Simran Khan of ''[[Times Now]]'' awarded it 4 out of 5, describing it as a "well-packaged entertainer" with a standout performance from Rajkummar Rao, while also commending Shraddha Kapoor and Pankaj Tripathi. Though she noted a predictable climax, she emphasised that the film effectively balances horror and comedy, making it an engaging watch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Simran |date=14 August 2024 |title=Stree 2 Movie Review: Shraddha Kapoor, Rajkummar Rao, Pankaj Tripathi Starrer Is A Well-Packaged Entertainer |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/bollywood/stree-2-movie-review-shraddha-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-pankaj-tripathi-starrer-is-all-we-hoped-for-and-more-review-112519264 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815102225/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/bollywood/stree-2-movie-review-shraddha-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-pankaj-tripathi-starrer-is-all-we-hoped-for-and-more-review-112519264 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Times Now}}</ref><br />
<br />
Abhishek Srivastava of ''[[The Times of India]]'' echoed this sentiment, also rating it 4 out of 5 and calling it "a headless wonder that's got humour in spades." He praised the film's clever script and its introduction of a male villain, Sarkata, though he found the second half to suffer from pacing issues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Abhishek |date=15 August 2024 |title=Stree 2 Movie Review: This sequel is a headless wonder that's got humour in spades |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/stree-2/movie-review/112533555.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815102224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/stree-2/movie-review/112533555.cms |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Tushar Joshi of ''[[India Today]]'' rated it 3.5 out of 5, describing it as a "multiverse of madness" that is entertaining but occasionally struggles with coherence. He pointed out the film's improved visual effects and praised its performances, particularly Rao's and a cameo by [[Akshay Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Tushar |date=15 August 2024 |title=Stree 2 Review: Rajkummar Rao, Shraddha Kapoor's multiverse of madness is entertaining |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/stree-2-movie-review-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-rating-2582524-2024-08-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815035252/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/stree-2-movie-review-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-rating-2582524-2024-08-15 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref><br />
<br />
Like Srivastava, Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' believed the sequel surpassed the original, writing that “Rajkummar Rao leads a sequel that's better than the original; Abhishek Banerjee is the highlight.” Suri appreciated the film's blend of humour with social commentary, particularly its take on patriarchal constraints, and praised the sharp dialogue and Banerjee's performance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suri |first=Rishabh |date=15 August 2024 |title=Stree 2 review: Rajkummar Rao leads a sequel that's better than the original, Abhishek Banerjee is the highlight |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/stree-2-review-rajkummar-rao-leads-a-sequel-better-than-the-original-abhishek-banerjee-shraddha-kapoor-pankaj-tripathi-101723691626821.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815102222/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/stree-2-review-rajkummar-rao-leads-a-sequel-better-than-the-original-abhishek-banerjee-shraddha-kapoor-pankaj-tripathi-101723691626821.html |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated it 3 out of 5, noting that while the film capitalises on the goodwill of the original and the camaraderie among the actors, its "spirited return" has its highs and lows.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=15 August 2024 |title=Stree 2 Review: Monster On The Money! |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/stree-2-review/20240815.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821015602/https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/stree-2-review/20240815.htm |archive-date=21 August 2024 |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=Rediff}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref><br />
<br />
Shilajit Mitra of ''[[The Hindu]]'' offered a more mixed review, remarking that while Rao, Kapoor, and the ensemble deliver laughs, the film “feels like a factory-made sequel.” He found that it retained the charm of the original but sacrificed its nuanced social commentary in favour of franchise expansion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |date=15 August 2024 |title='Stree 2' movie review: Rajkummar Rao, Shraddha Kapoor and gang deliver the laughs, but not much else |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/stree-2-movie-review-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-and-gang-deliver-the-laughs-but-not-much-else/article68528088.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815102252/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/stree-2-movie-review-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-and-gang-deliver-the-laughs-but-not-much-else/article68528088.ece |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Similarly, Pratiksha Mishra of ''[[The Quint]]'' criticised the film's visual effects, stating that they made the antagonist, Sarkata, appear "less menacing and more cartoonish," which undercut the intended horror.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Pratikshya |date=15 August 2024 |title='Stree 2' Review: A Hilarious Sequel That Could've Been Much More Sinister |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/stree-2-full-movie-review-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-abhishek-banerjee-horror-dinesh-vijan-universe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816013100/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/stree-2-full-movie-review-rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-abhishek-banerjee-horror-dinesh-vijan-universe |archive-date=16 August 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV India]]'' was more critical, rating the film 2.5 out of 5 and commenting that "Shraddha Kapoor's film is bemusing rather than petrifying." He felt that while the sequel builds on the success of its predecessor, its reliance on predictable humour and outdated tropes made it feel repetitive despite moments of creativity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=15 August 2024 |title=''Stree 2'' Review: Shraddha Kapoor's Film Is Bemusing Than Petrifying |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/stree-2-review-shraddha-kapoors-film-is-bemusing-than-petrifying-2-5-stars-6342564 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815102214/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/stree-2-review-shraddha-kapoors-film-is-bemusing-than-petrifying-2-5-stars-6342564 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=ndtv.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Award<br />
!Category<br />
!Nominee/Work<br />
!Result<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="20" |2025<br />
| rowspan="6" |[[25th IIFA Awards]]<br />
|[[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]<br />
|''Stree 2 – Sarkate Ka Aatank''<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Awasthi |first=Pragati |date=7 March 2025 |title=IIFA Awards 2025: Date, time, host, venue, nominees list and more |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/iifa-awards-2025-date-time-host-venue-nominees-list-and-more-8831806 |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Awards 2025: Laapataa Ladies Sweeps 10 Awards. Kartik Aaryan Named Best Actor. Check Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iifa-awards-2025-laapataa-ladies-sweeps-with-10-awards-kartik-aaryan-named-best-actor-check-full-list-of-winners-7888397 |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br />
|[[Amar Kaushik]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]<br />
|[[Shraddha Kapoor]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<br />
|[[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br />
|[[Sachin–Jigar]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]<br />
|[[Madhubanti Bagchi]] {{small|for "Aaj Ki Raat"}}<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" |[[70th Filmfare Awards]]<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]<br />
|''Stree 2 – Sarkate Ka Aatank''<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
| rowspan="14" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2025 Nominations Announced: Laapataa Ladies, Stree 2 lead the chart<br />
|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/filmfare-awards-2025-nominations-announced-laapataa-ladies-stree-2-lead-the-chart-see-full-list-2025-09-27-1010309|date=26 September 2025|website=India TV}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br />
|[[Amar Kaushik]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br />
|[[Rajkummar Rao]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]<br />
|[[Shraddha Kapoor]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<br />
|[[Pankaj Tripathi]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[Niren Bhatt]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br />
|[[Pawan Singh]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br />
|[[Sachin–Jigar]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]<br />
|[[Madhubanti Bagchi]]<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]<br />
|Hemanti Sarkar<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]<br />
|[[Vijay Ganguly]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]<br />
|Digital Domain<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt27510174}}<br />
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|stree-2-2}}<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood|Films}}<br />
{{Maddock Horror Comedy Universe}}<br />
{{Amar Kaushik}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Maddock Horror Comedy Universe]]<br />
[[Category:2024 films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 comedy horror films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Jio Studios films]]<br />
[[Category:Maddock Films films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandiraaj&diff=524123Pandiraaj2026-05-04T15:16:34Z<p>Sanjay: New new details w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian film director and producer (born 1976)}}<br />
{{About||Tamil actor|Pandiarajan}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Pandiraaj<br />
| image = Director.Pandiraj.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| years_active = 2009-present<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1976|6|07}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Virachilai]], [[Pudukkottai District|Pudukkottai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<br />
| occupation = Film director<br>screenwriter<br>film producer<br>distributor<br />
}}<br />
'''Pandiraaj''' (formally credited and addressed as ''Pandiraj'') is an Indian film director, producer and writer who works in [[Tamil cinema]]. His debut film, ''[[Pasanga]]'' (2009) won two National Film Awards, and he succeedingly directed many commercially successful films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article164869.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024070545/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article164869.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 October 2013|title=Arulnidhi was like any other city guy: Director}}</ref> He has won several awards, including two [[National Film Awards]] and five [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/a-proud-dedication-to-tamil-cinemas-national-award-winners-part-2/national-film-award-for-best-screenplay-6-times.html | title=National Film Award for Best Screenplay - (6 Times) &#124; A Proud Dedication to Tamil Cinema's National Award Winners - Part 2 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Pandiraaj was born 7 June 1976 and brought up in [[Virachilai|Virachilai Township]], [[Pudukkottai District|Pudukkottai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. After his schooling, he moved to Chennai in 1996. He worked as an "office-boy" with director [[K. Bhagyaraj]]. During his early years, he wrote several short stories for the famous Tamil magazine ''Bhagya''. Gradually, his interest in film making increased and after multiple hurdles, he got the chance to be an assistant director to filmmaker [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]. He later worked as an assistant director to [[Thangar Bachan]] and [[Chimbu Deven]] in six films.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/pandiraj.html#filmography | title=All you want to know about @pandiraj3 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Style==<br />
Pandiraaj is famous for his village-based action family dramas. His lineup of films often represents the family dynamics in rural extended families, and focuses on farming. Known for making commercial comedy dramas, his films and his production house often focuses on promoting societal issues in films like [[Moodar Koodam|''Moodar'' ''Koodam'']] and [[Marina (2012 film)|''Marina'']]. Rather than just making surface-level commercial dramadies, Pandiraaj always manages to question societal inequalities, crime, poverty and other important socioeconomic issues that affect people in real life. <br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
[[File:Shri Pandi Raj, Director of the film ‘Pasanga’, at the presentation of the film, during the 40th International Film Festival (IFFI-2009), at Panaji, Goa on November 27, 2009.jpg|thumb|Pandiraj along with Cinematographer C.Prem Kumar (who later directed the movie [['96 (film)|96]]) at the presentation of the film ''[[Pasanga]]'', during the 40th International Film Festival (IFFI-2009), at Panaji, Goa on 27 November 2009. ]]<br />
In 2009, Pandiraj became an independent director with director [[M. Sasikumar]] agreeing to produce the film. Titled ''[[Pasanga]]'', it was a [[children's film]] featuring several new child actors and [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] in his first lead role. ''Pasanga'' was said to be a dedication to Pandiraj's childhood memories and was shot during the school vacations and on weekends.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-pandiraj/20100920.htm#4|title=I never expected to win a National Award for Pasanga}}</ref> The film was a critical success, winning several national and international awards, including three [[National Film Awards]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-pandiraj/20100920.htm|title=I never expected to win a National Award for Pasanga}}</ref> and being screened at various film festivals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/mar/07/pasanga-goes-to-chicago-233477.html|title = 'Pasanga' goes to Chicago| date=16 May 2012 }}</ref> Following the success of ''Pasanga'', Pandiraj directed his second film, ''[[Vamsam]]'' with newcomer [[Arulnithi]] and [[Sunaina]] starring. The film, which was produced by Arulnidhi's father and M. Karunanidhi's youngest son, M. K. Thamizharasu, gained positive reviews and went well in the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-review-vamsam/20100813.htm|title=Vamsam suffers from overkill}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2012, Pandiraaj set up his a film production studio named Pasanga Productions. His first production was his own directorial ''[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]'' which marked the feature film debut for television anchor and comedian [[Sivakarthikeyan]]. The film received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/feb-12-01/marina-review.html|title = Marina Review - Marina Movie Review}}</ref> The director's next ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'' was also produced by him. Pandiraj cast the lead actors of his previous films, Sivakarthikeyan and Vimal, in the film, who were paired [[Bindu Madhavi]] and [[Regina Cassandra]]. The romantic comedy film received positive responses from critics and became a commercial hit.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kedi-billa-killadi-ranga-the-jokes-on-us/article4564375.ece|title = Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga: The joke's on us|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 30 March 2013|last1 = Rangan|first1 = Baradwaj}}</ref> Pandiraj distributed his former assistant Naveen's debut film ''[[Moodar Koodam]]'' under his Pasanga Productions studio. He also wrote the dialogues for cinematographer [[Vijay Milton]]'s second directorial ''[[Goli Soda]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/more-to-come-from-pandiraj-the-dialogue-writer-tamil-news-102832|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518175223/http://www.indiaglitz.com/more-to-come-from-pandiraj-the-dialogue-writer-tamil-news-102832|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2015|title=- Tamil Movie News - IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> In 2015, Pandiraj has directed another children's film titled ''[[Pasanga 2]]'', produced by actor [[Suriya]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/pasanga2-review-more-educative-than-entertaining/article8025829.ece|title=Pasanga-2: More educative than entertaining|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 December 2015|last1=Srinivasan|first1=Sudhir}}</ref> He later directed romantic comedy ''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (2016 film)|Idhu Namma Aalu]]'' (2016) and action thriller, ''[[Kathakali (film)|Kathakali]]'' (2016).<br />
<br />
In 2018, ''[[Kadaikutty Singam]]'' was promoted as a film that would inspire the younger generation to take up farming. But the movie propagates good familial values more and focuses less on farming.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kadaikutty-singam-movie-review-karthi-sayyeshaa-pandiraj-sathyaraj-1284961-2018-07-13 | title=Kadaikutty Singam Movie Review: Karthi-Pandiraj film is all melodrama }}</ref> Pandiraj won [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Director Tamil]] in [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/ | title=SIIMA 2019 winners full list: Dhanush, Trisha, Prithviraj win big | date=17 August 2019 }}</ref> Later, Pandiraj produced ''[[Semma]]'' and launched his former assistant Vallikanthan as a director, starring [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/09/pandiraj-to-produce-semma-1579194.html | title=Pandiraj to produce Semma | date=9 March 2017 }}</ref> With ''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' (2019), which had actor [[Sivakarthikeyan]] in the lead, Pandiraj, once again focused a film on [[family values]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/namma-veettu-pillai/namma-veettu-pillai-review.html | title=Namma Veettu Pillai (Aka) Nama Veetu Pillai review | date=27 September 2019 }}</ref><br />
<br />
He later directed ''[[Etharkkum Thunindhavan]]'' (2022) starring [[Suriya]]. The film deals with an important topic with women's safety in the digital age.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Etharkkum Thunindhavan Movie Review: Suriya plays saviour in film about women's safety |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/etharkkum-thunindhavan-movie-review-suriya-plays-saviour-in-film-about-women-s-safety-1923587-2022-03-10 |access-date=2022-03-10 |work=India Today}}</ref> In 2025, his film ''[[Thalaivan Thalaivii]]'' starring [[Vijay Sethupathi]] and [[Nithya Menen]] plays the main roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=VJS 52 is now titled Thalaivan Thalaivii|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/May/07/vjs-52-is-now-titled-thalaivan-thalaivii |access-date=2025-05-07 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
=== As a film director===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!style="width:35px;"| Year<br />
!style="width:250px;"| Film<br />
!class="unsortable"| Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2009 || ''[[Pasanga]]'' ||[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]]<br />[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]]<br />[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]]<br />[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Dialogue Writer]]<br />[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Award for Best Director]]<br />[[Vijay Award for Best Find of the Year]]<br />[[Vijay Award for Best Crew]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2010 || ''[[Vamsam]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || ''[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]'' ||Also producer<br />[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]]<br />[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Dialogue Writer]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2015 || ''[[Pasanga 2]]'' || Also co-producer<br />[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Second Film]] <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2016||''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (2016 film)|Idhu Namma Aalu]]''||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Kathakali (film)|Kathakali]]''|| Also producer<br />
|-<br />
|2018||''[[Kadaikutty Singam]]'' ||[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Director]]<br />
|- <br />
| 2019 || ''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2022 ||''[[Etharkkum Thunindhavan]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2025 ||''[[Thalaivan Thalaivii]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-05-03 |title=VJS 52 is now titled Thalaivan Thalaivii |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/03/vjs-52-is-now-titled-thalaivan-thalaivii |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{TBA}} ||''Parimala & Co'' ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===As producer and writer===<br />
This is a list of films that Pandiraj did not direct but did produce and/or write.<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;"| Year<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:250px;"| Film<br />
! colspan="2" style="width:195px;"| Credited as<br />
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| Notes<br />
|-<br />
! width=65 | Producer<br />
! width=65 | Writer<br />
|-<br />
|2013|| ''[[Moodar Koodam]]'' || {{partial|Distributor}} || {{no}} ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || ''[[Goli Soda]]'' || {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogues}} ||<br />
|-<br />
|2018|| ''[[Semma]]'' || {{yes}} || {{partial|Dialogues}} ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || ''[[Marina Puratchi]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||<br />
|- <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Award for Best Director]] - ''[[Pasanga]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/go.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php?newsid=2882|title=Ayngaran International|website=www.ayngaran.com}}</ref><br />
* International Children's Film Festival Golden Elephant Award for Best Director - ''[[Pasanga]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article160162.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211230708/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article160162.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 February 2015|title=I'm excited: Director Pandiraj}}</ref><br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] - ''[[Pasanga]]''<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]] (Dialogues) - ''[[Pasanga]]''<br />
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]] - ''[[Pasanga]]''<br />
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Dialogue Writer]] - ''[[Pasanga]]''<br />
* [[Vijay Award for Best Find of the Year]]- ''[[Pasanga]]''<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/lsquoPasanga-steals-show-at-Vijay-awards/article12079593.ece|title='Pasanga' steals show at Vijay awards|first=K.|last=Lakshmi|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 May 2010|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><br />
* [[Vijay Award for Best Crew]] - ''[[Pasanga]]''<ref name="thehindu1"/><br />
* World Malayalee Council Award - ''[[Pasanga]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-10-03/kamal-mohan-lal-20-04-10.html|title=Malayalee Council - Tamil Movie News - Awards for Kamal, Mohan Lal, Pookutty - Kamal - Mohan Lal - Ilayaraja - Behindwoods.com|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref><br />
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]] - ''[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]''<br />
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Dialogue Writer]] - ''[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]''<br />
* [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]] for Best Director - ''[[Kadaikutty Singam]]''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110926183447/http://www.directorpandiraj.com/ Official website]<br />
<br />
{{Pandiraj}}<br />
{{NationalFilmAwardBestScreenplay}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1976 births]]<br />
[[Category:People from Pudukkottai]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film distributors]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Film producers from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br />
[[Category:Best Dialogue National Film Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bandaru_Satyanarayana_Murthy&diff=489493Bandaru Satyanarayana Murthy2026-04-24T23:11:03Z<p>Sanjay: Adding A Stub.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Bandaru Satyanarayana Murthy<br />
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 2024<br />
| predecessor = [[Budi Mutyala Naidu]]<br />
| constituency = [[Madugula Assembly constituency|Madugula]]<br />
| term_start1 = 2014<br />
| term_end1 = 2019<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Panchakarla Ramesh Babu]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Annamreddy Adeep Raj]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Pendurthi Assembly constituency|Pendurthi]]<br />
| term_start2 = 1989<br />
| term_end2 = 2004<br />
| predecessor2 = Palla Appal Naidu<br />
| successor2 = Gandi Babji<br />
| constituency2 = [[Paravada Assembly constituency|Paravada]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/paravada-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency | title=Paravada Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency }}</ref><br />
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]<br />
| birth_date = <br />
}}<br />
'''Bandaru Satyanarayana Murthy''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a member of [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He has been elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Madugula Assembly constituency]] in [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Madugula, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Bandaru Satyanarayana Murthy wins Madugula with 91869 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/madugula-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548214-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=V Madugula Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/v-madugula-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916714.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Satyanarayana Murthy, Bandaru}}<br />
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]<br />
<br />
{{TDP-politician-stub}}</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Library_networks_in_India&diff=512146Library networks in India2026-04-22T07:17:38Z<p>Sanjay: made new info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=March 2011}}<br />
A '''Library Network''' is to an interconnected platform of some group of libraries with certain agreements aims to satisfy and fulfill their users' needs. The common objectives of a library network are to acquire and develop unique collection of the each and avoiding the duplication of materials to resolve the budgetary problem. Each library performs sharing of resources to each other on demand basis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Networks and Consortia in India – Academic Libraries |url=https://ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in/lisp11/chapter/library-networks-and-consortia-in-india/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
The concept of library network came into light after 1985 when the working group of the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] reported a modernize plan on National Policy on Library and Information System to the Ministry of HRD, Govt of India on the seventh five-year plan. [[Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (India)|The Dept of Science and Industrial Research (DSIR)]], Govt. of India started to promote the integrated approach to Library Automation and Networking based on the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] report prepared by the Association of Indian Libraries 1987.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web| url=https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/library_and_information_science/academic_libraries/15-b._library_networks_and_consortia_in_india/et/4439_et_15-b.pdf | title=Library networks and consortia in India | access-date=2018-10-11 | archive-date=2018-10-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214638/https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/library_and_information_science/academic_libraries/15-b._library_networks_and_consortia_in_india/et/4439_et_15-b.pdf | url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== List ==<br />
Library Networks in India include:<br />
<br />
*Ahmedabad Library Network (ADINET) is the library network of Ahmedabad area. It was established in 1994 with an initial grant for a few years from National Information System for Science and Technology (NISSAT). ADINET caters to libraries of school, college, universities, institutional libraries and even public libraries in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alibnet.org/|title=Ahmedabad Library Network (ADINET)|last=ADINET|website=www.alibnet.org|language=en|access-date=2018-10-11}}</ref><br />
* Bangalore Academic Library Network (BALNET) was established in 1995 in sponsored by JRD Tata Memorial Library Bangalore. BALNET caters to the libraries of Balgalore area to facilitate the sharing of resources.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web| title=Library Networks in India - An Overview | url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50907/13/13_chapter%206.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214625/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50907/13/13_chapter%206.pdf | archive-date=2018-10-11}}</ref><br />
* Bombay Library Network (BONET) was set up in 1992 by National Centre for Software Technology (NCST), [[Mumbai]] sponsored by NISSAT.<ref name=":0" /><br />
* Calcutta Library Network (CALIBNET) was established in 1986 with the financial help from NISSAT. The main objective of CALIBNET i to provide access of information to the library and information centers in eastern region.<ref name=":1" /><br />
* Chhattisgarh Library Network (CGLN) was established in 2024 with the financial help from Dr. Kundan and support from Chhattisgarh Library Association. The main objective of CGLN to provide access of information to the library and information centers in Chhattisgarh region.<ref>{{Cite web | title=CGLA - Library Network & Training | url=https://www.cgla.co.in/district-public-library/library-network-training | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816065553/https://www.cgla.co.in/district-public-library/library-network-training | access-date=2025-09-07 | archive-date=2024-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chaluvaiah |first=Bangara |last2=Kumar G.H |first2=Hemantha |date=2025 |title=Library & Information Science Networks in India: A Study |url=https://iaeme.com/MasterAdmin/Journal_uploads/IJDL/VOLUME_2_ISSUE_1/IJDL_02_01_003.pdf |journal=International Journal on Digital Libraries |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=20–40}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><br />
* Developing Library Network (DELNET) was established in 1988 and registered as a society in 1992 from the financial support of NISSAT at the India International Centre Library Delhi. Earlier it was named as Delhi Library Network and developed with the primer objective of sharing of resources to its member libraries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://delnet.nic.in/|title=DELNET-Developing Library Network|website=delnet.nic.in|access-date=2018-10-12|archive-date=2012-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511110035/http://delnet.nic.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
*Indore Library Network (INDOLIBNET) was established to provision of equal access to universe of knowledge, information and cultures & promote understanding of the cultural diversity of Indore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indolibnet.blogspot.com/|title=INDOLIBNET: Some Thoughts......!!|last=Satpathy|first=Kishor|date=2008-04-20|website=Indore Library Network (INDOLIBNET)|access-date=2018-10-12}}</ref><br />
* Information and Library Network ([[INFLIBNET Centre|INFLIBNET]]) was established in 1991 with the objective of establishing a communication between the libraries and information centers universities, colleges, UGC information centers, institutes of national importance, R&D information centers etc. as a programme of the University Grants Commission. Initially it was located at the [[Gujarat University]] campus, Ahmedabad but later it was shifted to Gandhinagar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inflibnet.ac.in/|title=INFLIBNET Centre Gandhinagar|website=www.inflibnet.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2018-10-12}}</ref><br />
* Madras Library Network (MALIBNET) was established as a society in the 1993 to bring about co-operative working among libraries and information centres in and around Madras. Membership of MALIBNET is open to universities, colleges, R&D institutions, industries and individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://malibnet.org/index.html|title=MaLibNet: Title|website=malibnet.org|access-date=2018-10-12|archive-date=2018-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805130954/http://malibnet.org/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* Mysore Library Network (MYLIBNET) was established at Mysore in the year 1994 with the financial assistance from NISSAT at the [[Central Food Technological Research Institute]] (CFTRI) Mysore. MYLIBNET is an active member of Mysore City Library Consortium (MCLC).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://itt.nissat.tripod.com/itt0201/mylibnet.htm|title=Mysore Library Network: MYLIBNET (Network with a difference)|website=itt.nissat.tripod.com|access-date=2018-10-12}}</ref><br />
*Management Libraries Network (MANLIBNET) was established for sharing of resources and information among the management and business libraries and the librarians. MANLIBNET was established in year 1998 at the first convention held in Ahmadabad which was jointly organized by the IIM, Ahmadabad and Ahmadabad Management Association.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manlibnet.in/|title=MANLIBNET – Management Libraries Network {{!}} common forum to the professionals; and to develop understanding and co-operation particularly among management and business libraries and the librarians.|website=www.manlibnet.in|language=en|access-date=2018-10-12}}</ref><br />
* Pune Library Network (PUNENET) is a joint programme of the [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|University of Pune]], National Chemical Laboratory (NCL) and Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) funded by NISSAT and was established in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punenet.net/|title=Home Page PUNENET.COM|website=www.punenet.net|access-date=2018-10-12|archive-date=2018-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927112941/http://www.punenet.net/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* West Bengal Public Library Network (WBPLNET) is an initiative of Department of Mass Education Extension & Library Services, Government of West Bengal. State Central Library West Bengal is the apex Library in the network.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/|title=West Bengal Public Library Network|access-date=2018-10-12|archive-date=2016-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309124819/http://wbpublibnet.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
*[[Ministry of Earth Sciences]] in collaboration with Informatics launched a Library Network portal, named Knowledge Resource Center(MoES KRCNet), for all the Earth Science institutes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://krcnet.moes.gov.in/|title=Knowledge Resource Center Network|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021164317/https://krcnet.moes.gov.in/|archive-date=2020-10-21|access-date=|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=CGLA - Library Network & Training |url=https://sites.google.com/view/la-cg/district-public-library/library-network-training |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Chhattisgarh Library Association |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Libraries in India]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandigre&diff=493363Chandigre2026-04-22T05:08:39Z<p>Sanjay: Added a info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{more citations needed|date=November 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Chandigre <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = Rain Shelter Chandigre West Garo Oct24 A7CR 03553.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Rain shelter cum view tower<br />
| pushpin_map = India Meghalaya<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25.527269|N|90.327383|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Meghalaya]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 810<br />
| population_total = 454<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = English<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]<br />
| postal_code = 794002<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = https://westgarohills.gov.in/<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Chandigre ''' is a village in the [[West Garo Hills district]], [[Meghalaya]], [[India]]. Chandigre is located close to the Nokrek Biosphere Reserve. The economy is largely agrarian, following the traditional ''jhum'' system of rotational slash-and-burn cropping to a limited extent. Most of the houses are traditional bamboo buildings. The Chandigre Rural Tourist Resort offers tourists an experience of the traditional Garo way of life.<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
[[File:Bamboo Houses Chandigre West Garo Oct24 A7CR 03549.jpg|thumb|Traditional bamboo houses (front and back) with corrugated iron roofs. Newer brick house in the middle. Ca. October 2024]]<br />
Chandigre village is located in the Rongram [[Community development block|Community & Rural Development (C&RD) block]] in the West Garo Hills district of Meghalaya.<ref name="CensusWestGaroA">{{Cite book|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/870/download/36348/DH_2011_1701_PART_A_DCHB_WEST_GARO_HILLS.pdf |first=|title=Meghalaya: District Census Handbook: West Garo Hills -- Village and Town Directory|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Meghalaya, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India|year=2011|isbn=|series=2 Part XII A|location=}}</ref>{{rp|page=331}} It falls under the North Tura Meghalaya assembly constituency and the North [[Tura Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2023 |title=Polling Booth in North Tura Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.elections.in/meghalaya/polling-stations/north-tura.html |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> The houses are large bamboo structures called ''Nokmong''. Each accommodates one family. Alongside are granaries (''Jam nok''), woodsheds and pig sties.<ref name="Burling"/>{{rp|pages=21}}<ref name="GaroArch">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2024 |title= Culture & Heritage: Garo Architecture |url=https://westgarohills.gov.in/culture-heritage/ |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=[[West Garo Hills district]], [[Government of Meghalaya]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Chandigre is situated in the West Garo Hills at an elevation of {{Convert|810|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The West Garo Hills run from east to west in the western part of Meghalaya, in the bend of the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra river]] as it turns from west to south. The distance from Chandigre to Asananggre, headquarters of the Rongram C&RD Block, is {{Convert|20.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and to Tura, district headquarters, is {{Convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}}. [[Shillong]], the capital of Meghalaya, is {{Convert|297|km|mi|abbr=on}} distant.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}<br />
<br />
=== Climate ===<br />
Chandigre has a tropical climate, hot and humid during the summer and rainy season (March - October) and pleasantly cool during the short winter (December - February). June - August is the period of heavy rain.<ref name="CensusWestGaroA"/>{{rp|page=5}}<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
[[File:Front Side Baptist Churdh Chandigre West Garo Oct24 A7CR 03556.jpg|thumb|Chandigre Baptist Church]]<br />
In 2011, the total population was 454 in 74 households. Among these 49.1% were female. There were no [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled castes]] while over 95% belonged to [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled tribes]]. The [[Literacy|literacy rate]] was 68.9%.<ref name="CensusWestGaroB">{{Cite book|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/871/download/36348/DH_2011_1701_PART_B_DCHB_WEST_GARO_HILLS.pdf |first=|title=Meghalaya: District Census Handbook: West Garo Hills -- Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract (PCA)|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Meghalaya, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India|year=2011|isbn=|series=2 Part XII B|location=}}</ref>{{rp|page=148–9}} Chandigre is predominantly Christian,{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} although in the rural areas of the West Garo Hills District as a whole, Christians were 59.0%, Muslims comprised 18.6% and Hindus were 18.3%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |date=21 January 2021 |title=C-01: Population by religious community, Meghalaya - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11384/download/14497/DDW17C-01%20MDDS.XLS |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Governance ==<br />
Traditionally, the village was governed by one or more male ''nokmas'' (headmen). These are selected from the leading households of the village based on lineage. The ''nokma'' in consultation with the households allots the plots for ''jhumming'' every year. He also is responsible for settling disputes. As the Garo society is matrilinal, the ''nokma'' typically looks for a young man from his own lineage to marry his daughter. The son-in-law then inherits the household and becomes ''nokma'' when the father-in-law dies.<ref name="Burling"/>{{rp|pages=223–35}}<ref name="Dialogue2005">{{Cite journal |last=Chaudhury |first=D.R. |date=July–September 2005 |title=Autonomous District Councils and Panchayati Raj Institutions in North-East India |url=http://asthabharati.org/Dia_Jul%2005/dip.htm |journal=Dialogue |publisher=Astha Bharati |publication-place=Delhi |volume=7 |issue=1}}</ref><br />
<br />
The system has evolved after Indian Independence. The [[Garo Hills Autonomous District Council]] passed the Garo Hills District (Jhum) Regulation Act, 1954 that confers on the ''nokma'' the right to allot ''jhum'' land. However, disputes related to allotment are now referred to the Village Council instead of being resolved by the ''nokma''. Village Councils were created based on the Constitution of Village Council Act in 1958. The Village Council is intended to make each village a self-sufficient, efficiently administered unit. It is responsible for maintenance of public paths, roads, wells, tanks, etc., for registration of births and deaths and other record keeping, etc.<ref name="Dialogue2005"/><br />
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=== Chandigre Community Reserve ===<br />
Since 2013, the Forest Department, Government of Meghalaya has declared 64 Community Reserves under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. The Chandigre Community Reserve with an area of {{cvt|37|ha|acre|abbr=on}} was notified on 10 July 2013. The notification gives complete control of the Community Reserve to the community to protect the flora and fauna, and the traditional conservation values and practices. All traditional rites and rituals are permitted, though hunting is not allowed. The Reserve is managed by the Chandigre Community Reserve Management Committee.<ref name="CRNotify">{{Cite web |date=24 February 2021 |title=Community Reserves |url=https://www.megforest.gov.in/wildlife_community.html |access-date=4 November 2024 |website=[[Government of Meghalaya|Meghalaya Forests and Environment Department]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Amenities==<br />
[[File:Football Match Chandigre West Garo Oct24 A7CR 03548.jpg|thumb|Football field near the Rural Tourist Resort]]<br />
As of 2011, pre-primary, primary and middle schooling were available within {{Convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} of Chandigre. For secondary school and higher education, students had to commute more than {{Convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The village has several water sources including piped water, well water and springs. Mobile telephony and electricity supply are available. The village has a sports field. The village [[Postal Index Number|pincode]] is 794002 though there is no post office.<ref name="CensusWestGaroA"/>{{rp|page=376–382}}<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
[[File:Goat Chandigre West Garo Oct24 A7CR 03543.jpg|thumb|Domestic goat foraging by the roadside]]<br />
The economy is largely agrarian. In 2011, people cultivating their own or leased land comprised 75% of the main workers (those employed for >6 months in a year).<ref name="CensusWestGaroB"/>{{rp|page=150–51}} Weaving of cane and bamboo products is done by households mostly for their own use, also increasingly for sale to tourists. They make bamboo mats, ''kok'' (traditional baskets), and a variety of containers.<ref name="CensusWestGaroA"/>{{rp|page=10}}<br />
<br />
=== Agriculture ===<br />
The traditional ''jhum'' system of rotational cropping is followed to a limited extent. In the ''jhum'' system, ''A'king'' land is owned by the community. Each year, the ''Nokma'' allots plots of ''A'king'' land to each household for pre-determined crops. After 2 years of use, a plot is left fallow for 6–8 years during which scrub forest grows. When the plot is again allotted for cropping, the scrub forest is cleared and burnt in a planned operation.<ref name="Burling">{{Cite book |last=Burling |first=R. |title=Rengsanggri |publisher=Tura Book Room, Garo Baptist Convention |year=1997 |edition=2nd |location=Tura}}</ref>{{rp|pages=27–42}}<ref name="CensusWestGaroA"/>{{rp|page=8}} This traditional cycle of 'slash-and-burn' rotational cultivation is believed to be sustainable ecologically and culturally.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Current Science Reports |date=25 February 2022 |title=Jhum for Sustainability: Agrobiodiversity in Garo Hills |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=122 |issue=4 |pages=376}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the first year, the plot is used for vegetables such as sweet potato, ginger, varieties of beans, sugarcane, onions, etc. In the second year, grains such as rice, maize or millet are grown on the plot. Bananas, oranges and pineapples are also grown. Gourds and squashes are grown on frames or on the walls of houses. In some plots, cash crops such as areca, cotton and chilli peppers are planted. The planting of vegetables is somewhat random, adding variety to the diet and improving the soil health. In a few low lying plots, rice is cultivated continuously.<ref name="Burling"/>{{rp|pages=27–42}}<br />
<br />
In recent times, some families took advantage of a custom that permitted planting of crops on any land not already covered by the ''jhum'' system. They constructed permanent fields in low-lying areas to grow wet rice. Some also planted pineapples, tea, coffee, oranges and areca palms.<ref name="ChandigreTourism">{{Cite web |date=November 2024 |title=Chandigre Village Experience: In The Lap of Nature |url=https://www.meghalayatourism.in/experiences-4/in-the-lap-of-nature-chandigre-village-experience/ |access-date=8 November 2024 |website=Meghalaya Tourism, Department of Tourism, [[Government of Meghalaya]]}}</ref> These families moved their houses away from the central village to the location of their permanent fields. Such permanent fields can be surveyed by the district administration and title (''patta'') granted to the cultivators. With the title comes the obligation to pay taxes, which is not the case with ''jhum'' land. These developments have created greater inequality in the village.<ref name="Burling"/>{{rp|pages=323–32}}<br />
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=== Animal husbandry ===<br />
Raising of livestock is common though secondary to agriculture. The main animals are cattle, goats, pigs and fowl.<ref name="SHB2023">{{Cite book |url=https://des.megplanning.gov.in/pub_ref.htm |title=Statistical Handbook of Meghalaya 2023 |publisher=[[Government of Meghalaya|Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Meghalaya]] |date=November 2023 |location=Shillong |access-date=31 October 2024}}</ref>{{rp|page=71}}<ref name="CensusWestGaroA"/>{{rp|page=9}}<br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
Chandigre is connected to important places in the district by black-topped roads. The Meghalaya Transport Corporation buses run at infrequent intervals. Many private buses serve the district regularly. Taxis, vans and cycle rickshaws are available for hire.<ref name="CensusWestGaroA"/>{{rp|page=11, 380}} The nearest railway station and airport are in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], at distances of 211&nbsp;km (131&nbsp;mi) and 195&nbsp;km (121&nbsp;mi) respectively.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}<br />
<br />
== Tourism ==<br />
The Chandigre Rural Tourist Resort is an initiative of the [[Government of Meghalaya|Meghalaya Basin Development Authority (MBDA)]] aimed at giving visitors an experience of authentic Garo lifestyle. Funded by the [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism, Government of India]] and the Government of Meghalaya, the Resort is run by the village community. The Resort was opened to the public on 9 January 2013. It is the second such project by the MBDA, the first being Ghasura Park, [[Ampati]], South West Garo Hills district.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2013 |title=A success story of IBDLP on convergence: Chandigre Rural Tourism Project |url=https://mbda.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication-52.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108152022/https://mbda.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication-52.pdf |archive-date=8 November 2024 |access-date=8 November 2024 |website=[[Government of Meghalaya|Meghalaya Basin Development Authority]]}}</ref><br />
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Chandigre was chosen for the Tourism Resort because of its proximity to several tourist attractions. It is close to the Nokrek Biosphere Reserve and is a convenient base for trekking in the [[Nokrek National Park]]. The [[Daribokgre]] entrance is {{Convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}} distant. Other tourist attractions located nearby include Rongbang Falls, Songkal Wari Open River Fish Sanctuary, and the Hoolock Gibbon Rescue Centre at Chinabat.<ref name="ChandigreTourism"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=OT Staff |date=17 February 2024 |title=Did You Know About Meghalaya's Nokrek Biosphere Reserve? |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/experiences/nature/did-you-know-about-meghalayas-nokrek-biosphere-reserve |access-date=8 November 2024 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook Traveller]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Commons category|Chandigre}}<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in West Garo Hills district]]<br />
[[Category:Tourism in Meghalaya]]<br />
[[Category:Garo Hills]]<br />
[[Category:Biosphere reserves of India]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poona_City_North_West_Assembly_constituency&diff=525941Poona City North West Assembly constituency2026-04-09T18:26:30Z<p>Sanjay: New initial location initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}} <br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency <br />
| name = Poona City North West <br />
| type= SLA <br />
| state = Maharashtra <br />
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref> <br />
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> <br />
| electors = 65,034 <br />
| mla = Shirole Malati Madhav <br />
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| constituency_no = <br />
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] <br />
| district = <br />
| loksabha_cons = <br />
| reservation = None<br />
}} <br />
<b>Poona City North West Assembly constituency </b>was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Shirole Malati Madhav || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Poona City North West <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shirole Malati Madhav |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,011 |percentage = 47.50% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pitalalloo Laxman Lingu |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 7,910 |percentage = 26.82% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shirole Bhausaheb Laxman |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 4,539 |percentage = 15.39% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagarkar Pandurang Ramchandra |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,170 |percentage = 7.36% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kate Namdeo Laxman |party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 525 |percentage = 1.78% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chavan Nanasaheb Babasaheb |party = Independent politician |votes = 342 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,101 |percentage = 20.68% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,497 |percentage = 45.36% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,497}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,034 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References== <br />
{{reflist}} <br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}} <br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]] <br />
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}} <br />
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murder_of_Vikram_Joshi&diff=519196Murder of Vikram Joshi2026-03-28T08:15:28Z<p>Sanjay: made new entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2020 crime in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=August 2025}}<br />
'''Vikram Joshi''' ({{Langx|hi|विक्रम जोशी}}) was an Indian journalist who was shot on 20 July 2020, by two unidentified assailants in front of his minor daughters in [[Ghaziabad]], Uttar Pradesh. He succumbed to his injuries 2 days later in the hospital. The incident caused widespread criticism of the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]] among opposition parties as well as the media.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-22|title='Is it a crime to be a journalist in UP?' Cong attacks govt over Vikram Joshi's death|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/is-it-a-crime-to-be-a-journalist-in-up-congress-attacks-adityanath-govt-over-vikram-joshi-s-death/story-quCm89FoNFEJ6nGTVM4llO.html|access-date=2020-07-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==The incident==<br />
Joshi had filed a police complaint on 16 July 2020 against some people who were accused of harassing his niece.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghaziabad: Journalist Vikram Joshi, who was shot at by miscreants, passes away|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/crime/article/ghaziabad-journalist-vikram-joshi-who-was-shot-at-by-miscreants-passes-away/625196|access-date=2020-07-23|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=22 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> On 20 July 2020, while he was on his motorcycle with his daughters, aged 5 and 11, the assailants forcibly stopped his motorcycle and started beating him.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-07-22|title=Journalist shot dead for reporting harassment|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53496392|access-date=2020-07-23}}</ref> Then, one of the suspects shot at his head from close range and the assailants fled the scene.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-22|title=After Congress' attack over journalist's death, Mayawati says jungle raj in Uttar Pradesh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/after-congress-attack-over-journalist-s-death-mayawati-says-jungle-raj-in-uttar-pradesh/story-8JrugVy0k8yVlBjW4jpC0N.html|access-date=2020-07-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The entire incident was caught in CCTV footage and created outrage across the country.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-22|title=Journalist Vikram Joshi's family will get Rs10 lakh ex gratia: Yogi Adityanath|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/journalist-vikram-joshi-s-family-will-get-rs10-lakh-ex-gratia-yogi-adityanath/story-Q3RMMu1oi09LQU1ch3jOUO.html|access-date=2020-07-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Joshi succumbed to his injuries on 22 July 2020. Nine men were been arrested in connection with the incident, and one policeman was suspended.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-21|title=9 arrested in Ghaziabad journalist shooting case, 1 policeman suspended|url=https://theprint.in/india/9-arrested-in-ghaziabad-journalist-shooting-case-1-policeman-suspended/465547/|access-date=2020-07-23|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] announced 10 lakh [[[ex gratia]] for Vikram Joshi's family.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Reactions ==<br />
Former Chief Ministers, [[Akhilesh Yadav]] and [[Mayawati]] questioned the poor state of law and order in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-22|title=Ghaziabad journalist shot dead: Opposition corners Yogi government over poor law and order situation|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/ghaziabad-journalist-shot-dead-opposition-corners-yogi-government-over-poor-law-and-order-situation/2032039/|access-date=2020-07-23|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader [[Priyanka Gandhi]] raised questions about the safety of common people in "Jungle Raj".<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 July 2020|title=Priyanka Gandhi's 'jungle raj' jibe, AAP MP visits scribe's kin|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/priyankas-jungle-raj-jibe-aap-mp-visits-scribes-kin/articleshow/77097624.cms|access-date=2020-07-23|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> West Bengal Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] took to social media to express her shock on media's voice being muzzled.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Voices being muzzled, even media not spared: Mamata Banerjee on journalist Vikram Joshi's murder|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jul/22/voices-being-muzzled-even-media-not-spared-mamata-banerjee-on-journalist-vikram-joshis-murder-2173198.html|access-date=2020-07-23|website=The New Indian Express|date=22 July 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Press Association]] and [[Indian Women's Press Corps]] condemned the killing and demanded probe into the incident as well as other similar incidents of attacks on journalists.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-22|title=We want justice: Media bodies seek probe into Vikram Joshi's killing in Uttar Pradesh|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/220720/we-want-justice-media-bodies-seek-probe-into-vikram-joshis-killing-i.html|access-date=2020-07-23|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Media bodies demand judicial probe into attack on Ghaziabad journalist Vikram Joshi|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/jul/22/media-bodies-demand-judicial-probe-into-attack-on-ghaziabad-journalist-vikram-joshi-2173320.html|access-date=2020-07-23|website=The New Indian Express|date=22 July 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Vikram}}<br />
[[Category:2020 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]<br />
[[Category:Assassinated Indian journalists]]<br />
[[Category:2020 murders in India]]<br />
[[Category:People murdered in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Filmed killings in India]]<br />
[[Category:Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_residential_schools_in_Canada&diff=477611List of Indian residential schools in Canada2026-03-26T12:56:05Z<p>Sanjay: put up stub!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br />
{| class="wikitable floatright"<br />
|-<br />
! Abbreviation<br />
![[Religious denomination]]<br />
|-<br />
| (AN)<br />
| [[Anglican Church]]<br />
|-<br />
| (BP)<br />
| [[Baptist]]<br />
|-<br />
| (MD)<br />
| [[Methodist]]<br />
|-<br />
| (OO)<br />
| Other<br />
|-<br />
| (PB)<br />
| [[Presbyterian Church]]<br />
|-<br />
| (RC)<br />
| [[Roman Catholic Church]]<br />
|-<br />
| (UC)<br />
| [[United Church of Canada]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The following is a list of schools that operated as part of the [[Canadian Indian residential school system]].{{refn|group=nb|''Indian'' has been used because of the historical nature of the article and the precision of the name. It was, and continues to be, used by government officials, Indigenous peoples and historians while referencing the school system. The use of the name also provides relevant context about the era in which the system was established, specifically one in which [[Indigenous peoples in Canada]] were homogeneously referred to as ''Indians'' rather than by language that distinguishes [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]], [[Inuit]] and [[Métis in Canada|Métis]] peoples. Use of ''Indian'' is limited throughout the article to proper nouns and references to government legislation.}}<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://residentialschoolsettlement.ca/schools.html |title=List of residential schools |work=Indian Residential Schools Settlement - Official Court Website |accessdate=2009-12-02}}</ref><ref name=":1">"[https://memorial.nctr.ca/?page_id=2078 Search by School]." ''National Student Memorial Register''. National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation.</ref> The first opened in 1828, and the last closed in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afn.ca/article.asp?id=766|title=Residential Schools|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503181813/http://www.afn.ca/article.asp?id=766|date=2010-05-03|publisher=Assembly of First Nations|accessdate=2009-12-02|archive-date=3 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="Saskatchewan Schools">{{cite web | url=http://www.rsmuseum.ca/?page_id=2079 | title=Prince Albert Grand Council Indian Residential School Virtual Museum | date=2015 | accessdate=12 June 2015 | archive-date=18 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218162333/http://www.rsmuseum.ca/?page_id=2079 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Anglican Schools">{{cite web | url=http://www.anglican.ca/relationships/histories | title=Mission and Justice Relationships (Anglican Indian and Eskimo Residential Schools) | publisher=Anglican Church of Canada | accessdate=12 June 2015}}</ref> These schools operated in all [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian provinces and territories]] except [[Prince Edward Island]], and [[New Brunswick]].<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
The [[Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement|Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement]] (IRSSA) has formally recognized 139 residential schools across Canada, but this number excludes schools that operated without federal support.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=June 4, 2021|title=Your questions answered about Canada's residential school system|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-residential-schools-kamloops-faq-1.6051632|website=[[CBC News]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The last school to close was Kivalliq Hall in [[Rankin Inlet]], in what's now [[Nunavut]], which closed in 1997; it became a IRSSA-recognized school in 2019 following a court ruling, which is why earlier accounts describe the last school closing in 1996.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
Schools in Newfoundland and Labrador were not included in the original settlement by the [[Stephen Harper|Harper government]] and instead reached a compensation deal with the federal government after a lawsuit in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1511531626107/1539962009489|title = Newfoundland and Labrador residential schools healing and commemoration|date = 24 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/justin-trudeau-labrador-residential-schools-apology-1.4417443| title = Tearful Justin Trudeau apologizes to N.L. residential school survivors {{!}} CBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/residential-school-case-update-1.3574080| title = N.L. residential school survivors' lawyers reach $50M settlement with Ottawa {{!}} CBC News}}</ref><br />
<br />
==List==<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#cfcfcf;" align="center" |Name<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />!!Location!!Province/Territory!!Opened!!Closed!!Denomination<br />
!Documented Deaths<ref>{{Cite web |title=Residential Schools Archive |url=https://nctr.ca/residential-schools/ |website=National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation}}</ref><br />
!Gravesites<br />
|-<br />
|[[Assumption (Hay Lakes) Indian Residential School|Assumption (Hay Lake) Indian Residential School]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://memorial.nctr.ca/?p=1477|title = Memorial| date=18 December 2020 }}</ref>|| [[Assumption, Alberta|Assumption]]<br />
<small>([[Hay Lake 209|Hay Lake]])</small><br />
|AB|| 1951|| 1970 || RC<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shubenacadie Indian Residential School|Shubenacadie Indian Residential School]]|| [[Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia|Shubenacadie]]<br />
|NS|| 1929|| 1967 || RC<br />
|23<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Blue Quill (Lac la Biche/Saddle Lake/Sacred Heart) Indian Residential School<br />
(Hospice of St. Joseph; Lac la Biche/St. Paul's Boarding School)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://memorial.nctr.ca/?p=1479|title = Memorial| date=18 December 2020 }}</ref><br />
| [[Lac La Biche, Alberta|Lac la Biche]] (1862-1898)<br />
<br />
[[Saddle Lake, Alberta|Saddle Lake]] (1898-1931)<br />
<br />
<small>([[Saddle Lake First Nation|Saddle Lake]])</small><br />
<br />
[[St. Paul, Alberta|St. Paul]] (1898-1931)<br />
|AB|| 1862|| 1970 (became the [[University nuhelot’įne thaiyots’į nistameyimâkanak Blue Quills|first Native-administered school in Canada]]) || RC<br />
|43<br />
|Accidentally exhumed multiple graves in 2004;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Parsons |first1=Paige |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Human remains found near Alberta residential school site likely children, First Nation says: Saddle Lake Cree Nation examining possible Blue Quills residential school burial sites |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/human-remains-found-near-alberta-residential-school-site-likely-children-first-nation-says-1.6457286 |publisher=CBC}}</ref> intentionally exhumed 1 grave in 2024<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ivanov |first=Jennifer |date=January 24, 2024 |title=Child's remains found at site of former residential school northeast of Edmonton |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10247621/childs-remains-found-at-site-of-former-residential-school-northeast-of-edmonton/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |work=Global News}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Holy Angels Indian Residential School <br />
(École des Saints-Anges / Our Lady of Victoria Indian Residential School)<br />
| [[Fort Chipewyan]]||AB|| 1902|| 1974 || RC<br />
|83<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Crowfoot (St. Joseph's) Indian Residential School<br />
(Blackfoot Residential School)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://memorial.nctr.ca/?p=1481|title = Memorial| date=18 December 2020 }}</ref><br />
|[[Blackfoot Crossing]] (1900-1909)<br />
<br />
[[Cluny, Alberta|Cluny]]<br />
<br />
<small>([[Siksika 146]])</small><br />
|AB|| 1900|| 1968 || RC<br />
|48<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|St. Joseph's (Dunbow) Industrial School<br />
(High River Industrial School)<br />
| [[High River]]||AB||1884<br />
|1922<br />
| RC<br />
|59<br />
|Flood exposed 34 graves in 1996<ref>{{cite web |date=June 23, 2021 |title='They have to be at peace:' Whereabouts of remains of 39 children's bodies still unknown at Dunbow Industrial School |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/calgary/article/they-have-to-be-at-peace-whereabouts-of-remains-of-39-childrens-bodies-still-unknown-at-dunbow-industrial-school/ |publisher=CTV News}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Edmonton (Poundmaker) Residential School<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://memorial.nctr.ca/?p=1485|title = Memorial| date=18 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>Larsson, Paula. 2013 October 26. "[https://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/institutions/residential/526b7f48dc1dc8b865000009 Edmonton Industrial School]." ''Eugenics Archive''. Retrieved May 31, 2021.</ref><br />
| [[St. Albert, Alberta|St. Albert]]<br />
<small>([[Poundmaker Cree Nation|Poundmaker]])</small><br />
|AB||1924 (formerly Red Deer Industrial School)<br />
|1968<br />
| MD<br />
|33<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Ermineskin Indian Residential School|| [[Maskwacis|Hobbema]]<br />
<small>([[Ermineskin 138|Ermineskin]])</small><br />
|AB|| 1915|| 1973 || RC<br />
|15<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|St. Mary’s (Blood) Indian Residential School (Immaculate Conception Boarding School)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://memorial.nctr.ca/?p=1517|title = Memorial| date=18 December 2020 }}</ref>|| [[Stand Off, Alberta|Stand-Off]]<br />
<small>([[Blood 148|Blood]])</small><br />
|AB|| 1898||1988<br />
| RC<br />
|49<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Morley (Stoney) Residential School <br />
(McDougall Orphanage and Training Institution)<br />
| [[Morley, Alberta|Morley]]<br />
<small>([[Stoney Reserve|Stoney]])</small><br />
|AB|| 1926|| 1949 || MD<br />
|16<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Old Sun (Blackfoot) Residential School<ref>[https://memorial.nctr.ca/?p=1503 Old Sun (Blackfoot) Residential School]</ref><br />
(North Camp Residential School / White Eagle's Boarding School / Short Robe Boarding School)<br />
| [[Gleichen, Alberta|Gleichen]]<br />
<small>([[Blackfoot reserve|Blackfoot]])</small><br />
|AB|| 1894|| 1971 || AN<br />
|41<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Sacred Heart (Peigan) Residential School<ref>[http://memorial.nctr.ca/?p=1505 Sacred Heart (Peigan) Residential School]</ref>||[[Brocket, Alberta|Brocket]]<br />
<small>([[Piikani Nation|Peigan]])</small><br />
|AB|| 1892||1961<br />
| RC<br />
|41<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Red Deer Industrial School || [[Red Deer, Alberta|Red Deer]]||AB||1893<br />
|1919 (Poundmaker school opened 5 years later)<br />
| MD<br />
|60<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Sarcee (St. Barnabas) Residential School<ref>[https://memorial.nctr.ca/?p=1507 Sarcee (St. Barnabas) Residential School]</ref>|| [[Sarcee Trail|Sarcee Junction]], [[Calgary]]<br />
<small>([[Tsuut'ina 145|Sarcee/T’suu Tina]])</small><br />
|AB|| 1892||1921<br />
| AN<br />
|35<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|St. Albert (Youville) Residential School<ref>[https://memorial.nctr.ca/?p=1509 St. Albert (Youville) Residential School]</ref>||[[St. Albert, Alberta|St. Albert]]||AB|| 1873 ||1948<br />
| RC<br />
|73<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Whitefish Lake (St. Andrew's) Residential School<br />
|[[Whitefish Lake, Alberta|Whitefish Lake]]<br />
<small>([[Whitefish Lake First Nation|Whitefish Lake]])</small><br />
|AB|| 1895|| 1950 || AN<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Grouard (St. Bernard’s) Residential School|| [[Grouard, Alberta|Grouard]]||AB|| 1894||1957<br />
| RC<br />
|15<br />
|Radar detected 196 potential graves in 2022<ref name="LPIA-2022">{{cite news |date=February 14, 2022 |title=Final Summary of the Phase 1 Ground-Penetrating Radar Search at Grouard Mission, AB |url=https://www.kapaweno.com/single-post/irs-phase1 |access-date=March 10, 2022 |publisher=Institute of Prairie and Indigenous Archaeology}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Joussard (St. Bruno's) Residential School|| [[Joussard, Alberta|Joussard]]||AB|| 1913|| 1969 || RC<br />
|30<br />
|Radar detected 88 potential graves in 2022<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paradis |first=Danielle |date=June 26, 2023 |title=St. Bruno's residential school ground-penetrating radar report released |url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/st-brunos-residential-school-phase-one-report/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |work=APTN National News}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|St. Cyprian's (Queen Victoria’s Jubilee Home) Residential School<br />
<br />
(Victoria Jubilee Home for Indian Children)<ref>[https://memorial.nctr.ca/?p=1931 St. Cyprian's Residential School]</ref><br />
|[[Brocket, Alberta|Brocket]]<br />
<small>([[Piikani Nation|Peigan]])</small><br />
|AB|| 1900 (new school built in 1926)|| 1962 || AN<br />
|25<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Sturgeon Lake (Calais) Residential School<br />
(St. François/Francis Xavier Boarding school)<ref>[https://memorial.nctr.ca/?p=1521 Sturgeon Lake (Calais) Residential School]</ref><br />
| [[Calais, Alberta|Calais]]||AB||1907<br />
| 1961 || RC<br />
|45<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Fort Vermilion (St. Henri) Residential School<ref>[https://memorial.nctr.ca/?p=1489 Fort Vermilion (St. Henri) Residential School]</ref><br />
| [[Fort Vermilion]]||AB||1903 <br />
| 1968 || RC<br />
|21<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Wabasca (St. John’s) Residential School<ref>[https://memorial.nctr.ca/?p=1523 Wabasca (St. John’s) Residential School]</ref>|| [[Wabasca, Alberta|Wabasca]]||AB|| 1902 (new school built in 1949)|| 1966 || AN<br />
|11<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Desmarais (St. Martin’s) Residential School<br />
|[[Desmarais, Alberta|Desmarais-Wabasca]]<br />
|AB|| 1901|| 1973 || RC<br />
|16<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|St. Paul's (Blood) Residential School<br />
(Church of England)<br />
| [[Cardston]]<br />
<small>([[Blood reserve|Blood]])</small><br />
|AB||1893<br />
| 1975 || AN<br />
|78<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Lesser Slave Lake (St. Peter's) Residential School|| [[Slave Lake]]||AB||1895<br />
| 1932 || AN<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Alberni Indian Residential School|| [[Port Alberni, British Columbia|Port Alberni]]||BC|| 1900 (burned in 1917, rebuilt in 1920; burned in 1937, rebuilt in 1939)|| 1973|| UC<br />
|40<br />
|Radar detected 17 potential graves in 2023<ref name="Stanton-2023">{{Cite AV media |url=https://globalnews.ca/video/9502415/potential-unmarked-graves-found-at-port-alberni-residential-school/ |title=Potential unmarked graves found at Port Alberni residential school |date=February 21, 2023 |last=Stanton |first=Kylie |type=Television production |publisher=Global News |access-date=May 16, 2023}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Ahousaht Indian Residential School]]|| [[Ahousaht]]||BC|| 1901|| 1950|| PB<br />
|8<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Anahim Lake Dormitory (Ulkatcho) Residential School<br />
|[[Anahim Lake]]<br />
<small>([[Ulkatcho First Nation|Ulkatcho]])</small><br />
|BC<br />
|1968<br />
|1977<br />
|RC<br />
|0<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Christie (Clayoquot/Kakawis) Residential School<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://memorial.nctr.ca/?p=1446|title = Memorial| date=18 December 2020 }}</ref>|| [[Meares Island]] (1900-1971)<br />
<br />
[[Tofino]] (1971-1983)<br />
|BC|| 1900||1983<br />
| RC<br />
|46<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kamloops Indian Residential School|Kamloops (St. Louis) Residential School]]<br />
(Kamloops Industrial School)<br />
|[[Kamloops, British Columbia|Kamloops]]<br />
<small>([[Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc]])</small><br />
|BC|| 1890|| 1978|| RC<br />
|82<br />
|Radar detected 200 potential graves in 2021<ref name="Pruden-2021">{{cite news |last1=Pruden |first1=Jana G. |last2=Hager |first2=Mike |date=July 15, 2021 |title=Anthropologist explains how she concluded 200 children were buried at the Kamloops Residential School |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-kamloops-residential-school-unmarked-graves-discovery-update/ |access-date=July 24, 2021 |newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Kitimaat Indian Residential School <br />
(Elizabeth Long Memorial School for Girls)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://memorial.nctr.ca/?p=1454|title = Memorial| date=18 December 2020 }}</ref><br />
| [[Kitimat, British Columbia|Kitimaat]]||BC||1908<br />
|1941 || MD<br />
|12<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kootenay Indian Residential School|Kootenay (St. Eugene's/St. Mary's Residential School)]]|| [[Cranbrook, British Columbia|Cranbrook]]||BC||1867 <br />
|1984<br />
| RC<br />
|29<br />
|Accidentally exhumed 1 grave in 2020; Radar detected 182 potential graves in 2021<ref name="MacVicar-2021">{{cite web |last=MacVicar |first=Adam |date=July 1, 2021 |title='We knew it was there': Former B.C. chief says unmarked graves near Cranbrook need more context |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7996606/cranbrook-residential-school-graves-chief/ |access-date=July 26, 2021 |website=[[Global News]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Kuper Island Indian Residential School]]|| [[Penelakut Island]]||BC|| 1890|| 1975|| RC<br />
|171<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lo |first=Michael John |date=August 4, 2025 |title=Archival research has found 171 confirmed deaths at Kuper Island residential school, 50 more than previously thought |url=https://www.timescolonist.com/local-news/archival-research-has-found-171-confirmed-deaths-at-kuper-island-residential-school-50-more-than-previously-thought-11032118 |access-date=2025-10-06 |work=Times Colonist}}</ref><br />
|Radar detected 160 potential graves in 2021<ref name="Glavin-2022">{{Cite news |last=Glavin |first=Terry |date=May 26, 2022 |title=The year of the graves: How the world's media got it wrong on residential school graves |url=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/the-year-of-the-graves-how-the-worlds-media-got-it-wrong-on-residential-school-graves |access-date=May 28, 2022 |work=[[National Post]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Lejac Residential School|Lejac (Stuart Lake) Residential School]]|| [[Fraser Lake, British Columbia|Fraser Lake]]||BC|| 1917 (new building in 1922)|| 1976|| RC<br />
|45<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Lower Post Indian Residential School|| [[Lower Post, British Columbia|Lower Post]]||BC|| 1951|| 1975|| RC<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Coqualeetza (Chilliwack Home) Residential School|| [[Chilliwack, British Columbia|Chilliwack]]||BC||1889 <br />
| 1940 (later became the [[Coqualeetza Indian Hospital|Coqualeetza Hospital]] and is now the [[Coqualeetza Cultural Education Centre]])|| MD<br />
|42<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Metlakatla Indian Residential School (Metlakatla Indian Girls' School)|| [[Metlakatla, British Columbia|Metlakatla]]||BC|| 1891|| 1962 || OO<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Port Simpson Residential School<br />
(Crosby Home for Girls)<br />
| [[Port Simpson, British Columbia|Port Simpson]]||BC||1892<br />
| 1948|| MD<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Presbyterian Coqualeetza Indian Residential School|| [[Chilliwack, British Columbia|Chilliwack]]||BC|| 1861|| 1940|| PB<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Roman Catholic Coqualeetza Indian Residential School|| Chilliwack||BC|| 1890|| 1941|| RC<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[St. Augustine's Indian Residential School]] || [[Sechelt]]||BC|| 1912|| 1975|| RC<br />
|12<br />
|Radar detected 40 potential graves in 2023<ref name="Judd-2023">{{cite web |last1=Judd |first1=Amy |date=April 20, 2023 |title=40 unmarked children's graves found at former residential school in Sechelt, B.C. |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9639165/40-unmarked-childrens-graves-residential-school-sechelt-bc/ |publisher=Global News}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[St. Paul’s Indian Residential School]]|| [[North Vancouver (city)|North Vancouver]]||BC|| 1898|| 1959|| RC<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|St. George's (Lytton) Indian Residential School|| [[Lytton, British Columbia|Lytton]]||BC|| 1901 (new school built in 1928)|| 1979|| AN<br />
|78<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[St. Mary's Indian Residential School|St. Mary's Mission Indian Residential School]]|| [[Mission, British Columbia|Mission]] ([[Pekw'Xe:yles]]) ||BC|| 1861|| 1984|| RC<br />
|18<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[St. Michael's Indian Residential School (Alert Bay)|St. Michael's (Alert Bay) Indian Residential School]]|| [[Alert Bay]]||BC|| 1929|| 1975|| AN<br />
|18<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Saint Joseph's Mission (Williams Lake, BC)|Williams Lake Indian Residential School <br />
(Williams Lake Industrial School)]]<br />
| [[Cariboo, British Columbia|Cariboo]]||BC|| 1890|| 1981|| RC<br />
|28<br />
|Radar detected 93 potential graves in 2022<ref name="Lindsay-2022">{{cite web |last1=Lindsay |first1=Bethany |last2=Watson |first2=Bridgette |date=January 25, 2022 |title=93 potential burial sites found near former B.C. residential school |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/williams-lake-st-josephs-residential-school-1.6326467 |publisher=CBC News}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Yale Indian Residential School|| [[Yale, British Columbia|Yale]]||BC|| 1900||1920 || AN<br />
|5<ref>{{Cite news |title=Stó:lō Nation identifies 158 child deaths, potential unmarked graves at former residential schools, hospital |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/st%C3%B3-l%C5%8D-nation-residential-schools-missing-children-unmarked-burials-1.6974053 |access-date=2025-09-30 |work=CBC News}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Yuquot Indian Residential School|| [[Yuquot]]||BC|| 1901|| 1913|| RC<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Academy Road (Winnipeg)#Assiniboia Indian Residential School|Assiniboia Indian Residential School]] (Assiniboia Hostel)|| [[Winnipeg]]||MB||1958 (September 2)||1973 (June 30) || RC<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Birtle Indian Residential School]]|| [[Birtle, Manitoba|Birtle]]||MB||1888 (December 3)||1970 || PB<br />
|47<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Brandon Indian Residential School]] (Brandon Industrial School)|| [[Brandon, Manitoba|Brandon]]||MB||1895 (May 23)||1972 (June 30) || MD<br />
|94<br />
|Radar detected 104 potential graves in 2019<ref name="SFU-2021">{{cite press release |title=Finding Indigenous Children: The Brandon Indian Residential School Project |date=June 4, 2021 |publisher=[[Simon Fraser University]] |url=http://www.sfu.ca/university-communications/media-releases/2021/06/finding-indigenous-children--the-brandon-indian-residential-scho.html |access-date=June 25, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613190940/http://www.sfu.ca/university-communications/media-releases/2021/06/finding-indigenous-children--the-brandon-indian-residential-scho.html |archive-date=June 13, 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Cross Lake Indian Residential School (Norway House Roman Catholic Indian Residential School)|| [[Cross Lake, Manitoba|Cross Lake]]||MB||1915(March 9)||1969 (July 30) || RC<br />
|57<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Elkhorn Indian Residential School (Elkhorn Industrial School / Washakada Indian Residential School)|| [[Elkhorn, Manitoba|Elkhorn]]||MB||1888||1919 (as CP Railway purchased land on which school was built) || AN<br />
|76<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Elkhorn Indian Residential School (Washakada Indian Residential School)|| Elkhorn||MB||1925||1949 || AN<br />
|10<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Fort Alexander Indian Residential School|| [[Pine Falls, Manitoba|Pine Falls]]||MB||1905||1970 (June) || RC<br />
|35<br />
|Radar detected 190 anomalies in 2022<ref>{{cite web |last=Unger |first=Danton |date=June 6, 2022 |title=Search in Sagkeeng First Nation in Manitoba identifies 190 anomalies in the ground |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/winnipeg/article/search-in-sagkeeng-first-nation-in-manitoba-identifies-190-anomalies-in-the-ground/ |publisher=CTV News}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Guy Hill Indian Residential School||[[The Pas, Manitoba|The Pas]] and [[Clearwater Lake, Manitoba|Clearwater Lake]]||MB||1952 (Students were relocated from [[Sturgeon Landing, Saskatchewan]] to a temporary school in [[The Pas, Manitoba|The Pas]] until a newly built school in [[Clearwater Lake, Manitoba|Clearwater Lake]] in 1958)||1979 (June 30)||RC<br />
|2<br />
|Radar detected 71 potential graves in 2022;<ref>{{Cite news |last=CBC News |date=October 14, 2022 |title=RCMP investigate after search of western Manitoba residential school site discovers possible unmarked graves |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/pine-creek-first-nation-rcmp-investigation-residential-school-1.6616613 |access-date=July 31, 2023 |work=CBC}}</ref> excavation of 14 found no evidence of human remains<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief says excavation of Manitoba church basement found no evidence of human remains - Winnipeg {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9906433/chief-excavation-manitoba-church-basement/ |access-date=September 1, 2023 |website=CJOB |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Lake St. Martin Indian Residential School||[[Fisher River, Manitoba|Fisher River]]||MB||1874 (new school built in 1948)||1963 || AN<br />
|<br />
|Cadaver dogs detected multiple potential graves in 2024<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Arturo |date=2024-08-30 |title=Opaskwayak Cree Nation says it's found evidence of unmarked burials at former residential school site |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/ocn-cadaver-dogs-1.7310185 |access-date=2025-09-29 |work=CBC}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|MacKay Indian Residential School|| The Pas||MB||1915||1933 || AN<br />
|10<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|MacKay Indian Residential School|| [[Dauphin, Manitoba|Dauphin]]||MB||1955||1989 || AN<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Norway House Residential School|Norway House Methodist Indian Residential School]]|| [[Norway House, Manitoba|Norway House]]||MB||1900||1967 (June 30) || MD<br />
|23<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Pine Creek Indian Residential School (Camperville Indian Residential School)|| [[Camperville, Manitoba|Camperville]]||MB||1890||1969 (August 31) || RC<br />
|50<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Portage la Prairie Indian Residential School|Portage la Prairie Methodist Indian Residential School]]|| [[Portage la Prairie, Manitoba|Portage la Prairie]]||MB||1891||1975 (June 30) || MD<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Portage la Prairie Presbyterian Indian Residential|| Portage la Prairie||MB||1895||1950 || PB<br />
|5<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Sandy Bay Indian Residential School|| [[Sandy Bay Ojibway First Nation, Manitoba|Sandy Bay Reserve]]||MB||1905||1970 (June 30) || RC<br />
|22<br />
|Radar detected 13 potential graves in 2022<ref name="Cram-2022">{{cite web |last=Cram |first=Stephanie |date=May 29, 2022 |title=Ground searches underway or planned at most of Manitoba's former residential school sites |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/residential-school-site-ground-searches-1.6468557 |publisher=CBC News}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[St. Boniface Industrial School]]|| [[St. Boniface, Manitoba|St. Boniface]]||MB||1891||1909 || RC<br />
|87<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saint-Boniface – École industrielle {{!}} Société historique de Saint-Boniface |url=https://shsb.mb.ca/saint-boniface-ecole-industrielle/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |language=fr-FR}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|St. Paul's Industrial School (St. Rupert's Land Industrial School)|| [[Selkirk, Manitoba|Selkirk]]||MB||1886||1906 || AN<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Waterhen Indian Residential School|| [[Waterhen, Manitoba|Waterhen]]||MB||1890||1900 || RC<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Lockwood School*|| [[Cartwright, Newfoundland and Labrador|Cartwright]]||NL||||1964 || OO<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Makkovik Boarding School*|| [[Makkovik]]||NL||||1960 || OO<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Nain Boarding School*|| [[Nain, Newfoundland and Labrador|Nain]]||NL||||1973 || OO<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|St. Anthony's Orphanage*|| [[St. Anthony, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. Anthony]]||NL||||1979 || OO<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Yale School*|| [[North West River]]||NL||||1980 || OO<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Aklavik Anglican Indian Residential School (All Saints Indian Residential School)||[[Shingle Point, Yukon|Shingle Point]]||NWT||1927 (moved to [[Aklavik, Northwest Territories|Aklavik]] in 1934 due to overcrowding||1959||AN<br />
|59<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||Aklavik Catholic Indian Residential School (later Inuvik Indian Residential School)|| [[Aklavik, Northwest Territories|Aklavik]]||NWT||1925 (relocated to [[Inuvik]] in 1959; Stringer Hall was Anglican Residence and Grollier Hall the RC residence)||1996 (June 1975 (Stringer Hall); June 30 1996 (Grollier Hall))|| RC<br />
|20<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||Fort McPherson Indian Residential School; (Including residence, Fleming Hall); || [[Fort McPherson, Northwest Territories|Fort McPherson]]||NWT||1898||1970||OO (non-denominational)<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||Fort Providence Indian Residential School (Providence Mission Indian Residential School)||[[Fort Providence, Northwest Territories|Fort Providence]]||NWT||1867||1953||RC<br />
|88<br />
|Radar detected 150<ref name="Zingel-2021">{{Cite news |last=Zingel |first=Avery |date=June 5, 2021 |title=N.W.T. MP, a residential school survivor, reflects on the graves of children in his home town |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/fort-providence-graves-1.6049005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815014434/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/fort-providence-graves-1.6049005 |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |access-date=September 16, 2021 |work=CBC News}}</ref> to 298<ref name="Brackenbury-2021">{{Cite news |last=Brackenbury |first=Meaghan |date=July 23, 2021 |title=Fort Providence plans search for unmarked graves |url=https://cabinradio.ca/68392/news/dehcho/fort-providence-plans-search-for-unmarked-graves/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831223723/https://cabinradio.ca/68392/news/dehcho/fort-providence-plans-search-for-unmarked-graves/ |archive-date=August 31, 2021 |access-date=September 16, 2021 |work=[[Cabin Radio]]}}</ref> potential graves in 2021 <br />
|-<br />
||Fort Resolution Indian Residential School||[[Fort Resolution, Northwest Territories|Fort Resolution]]||NWT||1867||1957|| RC<br />
|67<br />
|Intentionally exhumed 7 graves in 2025<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bowling |first=Eric |date=August 7, 2025 |title=Deninu K'ue First Nation finds remains of five children near Fort Resolution |url=https://www.yukon-news.com/home2/deninu-kue-first-nation-finds-remains-of-five-children-near-fort-resolution-8123942 |access-date=2025-09-30 |work=Yukon News}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
||Fort Simpson Indian Residential School (Fort Simpson Boarding School, including residences Bompas Hall, Lapointe Hall, St. Margaret's Hall) ||[[Fort Simpson, Northwest Territories|Fort Simpson]]||NWT||1920||1970||RC<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Fort Smith Indian Residential School (Breynat Hall)|| [[Fort Smith, Northwest Territories|Fort Smith]]||NWT|| 1957|| 1970 || RC<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||Hay River Indian Residential School (St. Peter's Mission Indian Residential School)||[[Hay River, Northwest Territories|Hay River]]||NWT||1898 ||1949||AN<br />
|42<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||Akaitcho Hall (dormitory for Sir John Franklin High School)||[[Yellowknife, Northwest Territories|Yellowknife]]||NWT||1958||1994 ||Federal/GNWT<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||[[Shubenacadie Indian Residential School]]||[[Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia|Shubenacadie]]||NS||1922||1968||RC<br />
|23<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||Chesterfield Inlet Indian Residential School (including residence: Turquetil)||[[Chesterfield Inlet, Nunavut|Chesterfield Inlet]]||NU||1929||1970||RC<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||Frobisher Bay Indian Residential School||[[Iqaluit|Frobisher Bay]]||NU||1965||1992 The building now houses the Nunatta Residence of the Nunavut Arctic College.(students were transferred to a new hostel, which operated until 1996.) ||RC<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Kivalliq Hall <br />
|[[Rankin Inlet]]<br />
|NU<br />
|1985<br />
|1997<br />
|OO<br />
|0<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||Albany Mission Indian Residential School (Fort Albany Residential School)||[[Fort Albany, Ontario|Fort Albany]]||ON||1912||1963||RC<br />
|32<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||Alexandra Industrial School for Girls||[[Toronto]]||ON||1897||1910<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Metro |first1=Beach |url=https://www.beachmetro.com/2011/10/19/east-school-wayward-girls-flourished/|title=East End school for wayward girls flourished|work=Beach Metro Community News |date=19 October 2011}}</ref>||OO<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||Alnwick Industrial School (in partnership with [[Mount Elgin Indian Residential School]])||[[Alderville, Ontario|Alderville]]||ON||1838||1966||MD<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||[[Bishop Horden Memorial School]] (Moose Factory Indian Residential School; Moose Fort Indian Residential School)||[[Moose Factory, Ontario|Moose Factory]]||ON||1907||1963||AN<br />
|57<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||[[Cecilia Jeffrey Indian Residential School]] (Shoal Lake)||[[Kenora]]||ON||1900||1966||PB<br />
|50<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||Chapleau Indian Residential School ([[St. John's Indian Residential School|Saint John's Indian Residential School]])||[[Chapleau, Ontario|Chapleau]]||ON||1907||1950||AN<br />
|56<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||Fort Frances Indian Residential School (St. Margaret's Indian Residential School)||[[Fort Frances, Ontario|Fort Frances]]||ON||1902||1974||RC<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||[[McIntosh, Kenora District, Ontario#McIntosh Indian Residential School|McIntosh Indian Residential School]] (Kenora Indian Residential School)||Kenora||ON||1925||1969||RC<br />
|45<br />
|Radar detected 114 potential graves in 2025<ref>{{Cite news |last=Allan |first=Michelle |date=2025-01-16 |title=Search detects 114 'unmarked burial features' on former McIntosh Indian Residential School property |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/mcintosh-indian-residential-school-search-unmarked-burial-features-detected-1.7433302 |access-date=2025-01-16 |work=CBC News}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
||[[Mohawk Institute Residential School]] (Mohawk Manual Labour School; Mush Hole Indian Residential School)||[[Brantford, Ontario|Brantford]]||ON||1828||1970||AN<br />
|47<br />
|Accidentally exhumed 1 grave in 2020;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitchell |first1=Don |date=October 15, 2021 |title=Task force investigating residential school in Brantford, Ont. reveal first case |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8269684/residential-school-investigation-brantford-first-case/ |publisher=Global News}}</ref> radar search in progress<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maracle |first=Candace |date=2025-08-13 |title=Search for unmarked graves continues at Mohawk Institute residential school site |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/search-for-unmarked-graves-continues-at-mohawk-institute-residential-school-site-1.7607235 |access-date=2025-06-29 |work=CBC}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
||[[Mount Elgin Indian Residential School]] (in partnership with Alnwick)||[[Muncey, Ontario|Muncey Town]]||ON||1848||1948||MD<br />
|16<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||[[Shingwauk Indian Residential School]]||[[Garden River (Ontario)|Garden River]]|||ON||1873||1873 (burned down six days after opening)||AN<br />
|0<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||[[Shingwauk Indian Residential School]]||[[Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario|Sault Ste. Marie]]||ON||1873 (merged with Wawanosh to form a larger school in 1900)||1971 (currently houses [[Algoma University]])|| AN<br />
|87<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||Wawanosh School for Girls||[[Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario|Sault Ste Marie]]||ON||1877||1900 (merged with Shingwauk)||AN<br />
|0<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||[[Pelican Lake Indian Residential School|Sioux Lookout Indian Residential School (Pelican Lake Day School)]]||[[Sioux Lookout, Ontario|Sioux Lookout]]||ON||1911||1973||AN<br />
|11<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.nrsss.ca/Resource_Centre/PelicanLakeIRS/PelicanLakeIRS_RG10_Volume6216_File470-23_Part1_DEATHS_1935-1949_wm.pdf | title=Indian Affairs - School files | website=www.nrsss.ca}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||[[Spanish Indian Residential Schools]]; St. Joseph Residential School 1916–1962 (girls school) still standing; St Charles Garnier College 1913–1958 (boys school)now demolished||[[Spanish, Ontario|Spanish]]||ON||1883||1965||RC<br />
|114<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||[[St. Anne’s Indian Residential School]]||[[Fort Albany, Ontario|Fort Albany]]||ON||1936||1964||RC<br />
|32<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||St. Joseph's Orphanage and Boarding School (for Indigenous and White Children)||[[Fort William, Ontario|Fort William]]||ON||1870||1968 ||RC<br />
|10<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||St. Mary's Indian Residential School||Kenora||ON||1894||1962||RC<br />
|46<br />
|Radar detected 171 and cadaver dogs detected 22 potential graves in 2023<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brockman |first=Alex |date=2023-10-30 |title=Cadaver dogs searching for unmarked graves at former Kenora residential school site uncover 22 'alerts' |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/wauzhushk-onigum-first-nation-ground-search-alerts-1.7012715 |access-date=2025-09-29 |work=CBC}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
||Wikwemikong Indian Residential School (Wikwemikong Day School)||[[Manitowaning, Ontario|Manitowaning]]||ON||1840 (day school); 1879 (residential school)||1963||RC<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||Armstrong Indian Residential School (Armstrong Residential School; Armstrong Home and School)||[[Armstrong, Ontario|Armstrong]]||ON||1880||1891||RC<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Amos Indian Residential School (St. Marc's Indian Residential School)||[[Saint-Marc-de-Figuery, Quebec|St. Marc-de-Figuery]] ([[Amos, Quebec|Amos]])||QC||1948||1965||RC<br />
|0<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Federal Hostel at George River||[[Kangirsualujjuaq]]||QC||1960||1960||OO (Non-Denominational)<br />
|0<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Federal Hostel at Great Whale River||[[Kuujjuarapik, Quebec|Kuujjuarapik]] (Poste-de-la-Baleine)||QC||1960||1970||OO (Non-Denominational)<br />
|0<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Federal Hostel at Payne Bay||[[Kangirsuk, Quebec|Kangirsuk]] (Bellin)||QC||1960||1960||OO (Non-Denominational)<br />
|0<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Federal Hostel at Port Harrison||[[Inukjuak, Quebec|Inukjuak]]||QC||1960||1971||OO (Non-Denominational)<br />
|0<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Fort George Hostels||[[Fort George, Quebec|Chisasibi (Cree village municipality)]]||QC||1975||1978||OO (Non-Denominational)<br />
|0<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[St. Philip's Indian Residential School]]||[[Chisasibi (Cree village municipality)]]||QC||1932 (burned in 1943, rebuilt in 1944)||1975||AN<br />
|28<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Fort George (St. Joseph's Mission, Residence Couture, Sainte-Thérèse-de-l'Énfant-Jésus)||[[Fort George, Quebec|Chisasibi (Cree village municipality)]]||QC||1936||1952||RC<br />
|21<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|La Tuque Indian Residential School||[[La Tuque, Quebec|La Tuque]]||QC||1963||1978||AN<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Pointe Bleue Indian Residential School||[[Mashteuiatsh, Quebec|Mashteuiatsh]]||QC||1956||1965||RC<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Sept-Iles Indian Residential School (Seven Islands, Notre Dame, [[Maliotenam]])||[[Sept-Îles, Quebec|Sept-Îles]]||QC||1952||1967||RC<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Battleford Industrial School]]||[[Battleford, Saskatchewan|Battleford]]||SK||1883||1914||AN<br />
|64<br />
|Intentionally exhumed 72 graves in 1974<ref name="SICC-1975">{{cite web |date=September 30, 1975 |title=Burial Ground Re-Consecrated |url=http://www.sicc.sk.ca/archive/saskindian/a75sep3006.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408082324/http://www.sicc.sk.ca/archive/saskindian/a75sep3006.htm |archive-date=April 8, 2017 |access-date=March 10, 2022 |website=sicc.sk.ca |publisher=Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Beauval Residential School|Beauval Indian Residential School]]||[[Beauval, Saskatchewan|Beauval]]||SK||1895||1983 (became Meadow Lake Tribal Council's Beauval Indian Education Centre which closed in 1995)||RC<br />
|60<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cowessess First Nation|Cowesses]] Indian Residential School ([[Marieval Indian Residential School]])||[[Marieval, Saskatchewan|Marieval]]||SK||1899||1981 (First Nation Operated 1981-1997)||RC<br />
|18<br />
|Radar detected 751 potential graves in 2021<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Cowessess First Nation Welcomes Agreement Between Canada and the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation to Transition Residential School Records |date=January 20, 2022 |publisher=Cowessess First Nation |url=https://www.cowessessfn.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/January-20-2022-Cowessess-Response-to-Sharing-of-Records.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Crowstand Indian Residential School||[[Kamsack, Saskatchewan|Kamsack]]||SK||1888||1916||PB<br />
|34<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|St. Michael's Indian Residential School (Duck Lake Indian Residential School)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nctr.ca/residential-schools/saskatchewan/st-michaels-duck-lake/|title = St. Michael's (Duck Lake)|date = 28 January 2021}}</ref>||[[Duck Lake, Saskatchewan|Duck Lake]]||SK||1894||1982, turned over to the Saskatoon District Tribal Council. Closed in 1996.||RC<br />
|108<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Emmanuel College||[[Prince Albert, Saskatchewan|Prince Albert]]||SK||1879||1923||AN<br />
|18<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|File Hills Indian Residential School (File Hills Colony School)||[[Okanese First Nation|Okanese Reserve]]||SK||1889||1949||PB<br />
|15<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gordon Indian Residential School]]||[[Punnichy, Saskatchewan|Punnichy]]||SK||1889 (new school built in 1911, burned down in 1929)||1996||AN<br />
|43<br />
|Radar detected 14 potential graves in 2022<ref>{{cite web |date=April 20, 2022 |title='Just the beginning:' 14 graves found at former residential school in Saskatchewan |url=https://www.cp24.com/news/just-the-beginning-14-graves-found-at-former-residential-school-in-saskatchewan-1.5869337 |website=cp24.com |publisher=CP24}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Guy Hill Indian Residential School||[[Sturgeon Landing, Saskatchewan|Sturgeon Landing]]||SK||1926||1952 (burned down September 4, 1952; students were relocated to temporary school in [[The Pas, Manitoba|The Pas]] until a newly built school opened in [[Clearwater Lake, Manitoba|Clearwater Lake]] in 1958)||RC<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Île-à-la-Crosse Indian Residential School||[[Île-à-la-Crosse, Saskatchewan|Île-à-la-Crosse]]||SK||1878||1976 (the boarding school section)||RC<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Lac La Ronge (All Saints) Mission Indian Residential School||[[La Ronge, Saskatchewan|La Ronge]]||SK||1914 (new school built in 1920)||1947 (amalgamated with St. Albans to become Prince Albert Indian Residential School after fire)||AN<br />
|11<br />
|Radar detected multiple potential graves in 2021<ref name="Cornet-2021a">{{cite news |last=Cornet |first=Derek |date=December 23, 2021 |title=Ground radar at historic La Ronge cemetery nearly complete |url=https://larongenow.com/2021/12/23/discovery-of-unmarked-graves-a-turning-point-for-llrib-in-2021 |access-date=March 21, 2022 |publisher=larongeNOW |location=Prince Albert, SK}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Muscowequan Indian Residential School]]||[[Lestock, Saskatchewan|Lestock]]||SK||1932||1981||RC<br />
|35<br />
|Accidentally exhumed 19 graves in 1992;<ref name="Schillaci-Ventura-2008">{{cite web |last1=Schillaci-Ventura |first1=Vincent |last2=Bray |first2=Charles |date=April 10, 2008 |title=Cemetery and Grave Site Research - IRS Narratives Review |url=http://archives.algomau.ca/main/sites/default/files/2015-050_001_008.pdf |access-date=March 20, 2022 |publisher=Indian Residential Schools Resolution Canada |page=2}}</ref> Radar detected 15 potential graves in 2018<ref>{{cite news |last=Snowdon |first=Wallis |date=March 9, 2019 |title='There was a heaviness': Alberta anthropologists locate unmarked graves of residential schoolchildren |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/unmarked-graves-residential-school-alberta-saskatchewan-1.5045182 |access-date=March 19, 2022 |publisher=CBC News}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|St. Albans Indian Residential School||[[Prince Albert, Saskatchewan|Prince Albert]]||SK||1894||1951 (amalgamated with All Saints to become Prince Albert Indian Residential School)||AN<br />
|18<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Prince Albert Indian Residential School]]||[[Prince Albert, Saskatchewan|Prince Albert]]||SK||1951 (merger of All Saints and St. Albans)||1964||AN<br />
|0<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Qu'Appelle Indian Residential School]] (Qu'Appelle Industrial School); Lebret Indian Residential School; (Added St. Paul's High School in 1951)||[[Lebret, Saskatchewan|Lebret]]||SK||1884 (burned down in 1904, 1932)||1969 (Re-opened under the operations of the reserve in 1973 as White Calf Collegiate, but that closed in August 1998)||RC<br />
|109<br />
|Accidentally exhumed 1 grave and radar detected 2000 anomalies in 2022<ref>{{Cite news |last=Connors |first=Sara |date=January 12, 2023 |title=Search finds remains of a child at former Qu'Appelle Indian Residential School in Saskatchewan |url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/search-finds-remains-of-a-child-at-former-quappelle-indian-residential-school-in-saskatchewan/ |access-date=February 4, 2023 |work=APTN National News}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|Regina Indian Residential School||[[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]]||SK||1890||1910, demolished in 1948||PB<br />
|24<br />
|Radar detected 38 potential graves in 2012<ref name="Stewart-2017">{{cite book |last1=Stewart |first1=Douglas |url=https://www.riisca.ca/information/ |title=The Regina Indian Industrial School (1891 - 1910) |date=2017 |publisher=Benchmark Press |page=32}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Round Lake Indian Residential School||[[Whitewood, Saskatchewan|Whitewood]]||SK||1886||1950||MD<br />
|5<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|St. Anthony's Indian Residential School (Onion Lake Catholic Indian Residential School) (Joseph Dion was pupil No. 7)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/joseph-francis-dion| title=Joseph Francis Dion | website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}</ref>||[[Onion Lake Cree Nation#Onion Lake, Saskatchewan|Onion Lake]]||SK||1891||1968||RC<br />
|0<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|St. Barnabas Indian Residential School (Onion Lake Indian Residential School)||[[Onion Lake Cree Nation#Onion Lake, Saskatchewan|Onion Lake]]||SK||1893 (burned down in 1943)||1951||AN<br />
|0<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|St. Phillips Indian Residential School (Keeseekoose Day School)||[[Kamsack, Saskatchewan|Kamsack]]||SK||1899||1965||RC<br />
|6<br />
|Radar detected 54 potential graves in 2022<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellis |first=Brendan |date=February 15, 2022 |title=Sask. First Nation discovers 54 unmarked graves at the site of former residential schools |url=https://regina.ctvnews.ca/sask-first-nation-discovers-54-unmarked-graves-at-the-site-of-former-residential-schools-1.5782102 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215180610/https://regina.ctvnews.ca/sask-first-nation-discovers-54-unmarked-graves-at-the-site-of-former-residential-schools-1.5782102 |archive-date=February 15, 2022 |publisher=CTV News}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Thunderchild Indian Residential School (Delmas Indian Residential School)||[[Delmas, Saskatchewan|Delmas]]||SK||1901||1948 (burned down by students)||RC<br />
|23<br />
|Intentionally exhumed 1 body in 2021<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mandes |first=Jeanelle |date=November 26, 2021 |title='Needles in haystacks' search for remains at Delmas residential school |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8401795/delmas-residential-school-search-for-remains/ |access-date=2025-10-06 |work=Global News}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Aklavik Anglican Indian Residential School (All Saints Indian Residential School)||[[Shingle Point, Yukon|Shingle Point]]||NWT||1927||1934 (moved to [[Aklavik, Northwest Territories|Aklavik]] due to overcrowding)||AN<br />
|59<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Baptist Indian Residential School (Yukon Indian Residential School)||[[Whitehorse, Yukon|Whitehorse]]||YT||1900||1968||BP<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Carcross Indian Residential School (Forty Mile Boarding School)||[[Forty Mile, Yukon|Fortymile]]||YT||1891||1910 (moved to [[Carcross, Yukon|Carcross]])|| AN<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Carcross Indian Residential School (Chooutla Indian Residential School; Caribou Crossing Indian Residential School)||[[Carcross, Yukon|Carcross]]||YT||1910||1969||AN<br />
|24<br />
|Radar detected 15 potential graves in 2023<ref>{{cite web |last1=Connors |first1=Sara |date=September 27, 2023 |title=Search of former Yukon residential school locates 15 potential unmarked graves:Fifteen anomalies were found at the former Chooutla Indian residential school in Carcross, Yukon |url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/search-of-former-yukon-residential-school-locates-15-potential-unmarked-graves/}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|St. Paul's Indian Residential School (St. Paul's Hall)||[[Dawson City, Yukon|Dawson]]||YT||1920||1943||AN<br />
|6<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Yukon Hall (residences for local day school students)||Whitehorse||YT||1956||1965||AN<br />
|0<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Tranquille School for Mentally Handicapped Indians (Stsmemelt Village)||[[Kamloops, British Columbia|Kamloops]]||BC||1972||1978||OO (Non-Denominational)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Canada}}<br />
*[[Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples]]<br />
*[[Residential school denialism]]<br />
*[[Native schools|New Zealand Native schools]]<br />
*[[Where the Spirit Lives]] - 1989 film about residential schools<br />
<br />
==Notes on terminology==<br />
{{reflist|group=nb}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.residentialschoolsettlement.ca/ Official Residential School Settlement website]<br />
*[http://residentialschoolsettlement.ca/schools.html List of residential schools]<br />
*[http://www.afn.ca/policy-sectors/indian-residential-schools/ Indian Residential Schools] - [[Assembly of First Nations]]<br />
*[http://www.wherearethechildren.ca/en/ Where are the children; Healing the Legacy of Residential Schools]<br />
*[https://nctr.ca/map.php National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation at the University of Manitoba]<br />
*[https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/orange-shirt-day-nl-residential-schools-legacy]<br />
<br />
{{Residential schools in Canada}}<br />
{{Discrimination against Indigenous peoples in Canada}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Residential schools in Canada|*]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of schools in Canada|Indian residential]]<br />
[[Category:Indigenous peoples in Canada-related lists|Residential schools]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of boarding schools|Canada]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birbal_Negi&diff=491841Birbal Negi2026-03-15T20:42:30Z<p>Sanjay: Added new post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|18th-century Kumaoni commander}}<br />
{{Infobox military person<br />
| image =<br />
| name = Birbal Negi<br />
| allegiance = [[Kumaon Kingdom]]<br><br />
[[File:Flag of Herat until 1842.svg|30px]] [[Durrani Empire]]<br />
| rank = [[Commander]]<br />
| unit = Kumaoni contingent<br />
| battles = [[Third Battle of Panipat]] (1761)<br />
}}<br />
'''Birbal Negi(puraniya negi)''' was a Rajput commander in the [[Kumaon Kingdom]].<ref name="birbal">{{cite book |last1=Atkinson |first1=Edwin Thomas |title=The Himalayan Gazetteer |date=1998 |publisher=Bhavana Books & Prints |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Himalayan_Gazetteer/Iro5F1X3vA4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=birbal+negi+kumaon&dq=birbal+negi+kumaon&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref><ref name="commander">{{cite book |last1=Hāṇḍā |first1=Omacanda |title=History of Uttaranchal |date=2002 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-134-4 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/History_of_Uttaranchal/7_Ct9gzvkDQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=birbal+negi+kumaon&pg=PA96&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref><ref name="kumaoni"/> Birbal Negi also fought in the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] in 1761 on the side of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] against [[Maratha Empire]] with his 4000 [[Kumaoni people|Kumaoni]] [[Rajput]] men.<ref name="kumaoni">{{cite book |last1=Oudh (India) |first1=United Provinces of Agra and |title=District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh: Naini Tal |date=1922 |publisher=Supdt., Government Press, United Provinces |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/District_Gazetteers_of_the_United_Provin/ii9uAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=birbal+negi&dq=birbal+negi&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref><ref name="4000 men">{{cite book |last1=Vaishṇava |first1=Yamunādatta |title=Himalayan Districts of Uttar Pradesh: Land and People |date=1983 |publisher=Sri Almora Book Depot |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Himalayan_Districts_of_Uttar_Pradesh/54e1AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=birbal+negi+kumaon&dq=birbal+negi+kumaon&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref> He is known for his role in battles during that time and is remembered in the history of Kumaon.<br />
<br />
==Interference with Kumaoni commanders==<br />
After the Third Battle of Panipat, the Delhi [[Emperor]] wished to meet the brave Kumaoni commanders. However, Rahmat Khan, out of jealousy, blocked the meeting. Instead, he presented gifts to Hari Ram Joshi on behalf of the Emperor and sent him back to Kumaon. Rahmat Khan falsely claimed that the Kumaoni commanders and soldiers had returned to the hills, unable to endure the heat of the plains.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Atkinson |first1=Edwin Thomas |title=Notes on the History of the Himálaya of the N.W.P., India |date=1883 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Notes_on_the_History_of_the_Him%C3%A1laya_of/BPoRwk9U4vcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Kumaoni+leader+and+sent+for+him&dq=Kumaoni+leader+and+sent+for+him&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Atkinson |first1=Edwin Thomas |title=The Himalayan Gazetteer |date=1998 |publisher=Bhavana Books & Prints |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Himalayan_Gazetteer/Iro5F1X3vA4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=birbal+negi&dq=birbal+negi&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Negi, Birbal}}<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]<br />
[[Category:Kumaoni people]]<br />
[[Category:People from the Durrani Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Indian warriors]]<br />
[[Category:History of Kumaon]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus&diff=447527Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus2026-03-15T05:40:00Z<p>Sanjay: page updated</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Historic terminal train station in Mumbai, India}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox building<br />
| native_name = Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus<br />Victoria Terminus<br />
| address = [[Fort, Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], 400001<br />
| image = Chhatrapati shivaji terminus, esterno 01.jpg<br />
| image_size = 300px<br />
| caption = [[Façade]] of the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|18.9398|72.8354|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline|format=dms}}<br />
| location_town = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]]<br />
| location_country = {{flag|India}}<br />
| embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site<br />
| child = yes<br />
| ID = 945<br />
| Year = 2004<br />
| Criteria = Cultural: ii, iv<br />
}}<br />
| architect = [[Frederick William Stevens]], [[Axel Haig]]<br />
| client = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]<br />
| engineer = Wilson Bell<br />
| construction_start_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|1878|5}}<ref name="WHS" /><ref>[[:File:India Mumbai Victor Grigas 2011-15.jpg]]</ref><!-- Please do not edit war. If you want to change the date, please provide a better source than the one provided --><br />
| completion_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|1888|5}}<ref name="WHS" /><!-- Please do not edit war. If you want to change the date, please provide a better source than the one provided --><br />
| demolished_date = <br />
| cost = {{INRConvert|1614000}} (at the time)<br />now {{INRConvert|2013|m}}<br />
| structural_system = <br />
| architectural_style = [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Saracenic]]<br />[[Gothic Revival architecture|Victorian Gothic Revival]]<br />
| former_names = <br />
| website = https://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|16px]]<br />
| image = Victoria Terminus on Republic Day eve.jpg<br />
| system = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Indian Railways]]<br />
* [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]<br />
}}<br />
| architectural_style = Indian Railways<br />
| address = Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Area, [[Fort, Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] 400001<br />
| country = India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|18.93985|N|72.83544|E|display=inline,title|format=dms}}<br />
| line = Mainline:{{plainlist|<br />
* {{rcb|Indian Railways|Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai|small}}<br />
* {{rcb|Indian Railways|Mumbai–Chennai|small}}<br />
* Mumbai–Madgaon line<br />[[Howrah-Prayagraj-Mumbai line]]<br/>Mumbai-Ahmednagar railway line via [[Kalyan]] was also in planning stage with survey of this project carried out on 1970, 2000, 2014 etc.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/editorial/article/development-route-of-kalyan-ahmednagar-railway/articleshow/59907427.cms |title=कल्याण-नगर रेल्वे हा विकासाचा मार्ग |trans-title=Kalyan-Nagar Railway is the path of development |work=[[Maharashtra Times]] |date=4 August 2017 |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref><br />
Suburban:{{plainlist|<br />
* {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Central|route}} {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Harbour|route}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
| structure = At-grade<br />
| platform = 18 (11 mainline, 7 suburban)<br />
| tracks = 40 (Multiple)<br />
| connections = {{plainlist|<br />
* {{rint|bus}} [[BEST bus|BEST]], [[MSRTC]]<br />
* {{ric|Mumbai Metro|Line 3}} {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|3|croute}} at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus metro station|CSMT Metro]]<br />
}}<br />
| parking = Yes<br />
| website = https://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/<br />
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|1853|5}}<ref name="WHS" /><br />
| rebuilt = {{start date and age|df=yes|1888|5}}<ref name="WHS" /><br />
| status = Active<br />
| electrified = {{start date and age|1925|02|03|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Analysis/Elect_Tr_history.htm|title=Brief history of electric traction in India|website=eLocoS|access-date=13 December 2024|archive-date=9 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609072045/http://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Analysis/Elect_Tr_history.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| code = {{Indian railway code<br />
|code = CSMT ST ''(current)''<br />{{hlist|BB|VT|CST|CSTM}} ''(former)''<ref>{{cite web |title=Station Code Index |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/Station_code.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |access-date=29 April 2019 |page=46 |year=2015}}</ref><br />
|zone = [[Central Railway zone]]<br />
|division ={{rwd|Mumbai CR}}<br />
}}<br />
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| operator = <br />
| former = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Bori Bunder railway station|Bori Bunder]]<br />
* [[Victoria Terminus]]<br />
}}<br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| mpassengers = <br />
| map_state = <br />
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Suburban Railway<br />
|line1=Central|left1=|right1=Masjid<br />
|line2=Harbour|left2=|right2=Masjid}}<br />
| mapframe = Yes<br />
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map<br />
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus''' ('''CST'''), officially '''Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus''' ('''CSMT'''),{{Efn|Station code: CSMT ([[Indian Railways|mainline]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2019-20/Station_Code_Index.pdf |title=Station Code Index |website=Portal of Indian Railways |access-date=29 June 2023 |page=46 |year=2019}}</ref> or ST ([[Mumbai Suburban Railway|suburban]])}} and also known as '''Victoria Terminus''' ('''VT''')<!-- Per sources. -->,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/maharashtra/mumbai/chhatrapati-shivaji-terminus |access-date=2 November 2025 |website=Incredible India |publisher=Government of India |language=en |quote=Victoria Terminus is an architectural landmark built upon Victorian Gothic principles.}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Mumbai (Timings, History, Entry Fee, Images, Built by & Information) |url=https://mumbaitourism.org.in/chhatrapati-shivaji-terminus-mumbai |access-date=2 November 2025 |website=Mumbai Tourism |quote=In yet another move in December 2016, the ministry passed a resolution to rename the terminus once again to Chhatrapati Shivaji ‘Maharaj’ Terminus and the formal letter of name change was released in May 2017. However, locals still popularly use both the former names, i.e., VT and CST.}}</ref> is a historic [[Train station#Terminus|railway terminus]] and [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in [[Mumbai]] (Bombay), [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945/ |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The terminus was designed by a British architectural engineer [[Frederick William Stevens]] from an initial design by [[Axel Haig]], in an exuberant [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo Gothic]] style. Its construction began in 1878, in a location south of the old [[Bori Bunder railway station]],<ref name="mu2006">{{cite book |last=Aruṇa Ṭikekara |first=Aroon Tikekar |title=The cloister's pale: a biography of the University of Mumbai |year=2006 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=81-7991-293-0 |page=357 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dz9wl5vvKCAC}}Page 64</ref> and was completed in 1887, the year of [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria|Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee]].<br />
<br />
[[File:Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus 2022 Dec.webm|thumb|Inside Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, 2022]]<br />
In March 1996, the station's official name was changed from Victoria Terminus to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus after [[Shivaji]], the 17th-century warrior king and the first [[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]], who founded the polity in the western [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking regions of the [[Deccan Plateau]].<ref name="Eaton2019">{{cite book|last=Eaton|first=Richard M.|title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP198|date=25 July 2019|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-196655-7|pages=198–}} Quote: "Quote: "Amidst this fragmented political environment a new polity emerged in the Marathi-speaking western plateau. Its founder, the charismatic and politically gifted Maratha chieftain Shivaji Bhonsle (1630-80), repeatedly used courage and savvy to outmanoeuvre his adversaries."</ref><ref name="Kedourie2013">{{cite book|last=Kedourie|first=Elie|title=Nationalism in Asia and Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6wsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA71|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-27613-2|pages=71–}} Quote: "Tilak also inaugurated another cult by resuscitating the memory of Shivaji, the chieftain who had originally established Mahratta fortunes in contest with the Mughals."</ref><ref name="Subramaniam2016">{{cite book|last=Subramaniam|first=Arjun|title=India's Wars: A Military History, 1947-1971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oSlMDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT30|year=2016|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=978-93-5177-750-2|pages=30–}} Quote: "Quote: First was the purely home-bred guerrilla force under Shivaji. The courageous and wily Maratha chieftain along with his successors and, subsequently, the Peshwas, defied the Mughals and other Muslim invaders for almost a century from the latter half of the seventeenth century and expanded the Maratha Empire, till it covered much of the Indian heartland.</ref> In 2017, the station was again renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (with code CSMT), in which the title [[Maharaj]] means "great king" or emperor.<ref name="McGregor1993-maharaj">{{cite book|last=McGregor|first=Ronald Stuart|title=The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzMwAAAACAAJ&pg=PA800|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563846-2|page=800|chapter=महाराज maharaj (n)}}</ref> The initials VT and CST are commonly used for the station.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The terminus is the headquarters of India's [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]. It is one of the busiest railway stations in India,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-indias-impressive-railway-stations/20111013.htm |title=India's impressive railway stations |work=Rediff.com |date=13 October 2011 |access-date=4 January 2013}}</ref> serving as a terminal for both long-distance and [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|suburban]] trains with a total number of 18 platforms.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
=== Victoria Terminus ===<br />
This famous landmark which has become a symbol of the city, was built as the headquarters of the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway|Great Indian Peninsular Railway]].<br />
<br />
The railway station was built to replace the [[Bori Bunder railway station]], in the [[Bori Bunder]] area of Bombay, a prominent port and warehouse area known for its imports and exports. Since Bombay became a major port city at the time, a bigger station was built to meet its demands, and was named Victoria Terminus, after the then reigning [[Empress of India]], [[Queen Victoria]]. The station was designed by [[Frederick William Stevens]], a British engineer architect, attached to the Bombay office of the Indian colonial Public Works Department. Work began in 1878. He received {{INRConvert|1614000}} as the payment for his services.<ref name="WHS">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/chhatrapatishivaji.html |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Station |work=World Heritage Site |publisher=worldheritagesite.org |access-date=3 December 2008 |archive-date=13 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313211012/http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/chhatrapatishivaji.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Stevens earned the commission to construct the station after a masterpiece watercolour sketch by draughtsman [[Axel Haig]].<ref name="WHS" /> The design has been compared to [[George Gilbert Scott]]'s 1873 [[St Pancras railway station]] in London, also in an exuberant Italian Gothic style, but it is far closer to<ref name="WHS" /><ref name="UNESCOABE" /> Scott's second prize winning entry for Berlin's parliament building, exhibited in London in 1875, which featured numerous towers and turrets, and a large central ribbed dome.<ref name="ReferenceA">Bombay Gothic by Christopher W London 2002 India Book House PVT Ltd {{ISBN|81-7508-329-8}}</ref> The style of the station is also similar to other public buildings of the 1870s in Mumbai, such as [[Elphinstone College]] but especially the buildings of [[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]], also designed by G Scott.<br />
<br />
The station took ten years to complete,<ref name="UNESCOABE">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945/|title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus)|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> the longest for any building of that era in Mumbai.<br />
<br />
=== Missing statue ===<br />
{{Gallery<br />
| width = 250<br />
| height = 200<br />
| align = center<br />
| File:VictoriaTerminus1910.jpg<br />
| A photo of Victoria Terminus from 1910. Note the seated statue in the canopy under the clock<br />
}}<br />
During its construction, a marble statue of [[Queen Victoria]] was installed in the main façade of the building, in a canopy under the clock. In the 1950s, authorities had begun to remove statues of the [[British Raj|British]] figures from government buildings and public spaces based on a directive from the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CST's Victoria missing without a trace |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/csts-victoria-missing-without-a-trace/ |work=The Indian Express |date=21 December 2015 }}</ref> Most of the statues, including that of Queen Victoria, were sent to [[Jijamata Udyan|Victoria Gardens]] (later renamed ''Rani Baug'') where they were left lying on the grass in the open until at least the 1980s. A [[Right to Information Act, 2005|Right to Information]] report was filed, but had no records of the missing statue being exported out of India. Historians now believe that the statue was smuggled out, sold by politicians, or destroyed.<ref name="BombayGothic">{{cite book |last=W |first=Christopher |title=Bombay Gothic |publisher=India Book House PVT Ltd. |year=2002 |isbn=81-7508-329-8 |location=London}}</ref> The symbol of ''Progress'', another statue, featured on the top of the dome, is often mistaken for that of Queen Victoria.<br />
<br />
=== Renaming ===<br />
{{Gallery<br />
| width = 250<br />
| height = 200<br />
| align = center<br />
| File:VictoriaTerminusNameBoard.png<br />
| Victoria Terminus, [[Renaming of cities in India|before being renamed]] to ''Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus'' in 1995<br />
}}<br />
The station has been renamed several times. It was built to replace [[Bori Bunder railway station|Bori Bunder]], the terminus of the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] from 1853 to 1888 and was named Victoria Terminus to commemorate the [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria]]. In 1996, the station was renamed to ''Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus''<ref name="SureshKalmadiWorkProfile">{{cite web |title=Suresh Kalmadi – Work Profile |url=http://www.sureshkalmadi.org/work-profile/minister-rail/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228215443/http://www.sureshkalmadi.org/work-profile/minister-rail/ |archive-date=28 February 2009 |access-date=21 March 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Suresh Kalmadi – In Conversation |url=http://www.sureshkalmadi.org/in-conversation/ |access-date=21 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802145339/http://www.sureshkalmadi.org/in-conversation/ |archive-date=2 August 2009}}</ref> in honour of [[Shivaji]], the founder and first [[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]].<br />
<br />
In December 2016, the [[First Fadnavis ministry|Fadnavis Ministry]] passed a resolution to change the name to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus in the Maharashtra Assembly and in May 2017, the home ministry officially sent a letter to the state government denoting the name change, following which the station was yet again renamed as the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus. However, both the former names "VT" as well as "CST" along with the current name "CSMT" are popularly used.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Korde |first1=Kallah |title=Mumbai travellers, CST is now Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-travellers-cst-is-now-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-terminus/story-ZZbzAnvvu1leBPZCRQwmtM.html |access-date=7 August 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-railway-station-renamed-to-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-terminus/articleshow/59390999.cms |title=Mumbai Railway station renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus |date=30 June 2017 |work=The Times of India |access-date=1 February 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== 2008 Mumbai attacks ===<br />
{{Main|2008 Mumbai attacks}}<br />
<br />
On 26 November 2008, two Pakistani terrorists entered the passenger hall of CSMT, opened fire and threw grenades at people. The terrorists were armed with [[AK-47]] rifles. One of the terrorists, [[Ajmal Kasab]], was later caught alive by the police and identified by eyewitnesses. The others did not survive. The attacks began around 21:30 when the two men entered the passenger hall and opened fire,<ref name="CCTV">{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/3-witnesses-identify-Kasab-court-takes-on-record-CCTV-footage/articleshow/4665196.cms |work=The Economic Times |location=India |title=3 witnesses identify Kasab, court takes on record CCTV footage |date=17 June 2009 |access-date=17 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618223439/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/3-witnesses-identify-Kabab-court-takes-on-record-CCTV-footage/articleshow/4665196.cms |archive-date=18 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="recalls" /> The attackers killed 58 people and injured 104 others,<ref name="recalls">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=22785 |title=Photographer recalls Mumbai attacks |work=[[The News International]] |date=16 June 2009 |access-date=17 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617081640/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=22785 |archive-date=17 June 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> their assault ending at about 22:45 after they exited the station via the North FOB towards the west to [[Cama Hospital|Cama hospital]] back entrance. The CCTV evidence was used to identify and indict Kasab.<ref name="CCTV" /> In 2010, Kasab was sentenced to death for his role in the attack, and in 2012 he was hanged.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ajmal Kasab hanged at Yerwada Jail in Pune at 7:30&nbsp;am |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 November 2012 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ajmal-Kasab-hanged-at-Yerwada-Jail-in-Pune-at-730am/articleshow/17303820.cms? |date=21 November 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Gallery<br />
| width = 200<br />
| height = 200<br />
| align = center<br />
| IAshishTripathi_Mumbai_26Nov2008_CST-Memorial.jpg<br />
| Memorial of [[2008 Mumbai Attacks]] victims killed at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Structure ==<br />
[[File:Victoriaterminus1903 (cropped).JPG|thumb|A 1903 photo of the Victoria Terminus, Bombay which was completed in 1888.]]<br />
The main station building was designed in the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Victorian Gothic Revival]] style of architecture by British architect [[Frederick William Stevens|F. W. Stevens]], with influences from [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] and [[Indo-Islamic architecture|classical Indian architecture]]. The overall complex consists of a centrally domed office structure and a 330-foot-long platform connected to a 1,200-foot-long train shed.<br />
<br />
The main office building has a C-shaped plan which is symmetrical on an east–west axis, but it has been designed in such a way that all sides are proportionally ornamented. It is crowned by a high central dome, which acts as the focal point. The dome is an octagonal ribbed structure with an [[Allegorical sculpture|allegorical]] female figure symbolising Progress, holding a torch pointing upwards in her right hand and a spoked wheel in her left hand.<br />
<br />
The side wings enclose the courtyard, which opens on to the street. The wings are anchored by monumental turrets at each of their four corners, which balance and frame the central dome. The façades present the appearance of well-proportioned rows of windows and arches. The skyline, turrets, pointed arches, and eccentric ground plan are close to classical Indian palace architecture.<br />
<br />
The interior of the heritage building was conceived as a series of large rooms with high ceilings, which are now primarily used as offices of the [[Central Railway zone|Central Railways]]. The ground floor of the North Wing, known as the Star Chamber, still in use as the suburban booking office, is embellished with Italian marble and polished Indian blue stone, and its walls were lined with glazed tiles made by [[Maw & Co]] of Britain.<ref name="BombayGothic" /><br />
<br />
The building is liberally ornamented with statuary, bas-reliefs, and friezes. The stone arches are covered with carved foliage and [[Grotesque (architecture)|grotesques]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Microsoft Word – IND 945 AN.doc |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/945rev.pdf |access-date=26 March 2013}}</ref> The main entrance gates are flanked by figures of a [[The Lion and the Unicorn|lion]] (representing [[United Kingdom|Britain]]) and a tiger (representing [[British Raj|India]]). The main structure is built from a blend of Indian sandstone and limestone, while high-quality Italian marble was used for the key decorative elements. Externally, the building is decorated with sculpture, tiles, ornamental iron and brass railings. There are allegorical statues representing Commerce, Agriculture, Engineering and Science, as well as busts of Indian donors such as [[Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy|Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy]] and [[Jagannath Shankarseth]] carved into niches on the external walls.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2016 |title=Insider's guide to… Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/insider-s-guide-to-chhatrapati-shivaji-terminus/story-V7PUzT3uj0b4H0kRqY8WbN.html |access-date=19 September 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The decorative elements such as the sculpture, wood carving, grills for the ticket offices, and the balustrades for the grand staircases were the work of students at the [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art]], guided by [[John Lockwood Kipling]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2022 |title=Know Your Monument: Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/parenting/events-things-to-do/know-your-monument-chhatrapati-shivaji-terminus-5248596/ |access-date=19 September 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
[[File:Former Coat of Arms of the city of Bombay (Now Mumbai).jpg|thumb|The former Coat of Arms of the city of Bombay (Now Mumbai), inside CSMT station]]<br />
The station stands as an example of 19th-century railway architectural marvels for its advanced structural and technical solutions. It was constructed using a high level of engineering both in terms of railway and civil engineering. Its dome, supported by dovetailed ribs built without centering, was considered a novel achievement of the era.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2019/03/14/kasab-bridge-mumbai-collapses.html |title=6 dead, 31 injured as 'Kasab bridge' in Mumbai collapses |website=OnManorama |access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref><br />
[[File:Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus (Victoria Terminus Station).jpg|thumb|An evening view of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Teminus.]]<br />
Since 2022, the heritage building of the station has been lit with LED lights in the evenings, which are often changed thematically, particularly for Indian national holidays such as [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] and [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus to sparkle with new theme lighting from mid April |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-terminus-to-sparkle-with-new-theme-lighting-from-mid-april |access-date=19 September 2025 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Platforms ==<br />
CSMT has a total of 18 platforms—seven platforms are for suburban EMU trains and eleven platforms (Platform 8 to Platform 18) are for long-distance trains.<br />
<br />
Rajdhani, Duronto, Garib Rath and Tejas Express leave from Platform No. 18.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/1620?stptype=5&s0=3&sr=0 |title=Mumbai CSTM Station – 24 Train Departures CR/Central Zone – Railway Enquiry |website=indiarailinfo.com |access-date=1 February 2018}}</ref> Air-conditioned dormitories were inaugurated at CST on 16 April 2013. The facility has 58 beds for men and 20 for women.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dormitories for women at CST, LTT get good response |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dormitories-for-women-at-cst-ltt-get-good-response/1104668/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=19 April 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Long distance terminus ===<br />
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus has a long-distance terminus from platforms 8 to 18. The list of trains are in the table:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Long Distance Trains Departing From CSMT<br />
!Name<br />
!Departure Time<br />
!Arrival Time<br />
!Train Number<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mahanagari Express]]<br />
|00:10<br />
|03:35<br />
|22177<br />
|-<br />
|Mumbai CSMT- MGR Chennai Central Special Fare Special<br />
|00:20<br />
|23:30<br />
|01015<br />
|-<br />
|Mumbai CSMT- Latur Special Fare Special<br />
|00:30<br />
|11:40<br />
|01105<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mumbai CSMT–Madgaon Jan Shatabdi Express]]<br />
|05:10<br />
|16:40<br />
|12051<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mumbai CSMT–Madgaon Vande Bharat Express]]<br />
|05:25<br />
|16:00<br />
|22229<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mumbai CSMT–Chennai Express]]<br />
|12:45<br />
|10:45<br />
|22159<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mumbai CSMT–Nagercoil Balaji Express]]<br />
|20:35<br />
|07:00<br />
|16351<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mandovi Express]]<br />
|07:10<br />
|21:55<br />
|10103<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mumbai CSMT–Howrah Duronto Express]]<br />
|17:15<br />
|20:40<br />
|12261<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== In popular culture ==<br />
* The station was a filming location for the "[[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]" song in ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]],''<ref name="Publishing2008">{{cite book |author=Outlook Publishing |title=Outlook |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_iTEEAAAAMBAJ |access-date=7 November 2011 |date=6 October 2008 |publisher=Outlook Publishing |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_iTEEAAAAMBAJ/page/n36 69]–}}</ref> the 2011 [[Bollywood|Indian film]] ''[[Ra.One]],''<ref>{{cite news |title=3,500 VFX shots in RA.One |date=n.d. |url=http://www.mahiram.com/2011/09/28/3500-vfx-shots-in-ra-one/ |work=Mahiram |access-date=7 November 2011 |archive-date=19 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419181741/http://www.mahiram.com/2011/09/28/3500-vfx-shots-in-ra-one/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the 2013 film ''[[The Attacks of 26/11]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title='The Attacks of 26/11' has changed me as a person, says Ram Gopal Varma |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/the-attacks-of-2611-has-changed-me-as-a-person-says-ram-gopal-varma/309947-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214011653/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/the-attacks-of-2611-has-changed-me-as-a-person-says-ram-gopal-varma/309947-8-66.html |archive-date=14 December 2012 |work=CNN-IBN |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=11 December 2012 |access-date=21 June 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Timeline of Mumbai]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* [https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=945 Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus] on the UNESCO website<br />
* [http://www.mumbai.org.uk/victoria-terminal.html Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Mumbai]<br />
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/1620 Google Satellite Map of Mumbai CST]<br />
<br />
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[[Category:Railway terminus in India]]<br />
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[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gopal_Krishna_Vishwakarma&diff=500876Gopal Krishna Vishwakarma2026-03-08T11:24:35Z<p>Sanjay: Added post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian physician and academician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Gopal Krishna Vishwakarma<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1934|10|01}}<br />
| birth_place = Ghazipur, UP<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2004|03|24|1934|10|01}}<br />
| death_place = New Delhi<br />
| occupation = Orthopaedic surgeon<br />
| spouse = Radha Vishwakarma<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gopal Krishna Vishwakarma''', more popularly known as '''G K Vishwakarma''', (1 October 1934 – 24 March 2004) was an Indian orthopedic surgeon, academician and public health administrator. He was the Director General of Health Services from October 1986 to his retirement in October 1992. He was awarded the Silver Jubilee Award (1983) and the [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] by [[Medical Council of India]], The [[Government of India]], in recognition of his contributions to the field of medicine and public health honored him with the [[Padma Shri]] (1985)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Year=1985-1985|title=Padma Awardees – 1985|access-date=12 August 2019|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214639/http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Year=1985-1985|url-status=dead}}</ref> one of India's highest civilian awards in India.<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
G. K. Vishwakarma was born on 1 October 1934 in [[Ghazipur]], [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]].{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}<br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
After his early education in Ghazipur and [[Varanasi]], Vishwakarma, went to [[King George Medical College]] ([[Lucknow]]) to complete his MBBS (1957) and MS (Orth) (1961). He was also an FICS, FIMSA (1987) and FAMS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gazette.1983.114/O-0884-1983-0048-38813_djvu.txt|title=Gazette of India, November 26,1983|date=26 November 1983 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
After completing his education Vishwakarma started working with the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aiims.edu/en/component/content/article.html?id=265|title=Prof. A K Banerji, AIIMS.edu}}</ref> New Delhi as an Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery from 1963 to 1968. It was at the AIIMS that Vishwakarma started the Spinal Surgery Centre and performed for the first time in the country, Spinal Instrumentation in the surgical treatment of Scoliosis in 1963.<br />
<br />
Vishwakarma then moved to the [[Goa Medical College]], [[Goa]], [[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]] as the Professor and Head of the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery. It was in 1971 that he started the first modern Bone Bank in the country at the Goa Medical College.<br />
<br />
From 1973 to 1977 Vishwakarma was the Professor and Head of Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at the [[Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences|Jundi Shahpur University]], Iran. It was in 1973 itself he started the total joint replacement practice Jundi Shahpur University. He also pioneered the work in the reattachment of severe extremities at the university in 1973.<br />
<br />
From 1977 to 1979 he was a Professor and Head of Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at the [[Maulana Azad Medical College]], Chief Orthopaedic Surgeon in LNJP Hospital and GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi.<br />
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In 1979 he took over as the Director of the Central Institute of Orthopaedics, [[Safdarjung Hospital]] and Professor and Head of Orthopaedic Surgery, [[University College of Medical Sciences]] and Director, National Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Safdarjung Hospital. Vishwakarma started the Amniotic Orthoplasty in the treatment of tuberculosis of the hip at the Central institute of Orthopaedics, Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi in 1980–1983.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Amniotic arthroplasty for tuberculosis of the hip. A preliminary clinical study|pmid = 3941144|year = 1986|last1 = Vishwakarma|first1 = G. K.|last2 = Khare|first2 = A. K.|journal = The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume|volume = 68|issue = 1|pages = 68–74|doi = 10.1302/0301-620X.68B1.3941144|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vmmc-sjh.nic.in/writereaddata/From%20Barracks%20to%20Medicity%20%E2%80%93%20The%20Chronicles%20of%20Safdarjung%20Hospital.pdf|title=Annual report of Safdarjung Hospital, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College (pg 17)|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212900/http://www.vmmc-sjh.nic.in/writereaddata/From%20Barracks%20to%20Medicity%20%E2%80%93%20The%20Chronicles%20of%20Safdarjung%20Hospital.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was at the Central Institute of Orthopaedics, that Vishwakarma started research into Allogenic transplantation of bones and joints.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/19200720|title=Allogenic transplantation of ultra-deep frozen osteochondral grafts}}</ref><br />
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From 1983 to October 1986 he was, variously, the medical superintendent and consultant in Orthopaedics, Safdarjung Hospital<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gazette.1983.114/O-0884-1983-0048-38813_djvu.txt|title=Gazette of India, November 26,1983|date=26 November 1983 }}</ref> and the Additional Director General of Health Services, Government of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gazette.central.w.1986-08-09.32263/32263_djvu.txt|title=Gazette of India, August 9, 1986|date=9 August 1986 }}</ref><br />
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He formally took over as the Director General of Health Services on 29 October 1986 and continued in the same position till his superannuation on 1 October 1992.<br />
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== Marriage and children ==<br />
Vishwakarma is survived by his wife Radha and two sons Loveneesh G Krishna and Nirvan G Krishna. Loveneesh G Krishna is Director at the Central Institute of orthopedics and [[Vardhman Mahavir Medical College]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vmmc-sjh.nic.in/writereaddata/NEW%20TELE%20DE.pdf|title=Directory of Safdarjang Hospital and VMMC (pg 4)|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214622/http://www.vmmc-sjh.nic.in/writereaddata/NEW%20TELE%20DE.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nirvan G Krishna is a Director at Prachar Media Solutions Private limited.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}<br />
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== Positions ==<br />
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* Director General of Health Services, [[Government of India]] – 1986 to1992<br />
* Chairman – [[Tuberculosis in India#Tuberculosis Association of India|Tuberculosis Association of India]] (TAI)<br />
* Honorary Orthopaedic surgeon to the President of India<br />
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== Research ==<br />
Vishwakarma developed the technique of Amniotic Arthroplasty in Tubercular Hip in 1982 at the Central Institute of Orthopedics, Safdarjung Hospital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vmmc-sjh.nic.in/writereaddata/From%20Barracks%20to%20Medicity%20%E2%80%93%20The%20Chronicles%20of%20Safdarjung%20Hospital.pdf|title=Annual report of Safdarjung Hospital, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College (pg 17)|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212900/http://www.vmmc-sjh.nic.in/writereaddata/From%20Barracks%20to%20Medicity%20%E2%80%93%20The%20Chronicles%20of%20Safdarjung%20Hospital.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/tapas11/docs/annual_report_all_pagests|title=Annual report of Safdarjung Hospital, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, 2015|date=19 April 2016|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517001608/https://issuu.com/tapas11/docs/annual_report_all_pagests|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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== Awards ==<br />
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* Award for Meritorious Services – [[Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences|Jundi Shahpur University]]<br />
* Silver Jubilee Award of the [[Medical Council of India]] 1983<br />
* [[B. C. Roy Award]] for the ''Eminent Medical Person''<br />
* [[Padma Shri]] – 1985<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishwakarma, Gopal Krishna}}<br />
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]<br />
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]<br />
[[Category:Medical doctors from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Indian orthopaedic surgeons]]<br />
[[Category:1934 births]]<br />
[[Category:2004 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=G.U.Y.&diff=473764G.U.Y.2026-03-06T20:17:56Z<p>Sanjay: slightly correct section also and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|the Lady Gaga song|the airline with the ICAO code "GUY"|Air Guyane Express}}<br />
{{Good article}} <br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox song<br />
| name = G.U.Y.<br />
| cover = Lady Gaga - G.U.Y.png<br />
| type = single<br />
| artist = [[Lady Gaga]]<br />
| album = [[Artpop]]<br />
| released = {{Start date|2014|03|22}} <!-- March 23, 2014 at France, according to different timezones between places --><br />
| studio = [[Record Plant]] (Hollywood)<br />
| genre = [[Electronic dance music|EDM]]<br />
| length = {{Duration|m=3|s=52}}<br />
| label = <br />
* Streamline<br />
* [[Interscope Records|Interscope]]<br />
| writer =<br />
* [[Lady Gaga]]<br />
* [[Zedd|Anton Zaslavski]]<br />
| producer = <br />
* [[Zedd]]<br />
* Lady Gaga<br />
| prev_title = [[Do What U Want]]<br />
| prev_year = 2013<br />
| next_title = [[Anything Goes (Cole Porter song)#Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga version|Anything Goes]]<br />
| next_year = 2014<br />
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|PNu_-deVemE|"G.U.Y."}}}}<br />
}}<br />
"'''G.U.Y.'''" (a [[backronym]] for "'''Girl Under You'''") is a song by American singer [[Lady Gaga]] from her third studio album, ''[[Artpop]]'' (2013). She co-wrote and co-produced the song with [[Zedd]]. It debuted on French radio as the album's third and final single on March 22, 2014. "G.U.Y." was developed while Gaga was touring with her [[Born This Way Ball]], and was recorded a number of times for the final version. It is an [[Electronic dance music|EDM]] track containing elements of [[industrial music|industrial]], [[contemporary R&B]], and [[house music]] whose lyrics address a number of subjects like sexual dominance, submission, and gender roles.<br />
<br />
"G.U.Y." received mixed reviews from music critics, who complimented the composition of the track and Gaga's vocals, but criticized her production. The song debuted on the record charts of a few countries, but failed to enter the top forty in many of them. In the United States, "G.U.Y." became one of Gaga's lowest charting singles on the ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]], peaking at number 76. It reached the top ten on Bulgarian airplay chart, the ''Billboard'' Greek Digital Songs chart, and the US [[Hot Dance Club Songs]] chart.<br />
<br />
The music video for the song was shot at [[Hearst Castle]], located near [[San Simeon, California|San Simeon]]. The video featured reality TV show stars like ''[[The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills]]'', and works of artist Nathan Sawaya and ''[[Minecraft]]'' [[YouTuber]] [[SkyDoesMinecraft]]. Running for over 11 minutes, the video shows Gaga as a wounded [[fallen angel]] who is revived by her followers in a pool. Once rejuvenated, she takes revenge on the men who hunted her and replaces them with clones known as G.U.Y. The video received positive reviews for its visuals and its references to [[Greek mythology]]. Gaga has performed "G.U.Y." at her [[Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom|seven-day concert residency]] at [[Roseland Ballroom]] in March 2014 and on her [[ArtRave: The Artpop Ball]] tour; in both places she emulated the choreography from the music video on stage, and received a positive critical response. Gaga also performed the song on the ''[[Late Show with David Letterman]]'' on April 2 of the same year.<br />
<br />
==Background and development==<br />
[[File:Zedd 2014 Divergent Premiere (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Zedd]] ''(pictured)'' co-wrote and produced "G.U.Y."]]<br />
Development of Gaga's third studio album, ''[[Artpop]]'', began shortly after the release of her second one, ''[[Born This Way (album)|Born This Way]]'' (2011), and by the following year, the record was already being recorded.<ref name=":1">{{cite magazine|last=Shewey|first=Don|date=July 30, 2013|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/eight-things-we-know-about-lady-gagas-artpop-20130730|title=Lady Gaga's 'ARTPOP': What We Know So Far|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|access-date=February 21, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127124958/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/eight-things-we-know-about-lady-gagas-artpop-20130730|archive-date=November 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="albumname">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1675458/lady-gaga-next-album.jhtml|title=Lady Gaga Says Next Album Is 'Beginning to Flourish'|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|date=December 6, 2011|access-date=January 17, 2012|publisher=[[MTV News]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012002950/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1675458/lady-gaga-next-album.jhtml|archive-date=October 12, 2013}}</ref> "G.U.Y." was confirmed in an interview with ''[[Stylist (magazine)|Stylist]]'' magazine where Joanna McGarry asked Gaga about her views on [[feminism]]. Gaga told McGarry that the song is about new-age feminism, which she wanted to explore, where being subordinate to a man is the transfer of strength:<br />
<blockquote><br />
I actually wrote a song about it on my album, it's called 'GUY' and it stands for 'Girl Under You'. So wearing make-up, smelling delicious and having suckable, kissable, edible things between your limbs is something I find strengthening because I know that when I pick the right guy, I can let him have it. Some women feel oppressed by make-up and clothing, and here's to them, they have every right to feel that way as well.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.stylist.co.uk/beauty/the-passion-of-lady-gaga#image-rotator-1|title=The Passion of Lady Gaga|last=McGarry|first=Joanna|date=November 9, 2012|access-date=March 22, 2014|journal=[[Stylist (magazine)|Stylist]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406122541/http://www.stylist.co.uk/beauty/the-passion-of-lady-gaga#image-rotator-1|archive-date=April 6, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
</blockquote><br />
On her social media website Littlemonsters.com, Gaga later corrected the song title, saying that it is actually "G.U.Y.", an acronym for "Girl Under You". She also revealed that the song was written and produced with musician [[Zedd]], who had been touring with Gaga for her [[Born This Way Ball]]. Zedd had previously done a remix of her single "[[Marry the Night]]" for her remix album, ''[[Born This Way: The Remix]]'', and Gaga had contributed vocals on an alternate version of Zedd's track, "Stache". The musician told [[MTV News]] that they "both love nothing more than making music, so it was just kind of natural for us to just work on music". He also confirmed that around ten songs were composed with Gaga and was almost finished, although he was not sure which would be available on the final track list for ''Artpop''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lady GaGa talks "new-age feminist" track 'G.U.Y (Girl Under You)'|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a434990/lady-gaga-talks-new-age-feminist-track-guy-girl-under-you.html|last=Corner|first=Lewis|date=November 11, 2012|access-date=March 22, 2014|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407082543/http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a434990/lady-gaga-talks-new-age-feminist-track-guy-girl-under-you.html|archive-date=April 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1695778/lady-gaga-zedd-artpop.jhtml|title=Lady Gaga, Zedd 'Made Songs And Songs And Songs' For ARTPOP|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|date=October 8, 2012|access-date=March 21, 2014|publisher=MTV News|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023014324/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1695778/lady-gaga-zedd-artpop.jhtml|archive-date=October 23, 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
By January 2013, Zedd clarified that due to their busy schedules it was difficult to complete the project and work progressed mainly during the tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1700630/lady-gaga-zedd-artpop-album-update.jhtml|title=Lady Gaga Has 'A Lot Of Work Left' On ARTPOP Songs|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|date=January 22, 2013|access-date=March 21, 2014|publisher=MTV News|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325061958/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1700630/lady-gaga-zedd-artpop-album-update.jhtml/|archive-date=March 25, 2014}}</ref> Talking to [[Sirius XM Radio]] in December 2013, where she gave an in-depth analysis of each song from the album, Gaga further expanded on the concept of [[Third-wave feminism|new-wave feminism]]: "The record's all about being comfortable underneath, because you are strong enough to know that you don't have to be on top to know you're worth it," she concluded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://junkee.com/listen-to-lady-gaga-offer-a-track-by-track-explanation-of-every-song-from-artpop-cause-maybe-you-just-didnt-get-it/24708|title=Listen to Lady Gaga's Track-by-Track Explanation of Artpop, 'Cause Maybe You Just Didn't Get It|last=Moran|first=Rob|date=December 4, 2013|access-date=March 3, 2014|publisher=Junkee.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210092848/http://junkee.com/listen-to-lady-gaga-offer-a-track-by-track-explanation-of-every-song-from-artpop-cause-maybe-you-just-didnt-get-it/24708|archive-date=December 10, 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Recording and composition==<br />
Initial recording sessions for ''Artpop'' coincided with the Born This Way Ball.<ref name="freealbum">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1671501/lady-gaga-born-this-way-follow-up.jhtml|title=Lady Gaga 'Already Working' on Born This Way Follow-Up|last=Montgomery|first=James|date=September 26, 2011|access-date=January 17, 2012|publisher=MTV News|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012022610/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1671501/lady-gaga-born-this-way-follow-up.jhtml|archive-date=October 12, 2013}}</ref> Zedd was not happy with the initial outcome of the recordings and so he suggested Gaga to re-do the whole process. Gaga's idea of recording the songs with Zedd was to not limit themselves with the intention of creating a staple radio hit, instead be creative in whichever way they wanted. He explained to ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' that they did not "try to make an [[Electronic dance music|EDM]] album – but, at the same time, we didn't try not to make an EDM album. I've done a lot of stuff that's really outside of what I usually do. There was one song that started from her just giving me, like, 10 words to describe an emotion, and then I had to make this into music. It's been a very experimental way of approaching music."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1710460/lady-gaga-artpop.jhtml|title=Lady Gaga's ARTPOP: What We Know So Far|last=Kaufman|first=Gil|date=June 12, 2013|access-date=March 22, 2014|publisher=MTV News|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408211944/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1710460/lady-gaga-artpop.jhtml|archive-date=April 8, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{listen<br />
| pos = left<br />
| filename = Lady Gaga_-_G.U.Y. sample.ogg<br />
| title = "G.U.Y." (2013)<br />
| description = A 25-second sample of "G.U.Y.", where Gaga sings the "Love me, love me, please [[Twitter|retweet]]" line and then the main [[refrain|chorus]], "I wanna be that guy (G.U.Y.)", backed by an [[electronic dance music|EDM]] beat.<br />
| format = [[Ogg]]<br />
}}<br />
The song was recorded at [[Record Plant Studios]], Hollywood, California, by Dave Russell with assistance from Benjamin Ladder. Zedd did the [[audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]] of the track at Zeddl. The instructional voice at the beginning of the song was done by Sonja Durham. Assisting with the whole process was Ryan Shanahan and Jesse Taub. Finally, Rick Pearl did the [[Programming (music)|additional programming]] and Gene Grimaldi did the [[audio mastering]] at Oasis Mastering Studios in [[Burbank, California]].<ref name="liner" /><br />
<br />
According to Musicnotes.com, "G.U.Y." is set in the [[time signature]] of common time, with a dance-pop [[tempo (music)|tempo]] of 110 [[beats per minute]]. It is composed in the [[key (music)|key]] of [[C minor]] with Gaga's vocals spanning the tonal nodes of D<sub>3</sub> to C<sub>5</sub>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtdFPE.asp?ppn=MN0133097&|publisher=[[Sony/ATV Music Publishing]]|title=Lady Gaga "G.U.Y." Sheet Music|first=Stefani|last=Germanotta|date=April 2014|access-date=April 25, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403161434/https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/g.u.y.-remixes-ep/id868762422|archive-date=April 3, 2015}}</ref> "G.U.Y." is an [[electronic dance music|EDM]] song with [[industrial music|industrial]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], and [[house music|house]] elements.<ref name="dazed" /><ref name="usa">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2013/11/05/lady-gaga-artpop-listen-up-album-review/3446301/|title=Review: Lady Gaga's 'Artpop' bursts with disco energy|last=Shriver|first=Jerry|date=November 5, 2013|access-date=March 24, 2014|newspaper=[[USA Today]]}}</ref><ref name="Wood">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-review-lady-gaga-could-mean-anything-artpop-20131111,0,4981914.story|title=Album review: Lady Gaga 'could mean anything' on 'Artpop'|first=Mikael|last=Wood|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=November 13, 2013|access-date=March 28, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425115057/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-review-lady-gaga-could-mean-anything-artpop-20131111%2C0%2C4981914.story|archive-date=April 25, 2014}}</ref> Jason Lipshutz of ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' described the track as a "shuddering dance siren that makes the distinction between gender equality and willful sexual submission".<ref name="Lipshutz">{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/review/5778227/lady-gaga-artpop-track-by-track-review|title=Lady Gaga, 'ARTPOP': Track-By-Track Review|first=Jason|last=Lipshutz|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=March 20, 2014|date=November 5, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117021029/http://www.billboard.com/articles/review/5778227/lady-gaga-artpop-track-by-track-review|archive-date=November 17, 2013}}</ref> Caryn Ganz from ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' called the song a "gothy grinder".<ref name="RollingStone">{{cite magazine|first=Caryn|last=Ganz|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/artpop-20131113|title=Lady Gaga 'Artpop' Review|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|access-date=March 20, 2014|date=November 13, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106201225/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/artpop-20131113|archive-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
Its composition is reminiscent of the songs on Gaga's first album, ''[[The Fame]]'' (2008), with MTV News' John Walker noticing a number of topics being addressed by the lyrics, including sexual preferences, dominance and submission and gender roles.<ref name="mtvreview" /> There is also a glimpse of [[baroque music]] in the composition which Ed Power of ''[[Hot Press]]'' described as landing "its blows with agreeable fervor".<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.hotpress.com/Lady-GaGa/music/reviews/albums/Lady-Gaga--ArtPop/10540912.html|title=Scandalous pop star presses the repeat button|first=Ed|last=Power|date=November 28, 2013|access-date=March 24, 2014|journal=[[Hot Press]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408211609/http://www.hotpress.com/Lady-GaGa/music/reviews/albums/Lady-Gaga--ArtPop/10540912.html|archive-date=April 8, 2014}}</ref> The song opens with Gaga playing the role of a hostess, which [[Maura Johnston]] of ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'' found similar to the 1993 erotic album, ''[[Real Sex|Cyborgasm]]''.<ref name="spin">{{cite journal|last=Johnston|first=Maura|author-link=Maura Johnston |url=http://www.spin.com/reviews/lady-gaga-artpop-review/|title=Lady Gaga, 'ARTPOP' Review|journal=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|date=November 10, 2013|access-date=March 20, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130084118/http://www.spin.com/reviews/lady-gaga-artpop-review/|archive-date=January 30, 2014}}</ref> It begins with a [[spoken word]] introduction about [[Eros]], the god of sexual desire.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Johnston|first=Maura|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2013/nov/04/lady-gaga-10-things-learned-artpop|title=Lady Gaga: 10 things we learned from hearing ARTPOP|journal=[[The Guardian]]|date=November 3, 2013|access-date=January 3, 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Critical response==<br />
[[File:Lady Gaga GUY Roseland edited 2.jpg|thumb|Gaga and her dancers performing "G.U.Y." at the [[Roseland Ballroom]], as part of the singer's [[Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom|seven-day concert residency]] there]]<br />
Following its release, "G.U.Y." received mixed reviews from music critics. Positive comment came from Lipshutz, who commended Zedd's production of the song, noticing that it complimented Gaga's vocals and the hook was relatable, making "G.U.Y." the first standout track from ''Artpop''.<ref name="Lipshutz" /> Robert Copsey from [[Digital Spy]] praised the song's "grinding bass and darting synths" and "hypnotic chorus".<ref name="DigitalSpyReview">{{cite web|last=Copsey|first=Robert|title=Lady Gaga 'ARTPOP' review: What's the verdict?|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/review/a529185/lady-gaga-artpop-review-whats-the-verdict.html|publisher=Digital Spy|date=November 15, 2013|access-date=November 18, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407013028/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/review/a529185/lady-gaga-artpop-review-whats-the-verdict.html|archive-date=April 7, 2014}}</ref> Andy Gill of ''[[The Independent]]'' felt that Gaga's "robotic" vocal delivery in the song made the theme of sexual attraction "seem grimly denatured".<ref name="IndependentReview">{{cite news|last=Gill|first=Andy|title=Album review: Lady Gaga, ARTPOP – It's hard not to feel underwhelmed|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-review-lady-gaga-artpop--its-hard-not-to-feel-underwhelmed-8926676.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=November 12, 2013|access-date=November 7, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217185156/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-review-lady-gaga-artpop--its-hard-not-to-feel-underwhelmed-8926676.html|archive-date=December 17, 2013}}</ref> Walker praised the track's lyrics and gave "G.U.Y" four out of five rating, but was less pleased with its instrumentation.<ref name="mtvreview">{{cite web|last=Walker|first=John|title=Lady Gaga's 'ARTPOP': A Track-By-Track Review..... In Art!|url=http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2013/11/11/lady-gaga-artpop-review-art/|publisher=MTV News|date=November 11, 2013|access-date=March 20, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316022804/http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2013/11/11/lady-gaga-artpop-review-art/|archive-date=March 16, 2014}}</ref> Owen Myers of ''[[Dazed & Confused (magazine)|Dazed & Confused]]'' complimented the entendres present in the song, saying that "this pop wonder" would have worked better as the lead single from ''Artpop''.<ref name="dazed">{{cite journal|url=http://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/17766/1/lady-gaga-artpop|title=Lady Gaga – ARTPOP|last=Myers|first=Owen|date=November 11, 2013|access-date=March 24, 2014|journal=[[Dazed & Confused (magazine)|Dazed & Confused]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105232750/http://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/17766/1/lady-gaga-artpop|archive-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref> ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'' magazine's Justin Miller shared this opinion, and believed that both the dance music composition and the lyrics catered most to the [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] inspiration behind the album.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/reviews/lady-gaga-artpop-album-review|title=Lady Gaga's ARTPOP Blasts Off|last=Miller|first=Justin|date=November 8, 2013|access-date=March 24, 2014|magazine=[[Harper's Bazaar]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302104337/http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/reviews/lady-gaga-artpop-album-review|archive-date=March 2, 2014}}</ref> In a retrospective review, Claire Lobenfeld of ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]'' stated that "G.U.Y." was "Gaga's career-best dance track up until her [[Ariana Grande]]-featuring trauma-balm '[[Rain on Me (Lady Gaga and Ariana Grande song)|Rain on Me]]' was released in 2020."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/lady-gaga-artpop/ |title=Lady Gaga: ARTPOP Album Review |date=August 14, 2022 |accessdate=August 14, 2022 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |last=Lobenfeld |first=Claire}}</ref><br />
<br />
Johnson described the song as "a seriously banging pop EP", and a welcome departure from the first two tracks of the album, "[[Aura (Lady Gaga song)|Aura]]" and "[[Venus (Lady Gaga song)|Venus]]". She described the song to be "an ode to taking on the submissive role in a relationship".<ref name="spin"/> Stacy-Ann Ellis from ''[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]'' deemed the song "almost clever".<ref>{{cite web|last=Ellis|first=Stacy-Ann|title=Lady Gaga's Glitzy 'ArtPop' LP Is Mindless Fun|url=http://www.vibe.com/article/review-lady-gagas-glitzy-artpop-lp-mindless-fun|work=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]|date=November 12, 2013|access-date=March 20, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317030013/http://www.vibe.com/article/review-lady-gagas-glitzy-artpop-lp-mindless-fun|archive-date=March 17, 2014}}</ref> Brian Tank from ''[[The Buffalo News]]'' called the track a "catchy and fun" song which made one "feel happy and dance along".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.buffalonews.com/life-arts/next/music-review-lady-gagas-artpop-is-fun-20140123|title=Music review: Lady Gaga's 'ARTPOP' Is Fun|last=Tank|first=Brian|date=January 23, 2014|access-date=March 22, 2014|work=[[The Buffalo News]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408223751/http://www.buffalonews.com/life-arts/next/music-review-lady-gagas-artpop-is-fun-20140123|archive-date=April 8, 2014}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Fact (UK magazine)|Fact]]'', [[Whitehouse (band)|William Bennett]] described the song as incredible.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.factmag.com/2013/11/19/talking-heads-william-bennett-reviews-lady-gagas-artpop/|title=Talking Heads: Noise Hero William Bennett Reviews Lady Gaga's Artpop|last=Bennett|first=William|date=November 23, 2013|access-date=March 22, 2014|work=[[Fact (UK magazine)|Fact]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408221258/http://www.factmag.com/2013/11/19/talking-heads-william-bennett-reviews-lady-gagas-artpop/|archive-date=April 8, 2014}}</ref> Mikael Wood from ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' felt that "G.U.Y." helped the ''Artpop'' album have a "fresh" sound.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-review-lady-gaga-could-mean-anything-artpop-20131111-story.html|title=Album review: Lady Gaga 'could mean anything' on 'Artpop'|last=Wood|first=Mikael|date=November 11, 2013|access-date=March 22, 2014|work=Los Angeles Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408222300/http://articles.latimes.com/2013/nov/11/entertainment/la-et-ms-review-lady-gaga-could-mean-anything-artpop-20131111|archive-date=April 8, 2014}}</ref> Annie Zalenski of ''[[The A.V. Club]]'' praised it as one of the album's highlights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avclub.com/review/lady-gaga-artpop-105434|title=Lady Gaga: ARTPOP|last=Zalenski|first=Annie|date=November 12, 2013|access-date=March 23, 2014|work=[[The A.V. Club]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218215806/http://www.avclub.com/review/lady-gaga-artpop-105434|archive-date=February 18, 2014}}</ref> The song was called an "instant hit" by Mike Driver from ''[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]'' who found the usage of handclaps and the chorus as addictive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/lady-gaga-artpop|title=Lady Gaga – ARTPOP: A great pop star, not a great pop album|last=Driver|first=Mike|date=November 13, 2013|access-date=March 24, 2014|work=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629133537/http://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/lady-gaga-artpop|archive-date=June 29, 2017}}</ref> Clare Considine from ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'' found the song to be inspired by the work of [[Madonna]] and [[David Bowie]], in its "cosmic pansexual playfulness".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeout.com/london/music/lady-gaga-artpop-album-review|title=Lady Gaga – 'Artpop' album review|last=Considine|first=Clara|date=November 8, 2013|access-date=March 24, 2014|work=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115135726/http://www.timeout.com/london/music/lady-gaga-artpop-album-review|archive-date=January 15, 2014}}</ref> Brad Wheeler from ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' noted the erotic elements associated with the track, jokingly adding that "one imagines Gaga's choreographer is busy at work on the song's live erotica possibilities as we speak."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/music/album-reviews/lady-gaga-shoots-for-the-stratosphere-with-artpop/article15318182/|title=Lady Gaga shoots for the stratosphere with Artpop|last=Wheeler|first=Brad|date=November 8, 2013|access-date=March 24, 2014|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115113619/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/music/album-reviews/lady-gaga-shoots-for-the-stratosphere-with-artpop/article15318182/|archive-date=November 15, 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Negative reviews came from Sal Cinquemani of ''[[Slant Magazine]]'', who criticized the song, saying that it did not portray Gaga as an artist moving forward with her music, and did not contribute anything musically to distinguish itself from other sexual songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/lady-gaga-artpop|title=Lady Gaga: ARTPOP|last=Cinquemani|first=Sal|date=November 4, 2013|access-date=March 22, 2014|work=[[Slant Magazine]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214004507/http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/lady-gaga-artpop|archive-date=February 14, 2014}}</ref> Kevin Fallon of ''[[The Daily Beast]]'' opined that "G.U.Y." is a "complicated" track where the production is so chaotic that it drowned the commendable hook of the song, making it sound like a "whirring bee's nest".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/11/11/artpop-review-lady-gaga-s-album-wants-to-be-everything-but-is-nothing-at-all.html|title='ARTPOP' Review: Lady Gaga's Album Wants to Be Everything, But Is Nothing at All|last=Fallon|first=Kevin|date=November 4, 2013|access-date=March 22, 2014|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324233802/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/11/11/artpop-review-lady-gaga-s-album-wants-to-be-everything-but-is-nothing-at-all.html|archive-date=March 24, 2014}}</ref> Melinda Newman from [[Hitfix]] gave the song a "C" rating and criticized its production as "clunky".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hitfix.com/news/lady-gaga-needs-more-pop-than-art-on-artpop-review|title=Album Review: Lady Gaga needs more pop than art on 'Artpop': Review|last=Newman|first=Melinda|date=November 4, 2013|access-date=March 22, 2014|publisher=[[Hitfix]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330233325/http://www.hitfix.com/news/lady-gaga-needs-more-pop-than-art-on-artpop-review|archive-date=March 30, 2014}}</ref> Preston Jones from ''[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]]'' called the song "blunt", and believed that it showed Gaga "has been, all along, more or less creatively bankrupt".<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.dfw.com/2013/11/13/843940/cd-review-lady-gaga-artpop.html|title=CD review: Lady Gaga, 'Artpop'|last=Jones|first=Preston|date=November 13, 2013|access-date=March 24, 2014|journal=[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408212921/http://www.dfw.com/2013/11/13/843940/cd-review-lady-gaga-artpop.html|archive-date=April 8, 2014}}</ref> Allan Moses Rodricks from ''[[The Hindu]]'' felt that too much experimenting with the music led to a low quality production on the song.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/lady-gaga-artpop/article5653220.ece|title=Lady Gaga – Artpop|last=Rodricks|first=Allan Moses|date=February 5, 2014|access-date=March 24, 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408222007/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/lady-gaga-artpop/article5653220.ece|archive-date=April 8, 2014}}</ref> Allison Stewart from ''[[The Washington Post]]'' criticized the song's lyrics for including "role playing, bad puns, a killer hook". Stewart also characterized it as "highly sexualized, which is different from saying it's sexy, because Gaga's air of sexual detachment rivals [[Rihanna]]'s."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/lady-gagas-artpop-doesnt-live-up-to-its-avant-garde-ambitions/2013/11/11/f7916228-4ae9-11e3-ac54-aa84301ced81_story.html|title=Lady Gaga's 'Artpop' doesn't live up to its avant-garde ambitions|last=Stewart|first=Allison|date=November 12, 2013|access-date=March 24, 2014|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112042700/http://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/lady-gagas-artpop-doesnt-live-up-to-its-avant-garde-ambitions/2013/11/11/f7916228-4ae9-11e3-ac54-aa84301ced81_story.html|archive-date=November 12, 2013}}</ref> Chris Bosman from ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' found the song's sexual themes to be "very similar" and redundant to those from "[[Venus (Lady Gaga song)|Venus]]".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://entertainment.time.com/2013/11/11/lady-gagas-new-artpop-doesnt-always-live-up-to-title/|title=Lady Gaga's New ARTPOP Doesn't Always Live Up to Title|last=Bosman|first=Chris|date=November 15, 2013|access-date=March 24, 2014|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228181937/http://entertainment.time.com/2013/11/11/lady-gagas-new-artpop-doesnt-always-live-up-to-title/|archive-date=February 28, 2014}}</ref> Lydia Jenkin from ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]'' was unsure whether the lyrics were interesting or "just confused".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=11156461|title=Album review: Lady Gaga, Artpop|last=Jenkin|first=Lydia|date=November 15, 2013|access-date=March 24, 2014|newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403161434/https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/g.u.y.-remixes-ep/id868762422|archive-date=April 3, 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Release and artwork==<br />
A 12-second preview of "G.U.Y." was posted online by Gaga in October 2013 as a preview of songs from ''Artpop''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Corner|first=Lewis|title=Lady Gaga previews new song 'G.U.Y.'|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a523610/lady-gaga-previews-new-song-guy-listen.html|publisher=Digital Spy|date=October 15, 2013|access-date=November 18, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109190928/http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a523610/lady-gaga-previews-new-song-guy-listen.html|archive-date=November 9, 2013}}</ref> The part in the snippet was from the, "Love me, love me, please retweet. Let me be the girl under you that makes you cry," line.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hitfix.com/news/lady-gaga-teases-new-artpop-song-guy-girl-under-you|title=Lady Gaga teases new 'ARTPOP' song 'GUY (Girl Under You)'|last=Lewis|first=Dave|date=October 15, 2013|access-date=March 24, 2014|publisher=[[Hitfix]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322073916/http://www.hitfix.com/news/lady-gaga-teases-new-artpop-song-guy-girl-under-you|archive-date=March 22, 2014}}</ref> [[Interscope Records]] later uploaded the track "[[Gypsy (Lady Gaga song)|Gypsy]]" on their [[SoundCloud]] account as list of singles they would send for radio play. This led to speculation in the media that "Gypsy" would be released as the third single from ''Artpop''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Corner|first=Lewis|title=Lady Gaga's next ARTPOP single to be 'Gypsy'?|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a545821/lady-gagas-next-artpop-single-to-be-gypsy.html|publisher=Digital Spy|date=January 27, 2014|access-date=November 18, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125023104/http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a545821/lady-gagas-next-artpop-single-to-be-gypsy.html|archive-date=January 25, 2014}}</ref> Gaga also announced plans of shooting a new music video, which tied in with the single rumors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/lady-gaga/news/gypsy-artpop-single-rumours/|title=Lady Gaga Fans Speculate After Rumours 'Gypsy' Will Be Next 'ARTPOP' Single|date=January 23, 2014|access-date=March 24, 2014|publisher=Capital Radio|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320121504/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/lady-gaga/news/gypsy-artpop-single-rumours/|archive-date=March 20, 2014}}</ref> In March 2014, ''[[NBC]]'' announced that the next ''Artpop'' single would be "G.U.Y." and that they would premiere its music video on March 22.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idolator.com/7510841/lady-gagas-next-single-video-g-u-y|title=Lady Gaga's Next Single/Video Is "G.U.Y." According To 'Dateline'|last=Wass|first=Mike|date=March 20, 2014|access-date=March 24, 2014|publisher=[[Idolator (website)|Idolator]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140324161229/http://www.idolator.com/7510841/lady-gagas-next-single-video-g-u-y|archive-date=March 24, 2014}}</ref> It officially impacted [[Contemporary hit radio|mainstream]] and [[Rhythmic contemporary|rhythmic]] radio stations in the US on April 8, 2014.<ref name="radio">{{Cite magazine|date=April 8, 2014|title=FMQB: Radio Industry News, Music Industry Updates, Arbitron Ratings, Music News and more!|url=https://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=69239|magazine=[[FMQB]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507061201/http://fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=69239|archive-date=May 7, 2014}}</ref> A radio edit was uploaded to Interscope's SoundCloud; the edit has 20 seconds of the introduction chopped off.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idolator.com/7511044/lady-gagas-g-u-y-radio-edit-cover|title=Lady Gaga's New Single "G.U.Y." Gets An Official Radio Edit And Cover|last=Wass|first=Mike|date=March 21, 2014|access-date=March 24, 2014|publisher=Idolator|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140324161204/http://www.idolator.com/7511044/lady-gagas-g-u-y-radio-edit-cover|archive-date=March 24, 2014}}</ref> Universal Music announced that in Italy, the song would be played from March 28, 2014, while [[BBC Radio 1]] declared "G.U.Y." as new music on UK radio from April 21, 2014.<ref name="radioit" /><ref name="radiouk">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3tqPdBWF9yMbTrfjWvfKV8t/radio-1-playlist|title=BBC Radio 1 Playlist|publisher=[[BBC Radio 1]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430025238/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/playlist?filter=new|archive-date=April 30, 2014|access-date=April 21, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Gaga revealed the official artwork for the single through her Facebook account. It shows the singer in one of the instances from the music video, in a bruised state and sporting big wings behind her. Digital Spy's Lewis Corner described the artwork as "[representing] a phoenix who rises from the ashes."<ref>{{cite web|last=Corner|first=Lewis|title=Lady Gaga rises from the ashes in new single 'G.U.Y.' artwork|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a559967/lady-gaga-rises-from-the-ashes-in-new-single-guy-artwork.html|publisher=Digital Spy|date=March 25, 2014|access-date=March 25, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328005004/http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a559967/lady-gaga-rises-from-the-ashes-in-new-single-guy-artwork.html|archive-date=March 28, 2014}}</ref> The image is surrounded by the same white border prevalent in the other artworks, like those of "[[Do What U Want]]", "[[Applause (Lady Gaga song)|Applause]]", and the promotional single "[[Dope (Lady Gaga song)|Dope]]". Beneath the cover, Gaga revealed that the song title and the artist name were self-written.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musictimes.com/articles/4996/20140324/lady-gaga-reveals-handwritten-g-u-y-single-artwork-facebook.htm|title=Lady Gaga reveals handwritten 'G.U.Y.' single artwork on Facebook|date=March 24, 2014|access-date=March 24, 2014|publisher=Music Times Ltd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407090341/http://www.musictimes.com/articles/4996/20140324/lady-gaga-reveals-handwritten-g-u-y-single-artwork-facebook.htm|archive-date=April 7, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Chart performance==<br />
Following the release of ''Artpop'', the song debuted and reached a peak of number 42 on the [[Gaon Music Chart]] of South Korea, selling 3,362 copies.<ref name="gaon">{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/digital_chart/download.php?nationGbn=E&current_week=47&current_year=2013&chart_Time=week|title=Gaon International Download Chart|language=ko|access-date=January 26, 2014|publisher=[[Gaon Music Chart]]|date=November 17, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219203220/http://gaonchart.co.kr/digital_chart/download.php?nationGbn=E&current_week=47&current_year=2013&chart_Time=week|archive-date=December 19, 2013}}</ref> It debuted as the second-highest new entry on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] at number 76 for the week ending April 13, 2014. Among the total chart points gained, 72% of it was due to streaming activity, enabling it to enter the [[Streaming Songs]] chart—one of the [[Billboard charts#All-genre|component charts]] for the Hot 100—at number 31 with two million streams following the premiere of the music video on March 22. [[Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems]] tracked the streams from the first full week of the music video release, from March 24 to 30. The total point also included the streams from the music video containing only the "G.U.Y." version, which debuted five days later. The total marked a 98% increase in overall streaming activity for the song from the prior tracking week.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/chart-alert/6039534/chart-moves-blake-shelton-sets-country-airplay-record-lady|title=Chart Moves: Blake Shelton Sets Country Airplay Record, Lady Gaga Debuts With 'G.U.Y.'|last=Trust|first=Gary|date=April 4, 2014|access-date=April 4, 2014|magazine=Billboard|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408045152/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/chart-alert/6039534/chart-moves-blake-shelton-sets-country-airplay-record-lady|archive-date=April 8, 2014}}</ref> The release of the video also helped Gaga re-enter the [[Social 50]] chart of ''Billboard'' at number 26, with 86% increase in views on her [[Vevo]] account, 87% rise in mentions on Twitter, and an 84% gain in conversation on Facebook.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/lady-gagas-guy-video-prompts-social-50-chart-re-entry/|title=Lady Gaga's 'G.U.Y.' Video Prompts Social 50 Chart Re-Entry|last=Gruger|first=William|date=March 27, 2014|access-date=April 4, 2014|magazine=Billboard|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404095324/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6028974/lady-gagas-guy-video-prompts-social-50-chart-re-entry|archive-date=April 4, 2014}}</ref> Two weeks later, the song debuted at number 35 on the [[Mainstream Top 40]] chart, becoming the second debut of the week.<ref name="popdebut">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/chart-highlights-jason-derulo-dominates-pop-songs-with-talk/|title=Chart Highlights: Jason Derulo Dominates Pop Songs With 'Talk Dirty'|last=Trust|first=Gary|date=April 14, 2014|access-date=April 14, 2014|magazine=Billboard|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417073316/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6052297/chart-highlights-jason-derulo-dominates-pop-songs-with-talk|archive-date=April 17, 2014}}</ref> It debuted at number 34 on the [[Hot Dance Club Songs]] chart.<ref name="dancedebut">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/chart-highlights-beyonce-scores-20th-dance-club-songs-no-1-with/|title=Chart Highlights: Beyonce Scores 20th Dance Club Songs No. 1 With 'Partition'|last=Trust|first=Gary|date=May 5, 2014|access-date=May 5, 2014|magazine=Billboard|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508084346/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6077518/chart-highlights-beyonce-scores-20th-dance-club-songs-no-1-with|archive-date=May 8, 2014}}</ref> "G.U.Y." also debuted at number 92 in France,<ref name="fra"/> number 88 in Australia<ref name="ariadebut" /> and number 115 in the United Kingdom.<ref name="ukdebut" /><br />
<br />
==Music video==<br />
<br />
===Background and production===<br />
[[File:Hearst Castle pool.jpg|thumb|[[Hearst Castle]], where the music video was filmed]]<br />
The music video, officially titled "G.U.Y. – An ''Artpop'' Film", was directed by Gaga herself. In February 2014, it was announced that Gaga had been allowed to shoot for a musical project at [[Hearst Castle]], located near [[San Simeon, California]]. The shooting took place from February 11–13, at locations including the 84,000 square feet area of the Castle's main terrace, the [[Neptune Pool]] and the indoor Roman Pool. The cast from [[Bravo (U.S. TV channel)|Bravo]] channel's reality show ''[[The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills]]'' (RHOBH) was also seen around the shoot. The news attracted media attention as it was the first time since 1960 that a video project was shot there, the last being for [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s epic film ''[[Spartacus (film)|Spartacus]]''; the [[Deed of gift]] mandate by the Hearst Corporation prohibited any commercial filming at the location.<ref name="hreporter">{{cite journal|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lady-gaga-shoots-guy-music-679947|title=Lady Gaga Shoots 'G.U.Y' Music Video at Hearst Castle|last=Lal|first=Kanika|date=February 13, 2014|access-date=March 24, 2014|journal=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302014855/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lady-gaga-shoots-guy-music-679947|archive-date=March 2, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
Among the accessories shown, the wings worn in the video were made by Jim Henson Studios and her own creative team, Haus of Gaga, created the arrows. Gaga told ''[[Access Hollywood]]'' about the shoot at Hearst Castle and the main idea behind the video: "It was a great experience writing the treatment working with everyone and I was like, 'Don't touch anything, and if you knock over a sculpture I'm going to pass out!'. The intention of the video was to create something that was a true sort of road map of my journey, being an artist, a pop singer, a creative person..... It's interesting because in this video the fashion and the psychotic sort of whimsy is all happening around me and it's me almost like ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland|Alice in Wonderland]]'' going through my own rabbit hole in my brain and re-experiencing the past year of my life. Every moment that we were filming together was really joyous and really fun."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.accesshollywood.com/johnny-weir-gets-guy-details-from-lady-gaga-exclusive_article_9198|title=Johnny Weir Gets 'G.U.Y.' Details From Lady Gaga (Exclusive)|last=Speroo|first=Jesse|date=March 21, 2014|access-date=March 28, 2014|work=[[Access Hollywood]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403161434/https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/g.u.y.-remixes-ep/id868762422|archive-date=April 3, 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Lisa Vanderpump 2014.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Lisa Vanderpump appears in the video for "G.U.Y."]]<br />
The cast from RHOBH featured included [[Lisa Vanderpump]], [[Yolanda Foster]], Carlton Gebbia, [[Kyle Richards]], and [[Kim Richards]], who acted as instrument players in the video. Kyle Richards and Vanderpump also accompany Gaga on a different sequence in the video, showing the trio taking revenge against a corporation. Vanderpump explained that they were contacted by [[Andy Cohen (television personality)|Andy Cohen]]—who himself has a cameo appearance in "G.U.Y."—from Bravo and were signed for side-roles in the video. Richards noticed that Gaga was a perfectionist on the set, with Vanderpump saying that the singer took charge of every detail of the production. They explained to ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' that Gaga wanted the housewives to "feel and look beautiful and fierce" and during one of the homicide scenes she explained: "I want you to whip that ponytail even more. Go back and really exaggerate your head-flipping'. I was like, 'Whatever you say'. [''Vanderpump''] To get me into a lace bodysuit, there's not many people I'd do that for. I'm 53 years old, for God's sake. She said, 'This is what you're wearing'." Richards personally wanted to play the guitar since she had been taking lessons.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/lady-gagas-guy-lisa-vanderpump-691483|title=Lady Gaga's 'G.U.Y.': Lisa Vanderpump, Kyle Richards on How Real Housewives Got Cast|last=Bernstein|first=Jonathan|date=March 26, 2014|access-date=March 28, 2014|journal=The Hollywood Reporter|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328090112/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/lady-gagas-guy-lisa-vanderpump-691483|archive-date=March 28, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
Gaga also used the 3D game ''[[Minecraft]]'' in a sequence and enlisted ''Minecraft'' YouTuber [[SkyDoesMinecraft]] in a sequence which depicts the singer reviving famous men who have been dead. The artist had been a fan of the game since Martyn Littlewood of [[The Yogscast]] used it to create a parody of her 2011 single, "[[Born This Way (song)|Born This Way]]", which she appreciated. ''Minecraft'' and Lego were also used to create little items like fruits and chairs in the video. The 3D theme also expanded onto using artist Nathan Sawaya's [[Lego]] sculpture ''Yellow''—which showed a man ripping his chest out—in a sequence showing Gaga's head being transposed on the artpiece.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.complex.com/video-games/2014/03/minecraft-makes-its-way-into-latest-lady-gaga-video|title="Minecraft", Makes Its Way into Latest, Lady Gaga, Video|journal=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|access-date=April 2, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502050257/http://www.complex.com/video-games/2014/03/minecraft-makes-its-way-into-latest-lady-gaga-video|archive-date=May 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailydot.com/entertainment/lady-gaga-minecraft/|title=Lady Gaga uses 'Minecraft' to resurrect Jesus in new music video|last=Cook|first=James|date=March 24, 2014|access-date=March 28, 2014|work=[[The Daily Dot]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408214314/http://www.dailydot.com/entertainment/lady-gaga-minecraft/|archive-date=April 8, 2014}}</ref> Sawaya recalled that Gaga had contacted him for collaborating on the music video. They mutually agreed on the idea of making art "accessible" and decided on the different sculptures to be created, including a duplicate of ''Yellow'', without the head. Sawaya then traveled to Hearst Castle to install the art pieces for the shoot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://brickartist.com/news/lego-gaga/|title=What's New? > Lego Gaga|access-date=March 29, 2014|last=Sawaya|first=Nathan|publisher=Nathan Sawaya Official Website. BrickArtist.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327153407/http://brickartist.com/news/lego-gaga/|archive-date=March 27, 2014}}</ref> Multiple designer dresses were also used in the video namely, a white ensemble with a giant headpiece by [[Jean Paul Gaultier]], jeans by [[Versace]], a red swimsuit by [[La Perla (clothing)|La Perla]] and a black one by Madrid label POL, jewelry from Lynn Ban, and custom made sandals form Ruthie Davis. The homicide scenes showed designs by [[Helen Yarmak]], lace bodysuits by Somarta and Aturo Rios feathered headpiece. Designer [[Bea Szenfeld]] created a dress from paper resembling a teddy bear as well as other couture. Finally, gold colored latex body suit created by Atsuko Kudo was also work by Gaga, as well as gold garments for her backup dancers.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/news/all-the-looks-from-lady-gagas-guy-video-from-versace-to-jean-paul-gaultier|title=Versace To Jean Paul Gaultier: The Best Looks From Lady Gaga's G.U.Y Video|first=Josh Newis|last=Smith|date=March 25, 2014|access-date=March 29, 2014|journal=[[Grazia]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401051101/http://www.graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/news/all-the-looks-from-lady-gagas-guy-video-from-versace-to-jean-paul-gaultier|archive-date=April 1, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Release and synopsis===<br />
[[File:Gaga-legoGUY.jpg|thumb|Gaga with her face superimposed on the art piece called "Yellow" by [[Lego]]-brick artist [[Nathan Sawaya]], who created a custom made version of the art piece without the head, only for Gaga]]<br />
On March 14, 2014, Gaga revealed during her keynote speech with [[John Norris (reporter)|John Norris]] at [[South by Southwest|SXSW]] that she would release the video a week later.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lady Gaga gives SXSW keynote speech: 'I'll retire if I can't be myself'|last=Rowley|first=Allison|date=March 14, 2014|access-date=March 24, 2014|publisher=Digital Spy|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a557784/lady-gaga-gives-sxsw-keynote-speech-ill-retire-if-i-cant-be-myself.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319014748/http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a557784/lady-gaga-gives-sxsw-keynote-speech-ill-retire-if-i-cant-be-myself.html|archive-date=March 19, 2014}}</ref> She also tweeted a still from the clip with a caption about the release date.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lady Gaga teases new video with on-location picture|last=Rowley|first=Allison|date=March 14, 2014|access-date=March 24, 2014|publisher=Digital Spy|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a557800/lady-gaga-teases-new-video-with-on-location-picture.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315201316/http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a557800/lady-gaga-teases-new-video-with-on-location-picture.html|archive-date=March 15, 2014}}</ref> A preview of the clip aired on March 21, during an interview with [[Savannah Guthrie]] for ''[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today]]''. The video debuted in full on ''[[Dateline NBC]]'' a day later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.today.com/entertainment/lady-gaga-teases-new-video-g-u-y-today-2D79413667|title=Lady Gaga teases new video 'G.U.Y.' on TODAY|access-date=March 21, 2014|date=March 21, 2014|work=[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today]]|last=Dawn|first=Randee|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321152555/http://www.today.com/entertainment/lady-gaga-teases-new-video-g-u-y-today-2D79413667|archive-date=March 21, 2014}}</ref> To coincide with the release of the video, The Out NYC hotel changed their name temporarily to The G.U.Y. Hotel and would keep it till April 10, 2014. Located in Midtown New York, the hotel also opened a Gaga Gallery which started from March 28 (Gaga's birthday) and showcased the props and dresses included in the music video.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/the-out-nyc-toasts-lady-gagas-birthday-7624622?module=Fashion-Fashion%20Scoops-main|title=The Out NYC Toasts Lady Gaga's Birthday|last=Feitelberg|first=Rosemary|date=March 28, 2014|access-date=March 28, 2014|magazine=[[Women's Wear Daily]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411092222/http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/the-out-nyc-toasts-lady-gagas-birthday-7624622?module=Fashion-Fashion%20Scoops-main|archive-date=April 11, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
Running for nearly twelve minutes, the video features the four songs [[Artpop (song)|"Artpop"]], [[Venus (Lady Gaga song)|"Venus"]], "G.U.Y" and "Manicure" from ''Artpop'' and features the central video for "G.U.Y." The video opens with corporate business men fighting each other over money. Nearby, a [[fallen angel]] (played by Gaga) has been shot out of the sky with an arrow. The instrumental of her song "Artpop" plays in the background. The men run off and Gaga crawls to safety, removing the arrow from her chest. Gaga makes it to her feet and travels to a palace, where she collapses at the front door and is scraped up by the guards. "Venus" begins as she is carried down to the pool, where people cover her in flowers and put her into the water to heal her.<br />
<br />
"G.U.Y." begins as Gaga rises again in a white dress, reborn as a Greek goddess of sorts and the song begins to play. Shots of Gaga in different outfits, including a blue dress and white bikini are shown with dance sequences. [[Andy Cohen (television personality)|Andy Cohen]] and the stars of ''[[The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills]]'' make cameos in the video. A scene featuring Gaga rolling around on a seashell bed in a red outfit, dancing in a gold leotard with arrows, and floating on a bed in a pool is shown throughout the song. With the help of YouTuber SkyDoesMinecraft (also making their cameo appearance), [[Michael Jackson]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[John Lennon]], and [[Jesus]] are resurrected using the game [[Minecraft]] and their blood is used to create clones known as "G.U.Y." Gaga, Vanderpump, and Richards are seen coming out of a car in black outfits, shooting money cannons, and walking down the hallway to kill corporate executives to replace with G.U.Y. clones. The video ends with thousands of these clones marching out of the castle. The credits section of the video then features "Manicure" playing.<br />
<br />
===Reception and analysis===<br />
{{Quote box|width=25%|align=left|quote="It's really up for interpretation by anyone that watches it. There's some artistic images and just some really pop images and I think the trick is to kind of watch it a few times and you'll catch something different each time. But it's ok to be confused because the intention was for there to be a hallucinogenic quality to when you watch it, like Pop Culture Acid."|source=—Gaga talking on ''[[Sirius XM]]'' about the different themes in the video.<ref>{{cite interview|last=Gaga|first=Lady|subject-link=Lady Gaga|title=Lady Gaga Talks to Sirius XM|publisher=[[Sirius XM Radio]]|location=New York|date=March 24, 2014}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
Christina Lee from ''Idolator'' called it "extravagant" and found similarity to the release of Jackson's music video for "[[Remember the Time]]", with Gaga building up anticipation for "G.U.Y." with teasers and premiere.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idolator.com/7511100/lady-gaga-g-u-y-artpop-video|title=Lady Gaga Debuts "G.U.Y.: An ARTPOP Film": Watch|last=Lee|first=Christina|date=March 22, 2014|access-date=March 29, 2014|publisher=Idolator|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140329165007/http://www.idolator.com/7511100/lady-gaga-g-u-y-artpop-video|archive-date=March 29, 2014}}</ref> Marissa G. Muller from MTV News commended the fashion, the choreography, the appearance of RHOBH in the video, and all who worked in it in the credits, saying "While it's a humbling move to put the spotlight on everyone else's contributions, it's also a reminder of how truly epic this production is. It's gonna be really hard for Gaga to out-Gaga this one."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://style.mtv.com/2014/03/24/lady-gaga-guy-music-video-look-by-look/|title=Lady Gaga's 'G.U.Y.' Music Video: Look By Look|last=G. Muller|first=Marissa|date=March 22, 2014|access-date=March 29, 2014|publisher=MTV News|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328082921/http://style.mtv.com/2014/03/24/lady-gaga-guy-music-video-look-by-look/|archive-date=March 28, 2014}}</ref> Adam Markovitz from ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' was impressed by the grandiose of the video calling it "[[camp (style)|camp-pop]] delirium". He compared it with director [[Jean Cocteau]]'s films and proposed different theories as to the plot of the video, including ode to old and new Hollywood and a satire of "corporate subservience".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://music-mix.ew.com/2014/03/22/lady-gagas-g-u-y-video-resurrects-michael-jackson-watch-it-here/|title=Lady Gaga's 'G.U.Y.' video resurrects Michael Jackson: Watch it here|last=Markovitz|first=Adam|date=March 22, 2014|access-date=March 29, 2014|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326015249/http://music-mix.ew.com/2014/03/22/lady-gagas-g-u-y-video-resurrects-michael-jackson-watch-it-here/|archive-date=March 26, 2014}}</ref> This view was shared by Whitney Phaneuf from [[HitFix]] who called it a "heavy dose of camp and pop culture".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hitfix.com/news/lady-gagas-new-guy-video-is-a-ridiculous-real-housewives-assisted-spectacle|title=Lady Gaga's new 'G.U.Y.' video is a ridiculous, 'Real Housewives'-assisted spectacle|last=Phaneuf|first=Whitney|date=March 22, 2014|access-date=April 7, 2014|publisher=[[HitFix]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404010700/http://www.hitfix.com/news/lady-gagas-new-guy-video-is-a-ridiculous-real-housewives-assisted-spectacle|archive-date=April 4, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
MuuMuse's Bradley Stern described the video as "an eye-popping 7-minute deep dive into astonishing new levels of self-importance and certifiable insanity." The video was also noted as Gaga's most ambitious project since those for her previous singles "[[Bad Romance]]" and "[[Telephone (song)|Telephone]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muumuse.com/2014/03/lady-gaga-g-u-y-video-review-the-intersection-of-art-pop-real-housewives-unchecked-lunacy.html/|title=Lady Gaga's "G.U.Y." Video: The Intersection Of Art, Pop, Real Housewives & Unchecked Lunacy|last=Stern|first=Bradley|date=March 22, 2014|access-date=March 29, 2014|publisher=MuuMuse|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328011009/http://www.muumuse.com/2014/03/lady-gaga-g-u-y-video-review-the-intersection-of-art-pop-real-housewives-unchecked-lunacy.html/|archive-date=March 28, 2014}}</ref> Kevin Rutherford from ''Billboard'' said that Gaga "has no problem attaching art to music" and that "she's not showing signs of stopping anytime soon with her new music video."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/lady-gaga-seeks-sweet-revenge-in-guy-video-watch-5944812/|title=Lady Gaga Seeks Sweet Revenge in 'G.U.Y.' Video: Watch|last=Rutherford|first=Kevin|date=March 22, 2014|access-date=March 29, 2014|magazine=Billboard|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327020753/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/5944812/lady-gaga-seeks-sweet-revenge-in-guy-video-watch|archive-date=March 27, 2014}}</ref> Isaiah Thomas from ''[[El Espectador]]'' noted that the video was a response by Gaga against accusations of "selling out" to the corporate world. Especially the ending of the video justified this with Gaga murdering the corporate heads who supposedly destroyed her freedom in the beginning of the video.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com/eye/2014/04/03/corporate-monster|title=The Corporate Monster|last=Thomas|first=Isaiah|date=April 3, 2014|access-date=April 7, 2014|newspaper=[[El Espectador]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403161434/https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/g.u.y.-remixes-ep/id868762422|archive-date=April 3, 2015}}</ref> Dharmic X from ''Complex'' described the release as "vibrant" and "leftfield", as is expected from a release by Gaga.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2014/03/lady-gaga-guy-video|title=Watch Lady Gaga's 11-Minute Video For "G.U.Y."|last=X|first=Dharmic|date=March 22, 2014|access-date=March 29, 2014|journal=Complex|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326073058/http://www.complex.com/music/2014/03/lady-gaga-guy-video|archive-date=March 26, 2014}}</ref> Samantha Grossman from ''Time'' expected the video to be full of the strange imagery and the extravagant costumes, making it "bizarre".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/34705/lady-gaga-guy-music-video/|title=Lady Gaga's Newest Video Stars a Resurrected Michael Jackson and Several Real Housewives|last=Grossman|first=Samantha|date=March 23, 2014|access-date=March 29, 2014|magazine=Time|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329035147/http://time.com/34705/lady-gaga-guy-music-video/|archive-date=March 29, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
Negative reviews came from ''Slant Magazine''{{'}}s Sal Cinquemani, who found the plot to be "muddled", ultimately deducing that the final output was "unsexy" for a song talking about sexual submissiveness. Cinquemani found inspirations from the 1952 [[musical film]] ''[[Million Dollar Mermaid]]'', in the scenes involving synchronized swimming.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/house/2014/22/music-video-review-lady-gaga-guy|title=Music Video Review: Lady Gaga, "G.U.Y."|last=Cinquemani|first=Sal|date=March 22, 2014|access-date=April 7, 2014|work=Slant Magazine|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325210254/http://www.slantmagazine.com/house/2014/22/music-video-review-lady-gaga-guy|archive-date=March 25, 2014}}</ref> [[Contactmusic.com]]'s Elinor Cosgrave highlighted the video's "mix of symbolism", though criticized the references to Christ and rebirth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/article/lady-gaga-s-bizarre-g-u-y-music-video-jesus-michael-jackson-ghandi-real-housewives-lip-sync_4121147|title=Lady Gaga's Bizarre G.U.Y. Music Video: Jesus, Michael Jackson & Gandhi Return Whilst Real Housewives Lip Sync|last=Cosgrave|first=Elinor|date=March 23, 2014|access-date=March 29, 2014|publisher=[[Contactmusic.com]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325102154/http://www.contactmusic.com/article/lady-gaga-s-bizarre-g-u-y-music-video-jesus-michael-jackson-ghandi-real-housewives-lip-sync_4121147|archive-date=March 25, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Live performances==<br />
[[File:Lady Gaga ArtRave San Diego (14703183394).jpg|thumb|Gaga performing "G.U.Y." on [[ArtRave: The Artpop Ball]] tour]]<br />
"G.U.Y." was included in the setlist of her [[Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom|Manhattan concert residency]] at [[Roseland Ballroom]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Fekady|first=Mesfin|title=Lady Gaga Performs at Closing Roseland Ballroom|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/lady-gaga-performs-closing-roseland-ballroom-23109854|publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|access-date=March 29, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329094818/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/lady-gaga-performs-closing-roseland-ballroom-23109854|archive-date=March 29, 2014}}</ref> Following the performance of "[[Applause (Lady Gaga song)|Applause]]", Gaga appeared in a white jumpsuit and green colored wig which she had introduced during the ''Artpop'' era.<ref name="dressball">{{cite news|url=http://style.mtv.com/2014/03/31/lady-gaga-roseland-ballroom-wardrobe/|title=Lady Gaga Brings A Rose-Themed Wardrobe To Roseland Ballroom|date=March 31, 2014|first=Maeve|last=Keirans|publisher=MTV News|access-date=April 7, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408215907/http://style.mtv.com/2014/03/31/lady-gaga-roseland-ballroom-wardrobe/|archive-date=April 8, 2014}}</ref> She stood in the middle of the Ballroom stage and sang the opening lyrics while purple neon lights flooded the stage. On April 2, her performance of the song was broadcast on ''[[Late Show with David Letterman]]'' along with her song "[[Dope (Lady Gaga song)|Dope]]".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2014/04/03/lady-gaga-performs-dope-and-guy-on-letterman/|title=Lady Gaga Performs 'Dope' and 'G.U.Y.' On Letterman|date=April 2, 2014|access-date=April 5, 2014|magazine=[[Rap-Up]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104947/http://www.rap-up.com/2014/04/03/lady-gaga-performs-dope-and-guy-on-letterman/|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> Amanda Holpuch from ''[[The Guardian]]'' recalled that the performance of "G.U.Y." received "as much love as [Gaga's] first big hit '[[Just Dance (song)|Just Dance]]'".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/apr/03/lady-gaga-new-york-roseland-ballroom-review|title=Lady Gaga in New York: 'The crowd was waiting for something outrageous'|last=Holpuch|first=Amanda|date=April 3, 2014|access-date=April 7, 2014|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406133120/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/apr/03/lady-gaga-new-york-roseland-ballroom-review|archive-date=April 6, 2014}}</ref> April Spanos from ''[[The Village Voice]]'' rendered the performances of "Applause" and "G.U.Y." as the "power duo" of the night. She added that the latter was "particularly pleasant to hear live; the Zedd beat was made to be experienced in a club and its crunch was felt all over the dancefloor."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/music/2014/04/lady_gaga_rosland_ballroom.php|title=Lady Gaga – Roseland Ballroom&nbsp;– 4/6/14|date=April 7, 2014|first=April|last=Spanos|newspaper=[[The Village Voice]]|access-date=April 7, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225732/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/music/2014/04/lady_gaga_rosland_ballroom.php|archive-date=April 8, 2014}}</ref> Conversely, Hilary Hughes from ''[[USA Today]]'' felt that the simplest moments of the performances were the ones featuring toned down versions of her singles like "[[Born This Way (song)|Born This Way]]" and "[[Poker Face (Lady Gaga song)|Poker Face]]", rather than the "extravagant" choreography during "[[Bad Romance]]" and "G.U.Y."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2014/03/31/lady-gaga-residency-roseland-ballroom-new-york/7105347/|title=Lady Gaga pops live at closing Roseland Ballroom|last=Hughes|first=Hilary|date=March 31, 2014|access-date=April 1, 2014|newspaper=USA Today|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401014535/http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2014/03/31/lady-gaga-residency-roseland-ballroom-new-york/7105347/|archive-date=April 1, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
The song was also included in the set list of her [[ArtRave: The Artpop Ball]] tour, being the second track performed. The singer wore a bejeweled leotard which had the [[Jeff Koons]] blue gazing ball attached in the middle; the ball was previously used in the album cover art for ''Artpop''. Gaga accessorized the dress with a pair of feathered wings while wearing a blond bob wig reminiscent of her looks from ''[[The Fame]]'' era.<ref name="mtvdress">{{cite news|url=http://style.mtv.com/2014/05/05/lady-gaga-artrave-tour-wardrobe/|title=Lady Gaga's artRave Tour Wardrobe: Latex, Tentacles, Sequins, And More|last=Keirans|first=Maeve|date=May 6, 2014|access-date=May 6, 2014|publisher=MTV News|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511044424/http://style.mtv.com/2014/05/05/lady-gaga-artrave-tour-wardrobe/|archive-date=May 11, 2014}}</ref> Following the performance of the album title song, "[[Artpop (song)|Artpop]]", Gaga loosened the wings and was joined by her dancers on the ramp to perform "G.U.Y." During the intermediate verses Gaga performed a choreographed routine reminiscent of the music video with a dancer. The performance ended with the singer and the dancers reaching the main stage and dancing energetically. <!-- WP:PLOT, IT DOES ''not'' REQUIRE REFERENCE -->It received positive review from Ross Raihala of ''[[St. Paul Pioneer Press]]'' who said that the song sounded "terrific" in its live rendition.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.twincities.com/entertainment/ci_25805119/review-back-at-x-lady-gaga-does-solid|title=Back at the X, Lady Gaga does a solid for her fans|last=Raihala|first=Ross|date=May 21, 2014|access-date=May 22, 2014|newspaper=[[St. Paul Pioneer Press]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524124030/http://www.twincities.com/entertainment/ci_25805119/review-back-at-x-lady-gaga-does-solid|archive-date=May 24, 2014}}</ref> Chuck Yarborough from ''[[The Plain Dealer]]'' noticed that Gaga sang with a backing track during the performance of "G.U.Y.", but concluded that "she and a gifted crew of dancers kept up a manic pace that matched the frenzy of the evening".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2014/05/lady_gaga_is_so_unusual_--_and.html|title=Lady Gaga is so unusual—and fun!—in a marathon Quicken Loans Arena dance party (Review)|last=Yarborough|first=Chuck|date=May 21, 2014|access-date=May 22, 2014|newspaper=[[The Plain Dealer]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523100457/http://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2014/05/lady_gaga_is_so_unusual_--_and.html|archive-date=May 23, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Track listing and formats==<br />
'''Digital download&nbsp;– Remixes'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/g.u.y.-remixes-ep/id868762422|title=G.U.Y. (Remixes)&nbsp;– EP by Lady Gaga|publisher=iTunes Store|access-date=April 30, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403161434/https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/g.u.y.-remixes-ep/id868762422|archive-date=April 3, 2015}}</ref><br />
# "G.U.Y." (St. Lucia Remix)&nbsp;– 5:29<br />
# "G.U.Y." (Rami Samir Afuni Remix)&nbsp;– 4:28<br />
# "G.U.Y." (Wayne G Throwback Anthem)&nbsp;– 7:53<br />
# "G.U.Y." (Lovelife Remix)&nbsp;– 3:15<br />
# "G.U.Y." ([[KDrew]] Remix)&nbsp;– 4:45<br />
<br />
==Credits and personnel==<br />
Credits adapted from the [[liner notes]] of ''Artpop''.<ref name="liner">{{cite AV media notes|title=Artpop|others=[[Lady Gaga]]|year=2013|publisher=[[Interscope Records]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Management===<br />
*Recorded at [[Record Plant|Record Plant Studios]], Hollywood, California<br />
*Mastered at Oasis Mastering Studios, [[Burbank, California]]<br />
*Stefani Germanotta P/K/A Lady Gaga (BMI) [[Sony/ATV Music Publishing|Sony ATV Songs LLC]]/House of Gaga Publishing, LLC/GloJoe Music Inc. (BMI), Zedd Music Empire (ASCAP), All rights administered by Kobalt Songs Music Publishing.<br />
<br />
===Personnel===<br />
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}<br />
*[[Lady Gaga]] – songwriter, [[vocalist|lead vocals]], [[record producer|producer]], piano, guitar, vocal arrangement<br />
*[[Zedd]] – songwriter, producer, [[audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]]<br />
*Dave Russell – [[sound recording and reproduction|recording]]<br />
*Benjamin Rice – recording assistant<br />
*Sonja Durham – vocals during introduction<br />
*Rick Pearl – [[programming (music)|additional programming]]<br />
*Ryan Shanahan – assistant<br />
*Jesse Taub – assistant<br />
*Ivy Skoff – union contract administrator<br />
*Gene Grimaldi – [[audio mastering|mastering]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Charts==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+Weekly chart performance for "G.U.Y."<br />
! Charts (2013–2014)<br />
! Peak<br/>position<br />
|-<br />
{{single chart|Australiapandora|88|artist=Lady Gaga|url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20140416230200/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20140417-0902/Issue1258.pdf|rowheader=true|access-date=April 8, 2014|refname="ariadebut"}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}<br />
|-<br />
{{single chart|Flanders Tip|7|artist=Lady Gaga|song=G.U.Y.|rowheader=true|access-date=May 2, 2014}}<br />
|-<br />
{{single chart|Wallonia Tip|13|artist=Lady Gaga|song=G.U.Y.|rowheader=true|access-date=April 25, 2014}}<br />
|-<br />
{{single chart|Bulgaria|5|artist=Lady Gaga|song=G.U.Y.|rowheader=true|access-date=April 27, 2014|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503193120/http://www.bamp-bg.org/2009-07-08-09-48-53/nielsen/470-21042014-27042014.html}}<br />
|-<br />
{{single chart|Billboardcanadachrtop40|47|artist=Lady Gaga|rowheader=true|access-date=September 5, 2016}}<br />
|-<br />
{{single chart|Czech Republic|45|year=2014|week=18|rowheader=true|access-date=May 5, 2013}}<br />
|-<br />
{{single chart|Finnishairplay|38|artist=Lady GaGa|song=G u y|rowheader=true|access-date=September 19, 2015}}<br />
|-<br />
{{single chart|France|92|artist=Lady Gaga|song=G.U.Y.|rowheader=true|access-date=April 4, 2014|refname="fra"}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Greece Digital Songs (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2014-05-24/greece|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=May 21, 2014|title=Greece Digital Songs&nbsp;– May 24, 2014|url-access=subscription |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723110838/http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2014-05-24/greece|archive-date=July 23, 2015}}</ref><br />
| 8<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"| Italy ([[FIMI]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/ricerca#/type:artists/show:charts/keyword:Lady%20Gaga/page:0|title=Classifica settimanale WK 19, 2014|publisher=[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana]]|access-date=October 15, 2017|archive-date=December 19, 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161219180303/http://www.fimi.it/ricerca%23/type:artists/show:charts/keyword:Laura%20Pausini%20Feat.%20Gianna%20Nannini/page:0#/type:artists/show:charts/keyword:Lady%20Gaga/page:0|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| 94<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |Lebanon ([[The Official Lebanese Top 20]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.olt20.com/Charts#fragment-2&panel1-4|publisher=[[The Official Lebanese Top 20]]|title=The Official Lebanese Top 20: English|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419200218/http://www.olt20.com/Charts|archive-date=April 19, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| 16<br />
|-<br />
{{single chart|Slovakia|73|year=2014|week=22|rowheader=true|access-date=May 22, 2014}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | South Korea International ([[Gaon Digital Chart|Gaon]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2013&targetTime=47&nationGbn=E&year_time=|title=International Digital Chart – Week 47 of 2013|website=[[Gaon Music Chart]]|language=ko|access-date=June 9, 2022}}</ref><br />
| 54<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |UK Singles ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref name="ukdebut">{{cite web|last=Zywietz|first=Tobias|title=Chart Log UK|url=http://zobbel.de/cluk/140405cluk.txt|publisher=Zobbel.de|access-date=April 5, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407064552/http://zobbel.de/cluk/140405cluk.txt|archive-date=April 7, 2014}}</ref><br />
| 115<br />
|-<br />
{{single chart|Billboardhot100|76|artist=Lady Gaga|song=G.U.Y.|rowheader=true|access-date=March 28, 2014}}<br />
|-<br />
{{single chart|Billboarddanceclubplay|4|artist=Lady Gaga|song=G.U.Y.|rowheader=true|access-date=June 12, 2014|refname="hotdance"}}<br />
|-<br />
{{single chart|Billboardpopsongs|29|artist=Lady Gaga|song=G.U.Y.|rowheader=true|access-date=May 1, 2014}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Certifications and sales==<br />
{{Certification Table Top|caption=Certifications and sales for "G.U.Y."}}<br />
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Brazil|title=G.U.Y.|artist=Lady Gaga|type=single|award=Platinum|number=2|relyear=2014|certyear=2024|access-date=April 19, 2024}}<br />
{{Certification Table Bottom|nosales=true|streaming=true|noshipments=true}}<br />
<br />
==Release history==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"<br />
|+ Release dates and formats for "G.U.Y."<br />
! scope="col"| Region<br />
! scope="col"| Date<br />
! scope="col"| Format(s)<br />
! scope="col"| Version<br />
! scope="col"| Label(s)<br />
! scope="col"| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| France<br />
| March 22, 2014<br />
| rowspan="2"| Radio [[airplay]]<br />
| rowspan="3"| Original<br />
| [[Universal Music Group|Universal]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Lady-GaGa/news-91181.html|title=Clip de "G.U.Y." : Lady Gaga règle ses comptes et revient en force|website=Pure Charts in France|date=March 23, 2014|first1=Yohann|last1=Ruelle|first2=J.|last2=Goncalves|access-date=September 11, 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Italy<br />
| March 28, 2014<br />
| Streamline<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="radioit">{{cite web|url=https://radiodate.it/radio-date/lady-gaga-g-u-y-61964-28-03-2014-radiodate/|title=G.U.Y.: Lady Gaga|last=Mompellio|first=Gabriel|date=March 28, 2014|access-date=March 28, 2014|publisher=Radio Airplay Italy|language=it|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028104145/http://www.radioairplay.fm/RadioDate/PublicDetails/61964|archive-date=October 28, 2014}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| United States<br />
| April 8, 2014<br />
| {{Hlist|[[Contemporary hit radio]]|[[rhythmic contemporary]] radio}}<br />
| {{Hlist|Streamline|[[Interscope Records|Interscope]]}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="radio"/><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Various<br />
| April 29, 2014<br />
| {{hlist|[[Music download|Digital download]]|[[streaming media|streaming]]}}<br />
| Remixes<br />
| rowspan="2"| Interscope<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/g.u.y.-remixes-ep/id868762422|title=Lady Gaga 'GUY' Remixes EP|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|location=US|access-date=June 13, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403161434/https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/g.u.y.-remixes-ep/id868762422|archive-date=April 3, 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | United States<br />
| November 11, 2023<br />
| [[Twelve-inch single|7" vinyl]]<br />
| Original<br />
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.urbanoutfitters.com/shop/uo-exclusive-singles-day-limited-lp-67?category=SEARCHRESULTS&color=001&searchparams=q%3Dlady%2520gaga&type=REGULAR&size=ONE%20SIZE&quantity=1|title=Lady Gaga - G.U.Y. Limited 7-Inch Single LP Urban Outfitters|website=[[Urban Outfitters|urbanoutfitters.com]]|access-date=November 11, 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111140216/https://www.urbanoutfitters.com/shop/hybrid/uo-exclusive-singles-day-limited-lp-67?category=SEARCHRESULTS&color=001&searchparams=q%3Dlady%2520gaga&type=REGULAR&size=ONE%20SIZE&quantity=1|archive-date=November 11, 2023}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Lady Gaga songs}}<br />
{{Minecraft}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2013 songs]]<br />
[[Category:2014 singles]]<br />
[[Category:American electronic dance music songs]]<br />
[[Category:Angels in art]]<br />
[[Category:Classical mythology in music]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of John Lennon]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Michael Jackson]]<br />
[[Category:Eros]]<br />
[[Category:Interscope Records singles]]<br />
[[Category:Jesus in art]]<br />
[[Category:Lady Gaga songs]]<br />
[[Category:Minecraft in popular culture]]<br />
[[Category:Music videos directed by Lady Gaga]]<br />
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Lady Gaga]]<br />
[[Category:Songs written by Lady Gaga]]<br />
[[Category:Songs written by Zedd]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kendriya_Vidyalaya,_Adoor&diff=509223Kendriya Vidyalaya, Adoor2026-03-04T18:34:16Z<p>Sanjay: Creating New Post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox school<br />
| name = Kendriya Vidyalaya Adoor<br />
| type = [[Educational]] [[Institution]]<br />
| website = [https://adoor.kvs.ac.in/ Official Website]<br />
| image = Kvaonam.JPG<br />
| established = 09-08-1993<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|9.1613|76.7183|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br />
| location = [[Adoor]], [[Kerala]]<br />
| affiliations = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]<br />
| authority = Ministry of Education<br />
}}<br />
'''Kendriya Vidyalaya, Adoor''' is a Higher Secondary School located in [[Adoor]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. It operates I to XII grade with Science, Commerce and Computer Science streams in the senior secondary level. The main [[Goal|objective]] of [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]] is to cater to the educational needs of the children of transferable Central [[Government]] [[employees]] including defence and paramilitary personnel among others by providing a common syllabus, medium and system of education. The institution is affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education|Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE).<br />
<br />
The school usually enrolls approximately 1500 students with around 56 staff members including the principal and the teachers.<br />
<br />
Nine staff housing units are available. Nine additional classrooms and two computer labs are present.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kvadoor.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=132|title=Kendriya Vidyalaya, Adoor, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala - About Kendriya Vidyalaya, Adoor|last=Administrator|website=kvadoor.gov.in|access-date=2016-01-24|archive-date=17 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817165101/http://kvadoor.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=132|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Governance ==<br />
The school is run by [[Kendriya Vidyalaya|Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan]], an autonomous body under the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] of the Government of India.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
This school was established in 1993 by the central government. The school office opened on 9 August with 1 Principal, 1 Teacher, 1 Clerical Staff and one office attendant Classes started on 17 September. The campus included 3 acres of land along with old buildings used as temporary measure to house the School. Staff strength grew to 12 including office staff. The first class graduated in 1999.<br />
<br />
Construction of the school building started in 1998 and the building opened in March 2001.<br />
<br />
The Vidyalaya started the +2 science stream in 2002. The School was upgraded to Senior Secondary in 2002 and the first XII students successfully graduated in 2004.<br />
<br />
Due to heavy demand for enrollment into this school, a shift system was introduced in 2004. Classes up to XII in the science stream in shift I and up to XII commerce in shift II. The Second Division for classes 2, 3, 4 and 5 was sanctioned in 2006. A science stream was started in shift II in 2007-08. In 2009, sanction for one more division classes 1-4 was obtained and admissions were made thereafter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kvadoor.gov.in/images/genesisofkv.pdf|title=Genesis Text|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Languages==<br />
English and [[Hindi]] are taught from class I onwards while [[Sanskrit]] is taught as a compulsory subject from classes VI to VIII and as an optional subject till class XII.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160109221706/http://kvadoor.gov.in/ Kendriya Vidyalaya Adoor]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Schools in Pathanamthitta district]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1993]]<br />
[[Category:1993 establishments in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Kendriya Vidyalayas in Kerala]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Play_(film)&diff=540647The Play (film)2026-03-04T00:25:42Z<p>Sanjay: Made the post w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = The Play<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = [[Ranjay Ray Choudhury]]<br />
| producer = Sankar Chowdhury<br>Amitava Roy<br />
| story = [[Ranjay Ray Choudhury]]<br />
| screenplay = [[Ranjay Ray Choudhury]]<br />
| starring = [[Indrasish Roy]]<br />[[Mumtaz Sorcar]]<br />[[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]<br />
| music = [[Joy Sarkar]]<br />
| cinematography = Souvik Basu<br />
| editing = Sujay Datta Ray<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|12|06}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| runtime = 110 minutes<br />
| language = Bengali<br />
}}<br />
'''''The Play'''''<ref>{{cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Madhusree|title=I did not compromise on my vision: Ranjay It took the director two years to realize his big dream|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JS00vMjAxMy8xMS8zMCNBcjAzNjAy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306142255/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JS00vMjAxMy8xMS8zMCNBcjAzNjAy|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2014|work=The Times Of India|accessdate=13 November 2013}}</ref> is a 2013 Bengali murder mystery thriller film written and directed by [[Ranjay Ray Choudhury]].<ref name="The Play at WBRi">{{cite web|title=THE PLAY: A Mystery Murder Thriller Bengali Movie - Preview, Story, Poster, Trailer, Wallpaper|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/34659013-play-mystery-murder-thriller-bengali-movie-preview-story-poster-trailer-wallpaper-w|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306004311/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/34659013-play-mystery-murder-thriller-bengali-movie-preview-story-poster-trailer-wallpaper-w|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 March 2013|access-date=3 February 2013}}</ref> The film features [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]], [[Indrasish Roy]], and [[Mumtaz Sorcar]]<ref>{{cite web|title='The Play' centres round English theatre in Kolkata: Mumtaj|date=2 May 2013 |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/the-play-centres-round-english-theatre-in-kolkata-mumtaj-113050201114_1.html|accessdate=2 May 2013}}</ref> in the lead roles. The film revolves around a theatre group where the entire theatre group gets devastated by a series of murders. The filming began in December 2012 and was wrapped up by January 2013. The film was released on 6 December 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Madushree|title=Tolly stars play it up|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=TOIKM/2013/12/09&PageLabel=24&EntityId=Ar02400&ViewMode=HTML|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306142015/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=TOIKM/2013/12/09&PageLabel=24&EntityId=Ar02400&ViewMode=HTML|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2014|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=9 December 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
A famous theatre group in Kolkata is ravaged when the members of the group get killed one by one in a span of a single night. Only three of the members, Mainak ([[Indrasish Roy]]), Ishika ([[Mumtaz Sorcar]]) and Rishabh ([[Rajdeep Gupta]]) survive. The task of finding out the truth befalls Mainak, but the answers he was looking for are not what he ends up finding.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Debatri|title=Crime, Thriller, aar|url=https://www.ebela.in/paper/16-9-25@02@2013.html|publisher=Ebela|accessdate=25 February 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
*Ambikesh Sanyal ([[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]])<br />
*Mainak ([[Indrasish Roy]])<br />
*Ishika ([[Mumtaz Sorcar]])<br />
*Rishabh ([[Rajdeep Gupta]])<br />
*Ananya (Sampurna Chakraborty) and others<ref>{{cite web|title=Press meet of Bengali movie 'The Play'|url=http://www.gomolo.com/659102/photos-press-meet-of-bengali-movie-the-play}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music==<br />
The music and the background score of ''The Play'' have been composed by *([[Joy Sarkar]]).<br />
<br />
=== Soundtrack ===<br />
#"Bhromor Koio Giya" - ([[Anushree Gupta]])<br />
#"Ekta Beparoa Din Ashe" - ([[Somchanda Bhattacharya]]), ([[Timir Biswas]]) <br />
#"Ke Barabe Haat" - ([[Kushal Paul]])<br />
#"Megh Kuyashay Amar Shohor" - ([[Joy Sarkar]]) <br />
#"Bhromor Koio Giya" (Remix)<br />
#"The Play" Theme<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{facebook|theplaythemovie}}<br />
*{{IMDb title|3012236}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Play, The (film)}}<br />
[[Category:2013 films]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 Bengali-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2010s mystery thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian murder mystery films]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language mystery thriller films]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tere_Mere_Sapne_(1971_film)&diff=461022Tere Mere Sapne (1971 film)2026-03-03T23:40:45Z<p>Sanjay: formatting fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name =Tere Mere Sapne<br />
| image =Tere Mere Sapne (1971 film) poster.jpg<br />
<br />
| caption =<br />
| director = [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]]<br />
| producer = [[Dev Anand]]<br />
| studio = [[Navketan Films]]<br />
| writer = '''Screenplay & Dialogues:'''<br/>Vijay Anand <br />
| story = Kaushal Bharti (adapted)<br/>A. J. Cronin (original)<br />
| based_on = {{based on|[[The Citadel (novel)|The Citadel]]|[[A. J. Cronin]]}}<br />
| narrator =<br />
| starring = Dev Anand<br />[[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]]<br />[[Hema Malini]]<br />Vijay Anand <br />
| music = [[Sachin Dev Burman|S. D. Burman]]<br />
| cinematography = V. Ratra<br />
| editing = Vijay Anand<br />
| distributor =<br />
| released = {{Film date|1971}}<br />
| runtime = 171 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Tere Mere Sapne''''' ({{translation|''Our Dreams''}}) is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1971|1971]] film produced by [[Dev Anand]], and written and directed by his brother [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]] for [[Navketan Films]]. The movie stars [[Dev Anand]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Hema Malini]] and [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]] in key roles. The film's music is by [[S. D. Burman]] and the story is based on ''[[The Citadel (novel)|The Citadel]]'', a novel by [[A.J. Cronin]]. In 1972, it was made as [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ''Jiban Saikate'', with [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] and [[Aparna Sen]] and in 1982, it was remade into the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Madhura Swapnam]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/krishnamraju.htm |title=Uppalapati Krishnam Raju Filmography |publisher=CineGoer.com |access-date=2011-06-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726224905/http://www.cinegoer.com/krishnamraju.htm |archive-date=26 July 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=Butt2007>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-aqBgAAQBAJ&q=tere+mere+sapne+1971+citadel&pg=PA57|title=Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: Modern Transformations: New Identities (from 1918)|last=Butt|first=Richard|date=2007|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=9780748624829|editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Ian|pages=57|language=en|chapter=6. Literature and the Screen Media since 1908}}</ref><ref name=Salam2015>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-tere-mere-sapne-1971/article7232018.ece|title=Tere Mere Sapne (1971)|last=Salam|first=Ziya Us|date=21 May 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=18 March 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517040146/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-tere-mere-sapne-1971/article7232018.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Dev Anand]] as Dr. Anand Kumar <br />
*[[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] as Nisha Patel / Nisha Kumar<br />
*[[Hema Malini]] as Maltimala (Sp. App.)<br />
*Mahesh Kaul as Dr. Prasad <br />
*[[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]] as Dr. Jagannath Kothari <br />
*[[Tabassum]] as Maltimala's Hairdresser<br />
* [[Agha (actor)|Agha]] as Dr. Bhutani<br />
* Paro as Mrs. Prasad<br />
* [[Leela Mishra]] as Nisha's aunt<br />
* [[D.K. Sapru|Sapru]] as Phoolchand<br />
* [[Jayshree T.]] as Dancer in song "Mera Saajan Phool Kamal Ka"<br />
* [[Mumtaz Begum (actress)|Mumtaz Begum]] as Maltimala's Mother<br />
* [[Prem Nath]] as Seth. Madhochand<br />
* [[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]] as Phoolchand's Wife<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
All lyrics are written by [[Gopaldas Neeraj|Neeraj]]; all music is composed by [[S.D. Burman]].<ref name="Spotify">{{Cite web|date=3 December 2023|title=Tere Mere Sapne|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/1asznJe1sUI9j85u3OHC5I|publisher=Spotify|access-date=3 December 2023|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203091345/https://open.spotify.com/album/1asznJe1sUI9j85u3OHC5I|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Tere Mere Sapne<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[S. D. Burman]]<br />
| released = {{Start date|1972}}<ref name="Apple Music">{{Cite web|date=3 December 2023|title=Tere Mere Sapne|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/tere-mere-sapne-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1443489001|publisher=Apple Music|access-date=3 December 2023|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203091016/https://music.apple.com/in/album/tere-mere-sapne-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1443489001|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = {{Duration|m=35|s=}}<br />
| language = [[Hindi]]<br />
| label = [[Universal Music India]]<br />
| producer = [[S. D. Burman]]<br />
| prev_title = Chaitali<br />
| prev_year = 1971<br />
| next_title = [[Yeh Gulistan Hamara]]<br />
| next_year = 1971<br />
| chronology = [[S. D. Burman]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Songs<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Hey Maine Kasam Li<br />
| length1 = 4:03<br />
| extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]] & [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
| title5 = Mera Sajan Phool Kamal Ka<br />
| length5 = 4:57<br />
| extra5 = [[Asha Bhosle]]<br />
| title3 = Jaise Radha Ne Mala Japi<br />
| length3 = 3:58<br />
| extra3 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
| title4 = Ta Thai Tat Thai<br />
| length4 = 4:51<br />
| extra4 = [[Asha Bhosle]]<br />
| title2 = Jeevan Ki Bagia Mehkegi<br />
| length2 = 4:20<br />
| extra2 = [[Kishore Kumar]] & [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
| title6 = Phur Ud Chala<br />
| length6 = 3:30<br />
| extra6 = [[Asha Bhosle]]<br />
| title7 = Mere Antar Ek Mandir<br />
| length7 = 3:39<br />
| extra7 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
| title8 = Suno Re Suno<br />
| length8 = 5:59<br />
| extra8 = [[Manna Dey]]<br />
| total_length = {{Duration|m=35|s=00}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
In 1971, a dispute occurred at the Kohinoor cinema in [[Dadar]], when a Marathi film ''Songadya'' starring [[Dada Kondke]] was replaced with ''Tere Mere Sapne''.<ref name=Varma2018>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/020618/a-cinematic-clash-recreated.html|title=Thackeray: Nawazuddin recreates 1971 clash involving Dev Anand; all you need to know|last=Varma|first=Lipika|date=2 June 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=18 March 2019|archive-date=8 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608020836/https://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/020618/a-cinematic-clash-recreated.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Unlike Anand's previous "Golden hits", ''Tere Mere Sapne'' did not do as well at the box office.<ref name=Gahlot2015>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEqwDAAAQBAJ&q=tere+mere+sapne+1971&pg=PT291|title=Take-2: 50 Films That Deserve a New Audience|last=Gahlot|first=Deepa|date=2015|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=9789384544850|language=en|chapter=42. Tere Mere Sapne}}</ref><br />
<br />
Among retrospective reviews, Farhana Farook writing for [[Filmfare]] called it one of Mumtaz's best performances.<ref name=GoldenMemories>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/golden-memories-8403.html|title=Golden memories {{!}} filmfare.com|last=Farook|first=Farhana|date=10 February 2015|website=www.filmfare.com|access-date=18 March 2019|archive-date=7 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707225419/http://www.filmfare.com/features/golden-memories-8403.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hindustan Times]] included it in it in their list of Anand's top 10 films.<ref name=HT2013>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/revisiting-dev-anand-s-10-best-films-on-his-90th-birth-anniversary/story-Wsq6TmYGgAkDfkpqAyEwGP.html|title=Revisiting Dev Anand's 10 best films on his 90th birth anniversary|date=26 September 2013|website=www.hindustantimes.com|language=en|access-date=18 March 2019|archive-date=27 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927133413/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/revisiting-dev-anand-s-10-best-films-on-his-90th-birth-anniversary/story-Wsq6TmYGgAkDfkpqAyEwGP.html|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> [[Kamal Haasan]] who included it in his list of ''70 favourite movies since 1947'' stated, "The film stayed with me. This was romance in the early Seventies, but the kind of characters you saw in this film were rare at the time -- like the alcoholic doctor. At that time, one was aching for films that would come close to Erich Segal’s Love Story. And Tere Mere Sapne was different, despite being a typical Hindi film. I was not interested in Aradhana (1969). Later there were other different films like Rajnigandha (1974) but they didn’t change my perception. For me, Tere Mere Sapne became a primer to see better cinema. We graduated to better cinema because of such films. Otherwise, films by directors like Satyajit Ray would have remained boxes to tick off on a to-do list."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/kamal-hassan-70-movies|title=Bollywood blockbuster to Kollywood classic: Kamal Haasan picks his 70 favourite movies|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=31 July 2022|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713153725/https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/kamal-hassan-70-movies/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title |id=0067840|title=Tere Mere Sapne (1971)}}<br />
<br />
{{The Citadel}}<br />
{{Vijay Anand}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Films scored by S. D. Burman]]<br />
[[Category:1971 films]]<br />
[[Category:1971 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on The Citadel (novel)]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Vijay Anand]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]<br />
[[Category:1970s pregnancy films]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piya_Ka_Ghar&diff=525672Piya Ka Ghar2026-03-03T23:37:46Z<p>Sanjay: New a stub needs work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Piya Ka Ghar<br />
| image = Piya Ka Ghar, 1972.jpg<br />
| director = [[Basu Chatterjee]]<br />
| producer = [[Tarachand Barjatya]]<br />
| writer = Basu Chatterjee<br />
| screenplay = Ram Kelkar<br />
| story = [[Vasant_Purushottam_Kale|Vasant P. Kale]]<br />
| based_on = Mumbaicha Jawai <br/> (Marathi Film)<br />
| starring = [[Jaya Bachchan|Jaya Bhaduri]]<br>[[Anil Dhawan]]<br> [[Paintal (comedian)|Paintal]]<br />
| music = [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]<br />
| cinematography = [[K. K. Mahajan]]<br />
| editing = Mukhtar Ahmed<br />
| studio = [[Rajshri Productions]]<br />
| distributor = [[Rajshri Productions]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1972|02|25}}<br />
| runtime = 135 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Piya Ka Ghar''''' ({{Translation}} My Beloved's House) is a 1972 [[India]]n [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Basu Chatterjee]], and produced by [[Rajshri Productions]], starring [[Anil Dhawan]] and [[Jaya Bachchan]]. A remake of [[Raja Thakur]]'s Marathi film ''[[Mumbaicha Jawai]]'', it portrays the difficulties of life in [[Mumbai]] during the 1970s in the form of a comic family drama. According to film and music expert Rajesh Subramanian, [[Amol Palekar]] was the first choice for the lead role, but an unfortunate misunderstanding led to Chatterjee casting Anil Dhawan.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The two main characters are Ram and Malti. Ram lives in a [[chawl]] (tenement) in Mumbai. Malti initially lives in a relatively comfortable home in an unidentified village.<br />
<br />
Ram and Malti are hooked up through a [[matchmaking|matchmaker]] that their parents have hired. The matchmaker first visits Malti's house, then he then visits Ram and his family (parents, two brothers, one sister-in-law, three uncles, and two aunts), who live together in a one-room apartment.<br />
<br />
Ram and Malti fall in love, and Ram's family visits her in her village. Soon, they are married, and Malti moves to Ram's apartment, not knowing what to expect. Since there is very little room left in the apartment, the newlyweds are forced to sleep in the kitchen. They make several comical, but failed, attempts to have some privacy.<br />
<br />
At last, Malti can bear it no longer, and her uncle arrives to take her back to the village. But when they see all her in-laws offering to move out on her account, they change their minds, saying that such love overcomes the difficulties of living in Mumbai. In the end, the couple finally finds the privacy they were seeking.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Actor/Actress !!Character/Role !!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jaya Bhaduri]]<br />
|Malti Shankar<!-- Her name is listed in the credits before any other actor's name. --><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Anil Dhawan]]<br />
|Ram G. Sharma<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Agha (actor)|Agha]]<br />
|Girdharilal Sharma<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sulochana Chatterjee]]<br />
|Mrs. Girdharilal Sharma<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Suresh Chatwal]]<br />
|Shiri G. Sharma<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Rajeeta Thakur<br />
|Shobha Shiri Sharma<br />
|as Rajeeta Thakur<br />
|-<br />
|[[Raja Paranjpe]]<br />
|Gauri Shankar<br />
|as Raja Paranjape<br />
|-<br />
|[[Keshto Mukherjee]]<br />
|Baburao Kulkarni<br />
|as Kesto Mukherjee<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mukri]]<br />
|Kanhaiya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Sunder<br />
|Irate Passenger<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Paintal (comedian)|Paintal]]<br />
|Arun<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[C.S. Dubey]]<br />
|Pandit<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Asrani]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Sarita Devi<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Samar Chatterjee<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Manmauji<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Prakash Mishra<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Pardesi<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|[[Rajan Verma]]<br />
|<br />
|as Raj Verma<br />
|-<br />
|Alka<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Amitabh Bachchan]]<br />
|<br />
|Guest Appearance<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dharmendra]]<br />
|''Himself''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<!-- for all full songs including ;bambaeee shaher ki' is available on --><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The following songs, listed in the order in which they appear. Lyrics are penned by [[Anand Bakshi]] and music is composed by Laxmikant Pyarelal. The song ''"Ye Jeevan Hai"'' sung by [[Kishore Kumar]] was frequently used in 2022 movie [[Uunchai]] in background as a part of the story plot.<br />
<br />
* "Ye Jeevan Hai" by [[Kishore Kumar]]<br />
* "Bambaee Shahar Kee" by Kishore Kumar<br />
* "Piya Ka Ghar" by [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
* "Ye Zulf Kaisee Hai" by [[Mohammed Rafi]] and Lata Mangeshkar<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0158092}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050412105619/http://www.musicindiaonline.com/l/17/s/movie_name.1633/ MusicIndiaOnline page]- includes first three songs and lyrics to "''Ye Jeevan Hai''"<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040130/http://www.bollyview.com/MovieDetails.aspx?id=583 ''Piya Ka Ghar'']<br />
<br />
{{Basu Chatterjee}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1972 films]]<br />
[[Category:1972 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Basu Chatterjee]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br />
[[Category:Rajshri Productions films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:1972 romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic comedy films]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandra_Mukhi&diff=467081Chandra Mukhi2026-03-03T23:28:52Z<p>Sanjay: small changes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{other uses of|Chandramukhi}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Chandra Mukhi<br />
| image = Chandra Mukhi.jpg<br />
| caption = Film poster<br />
| director = Debaloy Dey<br />
| story = Salman Khan<br />
| writer = Anwar Khan<br />
| based_on = <br />
| starring = [[Sridevi]]<br>[[Salman Khan]]<br>[[Pran (actor)|Pran]]<br>[[Gulshan Grover]]<br>[[Mohnish Behl]]<br>[[Puneet Issar]]<br />
| producer = Bubby Kent<br />
| distributor =<br />
| cinematography =<br />
| editing = Mukhtar Ahmed<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1993|10|22}}<br />
| runtime = 152 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| music = [[Anand–Milind]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Chandra Mukhi''''' is a 1993 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[fantasy|romance action fantasy]] film directed by Debaloy Dey starring [[Sridevi]], [[Salman Khan]], [[Mohnish Behl]] and [[Pran (actor)|Pran]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Salman Khan's films you might have missed watching | newspaper=The Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/salman-khans-films-you-might-have-missed-watching/photostory/48370177.cms | access-date=2020-07-09 | archive-date=25 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225121934/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/salman-khans-films-you-might-have-missed-watching/photostory/48370177.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=rediff.com: Sridevi-Salman Khan, Shah Rukh Khan | website=Rediff.com | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/06sld2.htm | access-date=2020-07-09 | archive-date=25 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225121931/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/06sld2.htm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Watch: When Salman Khan Introduced Sridevi as 'The Ultimate Superstar' | website=News18 | date=2018-02-28 | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/watch-when-salman-khan-introduced-sridevi-as-the-ultimate-superstar-1674741.html | access-date=2020-07-09 | archive-date=2 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702202023/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/watch-when-salman-khan-introduced-sridevi-as-the-ultimate-superstar-1674741.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Bhatnagar | first=Rohit | title=Salman Khan to cast Sridevi? | website=The Asian Age | date=2016-12-02 | url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/021216/salman-khan-to-cast-sridevi.html | access-date=2020-07-09 | archive-date=25 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225121936/https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/021216/salman-khan-to-cast-sridevi.html | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
Chandra Mukhi tells the story of Chandra Mukhi, a princess of a heavenly kingdom, who comes down to earth in search of her lost magical leaf. A boy named Raja who is being abused by his uncle meets chandramukhi and sets on an adventure.<br />
<br />
Rai is old and so already written a will that when raja becomes grown up only the wealth will go to raja's hand, raja is brought up by madan who kidnaps raja to avoid the wealth going to raja and daily torture raja with his gang consists of tony and two more guys, gulshans wife kamini also helping Gulshan by leaking all the secrets of rai, Chandramukhi is a adventurous daughter of goddess who loves the natural beauty of earth so goes down to earth and visits the beautiful places on earth and the goddess warns her as she don't know the suffering if being in earth but chandramukhi is not bothered and so keeps again visiting the earth. On one such visit zhola fights with her and so the golden leaf,used to enter heaven, gets lost thus chandramukhi lands in the nearby place where raja lives, raja gives her shelter and the name chandramukhi is given accidentally when all boys tell their name and seeing the tv Hindi film one character tells the name chandramukhi gets repeated spoken by chandramukhi and hearing this raja starts calling chandramukhi. Raja getting tortured and the plan of madan all seen and understood by chandramukhi turns raja while sleeping into a strong young man. Raja now grown big is not recognised by madan who tries to beat raja asking where is the boy raja but raja now a strong man fights everybody down. Kamini one day pushes down rai from a hilly roadside to kill rai who later shown rescued by a black magic gang and raja with chandramukhi comes here and takes away rai who now is shown half mad. rai later while talking with raja tells he is not mad as he was acting to find out the secret as who all were his enemies and asks raja to know where is his boy raja but raja tells he is the boy raja, this time chandramukhi's mother goddess appear as a bright light and convinces Rai only raja can save chandramukhi and stop the evil zhola from destroying earth. Madan and his gang with help of a black magician finds out raja is not small boy now and has help from chandramukhi and traps chandramukhi and here raja fights but zhola changes appearance and takes away chandramukhi with him, zhola gets the golden leaf and now stronger ties chandramukhi and also plans to kill everyone of that place, madan gets mind changed suddenly and starts supports raja and chandramukhi to destroy zhola and begs pardon to rai at end, raja and chandramukhi together fights and destroy zhola and gets the golden leaf back. Chandramukhi gets back to heaven. The film ends showing raja in a big chair of the company and chandramukhi is new walk in secretary assistance and both having a happy laugh .<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
*[[Sridevi]] as Chandra Mukhi<br />
*[[Salman Khan]] as Raja Rai<br />
*[[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Rai (Raja's grandfather)<br />
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Madan (Raja's Uncle)<br />
*[[Mohnish Behl]] as Tony<br />
*[[Puneet Issar]] as Zhola<br />
*[[Tinnu Anand]] as Santala<br />
*[[Kunika]] as Lily<br />
*[[Maya Alagh]] as Chandra Mukhi's mom<br />
*[[Asha Sachdev]] as Kamini Rai<br />
*[[Tej Sapru]] as Ghunga<br />
*[[Shiva Rindani]] as Bob<br />
*[[Avtaar Gill]] as Yakeemo<br />
*Rana Jung Bahadur as Ved<br />
*[[Kim Yashpal]] as [[item number|special appearance]] in song (deleted song)<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
<br />
{{Tracklist<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Aa Paas Aa To Zara<br />
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]<br />
| length1 = 05:02<br />
| title2 = Tune Pakdi Kalai<br />
| extra2 = Renu Mukherjee<br />
| length2 = 04:03<br />
| title3 = Chha Raha Hai Pyaar Ka Nasha<br />
| extra3 = [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alisha Chinai]]<br />
| length3 = 06:55<br />
| title4 = Maine Pilayee Ke Tune Pilayee<br />
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br />
| length4 = 04:17<br />
| title5 = Mere Honthon Pe Ek Kahani<br />
| extra5 = Anand (Anand–Milind, Kavita Krishnamurthy<br />
| length5 = 08:39<br />
| title6 = Tere Dil Ki Baat Main Janoo<br />
| extra6 = Kumar Sanu, [[Alka Yagnik]]<br />
| length6 = 05:20<br />
| title7 = Teri Hi Aarzoo Hai<br />
| extra7 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Kavita Krishnamurthy<br />
| length7 = 05:54<br />
| title8 = Ding dong bell Ding dong bell Apna hai Main<br />
| note8 = Deleted song<br />
| extra8 =<br />
| length8 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=0106541|title=Chandra Mukhi}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1993 films]]<br />
[[Category:1990s fantasy drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1993 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1990s Urdu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]<br />
[[Category:Indian fantasy drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1993 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about rapid human age change]]<br />
[[Category:Magical realism films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about fairies]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Next_Enti%3F&diff=521815Next Enti?2026-03-03T17:50:41Z<p>Sanjay: New new stub needs work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2018 film by Kunal Kohli}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Next Enti?<br />
| image = Next Enti poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Kunal Kohli]]<br />
| producer = {{Plainlist|<br />
*[[Sachiin Joshi]]<br />
*Raina Joshi<br />
*Akshai Puri<br />
}}<br />
| screenplay = Kunal Kohli<br />
| based_on = ''[[Hum Tum (2004 film)|Hum Tum]]''<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
*[[Tamannaah Bhatia]]<br />
*[[Sundeep Kishan]]<br />
*[[Navdeep]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]<br />
| cinematography = Maneesh Chandra Bhatt<br />
| editing = Anil Kumar Bonthu<br />
| studio = <br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|12|07}}<br />
| runtime = 117 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
}}<br />
'''''Next Enti?''''' ({{translation|What next?}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Kunal Kohli]], making his Telugu debut. The film stars [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[Sundeep Kishan]], and [[Navdeep]]. It is based on Kohli's own [[Hindi]] film ''[[Hum Tum (2004 film)|Hum Tum]]'', which itself is based on ''[[When Harry Met Sally...]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=5 October 2017 |title=Soul-searching for Sundeep Kishan |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/soul-searching-for-sundeep-kishan/article19801735.ece |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709110858/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/soul-searching-for-sundeep-kishan/article19801735.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2018 |title=Never talked more openly about love, sex in Telugu films: Tamannaah on 'Next Enti' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/never-talked-more-openly-about-love-sex-telugu-films-tamannaah-next-enti-92906 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507061850/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/never-talked-more-openly-about-love-sex-telugu-films-tamannaah-next-enti-92906 |url-status=live }}</ref> The music was composed by [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]] with cinematography by Manish Chandra Bhatt, and editing by Anil Kumar Bonthu. The film released on 7 December 2018. The film's title is based on a song from ''[[Nenu Local]]'' (2017).<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Tammy is a modern girl who breaks up with her boyfriend as he does not believe in true love. This is the time when she meets a marketing executive named Sanju and connects with him instantly. They start living together, but Tammy is against a physical relationship with Sanju. This upsets Sanju, and he breaks up with Tammy. During this time, Tammy starts liking Krish, a businessman with a past, while Sanju also moves on. Tammy and Krish begin a relationship, and this time, she believes that Krish is the one for her. The rest of the story is what happens between Tammy, Sanju, and Krish.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Tammy<br />
* [[Sundeep Kishan]] as Sanju<br />
* [[Navdeep]] as Krish<br />
* [[Poonam Kaur]] as Prachiti<br />
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Prakash, Tammy's father<br />
* [[Harsha Vardhan]] as Sanju's friend<br />
* Larissa Bonesi as Roshini<br />
* Venkat Mikkilineni as Mahesh<br />
* Milla as Baby Tammy<br />
* Prajnaa Kumar and Laila Naim as Young Tammy<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film is Bollywood director [[Kunal Kohli]]'s first [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film. Principal photography began in London in late-May 2017.<ref name="filming">{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=29 May 2017 |title=Kunal Kohli starts shooting for Telugu film in London |work=[[Gulf News]] |url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/bollywood/kunal-kohli-starts-shooting-for-telugu-film-in-london-1.2034822 |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005202429/http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/bollywood/kunal-kohli-starts-shooting-for-telugu-film-in-london-1.2034822 |url-status=live }}</ref> The title ''Next Enti'' was revealed on 8 November 2018.<ref name="title revealed">{{Cite news |date=8 November 2018 |title=Tamannaah, Sundeep Kishan starrer titled Next Enti! |work=[[The Hans India]] |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-11-08/Tamannaah-Sundeep-Kishan-starrer-titled-Next-Enti/438792 |access-date=8 November 2018 |archive-date=8 November 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181108080058/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-11-08/Tamannaah-Sundeep-Kishan-starrer-titled-Next-Enti/438792 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Next Enti?<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = Leon James<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 10 November 2018<br />
| recorded = 2017–2018<br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Feature Film Soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 21:16<br />
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
| producer = [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Veera (2018 film)|Veera]]<br />
| prev_year = 2018<br />
| next_title = [[Silukkuvarupatti Singam]]<br />
| next_year = 2018<br />
}}<br />
Leon James makes his Telugu debut with this film.<br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Track List<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 21:16<br />
| title1 = Oh No Never!<br />
| extra1 = [[Ash King]], [[M. M. Manasi]]<br />
| all_lyrics = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]<br />
| length1 = 04:12<br />
| title2 = Na Nuve Na<br />
| extra2 = [[Shashaa Tirupati]], Kapil Nair<br />
| length2 = 04:35<br />
| title3 = Love'Otsavam<br />
| extra3 = [[Benny Dayal]], [[Jonita Gandhi]]<br />
| length3 = 04:20<br />
| title4= Nee Bosi Navve<br />
| extra4= [[Vijay Prakash]]<br />
| length4= 03:44<br />
| title5= Ontarigaane<br />
| extra5= [[Sathyaprakash Dharmar]]<br />
| length5 = 04:30<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
''Next Enti'' was released on 7 December 2018.<ref name="title revealed" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Release date locked for Next Enti |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/next-enti-release-date-announced-for-kunal-kohlis-tollywood-debut/articleshow/66824905.cms |access-date=8 December 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428213923/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/next-enti-release-date-announced-for-kunal-kohlis-tollywood-debut/articleshow/66824905.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Hemanth Kumar writing for ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated the film 1 out of five, and criticised film's poor writing. "Kunal Kohli’s writing has the same annoying after effect of a tuning fork that’s thrusted into your ears. The problem isn’t with how ‘talkative’ everyone is, but it's more about what the film wants to say and how much it wants to say within two hours of its runtime," Kumar added.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2018 |title=Next Enti movie review: Kunal Kohli's muddled writing makes watching this film a labourious &#91;sic&#93; exercise |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/next-enti-movie-review-kunal-kohlis-muddled-writing-makes-watching-this-film-a-labourious-exercise-5691401.html |access-date=22 February 2021 |website=Firstpost |archive-date=31 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831012845/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/next-enti-movie-review-kunal-kohlis-muddled-writing-makes-watching-this-film-a-labourious-exercise-5691401.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' critic Janani K, rated 1.5/5 and stated, "Bollywood director Kunal Kohli's debut Telugu film Next Enti tries to be a contemporary new age rom-com, but falls flat on its face."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Janani K. |title=Next Enti Movie Review: Tamannaah and Sundeep fail to save this muddled romance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/next-enti-movie-review-tamannaah-and-sundeep-fail-to-save-this-muddled-romance-1405245-2018-12-08 |access-date=22 February 2021 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022235457/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/next-enti-movie-review-tamannaah-and-sundeep-fail-to-save-this-muddled-romance-1405245-2018-12-08 |url-status=live }}</ref> Neeshitha Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' also rated 1.5 of 5, writing, "The conversations seem forced, so do most of the scenes. The character developments are so inconsistent that when they finally flesh out in the second half, it almost makes one wish they go back to being the flat cardboards they were in the first half."<ref>{{Citation |title=Next Enti? Review {1.5/5}: This film will make you wanna say Oh No Never! |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/next-enti/movie-review/66985078.cms |access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt6972212}}<br />
<br />
{{Kunal Kohli}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2018 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2018 romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2018 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Kunal Kohli]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Leon James (composer)]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bose_(film)&diff=456389Bose (film)2026-03-03T04:19:31Z<p>Sanjay: cleanup content based on references and updated info per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Bose (film).jpg<br />
| caption = DVD cover<br />
| director = Senthil Kumar<br />
| writer = Senthil Kumar<br />
| producer = J. H. Murali<br />
| starring = [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]]<br />[[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]<br />
| cinematography = [[S.D. Vijay Milton]]<br />
| editing = V. Jaishankar<br />
| music = '''Songs:'''<br />[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br />'''Score:'''<br />[[Karthik Raja]]<br />
| studio = Shri Mahalakshmi Combine<br />
| released = {{Film date|2004|10|08|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = 165 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
'''''Bose''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by Senthil Kumar. It stars [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] and [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] in the lead roles with [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Nagesh]], [[Thalaivasal Vijay]], [[Manikka Vinayagam]], and [[Kalairani]] in supporting roles. Production took place in different locations across India, with two songs shot in [[Kyrgyzstan]].<br />
<br />
''Bose'' released on 8 October 2004. The film was remade in Kannada in 2009 as ''[[Yodha (2009 film)|Yodha]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayasarathy |first=RG |author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy |date=19 June 2009 |title=Yodha is enjoyable |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2009/jun/19yodha-is-enjoyable.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904071307/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2009/jun/19yodha-is-enjoyable.htm |archive-date=4 September 2024 |access-date=4 January 2026 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
[[Tamil Nadu]] state [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Minister]] Kottaiperumal is kidnapped by terrorists, where they demand their men to be released, but the [[Government of India|central government]] refuses the demand and assigns a [[National Security Guard|NSG]] [[commando]] operation with [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] Bose in the lead. Bose and the commandos successfully rescue Kottaiperumal, but the commandos and terrorists suffers equal losses of their two men in the operation. Due to threats against Kottaiperumal, Bose and his team are deployed to the minister's security. During the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic day]] program in [[New Delhi]], Kottaiperumal gets attracted to the program's dancer Charulatha, where he secretly brings her to his room and tries to have [[Sexual intercourse|sex]] with her.<br />
<br />
Bose enters Kottaiperumal's room due to an uproar where he attacks Kottaiperumal and sends Charulatha out of the house without noticing anyone. Due to the attack, Bose is questioned, but he does not reveal the reason and is [[court-martial]]ed. Bose returns home and lives with his family, while Kottaiperumal is discharged from the hospital and still suffers from serious injuries due to the attack. Enraged, Kottaiperumal secretly assigns underworld gangsters to kill Bose, but Bose manages to defeat them, which makes Kottaiperumal target Bose's family. While being court-martialed, Bose gathers information regarding terrorists' plans to attack various cities in India using [[RDX]] and other deadlier weapons.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Charulatha learns that Bose is court-martialed due to the incident, where she reveals about Kottaiperumal's misbehavior to Bose's senior officers. A cat-and-mouse-chase ensues, where Bose's father is killed and Bose's family is kidnapped by Kottaiperumal. At the hideout, Bose learns that the kidnap was a planned act by Kottaiperumal to gain sympathy votes in the upcoming [[Elections in India|elections]]. Bose gets enraged and captures the terrorists, where he kidnaps and secretly kills Kottaiperumal, while the squad assumes the terrorists for the attack and shoots him to death. After this, Bose is reinstated into the service and also reunites with his family.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] as Captain Bose, 51 SAG, National Security Guards<br />
* [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] as Charulatha, Bose's love interest<br />
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Minister]] Kottaiperumal<br />
* [[Nagesh]] as Bose's grandfather<br />
* [[Manikka Vinayagam]] as Gandhiraman, Bose's father<br />
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Bose's brother<br />
* [[Chitra Lakshmanan]] as Kottaiperumal's party member<br />
* [[Manobala]] as Kottaiperumal's party member<br />
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Vedimuthu<br />
* [[Shanmugarajan]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|AC]]<br />
* [[Kalairani]] as Bose's mother<br />
* Brinda Das as Bose's sister-in-law<br />
* Shraddha Viswanath as Charulatha's best friend<br />
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Col. Sharma, Commanding Officer, 51 SAG<br />
* [[Muthukaalai]] as Bose's classmate<br />
* [[Pondy Ravi]] as Commando<br />
* [[N. Mathrubootham]] as Doctor<br />
* [[Sampath Ram]] as Police Inspector<br />
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Sivamani<br />
* [[Mahanadi Shankar]] as Velumani's right hand<br />
* [[Jasper (actor)|Jasper]] as Velumani<br />
* [[Nawab Shah]] as Wasim<br />
* [[Kishen Das]] as Boy congratulating Bose<br />
* [[Aryan (Tamil actor)|Aryan]] as Wasim's henchman<br />
* Rajendran as Nallathambi (uncredited)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
This was the third and last time that [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] and [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] were teamed up – after the successes of ''[[April Maadhathil]]'' (2002) and ''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]'' (2003).<br />
<br />
To portray the role of commando, Srikanth took 20 days training at Delhi to prepare himself. Some action scenes were picturised on Srikanth, [[Jasper (actor)|Jasper]], and some stuntmen at a factory in [[Ennore]]. It took eight days to shoot the scene involving 23 stunt artistes. It was choreographed by stunt master [[Peter Hein]]. Srikanth, for the role of a commando, had trained under [[Major Ravi]], who supervised the army scenes. Some of the locations for the film are [[Chennai]], [[Thalakulam]], [[Bangalore]], [[Delhi]], and [[Kerala]]. Two of the songs have been picturised in Kyrgyzstan.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rasika |date=19 February 2004 |title=Srikant trains as commando |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/02reeltalk18th.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603091641/http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/02reeltalk18th.asp |archive-date=3 June 2004 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The soundtrack was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], while his elder brother [[Karthik Raja]] composed the film's background score.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bose Tamil Film Audio Cassette by Yuvan Shankar Raja |url=https://mossymart.com/shop/bose-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-yuvan-shankar-raja-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104064513/https://mossymart.com/shop/bose-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-yuvan-shankar-raja-2/ |archive-date=4 January 2026 |access-date=4 January 2026 |website=Mossymart |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Song !! Singer(s)!! Duration !! Lyricist<br />
|-<br />
| "Nijama Nijama" || [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]] || 4:07 || [[Na. Muthukumar]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Enna Enna Aachu" || [[Devan Ekambaram]], [[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]] || 5:22 || [[Pa. Vijay]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Vaitha Kann" || [[Madhu Balakrishnan]], Srivarthini || 4:29 || [[Pa. Vijay]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Doli Doli" || [[Pop Shalini|Shalini Singh]] || 4:59 || [[Thamarai]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Bommalaattam" || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Chitra Sivaraman]] || 4:05 || [[Snehan]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
''Bose'' did not make it to the screens as scheduled on 9 October (Saturday) due to the last minute financial dispute. The prints left the lab on Sunday morning and made it to the screens in southern districts of Madurai and beyond only for the matinee show. In Chennai and surrounding areas, the film opened with noon shows on Sunday. Nearly {{INR}}5 lakh worth of advertisement was spent for the opening weekend. Trade lost almost {{INR}}40 lakh due to missed opening.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 October 2004 |title=`Bose` arrives late! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bose-arrives-late-news-tamil-kkfvHiifhahsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902100241/http://www.sify.com/movies/bose-arrives-late-news-tamil-kkfvHiifhahsi.html |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=2 September 2017 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Critical reception==<br />
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that the "story is pure balderdash. Perhaps to compensate for the lack of a coherent script, the director tries to pack in as much commercial elements like songs, crass comedy and lots of action into the storyline. The first half is crisp while the latter half drags a bit. Still the high-octane action drama is watchable".<ref>{{cite web |title=Bose |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bose-review-tamil-13588559.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214095008/http://www.sify.com/movies/bose-review-tamil-13588559.html |archive-date=14 December 2013 |access-date=6 August 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The first half just whizzes past. It is the second half that stretches a little and also has scenes ending rather abruptly".<ref>{{cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=15 October 2004 |title="Bose" |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/10/15/stories/2004101502420300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041017022827/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/10/15/stories/2004101502420300.htm |archive-date=17 October 2004 |access-date=6 August 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> G. Ulaganathan of the ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "Though an action film, the director takes care to provide a good mixture of romance, comedy and sentiment".<ref>{{cite web |last=Ulaganathan |first=G. |date=12 December 2004 |title=Bose |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec122004/mr4.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050110232647/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec122004/mr4.asp |archive-date=10 January 2005 |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2004 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2004 action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2004 films]]<br />
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naachiyaar&diff=519636Naachiyaar2026-03-03T03:13:26Z<p>Sanjay: made new article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{for|the TV series|Nachiyarpuram}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Naachiyaar<br />
| image = Naachiyaar poster.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Film poster<br />
| director = [[Bala (director)|Bala]]<br />
| producer = Bala<br />
| writer = Bala<br />
| starring = [[Jyothika]]<br>[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br>[[Ivana (actress)|Ivana]]<br />
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Theni Eswar (cinematographer)|Theni Eswar]]<br />
| editing = [[Sathish Suriya]]<br />
| studio = [[B Studios]]<br>EON Studios<br />
| distributor = Madhumathii Films<br />
| released = {{Film date|2018|02|16|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = 100 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| budget = <!-- Add with a Reliable source --><br />
| gross = <!-- Add with a Reliable source --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Naachiyaar''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action crime film]] written, produced and directed by [[Bala (director)|Bala]]. The film featured [[Jyothika]] in the title role, with [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] and [[Ivana (actress)|Ivana]] in other leading roles. The film tells the tale of the policewoman working to uncover the truth after a young man is accused of sexually assaulting his minor girlfriend. Featuring music composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and cinematography by Eashwar, the film began production during March 2017 and was released on 16 February 2018.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
[[Assistant Commissioner]] Naachiyaar (Jyothika) is a tough policewoman in [[Chennai]] who is put in charge of solving an underage rape case. She tracks down a heavily pregnant Arasi (Ivana), the victim, on the run from her uncle and his goons, who plan to get her an abortion. Although Naachiyaar saves Arasi, her uncle and his friends escape and go into hiding. Meanwhile, Naachiyaar's colleague, Feroz, arrests the suspect, Kaathu (G.V. Prakash Kumar). He is then sent to a juvenile detention facility, where he recounts his story to one of the wardens, who is sympathetic towards him.<br />
<br />
Through flashbacks, we see how Kaathu and Arasi first met. Both are still teenagers from the slums, but they do not go to school and are forced to work to help support their respective families. Arasi works as a maid for wealthy families, while Kaathu does odd jobs for a living. One day, while her employers are away, Arasi invites Kaathu into the house where they (impulsively) make love. However, Arasi quickly regrets this and pushes Kaathu away, who leaves upset.<br />
<br />
Back in the present day, Arasi gives birth to a healthy baby boy, and Naachiyaar lets Arasi stay with her until the local government can ensure the mother and baby have a safe place to stay. However, [[DNA]] test results reveal that Kaathu is not the father of Arasi's child. Naachiyaar decides to keep this a secret from Arasi until they can investigate this case even further.<br />
<br />
Feroz arrests Arasi's uncle and manipulates him into leading them to a fake doctor who conducts illegal abortions. After Naachiyaar threatens him, the fake doctor reveals that one of his most powerful clients, a wealthy North India-based moneylender, Thangamani Prabhu, is the one who raped Arasi. One day, when Arasi was working alone at his home, the moneylender took advantage of her when she fainted. The elderly moneylender, who holds a powerful position in society, immediately calls the fake doctor who lies about it being safe despite him not using a condom, planning to blackmail the moneylender once Arasi becomes pregnant.<br />
<br />
Naachiyaar and Feroz go to the moneylender to arrest him, but are summoned back to their superior's office since the culprit is very wealthy and well-connected. After getting information about her suspension, Naachiyaar abducts and thrashes the moneylender late at night and castrates him publicly in the hotel reception. She then faces an enquiry and gets transferred, because the police department is afraid of facing bad press if action is taken against Naachiyaar, who gained immense popularity due to the case. She took the initiative to reunite Kaathu with Arasi. Her husband tells Kaathu the truth, but Naachiyaar refrains from revealing the truth to Arasi.<br />
<br />
Kaathu requests Naachiyaar not to reveal the truth to Arasi. As far as Kaathu is concerned, the baby boy is his, and he plans to make sure Arasi never learns the truth. The couple with the baby happily board a bus.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Jyothika]] as P. Naachiyaar Kumari IPS<br />
*[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] as Kaathavarayan (Kaathu)<br />
*[[Ivana (actress)|Ivana]] as Kottaiarasi (Arasi)<br />
*[[Rockline Venkatesh]] as Feroz Khan<br />
* Dr. Gurushankar as Naachiyaar's husband<br />
* Thangamani Prabhu as Moneylender<br />
* [[Kulappulli Leela]]<br />
* [[Dharani Vasudevan]]<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
In February 2017, Bala confirmed that his next project would be a crime thriller starring Jyothika in the lead role, and chose to postpone the shoot of a proposed film featuring [[Yuvan (actor)|Yuvan]] and [[Pragathi Guruprasad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2017 |title=Jyothika in Bala's film |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/210217/jyothika-in-balas-film.html |access-date=2017-04-22 |publisher=Deccanchronicle.com}}</ref> To accommodate dates for the film, Jyothika opted out of her commitments to play a role alongside [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2017 |title=Vijay: Jyotika out of Atlee's Vijay 61 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jyotika-out-of-atlees-vijay-61/articleshow/57001396.cms |access-date=2017-04-22 |work=The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> The film was reported to be set in the slums, with actor [[Sri (actor)|Sri]] signed to portray another leading character.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-21 |title=What would be the premise for Bala-Jyothika film? |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/what-would-be-the-premise-for-bala-jyothika-film.html |access-date=2017-04-22 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> Bala later replaced Sri with [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], who agreed to work on the film simultaneously with several other projects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GV Prakash Kumar plays male lead in Jo's film with Bala! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gv-prakash-kumar-plays-male-lead-in-jo-s-film-with-bala-news-tamil-rc1jTDhccdgjg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331030922/http://www.sify.com/movies/gv-prakash-kumar-plays-male-lead-in-jo-s-film-with-bala-news-tamil-rc1jTDhccdgjg.html |archive-date=31 March 2017 |access-date=2017-04-22 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Film producer [[Rockline Venkatesh]] also joined the cast to play a supporting role, after Bala spontaneously enquired about his interest in working as an actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2017 |title=Rockline venkatesh plays a pivotal role in naachiyaar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/mar/01/rockline-venkatesh-plays-a-pivotal-role-in-naachiyaar-1576358.html |access-date=2017-04-22 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rockline Venkatesh is all praise for director Bala and 'Nachiyaar'! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rockline-venkatesh-is-all-praise-for-director-bala-and-nachiyaar-news-tamil-scok51hggehja.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215083615/http://www.sify.com/movies/rockline-venkatesh-is-all-praise-for-director-bala-and-nachiyaar-news-tamil-scok51hggehja.html |archive-date=15 February 2018 |access-date=2018-04-22 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Malayalam actress [[Ivana (actress)|Ivana]] was cast in a role after Bala had spotted a news article about her work in the film, ''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]'' (2016). He requested her to find a new stage name rather than use her original name of Aleena Shaji, prompting her to use Ivana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2018 |title=Naachiyaar: A debut to remember for Ivana |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/22/naachiyaar-a-debut-to-remember-for-ivana-1776942.html |access-date=2018-04-22 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Prior to release, the media reported that the story was based on the life of psycho killer Jayaprakash, who killed nine of his relatives in the 1980s at Valasaravakkam, Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Bala's 'Naachiaar' based on a famous real-life incident? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/is-bala-s-naachiaar-based-on-a-famous-real-life-incident-news-tnpl-rdcqQ1cafdace.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303001728/http://www.sify.com/movies/is-bala-s-naachiaar-based-on-a-famous-real-life-incident-news-tnpl-rdcqQ1cafdace.html |archive-date=3 March 2017 |access-date=2017-04-22 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The principal shoot of the film began in March 2017, with a first look poster released featuring Jyothika and G. V. Prakash Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-28 |title=Surya unveils first look of Jyothika-Bala film, titled as Naachiyaar |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/surya-unveils-first-look-jyothika-bala-film-titled-naachiyaar-57891 |access-date=2017-04-22 |publisher=The News Minute}}</ref> As Prakash Kumar was working simultaneously on four other projects, he requested some time before starting the shoot. Instead of delaying the project, Bala worked solely on Jyothika's scenes to ensure the film was shot within the projected time of forty days. By the time he joined the set, Prakash Kumar reported to sets by 6 am every day, took an hour to put three layers of dark make-up and coloured his hair to a brownish-orange colour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The GV Prakash interview &#124; 'I don't mind doing a film like Naachiyaar again' |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/16/the-gv-prakash-interview--i-dont-mind-doing-a-film-like-naachiyaar-again-1774412.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218160555/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/16/the-gv-prakash-interview--i-dont-mind-doing-a-film-like-naachiyaar-again-1774412.html |archive-date=18 February 2018 |access-date=2018-04-22 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Unlike several of Bala's previous films, ''Naachiyar'' completed production quickly and by early July 2017, "ninety percent" of the shoot was revealed to be over, with most scenes filmed in North Chennai and studios in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bala's 'Naachiyaar' nears completion |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bala-s-naachiyaar-nears-completion-news-tamil-rhgpPRhaehcid.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707121754/http://www.sify.com/movies/bala-s-naachiyaar-nears-completion-news-tamil-rhgpPRhaehcid.html |archive-date=7 July 2017 |access-date=2018-04-22 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The shoot of the film was completed in mid-July 2017 in the Cuddalore district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bala's 'Naachiyaar' wrapped up |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bala-s-naachiyaar-wrapped-up-news-tamil-rhzkW3jhcgjad.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728233439/http://www.sify.com/movies/bala-s-naachiyaar-wrapped-up-news-tamil-rhzkW3jhcgjad.html |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=2018-04-22 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Jyothika dubbed for the role herself and Bala wanted a base voice from the actress, so sat throughout the dubbing to get the desired output. Jyothika had earlier changed her diet plans by avoiding rice, wheat and bread to reduce nearly 10 kilograms for her work in ''Naachiyaar''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jyothika sheds 10 kilos for 'Naachiyaar' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jyothika-sheds-10-kilos-for-naachiyaar-imagegallery-0-kollywood-scgreladhhfad.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213082008/http://www.sify.com/movies/jyothika-sheds-10-kilos-for-naachiyaar-imagegallery-0-kollywood-scgreladhhfad.html |archive-date=13 February 2018 |access-date=2018-04-22 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following the release of a teaser trailer, a man named Rajan from Mettupalayam filed legal case over the use of vulgar language in the teaser.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2017 |title=Case against Jyothika, director Bala for swear word in Naachiyaar teaser |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/nov/25/case-against-jyothika-director-bala-for-swear-word-in-naachiyaar-teaser-1710828.html |access-date=2018-04-22 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Jyothika later stated that such outrage was only registered because a woman had spoken the dialogue and that the dialogue was a necessity in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2018 |title=Jyothika's answer to using swear word in 'Naachiyaar' - Tamil Movie News - IndiaGlitz.com |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/jyothika-naachiyaar-swear-bad-word-explanation-tamil-news-206152}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The soundtrack features one song composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. As the album featured only one song, Bala opted against releasing the soundtrack of the film prior to its release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bala's 'Naachiyaar' gets ready for Feb 16! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bala-s-naachiyaar-gets-ready-for-feb-16-imagegallery-kollywood-scmr6Qbfjcgbj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212165702/http://www.sify.com/movies/bala-s-naachiyaar-gets-ready-for-feb-16-imagegallery-kollywood-scmr6Qbfjcgbj.html |archive-date=12 February 2018 |access-date=2018-04-22 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
*"Unna Vitta Yaarum Illa" - [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], Priyanka<br />
<br />
==Release and Reception==<br />
Upon release, the film received positive response from both critics and audience. As a result the film was dubbed and released in Hindi as ''Tejasvini 2'' in 2020 and in Telugu as ''Jhansi''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=jalapathy |date=14 July 2018 |title=Actress Jyothika as Jhansi |url=http://telugucinema.com/news/actress-jyothika-jhansi |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724093225/http://telugucinema.com/news/actress-jyothika-jhansi |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2018 |title=Jyothika as Jhansi in the Telugu dubbed version of Bala's 'Naachiyaar' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jyothika-jhansi-telugu-dubbed-version-balas-naachiyar-84855}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Tejasvini 2 (Naachiyaar) 2020 Official Trailer Hindi Dubbed {{!}} Jyothika, G. V. Prakash Kumar, Ivana |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lI_mYHPHmBc |access-date=2021-10-07 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|7738594}}<br />
<br />
{{Bala (director)}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2018 films]]<br />
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Bala (director)]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
[[Category:2018 crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bamakhepa&diff=452843Bamakhepa2026-03-01T18:58:38Z<p>Sanjay: fix page for accuracy and corrected details per standard format</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian tantrik}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=February 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox Hindu leader<br />
| name = Bamakhepa<br />
| image = Bama_Khepa.jpg<br />
| caption = Bamakhepa<br />
| religion = [[Hinduism]]<br />
| birth_date = 22 February 1837<br />
| birth_place = [[Atla village]], [[Birbhum]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Company Raj]]<br />
| birth_name = Bamacharan Chattopadhyay<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1911|7|18|1837|2|22|df=yes}}<br />
| death_place = [[Tarapith]], [[Birbhum]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj]]<br />
| module = <br />
| death_cause = <br />
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]<br />
| temple = [[Tarapith]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| guru = Swami Kailashpati and Vedagya Mokshadananda<br />
| disciples = Tarakhepa and [[Nigamananda Paramahansa]]<br />
| philosophy = {{hlist|[[Shaktism]]}}<br />
| honors = [[Tarapith]] Bhairav<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bamakhyapa''' ({{langx|bn|বামাখ্যাপা|Bamakhæpa|mad Bama}}; 1837–1911<ref name="Kinsely, p. 111">Kinsely, p. 111</ref>), born '''Bamacharan Chattopadhyay''', was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[List of Hindu gurus and saints|Hindu saint]] who resided in [[Tarapith]] and whose shrine is also located in the vicinity of the [[Tarapith Temple]] in Birbhum. He was born at [[Atla village]] in the [[Rampurhat]] subdivision of the Birbhum district.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THeS46wJ7TMC&q=atla+village+birbhum%2C+BIRTH+PLACE+OF+BAMAKHEPA&pg=PT244 |title = Kali: The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar|isbn = 9780892546008|last1 = Harding|first1 = Elizabeth U.|date = September 1993| publisher=Nicolas-Hays }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Memory_of_Sadhak_Bamakhyapa.jpg|thumb|Memorial of Sadhak Bamakhyapa]]<br />
[[File:Bamakhyapa's_Temple.jpg|thumb|Bamakhyapa's Temple at [[Maluti]] in Jharkhand]] <br />
[[File:Seated Sadhak Bamakhepa (born Bamacharan Chattopadhyay) idol at the Tarapith temple complex.jpg|thumb|200px|Seated Bamakhepa idol at the Tarapith temple complex]]<br />
He was an ardent devotee of Goddess Tara and lived near the temple and meditated in the cremation grounds.<ref name="Kinsely, p. 111" /> He stayed in Mouliksha temple for continuing the worship of Holy Mother.<ref>{{cite news |title=Break-in at heritage temple |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/break-in-at-heritage-temple/cid/1471959 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=7 December 2013}}</ref> Bamakhyapa was fed first in the temple before the deity and nobody obstructed him.<ref name="Harding">{{Cite book|last= Harding|first= Elizabeth U.|title= Kali: the black goddess of Dakshineswar|pages=275–279|access-date=2010-06-26| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4woiJbQTsBQC&pg=PA274 |publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|year=1998|isbn=81-208-1450-9}}</ref> It is believed that Goddess Tara gave a vision to Bamakhaypa in the cremation grounds in her ferocious form.<ref name="Kinsely, p. 111" /><br />
<br />
== Popular culture ==<br />
Beginning in 2007, a teleserial named ''<nowiki/>'Sadhak Bamakhepa''' about Bamakhepa ran on television in Bengal. By late 2011, it had run for 1500 episodes.<ref name=etvserial>Gomolo news desk. (29 Nov 2011). [http://www.gomolo.com/news-sadhok-bamakhyapa-gains-popularity/285 "Sadhok Bamakhyapa becomes highly popular"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004092303/http://www.gomolo.com/news-sadhok-bamakhyapa-gains-popularity/285 |date=4 October 2018 }} (accessed 31 Jan 2013)</ref><br />
<br />
In 2019 the teleserial ''[[Mahapeeth Tarapeeth]]'', the life of the ardent devotee Bamakhepa was also depicted elaborately.<ref>{{cite news |title=আসছে নতুন ধারাবাহিক 'মহাপীঠ তারাপীঠ' |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/a-new-tv-serial-named-mahapeeth-tarapeeth-is-coming-dgtl-1.940685 |work=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=27 January 2022|language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last= Dalrymple|first=William|title=Nine Lives|pages=203–233|access-date=2010-06-19|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yA1YPgAACAAJ&q=Nine+Lives+William+Dalrymple|publisher= Bloomsbury Publishing Plc|year= 2009|isbn= 978-1-4088-0153-6}}<br />
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6nETj-4OaYEC|last=Kinsley|first=David R.|title=Tantric visions of the divine feminine: the ten mahāvidyās|publisher=University of California Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-520-20499-7}}<br />
*{{cite journal |last1=Ramos |first1=Imma |editor-first1=Imma |editor-last1=Ramos |title=The Myth of the Goddess Sati |journal=Pilgrimage and Politics in Colonial Bengal |date=2017 |volume=1 |pages=138 |doi=10.4324/9781315223148 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315223148 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-22314-8|url-access=subscription }}<br />
{{refend}} <br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bamakhepa}}<br />
[[Category:1877 births]]<br />
[[Category:1911 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Hindu religious leaders]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali Hindu saints]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]<br />
[[Category:Shaktas]]<br />
[[Category:People from Birbhum district]]<br />
<br />
{{Hindu-bio-stub}}</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=AP_Bhavan&diff=468393AP Bhavan2026-02-28T05:54:37Z<p>Sanjay: small adjust citations for consistency further and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox building<br />
|name= Andhra Pradesh Bhavan<br />
|image=<br />
|caption=<br />
|pushpin_map=<br />
|map_caption=<br />
|coordinates = <br />
|address = 1, Ashoka Rd, near [[India Gate]], Pataudi House<br>[[New Delhi]] 110 001<br>[[Delhi]], India<br />
|current_tenants = [[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]]<br>[[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
|architect= <br />
|floor_area= <br />
|client= [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
|engineer= <br />
|completion_date = <br />
|demolished_date=<br />
|cost= <br />
|structural_system=<br />
|architectural_style= <br />
|size=<br />
}}<br />
'''Andhra Pradesh Bhavan''', popularly known as '''AP Bhavan''', is a [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] owned property in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/24/stories/2010112457010100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127051608/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/24/stories/2010112457010100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-11-27 |title=Front Page : No disciplinary action against Jagan |date=2010-11-24 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref> It has accommodation, canteen and auditorium in the premises.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp?xfile=data/international/2011/July/international_July1057.xml&section=international&col= |title=TRS MLA beats up Andhra Bhavan official in New Delhi |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=2011-07-22 |accessdate=2012-07-09 |archive-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001184656/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp?xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2011%2FJuly%2Finternational_July1057.xml&section=international&col= |url-status=dead }}</ref> AP Bhavan is located on a 19.84 acres of land in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/09/stories/2008090954380400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912122830/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/09/stories/2008090954380400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-09-12 |title=Andhra Pradesh / Hyderabad News : AP Bhavan to make way for 1,000-cr. world centre |date=2008-09-09 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/21/stories/2009022155780100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224211319/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/21/stories/2009022155780100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-02-24 |title=Front Page : AP Bhavan: LoA with NCC cancelled |date=2009-02-21|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref> It has suites for the [[Governor]] and the [[Chief Minister]] apart from other rooms.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
AP Bhavan belongs to the state of Andhra Pradesh, when the state was formed by the [[Government of India]]. The AP Bhavan came into being in 1956 after merging major portion of [[Hyderabad state]] with erstwhile Andhra state on linguistics basis.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171224084146/http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/apbhavandotcom/Sitemap.htm Official website]<br />
<br />
{{Coord|28.618|77.226|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Government of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:State governments' houses in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Official residences in India]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nanda_Devi_Glacier&diff=520261Nanda Devi Glacier2026-02-18T03:59:03Z<p>Sanjay: made new bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Glacier in India}}<br />
{{Infobox glacier<br />
| child = <br />
| name = Nanda Devi Glacier<br />
| other_name = <br />
| image = Map, Uttari Nanda Devi Glacier.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_alt = Nanda Devi Glacier<br />
| caption = Nanda Devi Glacier<br />
| map = India Uttarakhand#India<br />
| map_size = <br />
| map_alt = India Uttarakhand<br />
| map_caption = Location of Nanda Devi Glacier, in Uttarakhand<br />
| type = <br />
| location = [[Himalayas]], [[India]]<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}}<br />
| coords_ref = <br />
| area = <br />
| length = <br />
| width = <br />
| thickness = <br />
| elevation_max = <br />
| elevation_min = <br />
| terminus = <br />
| status = <br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-wikidata = yes<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Nanda Devi Glacier''' is a [[List of glaciers of India|glacier]] in [[Chamoli district]],<ref name="The Indian Express">{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2021 |title=Nanda Devi glacier burst: What we know so far |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttarakhand-glacier-burst-all-you-need-to-know-7178580/ |access-date=2021-02-13}}</ref> [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]. It is near [[Nanda Devi]].<br />
<br />
The ''Nanda Devi Group'' of glaciers is a reference to the cluster of seven glaciers namely Bartoli, Kururntoli, Nada Devi North, Nanda Devi South, Nandakna, [[Ramani Glacier|Ramani]] and [[Trisul Glacier|Trsul]] of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name="Nanda Devi Group of Glaciers">{{Cite web |title=Nanda Devi Group of Glaciers |url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/nanda-devi-group-of-glaciers.php}}</ref><br />
<br />
The glacier rose to fame, due to its breaking, which led to the [[2021 Uttarakhand flood]]. [[Climate change]] has been suggested to have contributed to the disaster.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Crisis Likely Behind Deadly Glacier Collapse in India |url=https://www.ecowatch.com/glacier-collapse-india-climate-crisis-2650400363.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Mangraon]]<br />
* [[Nanda Devi National Park]]<br />
* [[2021 Uttarakhand flood]]<br />
* [[Uttari Rishi Glacier]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links and references==<br />
* [https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/article/why-nanda-devi-glacier-melted-in-peak-winter-scientists-explain-the-anomaly-of-uttarakhand-natural-disaster/717447 Why did the Nanda Devi glacier melt, mid-winter]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BM-potfltk8 A Youtube on why the Nandi Devi glacier melted, mid-winter]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ocjiAi1cSTg A Youtube,Could the Uttarakhand disaster have been averted?]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Glaciers of Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Glaciers of the Himalayas]]<br />
<br />
{{India-glacier-stub}}<br />
{{Uttarakhand-geo-stub}}</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram_Thakur&diff=457603Ram Thakur2026-02-06T21:33:40Z<p>Sanjay: improved structure per sources to improve readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{More citations needed|date=September 2025}}{{Short description|19th century Bengali guru}}<br />
<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox Hindu leader<br />
| name = Sri Sri Ramthakur<br />
| image = Sri Sri RamThakur.jpg<br />
| caption = Ramthakur<br />
| religion = [[Sanatan Dharma]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1860|2|2|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Dingamanik]], [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1949|5|1|1860|2|2|df=yes}}<br />
| death_place = [[Noakhali]], [[Dominion of Pakistan]]<br />
| nationality = [[British Raj|British India]] (1860-1947)<br/> [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] (1947-1949)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sri Kaibalyanath''' ({{langx|bn|শ্রী কৈবল্যনাথ}}) (2 February 1860 – 1 May 1949), was a Bengali Spiritual [[guru]] during 19th-century. He was born as '''Ram Chandra Dev''' ({{langx|bn|রাম চন্দ্র দেব}}) in Dingamanik, Faridpur (now in Bangladesh), then part of British India. It is believed that he is an avatar of Lord Vishnu and is affectionately referred to as Bhagwan by his followers.<ref name="sri">{{cite web |title=Sri Sri Kaibalyadham – Ramthakur {{!}} Kaibalyanath {{!}} Satyanarayon |url=http://www.srisrikaibalyadham.org/ |website=srisrikaibalyadham.org}}</ref> He is also known as Sri Sri SatyaNarayan to his followers. Due to his selfless kindness, sympathy and compassion to everyone irrespective of caste, creed & religion he was referred as Dayal Thakur by his devotees.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
=== Early life ===<br />
He was born in the Bramhin Bidyalankar family at Dingamanik, in Faridpur district, Bangladesh, on 2 February 1860 to father Sri Radhamadhab Chakraborty and mother Smt. Kamala Devi. Sri Sri Ram Thakur was spiritually inclined from a young age. His early life was marked by deep introspection and a natural affinity for spiritual practices. <br />
<br />
=== Spiritual Journey ===<br />
As a boy he felt strongly attached to his father's spiritual guide, Sri Mrityunjoy Nyayapanchanan, who is said to have initiated him into the life of an ascetic at Kamakhya. He toured the country and ministered to the spiritual needs of people affected by many famines, the World Wars and the communal riots that surrounded Partition. He practiced and preached Sanatan Dharma, emphasizing simplicity, devotion, and inner purity. <br />
<br />
=== Teachings and Philosophy ===<br />
Ram Thakur’s teachings were rooted in non-showy devotion, selfless service, and constant remembrance of the divine holy name. He discouraged publicity and preferred to remain spiritually active behind the scenes, guiding people through subtle, unseen ways. <br />
<br />
=== Impact and Miracles ===<br />
His presence was described as subtle yet powerful—working unseen. Despite his aversion to fame, millions of followers sought his guidance. Numerous accounts describe miraculous interventions such as healing sick children or appearing in multiple places simultaneously reinforcing his divine stature. One famous incident involved him appearing in a devotee’s home in Kolkata while simultaneously being seen in Hardwar, demonstrating his mystical powers.<br />
<br />
=== Final Years and Samadhi ===<br />
Ram Thakur attained Mahasamadhi on May 1, 1949, in Noakhali (then part of Pakistan). His legacy continues through Sri Sri Kaibalyadham, a spiritual center dedicated to his teachings and service. He is remembered not just as a saint, but as '''Bhagwan'''—a divine incarnation by millions of followers across Bengal and Bangladesh<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Commons category-inline|Ram Thakur}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Ram}}<br />
[[Category:1860 births]]<br />
[[Category:1949 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Hindu religious leaders]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindu yogis]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali Hindu saints]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Hindu-bio-stub}}</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Saraswat_Konkani&diff=536860Southern Saraswat Konkani2026-02-04T17:10:17Z<p>Sanjay: Made basic data initial version - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Regional dialect group of Konkani}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=November 2012}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Southern Saraswat Brahman Konkani <br />
| altname = <br />
| nativename = Amchigele<br />
| states = [[India]]<br />
| region = [[South Canara]] and [[North Canara]] of [[Karnataka]], and [[Kasargod]]/[[Kochi]] areas of [[Kerala]].<br />
| speakers = ?<br />
| familycolor = Indo-European<br />
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]<br />
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]<br />
| fam4 = [[Southern Indo-Aryan languages|Southern Zone]]<br />
| fam5 = [[Marathi–Konkani languages|Marathi–Konkani]]<br />
| script = [[Kannada script|Kannada]], [[Devanagari]]<br />
| minority = [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]]<br />
| agency = Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Academy,<ref group="note" name="kksa">estd. by Govt. of Karnataka in 1994</ref> Kerala Konkani Academy<ref group="note" name="kka">estd. in 1980 by Govt. of Kerala</ref><br />
| iso3 = <!--[kex] is for the Bhil language named Kukna--><br />
| iso3comment = A group of dialects that is a part of the ISO code [[ISO 639-3:gom|gom]]<br />
| glotto = sara1313<br />
| map = KonLinguasphere.png<br />
| mapcaption = Distribution of Southern Saraswat Konkani speakers in India<br />
| notice = Indic<br />
| notice2 = IPA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Southern Saraswat Konkani'''<ref>{{Cite web | title=Glottolog 5.2 - Southern Saraswat Brahman Konkani | url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sara1313 | access-date=2025-08-22 | website=glottolog.org}}</ref> is a set of dialects spoken by [[Saraswat Brahmins]] of the [[Canara]] sub-region of [[Karnataka]], and also in Kerala.<ref group="note" name="minority">The Constitution Act 1992 (71st Amendment)</ref><ref name="Issues">{{cite press release | title=Issues of Linguistic Minorities, Language Use in Administration and National Integration | date=19 October 2004 | publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Names==<br />
The Karnataka Saraswat dialects are referred to as Canara Konkani. The Kerala dialects are referred to as Travancore Konkani or Kerala Konkani. Certain dialects like the Canara Saraswat dialects of the Gaud Saraswats and Bhanaps are called {{langx|gom|आमचीगॆलॆं|translit=āmcigelẽ|lit=ours}} and the dialect of the Cochin Gaud Saraswats is called {{langx|gom|कॊच्चिमांय|translit=koccimā̃y|lit=mother Cochin}} by the members of those communities.<br />
<br />
The word ''Canara'' is a Portuguese rendering of the word ''Kannada''. The early Portuguese conquistadors referred to Konkani as ''lingoa Canarim'' as a reference to Canara.<ref name="indialit">{{cite book | title=The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Five (Sasay To Zorgot), Volume 5 | author=Mohan Lal | author-link=Stevens, Fr. Thomas – Stotra | year=2001 | publisher=Kendra Sahitya Academy | location=New Delhi | pages=4182 | isbn=81-260-1221-8}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geographic distribution==<br />
The dialect is mainly spoken as a minority language in the Indian States of [[Karnataka]], and in some parts of [[Kerala]]. The speakers are concentrated in the districts of [[Uttara Kannada district]], [[Udupi]] and [[Dakshina Kannada]] in Karnataka.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Influx of Konkani speakers into Canara happened in various immigration waves:<br />
<br />
* Exodus between 1312 and 1327 when General [[Malik Kafur]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultans]] [[Alauddin Khalji]] and [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammed bin Tughlaq]] destroyed [[Govapuri|Govepuri]] and the [[Kadambas]]<br />
* Exodus after 1470 when the [[Bahamani]] kingdom captured Goa, and subsequently in 1492 by Sultan [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] of [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]]<br />
*Hindu exodus due to [[Christianization of Goa]] by Portuguese missionaries subsequent to [[Portuguese conquest of Goa]] in 1510<ref name="Prabhu 1999">{{Cite book<br />
|last=Prabhu<br />
|first=Alan Machado<br />
|year=1999<br />
|title=Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians<br />
|publisher=I.J.A. Publications<br />
|isbn=978-81-86778-25-8<br />
}}</ref><br />
*Exodus of Christians who wanted to keep following Hindu customs even after the establishment of the [[Goa Inquisition]] in 1560; or wanted to escape epidemics, wars and taxation taking place in Goa<ref name="Prabhu 1999"/><br />
<br />
==The people==<br />
According to the 1991 census of India, 40.1% Konkani speakers hail from the state of [[Karnataka]]. In Karnataka over 80% of them are from the coastal districts of North and South Canara, including Udupi. 3.6% of the Konkani speakers are from Kerala, and nearly half of them are from Ernakulam district.<ref name="cardona">{{cite book|last=Cardona|first=George |author2=Dhanesh Jain |others=Rocky V. Miranda|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Routledge|year=2007|edition=illustrated|series=Routledge language family series|pages=1088|chapter=20:Konkani|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5}}</ref><br />
<br />
Based on local language influence, Konkani speaking people are classified into three main regions:<br />
<br />
===North Canara (Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka)===<br />
<br />
This is the region north of the [[Gangolli]] river, starting from the [[Kali River (Karnataka)|Kali river]] of [[Karwar]]. The North Canarese are called ''baḍgikār''<ref group="note" name="BadgiTenki">Term used by Konkani speaking Gaud Saraswats and Chitrapur Sarasawts</ref> (Northerners) or simply ''baḍgi'' in Konkani. North Canarese Konkani has more of Goan Konkani influence than Kannada influence compared to South Canarese Konkani. The major Konkani speaking communities include:<ref name="sardessaya">{{cite book | title=A History of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992 | author=Sardessaya, Manoharraya | year=2000 | publisher=Kendra Sahitya Akademi | location=New Delhi | pages=7,9,298 | isbn=978-81-7201-664-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://uttarakannada.nic.in/CensusKYD.htm/ |title=Uttara Kannada Jilla Parishada |author=Chithra Salam |publisher=Open Publishing |date=14 October 2009 |work=Konkani Census |access-date=5 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313191807/http://uttarakannada.nic.in/CensusKYD.htm |archive-date=13 March 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}<br />
*[[Bhandaris]]<br />
*[[Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin|Chitrapur Saraswat]]<br />
*[[Daivadnya]]<br />
*[[Gabit]]<br />
*[[Gaud Saraswat]]<br />
*Kharvis<br />
*Konkani Maratha<br />
*Ramakshatriya <br />
*[[Vani]]<br />
<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
Karwar Konkani is different from Mangalorean or South Canara Konkani. It is similar to Goan Konkani but mixed with Marathi accented words. Although people of Karwar have their mother tongue as Konkani, a few are conversant in Marathi too.<br />
<br />
===South Canara (Udupi and Dakshina Kannada districts, Karnataka)===<br />
<br />
This is the region south of the Gangolli River. The South Canarese are called ''ṭenkikār''<ref group="note" name="BadgiTenki"/> (Southerner) ''tenkabagli'' or simply ''ṭenki'' in Konkani. Rajapur Saraswat, Kudalkar,Kharvis,Kudubis,Mestas, Daivajna, Kumbhar, Gaud Saraswats and Chitrapur Saraswats are some of the Konkani speaking communities of this region. 15% of Dakshina Kannada speaks Konkani.<ref>{{cite press release | title=District Census Handbook, Dakshina Kannada District | year=2001 | publisher=Govt. of Karnataka}}</ref> South Canara Saraswats, both Gaud Saraswat and Chitrapur Saraswat affectionately refer to their dialect as ''āmcigelẽ'' (Ours)<br />
This region has recently been bifurcated into Udupi and Dakshina Kannada districts.<br />
<br />
Konkani speakers in South Canara are trilingual; they are conversant in Konkani, Kannada and Tulu. Some of the towns in South Canara have separate Konkani names. Udupi is called ''ūḍip'' and Mangalore is called ''kodiyāl'' in Konkani.<br />
<br />
===Travancore (Cochin and Ernakulam district, Kerala)===<br />
<br />
Konkani speakers are found predominantly in the [[Cochin]] and [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], Alappuzha, Pathanamthitta, Kollam districts of Kerala, the erstwhile kingdom of Travancore. [[Kudumbi]]s, Gaud Saraswats, Vaishya Vani of Cochin, and Daivajna are the major communities. The Konkani dialect of the Gaud Saraswats is affectionately referred to as ''koccimā̃y'' by members of that community.<br />
<br />
The Gaud Saraswats of Cochin were part of the group of ''sāṣṭikār''s who migrated from Goa during the Inquisition hence their dialect is, but for usage of certain Malayalam words, similar to the dialect spoken by Gaud Saraswats of South Canara.<ref>{{cite book | title=Kerala District Gazetteer | year=1965 | publisher=Govt. Of Kerala | location=Thiruvananthapuram | pages=32–57}}</ref><br />
<br />
Konkani speakers in this region are bilingual; they are conversant in Konkani as well as Malayalam.<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
Konkani in Karnataka has been in contact with [[Kannada]] and [[Tulu language|Tulu]], thus showing [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] influence on its syntax.<ref name="rao">{{cite book|last=Bhaskararao|first= Peri|author2=Karumuri V. Subbarao |title=Non-nominative subjects |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|year=2004|edition=illustrated|series=Grammar, Comparative and general|volume=1|pages=332|chapter=Non-nominative subjects in Dakkhani and Konkani|isbn=978-90-272-2970-0}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[phonetics]], sounds, [[nasalization]], [[grammar]], syntax and in turn [[vocabulary]] obviously differ from Goan Konkani.<ref name="rao" /><br />
<br />
There was a small population of Konkani speakers in Canara even before the first exodus from Goa. This group was responsible for the Shravanabelagola inscription. There was a large-scale migration of Konkani communities from Goa to the coastal districts of North Canara, South Canara and Udupi. This migration, caused by the persecution of the Bahamani and Portuguese rulers, took place between the twelfth and seventeenth centuries. Most of these migrants were merchants, craftsmen and artisans. These migrants were either Hindus, Muslims or Christians and their linguistic practices were influenced by this factor also. Each dialect is influenced by its geographical antecedents.<br />
<br />
There are subtle differences in the way that Konkani is spoken in different regions: "In Karwar and Ankola, they emphasize the syllables, and in Kumta-Honavar, they use consonants in abundance. The Konkani spoken by [[Nawayath|Nawayatis]] of Bhatkal incorporates Persian and Arabic words."<ref>{{cite book | title=The Navayats of Kanara- study in Cultural Contacts | author=D'Souza, V.S. | year=1955 | publisher=Kannada Research Institute | location=Dharwad | pages=12–20}}</ref> People of South Kanara do not distinguish between some nouns of Kannada and Konkani origin, and have developed a very business practical language. They sometimes add Tulu words also. It is but natural that Konkani has many social variations also because it is spoken by many communities such as [[Daivajna]], Serugar, Mestri, Sutar, Gabeet, Kharvi, Samgar, [[Nawayathi dialect|Nawayati]], etc.<br />
<br />
Continuous interaction between the Konkani speaking communities with Dravidian Languages over some time has resulted in influences at the levels of morphology, syntax, vocabulary and larger semantic units such as proverbs and idioms.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Konkani Language: Historical and Linguistic Perspectives | author=V.Nithyanantha Bhat, Ela Suneethabai | year=2004 | publisher=Sukriteendra, Oriental Research Institute | location=Kochi | pages=5–27}}</ref> This phenomenon is illustrated by Nadkarni, Bernd Heine and Tanya Kuteva in their writings.<br />
<br />
Many Kannada words such as ''duḍḍu'' (money), ''baḍḍi'' (stick) and ''bāgilu'' (door) have found permanent places in Canara Konkani. Konkani from Kerala has Malayalam words like sari and śeri (correct), etc.<br />
<br />
'''Dialect Variation'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:65%;"<br />
|+ Differences between North Canara, South Canara and Cochin Konkani{{citation needed|date=March 2011}}<br />
|-<br />
!'''Phrase'''<br />
! Scope="col" | North Canara<br />
! Scope="col" | South Canara<br />
! Scope="col" | Cochin<br />
|-<br />
! Scope="row" | What happened?<br />
| kasal jālẽ<br />
| kasan jāllẽ<br />
| kasal jāllẽ<br />
|-<br />
! Scope="row" | correct<br />
| samma<br />
| samma<br />
| sari/&nbsp;śeri<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | We are coming<br />
| āmi yetāti<br />
| āmmi yettāti /&nbsp;yettāci<br />
| āmmi yettāci<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Come here<br />
| hekkaḍe/henga yo<br />
| hāṅgā yo<br />
| hāṅgā yo<br />
|}<br />
<br />
From the above table we see that South Canara and Kerala Hindu dialects undergo doubling of consonants ''āppaytā'' (calls), ''dzāllẽ'' (done), ''kellẽ'' (did), ''vhaṇṇi'' (sister in law) whereas North Canara Hindu dialects use the undoubled ones ''āpaytā'', ''dzālẽ'', ''kelẽ'', ''vhaṇi''' . The Gaud Saraswat and Kudumbi Kochi dialects uses '' ca'' and ''ja'' in place '' tsa'' and '' dza'' respectively.<br />
<br />
===Language structure===<br />
{{see also|Konkani Phonology|Konkani Script}}<br />
<br />
Konkani speakers in Karnataka, having interacted with Kannada speakers in North Canara, Kannada and Tulu speakers in South Canara and Malayalam speakers in Kerala, their dialects have been influenced by [[Kannada]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and [[Malayalam]]. This has resulted in [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] influence on their syntax.<ref name="rao"/> According to the linguists, Konkani in Karnataka has undergone a process of ''degenitivization'', and is moving towards ''dativization'' on the pattern of Dravidian languages. ''Degenitivization'' means the loss or replacement of the [[Genitive case|genitives]], and ''dativization'' means replacement of the genitive in the donor language (i.e. Konkani) by the dative case marker in the recipient language (i.e. Kannada).<ref name="rao" /> E.g.:<br />
*''rāmācẽ/-lẽ/-gelẽ kellelẽ kām''. {{nay}}<br />
*''rāmānẽ kellelẽ kām''. {{aye}}<br />
::In the Goan dialects, both statements are grammatically correct. In the Karnataka dialects, only the second statement is grammatically correct.<br />
<br />
In Karnataka Konkani [[present continuous tense]] is strikingly observable, which is not so prominent in Goan Konkani.<ref name="jana">{{cite book|last= Janardhan|first=Pandarinath Bhuvanendra|title=A Higher Konkani grammar|publisher=P.B. Janardhan|year=1991|pages=317}}</ref><br />
Present indefinite of the auxiliary is fused with [[present participle]] of the primary verb, and the auxiliary is partially dropped.<ref name="jana" /> This difference became more prominent in dialects spoken in Karnataka, which came in contact with Dravidian languages, whereas Goan Konkani still retains the original form.<br />
<br />
*In Goan Konkani "I eat", as well as "I am eating", translates to ''hā̃v khātā''.<br />
*In Kanara Konkani, "I eat" translates to ''hā̃v khātā'' and "I am eating" translates to ''hā̃v khātoāsā'' or ''hā̃v khāter āsā''<br />
<br />
'''Script'''<br />
<br />
Early Konkani literature in Goa, Karnataka and Kerala has been found in the [[Nāgarī script|Nāgarī Script]]. At present however, Devanagari has been promulgated as the official script.<ref group="note" name="devanagari">On 20 August 1992 Parliament of India by effecting the 78th amendment to the Constitution of India, Konkani in Devanagari script has been included in VIIIth Schedule of Constitution of India.</ref><br />
<br />
==Literature==<br />
<br />
[[File:HortusCert.jpg|400px|right|thumb|Konkani in the Old [[Nāgarī script|Nagari Script]]]]<br />
<br />
The earliest known Konkani epigraphy is claimed to be the rock inscription at Shravanabelagola, Karnataka. However, the claim is disputed since as per many linguists its language is indistinguishable from that of the Old Marathi literature from the Yadava era (1200–1300 CE)- the language is nearly identical, the script is early Devanagari, so it only makes sense to call it Marathi and not Konkani. This has always been a heated debate between Marathi Speakers and Konkani Speakers. Another writing of antiquity is a रायसपत्र ''Rāyasapatra'' (writ) By Srimad [[Puttige Matha Guru Parampara|Sumatindra Tirtha swamiji]] to his disciples.<br />
<br />
:'''Goḍḍe Rāmāyaṇ'''<br />
<br />
In Konkani, Ramayana narration is found in both verse and prose. The story has been told in full or part in folksongs of the Kudubis and ritualistic forms like ''goḍḍe rāmāyaṇ'' of Kochi, ''sītā suddi'' and ''sītā kalyāṇa'' of Northern Kerala/South Canara and the ''rāmāyaṇa raṇmāḷe'' of Cancon. Some other texts of the Ramayana are also available in written form in Konkani. '''rāmāyaṇācyo kāṇiyo''', ascribed to Krishnadas Shama is in 16th century prose. During the 1930s Late Kamalammal wrote the ''raghurāmāyaṇa'' in ''vhōvi''<ref group="note">A vhōvi is song made of a collection two or three liner stanzas typically sung during weddings by ladies</ref> style verse. There has also been an adapted version by late Narahari Vittal Prabhu of Gokarn and recently, the translation of '''rāmacaritramānasa''' by Kochi Ananta Bhat of Kochi.<ref name="sardessaya"/><ref name="Custom">{{cite book | title=Custom Report | year=2007 | publisher=Konkani Language and Cultural Foundation | location=Mangalore | pages=2, 3}}</ref><br />
<br />
:'''Hortus Malabaricus'''<br />
[[File:HortusCertificate.jpg|400px|right|thumb|The Hortus Malabaricus Konkani Document corrected for contemporary grammar]]<br />
[[Hortus Malabaricus]] (meaning Garden of Malabar) is a comprehensive treatise that deals with the medicinal properties of the flora in the Indian state of Kerala. Originally written in Latin, it was compiled over a period of nearly 30 years and published from Amsterdam during 1678–1693. The book was conceived by [[Hendrik van Rheede]], who was the Governor of the Dutch administration in Kochi (formerly Cochin) at the time.<br />
<br />
Though the book was the result of the indomitable will power of Hendrik Van Rheede, all the basic work and the original compilation of plant properties were done by three Konkani Physicians of Kochi, namely Ranga Bhat, Vināyaka Pandit and Appu Bhat.<ref name="Hortus">{{cite book | title=Hortus Malabaricus – Vol. I | author=Manilal, K.S. | year=2003 | publisher=Dept. of publications, University of Kerala | location=Thiruvananthapuram | pages=5–23 | isbn=81-86397-57-4}}</ref> The three have themselves certified this in their joint certificate in Konkani, which appears as such at the start of the first volume of the book.<br />
<br />
This book also contains the Konkani names of each plant, tree and creeper are also included throughout the book, in all 12 volumes, both in their descriptive parts and alongside their respective drawings. While the names are in Roman script in the descriptive part, the names alongside the diagrams are in original Nāgarī script itself, indicated as Bramanical characters.<ref name="Hortus"/><br />
<br />
[[File:Maddo.JPG|300px|right|thumb|KonkaniNames of Plants in the [[Hortus Malabaricus]]]]<br />
The 17th century certificate was etched in the manner and style of those times, which may appear unfamiliar now. Further to this, some writing notations (mostly anuswara) are seen missing in the print. Hence, to make it easily readable, the body matter is reproduced herein with enhanced clarity, modern-day spacing between words, and with the missing notations added back, for the sake of coherence and comprehension.<br />
<br />
:'''Bhakti Movement'''<br />
[[File:Konkani pad 01.jpg|300px|right|thumb|This rare Konkani lithograph manuscript, dated 1904 was printed in Mangalore. It contains devotional songs in Konkani in the glory of popular Hindu deities.]]<br />
The [[Dvaita]] seer [[Madhvacharya]] converted [[Smartha]] Konkani [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin|Gaud Saraswat]]s to [[Dvaita|Dvaitism]]. This Dvaita Gaud Saraswat community was instrumental in ''kīrtanasāhitya ''and ''haridāsasāhitya''. Vasudev Prabhu was a very famous Konkani poet of the Bhakti Movement. He wrote many devotional songs in Konkani and also translated Kannada devotional poetry of Vyāsarāya, [[Naraharitirtha]], Puranadaradāsa, Kanakadāsa. These Konkani songs were, later, sung by nārāyantirtha<ref>{{cite book | title=padāñcẽ pustaka | author=Prabhu, Vasudev | year=1904 | publisher=Mangalore Trading Association's Sharada Press | location=Mangalore | pages=4–23}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Contemporary Literature===<br />
<br />
Contemporary Konkani literature in Kerala made a rather late entry, as compared to its other concentrated states like Karnataka. However, according to historical annals, there can be established no exact evidence to establish exactly when Konkani language and literature began their predominant journey in Kerala. But a possible contact and interlinking between Goa with Kerala cannot be thrown to the wind, as collaborators in foreign trade. G Kamalammal is known to have contributed whole-heartedly to Konkani literature, in the domain of devotional writing. V. Krishna Vadyar, Bhakta R Kanhangad, S. T Chandrakala, S Kamat are some of the most renowned novelists in the Konkani dialect. Moving further ahead, V Venkates, K Narayan Naik, N Prakash and others have penned forceful short stories; P G Kamath has contributed to the sphere of essay writing.<br />
<br />
Some of the greatest and legendary poets in Konkani literature from Kerala, comprise: K Anant Bhat, N Purushottam Mallya, R Gopal Prabhu, P N S Sivanand Shenoy, N N Anandan, R S Bhaskar etc. Translations, folklore, and criticism also have enriched the Konkani literature in Kerala. Stepping aside a little bit and directing the attention towards an analytic and detailed study, Konkani literature in Kerala has been legendary and celebrated for having formulated dictionaries and encyclopedias in considerable numbers.<br />
<br />
==Culture, media and arts==<br />
Konkani speakers have retained their language and culture in Karnataka and Kerala. Music, theatre and periodicals keep these communities in touch with the language.<br />
<br />
Notable periodicals are ''pānchkadāyi, kodial khabar and sansakār bōdh''.<br />
<br />
Konkani theatre made a rather late entry into the Indian art scenario. Konkani theatre groups like'' rangakarmi kumbaḷe śrīnivās bhaṭ pratiṣṭhān, and raṅgayōgi rāmānand cūryā vēdike'' played an instrumental role in bringing Konkani theatre to the masses. ''raṅgakarmi ''Kumble Shrinivas Bhat, Late Hosad Babuti Naik, Late Late K. Balakrishna Pai (''kuḷḷāppu''), Sujeer Srinivas Rao (''cinna kāsaragōḍ'') and Vinod Gangolli are some noteworthy names. Ramananda Choorya was an eminent artist who encouraged people to develop Konkani theatre. He wrote the famous play ''dōni ghaḍi hāssunu kāḍi''.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|<br />
*[[Konkani language]]<br />
*[[Konkani alphabets]]<br />
*[[Konkani Language Agitation]]<br />
*[[Konkani Phonology]]<br />
*[[Konkani in the Roman script]]<br />
*[[Konkani people]]<br />
*[[Basti Vaman Shenoy]]<br />
*[[World Konkani Hall Of Fame]]<br />
*[[Vasudev V Shenoy]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==alphabetFootnotes==<br />
<references group="note" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.facebook.com/konkani.chavadi Konkani Chavadi]<br />
*[http://www.vishwakonkani.org/ Konkani Language And Cultural Foundation]<br />
*[http://www.mangalorean.com/konkani/ Mangalorean.com]<br />
*[http://www.konkanifriends.com/ Konkani Friends] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119200526/http://konkanifriends.com/ |date=19 November 2015 }}<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070112230100/http://www.savemylanguage.org/ Save My Language]<br />
*[http://www.gsbkonkani.net/ GSB Konkani]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110203163046/http://www.kanarasaraswat.in/magazine.htm Kanara Saraswat Magazine]<br />
*[http://www.raknno.com/ Raknno]<br />
*[http://www.ourkarnataka.com/learn_konkani/learn_konkani_main.htm Learn GSB Konkani]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110502055206/http://manglorean.net/konkani/ Online Manglorean Konkani Dictionary Project]<br />
<br />
{{Konkani language topics}}<br />
{{Indo-Aryan languages}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Southern Saraswat Konkani}}<br />
[[Category:Konkani]]<br />
[[Category:Southern Indo-Aryan languages]]<br />
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]<br />
[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]<br />
[[Category:Konkani languages]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Kerala]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vidavalur&diff=468159Vidavalur2025-12-06T07:23:35Z<p>Sanjay: refined details as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = '''Vidavaluru'''<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = te<br />
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Nellore district|Nellore]]<br />
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<br />
'''Vidavaluru''' is a village and a [[mandal]] headquarters in [[Nellore district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[india]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise villages|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Nellore.pdf|website=Revenue Department - AP Land|publisher=National Informatics Center|access-date=22 November 2014|page=5|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327152924/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Nellore.pdf|archive-date=27 March 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is located in [[Kovur (Assembly constituency)|Kovur]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Vidavaluru is a village panchayat located in the [[Nellore district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Its latitude is 14.5721409 and its longitude is 80.0661975.<br />
<br />
==Politics==<br />
<br />
Vidavalur is represented by [[Kovur (Assembly constituency)|Kovur]] for the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. Vemireddy Prashanthi Reddy is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Kovur (Assembly constituency)]] representing the [[ Telugu Desam Party ]].{{when?|date=September 2019}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Nellore district}}<br />
[[Category:Villages in Nellore district]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mudichur&diff=518709Mudichur2025-12-01T02:56:47Z<p>Sanjay: made details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{no footnotes|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --><br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Mudichur<br />
| native_name = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. --><br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
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| settlement_type = [[neighbourhood]]<br />
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
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| postal_code = 600048<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 044<br />
| registration_plate = TN-11, TN-22<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = Tambaram<br />
| website =<br />
}}<br />
'''Mudichur''' is a residential locality in Tambaram Corporation [[Chennai]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/pallavaram-tambaram-avadi-to-be-corporations/articleshow/57834426.cms |title=Pallavaram, Tambaram, Avadi to be corporations &#124; Chennai News - Times of India |website=M.timesofindia.com |date=2017-03-26 |access-date=2017-05-05}}<br />
* {{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-tale-of-two-new-corporations/article17400222.ece |title=A tale of two new Corporations |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2017-03-03 |access-date=2017-05-05}}<br />
* {{cite web|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-chennai/news/1737436 |title=&#124; மாநகராட்சிகளாக தரம் உயர்கிறது விரைவில் தாம்பரம், ஆவடி புறநகர் பகுதிகளின் வளர்ச்சியை முறைப்படுத்த வாய்ப்பு Dinamalar |website=Dinamalar.com |date=2017-03-24 |access-date=2017-05-05}}<br />
* {{cite web|url=http://m.tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/state-news/avadi-thambaram-and-pallavaram-to-be-named-corporations/articleshow/57841757.cms |title=Tamilnadu Government:avadi, thambaram and pallavaram to be named corporations - Samayam Tamil |website=[[Samayam Tamil]] |date=2017-03-26 |access-date=2017-05-05}}<br />
* {{cite web|url=http://www.maalaimalar.com/News/TopNews/2017/03/26103300/1076069/Tamil-Nadu-Government-Tambaram-AvadipallavaramCorporation.vpf |title=Maalaimalar News: தாம்பரம், ஆவடி, பல்லாவரம் மாநகராட்சியாக மாறுகிறது: தமிழக அரசு &#124;&#124; Tamil Nadu Government Tambaram, Avadi, Pallavaram, Corporation changed |website=Maalaimalar.com |date=2017-03-26 |access-date=2017-05-05}}<br />
* {{cite web |url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/2017/03/27013506/Improving-the-Quality-of-the-Corporation.vpf |title=தாம்பரம், பல்லாவரம், ஆவடி மாநகராட்சியாக தரம் உயர்கிறது &#124;&#124; Improving the Quality of the Corporation |website=Dailythanthi.com |date=2017-03-27 |access-date=2017-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504062327/http://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/2017/03/27013506/Improving-the-Quality-of-the-Corporation.vpf |archive-date=4 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}<br />
* {{cite web|url=http://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2016/07/22005655/South-Chennai-suburbs-demand-separate-Corporation.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724022953/http://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2016/07/22005655/South-Chennai-suburbs-demand-separate-Corporation.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 July 2016 |title=South Chennai suburbs demand separate Corporation |website=DTNext.in |date=2016-07-22 |access-date=2017-05-05}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Tamil Nadu]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hari_caste&diff=469199Hari caste2025-11-19T15:49:28Z<p>Sanjay: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{For|disambiguation|Haris (disambiguation){{!}}Haris}}<br />
{{One source|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
| group = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image = [[File:Hari scavenger.jpg]]<br />
| image_caption = Hari scavenger, from a 1799 collection of etchings<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_uprigh = <br />
| total = <!-- total population worldwide --><br />
| total_year = <!-- year of total population --><br />
| total_source = <!-- source of total population; may be ''census'' or ''estimate'' --><br />
| total_ref = <!-- references supporting total population --><br />
| total1 = <!-- up to | total3 = --><br />
| total1_year = <!-- up to | total3_year = --><br />
| total1_source = <!-- up to | total3_source = --><br />
| total1_ref = <!-- up to | total3_ref = --><br />
| genealogy = <br />
| regions = <!-- e.g., a list of regions (countries), especially if regionN etc below not used --><br />
<br />
| region1 = West Bengal<br />
| pop1 = 390,619 (2001)<br />
| ref1 = <br />
| region2 = <br />
| pop2 = <br />
| ref2 = <br />
| region3 = <!-- up to | region33 = --><br />
| pop3 = <!-- up to | pop33 = --><br />
| ref3 = <!-- up to | ref33 = --><br />
| languages = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| religions = [[Hinduism]]<br />
| related_groups = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
The '''Haṛi''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: হাড়ি) is a scavenger caste of [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] origin found in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=B. N. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Manual_Scavenging_in_India/-c6mNYorw7QC?hl=en |title=Manual Scavenging in India: A Disgrace to the Country |date=1997 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-639-0 |pages=33 |language=en}}</ref><br />
The Haris numbered 390,619 in the 2001 census and were 2.1 per cent of the [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled caste]] population of West Bengal. 49.5 per cent of the Haris were literate – 61.6 per cent males and 36.8 per cent females were literate.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_westbengal.pdf| title = West Bengal, Census of India 2001, Data Highlights – The Scheduled Castes| access-date = 2009-06-28 | publisher = Office of the Registrar General, India }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Bengali Hindu people}}<br />
{{Scheduled Castes in West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bengali Hindu castes]]<br />
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhitari_pillar_inscription_of_Skandagupta&diff=491197Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta2025-10-16T11:17:27Z<p>Sanjay: Adding A Entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Sanskrit inscription in India}}<br />
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| align = right<br />
| direction =horizontal<br />
| header=Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta<br />
| image1 = Bhitari pillar of Skandagupta.jpg<br />
| image2 = Bhitari pillar.jpg<br />
| image3 = Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta.jpg<br />
| footer=The Bhitari pillar and inscription of [[Skandagupta]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Location map<br />
| India<br />
| width = 220px<br />
| float = <br />
| border = <br />
| caption = Location of Bhitari, [[Ghazipur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], in [[India]].<br />
| alt = <br />
| relief = yes<br />
| AlternativeMap = <br />
| overlay_image = <br />
| label = Bhitari<br />
| label_size = <br />
| position = <br />
| background = <br />
| mark = <br />
| marksize = <br />
| link = <br />
| lat_deg = 25.97<br />
| lon_deg = 83.96<br />
}}<br />
{{coord|25.566654|N|83.288943|E|display=title}}<br />
The '''Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta''' was discovered in the village of Bhitari near [[Saidpur, Ghazipur|Saidpur]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and dates to the reign of [[Gupta Empire]] (Gop Empire, Gop in Sanskrit and Gupt in Pali) ruler [[Skandagupta]] (c. 455 – c. 467&nbsp;CE). Further, the inscription is written in [[Sanskrit]] and is 15 feet high.<br />
<br />
Among other things, the inscription is extremely important in understanding the chronology of the various Gupta rulers. It also mentions the conflict between Skandagupta and the [[Pushyamitras]] as well as the [[Hunas]].<ref>Bhitari Pillar Inscription of Skandagupta- A Note on Ganga-Dhvanih by R. P. Tripathi Proceedings of the Indian History Congress Vol. 39, Volume II (1978), pp. 1010–1014 Published by: Indian History Congress [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139451]</ref><br />
<br />
==Inscription==<br />
The inscription is written in 19 lines, starting with the genealogy of the ancestors of Skandagupta, then a presentation of Skangupta himself, and finally a presentation of his achievements.<br />
<br />
===Genealogy===<br />
[[File:SamudraguptaCoin.jpg|thumb|upright|Emperor [[Samudragupta]] (336-80).]]<br />
*[Perfection has been attained]! The son of the Mahârâjâdhirâja, the glorious [[Samudragupta]], who was the exterminator of all kings; who had no antagonist (of equal power) in the world; whose fame was tasted by the waters of the four oceans; who was equal to (the gods) [[Dhanada]] and [[Varuna]] and [[Indra]] and [[Antaka]]; who was the very axe of (the god) [[Kritanta]] (God of Death); who was the giver of many millions of lawfully acquired cows and gold; who was the restorer of the [[ashvamedha]]-sacrifice, that had been long in abeyance; who was the son of the son's son of the Mahârâja, the illustrious [[Gupta (king)|Gupta]]; who was the son's son of the Mahârâja, the illustrious [[Ghatotkacha (king)|Ghatôtkacha]]; (and) who was the son of the Mahârâjâdhirâja, the glorious [[Chandragupta I|Chandragupta (I)]], (and) the daughter's son of Lichchhivi, begotten on the Mahâdêvî Kumrâdêvî,<br />
*(L 4.)-(was) the most devout worshiper of the Divine One, the Mahârâjadhirâja, the glorious [[Chandragupta II|Chandragupta (II)]], who was accepted by him; who was begotten on the Mahdâdêvî Dattadêvî; (and) who was himself without an antagonist (of equal power).<br />
*(L.5.)-His son (was) the most devout worshipper of the Divine One, the Mahârâjadhirâja, the glorious [[Kumaragupta I|Kumâragupta]], who meditated on his feet, (and) who was begotten on the Mahdâdêvî Dhruvadêvî.<br />
<br />
===Self-presentation of Skandagupta===<br />
*(L. 6.)-The son of him, the king, who was renowned for the innate power of (his) mighty intellect (and) whose fame was great, (is) this (present) king, by name Skandagupta, who possesses great glory; who subsisted (like a bee) on the wide-spreading waterlilies which were the feet of (his) father; whose fame is spread far and wide; -who is amply endowed with strength of arm in the world; who is the most eminent hero in the lineage of the [[Gupta dynasty|Guptas]]; whose great splendour is spread far and wide; by whom, practicing (good) behaviour, the conduct of those who perform good actions is not obstructed; who is of spotless soul; (and) who is well disciplined in the understanding of musical keys:-<br />
*(L. 8.)-By whom,-having, with a daily intense application, step by step attained his object by means of good behaviour and strength and politic conduct,-instruction in the art of disposition (of resources) was acquired, (and) was employed as the means of (subduing his) enemies who had put themselves forward in the desire for conquest that was so highly welcome (to them) :-<br />
<br />
====Defeat of the Pushyamitras====<br />
*(L. 10.)-By whom, when he prepared himself to restore the fallen fortunes of (his) family, a (whole) night was spent on a couch that was the bare earth; and then, having conquered the [[Pushyamitras]], who had developed great power and wealth, he placed (his) left foot on a foot-stool which was the king (of that [[tribe]] himself ) :-<br />
<br />
====Military prowesses of Skandagupta ====<br />
*(L. 11.)-The resplendent behaviour of whom, possessed of spotless fame,-inherent, [but increased] by . . . . . . . . and patience and heroism which are emphatically unequaled, (and) which destroy the efficacy of the weapons (of his enemies),-is sung in every region by happy men, even down to the children:<br />
*(L. 12.)-Who, when (his) father had attained the skies, conquered (his) enemies by the strength of (his) arm, and established again the ruined fortunes of (his) lineage; and then, crying "the victory has been achieved" betook himself to (his) mother, whose eyes were full of tears from joy, just as [[Krishna]], when he had slain (his) enemies, betook himself to (his mother) Dêvakî;-<br />
*(L. 14.)-Who, with his own armies, established (again) (his) lineage that had been made to totter . . . . . . . . . .. ., (and) with his two arms subjugated the earth, (and) shewed mercy to the conquered peoples in distress, (but) has become neither proud nor arrogant, though his glory is increasing day by day; (and) whom the bards raise to distinction with (their) songs and praises:-<br />
<br />
====Defeat of the Hunas ([[Kidarites]])====<br />
[[File:Kidara I portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of the Huna [[Kidarites]] king [[Kidara]], circa 350-386.<ref name="cngcoins">{{cite web|url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=138943|publisher=cngcoins.com|title=CNG: eAuction 208. HUNNIC TRIBES, Kidarites. Kidara. Circa AD 350-385. AR Drachm (28mm, 3.97 g, 3h). – CNG Coins |accessdate=2017-07-26}}</ref>]] <br />
*(L. 15.)-By whose two arms the earth was shaken, when he, the creator (of a disturbance like that) of a terrible whirlpool, joined in close conflict with the [[Huna people|Hûnas]]; . . . . . . among enemies . . . . . . arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . proclaimed . . . . . . . . . . . . just as if it were the roaring of (the river) [[Ganges|Gangâ]], making itself noticed in (their) ears.<br />
*(L.17.)- . . . . . . the fame of his father . . . . . . . . . . . (Saying to himself that) an image of some kind or other [should be made], he, the very celebrated one, made this image of that (famous) (god) Shârngin, [to endure as long as the moon and stars may last]. And, having here installed this (god), he, whose commands are well-established, has allotted this village (to the idol), in order to increase the religious merit of (his) father.<br />
*(L. 19.)-Accordingly, this image of the Divine One, and (this village) which has been here agreed to, -both of these, he, the pious-minded one, has assigned for (the increase of ) the religious merit of (his) father.<ref>Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta. [[John Faithfull Fleet]] (1847–1917) Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of the Early Guptas. Vol. III. Calcutta: Government of India, Central Publications Branch, 1888, 54-56.</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Kahaum pillar]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
* [https://www.newscoop.co.in/bhitari-pillar-inscription-skandagupta/ Bhitari Pillar Inscription of SkandGupta] - Newscoop.co.in<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sanskrit inscriptions in India]]<br />
[[Category:5th-century inscriptions]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giripremi&diff=500561Giripremi2025-10-11T08:25:27Z<p>Sanjay: Added details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian mountaineering club}}<br />
{{Infobox organization<br />
| name = Giripremi<br />
| formation = 1982<br />
| image = Logo - RGB.png<br />
| caption = Mountaineering for Happiness <br />
| type = Public charitable trust<br />
| purpose = Promotion of mountaineering<br />
| headquarters = Pune, Maharashtra, India<br />
| leader_title = President<br />
| leader_name = Jayant Tulpule<br />
| key_people = Ushaprabha Page, Anand Palande, Umesh Zirpe, Jayant Tulpule, Ashish Mane, Jitendra Gaware, Krishna Dhokle<br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.giripremi.com}}<br />
}}<br />
The '''Giripremi''' is a public charitable trust and [[mountaineering]] club based in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India. Founded in 1982, it is one of the leading mountaineering organisations in the country and is the only Indian club to have successfully scaled eight peaks over 8,000 metres: [[Mount Everest]], [[Lhotse]], [[Makalu]], [[Cho Oyu]], [[Dhaulagiri]], [[Manaslu]], [[Kangchenjunga]], and [[Annapurna I]].<ref name="TOIAnnapurna">{{cite news |date=16 April 2021 |title=3 Giripremi members scale Annapurna Main summit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/3-giripremi-members-scale-annapurna-main-summit/articleshow/82108597.cms |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="HTAnnapurna">{{cite news |date=16 April 2021 |title=Giripremi mountaineers scale Mt Annapurna I, world's 10th tallest peak |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/giripremi-mountaineers-scale-mt-annapurna-1-world-s-10th-tallest-peak-101618582156643.html |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Giripremi was established in 1982 by a group of mountaineers from Pune, including Anand Palande and Ushaprabha Page, with the aim of promoting mountaineering and outdoor adventure in India. Over four decades, the club has organised and led expeditions to some of the world's highest and most challenging peaks.<ref name="Livemint">{{cite news |date=9 January 2021 |title=How Pune became a mountaineering hub |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/how-pune-became-a-mountaineering-hub-111610334968383.html |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=Mint Lounge}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Major expeditions ==<br />
<br />
* Mount Everest: Giripremi successfully organised expeditions to [[Mount Everest]], with team members reaching the summit in 2012, marking one of the most significant achievements for an Indian mountaineering club.<ref name="PunekarEverest">{{cite news |date=21 May 2012 |title=Pune's Giripremi team scales Mount Everest |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/punes-giripremi-team-scales-mount-everest/ |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=Punekar News}}</ref><br />
* Lhotse, Makalu, and Cho Oyu: Following Everest, Giripremi mountaineers summited [[Lhotse]], [[Makalu]], and [[Cho Oyu]], further adding to the list of 8,000 m peaks scaled by the club.<ref name="TOILhotseMakalu">{{cite news |date=30 May 2014 |title=Pune's Giripremi team conquers Lhotse and Makalu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/punes-giripremi-team-conquers-lhotse-and-makalu/articleshow/35788362.cms |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
*Dhaulagiri: In 2019, Giripremi mountaineers scaled [[Dhaulagiri]], the world’s seventh-highest mountain at 8,167 m.<ref name="TOIDhaulagiri">{{cite news |date=26 September 2017 |title=2 climbers from Giripremi scale eighth highest mountain peak |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/2-climbers-from-giripremi-scale-eighth-highest-mountain-peak/articleshow/60847173.cms |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
*Manaslu: In 2017, the club organised an expedition to [[Manaslu]], the world’s eighth-highest peak, successfully placing multiple climbers on the summit.<ref name="IndianExpressManaslu">{{cite news |date=30 September 2017 |title=Giripremi mountaineers scale Manaslu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/giripremi-mountaineers-scale-mt-manaslu-4865293/ |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><br />
*Kangchenjunga: In May 2019, Giripremi’s Kangchenjunga expedition reached the 8,586 m summit, making it the only Indian club to have scaled seven of the 8,000 m peaks by that time.<ref name="IEKangchenjunga">{{cite news |date=21 May 2019 |title=Giripremi completes Mount Kangchenjunga expedition |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/giripremi-mount-kangchenjunga-expedition-mountaineering-2019-5051791/ |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><br />
*Annapurna I: In April 2021, three members of Giripremi summited [[Annapurna I]], the tenth-highest mountain in the world, completing the club’s 8,000 m peak list.<ref name="TOIAnnapurna" /><ref name="HTAnnapurna" /><br />
*Mount Meru: In September 2023, Giripremi became the first Indian mountaineering club to successfully climb [[Mount Meru]]’s main summit.<ref name="TOIMeru">{{cite news |date=3 September 2023 |title=Indian mountaineering club becomes first to scale Mt Meru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/indian-mountaineering-club-becomes-first-to-scale-mt-meru/articleshow/103317891.cms |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="HTMeru">{{cite news |date=3 September 2023 |title=Giripremi team scales Mt Meru, first Indian group to achieve feat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/giripremi-team-scales-mt-meru-first-indian-group-to-achieve-feat-101694976113535.html |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notable members ==<br />
<br />
* [[Umesh Zirpe]] – Recipient of the [[Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]] and the Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Award.<ref name="TOIZirpeAward">{{cite news |date=8 August 2024 |title=Zirpe to receive Tenzing Norgay Adventure Award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/zirpe-to-receive-tenzing-norgay-adventure-award/articleshow/117096572.cms |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
* [[Ashish Mane]] – Leading Indian high-altitude climber.<br />
* Jitendra Gaware – Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Awardee.<br />
* Krishna Dhokle – Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Awardee.<br />
<br />
== Publications ==<br />
Giripremi members have authored several books on mountaineering, available on major online bookstores:<br />
<br />
* ''Dongaryatra'' – by Anand Palande<br />
* ''Ekand Shiledar'' – by Ushaprabha Page<br />
* ''Base Camp Varun'' – by Jayant Tulpule<br />
* ''Everest'' – by Umesh Zirpe<br />
* ''Shikharratna Kangchenjunga'' – by Umesh Zirpe and Bhushan Harshe<br />
* ''Sherpa'' – by Umesh Zirpe<br />
<br />
== Training and education ==<br />
Giripremi was instrumental in founding the [[Guardian Giripremi Institute of Mountaineering]] (GGIM), which offers the only recognised diploma course in mountaineering in India.<ref name="TOIGGIM">{{cite news |date=1 June 2019 |title=Giripremi to set up help desk for mountaineers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/giripremi-to-set-up-help-desk-for-mountaineers/articleshow/69615257.cms |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Recognition ==<br />
In 2023, the Southern Command of the Indian Army felicitated Giripremi with the “Sword of Regalia” for its contribution to Indian mountaineering.<ref name="DHRegalia">{{cite news |date=15 August 2023 |title=Southern Command felicitates mountaineering club Giripremi with Sword of Regalia |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/southern-command-felicitates-mountaineering-club-giripremi-with-sword-of-regalia-1239257.html |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Mountaineering in India]]<br />
* [[Guardian Giripremi Institute of Mountaineering]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mountaineering in India]]<br />
[[Category:Climbing and mountaineering organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Clubs and societies in India]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in Pune]]<br />
[[Category:1982 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1982]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_chief_justices_of_the_Himachal_Pradesh_High_Court&diff=466934List of chief justices of the Himachal Pradesh High Court2025-10-06T17:50:52Z<p>Sanjay: expanded content</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|None}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox high court<br />
|court_name = Himachal Pradesh High Court<br />
|image = <br />
|imagesize = <br />
|caption = <br />
|established = 1971<br />
|jurisdiction = [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
|location = [[Shimla]], Himachal Pradesh<br />
|coordinates=<br />
|type = [[President of India|Presidential]] appointment with [[advice and consent|confirmation]] of [[Chief Justice of India]] and [[Governors of states of India|Governor of respective state]]. <br />
|authority = [[Constitution of India]]<br />
|appealsto = [[Supreme Court of India]]<br />
|terms = Mandatory Retirement by age of 62<br />
|positions = 13<br />
|website = [http://hphighcourt.nic.in hphighcourt.nic.in]<br />
|chiefjudgetitle = [[Chief Justice]]<br />
|chiefjudgename =[[M. S. Ramachandra Rao]]<br />
|termstart = 30 May 2023<br />
|termend = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Himachal Pradesh High Court''' is the [[High Courts of India|High Court]] of the [[Indian state|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India.<br />
<br />
==Chief Justice==<br />
<br />
On 14 October 2021, Justice [[Mohammad Rafiq (judge)|Mohammad Rafiq]] took oath as the [[chief justice]] of [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/justice-suryakant-takes-oath-as-chief-justice-of-himachal-high-court/articleshow/66087488.cms|title = Justice Sabina takes oath as Chief Justice of Himachal high court &#124; Shimla News|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==List of Chief Justices ==<br />
===List===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
!#<br />
!Picture<br />
! Chief Justice<br />
! Took office<br />
! Left office<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
| [[Henry Plowden|Sir Henry Meredyth Plowden]]<br />
| {{dts|1880}} || {{dts|1895}}<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
| [[Charles Arthur Roe|Sir Charles Arthur Roe]]<br />
| {{dts|1895}} || {{dts|1898}}<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
| Sir [[William Ovens Clark]]<br />
| {{dts|1898}} || {{dts|1909}}<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|<br />
| [[Arthur Hay Stewart Reid|Sir Arthur Hay Stewart Reid]]<br />
| {{dts|1909}} || {{dts|1914}}<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|<br />
| Sir [[Alfred Kensington]]<br />
| {{dts|1914}} || {{dts|1915}}<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|<br />
| Sir [[Donald Campbell Johnstone]]<br />
| {{dts|1915}} || {{dts|1917}}<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|<br />
| [[Henry Adolphus Rattigan|Sir Henry Adolphus Rattigan]]<br />
| {{dts|1917}} || {{dts|1919}}<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|<br />
| [[Shadi Lal|Sir Shadi Lal]]<br />
| {{dts|1920}} || {{dts|1934}}<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|<br />
| [[Douglas Young (judge)|Sir John Douglas Young]]<br />
| {{dts|1934}} || {{dts|1943}}<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|<br />
| Sir [[Arthur Trevor Harries]]<br />
| {{dts|1943}} || {{dts|1946}}<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|<br />
| [[Mian Abdul Rashid|Sir Abdul Rashid]]<br />
| {{dts|1946}} || {{dts|1947}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!12<br />
|<br />
|Justice [[Ram Lall]]<br />
|15 August 1947<br />
|18 January 1949<br />
|-<br />
!13<br />
|<br />
|Justice [[Sudhi Ranjan Das]]<br />
|19 January 1949<br />
|21 January 1950<br />
|-<br />
!14<br />
|<br />
|Justice [[Eric Weston]]<br />
|21 January 1950<br />
|8 December 1952<br />
|-<br />
!15<br />
|<br />
|Justice [[Amar Nath Bandhari]]<br />
|9 December 1952<br />
|18 November 1959<br />
|-<br />
!16<br />
|<br />
|Justice [[Gopal Das Ghosla]]<br />
|19 November 1959<br />
|14 December 1961<br />
|-<br />
!17<br />
|<br />
|Justice [[Donald Falshaw]]<br />
|15 December 1961<br />
|29 May 1966<br />
(''Res'')<br />
|-<br />
!18<br />
|<br />
|Justice [[Mehar Singh]]<br />
|29 May 1966<br />
|''continued''<br />
|-<br />
!18<br />
|<br />
|Justice [[Mehar Singh]]<br />
|''continued''<br />
|14 August 1970<br />
|-<br />
!19<br />
|<br />
|Justice [[Harbans Singh]]<br />
|15 August 1970<br />
|25 January 1971<br />
|-<br />
!20<br />
|<br />
|Justice [[Daya Krishan Mahajan]]<br />
|25 January 1971<br />
|25 January 1971<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!21<br />
|<br />
|[[Mirza Hameedullah Beg|M.H. Beg]]<br />
|25 January 1971<br />
|9 December 1971<br />
|-<br />
!22<br />
|<br />
|[[Raghunandan Swarup Pathak|R.S. Pathak]]<br />
|18 March 1972<br />
|19 February 1978<br />
|-<br />
!23<br />
|<br />
|T.U. Mehta<br />
|20 February 1978<br />
|11 December 1979<br />
|-<br />
!24<br />
|<br />
|V.D. Misra<br />
|12 December 1979<br />
|30 September 1983<br />
|-<br />
!25<br />
|<br />
|[[Prabodh Dinkarrao Desai]]<br />
|23 December 1983<br />
|13 November 1988<br />
|-<br />
!26<br />
|<br />
|[[Narendra Mohan Kasliwal]]<br />
|29 March 1989<br />
|5 October 1989<br />
|-<br />
!27<br />
|<br />
|P.C.B. Menon<br />
|6 November 1989<br />
|14 January 1991<br />
|-<br />
!28<br />
|<br />
|[[Leila Seth]]<br />
|5 August 1991<br />
|20 October 1992<br />
|-<br />
!29<br />
|<br />
|[[Shashi Kant Seth]]<br />
|22 June 1993<br />
|28 August 1993<br />
|-<br />
!30<br />
|<br />
|[[Viswanathan Ratnam]]<br />
|29 January 1994<br />
|1 August 1994<br />
|-<br />
!31<br />
|<br />
|G.C. Gupta<br />
|17 September 1994<br />
|1 March 1995<br />
|-<br />
!32<br />
|<br />
|[[Sailendu Nath Phukan]]<br />
|1 March 1995<br />
|1 August 1996<br />
|-<br />
!33<br />
|<br />
|[[Madhavachari Srinivasan]]<br />
|1 August 1996<br />
|24 September 1997<br />
|-<br />
!34<br />
|<br />
|[[Makani Narayana Rao]]<br />
|6 November 1997<br />
|22 April 1998<br />
|-<br />
!35<br />
|<br />
|[[Doraiswamy Raju]]<br />
|1 July 1998<br />
|28 January 2000<br />
|-<br />
!36<br />
|<br />
|[[C.K. Thakker]]<br />
|5 May 2000<br />
|30 December 2001<br />
|-<br />
!37<br />
|<br />
|[[W.A. Shishak]]<br />
|24 January 2002<br />
|1 January 2003<br />
|-<br />
!38<br />
|<br />
|[[Vinod Kumar Gupta]]<br />
|8 March 2003<br />
|2 February 2008<br />
|-<br />
!39<br />
|<br />
|[[Jagadish Bhalla]]<br />
|2 February 2008<br />
|7 August 2009<br />
|-<br />
!40<br />
|<br />
|[[Kurian Joseph]]<br />
|8 February 2010<br />
|6 March 2013<br />
|-<br />
!41<br />
|<br />
|[[A.M. Khanwilkar]]<br />
|5 April 2013<br />
|24 November 2013<br />
|-<br />
!42<br />
|<br />
|[[Mansoor Ahmad Mir]]<ref name="ShimlaTimes">{{cite news | title=Governor administers oath to Justice Sanjay Karol as Judge of H P High Court | url=http://www.shimlatimes.in/2013/11/governor-administers-oath-to-justice.html | access-date=25 April 2017 | publisher=Shimla Times | archive-date=2 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402114650/http://www.shimlatimes.in/2013/11/governor-administers-oath-to-justice.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|18 June 2014<br />
|24 April 2017<br />
|-<br />
!43<br />
|<br />
|[[Surya Kant (Judge)|Surya Kant]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://doj.gov.in/sites/default/files/Orders%20of%20appointment%20of%20Shri%20Justice%20Surya%20Kant%2C%20Judge%20P%26H%20HC%20as%20CJ%20Himachal%20Pradesh%20HC%20%2803.10.2018%29.pdf|title=Surya Kant appointed as CJ of HP high court}}</ref><br />
|5 October 2018<br />
|23 May 2019<br />
|-<br />
!44<br />
|<br />
|[[V. Ramasubramanian]]<br />
|22 June 2019<br />
|22 September 2019<br />
|-<br />
!45<br />
|<br />
|[[Lingappa Narayana Swamy]]<br />
|6 October 2019<br />
|30 June 2021<br />
|-<br />
!46<br />
|<br />
|[[Mohammad Rafiq (judge)|Mohammad Rafiq]]<br />
|14 October 2021<br />
|24 May 2022<br />
|-<br />
!47<br />
|<br />
|[[Amjad Ahtesham Sayed]]<br />
|23 June 2022<br />
|20 January 2023<br />
|-<br />
!48<br />
|<br />
|[[M. S. Ramachandra Rao (judge)|M. S. Ramachandra Rao]]<br />
|30 May 2023<br />
|24 September 2024<br />
|-<br />
!49<br />
|<br />
|[[Rajiv Shakdher]]<br />
|25 September 2024<br />
|18 October 2024<br />
|-<br />
!50<br />
|<br />
|[[Gurmeet Singh Sandhawalia]]<br />
|29 December 2024<br />
|[[Incumbent]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lists of Indian judges|Himachal Pradesh High Court]]<br />
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh-related lists|Chief Justices]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surinder_Mehta&diff=538611Surinder Mehta2025-10-05T14:41:54Z<p>Sanjay: Made the page v1 - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Surinder Mehta<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|08|03|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| occupation = [[Entrepreneur]], [[business person]]<br />
| yearsactive = <br />
| known for = Founder of Prime Group<br />
| spouse = Archna Mehta<br />
| children = 2 (a son and a daughter)<br />
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2009)<br />
| website = {{Url|http://www.primegroupindia.com|Website of Prime Group}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Surinder Mehta''' is an Indian [[entrepreneur]], business person, and the founder of Prime Group, a technology-based conglomerate with a number of subsidiaries which include PCI Limited, Planet PCI Infotech Limited, Prime Electric Limited, Prime Power Corporation Limited and Endolite India Limited.<ref name="Padma Shri for Surinder Mehta" /><ref name="Industry News">{{cite web | url=http://www.engrreview.com/Articles/rohan-mehta-of-prime-group-gets-the-young-entrepreneur-of-the-year-award/466200/121275/45150 | title=Industry News | publisher=Engineering Review | date=2009 | accessdate=1 March 2016}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Reported to be a self-made business person, he founded the group in 1986 with the first company, PCI Limited, and has been heading the Group since then.<ref name="Executive Profile Surinder Mehta">{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=84233580&privcapId=52749071 | title=Executive Profile Surinder Mehta | publisher=Bloomberg | date=2016 | accessdate=1 March 2016}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2009, for his contributions to Indian industry.<ref name="Padma Awards" /><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Mehta was born on 3 August 1956 in the Indian capital of [[New Delhi]] and did his early education at [[Modern School (New Delhi)|Modern School, Delhi]], before graduating in Commerce with honours from the [[Shri Ram College of Commerce]], Delhi.<ref name="Padma Shri for Surinder Mehta" /> <br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
At the start of his career, he introduced modern technologies in power distribution sector, such as van-mounted remote fault detection system, which eliminated time-consuming manpower involvement. He is the founder of ''ISHWAR'', a [[non governmental organization]] engaged in charitable activities and ''Endolite India'', a chain of centres providing [[Prosthetic]] and [[Orthotic]] services.<ref name="Padma Shri for Surinder Mehta">{{cite web |date=2009 |title=Padma Shri for Surinder Mehta |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=46983 |accessdate=1 March 2016 |publisher=Aero India 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
He is married to Archna Mehta and the couple has a son, Rohan Mehta, and a daughter, Sneha Mehta.<ref name="Chairman Of Prime Group Being Blessed By Pope At The Vatican City">{{cite web | url=http://www.endoliteindia.com/corporate/chairman-of-prime-group-being-blessed-by-pope-at-the-vatican-city | title=Chairman Of Prime Group Being Blessed By Pope At The Vatican City | publisher=Endolite India | date=25 September 2013 | accessdate=1 March 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Recognition ==<br />
Mehta is recipient of the honours such as PHDCCI Distinguished Entrepreneurship Award, [[Udyog Rattan Award]], Priyadarshini Indira Gandhi Award, Rajiv Gandhi Excellence Award, Rattan Shiromani Award, and National Business Leadership Award.<ref name="News report on Sandesh, The Modernite Newsletter">{{cite web | url=http://www.pci-india.com/html/media_modernite_newsletter.html | title=News report on Sandesh, The Modernite Newsletter | publisher=Sandesh, The Modernite Newsletter | date=2009 | accessdate=1 March 2016}}</ref> He received the civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2009.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|title=Padma Awards|date=2016|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|accessdate=3 January 2016}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Shri Ram College of Commerce]]<br />
* [[Modern School (New Delhi)]]<br />
* [[List of Modern School alumni]]<br />
{{portal|India}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Surinder}}<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]<br />
[[Category:1956 births]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Modern School (New Delhi) alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Shri Ram College of Commerce alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rakesh_Singh_(politician)&diff=448642Rakesh Singh (politician)2025-08-29T14:54:40Z<p>Sanjay: Article updated with latest changes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=March 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| image = Rakesh_Singh.jpg<br />
| office = Minister of Public Works&lt;br&gt;[[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| term_start = 25 December 2023<br />
| 1blankname = [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister]]<br />
| 1namedata = [[Mohan Yadav]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Gopal Bhargava]]<br />
| office1 = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start1 = 3 December 2023<br />
| term_end1 = <br />
| predecessor1 = [[Tarun Bhanot]]<br />
| successor1 =<br />
| constituency1 = [[Jabalpur West Assembly constituency|Jabalpur West]]<br />
| office2 = President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| term_start2 = 18 April 2018 <br />
| term_end2 = 15 February 2020<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Nandkumar Singh Chauhan]]<br />
| successor2 = [[V. D. Sharma]]<br />
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br />
| term_start3 = 2004<br />
| term_end3 = 2023<br />
| predecessor3 = [[Jayashree Banerjee]]<br />
| successor3 = [[Ashish Dubey]]<br />
| constituency3 = [[Jabalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|06|4|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| residence = Madhatal, [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Mala Singh|1993}}<br />
| children = 2 daughters<br />
| father = Thakur Surendra Singh<br />
| mother = Gomti Devi<br />
| education = [[Bachelor of Science]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Government Science College, Jabalpur]]<br />
| website = {{url|www.rakeshsingh.org}}<br />
| source = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rakesh Singh''' (born 4 June 1962; {{IPA|hi|ɾaːkeːʃ sɪŋgʱ}}) is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janata Party]]. He is serving as the Minister of Public works department in the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]. He is the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of legislative assembly]] representing [[Jabalpur West Assembly constituency|Jabalpur west]] constituency. Previously he was a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] representing [[Jabalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur]] Loksabha constituency of [[Madhya Pradesh]] from 2004 to 2023.<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Singh was born in [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] to Surendra Singh and Gomti Devi. He has a younger brother Lekhraj Singh. He graduated with a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree from [[Government Science College, Jabalpur]]. He married Mala Singh in December 1993, with whom he has two daughters.&lt;ref name="MemberProfile"&gt;{{cite web |title=Detailed Profile: Shri Rakesh Singh |url=https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=3987 |website=India.gov.in |access-date=19 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{twitter|MPRakeshSingh}}<br />
<br />
{{16th LS members from Madhya Pradesh|state=expanded}}<br />
{{17th LS members from Madhya Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rakesh}}<br />
[[Category:1962 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Jabalpur]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Varanasi]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parag_Milk_Foods&diff=524327Parag Milk Foods2025-08-07T22:12:16Z<p>Sanjay: New new entry more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Dairy company (e. 1992)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Parag Milk Foods Limited<br />
| logo = Parag milk foods logo.png<br />
| logo_size = 120<br />
| type = [[Public company|Public]]<br />
| traded_as = {{BSE|539889}}<br />{{NSE|PARAGMILK}}<br />
| founder = <br />
| key_people = Devendra Shah <small>(Chairman)</small><ref name="devendra shah">{{cite news |last1=Ananya Saha |first1=Ananya |title='Swimming is my favourite workout': Devendra Shah, Chairman, Parag Milk Foods |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/swimming-is-my-favourite-workout-devendra-shah-chairman-parag-milk-foods/1202272/ |accessdate=5 May 2019 |work=The Financial Express |date=12 June 2018}}</ref><br />
| area_served = [[India]]<br />
| industry = [[Dairy]]<br />
| genre = <br />
| products = [[Milk]], [[butter]], [[cheese]], [[ghee]], [[cottage cheese]], [[yogurt]] and [[whey protein]]<br />
| services = <br />
| former_name = <br />
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|1923|c}} (2018)<ref name="annual report 1718">{{cite web |title=Parag Milk Foods Limited Annual Report 2017-18 |url=http://www.paragmilkfoods.com/parag_uploads/images/pdfs/AnnualReportFY1718.pdf |accessdate=5 May 2019}}</ref><br />
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|1865|c}} (2018)<ref name="annual report 1718" /><br />
| net_income = <br />
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|1367|c}} (2018)<ref name="annual report 1718" /><br />
| owner = <br />
| parent = <br />
| divisions = <br />
| subsid = <br />
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.paragmilkfoods.com/|paragmilkfoods.com}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1992}} <br />
| location_city = [[Mumbai]] and [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| location_country = [[India]]<br />
| num_employees = 1,787 (as on 31 March 2018)<ref name="annual report 1718" /><br />
| locations = <br />
| caption = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Parag Milk Foods''' is a [[Pune]]-based private dairy. <br />
==History==<br />
Parag Milk Foods started as a dairy in [[Manchar]] with a 20,000 litre capacity in 1992. It started with production of skimmed milk powder and by 2004 became India's largest exporter of the skimmed milk powder.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} However, the company faced a challenge when the [[Government of India]] banned export of milk powder on account of local milk shortage.<ref name="ipo">{{cite news |last1=Mudgill |first1=Amit |title=Modest debut: Parag Milk Foods lists at Rs 217.50, a premium of 1.2% over issue price |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/ipos/fpos/modest-debut-parag-milk-foods-lists-at-rs-217-50-a-premium-of-1-2-over-issue-price/articleshow/52338530.cms |accessdate=5 May 2019 |work=The Economic Times |date=19 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="ipo 1">{{cite news |title=Parag Milk shares stage decent debut, surge 14% against issue price |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/markets/company-stock/parag-milk-shares-stage-decent-debut-surge-against-issue-price/story/232758.html |accessdate=5 May 2019 |work=Business Today}}</ref><ref name="topp up">{{cite news |last1=Kulshrestha |first1=Ashish |title=Dairies, aerated drink companies eye high-margin milk-based beverages |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/dairies-aerated-drink-companies-eye-high-margin-milk-based-beverages/articleshow/58711552.cms |accessdate=5 May 2019 |work=The Economic Times |date=17 May 2017}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==Acquisitions==<br />
In 2018, Parag Milk Foods acquired [[Danone]]'s facility in [[Sonipat]], [[Haryana]] for {{INRConvert|30|c}} after the latter decided to shut its dairy operations in India.<ref name="danone 1">{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Sounak |title=Parag Milk buys Danone dairy factory in Haryana |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/jDEuOP033lu7CqqVpKRocM/Parag-Milk-buys-Danone-dairy-factory-in-Haryana.html |accessdate=5 May 2019 |work=Live Mint |date=20 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="danone 2">{{cite news |last1=Pinto |first1=Viveat Susan |title=Danone's loss is Parag's gain: Are dairy MNCs facing challenges in India? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/danone-s-loss-is-parag-s-gain-are-dairy-mncs-facing-challenges-in-india-118042300009_1.html |accessdate=5 May 2019 |work=Business Standard India |date=23 April 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.paragmilkfoods.com/ Official website]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dairy products companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bir_Mitrodaya_Singh_Deo&diff=491825Bir Mitrodaya Singh Deo2025-07-17T17:24:50Z<p>Sanjay: Added new bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Maharaja of Sonepur from 1902 to 1937}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| image = Bir Mitrodaya Singh Deo.jpg<br />
| alt = Bir Mitrodaya Singh Deo<br />
| caption = Full length portrait of Bir Mitrodaya Singh Deo, the Maharaja of Sonepur<br />
| name = Bir Mitrodaya Singh Deo<br />
| title = Maharaja of Sonepur<br />
| succession = 12th [[Sonepur State|Maharaja of Sonepur]]<br />
| reign = 8 August 1902{{sndash}}{{avoid wrap|29 April 1937}}<br />
| coronation = 8 August 1902<br />
| predecessor = [[Pratap Rudra Singh Deo]]<br />
| successor = Sudhansu Shekhar Singh Deo<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1874|07|08|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Subarnapur, Odisha|Sonepur]], Odisha, India<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1937|04|29|1874|07|08|df=yes}}<br />
| death_place = [[Subarnapur, Odisha|Sonepur]], Odisha, India<br />
| spouse = Parvati Devi<br />
| issue = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Somabushan Singh Deo<br />
* Sudhansu Shekhar Singh Deo<br />
}}<br />
| father = [[Pratap Rudra Singh Deo]]<br />
| mother = Amulyamani Devi<br />
| religion = [[Hinduism]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Bir Mitrodaya Singh Deo''' [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] (8 July 1874 – 29 April 1937), was [[Maharaja]] of [[Sonepur State|Sonepur]] from 1902 until his death in 1937.<br />
== Biography ==<br />
He was born on 8 July 1874<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zVkKAAAAIAAJ |title=The India Office and Burma Office List |date=1928 |publisher=Harrison and sons, Limited |pages=244 |language=en}}</ref> to [[Pratap Rudra Singh Deo]] and his wife Amulyamani Devi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles & Zamindars of India |publisher=G. C. Loganadham Bros |year=1915 |volume=1 |pages=395}}</ref> He succeeded his father on 8 August 1902.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Memoranda on Native States in India |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing |year=1911 |location=Calcutta |pages=141}}</ref> He was installed by Officiating Chief Minister at Sambalpur in November 1902.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=Report on the Administration of the Feudatory States of the Central Provinces for the year 1902 |publisher=Secretariat Press |year=1903 |location=Nagpur}}</ref> He was a very popular and just ruler.<ref name=":0" /> The Maharaja was a lover of literature and a patron of learning, and he established schools for boys and girls throughout his state.<ref name=":0" /> He was honoured with KCIE in 1918.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Pati |first=Budheswar |title=India and the First World War |date=1996 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors |isbn=81-7156-581-6 |location=New Delhi |pages=252 |oclc=37870141}}</ref> The Mukti Mandap of Puri conferred on him the title of Dharmaniddhi on account of his liberality and pious deeds.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Nāẏaka |first=Pabitra Mohana |title=Inscriptions of Orissa : with special reference to Subarnapur |date=2011 |publisher=Readworthy Publications |isbn=978-93-5018-042-6 |location=New Delhi |pages=75 |oclc=745762120}}</ref> Similarly, Bangiya Sanskruta Mahamandala conferred on him the title of Jnangunakar on account of his immense contributions to the world of knowledge.<ref name=":3" /> The British Government highly praised his sound administration and gave him the title of Maharaja in 1908, which was made hereditary in 1921, and he was subsequently granted permanent salute of nine guns.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275348 |title=Memoranda on the Indian States |publisher=Manager of Publications |year=1939 |location=Delhi}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> He died on 29 April 1937, and was succeeded by Sudhansu Shekhar Singh Deo as Maharaja of Sonepur.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1874 births]]<br />
[[Category:1937 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Rajas of Sonepur]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_Sadreddine_Al-Bayanouni&diff=445201Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni2025-06-26T09:02:03Z<p>Sanjay: small fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Syrian Muslim Brotherhood member}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific-prefix = <br />
| name = Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni<br />
| native_name = علي صدر الدين البيانوني<br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| honorific-suffix = <br />
| image = علي صدر الدين البيانوني.jpeg<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| smallimage = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.--><br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| order = <br />
| office = [[Muslim Brotherhood of Syria|Supreme Guide of the<br/>Syrian Muslim Brotherhood]]<br />
| term_start = 1996<ref>{{cite web |url=http://carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=48370 |title=The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria |publisher=Carnegie Middle East Center |access-date=2012-07-29}}</ref><br />
| term_end = August 2010<br />
| predecessor = Hassan Howeidi<br />
| successor = {{nobr|[[Mohammad Riad al-Shaqfeh]]}}<br />
| office1 = [[Muslim Brotherhood of Syria|Deputy Controller General of the<br/>Syrian Muslim Brotherhood]]<br />
| term_start1 = 1977<br />
| term_end1 = unknown<br />
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1938}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Aleppo]],<br/>[[Mandatory Syrian Republic]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| restingplace = <br />
| restingplacecoordinates = <br />
| birthname = <br />
| citizenship = [[Syrian]]<br />
| nationality = <br />
| party = <br />
| otherparty = <!--For additional political affiliations--><br />
| spouse = <br />
| partner = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--><br />
| relations = <br />
| children = <br />
| residence = <br />
| alma_mater = [[University of Damascus]]<br />
| occupation = Lawyer<br />
| profession = <br />
| cabinet = <br />
| committees = <br />
| portfolio = <br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <!--Military service--><br />
| nickname = <br />
| allegiance = {{flag|Syria}}<br />
| branch = [[Syrian Army]]<br />
| branch_label = Branch<br />
| serviceyears = 1959–1960<br />
| serviceyears_label = Years<br />
| rank = <br />
| unit = <br />
| commands = <br />
| battles = <br />
| awards = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni''' ({{langx|ar|علي صدر الدين البيانوني}}) is a [[Muslim Brotherhood]] leader in exile in London.<ref>Wright, Robin, ''Dreams and Shadows : the Future of the Middle East'', Penguin Press, 2008, p.246</ref> He was born in 1938 in [[Aleppo]] and brought up in a religious family, where his father and grandfather were both well-known Muslim scholars. He joined the Muslim Brotherhood while in secondary school, in 1954, and went on to graduate with a law degree from the [[University of Damascus]] in 1963. He served as a reserve officer in the Syrian Army from 1959 to 1960. Bayanouni became a member of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood's Shura Council and Executive Office in 1972. Due to his membership in the Muslim Brotherhood, Bayanouni was imprisoned from 1975 to 1977. After his time in prison, he emerged to become the deputy leader of the Brotherhood in 1977. He left [[Syria]] two years later and eventually settled in [[Jordan]], where he remained for twenty years. He arrived in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] as a political refugee in 2000, after the Jordanian authorities requested he leaves the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=551&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=180&no_cache=1 |title=The Battle within Syria: An Interview with Muslim Brotherhood Leader Ali Bayanouni |agency=The Jamestown Foundation |date=11 August 2005 |access-date=22 September 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the wake of the unrest in Syria he has called for the end of the [[Bashar al-Assad]] government and the convention of "a free conference of all the nationalist forces in Syria" which would enable "Syrians to develop a collective national alternative".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/03/assad-myth-needs-busting |title=Assad's myth needs busting |first=Ali |last=al-Bayanouni |newspaper=The Guardian |date=3 August 2011 |accessdate=22 March 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Muslim Brotherhood of Syria]]<br />
<br />
==References and notes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130630171759/http://www.ikhwanweb.com/articles.php?pid=10105 Muslim Brotherhood, Syria]<br />
<br />
{{2011 Syrian uprising}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bayanouni, Ali Sadreddine}}<br />
[[Category:1938 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Aleppo]]<br />
[[Category:Syrian Sunni Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Syrian exiles]]<br />
[[Category:Damascus University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Muslim Brotherhood of Syria politicians]]<br />
[[Category:National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces members]]<br />
[[Category:People of the Islamic uprising in Syria]]<br />
[[Category:Syrian dissidents]]<br />
[[Category:Syrian expatriates in the United Kingdom]]<br />
<br />
{{Islam-bio-stub}}<br />
{{Syria-politician-stub}}</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydnocarpus_wightianus&diff=503359Hydnocarpus wightianus2025-02-10T19:48:58Z<p>Sanjay: redirect created</p>
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<div>{{Infobox dam<br />
| name = Ozarkhed Dam<br />
| image = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| name_official = Ozarkhed Dam D02973<br />
| dam_crosses = [[Kadva River#Tributaries|Unanda River]]<br />
| location = Ozarkhed, Vani<br />
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]]<br />
| dam_length = {{convert|3266|m|abbr=on}}<br />
| dam_height = {{convert|35.3|m|abbr=on}}<br />
| dam_width_base = <br />
| dam_width_crest = <br />
| dam_volume = {{convert|2052|km3|abbr=on}}<br />
| spillway_type = Overflow<br />
| spillway_capacity = <br />
| construction_began = <br />
| opening = 1982<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Ozarkhed_D02973 | title=Ozarkhed D02973 | accessdate=March 1, 2013}}</ref><br />
| cost = <br />
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br />
| res_name = <br />
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|60320|km3|abbr=on}}<br />
| res_catchment = <br />
| res_surface = {{convert|6880|km2|abbr=on}}<br />
| res_max_depth = <br />
| plant_operator = <br />
| plant_turbines = <br />
| plant_capacity = <br />
| plant_annual_gen = <br />
| plant_commission = <br />
| plant_decommission = <br />
| location_map = India Maharashtra<br />
| location_map_caption = <br />
| location_map_size = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|20.280031|73.87589|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br />
| website = <br />
| extra = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ozarkhed Dam''' is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] dam on Unanda River near [[Dindori, Maharashtra|Dindori]], [[Nashik district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in India. It was constructed in Krishnagaon village which was later moved near Vani. The dam has a canal from which the water is released for irrigational purposes for the east region of Nashik district.<br />
<br />
==Specifications==<br />
The height of the dam above lowest foundation is {{convert|35.3|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|3266|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|2052|km3|abbr=on}} and gross storage capacity is {{convert|67950.00|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |title=Specifications of large dams in India |access-date=2010-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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==Purpose==<br />
Its water is used for various purposes for the Vani village and the other 30 villages of Chandwad taluka of Nashik district. It is also used for irrigational purposes for the nearby villages.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]<br />
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dams in Nashik district]]<br />
[[Category:Dams completed in 1982]]<br />
[[Category:1982 establishments in Maharashtra]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urali_Gounder&diff=474003Urali Gounder2023-03-06T18:57:36Z<p>Sanjay: corrected page and fixed typos</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT[[Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs]]</div>Sanjayhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_law_of_marriage_in_India&diff=494510Christian law of marriage in India2022-12-27T11:29:12Z<p>Sanjay: created redirect page</p>
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