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Hulikunte

2026-05-08T11:46:45Z

Sanjanadalvi: started a post

{{unreferenced|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hulikunte
| other_name =
| nickname = Bete Hulikuknte
| settlement_type = Grama Panchayat
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.276|N|77.351|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru North district|Bengaluru North]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 880
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 561 203
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08119
| registration_plate = KA-43
| website = [http://panchamitra.kar.nic.in/MainMenu.aspx?gp=1503003024&gpname=%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86 panchamitra.kar.nic.in]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hulikunte''' is a village in [[Doddaballapura]] Taluk in [[Bengaluru North district]] of [[Karnataka]] state, India. Hulikunte is located between Nelmangala and Doddaballapura. Hulikunte is also known as (Hunting) "Bete Hulikunte" because of "Bete Ranganatha Swamy" Temple here.

== Bete Ranganatha Swamy Teample==

Hulikunte is a hamlet in Doddaballapura taluk. Residents here explain that the symbolic game of hunting is being played here ever since the time of the Cholas. The Ranganathaswamy temple deity is called Bete Ranganatha (Bete: hunting in Kannada). Even today, residents finish the ritual of hunting and perform pooja at the temple. The ritual is performed at a time when the crops are harvested and grains stored in the fields before they are brought home. It appears that the hunting ritual originated when villagers would kill game that would come in search of the grains stored in the fields. There are small stretches of forested land in and around Hulikunte, and game like rabbits are known to stray into the villages. Villagers might have taken to hunting them, and today, the ritual remains, though no hunting actually takes place. Hulikunte residents take out the ancient weapons their ancestors used and march into the forest. Later, a local fair is held, and a festive atmosphere prevails in the village.

== Government offices ==
* Grama Pancyat Office, Hulikunte
* Grama Pancyat library, Hulikunte
* Village Accountant Office, Hulikunte
* Village Register's Office, Hulikunte
* BSNL Telephone Exchange Office, Hulikunte

== Schools ==
* Govt Higher Primary School, Hulikunte
* Government High School, Hulikunte
* Govt lower Primary School, Hulikunte colony
* Govt Higher Primary School, Katti Hosahalli
* Govt lower Primary School, Ambalagere
* Govt lower Primary School, Kasagatta
* Govt lower Primary School, Dyavasandra
* Govt lower Primary School, ChannaBasayyanaPalya
* Govt lower Primary School, Tabaranahalli
* Govt lower Primary School, Tubakunte
* Govt lower Primary School, MariHeggayyanaPalya
* Govt lower Primary School, Tuttugadahalli
* Govt lower Primary School, SeegePalya
* Govt lower Primary School, Appakaranahalli
* Govt lower Primary School, HunasePalya

== Hospital ==
* Primary Health Centre, Hulikunte

== Veterinary hospitals ==
* Govt Veterinary Hospital, Hulikunte
* Govt Veterinary Hospital, Ambalagere

== Co-operative societies ==
* Hulikunte Milk Producers' Co-operative Society Limited
* Hulikunte Agriculture Services Co-operative Society Limited
* Kasagatta Milk Producers' Co-operative Society Limited
* Katti Hosahalli Milk Producers' Co-operative Society Limited

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Doddaballapura Taluk]]
[[Category:Villages in Bangalore Rural district]]

13th Tripura Assembly

2026-05-06T19:15:23Z

Sanjanadalvi: Added a details - done

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly of Tripura from 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 13th Tripura Assembly
| before = [[Twelfth Tripura Assembly]]
| state = [[Tripura]]
| country = [[India]]
| body = [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| meeting_place = Tripura Vidhan Sabha, Agartala [[File:1487239146-tripura-assembly-fb.jpg|thumbnail|150px]]
| election = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]
| term = 5 years
| government = [[National Democratic Alliance]]
| opposition = [[Secular Democratic Forces]]
| website = https://www.tripuraassembly.nic.in/
| image =
| term_start = 2023
| term_end = 2028
| membership1 = 60
| control1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[Chief Minister of Tripura|Chief Minister]]
| chamber1_leader1 = [[Manik Saha]]
| chamber1_leader2_type = [[Deputy Chief Minister of Tripura|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| chamber1_leader2 =
| chamber1_leader5_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tripura Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| chamber1_leader5 = [[Jitendra Chaudhury]]
| chamber1_leader3_type = [[Speaker of the Tripura Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Assembly]]
| chamber1_leader3 = [[Ram Pada Jamatia]]
| chamber1_leader4_type = [[List of deputy speakers of the Tripura Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker of the Assembly]]
| chamber1_leader4 = [[Ram Prasad Paul]]
}}

The '''Thirteenth Tripura Assembly''' was formed after [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]. Elections were held in [[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly|60]] constituencies on 16 February 2023. Votes were counted on 2 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-18 |title=Tripura to vote in single phase on Feb 16, results on March 2 {{!}} Full schedule |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/tripura-assembly-election-2023-full-schedule-election-date-tripura-to-vote-in-single-phase-on-feb-16-results-on-march-2-full-schedule-101674035328054.html |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] led alliance won election with 34(BJP 33 + [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura|IPFT]] 1) seats while newcomer Tipra Motha Party become second largest party with 13 seats. [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] led Secular Democratic Forces won 14(11 CPIM + 3 [[Indian National Congress|INC]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Election Results 2023 Analysis: BJP and allies back in power in Northeastern states, focus shifts to govt formation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/tripura-meghalaya-nagaland-election-results-today-analysis-live-updates-8474449/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable positions ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Position
!Portrait
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
!Constituency
!Office Taken
|-
!1
|[[Speaker of the Tripura Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px|center]]
|[[Ram Pada Jamatia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|[[Bagma Assembly constituency|Bagma]]
|18 March 2026<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Business and Financial News : The Economic Times on mobile |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjps-biswabandhu-sen-elected-tripura-speaker-tipra-motha-abstains-from-voting/amp_articleshow/98964334.cms%7Ctitle=BJP%27s |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref>
|-
!2
| [[List of deputy speakers of the Tripura Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px|center]]
|[[Ram Prasad Paul]]
|[[Suryamaninagar Assembly constituency|Suyamaninagar]]
| 28 March 2023<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb |first1=Debraj |title=Tripura: Former BJP minister Ramprasad Paul elected Deputy Speaker of Assembly |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/tripura-former-bjp-minister-ramprasad-paul-elected-deputy-speaker-of-assembly-8524258/ |access-date=28 March 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=28 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!3
|Leader of the House {{small|(''[[List of Chief Ministers of Tripura|Chief Minister]]'')}}
|[[File:Manik Saha Invitation for HWC 2023.jpg|frameless|154x154px]]
|'''[[Manik Saha]]'''
|[[Town Bordowali Assembly constituency|Town Bardowali]]
| rowspan="1" |13 March 2023
|-
!4
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tripura Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]]
|
|'''[[Jitendra Chaudhury]]'''
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Sabroom Assembly constituency|Sabroom]]
|6 March 2024
|}

==Party wise distribution==
[[File:India Tripura Legislative Assembly June 2024.svg|right|thumb|295px|Current partywise distribution of the 13th Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Alliance
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |No. of MLA's
!Leader of the Party
in Assembly
!Leader's Constituency
|-
| rowspan="3" style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
| rowspan="3" |'''[[National Democratic Alliance]]'''
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|33
| rowspan="3" |'''47'''
|[[Manik Saha]]
|[[Town Bordowali Assembly constituency|Town Bordowali]]
|-
|style="background:{{Party color|Tipra Motha Party}}"|
|[[Tipra Motha Party]]
|13
|[[Animesh Debbarma]]
|[[Asharambari Assembly constituency|Asharambari]]
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}}"|
|[[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura]]
|1
|[[Sukla Charan Noatia]]
|[[Jolaibari Assembly constituency|Jolaibari]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Secular Democratic Forces]]'''
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|10
| rowspan="2" |'''13'''
|[[Jitendra Chaudhury]]
|[[Sabroom Assembly constituency|Sabroom]]
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|3
|[[Birajit Sinha]]
|[[Kailashahar Assembly constituency|Kailashahar]]
|-
! colspan="4" |Total no. of MLAs
! colspan="4" |60
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!District
! No.
! Constituency
! Name
! colspan="3" |Party
! Alliance
!Remarks
|-
| rowspan="12" |[[West Tripura district|West Tripura]]
|1
|[[Simna Assembly constituency|Simna]] (ST)
|[[Brishaketu Debbarma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
||[[Second Saha ministry|Minister of State]]
|-
|2
|[[Mohanpur Assembly constituency|Mohanpur]]
|[[Ratan Lal Nath]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Second Saha ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
|3
|[[Bamutia Assembly constituency|Bamutia]] (SC)
| [[Nayan Sarkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="#CC0D0D"|
| rowspan=2|[[Secular Democratic Forces|SDF]]
|
|-
|4
|[[Barjala Assembly constituency|Barjala]] (SC)
| [[Sudip Sarkar]]
|
|-
|5
|[[Khayerpur Assembly constituency|Khayerpur]]
| [[Ratan Chakraborty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|6
|[[Agartala Assembly constituency|Agartala]]
|[[Sudip Roy Barman]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|bgcolor="#CC0D0D"|
|[[Secular Democratic Forces|SDF]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |7
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramnagar, Tripura Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]]
| [[Surajit Datta]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|Died on 27 December 2023<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-28 |title=Seven-term Tripura MLA and BJP leader Surajit Datta passes away at 70 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agartala/seven-term-tripura-mla-and-bjp-leader-surajit-datta-passes-away-at-70/articleshow/106347214.cms |access-date=2023-12-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dipak Majumder]]
|
|-
|8
|[[Town Bordowali Assembly constituency|Town Bordowali]]
| [[Manik Saha]]
|[[List of chief ministers of Tripura|Chief Minister]]
|-
|9
|[[Banamalipur Assembly constituency|Banamalipur]]
| [[Gopal Chandra Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|bgcolor="#CC0D0D"|
| [[Secular Democratic Forces|SDF]]
|
|-
|10
|[[Majlishpur Assembly constituency|Majlishpur]]
|[[Sushanta Chowdhury]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|[[Second Saha ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
|11
|[[Mandaibazar Assembly constituency|Mandaibazar]] (ST)
| [[Swapna Debbarma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|[[Sipahijala district|Sipahijala]]
|12
|[[Takarjala Assembly constituency|Takarjala]] (ST)
|[[Biswajit Kalai]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[West Tripura district|West Tripura]]
|13
|[[Pratapgarh, Tripura Assembly constituency|Pratapgarh]] (SC)
| [[Ramu Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|bgcolor="#CC0D0D"|
| [[Secular Democratic Forces|SDF]]
|
|-
|14
|[[Badharghat Assembly constituency|Badharghat]] (SC)
|[[Mina Rani Sarkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=6}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Sipahijala district|Sipahijala]]
|15
|[[Kamalasagar Assembly constituency|Kamalasagar]]
| [[Antara Sarkar Deb]]
|
|-
|16
|[[Bishalgarh Assembly constituency|Bishalgarh]]
|[[Sushanta Deb]]
|
|-
|17
|[[Golaghati Assembly constituency|Golaghati]] (ST)
| [[Manav Debbarma|Manab Debbarma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[West Tripura district|West Tripura]]
|18
|[[Suryamaninagar Assembly constituency|Suryamaninagar]]
| [[Ram Prasad Paul]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Sipahijala district|Sipahijala]]
|19
|[[Charilam Assembly constituency|Charilam]] (ST)
| [[Subodh Deb Barma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |20
| rowspan="2" |[[Boxanagar Assembly constituency|Boxanagar]]
|[[Samsul Haque]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|bgcolor="#CC0D0D"|
| [[Secular Democratic Forces|SDF]]
|Died on 19 July 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agartala/tripura-cpm-mla-samsul-haque-dies-of-heart-attack/articleshow/101921670.cms|title=Tripura CPM MLA Samsul Haque dies of heart attack|work=The Times of India|accessdate=19 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
|Tafajjal Hossain
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Elected in September 2023 by-election<ref name=:0>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tripura/bjp-wins-bypolls-in-dhanpur-boxanagar-assembly-seats-in-tripura-2677948|title=BJP wins bypolls in Dhanpur, Boxanagar Assembly seats in Tripura|work=Deccan Herald|accessdate=8 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|21
|[[Nalchar Assembly constituency|Nalchar]] (SC)
| [[Kishor Barman]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[Second Saha ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
|22
|[[Sonamura Assembly constituency|Sonamura]]
|[[Shyamal Chakraborty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|bgcolor="#CC0D0D"|
| [[Secular Democratic Forces|SDF]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |23
| rowspan="2" |[[Dhanpur Assembly constituency|Dhanpur]]
|[[Pratima Bhoumik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|Resigned on 15 March 2023<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-16 |title=Union minister Pratima Bhoumik resigns from Tripura assembly |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agartala/union-min-pratima-bhoumik-resigns-from-tripura-assembly/articleshow/98681627.cms |access-date=2023-05-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bindu Debnath]]
|Elected in September 2023 by-election<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Khowai district|Khowai]]
|24
|[[Ramchandraghat Assembly constituency|Ramchandraghat]] (ST)
| [[Ranjit Debbarma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|-
|25
|[[Khowai Assembly constituency|Khowai]]
|[[Nirmal Biswas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
| bgcolor="#CC0D0D"|
| [[Secular Democratic Forces|SDF]]
|
|-
|26
|[[Asharambari Assembly constituency|Asharambari]] (ST)
|[[Animesh Debbarma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=9}}
| [[Second Saha ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
|27
|[[Kalyanpur-Pramodenagar Assembly constituency|Kalyanpur-Pramodenagar]]
| [[Pinaki Das Chowdhury]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|
|-
|28
|[[Teliamura Assembly constituency|Teliamura]]
| [[Kalyani Saha Roy]]
|
|-
|29
|[[Krishnapur Assembly constituency|Krishnapur]] (ST)
|[[Bikash Debbarma]]
|[[Second Saha ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Gomati district|Gomati]]
|30
|[[Bagma Assembly constituency|Bagma]] (ST)
| [[Ram Pada Jamatia]]
|[[List of speakers of the Tripura Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
|-
|31
|[[Radhakishorpur Assembly constituency|Radhakishorpur]]
| [[Pranjit Singha Roy]]
|[[Second Saha ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
|32
|[[Matarbari Assembly constituency|Matarbari]]
| [[Abhishek Debroy]]
|
|-
|33
|[[Kakraban-Salgarh Assembly constituency|Kakraban-Salgarh]] (SC)
| [[Jitendra Majumder]]
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[South Tripura district|South Tripura]]
|34
|[[Rajnagar, Tripura Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]] (SC)
| [[Swapna Majumder]]
|
|-
|35
|[[Belonia Assembly constituency|Belonia]]
| [[Dipankar Sen]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
| bgcolor="#CC0D0D"|
| [[Secular Democratic Forces|SDF]]
|
|-
|36
|[[Santirbazar Assembly constituency|Santirbazar]] (ST)
| [[Pramod Reang]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|37
|[[Hrishyamukh Assembly constituency|Hrishyamukh]]
| [[Asoke Chandra Mitra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|bgcolor="#CC0D0D"|
| [[Secular Democratic Forces|SDF]]
|
|-
|38
|[[Jolaibari Assembly constituency|Jolaibari]] (ST)
|[[Sukla Charan Noatia]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|[[Second Saha ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
|39
|[[Manu Assembly constituency|Manu]] (ST)
| [[Mailafru Mog]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|40
|[[Sabroom Assembly constituency|Sabroom]]
| [[Jitendra Chaudhury]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|bgcolor="#CC0D0D"|
| [[Secular Democratic Forces|SDF]]
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tripura Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Gomati district|Gomati]]
|41
|[[Ampinagar Assembly constituency|Ampinagar]] (ST)
| [[Pathan Lal Jamatia]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=12}}
|
|-
|42
|[[Amarpur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Amarpur]]
|[[Ranjit Das (politician)|Ranjit Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|43
|[[Karbook Assembly constituency|Karbook]] (ST)
| [[Sanjoy Manik Tripura]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Dhalai district|Dhalai]]
|44
|[[Raima Valley Assembly constituency|Raima Valley]] (ST)
| [[Nandita Debbarma|Nandita Debbarma (Reang)]]
|
|-
|45
|[[Kamalpur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Kamalpur]]
| [[Manoj Kanti Deb]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|46
|[[Surma Assembly constituency|Surma]] (SC)
| [[Swapna Das Paul]]
|
|-
|47
|[[Ambassa Assembly constituency|Ambassa]] (ST)
| [[Chitta Ranjan Debbarma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|48
|[[Karamcherra Assembly constituency|Karamcherra]] (ST)
| [[Paul Dangshu]]
|
|-
|49
|[[Chawamanu Assembly constituency|Chawamanu]] (ST)
| [[Sambhu Lal Chakma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Unakoti district|Unakoti]]
|50
|[[Pabiachhara Assembly constituency|Pabiachhara]] (SC)
| [[Bhagaban Das]]
|
|-
|51
|[[Fatikroy Assembly constituency|Fatikroy]] (SC)
| [[Sudhangshu Das]]
|[[Second Saha ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
|52
|[[Chandipur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Chandipur]]
| [[Tinku Roy]]
|[[Second Saha ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
|53
|[[Kailashahar Assembly constituency|Kailashahar]]
| [[Birajit Sinha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#CC0D0D"|
|rowspan=2|[[Secular Democratic Forces|SDF]]
|Congress Legislative Party Leader
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[North Tripura district|North Tripura]]
|54
|[[Kadamtala-Kurti Assembly constituency|Kadamtala-Kurti]]
| [[Islam Uddin]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|
|-
|55
|[[Bagbassa Assembly constituency|Bagbassa]]
| [[Jadab Lal Debnath]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |56
| rowspan="2" |[[Dharmanagar Assembly constituency|Dharmanagar]]
|[[Biswa Bandhu Sen]]
|[[List of speakers of the Tripura Legislative Assembly|Speaker]], died on 26 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=4477|title=Tripura Assembly Speaker Biswabandhu Sen Passes Away After Prolonged Illness|website=tripurainfo DOT com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jahar Chakraborti]]
| colspan="4" |
|-
|57
|[[Jubarajnagar Assembly constituency|Jubarajnagar]]
| [[Sailendra Chandra Nath]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|bgcolor="#CC0D0D"|
| [[Secular Democratic Forces|SDF]]
|
|-
|58
|[[Panisagar Assembly constituency|Panisagar]]
| [[Binay Bhushan Das]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|59
|[[Pencharthal Assembly constituency|Pencharthal]] (ST)
|[[Santana Chakma]]
|[[Second Saha ministry|Cabinet Minister]]
|-
|60
|[[Kanchanpur Assembly constituency|Kanchanpur]] (ST)
|[[Philip Kumar Reang]]
|{{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.loksabhaelections.in/tripura Tripura Lok Sabha Election Result Website]
*[http://tripura.gov.in/ Official government website of Tripura]

{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial assemblies|T]]
[[Category:Terms of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028| ]]

INS Shishumar

2026-05-05T16:48:15Z

Sanjanadalvi:

{{Short description|1984 Shishumar-class submarine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}{{italic title|string=Shishumar}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2010}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=INS Shishumar (SSK class sub) of IN at Port of Duqm Oman.jpg
|image_caption=INS ''Shishumar'' at [[Al Duqm Port & Drydock|Port of Duqm]], [[Oman]].
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name= INS ''Shishumar''
|namesake= [[Ganges river dolphin]]
|ordered=
|builder= [[Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft]], [[Kiel]], [[Germany]]
|laid_down=
|launched=13 December 1984
|acquired=
|commissioned= 22 September 1986
|decommissioned=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|fate=
|status= {{shipactive}}
|badge = }}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class= {{sclass|Shishumar|submarine}}
|type=
|displacement=*1450 tons surfaced
*1850 tons submerged
|length= {{convert|64.4|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|beam= {{convert|6.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|draught= {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|draft=
|propulsion=*4 × {{convert|2400|hp|abbr=on}} diesel-electric motors
*1 × Siemens {{convert|4600|hp|abbr=on}} motor
*4 × {{convert|1.8|MW|abbr=on}} Siemens alternators
*1 shaft
|speed=*Surfaced {{convert|11|kn|km/h}}
*Submerged {{convert|22|kn|km/h}}
|range= Snorting {{convert|8000|nmi|km}} at {{convert|8|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}
|endurance=
|test_depth= Test depth {{convert|260|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|complement= 40 (incl 8 officers)
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=*14 × [[SUT torpedo|AEG-SUT Mod 1]] wire-guided active/passive torpedoes
*24 × external strap-on [[Naval mine|mines]]
|notes=
}}
}}
'''INS ''Shishumar'' (S44)''' ({{Lit|[[Ganges river dolphin|Dolphin]]}}) is the [[lead vessel]] of the {{sclass|Shishumar|submarine|4}} of diesel-electric [[submarine]]s of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=in-shishumar>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/sub_shishumar.htm |title=Submarines of Indian Navy |access-date=6 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619071908/http://indiannavy.nic.in/sub_shishumar.htm |archive-date=19 June 2009 }}</ref> She was commissioned on 22 September 1986 under Commander P M Bhate.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/indiannavy/status/865732330823884801|title=SpokespersonNavy on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}}</ref>

==Mid Life Upgrade==

[[Indian Navy]] awarded $151 million contract for mid-life upgrade and certification of INS Shishumar, the refit will be carried out by [[Mazagon Dock]], [[Mumbai]] with technical cooperation from [[ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems]].<ref name="shishurefit">{{cite web|url=https://www.naval-technology.com/news/thyssenkrupp-refit-indian-ins-shishumar/|title=Germany's Thyssenkrupp to refit Indian Navy submarine INS Shishumar|date=26 September 2018|access-date=27 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/23427/India___s_Mazagon_Dock__Germany___s_Thyssenkrupp_Bag__151M_Worth_Indian_Navy_Submarines_Refit_Contract#.W6zH0nUzZhE|title=India's Mazagon Dock, Germany's Thyssenkrupp Bag $151M Worth Indian Navy Submarines Refit Contract|date=27 September 2018|publisher=DefenseWorld.net|access-date=6 July 2019|archive-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929174716/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/23427/India___s_Mazagon_Dock__Germany___s_Thyssenkrupp_Bag__151M_Worth_Indian_Navy_Submarines_Refit_Contract#.W6zH0nUzZhE|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The refit is planned to be completed by 2021 with a similar upgrade for another vessel of {{sclass|Shishumar|submarine|4}} to follow. <ref name="shishurefit" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Submarines of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shishumar (S44)}}
[[Category:Shishumar-class submarines]]
[[Category:Attack submarines]]
[[Category:Ships built in Kiel]]
[[Category:1984 ships]]
[[Category:Submarines of India]]
[[Category:Submarines built by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft]]

{{submarine-stub}}
{{India-mil-stub}}

Sudha Reddy

2026-05-05T14:21:14Z

Sanjanadalvi:

{{Short description|Indian businesswoman and philanthropist}}{{Infobox person
| name = Sudha Reddy
| image = Sudha Reddy.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|12|10}}
| birth_place = [[Vuyyuru]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| education = Fashion design and microbiology
| occupation = Businesswoman, fashion icon, and philanthropist
| title = Director of Megha Engineering and Infrastructure Limited (MEIL) and chairperson, Sudha Reddy Foundation
| spouse = Megha Krishna Reddy
| children = 2
}}

'''Sudha Reddy''' is an Indian businesswoman and philanthropist.<ref name=":0"/> She is the director of the MEIL Group (Megha Engineering & Infrastructures Limited),<ref name=":1">{{cite magazine|last=Mishra|first=Shubhi|date=14 September 2021|title=Who is Sudha Reddy, only Indian to attend the MET Gala 2021|magazine=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/what's-hot/story/who-is-sudha-reddy-only-indian-to-attend-the-met-gala-2021-1852598-2021-09-14}}</ref> a business conglomerate headquartered in [[Hyderabad|Hyderabad, India]], founded in 1989 by her husband P.V. Krishna Reddy. Sudha is also the chairperson of the Sudha Reddy Foundation.<ref>{{cite news|last=AR|first=Reshmi|date=21 May 2023|title=After Cannes, Sudha Reddy Sets Her eyes on Oscars and Grammys|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/hollywood/210523/hyderabad-entrepreneur-sudha-reddy-interview-with-deccan-chronicle.html|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite news |last=Palaparthi |first=Srividya |date=20 November 2018 |title=Black and Gold Rolls Royce, This Fashion event's showstopper! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/nov/19/black-and-gold-rolls-royce-this-fashion-events-showstopper-1900456.html |access-date=29 July 2024 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

In 2025, during the 72nd edition of Miss World, Sudha was named the first Global Ambassador for “Beauty With a Purpose,” an initiative of the [[Miss World|Miss World Organization]] led by its chairperson, [[Julia Morley|Julia Evelyn Morley]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |title=Sudha Reddy Named First-Ever Global Ambassador For Miss World Organization |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sudha-reddy-becomes-first-global-ambassador-of-miss-world-organization/121590727 |access-date= |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-05-30 |title=Sudha Reddy Appointed As First-Ever Global Ambassador For Miss World Organization |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sudha-reddy-appointed-as-first-ever-global-ambassador-for-miss-world-organization |access-date= |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Sudha Reddy, born on December 10, 1978, in [[Vuyyuru]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], grew up in a simple family with her parents, grandparents, and elder sister. Her father, K. B. Reddy, worked at the [[State Bank of India]] and her grandparents had an agricultural background.

Sudha completed her primary education in Vuyyuru itself, pursued a degree in [[microbiology]], but later followed her passion for fashion by earning a degree at [[National Institute of Fashion Technology|NIFT]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news|date=18 October 2023|title=Meet Sudha Reddy, the director of MEIL; know how she started her journey from a small town in Andhra Pradesh and became a successful billionaire|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/meet-sudha-reddy-the-director-of-meil-know-she-started-her-journey-in-a-small-town-in-andhra-pradesh-and-became-a-successful-billionaire/3275960/|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
Reddy became a director at Megha Engineering & Infrastructures Limited (MEIL), where her work has included involvement in the company’s social outreach, community programmes, and hospitality ventures.<ref>{{cite web |last=Luzern |first=Mandarin Oriental |date=20 October 2022 |title=Meet Sudha Reddy, the global icon from Hyderabad who's making waves |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/article/meet-sudha-reddy-the-global-icon-from-hyderabad-whos-making-waves/ |access-date=29 July 2024 |website=[[Condé Nast Traveller]]}}</ref>

She established the Sudha Reddy Foundation, which supports initiatives in education, scholarships, and the empowerment of marginalised communities.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=22 November 2022 |title=Philanthropist Sudha Reddy becomes first Hyderabadi to join Global Gift Foundation family |url=https://telanganatoday.com/philanthropist-sudha-reddy-becomes-first-hyderabadi-to-join-global-gift-foundation-family |access-date=29 July 2024 |website=Telangana Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 April 2023 |title=Stylish Humanitarian Sudha Reddy Sparkles At White House Correspondents' Dinner |url=https://businessworld.in/article/stylish-humanitarian-sudha-reddy-sparkles-at-white-house-correspondents%E2%80%99-dinner-475337 |access-date=29 July 2024 |work=[[Business World]]}}</ref>

The foundation has worked with organisations including [[UNICEF]] on adolescent care programmes in India, and has collaborated with the Global Gift Foundation and [[Eva Longoria]] on projects for children affected by chronic illness, as well as with [[Elizabeth Hurley]] in support of the [[Breast Cancer Research Foundation]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite news |date=20 December 2017 |title=City industrialist donates Rs 1 crore towards cancer |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2017/dec/19/city-industrialist-donates-rs-1-crore-towards-cancer-1731842.html |access-date=29 July 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Sudha is a board member at [[Andhra University]] for [[Mechanical engineering|Mechanical Engineering]], a public university in [[Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh]] and serves as the chairperson at NRI General Hospital.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 October 2021 |title=Guntur: MEIL donates 2 ambulances to NRI hospital |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/guntur-meil-donates-2-ambulances-to-nri-hospital-712811 |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref>

As the Global Ambassador for “Beauty With a Purpose,” an initiative of the [[Miss World|Miss World Organization]], Sudha is involved in supporting programs related to women’s empowerment, education, and community development.<ref name=":3" />

== Philanthropy and partnerships ==
In 2024, Reddy established the Pink Power Run, an event organised through the Sudha Reddy Foundation to promote awareness of breast cancer and encourage public participation in fitness activities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-06 |title=Sudha Reddy Foundation, MEIL plan ‘Pink Power’ run |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/sudha-reddy-foundation-and-meil-organize-pink-power-run-in-hyderabad/articleshow/113106877.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The first edition, held in Hyderabad in September 2024, was reported to have drawn about 12,000 participants. A second edition took place on 28 September 2025, with an estimated 20,000 participants.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-09-28 |title=20K Take Part in 2nd Edition Of Sudha Reddy’s Pink Power Run |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/health-and-well-being/leander-paes-julia-morley-opal-suchata-chuangsri-at-sudha-reddys-pink-power-run-1906713 |access-date= |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> Among the attendees were [[Miss World|Miss World Organization]] chairperson [[Julia Morley]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-09-28 |title=Pink Power Run unites 20,000 participants in Hyderabad to champion breast cancer awareness |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/pink-power-run-unites-20000-participants-in-hyderabad-to-champion-breast-cancer-awareness/article70105216.ece |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2023, Reddy partnered with [[UNICEF India]] on a two-year initiative focused on adolescents aged 14 to 19, with programmes addressing child protection and employability in collaboration with government agencies and civil society She became a member of the UNICEF International Council, a network of private philanthropists and business leaders that work with [[UNICEF]] on global child welfare projects.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-11 |title=Sudha Reddy joins hands with UNICEF to empower adolescents in India {{!}} Sudha Reddy joins hands with UNICEF to empower adolescents in India |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/110124/sudha-reddy-joins-hands-with-unicef-to-empower-adolescents-in-india.html |access-date= |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

Sudha has worked with organizations such as Foundation, [[Action Against Hunger]], Fight Hunger Global Peace Foundation, and the Mother Teresa Foundation.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-12-20 |title=City industrialist donates Rs 1 crore towards cancer |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/hyderabad/2017/Dec/19/city-industrialist-donates-rs-1-crore-towards-cancer-1731842.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She received the 2022 Champions of Change Award from the to [[Government of Telangana|Telangana Government]]<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Swati |date=2022-09-23 |title=Living life on her own terms {{!}} Living life on her own terms |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/220922/living-life-on-her-own-terms.html |access-date= |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> and contributed [[Action Against Hunger|Action Contre La Faim]], becoming a Global Gifter for the Global Gift Foundation in 2022.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-11-22 |title=Philanthropist Sudha Reddy becomes first Hyderabadi to join Global Gift Foundation family |url=https://telanganatoday.com/philanthropist-sudha-reddy-becomes-first-hyderabadi-to-join-global-gift-foundation-family |access-date= |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Public profile ==
She attended the Met Gala in 2021, 2024, and 2026, attended Paris Couture Week in 2022, and appeared at the Cannes Film Festival in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Talawadekar |first=Vaishnavi Nayel |date=2025-07-01 |title=Sudha Reddy on being a billionaire with couture and a conscience |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/sudha-reddy-on-being-a-billionaire-with-couture-and-a-conscience |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

In 2023, Sudha also attended the Qatar Goodwood Festival in England, an elite horse racing and social event.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-08-05 |title=Off the track with Sudha Reddy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/hyderabad/2023/Aug/05/off-thetrack-withsudha-reddy-2602005.html |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In May 2025, Reddy hosted the Miss World 'Beauty With A Purpose” Gala at her residence in Hyderabad, attended by 108 delegates of Miss World 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-05-26 |title=Culture meets compassion at Miss World 2025 ‘Beauty with a Purpose’ gala in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/culture-meets-compassion-at-miss-world-2025-beauty-with-a-purpose-gala-in-hyderabad/article69622532.ece |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Later that year, at the 72nd Miss World finale later that year, she was announced as the first Global Ambassador of the [[Miss World|Miss World Organization]] by its chairperson [[Julia Morley|Julia Evelyn Morley]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2025 |title=Sudha Reddy Appointed as Miss World Organization's First-Ever Global Ambassador |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-world/sudha-reddy-appointed-as-miss-world-organizations-first-ever-global-ambassador/articleshow/151763582.cms |access-date= |website=Femina |language=en}}</ref> In this capacity, she is associated with initiatives in women’s empowerment, education, and community development.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Stride and Shine: Sudha Reddy's Pink Power Run to Champion Breast Cancer Awareness |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-world/stride-and-shine-sudha-reddys-pink-power-run-to-champion-breast-cancer-awareness/articleshow/152842838.cms |access-date= |website=Femina |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2025, Reddy collaborated with the Miss World Organization to organize the Pink Power Run 2.0 in Hyderabad, an event held to raise awareness about breast cancer.<ref name=":6" />

==Personal life==
Sudha is married to businessman Megha Krishna Reddy and has two sons, Pranav and Manas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-14 |title=Sudha Reddy On Rubbing Shoulders With Anna Wintour And Gigi Hadid And Her Fabulous Life - HELLO! India |url=https://in.hellomagazine.com/lifestyle/20220514300590/sudha-reddy-interview/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613100852/https://in.hellomagazine.com/lifestyle/20220514300590/sudha-reddy-interview/ |archive-date=2024-06-13 |access-date= |work=HELLO! India |language=en}}</ref> She lives in Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 September 2022|title=Pragnya Ayyagari meets philanthropist Sudha Reddy|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/pragnya-ayyagari-meets-philanthropist-sudha-reddy/articleshow/94054528.cms|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==

* 2021: Young Indian Women Achievers Under 45 Award<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |title=MEIL Director, Sudha Reddy Makes India Proud At F4D's First Ladies Luncheon |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/meil-director-sudha-reddy-makes-india-proud-f4ds-first-ladies-luncheon-852527 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328061514/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/meil-director-sudha-reddy-makes-india-proud-f4ds-first-ladies-luncheon-852527 |archive-date=2025-03-28 |access-date= |work=IBTimes India |language=en}}</ref>
* 2022: [[Champions of Change|Champions of Change Award]] by the [[Government of Telangana]]<ref name=":7" />
* 2022: Fashion 4 Development Philanthropy Award, presented by New York State Senator Alessandra Biaggi, in recognition of her humanitarian work in India<ref name=":7" />
* 2022: Global Gifter for the Global Gift Foundation<ref name=":8" />
* 2023: Woman Pioneer of the Year Award by AsiaOne in Dubai for her philanthropic work<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-07-18 |title=Sudha Reddy Honored with Asia One Award |url=https://telanganatoday.com/sudha-reddy-honored-with-asia-one-award |access-date= |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>
* 2023: Global Leader of The Year for her contributions in business and charitable activities<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Priyadarshini |date=2024-11-11 |title=Meet Sudha Reddy, Who Wore A 200-Carat Diamond Necklace At Met Gala, Her Husband P.V. Krishna Reddy Has A Net Worth Of... |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/meet-sudha-reddy-who-wore-a-200-carat-diamond-necklace-at-met-gala-and-her-husband-p-v-krishna-reddy-has-a-net-worth-of-rs-18370-crore-article-115173992 |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
* 2025: Top 10 most influential businesswomen in India<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-05-24 |title=After United Nations Partnership, Sudha Reddy To Partner With Miss World Organisation? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/after-united-nations-partnership-sudha-reddy-to-partner-with-miss-world-organisation-1881000 |access-date= |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Sudha}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:National Institute of Fashion Technology alumni]]

Kanchi Manimozhiar

2026-05-01T17:29:10Z

Sanjanadalvi: started new data - done

{{Infobox person
|name = Kanchi Manimozhiyar
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = 9 May 1900
|birth_place = [[Kancheepuram]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (Now [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
|death_date = {{death date and age|1972|6|7|1900|5|9|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]), [[Tamilnadu]], [[India]]
|other_names = Manikavasagam
|movement = Social Justice, Self-respect
|occupation = Social activist, Publisher, Politician, Social reformer
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|awards = Suyamariyathai Semmal
|spouse = Abhirami Ammaiyyal
}}

'''Kanchi Manimozhiyar''' (9 May 1900 – 7 June 1972) - was a Tamil scholar, publisher, politician and social worker. He was the publisher and editor of the magazine ''Por Vaal'', which had Dravidian movement views.<ref>{{Cite web |title=wikisource:ta:இதழியல் கலை அன்றும் இன்றும்/சமுதாய விடுதலைப் |url=https://ta.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D}}{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2025|certain=y}}</ref> He received many titles such as "Suyamariyathai Semmal".

== Life ==

Kanchi Manimozhiyar was born on 9 May 1900 in Kancheepuram, the capital of the Thondai Nadu, as the last son of the Tamil poet and textile merchant Perunagar Chengalvaraya Mudaliar. He studied at Kancheepuram Pachaiyappan School. His wife was Abhirami Ammaiyar. His eldest son is Professor M. Ilancheliyan, his younger son M. Natarajan, a building contractor and his daughter M. Tamil Selvi, who worked as a high school teacher. N. [[Ilavarasu]] is his grandson, and N. Kalaichelvi, N. Thenmozhi, N. Vasanthi are his granddaughters. He belongs to the Senguntha Kaikola Mudaliar community.<ref>[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=8gRuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D,+%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87&dq=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D,+%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC3biAtPTqAhW6zTgGHcCMAyQQ6AEIKTAA திராவிட இயக்கத் தூண்கள்]</ref> He contested the 1962 Legislative assembly elections from the Thiagaraya Nagar assembly constituency on behalf of the DMK and was elected as a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Citation |title=1962 Madras State Legislative Assembly election |date=2025-01-02 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Madras_Legislative_Assembly_election |access-date=2025-01-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Voters Day 2024 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131131850/https://www.eci.gov.in/ |archive-date=2024-01-31 |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=eci.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=-:: Annavin Padaippugal ::- |url=http://www.annavinpadaippugal.info/sorpozhivugal/kaanchi_manimozhiyar.htm |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=www.annavinpadaippugal.info}}</ref>

== Publisher, editor ==
Kanchi Manimozhiyar started the weekly magazine ''Porvaal'' on August 16, 1947, and also served as its associate editor. ''Porvaal'' magazine was published in Tamilnadu for seven years from August 16, 1947, to August 8, 1954, and after a short break, published from January 5, 1957, to May 3, 1958, for almost nine years. "Our ambition is to tell the truth without cover up. No matter how disgusting it may be to someone, we do not care about it. We know only one direct way to speak the truth in our hearts. That one is enough. We have embarked on the serious work of taking Tamil Nadu on the path to a new world." These sentences were found in the editorial of the first issue of that magazine.<ref>" தலையங்க இலக்கியம் " ஆசிரியர் மா. இளஞ்செழியன், "போர்வாள்" பத்திரிகையில் எழுதப்பட்ட சிறப்பான 30 தலையங்கங்கள் அடங்கிய புத்தகம்.</ref><ref>"இதழாளர் இளஞ்செழியன்" - நூல் ஆசிரியர் டாக்டர் தொ. சின்னபழனி; சௌபாக்கியம் பதிப்பகம், 2008,chapter 4, பக்கம் 68, 69.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=@kryes |date=2017-01-14 |title=பொங்கல் மலர் {{!}} போர்வாள் இதழ் - 1958 -- அட்டைப் படச் சமயக் குரவர் "நால்வர்", யாரு?:) சொல்லுங்க! |url=https://twitter.com/kryes/status/820155369599238144 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref> From 1947 to 1949, ''Porvaal'' has worked well for the development of the [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] (DK) and for the development of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), which was founded in 1949. In 1948, it provided excellent writings and illustrations to promote the anti-Hindi movement. It changed the situation where only newspapers run by a particular community could publish special edition on occasions. ''Porvaal'' published many special issues in a grand manner. Some of them are: Periyar's birthday special issue (September 1947), Pongal festival edition (1948, 1951, 1958), DMK first anniversary special issue (1950), "Parasakthi" Tamil movie victory issue (December 1952), Kalaivanar [[N. S. Krishnan]] memorial special issue (September 1957) etc. were very well received by the people.

He had a keen interest in publishing a newspaper since his youth, and had gained expertise and experience in it. During the years 1924–1927, while working as a teacher at Wallaja Bath, he was the editor of the Monday magazine "Bharatham" published by the Kancheepuram United Press and ran it effectively. From 1929, Manimozhiyar was the assistant editor of the monthly magazine "Senguntha Mithran" and from 1934, functioned as its Editor for fifteen years. Manimozhiyar has the honor and distinction of running the weekly magazine "Navayugam" with Arignar Anna as its editor in 1937. It was that magazine which first gave Arignar Anna the opportunity to realize that he was also a talented writer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=கலைமணி |first=என் வி |title=இதழியல் கலை அன்றும் இன்றும்/சமுதாய விடுதலைப் - விக்கிமூலம் |url=https://ta.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=ta.wikisource.org |language=ta}}</ref>

While publishing the daily magazine "Porvaal" in a manner that was admired by all Tamil Nadu itself he also established a book publishing company called "Pakutharivu Pasarai" and through it published many valuable books that contributed greatly to the progress and well-being of the Tamil people. Some of the books published in "Pakutharivu Basarai" are - "Vakuppurimai Porattam" written by Professor [[K. Anbazhagan]], "Manaphuyal", "Ilavarasi", "Thenmozhi", "Puduvellam", "Potshilai" all written by Radhamanalan; "Thamizhan Thodutha Por" "Erottu Pathai", "Arignar Annadurai", Indian Constitution" written by Professor M. Ilanchezhiyan.<ref>"வாழ்க்கை பாதை", ஆசிரியர் மா. இளஞ்செழியன், தன் வரலாற்று நூல். முதல் தொகுதி</ref> "Anna Kanda Thiagarayar" written by scholar C.N Annadurai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=எம வாதம் |url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/book-detail.php?id=jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZt7l0I0#book1/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=www.tamildigitallibrary.in |language=en}}</ref>

Another innovation that Manimozhiyar made as a publisher was to publish a diary called "Dravidar Natkurippu". Published from 1950 to 1958, the diary was a compilation of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam's ideas/projects, addresses of speakers, and information about the DMK. It also served as a storehouse of knowledge, providing the sayings of the great C.N Annadurai and the golden quotes of world scholars, one quote a day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=பக்கம்:பகுத்தறிவு (1956).pdf/223 - விக்கிமூலம் |url=https://ta.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D:%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_(1956).pdf/223 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=ta.wikisource.org |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=தமிழ் இணையக் கல்விக்கழக மின்னூலகம் |url=https://tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/periodicals/TVA_PRL_0003714_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%20%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%20(%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%2017,%201950).pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119113907/https://tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/periodicals/TVA_PRL_0003714_%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%259F%2520%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%2581%2520(%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D%252017,%25201950).pdf |archive-date=2025-01-19 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=தமிழிணையம் - மின்னூலகம், தமிழ் இணைய நூலகம் , Tamil Digital Library |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Service to Senguntha community ==
During his time, he saw that the Senguntha community was very poor in terms of education and economy and did many charitable works through the South India Senguntha Mahajana Sangam. While he was the secretary of the Sangam, he created an organization called the Senguntha Education Fund. A stipend was provided to students pursuing graduate studies. From 1928 to 1938, he visited villages across the country where the Senguntha community lived and helped the Sangam grow. He encouraged the children of the Senguntha community to attend school and study. In 1932, he raised the flag and addressed the Sri Lanka Senguntha Conference held in Jaffna. Then traveled around Sri Lanka for two months and spoke in many meetings.<ref>காஞ்சி மணிமொழியார் 71வது ஆண்டு பிறந்தநாள் மலர்</ref> He took great efforts to build a hostel for the students of the Senguntha community to stay and study. The vacant plot at No. 35, Arrington Road, Sethupat, Chennai, was purchased by the South India Senguntha Mahajana Sangam from Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam from its president, Peraringar Anna. The person who helped in this was Kanchi Manimozhiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=வள்ளல் சபாபதி பள்ளி |url=http://sengunthamithiran.in/aboutus-vallal.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711154154/http://sengunthamithiran.in/aboutus-vallal.asp |archive-date=2020-07-11 |website=sengunthamithiran.in}}</ref> Manimozhiyar contributed to the prosperity and excellence of the monthly publication "Senguntha Mithran" from 24–2–1929. He served as its editor from 1934 to 1941. Although "Senguntha Mithran" was published only for a specific community, it became famous as a traditional Tamil magazine that could be read and enjoyed by Tamil people regardless of caste.<ref>காஞ்சி மணிமொழியார் 71வது ஆண்டு பிறந்தநாள் மலர்</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramesh Babu |first=M. |date=2009 |title=Ind idhalgal |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/197093 |journal=Alagappa University |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Anti-Hindi protest ==
In 1938, an order was issued to make Hindi a compulsory subject in Tamil Nadu. Protests broke out all over Tamil Nadu against this. Manimozhiyar organized the first anti-Hindi procession in Chennai. He organized hundreds of anti-Hindi meetings around Chennai and gave lectures in them, helping this movement grow. When many printing press owners were afraid to print reports and books about the anti-Hindi struggle due to government repression, Manimozhiyar himself printed them in his own printing house. Manimozhiyar printed 10,000 copies of "[[Tamil Thai]] Pulambal" composed by Swami Arunagirinathar and "An Open Letter to [[C. Rajagopalachari]]" written by novelist Somasundara Bharathiyar at his own expense and quickly sent them to different places in Tamil nadu.<ref>காஞ்சி மணிமொழியார் 71வது ஆண்டு பிறந்தநாள் மலர்</ref> On 3-6-38 a Hindi abolition conference was held in Kodambakkam, Chennai under the leadership of Maraimalai Adikalar. On that day, Palladam Ponnusamy, who was on a hunger strike in front of the Chief Minister's house, was arrested. On learning of this, the conference turned into a procession and reached the Chief Minister's house with the slogan "Long live Tamil, Hindi should go". In that day's meeting, S. T. Nayakam, Kanchi Manimozhiyar, and Sami Shanmuganandam spoke for three hours.<ref>"தமிழன் தொடுத்த போர்", - 1938, 1939 ஆகிய ஆண்டுகளில் தமிழ் மக்கள் திரண்டெழுந்து கட்டாய இந்தி திணிப்புக்கு எதிராக நடத்திய அறப் போராட்டத்தின் முழு வரலாறுதான் இந்த நூல். Page 58.</ref> On 22-8-1948 and 7–9–48, Manimozhiar was arrested along with the leaders of the organization and sentenced to a week in prison.

== Politician ==
In 1917, he was impressed by the reception given to Sir P. Thyagarayar in Kanchi, and after learning about Thyagarayar's principles, he became actively involved in the great work of spreading them. At the age of 17 (in 1917), he started Sir P. Thyagarayar reading room and a non-Brahmin youth association, which he kept functional and worked as its secretary until 1930.<ref>காஞ்சி மணிமொழியார் 60வது ஆண்டு பிறந்தநாள், மணிவிழா மலர்</ref> He first served the Justice Party and then the Dravidian Party led by Thanthai Periyar. Manimozhiyar, was one of the founders of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. He worked tirelessly from the day the organization was founded until his death to ensure that the party's influence and fame spread throughout Tamil Nadu. He served as the finance committee secretary of the party for three years from 1949, and was a great support to party leader Arignar Anna. The DMK did not field its candidates in the 1952 general elections. But it supported and promoted independent candidates who were in line with its policies. Manimozhiyar worked tirelessly for such candidates in and around Chennai. In 1957, when Aringar Anna was contesting in the Kanchipuram constituency, Manimozhiyar stayed in Kanchipuram for several days and did door to door campaign for Anna.

In the 1962 general election, Kanchi Manimozhiyar contested as a candidate of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam from T-Nagar constituency, which was the largest among all the Tamil Nadu legislative constituencies, and won by a margin of about 9000 votes. Manimozhiar regularly attended each and every legislative session and actively took part in the debates held there. The need for the government to improve the living standards of primary school teachers, the need to eliminate the hardships and miseries plaguing the lives of handloom weavers, the need for the state government to pay full attention to arrangements to alleviate the water shortage in Chennai city, and suggestions for the livelihood of slum dwellers were among his legislative speeches.<ref>காஞ்சி மணிமொழியார் 71வது ஆண்டு பிறந்தநாள் மலர்</ref> He worked tirelessly for the people of Thyagaraya Nagar constituency and earned the full support of the people. During the 1967 general elections, he wholeheartedly gave up the constituency for Kalaignar Karunanidhi. When Arignar Anna called Manimozhiyar and told him that for some reason, Kalaignar Karunanidhi had to be fielded as the DMK candidate for the Saidapet constituency and that Manimozhiyar should kindly give him the assembly seat that was his to Kalaignar Karunanidhi. Manimozhiyar immediately gave his consent without hesitation, even though he knows that he had the full support of the people of the constituency and could easily win again in the next elections.<ref>"வாழ்க்கை பாதை", Chap 28, ஆசிரியர் மா. இளஞ்செழியன், தன் வரலாற்று நூல். முதல் தொகுதி</ref> In 1969, he was appointed as one of the Deputy General Secretaries of the DMK Central Committee and carried out his responsibilities as a leader efficiently until his last days.

Manimozhiyar was imprisoned six times. He was imprisoned for leading and participating in the anti-Hindi protests of 1948 and 1965, for organizing black flag displays in protest against the policies of the central government in 1951 and 1958 and for the protests highlighting the price hikes in 1962.

== Tamil language / social service ==
He spent his time and effort in numerous public welfare works while serving in the Sengundar Movement, Justice Party, Self-Esteem Movement, Dravida Kazhagam, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Realizing the need for primary education, Manimozhiyar in 1921 started a primary school called Kalaimagal Primary School at his own expense in Karukkinil amarnthaval Koil Street, Kanchipuram and ran it effectively for 9 years. In 1930, he took the post of public policy secretary for the Sengunthar Sangam. So, he merged the primary school run by him with the municipal school. In April 1935, Manimozhiar along with the great efforts of the Executive President of the Saivasithananda Nalapathippu Kazhagam, V. Subaiya Pillai, Tamil scholars K. Namasivaya Mudaliar as the President, and Mr. V. K., Reverend Papli, and S. Sachithanandam Pillai B.A. L. D as vice-presidents, started an organization called Thiruvalluvar Thirunal Kazhagam. Through this group, they would explain the importance of Thirukkural to the people and every year celebrate Thiruvalluvar Thirunal.

== Social reformer ==
Manimozhiyar has active in the self-respect movement. He was against rituals that indicated hierarchy in society and conducted many self-respect marriages without any traditional chants or rituals.<ref>{{cite web |last=இளங்கோவன் |first=மு |date=2008-10-08 |title='திராவிடநாட்டின் வானம்பாடி' கவிஞர் முடியரசனார் அவர்கள் |url=https://groups.google.com/g/mintamil/c/eMpJAuCsI9E/m/roud4MlxvdcJ |website=[[Google Groups]]}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2025|certain=y|reason=WP:SELFPUB}}

Tamil Wikipedia page:<ref>{{Citation |title=காஞ்சி மணிமொழியார் |date=2025-01-27 |work=தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா |url=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D |access-date=2025-02-05 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil scholars]]
[[Category:Politicians from Tamil Nadu]]

Economy of the Mughal Empire

2026-04-29T19:56:04Z

Sanjanadalvi: Starting New Details

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{History of South Asia}}
[[File:Gold mohur of Mughal ruler Shah Jahan, struck at the Balkh mint.jpg|thumb|Gold mohur of Shah Jahan, dated to 1647 (AH 1057).]]
The [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]
economy, covering the [[Indian subcontinent]] from the early sixteenth to the mid-eighteenth century, was one of the largest in the early modern world. At its peak under [[Akbar]] and his successors, it generated an estimated 22–24 per cent of global [[gross domestic product]] and produced roughly a quarter of world manufacturing output.<ref name="Maddison2007">{{cite book |last=Maddison |first=Angus |author-link=Angus Maddison |title=Contours of the World Economy 1-2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-922720-4}}</ref><ref name="Moosvi2015">{{cite book |last=Moosvi |first=Shireen |title=The Economy of the Mughal Empire c. 1595: A Statistical Study |edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-945054-1 |orig-year=1987}}</ref> While the Mughal Empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by [[Babur]],<ref name="Timurid prince2">{{Cite book |last=Dale |first=Stephen F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xyluDwAAQBAJ&dq=was+babur+from+barlas+tribe&pg=PA74 |title=Timurid Prince and Mughal Emperor |publisher=Cambridge University press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-8133-1359-7 |location=Philadelphia |url-access=registration|p=231}}</ref> the Mughal imperial structure, however, is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur's grandson, [[Akbar]].<ref name="Stein2010">{{Citation |last=Stein |first=Burton |title=A History of India |pages=159– |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA159 |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922031916/https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA159 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |url-status=live |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1 |authorlink=Burton Stein}} Quote: "Another possible date for the beginning of the Mughal regime was 1600 when the institutions that defined the regime were set firmly in place and when the heartland of the empire was defined; both of these were the accomplishment of Babur's grandson Akbar."</ref> The economy in South Asia during the Mughal era increased in productivity compared to [[Medieval India|medieval times]].<ref name="Schmidt2015" /> Mughal India's economy has been described as a form of [[proto-industrialization]], an inspiration for the 18th-century [[putting-out system]] of Western Europe prior to the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref name="voss" /> It was described as large and prosperous.<ref name="Schmidt2015">{{Cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Karl J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 |title=An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-47681-8 |pages=100}}</ref> India under Mughal rule produced about 28% of the world's industrial output up until the 18th century with significant exports in textiles, shipbuilding, and steel, driving a strong export-driven economy.<ref name="Williamson-1">[[Jeffrey G. Williamson]] & David Clingingsmith, [http://www.lse.ac.uk/economicHistory/Research/GEHN/GEHNPDF/Conf7_Williamson.pdf India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329075904/http://www.lse.ac.uk/economicHistory/Research/GEHN/GEHNPDF/Conf7_Williamson.pdf |date=29 March 2017}}, Global Economic History Network, [[London School of Economics]]</ref><ref name="Maddison2003" /> At the start of 17th century, the economic expansion within Mughal territories become the largest and surpassed the [[Qing dynasty]] and Europe. The share of the world's economy grew from 22.7% in 1600, which at the end of 16th century, had surpassed China to have the world's largest [[gross domestic product]] (GDP).<ref>{{cite book |last=Maddison |first=Angus |author-link=Angus Maddison |title=The World Economy Volumes 1–2 |publisher=Development Center of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |year=2006 |isbn=9264022619 |page=639 |doi=10.1787/456125276116}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Matthews |first=Chris |date=5 October 2014 |title=The 5 most dominant economic empires of all time |url=http://fortune.com/2014/10/05/most-powerful-economic-empires-of-all-time/ |access-date=18 August 2016 |magazine=Fortune}}</ref> [[Bengal Subah]], the empire's wealthiest province, alone contributed to 12% of GDP<ref name="Bangladesh And Pakistan Flirting With Failure In South Asia; Pawan Singh; February 8, 2022">{{cite book |author1=Pawan Singh |title=Bangladesh And Pakistan Flirting With Failure In South Asia |date=February 8, 2022 |publisher=Gaurav Book Centre Pvt. Limited |isbn=9789387657014 |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mifhEAAAQBAJ |access-date=3 December 2023 |language=En |format=ebook}}</ref> and was a major hub for industries, contributing significantly to global trade and European imports, particularly in textiles and shipbuilding.<ref name="Maddison2003">{{cite book |last=Maddison |first=Angus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHJGz3HiJbcC&pg=PA256 |title=Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics |publisher=OECD Publishing |date=25 September 2003 |isbn=978-92-64-10414-3 |pages=256–259 |author-link=Angus Maddison}}</ref>

The Mughals standardized the currency system introduced by [[Sher Shah Suri]], maintaining high purity in their coins and largely relying on imported [[bullion]] due to strong exports, particularly from Bengal. The Mughals were also responsible for building an extensive road system and creating a uniform currency.<ref name="Richards1995">{{Cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA202 |title=The Mughal Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |author-link=John F. Richards|p=94}}</ref>{{rp|185–204}} The empire had an extensive road network, which was vital to the commercial infrastructure, built by a [[public works]] department set up by the Mughals which designed, constructed and maintained roads linking towns and cities across the empire, making trade easier to conduct.<ref name="Schmidt2015" /> In late 16th-century Mughal India, the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors contributed 52%, 18%, and 29% to the economy, respectively, with urban labor making up 18% of the workforce and contributing 52% to the economy. Grain wages were comparable to England's during the 16th and 17th centuries but fell behind in the 18th century, and per-capita income in terms of wheat was higher than early 20th-century British India. The main base of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes, instituted by Akbar.<ref name="Stein2010-3">{{cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA164 |title=A History of India |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1 |pages=164–}} Quote: "The resource base of Akbar’s new order was land revenue"</ref><ref name="AsherTalbot2006-1">{{cite book |last1=Asher |first1=Catherine B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA152 |title=India Before Europe |last2=Talbot |first2=Cynthia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-80904-7 |pages=158–}} Quote: "The Mughal empire was based in the interior of a large land-mass and derived the vast majority of its revenues from agriculture."</ref> These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator,<ref name="Stein2010-4">{{citation |last=Stein |first=Burton |title=A History of India |pages=164– |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA159 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1 |authorlink=Burton Stein}} Quote: "... well over half of the output from the fields in his realm, after the costs of production had been met, is estimated to have been taken from the peasant producers by way of official taxes and unofficial exactions. Moreover, payments were exacted in money, and this required a well regulated silver currency."</ref> were paid in the well-regulated silver currency,<ref name="AsherTalbot2006-2">{{citation |last1=Asher |first1=Catherine B. |title=India Before Europe |pages=152– |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA152 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80904-7 |last2=Talbot |first2=Cynthia}}</ref> and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.<ref name="AsherTalbot2006-3">{{citation |last1=Asher |first1=Catherine B. |title=India Before Europe |pages=152– |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA152 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80904-7 |last2=Talbot |first2=Cynthia}} Quote: "His stipulation that land taxes be paid in cash forced peasants into market networks, where they could obtain the necessary money, while the standardization of imperial currency made the exchange of goods for money easier."</ref>

== Currency and monetary system ==
{{Further|Mughal currency}}[[File:Silver rupee coin of Akbar, from Lahore mint.jpg|thumb|Square shaped silver rupee coin of Akbar, struck at the Lahore mint.]]
The Mughals adopted and standardised the [[rupee]] (''rupiya'', or silver), [[Mohur]] (gold) and [[Dam (Indian coin)|dam]] (copper) currencies introduced by [[Sur Empire|Sur]] Emperor [[Sher Shah Suri]] during his brief rule.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html |title=Picture of original Mughal ''rupiya'' introduced by Sher Shah Suri |access-date=4 August 2017 |archive-date=5 October 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021005231609/http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> The currency was initially 48 dams to a single rupee in the beginning of Akbar's reign, before it later became 38 dams to a rupee in the 1580s, with the dam's value rising further in the 17th century as a result of new industrial uses for copper, such as in bronze cannons and brass utensils. The dam was initially the most common coin in Akbar's time, before being replaced by the rupee as the most common coin in succeeding reigns.<ref name="Richards1995"/> The dam's value was later worth 30 to a rupee towards the end of Jahangir's reign, and then 16 to a rupee by the 1660s.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Irfan Habib |url=http://www.hkrdb.kar.nic.in/documents/Downloads/Good%20Reads/The%20Cambridge%20Economic%20History%20of%20India,%20Volume%201.pdf#page=480 |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India |last2=Dharma Kumar |last3=Tapan Raychaudhuri |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1987 |volume=1 |page=464 |author-link=Irfan Habib |author-link2=Dharma Kumar |author-link3=Tapan Raychaudhuri}}</ref> The Mughals minted coins with high purity, never dropping below 96%, and without [[debasement]] until the 1720s.<ref name="Richards2003">{{Cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i85noYD9C0EC&pg=PA27 |title=The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World |publisher=University of California Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-520-93935-6 |pages=27– |author-link=John F. Richards}}</ref>

[[File:India, gran moghol jahangir, 1605-1628.JPG|thumb|A coin issued by Emperor Jahangir, showing a [[Order of the Fish|fish motif]].]]
Despite India having its own stocks of gold and silver, the Mughals produced minimal gold of their own, but mostly minted coins from imported [[bullion]], as a result of the empire's strong export-driven economy, with global demand for Indian agricultural and industrial products drawing a steady stream of [[precious metal]]s into India.{{citation needed|date=April 2026}} Around 80% of Mughal India's imports were bullion, mostly silver,<ref name="Tracy1997">{{Cite book |last=Tracy |first=James D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jHpt9hdreoC&pg=PA97 |title=The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350–1750 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-57464-8 |pages=97–}}</ref> with major sources of imported bullion including the [[New World]] and Japan,<ref name="Richards2003"/> which in turn imported large quantities of textiles and silk from the [[Bengal Subah]] province.<ref name="Richards1995"/>

Najaf Haider estimates that between the 1580s and 1680s the Mughal mints absorbed bullion on the order of 240 million [[rupee]]s, making the empire, with the exception of [[Ming dynasty|Ming China]], the largest net importer of silver outside Europe. The inflow came from [[Spanish America|New World]] silver routed through the [[Levant]] and the [[Red Sea]], Japanese silver via the Dutch, and [[Thaler|European thalers]] re-minted at Surat and other imperial ''zarabkhanas''.<ref name="Haider1996">{{cite journal |last=Haider |first=Najaf |title=Precious Metal Flows and Currency Circulation in the Mughal Empire |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=39 |issue=3 |year=1996 |pages=298-364 |doi=10.1163/1568520962601180}}</ref>

== Labour ==
The historian Shireen Moosvi estimates that in terms of contributions to the Mughal economy, in the late 16th century, the primary sector contributed 52%, the secondary sector 18% and the tertiary sector 29%; the secondary sector contributed a higher percentage than in early 20th-century [[British India]], where the secondary sector only contributed 11% to the economy.{{sfn|Moosvi|2015|p=433}} In terms of urban-rural divide, 18% of Mughal India's labour force were urban and 82% were rural, contributing 52% and 48% to the economy, respectively.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maddison |first=Angus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7UOKB3RwDQIC&pg=PA33 |title=Class Structure and Economic Growth: India and Pakistan Since the Moghuls |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-415-38259-5 |page=33 |author-link=Angus Maddison}}</ref>

According to [[Stephen Broadberry]] and [[Bishnupriya Gupta]], grain wages in India were comparable to England in the 16th and 17th centuries, but diverged in the 18th century when they fell to 20-40% of England's wages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Broadberry |first=Stephen |author-link=Stephen Broadberry |last2=Gupta |first2=Bishnupriya |author-link2=Bishnupriya Gupta |date=2003 |title=The Early Modern Great Divergence: Wages, Prices and Economic Development in Europe and Asia 1500–1800 |url=https://eml.berkeley.edu/~webfac/olney/e211_fa03/e211-gupta.pdf |access-date= |page=34}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Parthasarathi |first=Prasannan |title=Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850 |publisher= |year=2011 |isbn= |location= |pages=42}}</ref> This, however, is disputed by Parthasarathi and Sivramkrishna. Parthasarathi cites his estimates that grain wages for weaving and spinning in mid-18th century Bengal and South India was comparable to Britain.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parthasarathi |first=Prasannan |title=Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850 |publisher= |year=2011 |isbn= |pages=39}}</ref> Similarly, Sivramkrishna analysed agricultural surveys conducted in Mysore by Francis Buchanan during 1800–1801, arrived at estimates using a "subsistence basket" that aggregated [[millet]] income could be almost five times subsistence level, while corresponding rice income was three times that much.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sivramkrishna|first=Sashi|date=2009|title=Ascertaining Living Standards in Erstwhile Mysore, Southern India, from Francis Buchanan's Journey of 1800–01: An Empirical Contribution to the Great Divergence|url=https://www.academia.edu/1831704|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History|volume=52|issue=4|pages=726|via=}}</ref> That could be comparable to advance part of Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sivramkrishna|first=Sashi|date=2009|title=Ascertaining Living Standards in Erstwhile Mysore, Southern India, from Francis Buchanan's Journey of 1800–01: An Empirical Contribution to the Great Divergence|url=https://www.academia.edu/1831704|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History|volume=52|issue=4|pages=731|via=}}</ref> Due to the scarcity of data, however, more research is needed before drawing any conclusion.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Parthasarathi|first=Prasannan|title=Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850|publisher=|year=2011|isbn=|location=|pages=45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sivramkrishna|first=Sashi|date=2009|title=Ascertaining Living Standards in Erstwhile Mysore, Southern India, from Francis Buchanan's Journey of 1800–01: An Empirical Contribution to the Great Divergence|url=https://www.academia.edu/1831704|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History|volume=52|issue=4|pages=729}}</ref>

According to Moosvi, Mughal India had a per-capita income, in terms of wheat, 1.24% higher in the late 16th century than British India did in the early 20th century.{{sfn|Moosvi|2015|p=586}} This income, however, would have to be revised downwards if manufactured goods, like clothing, would be considered. Compared to food per-capita, expenditure on clothing was much smaller though, so relative income between 1595 and 1596 should be comparable to 1901–1910.{{sfn|Moosvi|2015|p=450}} However, in a system where wealth was hoarded by elites, wages were depressed for [[manual labour]].<ref name="moosvi"/> In Mughal India, there was a generally tolerant attitude towards manual labourers, with some religious cults in northern India proudly asserting a high status for manual labour. While [[slavery]] also existed, it was limited largely to household servants.<ref name="moosvi">{{Cite journal |last=Moosvi |first=Shireen |date=December 2011 |title=The World of Labour in Mughal India (c. 1500–1750) |journal=International Review of Social History |volume=56 |issue=S19 |pages=245–261 |doi=10.1017/S0020859011000526 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Agriculture ==
Indian agricultural production increased under the Mughal Empire.<ref name="Schmidt2015"/> A variety of crops were grown, including food crops such as wheat, rice, and [[barley]], and non-food [[cash crop]]s such as cotton, [[Indigofera tinctoria|indigo]] and [[opium]]. By the mid-17th century, Indian cultivators begun to extensively grow two new crops from the Americas, maize and tobacco.<ref name="Schmidt2015"/>

The Mughal administration emphasised [[agrarian reform]], which began under the non-Mughal emperor Sher Shah Suri, the work of which Akbar adopted and furthered with more reforms. The civil administration was organised in a hierarchical manner on the basis of merit, with promotions based on performance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pagaza |first1=Ignacio |last2=Argyriades |first2=Demetrios |year=2009 |title=Winning the Needed Change: Saving Our Planet Earth |publisher=IOS Press |page=129 |isbn=978-1-58603-958-5}}</ref> The Mughal government funded the building of [[irrigation]] systems across the empire, which produced much higher [[crop yield]]s and increased the net revenue base, leading to increased agricultural production.<ref name="Schmidt2015"/> From the late 17th century to the early 18th century, India accounted for 95% of [[East India Company|British imports]] from Asia, and [[Bengal Subah]] province alone accounted for 40% of [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch imports]] from Asia.<ref name="Prakash2">[[Om Prakash (historian)|Om Prakash]], "[http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3447600139/WHIC?u=seat24826&xid=6b597320 Empire, Mughal]", ''History of World Trade Since 1450'', edited by [[John J. McCusker]], vol. 1, Macmillan Reference US, 2006, pp. 237–240, ''World History in Context''. Retrieved 3 August 2017</ref>

A major Mughal reform introduced by Akbar was a new land revenue system called ''[[zabt]]''. He replaced the [[tribute]] system, previously common in India and used by [[Tokugawa Japan]] at the time, with a monetary tax system based on a uniform currency.<ref name="Richards2003"/> The revenue system was biased in favour of higher value cash crops such as cotton, indigo, [[sugar cane]], tree-crops, and opium, providing state incentives to grow cash crops, in addition to rising market demand.<ref name="Richards1995"/> Under the ''zabt'' system, the Mughals also conducted extensive [[cadastral surveying]] to assess the area of land under [[plow]] cultivation, with the Mughal state encouraging greater land cultivation by offering tax-free periods to those who brought new land under cultivation.<ref name="Richards2003"/> The expansion of agriculture and cultivation continued under later Mughal emperors including Aurangzeb, whose 1665 [[firman]] edict stated: "the entire elevated attention and desires of the Emperor are devoted to the increase in the population and cultivation of the Empire and the welfare of the whole peasantry and the entire people."<ref name="Ludden96">{{Cite book |last1=Ludden |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eHi62S7vZlsC&pg=PA96 |title=An Agrarian History of South Asia |year=1999 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-36424-9 |page=96}}</ref>

Mughal agriculture was in some ways advanced compared to European agriculture at the time, exemplified by the common use of the [[seed drill]] among Indian peasants before its adoption in Europe.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Irfan Habib |url=http://www.hkrdb.kar.nic.in/documents/Downloads/Good%20Reads/The%20Cambridge%20Economic%20History%20of%20India,%20Volume%201.pdf#page=230 |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India |last2=Dharma Kumar |last3=Tapan Raychaudhuri |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1987 |volume=1 |page=214 |author-link=Irfan Habib |author-link2=Dharma Kumar |author-link3=Tapan Raychaudhuri}}</ref> While the average peasant across the world was only skilled in growing very few crops, the average Indian peasant was skilled in growing a wide variety of food and non-food crops, increasing their productivity.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Irfan Habib |url=http://www.hkrdb.kar.nic.in/documents/Downloads/Good%20Reads/The%20Cambridge%20Economic%20History%20of%20India,%20Volume%201.pdf#page=233 |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India |last2=Dharma Kumar |last3=Tapan Raychaudhuri |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1987 |volume=1 |page=217 |author-link=Irfan Habib |author-link2=Dharma Kumar |author-link3=Tapan Raychaudhuri}}</ref> Indian peasants were also quick to adapt to profitable new crops, such as maize and tobacco from the New World being rapidly adopted and widely cultivated across Mughal India between 1600 and 1650. [[Bengali people|Bengali]] farmers rapidly learned techniques of [[mulberry]] cultivation and [[sericulture]], establishing [[Bengal Subah]] as a major silk-producing region of the world.<ref name="Richards1995"/> [[Sugar mill]]s appeared in India shortly before the Mughal era. Evidence for the use of a [[draw bar]] for sugar-milling appears at Delhi in 1540, but may also date back earlier, and was mainly used in the northern Indian subcontinent. Geared sugar [[Roller mill|rolling mills]] first appeared in Mughal India, using the principle of rollers as well as [[worm gear]]ing, by the 17th century.<ref name="K8kO4J3mXUAC page 53">[[Irfan Habib]] (2011), [https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA53 ''Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500'', p. 53], [[Pearson Education]]</ref> The Mughal era sugar production also appeared by the foundings of archaeology evidence by [[Aligarh Muslim University]] in 2020 in [[Agra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mughal-era stone sugar mill unearthed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/mughal-era-stone-sugar-mill-unearthed-by-amu-team/articleshow/76077698.cms |access-date=10 June 2023 |agency=The times of India |publisher=Erulearning by the Times Internet's Spotlight team |date=2020 |language=En}}</ref>

According to economic historian [[Immanuel Wallerstein]], citing evidence from [[Irfan Habib]], [[Percival Spear]], and [[Ashok Desai]], per-capita agricultural output and standards of consumption in 17th-century [[Mughal India]] were probably higher than in 17th-century Europe and certainly higher than early 20th-century [[British India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suneja |first=Vivek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Stw3qadXG0C&pg=PA13 |title=Understanding Business: A Multidimensional Approach to the Market Economy |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-415-23857-1 |page=13}}</ref> The increased agricultural productivity led to lower food prices. In turn, this benefited the Indian [[textile industry]]. Compared to Britain, the price of grain was about one-half in South India and one-third in Bengal, in terms of silver coinage. This resulted in lower silver coin prices for Indian textiles, giving them a price advantage in global markets.<ref name="Parthasarathi38">{{Citation|title=Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_YEcvo-jqcC&pg=PA38|pages=39–45|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49889-0|given=Prasannan|surname=Parthasarathi}}</ref>

== Revenue and fiscal system ==
{{Main|Mughal fiscal system|Mansabdari|Jagirdar|Zamindar}}
The [[Mughal fiscal system]] rested on the ''[[mansabdari]]'' ranking system, which tied military and civil office-holders to numerical ranks (''zat'' and ''sawar'') and paid most of them through ''[[jagir]]'' assignments of revenue from designated tracts rather than cash salaries.<ref name="Richards1993">{{cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |author-link=John F. Richards |title=The Mughal Empire |series=The New Cambridge History of India |volume=I.5 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2}}</ref> Under Akbar the land revenue was reorganised as ''[[zabt]]'', replacing earlier tribute arrangements with a cash demand assessed on measured acreage and ten-year average prices of each crop.<ref name="Habib2014">{{cite book |last=Habib |first=Irfan |author-link=Irfan Habib |title=The Agrarian System of Mughal India 1556-1707 |edition=3rd |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-807742-8 |orig-year=1963}}</ref> The intermediary [[zamindar]]s collected the demand and remitted a share to the treasury, retaining the rest as ''nankar''. Moosvi estimates the imperial revenue claim at roughly a third of gross agricultural produce in the late sixteenth century.<ref name="Moosvi2015" />

== Trade, merchants, and transport ==
=== Inland trade and routes ===
A network of imperial highways anchored by the [[Grand Trunk Road]] and served by ''[[caravanserai|sarais]]'' at day-march intervals linked [[Lahore]], [[Delhi]], [[Agra]], [[Patna]] and [[Dhaka]]; overland caravans also moved Indian textiles, indigo and sugar into [[Safavid Iran|Iran]], [[Khanate of Bukhara|Central Asia]] and [[Tsardom of Russia|Muscovy]].<ref name="Dale1994">{{cite book |last=Dale |first=Stephen Frederic |title=Indian Merchants and Eurasian Trade, 1600-1750 |series=Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-521-45460-5}}</ref>

=== Maritime trade and ports ===
[[File:Sourratte int ryck vanden Grooten Mogol en Indien - Peeters Jacob - 1690.jpg|thumb|[[Surat]] in 1690, from Jacob Peeters's engraving. Surat was the empire's principal western port and the main embarkation point for the ''[[Hajj]]''.]]
[[Surat]] served as the empire's principal western port and the main embarkation point for the ''[[Hajj]]'', while [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]], [[Masulipatnam]] and [[Balasore]] handled eastern traffic with [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref name="Prakash1998">{{cite book |last=Prakash |first=Om |author-link=Om Prakash (historian) |title=European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India |series=The New Cambridge History of India |volume=II.5 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-521-25758-9}}</ref><ref name="Pearson1976">{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=M. N. |title=Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat: The Response to the Portuguese in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=University of California Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-520-02809-8}}</ref> Indian maritime trade was described by Chaudhuri as one of the most extensive commercial circuits of the pre-industrial world, with regular seasonal voyages tied to the monsoon.<ref name="Chaudhuri1985">{{cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=K. N. |author-link=K. N. Chaudhuri |title=Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-521-28542-1}}</ref>

=== Merchant communities ===
Long-distance trade was dominated by [[Bania (caste)|Banias]], [[Marwari people|Marwaris]], [[Khatri]]s, [[Bohras]], [[Armenians in India|Armenians]] and [[Parsis]].<ref name="Dale1994" /> The [[Jagat Seth|Jagat Seths]] of Bengal acted as bankers to the Nawab and the European companies alike.<ref name="Subrahmanyam1990">{{cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |author-link=Sanjay Subrahmanyam |title=The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500-1650 |series=Cambridge South Asian Studies |volume=45 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-521-89226-1}}</ref>

== Banking, credit, and hundi ==
Mughal commerce was lubricated by an indigenous credit network in which ''[[sarraf]]s'' (money-changers and bankers) issued ''[[hundi]]'' bills of exchange that could be discounted, endorsed and redeemed at agreed rates across distant cities.<ref name="Habib2014" /> By the early eighteenth century, firms such as the [[Jagat Seth]]s of [[Murshidabad]] were transferring the imperial ''[[diwani]]'' revenue of Bengal, financing the ''[[Nawab of Bengal|Nawab]]'', and acting as principal bankers to the [[East India Company]].<ref name="Bayly1983">{{cite book |last=Bayly |first=C. A. |author-link=C. A. Bayly |title=Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770-1870 |series=Cambridge South Asian Studies |volume=28 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-521-22932-6|p=188}}</ref>

== Urbanisation ==
Moosvi estimates the urban share of Mughal India's population at around 15 per cent in the late sixteenth century, comparable to contemporary Western Europe.<ref name="Moosvi2015" /> [[Agra]], [[Delhi]], [[Lahore]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Dhaka]] and [[Patna]] each held populations on the order of several hundred thousand at their peaks, placing them among the largest cities in the world at the time.<ref name="Richards1993" /> Imperial capitals grew or contracted with the movement of the court; [[Shah Jahan]]'s founding of [[Shahjahanabad]] in 1648 and [[Aurangzeb]]'s prolonged absence in the [[Deccan]] from 1681 each reshaped the urban hierarchy.<ref name="Bayly1983" />

== Diamond mining ==
{{See also|Golconda diamonds mining and trading}}
[[File:Fabled diamond mines.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Diamond mine in the Golconda region 1725 CE from the collection of [[Pieter van der Aa]]—a Dutch publisher known for preparing maps and atlases.]]

India during Mughal rule has produced many legendary gems, including the [[Koh-i-Noor]], [[Hope Diamond]], [[Regent Diamond]], [[Great Mogul Diamond]], and the [[Orlov (diamond)|Orlov]] Diamond.<ref>''Detailed Information Dossier on Diamond in India'', 2011, India Geological Survey, p.22, 124.</ref> Particularly from the [[Diamond mining in India|Diamond mining activities]] in [[Golconda]], where, After the [[Siege of Golconda]], Badshah [[Aurangzeb]] has acquired the diamond mining of Golconda.<ref name="History of Indian Nation : Medieval India">{{cite book |author1=Muzaffar H. Syed |title=History of Indian Nation : Medieval India |date=2022 |publisher=K. K. Publications |page=160 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=US5gEAAAQBAJ |access-date=23 August 2023 |language=en |format=ebook}}</ref> After the conquest of Golconda, the diamond mines, which had been the Golconda Sultans famed source of wealth, had stopped functioning following the conquest of Hyderabad, but in 1692 mining was restarted in service of the Mughals.{{Sfn|Richards|1975a|p=224}} Until the 17th century, mines in this region were the only source of diamonds on earth.<ref name="Coulson">{{cite book|title=The History of Mining: The events, technology and people involved in the industry that forged the modern world|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BAfmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA457|last=Accum|first=Michael Coulson|year=2012|pages=75–77|publisher=Harriman House Limited|isbn=978-0-85719-266-0|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> Mines was usually up to {{Convert|4|fathom|m ft|abbr=out}} deep.<ref name="Mehta" /><ref name="Accum">{{cite book|title=System of Theoretical and Practical Chemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Fw3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA208|last=Accum|first=Friedrich Christian |year=1808|volume=1|pages=208–210|publisher=Kimber and Conrad|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref>

The testimonial proof of lucrative diamonds of Golconda are under the supervision of regional governors, of whom 17th-century prominent diamond trader [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]], who served as ''[[Grand vizier]]'' (Prime Minister) of the Golconda Sultanate, came to serve the Mughals. He established a network of diamond merchants in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia up to China and the [[Malay Archipelago]].<ref name="TFT1">{{cite news|title=Persian adventurer in India|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2019/04/12/persian-adventurer-in-india/|last=Mahmood|first=Parvez|newspaper=The Friday times|date=12 April 2019|access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Journal1">{{cite journal|title=Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam (1662–63), war experience of a Dutch sailor Heiden and Translator Glanius|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0376983619856149|last=Konwar|first=Paranan|journal=Indian Historical Review |publisher= Department of Economics, Sonari College, Assam, India.|year=2019|volume=46 |pages=41–54 |doi=10.1177/0376983619856149 |s2cid=200082670 |access-date=23 September 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="TFT2">{{cite news|title=Persian adventurer in India|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2019/04/19/persian-adventurer-in-india-ii/|last=Mahmood|first=Parvez|newspaper=The Friday times|date=19 April 2019|access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref> which Mir Jumla had his own ships and organised merchant fleets in the 1640s that sailed throughout [[Surat]], [[Thatta]], [[Rakhine State|Arakan]], [[Ayuthya]], [[Balasore]], [[Aceh]], [[Melaka]], [[Johore]], [[Bantam (city)|Bantam]], [[Makassar]], [[Ceylon]], [[Bandar Abbas]], [[Mecca]], [[Jeddah]], [[Basra]], [[Aden]], [[Masqat]], [[Mocha, Yemen|Mocha]] and the [[Maldives]].{{citation needed|date=April 2026}} By his enormous wealth, he was able to recruit [[Pathans]], [[Rajputs]], [[Afghans]] and [[Mughals]] in his campaign to Bijapur in 1652. In 1653-1654, in one of [[Aurengzeb|Aurengzeb's]] letters to [[Shah Jahan]], Aurengzeb cites a report of his agent Mohammad Amin where Mir Jumla is said to have maintained a force of 9000 Cavalry, 20000 infantry and his army filled with Iraqi and Arabi horses.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarkar |title=Of Mir Jumla: General Of Aurangzeb |date=1979 |chapter=Mir Jumla's Army |location=New Delhi |publisher=Rajesh Publications |pages=
[https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108264/page/80/mode/1up 80-81]}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|work=English translation of Adab-I-Alamgiri|editor-last1=Flynn|editor-first1=V J A|page=317|title=Letter 46|year=1971|url=https://archive.org/details/Adab-I-Alamgiri/page/317/mode/1up}}</ref>

[[Shantidas Jhaveri]], was also a diamond trader from this area during the era of Mughal rule.<ref name="Mehta">{{cite book|title=Indian Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Historical Perspective: With Special Reference to Shroffs of Gujarat, 17th to 19th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lz3gNDMbWEC&pg=PA96|last=Mehta|first=Makrand |year=1991|pages=96–102|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=9788171880171|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref>

== Industrial manufacturing ==
Up until 1700, India produced about 25% of the world's industrial output.<ref name="williamson">{{Cite web |last=[[Jeffrey G. Williamson]], David Clingingsmith |date=August 2005 |title=India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries |url=http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/staff/orourkek/Istanbul/JGWGEHNIndianDeind.pdf |access-date=18 May 2017 |publisher=[[Harvard University]]}}</ref> [[Manufactured goods]] and cash crops from the Mughal Empire were sold throughout the world. Key industries included textiles, [[shipbuilding]], and steel. Processed products included cotton textiles, [[yarn]]s, [[Thread (yarn)|thread]], silk, [[jute]] products, [[metalware]], and foods such as sugar, oils and butter.<ref name="Schmidt2015"/> The growth of manufacturing industries in the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal era in the 17th–18th centuries has been referred to as a form of [[proto-industrialization]], similar to 18th-century Western Europe prior to the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref name="voss">{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Tirthankar |author-link=Tirthankar Roy |editor1=Lex Heerma van Voss |editor2=Els Hiemstra-Kuperus |editor3=Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk |year=2010 |chapter=The Long Globalization and Textile Producers in India |title=The Ashgate Companion to the History of Textile Workers, 1650–2000 |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |page=255 |isbn=978-0-7546-6428-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f95ljbhfjxIC&pg=PA255}}</ref>

In [[early modern Europe]], there was significant demand for products from Mughal India, particularly cotton textiles, as well as goods such as spices, peppers, [[indigo]], silks, and [[saltpeter]] (for use in [[munitions]]).<ref name="Schmidt2015"/> [[1650–1700 in Western European fashion|European fashion]], for example, became increasingly dependent on Mughal Indian textiles and silks. From the late 17th century to the early 18th century, Mughal India accounted for 95% of [[East India Company|British imports]] from Asia, and the [[Bengal Subah]] province alone accounted for 40% of [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch imports]] from Asia.<ref name="Prakash">{{cite book |last1=Prakash|first1=Om |author-link=Om Prakash (historian) |editor1-last=McCusker |editor1-first=John J. |title=History of World Trade Since 1450 |date=2006 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |isbn=978-0-02-865840-7 |pages=237–40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MjktAEACAAJ}}</ref> In contrast, there was very little demand for European goods in Mughal India, which was largely self-sufficient, thus Europeans had very little to offer, except for some [[woolen]]s, unprocessed metals and a few luxury items. The trade imbalance caused Europeans to export large quantities of gold and silver to Mughal India in order to pay for South Asian imports.<ref name="Schmidt2015"/> Indian goods, especially those from Bengal, were also exported in large quantities to other Asian markets, such as [[Indonesia]] and Japan.<ref name="Richards1995"/>

=== Textile industry ===
{{See also|Muslin trade in Bengal|Mughal clothing}}
[[File:Old Mughal Courtier.png|thumb|Miniature painting - Portrait of an Old Mughal Courtier Wearing Muslin]]
[[File:Renaldis muslin woman.jpg|thumb|Muslim Lady Reclining or An Indian Girl with a Hookah, painted in Dacca, 18th century]]

The largest manufacturing industry in the Mughal Empire was [[textile manufacturing]], particularly cotton textile manufacturing, which included the production of [[piece goods]], [[calico]]s, and [[muslin]]s, available unbleached and in a variety of colours. The cotton [[textile industry]] was responsible for a large part of the empire's international trade.<ref name="Schmidt2015"/> India had a 25% share of the global textile trade in the early 18th century.<ref>[[Angus Maddison]] (1995), ''Monitoring the World Economy, 1820–1992'', [[OECD]], p. 30</ref> Indian cotton textiles were the most important manufactured goods in world trade in the 18th century, consumed across the world from the Americas to Japan.<ref name="Parthasarathi">{{Citation|title=Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850|page=2|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49889-0|given=Prasannan|surname=Parthasarathi}}</ref> By the early 18th century, Mughal Indian textiles were clothing people across the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Europe, the Americas, Africa, and the Middle East.<ref name="Jeffrey G. Williamson 2011 91">{{Cite book |last=Jeffrey G. Williamson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QiDslL0o-hUC&pg=PA91 |title=Trade and Poverty: When the Third World Fell Behind |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-262-29518-5 |page=91 |author-link=Jeffrey G. Williamson}}</ref> The most important centre of cotton production was the Bengal province, particularly around its capital city of [[Dhaka]].<ref name="Eaton">Richard Maxwell Eaton (1996), [https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA202 ''The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760'', p. 202], [[University of California Press]]</ref>

Bengal accounted for more than 50% of textiles and around 80% of silks imported by the Dutch from Asia,<ref name="Prakash"/> Bengali silk and cotton textiles were exported in large quantities to Europe, Indonesia, and Japan,<ref name="Richards1995"/>{{rp|202}} and [[Muslin trade in Bengal|Bengali muslin]] textiles from Dhaka were sold in Central Asia, where they were known as "Dhaka textiles".<ref name="Eaton"/> Indian textiles dominated the [[Indian Ocean trade]] for centuries, were sold in the Atlantic Ocean trade, and had a 38% share of the West African trade in the early 18th century, while Indian calicos were a major force in Europe, and Indian textiles accounted for 20% of total English trade with Southern Europe in the early 18th century.<ref name="williamson"/>

The [[worm gear]] roller [[cotton gin]], which was invented in India during the early [[Delhi Sultanate]] era of the 13th–14th centuries, came into use in the Mughal Empire sometime around the 16th century,<ref name="K8kO4J3mXUAC page 53"/> and is still used in India through to the present day.<ref name="LakGin">{{Cite book |last=Lakwete |first=Angela |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOMaGVnPfBcC |title=Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8018-7394-2 |location=Baltimore |pages=1–6 |ref=Lakwete}}</ref> Another innovation, the incorporation of the [[Crank (mechanism)|crank]] handle in the cotton gin, first appeared in India sometime during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire.<ref>[[Irfan Habib]] (2011), [https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA53 ''Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500'', pp. 53–54], [[Pearson Education]]</ref> The production of cotton, which may have largely been spun in the villages and then taken to towns in the form of yarn to be woven into cloth textiles, was advanced by the diffusion of the [[spinning wheel]] across India shortly before the Mughal era, lowering the costs of yarn and helping to increase demand for cotton. The diffusion of the spinning wheel, and the incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC |title=Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500 |page=54 |author=[[Irfan Habib]] |year=2011 |publisher=[[Pearson Education]]|isbn=9788131727911}}</ref>

<blockquote>Once, the Mughal emperor Akbar asked his courtiers, which was the most beautiful flower. Some said rose, from whose petals were distilled the precious [[attar]], others, the lotus, glory of every Indian village. But Birbal said, “The cotton boll”. There was a scornful laughter and Akbar asked for an explanation. Birbal said, “Your Majesty, from the cotton boll comes the fine fabric prized by merchants across the seas that has made your empire famous throughout the world. The perfume of your fame far exceeds the scent of roses and jasmine. That is why I say the cotton boll is the most beautiful flower.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dey|first=Gouri|url=http://archive.org/details/fashionanddesigningunderthemughalsakbartoaurangzeb.ahistoricalperspective|title=Fashion And Designing Under The Mughals Akbar To Aurangzeb. A Historical Perspective|language=en|page=57}}</ref></blockquote>

=== Shipbuilding industry ===
Mughal India had a large [[shipbuilding]] industry, which was also largely centred in the Bengal province. Economic historian Indrajit Ray estimates shipbuilding output of Bengal during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries at 223,250 tons annually, compared with 23,061 tons produced in nineteen colonies in North America from 1769 to 1771.<ref name="ray174">{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Indrajit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA174 |title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857) |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-136-82552-1 |pages=174}}</ref> He also assesses ship repairing as very advanced in Bengal.<ref name="ray174"/>

Indian shipbuilding, particularly in Bengal, was advanced compared to European shipbuilding at the time, with Indians selling ships to European firms. An important innovation in shipbuilding was the introduction of a [[Flush deck|flushed deck]] design in Bengal rice ships, resulting in [[Hull (watercraft)|hulls]] that were stronger and less prone to leak than the structurally weak hulls of traditional European ships built with a stepped [[Deck (ship)|deck]] design. The British [[East India Company]] later duplicated the flushed deck and hull designs of Bengal rice ships in the 1760s, leading to significant improvements in [[seaworthiness]] and navigation for European ships during the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Technological Dynamism in a Stagnant Sector: Safety at Sea during the Early Industrial Revolution |url=http://www.ucd.ie/t4cms/WP17_11.pdf}}</ref>

== Regional economies ==
=== Bengal Subah ===
{{See also|Muslin trade in Bengal}}
[[File:Boro Katra 4 by Ashif Siddique.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the [[Bara Katra|Great Caravanserai]] in [[Dhaka]].]]
The province of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] was especially prosperous from the time of its takeover by the Mughals in 1590 until the British East India Company seized control in 1757.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roy |first=Tirthankar |author-link=Tirthankar Roy |date=November 2011 |title=Where is Bengal? Situating an Indian Region in the Early Modern World Economy |journal=Past & Present |issue=213 |pages=115–146 |doi=10.1093/pastj/gtr009}}</ref> It was the Mughal Empire's wealthiest province.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alam |first=M. Shahid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=suKKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |title=Poverty From The Wealth of Nations: Integration and Polarization in the Global Economy since 1760 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-333-98564-9 |page=32 |author-link=M. Shahid Alam}}</ref> Domestically, much of India depended on Bengali products such as rice, silks and cotton textiles. Overseas, Europeans depended on Bengali products such as cotton textiles, silks, and opium; Bengal accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia, for example, including more than 50% of textiles and around 80% of silks.<ref name="Prakash"/> From Bengal, saltpeter was also shipped to Europe, opium was sold in Indonesia, raw silk was exported to Japan and the Netherlands, and cotton and silk textiles were exported to Europe, Indonesia and Japan.<ref name="Richards1995"/>

Akbar played a key role in establishing Bengal as a leading centre of commerce, as he began transforming many of the jungles there into farms. As soon as he conquered the region, he brought tools and men to clear jungles in order to expand cultivation and brought [[Sufis]] to open the jungles to farming.<ref name="Ludden96"/> Bengal was later described as the ''Paradise of Nations'' by Mughal emperors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The paradise of nations |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/dec/20/paradise-nations |website=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> The Mughals introduced [[agrarian reform]]s, including the modern [[Bengali calendar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |title=Bengali New Year: how Akbar invented the modern Bengali calendar |url=http://scroll.in/article/720351/bengali-new-year-how-akbar-invented-the-modern-bengali-calendar |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> The calendar played a vital role in developing and organising harvests, tax collection and Bengali culture in general, including the [[Bengali New Year|New Year]] and [[Nabanna|Autumn]] festivals.

The province was a leading producer of grains, salt, fruits, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments.<ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book |last=Nanda |first=J. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HsV3cYAvGEEC |title=Bengal: The Unique State |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-8069-149-2}}</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2019}} Its [[handloom]] industry flourished under [[royal warrant of appointment|royal warrants]], making the region a hub of the worldwide [[Muslin trade in Bengal|muslin trade]], which peaked in the 17th and 18th centuries. The provincial capital [[Dhaka]] became the commercial capital of the empire. The Mughals expanded cultivated land in the [[Bengal delta]] under the leadership of [[Sufi]]s, which consolidated the foundation of [[Bengali Muslim]] society.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |publisher=University of California Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9|p=157}}</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2019}}

After 150 years of rule by Mughal [[viceroy]]s, Bengal gained semi-independence as a [[dominion]] under the [[Nawab of Bengal]] in 1717. The Nawabs permitted European companies to set up trading posts across the region, including firms from [[British East India Company|Britain]], [[French Indies Company|France]], the [[Dutch Bengal|Netherlands]], [[Danish India|Denmark]], Portugal and [[Bankipur (Bengal)|Austria]]. An [[Armenian community of Dhaka|Armenian]] community dominated banking and shipping in major cities and towns. The Europeans regarded Bengal as the richest place for trade.<ref name="books.google.com"/> By the late 18th century, the [[British Empire|British]] displaced the Mughal ruling class in Bengal.

== Decline and deindustrialisation ==
[[File:Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey.jpg|thumb|Francis Hayman, ''Robert Clive and Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey'' (c. 1762). The 1757 victory and the subsequent grant of the ''diwani'' of Bengal to the East India Company in 1765 shifted the empire's richest provincial revenue to the Company.]]
After Aurangzeb's death in 1707, imperial authority fragmented under succession wars, the [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|sack of Delhi by Nadir Shah]] in 1739, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Afghan]] invasions, and the rise of [[Mughal successor states|successor states]] including the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], the [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawabs of Awadh]] and the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams of Hyderabad]].<ref name="Alam2013">{{cite book |last=Alam |first=Muzaffar |title=The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh and Punjab, 1707-48 |edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-807741-1}}</ref> The [[Battle of Plassey|British victory at Plassey in 1757]] and the grant of ''[[diwani]]'' over Bengal in 1765 shifted the revenue of the empire's richest province to the [[East India Company]].<ref name="Prakash1998" /> Over the following decades Indian textile exports collapsed as Britain industrialised and imposed discriminatory tariffs; Broadberry and Gupta argue the silver-wage gap between Europe and Asia had already widened before 1800, so the political transition accelerated an ongoing divergence rather than beginning one.<ref name="BroadberryGupta2006">{{cite journal |last1=Broadberry |first1=Stephen |last2=Gupta |first2=Bishnupriya |title=The early modern great divergence: wages, prices and economic development in Europe and Asia, 1500-1800 |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=59 |issue=1 |year=2006 |pages=2-31 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2005.00331.x}}</ref>

== Historiography ==
The modern study of the Mughal economy begins with [[W. H. Moreland]]'s ''From Akbar to Aurangzeb'' (1923), a largely pessimistic reading drawn from travellers' accounts.<ref>{{cite book |last=Moreland |first=W. H. |author-link=W. H. Moreland |title=From Akbar to Aurangzeb: A Study in Indian Economic History |publisher=Macmillan |year=1923}}</ref> The [[Aligarh historians]], led by [[Irfan Habib]], reframed the field through revenue records and documentary sources, emphasising agrarian structure and the contradictions that produced crisis.<ref name="Habib2014" /> [[Shireen Moosvi]]'s quantitative reconstruction of the 1595 ''[[A'in-i-Akbari]]'' data remains the standard statistical benchmark.<ref name="Moosvi2015" /> More recent work by [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]], [[Om Prakash (historian)|Om Prakash]], [[Tirthankar Roy]] and [[Prasannan Parthasarathi]] has shifted emphasis towards maritime commerce, merchant communities, and comparative measures of early modern living standards.<ref name="Parthasarathi2011">{{cite book |last=Parthasarathi |first=Prasannan |title=Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600-1850 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-139-49889-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Roy |first=Tirthankar |author-link=Tirthankar Roy |title=Where is Bengal? Situating an Indian Region in the Early Modern World Economy |journal=Past & Present |volume=213 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pages=115-146 |doi=10.1093/pastj/gtr009}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Economic history of India]]
* [[Economic history of the Indian subcontinent]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{Citation |last=Chaudhuri |first=K.N. |title=Some Reflections on the Town and Country in Mughal India |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=77–96 |year=1978 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00008155 |jstor=311823|s2cid=146558617}}
* Habib, Irfan. ''Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps'' (1982).
* Habib, Irfan. ''Agrarian System of Mughal India'' (1963, revised edition 1999).
* {{Citation |last=Heesterman |first=J.C. |title=The Social Dynamics of the Mughal Empire: A Brief Introduction |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=292–297 |year=2004 |doi=10.1163/1568520041974729 |jstor=25165051}}
* {{Citation |last=Khan |first=Iqtidar Alam |title=The Middle Classes in the Mughal Empire |journal=Social Scientist |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=28–49 |year=1976 |doi=10.2307/3516601 |jstor=3516601}}
* Rothermund, Dietmar. ''An Economic History of India: From Pre-Colonial Times to 1991'' (1993)
* {{Citation |last=Richards |first=John F. |title=Mughal Administration in Golconda |year=1975a |place=Oxford [England] |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=0-19-821561-4 |oclc=2932290}}

{{Refend}}

{{Mughal Empire}}

[[Category:Government of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Economic history of India]]

Chiriyakhana (novel)

2026-04-23T18:52:02Z

Sanjanadalvi: Starting A Details!

{{Short description|1953 Bengali detective novella by Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay}}
{{About|the Byomkesh Bakshi story by Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay|the detective|Byomkesh Bakshi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|reason=since v1; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in promotional tone, vocab distro typical of 2024 LLMs, here and in user's other edits}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Chiriyakhana
| title_orig = চিড়িয়াখানা
| translator =
| image = 
| caption =
| author = [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]
| cover_artist =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| series = [[Byomkesh Bakshi]]
| genre = [[Detective fiction|Detective]], [[Crime fiction|crime]], [[Mystery fiction|mystery]]
| publisher =
| release_date = 1953
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|hardback]] & [[paperback]])
| preceded_by = Durgo Rahasya (1952)
| followed_by = Adim Ripu (1955)
}}

'''''Chiriyakhana''''' ({{Langx|bn|চিড়িয়াখানা|4=Zoo}}) is a 1953 Bengali detective novella written by [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]], featuring the iconic sleuth [[Byomkesh Bakshi]] and his associate Ajit.<ref name=Samagra>{{Cite book |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Sharadindu |title=Byomkesh Samagra |year=2014 |publisher=Ananda Publishers |location=Kolkata |language=bn |isbn=978-8172157895}}</ref> It is part of the popular Byomkesh Bakshi series and is considered one of the most complex and intriguing cases in the detective's career.

== Plot ==
The story is set in Rose Colony, a secluded community established by Nishanath Sen, a retired judge, as a sanctuary for individuals with troubled pasts. The colony's inhabitants include:

*Damyanti Sen: Nishanath's young wife, harboring a secret past
*Vijay: Nishanath's nephew, entangled in a love triangle with Mukul and Banalakshmi
*Professor Nepal Gupta: an eccentric scientist ostracized for his alleged involvement in a bomb explosion
*Mukul: Nepal's daughter, drawn into a complex relationship with Vijay
*Brajadas: a reformed criminal seeking redemption in Rose Colony
*Dr. Bhujangadhar Das: a disgraced doctor with a passion for music and a mysterious connection to Damyanti
*Banalakshmi: a young woman with a troubled past, romantically involved with Rasik Dey
*Muskil Mia: the colony's coachman, privy to the secrets of its residents

Byomkesh and Ajit arrive at Rose Colony at Nishanath's request, who is perturbed by a series of strange occurrences—motor parts being mysteriously left at his doorstep. However, the situation escalates when Nishanath is discovered dead in his bed, seemingly from natural causes.

Byomkesh's investigation uncovers a complex web of relationships and hidden motives within the colony. He learns that Nishanath's death might not be as straightforward as it appears. Further complicating matters, Panugopal, another resident, is found dead from poisoning.

As Byomkesh delves deeper, he uncovers a hidden connection between Nishanath's past and a deceased actress named Sunayana. The investigation leads him to suspect several individuals, including Damyanti, Vijay, and Dr. Bhujangadhar Das.

Through careful observation and deduction, Byomkesh pieces together the puzzle. He reveals that Dr. Bhujangadhar Das, driven by a desire for control and revenge, orchestrated the murders. Das, formerly known as Bhujangadhar Mukhopadhyay, was Sunayana's husband. Sunayana, seeking a new life, underwent plastic surgery and assumed the identity of Banalakshmi. Bhujangadhar, consumed by rage and a thirst for retribution, followed her to Rose Colony. He manipulated events, using the motor parts as a distraction and ultimately murdering Nishanath and Panugopal to maintain his control over Banalakshmi.<ref name=Samagra/>

== Themes ==
The novella explores several themes:

* Deception and hidden identities: The residents of Rose Colony conceal their true identities and pasts.
* The complexity of human nature: Characters are multifaceted, with both good and bad qualities.
* Justice and redemption: Byomkesh's pursuit of justice and the possibility of redemption for some characters are central to the story.

== Literary significance ==
''Chiriyakhana'' is notable for its complex plot structure and psychological depth. It showcases Bandyopadhyay's skill in crafting intricate mysteries and his insight into human psychology. The novella is often cited as one of the finest examples of Bengali detective fiction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengali Detective Fiction |url=https://example.com/bengali-detective-fiction |website=Literary Studies |access-date=2023-09-19}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==

=== Film ===
The novella was adapted into a critically acclaimed Bengali film in 1967, directed by [[Satyajit Ray]]. The film, titled ''Chiriakhana'' or ''Chiriyakhana'' (English: The Menagerie), starred [[Uttam Kumar]] as Byomkesh Bakshi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chiriyakhana (1967) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0154831/ |website=IMDb |access-date=2023-09-19}}</ref>

The film's reception was initially mixed. It was once considered Ray's worst film due to its complex plot and perceived unfaithfulness to the source material. However, Uttam Kumar's flexible acting was praised by many critics at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A very ordinary Byomkesh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/a-very-ordinary-byomkesh/ |website=The Indian Express |date=14 April 2015 |access-date=2023-09-19}}</ref> Over time, the film has gained appreciation for its complexity and Ray's unique interpretation of the story.

=== Television ===
The story has been adapted multiple times for television:

* It was part of the popular ''Byomkesh Bakshi'' television series aired on Doordarshan from 1993 to 1997. The adaptation was split into two episodes:
** "Chiryaghar - Part 1" (Season 1, Episode 13), aired on May 9, 1993<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chiryaghar - Part 1 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1921371/?ref_=ttep_ep13 |website=IMDb |access-date=2023-09-19}}</ref>
** "Chiryaghar - Part 2" (Season 1, Episode 14), aired on May 16, 1993<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chiryaghar - Part 2 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1921372/?ref_=ttep_ep14 |website=IMDb |access-date=2023-09-19}}</ref>
* The story was later remade in Hindi as part of the television series ''Byomkesh Bakshi'' starring Rajit Kapoor, which aired on Doordarshan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Byomkesh Bakshy: Why even purists will love Dibakar's rendition |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/byomkesh-bakshy-why-even-purists-will-love-dibakar-s-rendition/story-WQYI5lUuuryJFVamHKJrqM.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=2023-09-19}}</ref>

These adaptations have helped introduce new generations to this classic mystery and have contributed to the enduring popularity of Byomkesh Bakshi as a character.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Byomkesh Bakshi |url=https://thrillingdetective.com/2024/07/29/byomkesh-bakshi/ |website=Thrilling Detective |access-date=2023-09-19}}</ref>

== Publication ==

''Chiriyakhana'' has been published multiple times, both individually and as part of collections of Byomkesh Bakshi stories. An English translation titled ''The Menagerie and Other Byomkesh Bakshi Mysteries'' is available, making the story accessible to a wider audience.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Menagerie and Other Byomkesh Bakshi Mysteries |id={{ASIN|0143061968|country=in}} }}</ref>

The story continues to be popular among fans of detective fiction and is often included in discussions and analyses of classic Bengali literature.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Byomkesh Bakshi |url=https://classicmysteryhunt.blogspot.com/p/byomkesh-bakshi.html |website=Classic Mystery Hunt |access-date=2023-09-19}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Chiriyakhana'' remains one of the most popular and widely discussed stories in the ''Byomkesh Bakshi'' series. Its complex plot, well-developed characters, and atmospheric setting have captivated readers for generations. The novella's intriguing narrative and thought-provoking themes have contributed to its enduring popularity in Bengali literature and solidified its place as a classic in the detective fiction genre.<ref name=Samagra/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Byomkesh Bakshi}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chiriyakhana}}
[[Category:1953 novels]]
[[Category:Bengali-language novels]]
[[Category:Byomkesh Bakshi]]
[[Category:Detective novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Novels by Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]

Vada Chennai

2026-04-23T10:49:06Z

Sanjanadalvi:

{{Unreliable sources|date=January 2026}}
{{short description|2018 film by Vetrimaaran}}
{{for|the eponymous place|North Chennai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vada Chennai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vetrimaaran]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Dhanush]]|[[Subaskaran Allirajah]]|Vetrimaaran}}
| writer = Vetrimaaran
| starring = {{ubl|Dhanush| [[Andrea Jeremiah]]|[[Ameer (director)|Ameer]]|[[Samuthirakani]]|[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]|[[Daniel Balaji]]|[[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]]|[[Aishwarya Rajesh]]}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| cinematography = [[Velraj]]
| editing = {{ubl|G. B. Venkatesh|R. Ramar}}
| studio = {{ubl|[[Wunderbar Films]]|[[Lyca Productions]]|[[Grass Root Film Company]]}}
| distributor = {{ubl|Lyca Productions|Wunderbar Films}}
| country = India
| runtime = 164 minutes
| language = Tamil
| released = {{film date|2018|10|17|df=yes}}
| budget = {{INR}}60 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-08 |title=Vada Chennai first look: Vetrimaaran and Dhanush are all set to take us to North Chennai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vada-chennai-first-look-vetrimaaran-and-dhanush-are-all-set-to-take-us-to-north-chennai-1184494-2018-03-08 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushik |first=L. M. |date=2018-03-08 |title=What To Expect From Vetri Maaran And Dhanush's Vada Chennai |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/what-to-expect-vada-chennai-vetri-maaran-dhanush |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710195656/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/what-to-expect-vada-chennai-vetri-maaran-dhanush |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-29 |title='Vada Chennai': Interesting facts about Dhanush and Vetri Maaran's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/vada-chennai-interesting-facts-about-dhanush-and-vetri-maarans-film/photostory/63312751.cms |access-date=2024-07-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710221959/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/vada-chennai-interesting-facts-about-dhanush-and-vetri-maarans-film/photostory/63312751.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Vada Chennai''''' ({{Translation|[[North Chennai]]}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vada Chennai |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/vada-chennai-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotu1nzk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813103322/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/vada-chennai-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotu1nzk |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=14 August 2021 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref> written and directed by [[Vetrimaaran]]. Produced by [[Lyca Productions]], [[Wunderbar Films]] and [[Grass Root Film Company]], the film stars [[Dhanush]] as Anbu, a skilled [[carrom]] player who becomes a reluctant participant in a gang war between two rival gangsters. The cast also includes [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Samuthirakani]], [[Daniel Balaji]], [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] and [[Ameer (director)|Ameer]]. It is the first instalment in a planned universe.

The film had been in the news since late 2009, with an official announcement only made in November 2011 that the filming would commence by March 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2011 |title=Vetrimaran's Vada Chennai announced |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vetrimaran-s-vada-chennai-announced-news-tamil-ll4kabeahha.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129150832/http://www.sify.com/movies/vetrimaran-s-vada-chennai-announced-news-tamil-ll4kabeahha.html?scategory=tamil |archive-date=29 January 2014 |access-date=15 December 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> After being temporarily shelved, the film re-materialized in May 2015 with a new cast; featuring Dhanush as the lead, making his third collaboration with the director after ''[[Polladhavan (2007 film)|Polladhavan]]'' (2007) and ''[[Aadukalam]]'' (2011). Principal photography for the film, which commenced in June 2016, was wrapped up in February 2018. The cinematography for the film was done by [[Velraj]], editing was handled by G. B. Venkatesh and R. Ramar, and the musical score was composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]].

''Vada Chennai'' was initially slated to release on 13 September 2018, during the [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Ganesh Chathurthi]] festival, but was postponed to 17 October 2018, because of the post-production work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2018 |title=Dhanush on Vada Chennai: Film's journey started 10 years ago; seeing it release feels like a dream |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dhanush-on-vada-chennai-films-journey-started-10-years-ago-seeing-it-release-feels-like-a-dream-5375541.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820214433/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dhanush-on-vada-chennai-films-journey-started-10-years-ago-seeing-it-release-feels-like-a-dream-5375541.html |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=10 September 2019 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> The film received critical acclaim, praising its direction, plot, music, action sequences and cast performances, while criticising its dialogues. Post-release, the film drew controversies, about the fishermen community, in which a few scenes from the film were found offensive, after the director decided to remove the scenes from the movie, and added further new scenes.

The film received several awards at the 2018 [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]], including Best Actor for [[Dhanush]], Best Supporting Actor for Ameer and Best Music Director for Santhosh Narayanan. At the [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards]], the film received several nominations, including Best Actor for Dhanush, which was the only win at the ceremony. The film was nominated in three categories at the [[66th Filmfare Awards South]], in which Dhanush won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Actor]]. A [[sequel]] and a [[prequel]] for the film were planned by Vetrimaaran, which will be made into a [[web series]].

== Plot ==
'''''1987: Sentil, Guna & Thambi'''''

Guna, "Jawa" Pazhani, Velu, and Senthil kill a "high profile" crime boss at a restaurant in North Madras ([[Madras]] is the former name of [[Chennai]], the capital of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]). Senthil requests Guna and Velu to surrender for the murder while he bails them out. A year later, the pair is still in prison, which creates a deep rift between them and Senthil, despite Mani and Thambi, the crime boss's younger brother intervening.

'''''2000: Anbu, Senthil and the Jail'''''

The new warden of the [[Madras Central Prison|Madras central prison]] plans to weed out all nefarious activities in the prison, which are being controlled by Senthil from the 7th block. Senthil sells drugs worth millions every month in a very elaborate manner, and never steps out of the 7th block, fearing for his life from Guna's men in the 11th block. Anbu and Velu's brother Siva is brought into the prison for fighting. Anbu saves one of Senthil's henchmen Raju, from being killed by Siva. Anbu is placed in the 11th block under Velu and Mani. During a raid, Anbu gives away a mobile phone belonging to Mani and is almost killed for doing so, before being saved by the warden. He is shown to have saved his right hand from any injury, while being attacked.

'''''1991: Anbu, Carrom, & Padma'''''

Anbu, a 20 year-old skilled [[carrom]] player, whose friend Siva often gets him to play bet matches. On the night [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated]], the entire hamlet where Anbu lives loots nearby shops and makes away with various goods. A masked girl steals a [[sewing machine]] from Anbu, but he lets her go. The next morning, the local cops, along with Thambi, arrive to recover the stolen goods. Despite having his goods returned, the shopkeeper is keen on filing a complaint against Anbu, as he had hit him the previous night under the pretext of not returning the sewing machine. In turn, Anbu goes and accosts the girl Padma, but she refuses to return it. Anbu gets beaten up by the shopkeeper and loses badly in that year's carrom tournament. Anbu and Padma begin a relationship, during the course of which Anbu saves Guna from [[contract killing|contract killers]] during a festival. The killers reveal that they are Senthil's men and things only worsen between Guna and Senthil.

'''2000:''' Raju helps Anbu shift to the 7th block after he cleverly smuggles in [[contraband]] for Raju. Meanwhile, Senthil is still trying to harbour political aspirations through a local politician named Muthu, who is also in prison.

'''''1996: Anbu, Padma, & Pazhani'''''

Pazhani teases Padma after she and Anbu are caught kissing. Pazhani also beats up Padma's brother Kannan. Anbu goes to speak to Pazhani, but is beaten up as well. After no one is willing to help him, Anbu and Kannan go back with weapons belonging to Guna's brother to threaten him, but end up killing Pazhani. Pazhani's men chase the two, but they escapes without being identified.

'''2000:''' Anbu requests Senthil to organise a carrom tournament for the prisoners, which will also help Senthil to make peace with the strict prison chief and also promote his political aspirations. The tournament is conducted throughout the prison. Senthil, Siva and Anbu all proceed to the knock-out semi-finals. The final two rounds of the tournament are held in the common prison courtyard, which implies that Senthil must come out. Velu and Mani try to utilise the opportunity to kill Senthil and heavily arm their boys. Senthil is alerted and gets ready to kill his assassins with their own weapons. However, Senthil's right thumb is injured accidentally, and he withdraws from the tournament. Anbu and Siva proceed to the finals and Anbu requests Senthil to be present for the finals to raise morale. Senthil agrees and arrives to watch the final. Seconds after Anbu wins the final, the tournament tent is collapsed and two gangs clash. Senthil is able to aptly defend himself. However, Anbu stabs Senthil in the neck with a wooden shard broken from the carrom board, leaving him heavily injured and [[paralysis|paralysed]] for life. Raju is the only witness, but doesn't talk as Anbu spared his life from Siva earlier. Later, Anbu explains to Raju about his loyalty towards Guna.

'''''1996: Anbu, Guna, & Chandra'''''

After Anbu and Kannan eliminate Pazhani, Thambi arranges for them to be sheltered by Guna. While Guna initially plans to send the two men far away for their safety, his wife Chandra persuades him to instead send his own brother, Shankar, to prison in Anbu’s place arguing that the move would benefit everyone involved. Guna agrees, and Anbu and Kannan are placed on boats and sent into hiding. Within two days, Shankar is murdered in prison by Senthil while engaged in a compromising act with Raju. Devastated and guilt-ridden, Anbu vows his loyalty to Guna for life. Later, as Senthil seeks to secure a party leadership position, he surrenders to the authorities and proposes a truce with Guna. However, Guna soon discovers that Senthil has secretly submitted both his and Velu’s names to the police hit list. Meanwhile, Anbu approaches Padma's family to request her hand in marriage. Her father refuses, but with Kannan’s help, Anbu brings Padma to his home regardless. Simultaneously, Guna summons Anbu and outlines a plan for him to enter prison, gain Senthil’s trust, and ultimately eliminate him.

'''2000:''' Anbu is bailed out of prison by Guna, but tells him that he does not want to work for Guna and wants to hone carrom players instead. Anbu then marries Padma.

'''2003:''' At a coming-of-age ceremony for Thambi's daughter, a road contractor requests Guna and Senthil to come together to help in evicting people from Anbu's hamlet with the promise of houses and jobs. Anbu's friend Hameed, a bank officer, has petitioned against the project, and Guna requests Anbu's help to talk to Hameed. Later, Anbu then tells everything to Padma, including Rajan's story and how he had fought for the local people.

'''''1987: Anbu, Rajan, and the Hood'''''

Rajan is the biggest smuggler in North Madras and works for Muthu, who is the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] of that area. Muthu requests Rajan's help with clearing out the hamlets for a road project, which was initiated for the [[Pope John Paul II|Pope]]'s visit. Rajan stands against Muthu and vows to protect his hood and stops his smuggling activities. He also marries Chandra. Seeing that Rajan will not help him, Muthu informs the cops about his smuggling activities. When the cops arrive, Rajan kidnaps the [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] and refuses to leave him until the road project is called off. Rajan is hailed as a hero in the hood for stopping the project. When the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[M. G. Ramachandran#Illness and death|MGR dies]], Rajan arrives at his funeral.

Meanwhile, Muthu instigates Senthil to smuggle contraband using college students of their area, and then tips the police, leading to the youngster getting arrested. Senthil, Guna, Velu and Pazhani are beaten up and publicly humiliated by Rajan for working against his wishes, and they hence plot Rajan's death. That night, they get Thambi to call Rajan to a hotel where Rajan tells them that he will help them become big. He tells that he has arranged for release of the boys and he bet them just to pacify the families of those boys. They are hesitant to kill him, but when their plot gets revealed, they hack Rajan (the dead man from the opening scene) to death. While dying, Rajan requests Thambi to refrain from doing anything and let things be.

'''2003:''' At the meeting with the road contractor, Anbu makes a stand for the people of the hood and refuses to endorse the project. Enraged that Anbu went up against him, Guna lets Senthil's brother-in-law Kumar, a police officer, know that it was Anbu who stabbed Senthil. Chandra then reveals that how she was behind everything that happened. She had sent men to kill Guna during the festival, but Anbu saved him. She decides to marry Guna and to use him to help kill the other three involved in Rajan's death. She added Guna and Velu's names to the hit list and drives a wedge between Guna and Velu. She gets Guna to leave the hood with her and sends Rajan's men to protect Anbu from Kumar. Kumar finds Anbu, but is heavily beaten and warned by him.

Anbu then traps Guna and Chandra as they leave the hood and warns Guna to leave him and hood alone. Chandra secretly gives Rajan's old home to Anbu, who takes up Rajan's cause of fighting for the people.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Dhanush]] as Anbu, a skilled carrom player and Padma's husband
* [[Andrea Jeremiah]] as Chandra, Rajan's widow and Guna's wife
* [[Ameer (director)|Ameer]] as Rajan, a prominent local fishermen and Chandra's husband
* [[Samuthirakani]] as Guna, a member of Rajan's gang and Chandra's second husband
* [[Daniel Balaji]] as Thambi, Rajan's younger brother
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Senthil, a member of Rajan's gang
* [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]] as Velu, a member of Rajan's gang and Siva's elder brother
* [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] as Padma, Anbu's wife
* Subathra Robert as Sudha, Senthil's wife
* [[Sai Dheena]] as "Jawa" Pazhani, Rajan's gang member
* [[Radha Ravi]] as Muthu, a politician and Rajan's ex-boss
* [[Subramaniam Siva]] as Mani, who works alongside Velu and Anbu
* [[Vincent Asokan]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]]
* [[Rajesh Sharma (Malayalam actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Chanchal
* [[Saran Shakthi]] as Kannan, Padma's younger brother
* [[Hari Krishnan (Tamil actor)|Hari Krishnan]] as Raju, Senthil's henchman
* [[Pavel Navageethan]] as Siva, Velu's younger brother
* Ragavendhar as Rasigan
* [[Munnar Ramesh]] as Rajan's friend
* [[G. Marimuthu]] as a doctor
* [[Sampath Ram]] as a police officer
* [[Sendrayan]] as Locality resident (cameo appearance)
{{colend}}

== Production ==
=== Origin ===
Vetrimaaran developed the story of ''Vada Chennai'' in 2003 when he met an unnamed person in the streets of [[North Chennai]], to narrate a script about bike theft, in which he tried to explore about gangsterism and the rise and fall of mafia gangs in North Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=16 October 2018 |title='My films make themselves, I'm only a medium', says 'Vada Chennai' director Vetri Maaran |url=https://scroll.in/reel/898398/my-films-make-themselves-im-only-a-medium-says-vada-chennai-director-vetri-maaran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629075606/https://scroll.in/reel/898398/my-films-make-themselves-im-only-a-medium-says-vada-chennai-director-vetri-maaran |archive-date=29 June 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> But he later decided to work on ''[[Polladhavan (2007 film)|Polladhavan]]'' (2007), with Dhanush in the lead, and then, on ''[[Aadukalam]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2018 |title=The journey of 'Vada Chennai' began in 2003: Dhanush |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/oct/10/the-journey-of-vada-chennai-began-in-2003-dhanush-1883654.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812173940/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/oct/10/the-journey-of-vada-chennai-began-in-2003-dhanush-1883654.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> During the production of ''Aadukalam'', Vetrimaaran simultaneously scripted and modified the project. It was announced that [[Karthi]] signed the film, in October 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2009 |title=Dailynews – Karthi in Vada Chennai |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/20102009-3.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113071541/http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/20102009-3.shtml |archive-date=13 January 2010 |access-date=20 March 2012 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2019 |title=One Year of Vada Chennai: 40 lesser-known facts about the incredible journey of the film from the script to the screen |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/oct/16/one-year-of-vada-chennai-40-lesser-known-facts-about-the-incredible-journey-of-the-film-from-the-sc-700.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813071209/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/oct/16/one-year-of-vada-chennai-40-lesser-known-facts-about-the-incredible-journey-of-the-film-from-the-sc-700.html |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> In February 2010, it was revealed that the film would see Karthi, play the lead role of a fisherman, who is drawn into a [[mafia]] gang, unwillingly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 13, 2010 |title=Karthi shifts gear |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/54425.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216113803/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/54425.html |archive-date=16 February 2010 |access-date=20 March 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> [[Dayanidhi Azhagiri]] was confirmed to produce the project, under [[Cloud Nine Movies]], and [[Anushka Shetty]], was announced as the female lead, who would play a [[Marwaris|Marwari girl]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 13, 2009 |title=Karthi to romance Anushka |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/51648.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109031731/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/51648.html |archive-date=9 November 2012 |access-date=20 March 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> However, talks with Karthi fell through, after the film went through delays. In July 2010, Vetrimaaran revealed that discussions were being held with three other actors, to replace Karthi in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2010 |title=Vettrimaran to start 'Vada Chennai' |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/59031.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229061811/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/59031.html |archive-date=29 December 2011 |access-date=20 March 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The film made news, without an official announcement, over the next year. Following the huge success of ''Aadukalam'', Vetrimaaran began considering other scripts, instead.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 September 2011 |title=Vetri Maaran begins writing his next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Vetri-Maaran-begins-writing-his-next/articleshow/9881130.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419093750/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-06/news-interviews/30118598_1_vetri-maaran-vada-chennai-dhayanidhi-alagiri |archive-date=19 April 2012 |access-date=20 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In October 2011, the producers announced that the film would re-start soon and feature [[Silambarasan]], as the main lead, in place of Karthi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2011 |title=Simbu in Vada Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Simbu-in-Vada-Chebbai/articleshow/10637777.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708160444/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-06/news-interviews/30369981_1_simbu-aadukalam-director-vetri-maaran |archive-date=8 July 2012 |access-date=20 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Rana Daggubati]] and [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] were cast in other pivotal roles, with Vetrimaaran adding that the story of ''Vada Chennai'' was first written in 2003, and that he took notes from the first script, to make his other two films.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=5 February 2016 |title=I can never make a light film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/i-can-never-make-a-light-film/article8194956.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164606/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/i-can-never-make-a-light-film/article8194956.ece |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=13 December 2011 |title=Leader to gangster |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/leader-to-gangster/article2711607.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921034529/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/leader-to-gangster/article2711607.ece |archive-date=21 September 2018 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Vetrimaaran's usual team, consisting of cinematographer [[Velraj]], editor [[Kishore Te|Kishore T.E.]], art director Jacki, and music director [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], from ''Polladhavan'' and ''Aadukalam'', were retained and confirmed to be part of the main crew.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2011 |title=Vetri Maaran's Vada Chennai – Hero Finalized! |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/nov-11-05/vetri-maran-vada-chennai-30-11-11.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420161241/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/nov-11-05/vetri-maran-vada-chennai-30-11-11.html |archive-date=20 April 2012 |access-date=20 March 2012 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2016 |title=Amala Paul's role disclosed in the movie Vada Chennai |url=http://cinemabulletin.in/amala-pauls-role-disclosed-in-the-movie-vada-chennai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916043957/http://cinemabulletin.in/amala-pauls-role-disclosed-in-the-movie-vada-chennai/ |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=15 September 2016 |website=Cinema Bulletin}}</ref> The director confirmed that [[Andrea Jeremiah]] would also play a pivotal supporting role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 2011 |title=Andrea in Vada Chennai |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-29/news-interviews/30459213_1_andrea-vetri-maaran-new-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207135542/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-29/news-interviews/30459213_1_andrea-vetri-maaran-new-film |archive-date=7 December 2013 |access-date=20 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Divya Spandana]], who previously worked with Vetrimaaran in ''Polladhavan'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 January 2012 |title=Divya Spandana in Vada Chennai? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/divya-spandana-in-vada-chennai/articleshow/11576809.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813071206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/divya-spandana-in-vada-chennai/articleshow/11576809.cms |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> was approached for a role in January 2012, but she did not sign the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2012 |title=Divya Spandana signs Vada Chennai? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/divya-spandana-signs-vada-chennai-news-tamil-mbzjiaaffge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127193201/http://www.sify.com/movies/divya-spandana-signs-vada-chennai-news-tamil-mbzjiaaffge.html |archive-date=27 January 2012 |access-date=20 March 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2012 |title=Vada Chennai workshop postponed! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/jan/12/vada-chennai-workshop-postponed-329552.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164608/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/jan/12/vada-chennai-workshop-postponed-329552.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> In a turn of events, Rana Daggubati opted out of the film, in February 2012, citing date issues and the delay of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2012 |title=Rana Not In Vada Chennai! |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-12-05/vada-chennai-rana-daggubati-31-01-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418162623/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-12-05/vada-chennai-rana-daggubati-31-01-12.html |archive-date=18 April 2012 |access-date=17 April 2012 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Furthermore, it was alleged that the delay of the film had also irked Silambarasan, with reports suggesting that [[Jiiva]] would replace him, if Silambarasan walked out of the project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Will Jiiva Take Up Str(simbu)'s Role? |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/mar-12-03/str-vada-chennai-19-03-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321180807/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/mar-12-03/str-vada-chennai-19-03-12.html |archive-date=21 March 2012 |access-date=20 March 2012 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 April 2012 |title='Vada Chennai' delayed again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vada-chennai-delayed-again/articleshow/12717099.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813071214/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vada-chennai-delayed-again/articleshow/12717099.cms |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In April 2012, Dayanidhi Azhagiri announced that the project was postponed and announced that Vetrimaaran would move on to make another film for his production house, with [[Dhanush]] in the lead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2012 |title=Vetri Maaran puts 'Vada Chennai' on hold; next with Dhanush |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/news/tamil/vetri-maaran-puts-vada-chennai-on-hold;-next-with-dhanush/50320/story.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627112236/http://www.nowrunning.com/news/tamil/vetri-maaran-puts-vada-chennai-on-hold;-next-with-dhanush/50320/story.htm |archive-date=27 June 2012 |access-date=19 June 2012 |website=Nowrunning}}</ref> Vetrimaaran subsequently contemplated making several different projects with the actor in the lead, before beginning filming for ''Soodhadhi'' in March 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2014 |title=Will the Dhanush – Vetri Maaran duo strike gold at the National Awards again? |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/dop-velraj-is-optimistic-about-the-new-dhanush-vetrimaaran-film.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923143007/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/dop-velraj-is-optimistic-about-the-new-dhanush-vetrimaaran-film.html |archive-date=23 September 2016 |access-date=3 January 2019 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Months into production, the film was postponed, like ''Vada Chennai''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2012 |title=Vada Chennai not shelved ' Vetrimaran |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vada-chennai-not-shelved-vetrimaran/articleshow/13343324.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813071207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vada-chennai-not-shelved-vetrimaran/articleshow/13343324.cms |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Development ===
{{Multiple image
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 150
| image1 = Vijay Sethupathi at Asiavision Movie Awards 2017.png
| alt1 = Vijay Sethupathi at Asiavision Movie Awards 2017
| image2 = Ameer at Santhanathevan Movie Launch.jpg
| width1 = 200
| width2 = 200
| alt2 = Ameer at Santhanathevan Movie Launch
| footer = [[Vijay Sethupathi]] was initially cast as the character of Rajan, but exited the project due to production delays, resulting in [[Ameer (director)|Ameer]] replacing him.
}}
In May 2015, Dhanush revealed that he would produce and feature in ''Vada Chennai'', and that the venture would restart production, in September 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |first=Janani |date=23 May 2015 |title=Vetri Maaran-Dhanush to revive Vada Chennai? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vetri-maaran-dhanush-to-revive-vada-chennai/articleshow/47383685.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526235119/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vetri-Maaran-Dhanush-to-revive-Vada-Chennai/articleshow/47383685.cms |archive-date=26 May 2015 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 May 2015 |title=Dhanush, Vetrimaaran team up for third time |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/dhanush-vetrimaaran-team-up-for-third-time-115052400332_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812175511/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/dhanush-vetrimaaran-team-up-for-third-time-115052400332_1.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> [[Samantha Akkineni|Samantha]] and Andrea Jeremiah were revealed to be among the lead actresses,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=7 February 2016 |title=Andrea in Dhanush's Vada Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/andrea-in-dhanushs-vada-chennai/articleshow/50879704.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607113332/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Andrea-in-Dhanushs-Vada-Chennai/articleshow/50879704.cms |archive-date=7 June 2016 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> while [[Santhosh Narayanan]] would be the film's composer, after Dhanush had fallen out with G. V. Prakash Kumar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sundar |first=Mrinalini |date=14 February 2016 |title=Andrea, on the love of her life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/andrea-on-the-love-of-her-life/articleshow/50974681.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716044558/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Andrea-on-the-love-of-her-life/articleshow/50974681.cms |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhanush chooses Santhosh Narayanan for Kodi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/dhanush-chooses-santhosh-narayanan-for-kodi/articleshow/50452719.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229053913/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Dhanush-chooses-Santhosh-Narayanan-for-Kodi/articleshow/50452719.cms |archive-date=29 December 2016 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=9 April 2015 |title=GV Prakash doesn't want to work with Dhanush! |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/gv-prakash-doesnt-want-to-work-with-dhanush-494424/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164607/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/gv-prakash-doesnt-want-to-work-with-dhanush-494424/ |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=Bollywood Life}}</ref> Also, G. B. Venkatesh, who assisted [[Kishore Te]] on ''[[Visaranai]]'' (2016), was roped in as the film editor, after the latter's unfortunate demise, due to his health problems. The start of the project was postponed until 2016, as Dhanush had to complete his outstanding projects, first.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2016 |title=Interrogating the auteur |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/interrogating-the-auteur/articleshow/50977297.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164614/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/interrogating-the-auteur/articleshow/50977297.cms |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> In August 2015, Vetrimaaran announced that ''Vada Chennai'' will be made into two-parts,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-16 |title=Vada Chennai: Dhanush and Vetrimaaran to make a two-part film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vada-chennai-dhanush-and-verimaaran-to-make-a-two-part-film-288567-2015-08-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812174031/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vada-chennai-dhanush-and-verimaaran-to-make-a-two-part-film-288567-2015-08-16 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> citing [[Anurag Kashyap]]'s advice to split the film into two, similar to his ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]'' films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2015 |title=Vada Chennai: Anurag Kashyap {{as written|advi|ced [sic]}} Vetrimaaran to split Dhanush's next into two parts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vada-chennai-anurag-kashyap-adviced-vetrimaaran-to-split-dhanushs-next-into-two-parts-288684-2015-08-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164607/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vada-chennai-anurag-kashyap-adviced-vetrimaaran-to-split-dhanushs-next-into-two-parts-288684-2015-08-17 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2015 |title=Vetrimaaran's two-part film inspired by Anurag Kashyap |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/anurag-kashyap-inspired-vetrimaaran-to-make-two-part-film/article7549936.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812174107/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/anurag-kashyap-inspired-vetrimaaran-to-make-two-part-film/article7549936.ece |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=IANS}}</ref> Dhanush decided to allot more than 200 days for his role, for both the parts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2015 |title=Vada Chennai: Dhanush allots 200 days for the Vetrimaaran directorial |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vada-chennai-dhanush-allots-200-days-for-the-vetrimaaran-directorial-290566-2015-08-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812170110/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vada-chennai-dhanush-allots-200-days-for-the-vetrimaaran-directorial-290566-2015-08-27 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2015 |title=IF IT'S PULI FOR VIJAY, IS IT VADA CHENNAI FOR DHANUSH? |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/dhanush-has-reportedly-allotted-200-days-for-vada-chennai.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712072135/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/dhanush-has-reportedly-allotted-200-days-for-vada-chennai.html |archive-date=12 July 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 August 2015 |title=Dhanush to set aside 200 days for 'Vada Chennai' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/dhanush-to-set-aside-200-days-for-vada-chennai-115082600266_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164606/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/dhanush-to-set-aside-200-days-for-vada-chennai-115082600266_1.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=Business Standard India |agency=IANS}}</ref> However, with [[Lyca Productions]]'s inclusion in the project, the film was extended into a trilogy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=6 September 2015 |title=Lyca Productions making a comeback |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/lyca-productions-making-a-comeback/article7621552.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164615/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/lyca-productions-making-a-comeback/article7621552.ece |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2016 |title=Lyca teams up with Dhanush and Vetrimaran Again |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/2-point-0-lyca-productions-teams-up-with-dhanush-and-vetrimaran-for-vada-chennai-tamil-news-156454 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164615/https://www.indiaglitz.com/2-point-0-lyca-productions-teams-up-with-dhanush-and-vetrimaran-for-vada-chennai-tamil-news-156454 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Unlike his previous films which were inspired by other works, including novels and films, ''Vada Chennai'' is an original and fictional representation revolving around gangsters in [[North Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2018 |title=From Polladhavan to Vada Chennai, how Vetrimaaran became one of Tamil cinema's most celebrated filmmakers |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/from-polladhavan-to-vada-chennai-how-vetrimaaran-became-one-of-tamil-cinemas-most-celebrated-filmmakers-5464341.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812174015/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/from-polladhavan-to-vada-chennai-how-vetrimaaran-became-one-of-tamil-cinemas-most-celebrated-filmmakers-5464341.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

In late 2015, the team held talks with Jiiva and [[Vijay Sethupathi]], again, for portraying other pivotal characters in the film, though neither of them signed the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2015 |title=WoW ! Dhanush, Jiiva & Vijay Sethupathi in a Multistarrer |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/dhanush-jiiva-vijay-sethupathi-heroes-in-vetrimaaran-vada-chennai-tamil-news-149215.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164607/https://www.indiaglitz.com/dhanush-jiiva-vijay-sethupathi-heroes-in-vetrimaaran-vada-chennai-tamil-news-149215.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |first=Janani |date=24 December 2015 |title=Will Jiiva juggle his dates for Vetri Maaran? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-jiiva-juggle-his-dates-for-vetri-maaran/articleshow/50296574.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106173151/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Will-Jiiva-juggle-his-dates-for-Vetri-Maaran/articleshow/50296574.cms |archive-date=6 January 2016 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Samuthirakani]] and [[Daniel Balaji]] were subsequently signed on to portray other pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samuthirakani, Daniel Balaji in 'Vada Chennai' |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/samuthirakani-daniel-balaji-in-vada-chennai-news-tamil-qgukaxehjhibg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812170111/https://www.sify.com/movies/samuthirakani-daniel-balaji-in-vada-chennai-news-tamil-qgukaxehjhibg.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Likewise several actors who have previously worked on Vetrimaaran's films such as [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Karunas]] and [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]], joined the cast during June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2016 |title=Noted 'Polladhavan' actors in Vetrimaaran's 'Vada Chennai' |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/polladhavan-actors-kishore-pawan-karunas-and-daniel-balaji-to-act-in-vada-chennai-tamil-news-162441.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164613/https://www.indiaglitz.com/polladhavan-actors-kishore-pawan-karunas-and-daniel-balaji-to-act-in-vada-chennai-tamil-news-162441.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Before the film's shoot started, Samantha opted out of the film citing schedule conflicts,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2016 |title=Samantha Ruth Prabhu no longer part of Vada Chennai |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/samantha-ruth-prabhu-no-longer-part-of-vada-chennai-2908735/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164607/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/samantha-ruth-prabhu-no-longer-part-of-vada-chennai-2908735/ |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Vada Chennai: Samantha not part of the trilogy anymore? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vada-chennai-samantha-dhanush-vetrimaaran-326690-2016-07-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812173940/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vada-chennai-samantha-dhanush-vetrimaaran-326690-2016-07-01 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> and was replaced by [[Amala Paul]] in the lead female role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2016 |title=Vada Chennai: Amala Paul to replace Samantha in the upcoming trilogy? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vada-chennai-dhanush-vetrimaaran-amala-paul-samantha-328215-2016-07-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164610/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vada-chennai-dhanush-vetrimaaran-amala-paul-samantha-328215-2016-07-09 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Vijay Sethupathi also agreed to portray an extended cameo in the film, with Dhanush announcing his inclusion during July 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-15 |title=Confirmed: Vijay Sethupathi plays an extended cameo in Vada Chennai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-sethupathi-dhanush-vetrimaaran-vada-chennai-329456-2016-07-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164613/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-sethupathi-dhanush-vetrimaaran-vada-chennai-329456-2016-07-15 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> However, owing to a delay in the film's shooting, both Vijay Sethupathi and Amala Paul exited the project,<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2017 |title=The reason why Vijay Sethupathi walked out of Dhanush's Vada Chennai |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/the-reason-why-vijay-sethupathi-walked-out-of-dhanush-s-vada-chennai/story-QOLMSRawWpsHAxxe6XrH7O.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164613/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/the-reason-why-vijay-sethupathi-walked-out-of-dhanush-s-vada-chennai/story-QOLMSRawWpsHAxxe6XrH7O.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2017 |title=Blow for Dhanush's Vada Chennai: Amala Paul exits after Vijay Sethupathi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/blow-for-dhanush-s-vada-chennai-amala-paul-exits-after-vijay-sethupathi/story-iRxMtTtyqn8EzXxTZE1qaI.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812173936/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/blow-for-dhanush-s-vada-chennai-amala-paul-exits-after-vijay-sethupathi/story-iRxMtTtyqn8EzXxTZE1qaI.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2017 |title=BREAKING: AMALA PAUL OUT OF VADA CHENNAI! WHO HAS REPLACED HER? |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/amala-paul-out-of-vetri-maarans-vada-chennai.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164611/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/amala-paul-out-of-vetri-maarans-vada-chennai.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> with the pair being replaced by [[Ameer (director)|Ameer]] and [[Aishwarya Rajesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2017 |title=Aishwarya Rajesh replaces Amala Paul in Dhanush's Vada Chennai |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/aishwarya-rajesh-replaces-amala-paul-in-dhanush-vada-chennai-4620030/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164612/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/aishwarya-rajesh-replaces-amala-paul-in-dhanush-vada-chennai-4620030/ |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 April 2017 |title=Third change of heroine in Dhanush's Vada Chennai |url=https://www.top10cinema.com/article/42250/third-change-of-heroine-in-dhanushs-vada-chennai |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419195959/https://www.top10cinema.com/article/42250/third-change-of-heroine-in-dhanushs-vada-chennai |archive-date=19 April 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017 |work=Top 10 Cinema}}</ref> Before Sethupathi's replacement with Ameer, it was reported that he left the project due to scripting and call-sheet issues, and Vetrimaaran decided to rope in [[Telugu people|Telugu]] actor, [[Ravi Teja]], for the role,<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=15 May 2021 |title=Vijay Sethupathi and Ravi Teja were initial choices for Rajan's role in Vada Chennai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-sethupathi-and-ravi-teja-were-initial-choices-for-rajan-s-role-in-vada-chennai-1802840-2021-05-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164613/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-sethupathi-and-ravi-teja-were-initial-choices-for-rajan-s-role-in-vada-chennai-1802840-2021-05-15 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> as he was impressed with the script and role. However, he also could not take up the role, due to his ongoing projects in Telugu films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 May 2021 |title=Did you know Vetrimaaran had initially eyed Ravi Teja for the lead role in 'Vada Chennai'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-vetrimaaran-had-initially-eyed-ravi-teja-for-the-lead-role-in-vada-chennai/articleshow/82706997.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517111917/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-vetrimaaran-had-initially-eyed-ravi-teja-for-the-lead-role-in-vada-chennai/articleshow/82706997.cms |archive-date=17 May 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Pre-production ===
{{Quote box
| quote = In the first meeting with the executive producer, I was asked how much it would cost the build the prison set. I took a wild guess and said around {{INRConvert|10|C}} and I wasn’t even asked a question. I was asked to start the work immediately as they wanted the prison set to be completed to start the shoot. When most producers would ask to cut short the budget, Dhanush and his team gave us a lot of creative freedom and time to work. That may have possible because of the relationship Dhanush shares with Vetrimaaran.
| source = Art director [[Jacki (art director)|Jacki]], on the creation of the jail set in an interview with ''[[Firstpost]]''.<ref name="set design">{{Cite web |date=28 October 2018 |title=Vada Chennai art director on working with Vetrimaaran: Our conversations are brief but we trust each other |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vada-chennai-art-director-on-working-with-vetrimaaran-our-conversations-are-brief-but-we-trust-each-other-5460571.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164630/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vada-chennai-art-director-on-working-with-vetrimaaran-our-conversations-are-brief-but-we-trust-each-other-5460571.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 25%
}}
Art director [[Jacki (art director)|Jacki]], worked on the film's [[Production designer|production design]]. The set design for ''Vada Chennai'' began nearly six years ago and before the beginning of the production, Jacki designed huge sets resembling the [[Central Jail]] and had made the team cost {{INRConvert|5|c}}.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Huge jail set for 'Vada Chennai' |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/huge-jail-set-for-vada-chennai-news-tamil-qgbiWdigfachf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164606/https://www.sify.com/movies/huge-jail-set-for-vada-chennai-news-tamil-qgbiWdigfachf.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=16 January 2017 |title=Jail set erected for Vetri Maaran's Vada Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jail-set-erected-for-vetri-maarans-vada-chennai/articleshow/52519893.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812182658/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jail-set-erected-for-vetri-maarans-vada-chennai/articleshow/52519893.cms |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The team initially decided to shoot the portions of the film in a real jail set in [[Rajahmundry|Rajamahendravaram]], but as the prison portions may become lengthy during the course of the film, they decided to construct a huge set resembling the [[Madras Central Prison]] at the [[Binny Mills]] in [[Chennai]].<ref name="set design" /> He visited the original location and also met a prisoner from Madras Prison to give inputs for the location. The construction initially planned for 43 days, was completed within 40 days.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=26 October 2018 |title=From '70s beedis to water tower: Art director Jacki speaks to TNM on 'Vada Chennai' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/70s-beedis-water-tower-art-director-jacki-speaks-tnm-vada-chennai-90612 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812170118/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/70s-beedis-water-tower-art-director-jacki-speaks-tnm-vada-chennai-90612 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nandhakumar |first=Sindhuri |date=12 October 2018 |title=Grit, guts and glory: Vetri Maaran on Vada Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vetri-maaran-grit-guts-and-vada-chennai/article25204562.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012142118/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vetri-maaran-grit-guts-and-vada-chennai/article25204562.ece |archive-date=12 October 2018 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Later, the team had erected another set resembling the Nagoorar Thottam and for that design, the team had spent 20 days. Then, as most of the film being set in the slum area, the team did a miniature model of the design which they planned to replicate in real.<ref name="set design" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2016 |title=Vada Chennai: Dhanush goes back in time to shoot an important 1977 sequence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vada-chennai-dhanush-vetrimaaran-trilogy-332114-2016-07-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812174025/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vada-chennai-dhanush-vetrimaaran-trilogy-332114-2016-07-29 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> To reflect the timeline change (1970–2000), the team went through an extensive research and collected every minute details of the products, including furnitures, materials, home appliances, posters, cigarettes, advertisements and essentials used, which the team had considered as "the biggest challenge".<ref name=":4" /> [[Amritha Ram]] worked on the costumes for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2016 |title=Clothes will indicate passage of time in Vada Chennai, says Amritha Ram |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/clothes-will-indicate-passage-of-time-in-vada-chennai-says-amritha-ram-2976552/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812173942/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/clothes-will-indicate-passage-of-time-in-vada-chennai-says-amritha-ram-2976552/ |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> A report from ''[[Sify]]'' claimed that the film is the "costliest film ever made in Dhanush's career"<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title='Vada Chennai' will be the costliest film in Dhanush's career |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vada-chennai-will-be-the-costliest-film-in-dhanush’s-career-news-tamil-rerqh1gdidiag.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812174534/https://www.sify.com/movies/vada-chennai-will-be-the-costliest-film-in-dhanush%E2%80%99s-career-news-tamil-rerqh1gdidiag.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> as Jacki had stated that the work on the production design escalated the costs in the film.<ref name="set design" />

=== Filming ===
[[File:Royapuram Fishing Harbour.jpg|alt=Royapuram Fishing Harbour|left|thumb|A significant portion of the film was shot in [[Royapuram]], [[Chennai]]]]
The film's production began on 22 June 2016, after multiple postponements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhanush's 'Vada Chennai' starts rolling |url=https://www.sify.com/news/dhanush-s-vada-chennai-starts-rolling-news-others-qgwmahcgfchfg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814200527/http://www.sify.com/news/dhanush-s-vada-chennai-starts-rolling-news-others-qgwmahcgfchfg.html |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The first schedule of the shooting was held at a huge set resembling the [[Madras Central Prison]] which was erected at [[Binny Mills]] in Chennai.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The shoot continued throughout mid-2016 in North Chennai for thirty days, with scenes depicting the 1970s shot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2016 |title=What is presently being shot for Dhanush's 'Vada Chennai'? |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/dhanush-vijay-sethupathi-vada-chennai-portions-of-1977-being-shot-now-in-chennai-tamil-news-164064.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917034245/https://www.indiaglitz.com/dhanush-vijay-sethupathi-vada-chennai-portions-of-1977-being-shot-now-in-chennai-tamil-news-164064.html |archive-date=17 September 2018 |access-date=16 September 2018 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 September 2016 |title=Vada... is shot like an individual film: Vetrimaaran |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/030916/vada-is-shot-like-an-individual-film-vetrimaaran.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917000351/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/030916/vada-is-shot-like-an-individual-film-vetrimaaran.html |archive-date=17 September 2018 |access-date=16 September 2018 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhanush's 'Vada Chennai' to have a 1970s touch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhanushs-vada-chennai-tohave-a-1970s-touch/articleshow/53462635.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831182935/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Dhanushs-Vada-Chennai-tohave-a-1970s-touch/articleshow/53462635.cms |archive-date=31 August 2018 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The production was briefly delayed as Vetrimaaran sought to get his previous film, ''[[Visaranai]]'', ready for nominations at the [[89th Academy Awards]], which prompted Dhanush to move on to work on his other projects: his directorial debut ''[[Pa. Pandi]]'', ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]]'' and his international debut film, ''[[The Extraordinary Journey of the Fakir]]''.<ref name=":5" /> The break between schedules also meant that Vetrimaaran began [[pre-production]] work on another film starring G. V. Prakash Kumar, which he would make following the completion of the first part of ''Vada Chennai''.<ref name=":6" /> However, it was revealed that Vetrimaaran was not ready to work simultaneously on the three parts of the film and reported that they may take a break in-between the production of the trilogy,<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=19 January 2017 |title=Long process to complete 'Vada Chennai' trilogy: Vetrimaaran |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/long-process-to-complete-vada-chennai-trilogy-vetrimaaran/articleshow/56664468.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812182656/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/long-process-to-complete-vada-chennai-trilogy-vetrimaaran/articleshow/56664468.cms |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> where Dhanush and Vetrimaaran planned for three-to-four films in the process.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ians |date=8 January 2017 |title=Vetrimaaran's Vada Chennai not put on hold |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Vetrimaaran%E2%80%99s-Vada-Chennai-not-put-on-hold/article17008505.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813071208/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Vetrimaaran%E2%80%99s-Vada-Chennai-not-put-on-hold/article17008505.ece |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

The second filming schedule began in April 2017 in [[Royapuram]], [[Chennai]], and progressed for 30 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2017 |title=Dhanush back on sets of Vada Chennai |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/apr/12/dhanush-back-on-sets-of-vada-chennai-1592588.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024002352/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/apr/12/dhanush-back-on-sets-of-vada-chennai-1592588.html |archive-date=24 October 2019 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> However, the shooting further affected as Dhanush had worked on ''The Extraordinary Journey of the Fakir''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 June 2017 |title=Visaranai's Oscar nomination affected Vada Chennai's shooting: Dhanush |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/visaranais-oscar-nomination-affected-vada-chennais-shooting-dhanush/articleshow/59332737.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229182732/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/visaranais-oscar-nomination-affected-vada-chennais-shooting-dhanush/articleshow/59332737.cms |archive-date=29 December 2017 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was revealed that the team had completed 90% of the shooting within late-June 2017, and only 10–15 days of shooting left.<ref>{{Cite web |title=90% of 'Vada Chennai' complete, plans on for 'Pa Paandi 2' |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/90-of-vada-chennai-complete-plans-on-for-pa-paandi-2-news-tamil-rg1m8Ucighgbd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164613/https://www.sify.com/movies/90-of-vada-chennai-complete-plans-on-for-pa-paandi-2-news-tamil-rg1m8Ucighgbd.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> But during the film's production, Dhanush also prioritised to work on the long delayed [[Gautham Vasudev Menon|Gautham Menon]]'s project ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]'' and ''[[Maari 2]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2017 |title=Dhanush all set to wrap up Vada Chennai; to begin work on Maari 2 next |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dhanush-all-set-to-wrap-up-vada-chennai-to-begin-work-on-maari-2-next/story-3sUk9juvBkVe7OXzBCBnPL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909051637/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dhanush-all-set-to-wrap-up-vada-chennai-to-begin-work-on-maari-2-next/story-3sUk9juvBkVe7OXzBCBnPL.html |archive-date=9 September 2019 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> which escalated the film's delay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=19 July 2017 |title=Will Dhanush choose Vada Chennai or ENPT? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/190717/will-dhanush-choose-vada-chennai-or-enpt.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164613/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/190717/will-dhanush-choose-vada-chennai-or-enpt.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Later, Dhanush decided to work on both the projects simultaneously, in order to complete the shoots of both the films within time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2017 |title=Dhanush shoots for Enai Noki Paayum Thota, Vada Chennai simultaneously |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dhanush-shoots-for-enai-noki-paayum-thota-vada-chennai-simultaneously/story-QBgahuK6f3aBhM5EVhKn3N.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164611/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dhanush-shoots-for-enai-noki-paayum-thota-vada-chennai-simultaneously/story-QBgahuK6f3aBhM5EVhKn3N.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2017 |title=Dhanush resumes shooting of long-pending film Enai Nokki Paayum Thota, slated for February 2018 release |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dhanush-resumes-shooting-of-long-pending-film-enai-nokki-paayum-thota-slated-for-february-2018-release-4254771.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164627/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dhanush-resumes-shooting-of-long-pending-film-enai-nokki-paayum-thota-slated-for-february-2018-release-4254771.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> The filming was completed within February 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2018 |title=Dhanush and Vetrimaaran wrap up shoot for part one of Vada Chennai |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dhanush-and-vetrimaaran-wrap-up-shoot-for-part-one-of-vada-chennai/story-dWcDJnhV67Ktmf0GwbM0LP.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409043920/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dhanush-and-vetrimaaran-wrap-up-shoot-for-part-one-of-vada-chennai/story-dWcDJnhV67Ktmf0GwbM0LP.html |archive-date=9 April 2018 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Vada Chennai (soundtrack)}}The film was initially announced with [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] as the music director. However, following Kumar's fallout with the lead actor [[Dhanush]],<ref name=":1" /> the team chose [[Santhosh Narayanan]] as the film composer, which marked his maiden collaboration with [[Vetrimaaran]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 February 2018 |title=Santhosh Narayan thanks Vetrimaaran and Dhanush |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/santhosh-narayan-thanks-vetrimaaran-and-dhanush/articleshow/62834068.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711234603/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/santhosh-narayan-thanks-vetrimaaran-and-dhanush/articleshow/62834068.cms |archive-date=11 July 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Dhanush suggested Santhosh's name when he composed for one of his production, the [[Rajinikanth]]-starrer ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]'' (2018), and with his inclusion, he simultaneously worked for both the films; the work on the entire album was completed within June 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 July 2018 |title=Santhosh Narayanan: Dhanush's 'Vada Chennai' is a stunning epic film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhosh-narayanan-dhanushs-vada-chennai-is-a-stunning-epic-film/articleshow/64823553.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725014435/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhosh-narayanan-dhanushs-vada-chennai-is-a-stunning-epic-film/articleshow/64823553.cms |archive-date=25 July 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The album is mostly based [[Music of Tamil Nadu|North Madras music]] consisting of a diverse genres – [[gaana]], [[Folk music|folk]] and [[melody]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2019 |title=Watch: In conversation with Santhosh Narayanan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/watch-in-conversation-with-santhosh-narayanan/article26291335.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712150240/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/watch-in-conversation-with-santhosh-narayanan/article26291335.ece |archive-date=12 July 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''Vada Chennai'' also marked Santhosh's 25th filmas a composer in his career.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1041225689922326528 |user=wunderbarfilms |title=#VadaChennai is the 25th film of our Music Director @Music_Santhosh. #SaNa25 |author=Wunderbar Films |date=16 September 2018 |access-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710173719/https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1041225689922326528?s=20 |archive-date=10 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The album was released on 23 September 2018,<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2018 |title='Vada Chennai' audio to release on September 23 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/vada-chennai-audio-to-release-on-september-23/articleshow/65827964.cms |access-date=2019-09-10 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711234601/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/vada-chennai-audio-to-release-on-september-23/articleshow/65827964.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1040964591809847296 |user=wunderbarfilms |title=#VadaChennai Music on September 23rd |author=Wunderbar Films |date=2018-09-15 |access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref> in entirety through the internet and in streaming platforms such as [[JioSaavn|Saavn]],<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1043738239272546304 |user=wunderbarfilms |title=#VadaChennai is now Streaming Exclusively on @Saavn |author=Wunderbar Films |date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref> [[JioSaavn|JioMusic]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1043738929415909376 |user=wunderbarfilms |title=#VadaChennai is now Streaming Exclusively on @JioMusicHD |author=Wunderbar Films |date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref> and [[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2018 |title='Vada Chennai' jukebox out, Santhosh Narayanan's album is an exciting mix of genres |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vada-chennai-jukebox-out-santhosh-narayanan-s-album-exciting-mix-genres-88821 |access-date=2019-09-10 |website=[[The News Minute]] |archive-date=3 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403010654/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vada-chennai-jukebox-out-santhosh-narayanan-s-album-exciting-mix-genres-88821 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-26 |title=Vada Chennai music released |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/260918/vada-chennai-music-released.html |access-date=2019-09-10 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |archive-date=8 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008115830/https://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/260918/vada-chennai-music-released.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1043738239272546304 |user=wunderbarfilms |title=Stream the Album of #VadaChennai on @gaana |author=Wunderbar Films |date=2018-09-22 |access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref> The soundtrack received rave reviews from critics and audience,<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1044502878285492224 |user=wunderbarfilms |title=Music of #VadaChennai Garnering Rave Reviews! |author=Wunderbar Films |date=2018-09-25 |access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref> and topped the [[iTunes]] charts within three days of its release.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1045285478998523905 |user=wunderbarfilms |title=#VadaChennai Album Tops No.1 Position in iTunes India |author=Wunderbar Films |date=2018-09-27 |access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref> It was also streamed above 5,00,000 times on Saavn.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1045206701241069568 |user=wunderbarfilms |title=5.4 Lakh+ Streams for #VadaChennai Album on @Saavn |author=Wunderbar Films |date=2018-09-27 |access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref> An additional song titled "Patta Patti" was released during mid-November 2018, after repeated requests from fans.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 November 2018 |title=Santosh Narayan to release extra songs of 'Pariyerum Perumal and Vada Chennai' soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/santosh-narayan-to-release-extra-songs-of-pariyerum-perumal-and-vada-chennai-soon/articleshow/66507849.cms |access-date=2021-08-12 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813071210/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/santosh-narayan-to-release-extra-songs-of-pariyerum-perumal-and-vada-chennai-soon/articleshow/66507849.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
Vetrimaaran worked on the [[post-production]] of ''Vada Chennai'', assembling the [[Final cut privilege|final cut]] of the film during mid-May 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2018 |title=Vetrimaaran busy with Vada Chennai final edit |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/may/23/vetrimaaran-busy-with-vada-chennai-final-edit-6172.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164612/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/may/23/vetrimaaran-busy-with-vada-chennai-final-edit-6172.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> In June 2018, the makers confirmed that ''Vada Chennai'' will be released theatrically on the occasion of [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Ganesh Chathurthi]] (13 September 2018).<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=Vetrimaran-Dhanush's Vada Chennai to hit screens in September |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vetrimaran-dhanush-vada-chennai-to-hit-screens-in-september-5218528/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164613/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vetrimaran-dhanush-vada-chennai-to-hit-screens-in-september-5218528/ |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The [[teaser trailer]] for the film was unveiled on the occasion of Dhanush's birthday (28 July 2018) and received positive response from fans.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 July 2018 |title='Vada Chennai' teaser: Dhanush and Vetri Maaran are back with a bang! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vada-chennai-teaser-dhanush-and-vetri-maaran-are-back-with-a-bang/articleshow/65178527.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813071209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vada-chennai-teaser-dhanush-and-vetri-maaran-are-back-with-a-bang/articleshow/65178527.cms |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=12 May 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2018 |title='Vada Chennai' teaser: Dhanush thanks fans for the response |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vada-chennai-teaser-dhanush-thanks-fans-for-the-response/articleshow/65239587.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813071224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vada-chennai-teaser-dhanush-thanks-fans-for-the-response/articleshow/65239587.cms |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=12 May 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Furthermore, celebrities such as [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Anurag Kashyap]] praised Dhanush and Vetrimaaran's work in the teaser.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2018 |title=Here's how Dhanush responded to Shah Rukh Khan's praise for 'Vada Chennai' teaser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-how-dhanush-responded-to-shah-rukh-khans-praise-for-vada-chennai-teaser/articleshow/65218522.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813071211/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-how-dhanush-responded-to-shah-rukh-khans-praise-for-vada-chennai-teaser/articleshow/65218522.cms |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=12 May 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 August 2018 |title='Vada Chennai' teaser: Anurag Kashyap is dying to see Dhanush's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vada-chennai-teaser-anurag-kashyap-is-dying-to-see-dhanushs-film/articleshow/65259500.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211102418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vada-chennai-teaser-anurag-kashyap-is-dying-to-see-dhanushs-film/articleshow/65259500.cms |archive-date=11 December 2018 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The makers unveiled a set of posters featuring the lead characters starting from 6 August 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 August 2018 |title='Vada Chennai' new posters: The many avatars of Dhanush |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vada-chennai-new-posters-the-many-avatars-of-dhanush/articleshow/65293654.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813071211/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vada-chennai-new-posters-the-many-avatars-of-dhanush/articleshow/65293654.cms |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In mid-August, Dhanush announced that ''Vada Chennai'', will be released worldwide on 17 October 2018, coinciding the [[Dusshera]] weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2018 |title=Confirmed: Dhanush-starrer 'Vada Chennai' to release on October 17 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/confirmed-dhanush-starrer-vada-chennai-to-release-on-october-17/articleshow/65510896.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826231609/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/confirmed-dhanush-starrer-vada-chennai-to-release-on-october-17/articleshow/65510896.cms |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was premiered at the [[Pingyao International Film Festival]] in [[China]] before the theatrical release,<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 2018 |title='Vada Chennai' to be premiered at Pingyao film festival |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vada-chennai-to-be-premiered-at-pingyao-film-festival/article25034744.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428202334/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vada-chennai-to-be-premiered-at-pingyao-film-festival/article25034744.ece |archive-date=28 April 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="scroll.in">{{Cite web |date=28 September 2018 |title=Dhanush-starrer 'Vada Chennai' to be premiered at Pingyao International Film Festival |url=https://scroll.in/reel/896183/dhanush-starrer-vada-chennai-to-be-premiered-at-pingyao-international-film-festival |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501185122/https://scroll.in/reel/896183/dhanush-starrer-vada-chennai-to-be-premiered-at-pingyao-international-film-festival |archive-date=1 May 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> and also premiered at the 23rd [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] in November 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyengar |first=Shriram |date=13 December 2018 |title=The subaltern groups have to be represented: Vetrimaaran at IFFK |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/dec/13/17456 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812180549/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/dec/13/17456 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> The [[merchandise]] of ''Vada Chennai'', was launched by ''Cover It Up'' and ''Fully Filmy'' on 15 October 2018, as a part of the film's promotion.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1052137627111981056 |user=wunderbarfilms |title=Shop the Official Merchandise of #VADACHENNAI in @coveritupindia Now! |author=Wunderbar Films |date=15 October 2018 |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813071248/https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1052137627111981056?s=20 |archive-date=13 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1052155305017176064 |user=wunderbarfilms |title=#VadaChennai Official Merchandise Up Now & Available @ @FullyFilmy_in |last=Wunderbar Films |date=16 October 2018 |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813071330/https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1052155305017176064 |archive-date=2021-08-13}}</ref>

Four days before the theatrical release, the film was sent to the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC), where it received an [[A certificate]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 October 2018 |title=Dhanush's 'Vada Chennai' gets an 'A' certificate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhanushs-vada-chennai-gets-an-a-certificate/articleshow/66144637.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408074100/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhanushs-vada-chennai-gets-an-a-certificate/articleshow/66144637.cms |archive-date=8 April 2019 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> due to "raw and gritty violence". Scenes where dialogues mentioning and referring to the former Chief ministers [[J. Jayalalithaa]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[M. Karunanidhi]], where removed from the film, as it was considered defaming the politicians.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2018 |title=Here are the cuts recommended by CBFC in Vetrimaaran's 'Vada Chennai' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/here-are-cuts-recommended-cbfc-vetrimaarans-vada-chennai-90052 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812184636/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/here-are-cuts-recommended-cbfc-vetrimaarans-vada-chennai-90052 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Post-release, the film drew criticism for allegedly portraying the residents of North Chennai in a bad light.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2018 |title=Vada Chennai kicks up controversy |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2018/10/20010417/1092634/Vada-Chennai-kicks-up-controversy.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804044309/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2018/10/20010417/1092634/Vada-Chennai-kicks-up-controversy.vpf |archive-date=4 August 2020 |access-date=10 September 2019 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> The film also drew controversies from fisherfolk community, because of a love-making scene between Ameer and Andrea was pictured in a boat, which was considered to be offensive for the community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=28 October 2018 |title=Controversial scene, profane dialogues removed from 'Vada Chennai' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/281018/controversial-scene-profane-dialogues-removed-from-vada-chennai.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801192739/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/281018/controversial-scene-profane-dialogues-removed-from-vada-chennai.html |archive-date=1 August 2019 |access-date=10 September 2019 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2018 |title=Love-making scene in 'Vada Chennai' removed! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/love-making-scene-in-vada-chennai-removed/articleshow/66377374.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812182702/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/love-making-scene-in-vada-chennai-removed/articleshow/66377374.cms |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Director Vetrimaaran, in a video statement, apologised to anyone who may have been hurt by the film. Then the director agreed to remove the offensive scenes from the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vetrimaaran agrees to remove the controversial scene in 'Vada Chennai'! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vetrimaaran-agrees-to-remove-the-controversial-scene-in-vada-chennai-news-tamil-skxj9Kihdehcf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027071855/http://www.sify.com/movies/vetrimaaran-agrees-to-remove-the-controversial-scene-in-vada-chennai-news-tamil-skxj9Kihdehcf.html |archive-date=27 October 2018 |access-date=10 September 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
In the first day of theatrical release, ''Vada Chennai'' earned {{INRConvert|81|l}} from the [[Chennai]] city box-office and {{INRConvert|5.12|c}} in over 300 screens. The film gained $48,840 ({{Indian Rupee|56}} lakh) from the premiere shows screened in [[United States]] on 16 October, a day before the Indian release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2018 |title=Vada Chennai box office collection Day 1: Dhanush film is off to a great start |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vada-chennai-box-office-collection-day-1-1370335-2018-10-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164616/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vada-chennai-box-office-collection-day-1-1370335-2018-10-18 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The film further earned {{INRConvert|54|l}} from the second day at Chennai box-office,<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2018 |title=Vada Chennai box office collection Day 2: Dhanush film is unstoppable |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vada-chennai-box-office-collection-day-2-dhanush-1371046-2018-10-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164614/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vada-chennai-box-office-collection-day-2-dhanush-1371046-2018-10-19 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> and had collected {{INRConvert|4.2|c}} worldwide.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=19 October 2018 |title=Vada Chennai box office collection: Day 2: Dhanush's film performs well |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vada-chennai-box-office-collection-day-2-dhanushs-film-performs-well-783448 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164614/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vada-chennai-box-office-collection-day-2-dhanushs-film-performs-well-783448 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> Within the third day, the film earned {{INRConvert|4.9|C}} at the worldwide box-office, tallying its three-day collection to {{INRConvert|15.6|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2018 |title=Dhanush's Vada Chennai 3 day chennai city box office report |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/dhanushs-vada-chennai-3-day-chennai-city-box-office-report.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715175739/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/dhanushs-vada-chennai-3-day-chennai-city-box-office-report.html |archive-date=15 July 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> During its theatrical run in the weekends, the film enjoyed good footfalls and had collected {{INRConvert|10.5|c}} within two days, adding its worldwide collection to {{INRConvert|28.1|c}}.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=23 October 2018 |title=Vada Chennai box office collection: 6 days – Vetrimaaran's creation grosses Rs 41.1 crore and counting |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vada-chennai-box-office-collection-6-days-vetrimaarans-creation-grosses-rs-41-1-crore-783703 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164613/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vada-chennai-box-office-collection-6-days-vetrimaarans-creation-grosses-rs-41-1-crore-783703 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> The film grossed {{INRConvert|2.5|c}} in [[Karnataka]], {{INRConvert|50|l}} in rest of India, and {{INRConvert|10|c}} at the overseas centres (combined collections in United States, [[Malaysia]], [[United Arab Emirates]] and other centres).<ref name=":8" /> Within two weeks of its release, the film earned {{INRConvert|50|c}} at the worldwide box office, surpassing ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]'' to emerge the highest-grossing Tamil film of Dhanush's career,<ref name="BO">{{Cite web |date=31 October 2018 |title=Vada Chennai becomes Dhanush's highest-grossing film; Vijay Sethupathi's 96 earns Rs 50 Cr worldwide |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vada-chennai-becomes-dhanushs-highest-grossing-film-vijay-sethupathis-96-earns-rs-50-cr-worldwide-5479641.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012124211/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vada-chennai-becomes-dhanushs-highest-grossing-film-vijay-sethupathis-96-earns-rs-50-cr-worldwide-5479641.html |archive-date=12 October 2019 |access-date=12 October 2019 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> until its record was broken by ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]'', another film directed by Vetrimaaran.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 October 2019 |title=Asuran: Dhanush's film enters Rs 100 core club |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/asuran-dhanushs-film-enters-rs-100-core-club/articleshow/71595310.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107222301/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/asuran-dhanushs-film-enters-rs-100-core-club/articleshow/71595310.cms |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In addition, the film crossed the {{Indian Rupee|6}} crore-mark at the Chennai box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=5 November 2018 |title=Vada Chennai box office collection: Dhanush's film crosses 6-cr mark in Chennai |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vada-chennai-box-office-collection-dhanushs-film-crosses-6-cr-mark-chennai-784799 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164608/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vada-chennai-box-office-collection-dhanushs-film-crosses-6-cr-mark-chennai-784799 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''Vada Chennai'' received critical acclaim, with critics praising its plot, action sequences, technical aspects and cast performances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=16 October 2018 |title=Vada Chennai movie review: Live audience response |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vada-chennai-movie-review-ratings-live-audience-response-783223 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181017050531/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vada-chennai-movie-review-ratings-live-audience-response-783223 |archive-date=17 October 2018 |access-date=3 January 2019 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref>

Janani K, a critic from ''[[India Today]]'' gave a rating of 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Vada Chennai'' has everything you look for in a gangster thriller. But Vetri Maaran's display of twists and turns will win you over."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=17 October 2018 |title=Vada Chennai Review: Dhanush and Vetri Maaran gift kickass gangster film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/vada-chennai-movie-review-dhanush-vetri-maaran-aishwarya-rajesh-andrea-jeremiah-1369758-2018-10-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223104/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/vada-chennai-movie-review-dhanush-vetri-maaran-aishwarya-rajesh-andrea-jeremiah-1369758-2018-10-17 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Manoj Kumar. R of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Vada Chennai'' is the closest you can get to unforgiving underworld filled with insecurity, revenge, destiny, rage and insatiable urge for bloodshed. It is not the story that stands out in Vada Chennai. It is how beautifully Vetrimaaran has captured the lifestyle of a place, which is so close and yet so far away from the advancement of modern civilization."<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2018 |title=Vada Chennai review: Vetrimaran-Dhanush's gangster drama is as good as it gets |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/vada-chennai-movie-review-dhanush-5405964/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219044340/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/vada-chennai-movie-review-dhanush-5405964/ |archive-date=19 December 2018 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

[[Sowmya Rajendran]] of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote "From the colourful curses of the street to each of the characters, the film gives us a very real glimpse of gang wars. Vetrimaaran-Dhanush delivers a brilliant gangster film."<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2018 |title='Vada Chennai' review: Vetrimaaran-Dhanush deliver a brilliant gangster film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vada-chennai-review-vetrimaaran-dhanush-deliver-brilliant-gangster-film-90111 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219044244/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vada-chennai-review-vetrimaaran-dhanush-deliver-brilliant-gangster-film-90111 |archive-date=19 December 2018 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Srivatsan S of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "The obvious political overtones that have been built throughout will have its relevance in part two. If anything, Vada Chennai reiterates why Vetri Maaran is a master storyteller."<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=17 October 2018 |title='Vada Chennai' review: a masterful tale of power and deceit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vada-chennai-review-a-masterful-tale-of-power-and-deceit/article25246436.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813071223/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vada-chennai-review-a-masterful-tale-of-power-and-deceit/article25246436.ece |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Priyanka Sundar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated the film Vada Chennai, the first part of a three-part film, "is complete in itself speaks for director’s Vetrimaaran’s execution style". She further called it as a "bloody brilliant film laced with some bone chilling moments accompanied with ingenious music".<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2018 |title=Vada Chennai movie review: A brilliant beginning to Dhanush-Vetrimaaran trilogy. 5 stars |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vada-chennai-movie-review-a-brilliant-beginning-to-dhanush-vetrimaaran-trilogy-5-stars/story-2KqnoGQ1J41vIaJMVZ4oMP.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219044449/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vada-chennai-movie-review-a-brilliant-beginning-to-dhanush-vetrimaaran-trilogy-5-stars/story-2KqnoGQ1J41vIaJMVZ4oMP.html |archive-date=19 December 2018 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars and wrote:

{{Blockquote|text=Vada Chennai, for most parts, keeps it real: The men are full of flaws that are indicative of their backgrounds and upbringing, and the women don't shy away from displaying their anger and greediness. The proceedings tend to drag a bit and the flashbacks could have been reduced. Also, a more careful use of cuss words would have had a greater impact on the scenes. As it stands, the story is a bit slipshod, but the characters and the layered writing will ensure that your attention stands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2018-10-22 |title=Vada Chennai film review: Men are flawed, women angry |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/221018/vada-chennai-film-review-men-are-flawed-women-angry.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219044859/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/221018/vada-chennai-film-review-men-are-flawed-women-angry.html |archive-date=19 December 2018 |access-date=2021-08-12 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>}}

M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "The sprawling nature of the narrative and the various events that impact the lives of the numerous characters make Vada Chennai truly an epic."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=17 October 2018 |title=Vada Chennai Review {4/5}: The sprawling nature of the narrative makes it truly an epic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vada-chennai/movie-review/66255067.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105042035/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vada-chennai/movie-review/66255067.cms |archive-date=5 January 2019 |access-date=3 January 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Sreedhar Pillai of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Vada Chennai'' is another feather on Vetrimaaran’s cap though not in the same league as his earlier films. The way he has built into the story, the rise of gangsters and thrown in political allegories is brutally honest. It also shows how politicians and the slum lords, in the name of development and welfare of the people, are similar in their opportunistic approach and selfish interests." He gave the film three-and-a-half out of five stars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2018 |title=Vada Chennai movie review: Dhanush's realistic performance, Vetrimaaran's direction make this film a winner |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vada-chennai-movie-review-dhanushs-realistic-performance-vetrimaarans-direction-make-this-film-a-winner-5394091.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219051154/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vada-chennai-movie-review-dhanushs-realistic-performance-vetrimaarans-direction-make-this-film-a-winner-5394091.html |archive-date=19 December 2018 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

''[[Sify]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Vada Chennai takes its time to unfold, and you may enjoy if you muster the patience for it. Give it a chance, watch it for some excellent acting and for its gritty realistic feel."<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2018 |title=Vada Chennai review:Watch it for its gritty realistic feel |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vada-chennai-reviewwatch-it-for-its-gritty-realistic-feel-review-tamil-skrkNAafhgjcc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164610/https://www.sify.com/movies/vada-chennai-reviewwatch-it-for-its-gritty-realistic-feel-review-tamil-skrkNAafhgjcc.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[Film Companion South]]'' wrote "Dhanush's ascent to stardom has come alongside his growth as an actor, and there’s not one scene where he makes us doubt his character's actions. The actors are so good (Ameer is a standout) and the film's parts are so much greater than the whole that savouring them becomes its own kind of satisfaction. With his outstanding cinematographer Velraj, Vetrimaaran unleashes one flamboyant scene after another."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=17 October 2018 |title=A satisfying gangster saga that (mostly) becomes the epic it strives to be |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/vada-chennai-review-a-very-satisfying-gangster-saga-that-mostly-becomes-the-epic-it-strives-to-be/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813071226/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/vada-chennai-review-a-very-satisfying-gangster-saga-that-mostly-becomes-the-epic-it-strives-to-be/ |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable"
|-
!Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organisations are in alphabetical order.}}
!Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!Category
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!Result
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" | [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| rowspan="6" | 5 January 2019
| Best Actor
| [[Dhanush]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2019 |title=ஆனந்த விகடன் சினிமா விருதுகள் 2018 - திறமைக்கு மரியாதை |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/147306-ananda-vikatan-awards-2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502063612/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/147306-ananda-vikatan-awards-2018 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| Best Supporting Actor
| [[Ameer (director)|Ameer]]
|{{won}}
|-
| Best Screenplay
| [[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{won}}
|-
| Best Art Direction
| Jacki
|{{won}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[Santhosh Narayanan]] {{small|(Also for ''[[Kaala (soundtrack)|Kaala]]'' and ''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]'')}}
|{{won}}
|-
| Best Stunt Director
| [[Dhilip Subbarayan]] {{small|(Also for ''[[Kaala (soundtrack)|Kaala]]'' and ''[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam]]'')}}
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" |[[Asianet Film Awards]]
|[[21st Asianet Film Awards|20 March 2019]]
|Best Tamil Actor
| rowspan="2" |[[Dhanush]] {{small|(Also for ''[[Maari 2]]'')}}
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-22 |title=Asianet Film Awards 2019 Winners List: Mohanlal, Manju Warrier, Prithviraj & Others Bag Top Honours! |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2019/asianet-film-awards-2019-winners-list-mohanlal-manju-warrier-prithviraj-others-284129.html |access-date=2021-09-10 |website=Filmibeat |language=en |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024013947/https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2019/asianet-film-awards-2019-winners-list-mohanlal-manju-warrier-prithviraj-others-284129.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Asiavision Awards]]
|17 February 2019
|Best Actor – Critics
|{{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H. |date=17 February 2019 |title=Asiavision Movie Awards 2018 winners list: Ranveer Singh, Dhanush and Trisha honoured [Photos + Videos] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2018-winners-list-ranveer-singh-dhanush-trisha-honoured-photos-videos-792105 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222044534/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2018-winners-list-ranveer-singh-dhanush-trisha-honoured-photos-videos-792105 |archive-date=22 February 2019 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2019 |title=Asiavision Movie Awards 2018 complete winners list: Ranveer Singh, Dhanush and Trisha bag top honours |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/asiavision-movie-awards-2018-complete-winners-list-ranveer-singh-dhanush-and-trisha-bag-top-honours-1366633/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164616/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/asiavision-movie-awards-2018-complete-winners-list-ranveer-singh-dhanush-and-trisha-bag-top-honours-1366633/ |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=Bollywood Life}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |Behindwoods Gold Medal
|16 December 2018
|Best Actress – Critics choice
|[[Andrea Jeremiah]]
|{{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2018 |title=BEHINDWOODS GOLD MEDALS - THE ICONIC EDITION: A STAR-STUDDED SPECTACLE |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/event-story-of-behindwoods-gold-medals-the-iconic-edition.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803101828/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/event-story-of-behindwoods-gold-medals-the-iconic-edition.html |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
|26 February 2019
|Best Actor
|[[Dhanush]]
|{{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{cn|date=January 2026}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="3" |[[66th Filmfare Awards South|21 December 2019]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
|[[Dhanush]], [[Subaskaran Allirajah]], [[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212141500/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html |archive-date=12 December 2019 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222020917/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=14 May 2020 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
|[[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
|[[Dhanush]]
|{{Won}}
|-
!scope="row" |[[Pingyao International Film Festival]]
|30 September 2018
|Best Film (People's Choice Award)
|[[Dhanush]], [[Subaskaran Allirajah]], [[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{Won}}
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="scroll.in" />
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="6" |[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|15–16 August 2019]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
| [[Wunderbar Films]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2019 |title=SIIMA Awards 2019 full winners list: Trisha Krishnan, Dhanush, Varalaxmi Sarathkumar take home trophies |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/siima-awards-2019-full-winners-list-vijay-deverakonda-keerthy-suresh-yash-win-big/470065 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112050142/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/siima-awards-2019-full-winners-list-vijay-deverakonda-keerthy-suresh-yash-win-big/470065 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |access-date=14 May 2020 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
| [[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
|[[Dhanush]]
|{{Won}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actor – Tamil
| [[Ameer Sultan|Ameer]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress – Tamil
| [[Andrea Jeremiah]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer – Tamil|Best Cinematographer – Tamil]]
| [[Velraj]]
|{{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="6" | 29 January 2026
| Best Actor
| [[Dhanush]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news|date=2026-01-30|title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for 2016-2022 announced; see full list|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130060303/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375|archive-date=30 January 2026|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en|access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Best Actress (Special Prize)]]
|Aishwarya Rajesh (also for ''[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]'')
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Villain
|Samuthirakani
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|Ameer
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Music Director
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|R. Velraj
|{{Won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Vanitha Film Awards]]
|3 March 2019
|Best Tamil Actor
|Dhanush
|{{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanitha Film Awards: Mohanlal wins Best Actor, Manju Warrier is Best Actress |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/03/02/vanitha-film-awards-winners-list-live-show-kochi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164614/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/03/02/vanitha-film-awards-winners-list-live-show-kochi.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref>
|}

== Legacy ==
Director [[Anurag Kashyap]] also heaped praise on the direction and screenplay, calling it as "an original gangster film".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-25 |title=Vada Chennai review by Anurag Kashyap: The most original gangster film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vada-chennai-review-by-anurag-kashyap-the-most-original-gangster-film-1375025-2018-10-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164625/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vada-chennai-review-by-anurag-kashyap-the-most-original-gangster-film-1375025-2018-10-25 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Directors [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] and [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] too praised the film, the latter called Vetrimaaran as the director "needed to be celebrated".<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 2018 |title=Gautham Menon praises Vada Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menon-praises-vada-chennai/articleshow/66304005.cms |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164616/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menon-praises-vada-chennai/articleshow/66304005.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2018 |title=Vineeth Sreenivasan is all praise for Vada Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/vineeth-sreenivasan-is-all-praise-for-vada-chennai/articleshow/66317270.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908180622/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/vineeth-sreenivasan-is-all-praise-for-vada-chennai/articleshow/66317270.cms |archive-date=8 September 2020 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Kashyap also had the first cut of the film, along with other Tamil films being preserved in his library.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 August 2020 |title=Anurag Kashyap finds first cut of Vada Chennai and subtitled version of Subramaniapuram from his library |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anurag-kashyap-finds-first-cut-of-vada-chennai-and-subtitled-version-of-subramaniapuram-from-his-library/articleshow/77529763.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925045533/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anurag-kashyap-finds-first-cut-of-vada-chennai-and-subtitled-version-of-subramaniapuram-from-his-library/articleshow/77529763.cms |archive-date=25 September 2020 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In a May 2021 interview with Indian cricketer [[Ravichandran Ashwin]], Vetrimaaran revealed about his voice-over used in the opening narrations, and said that "when the film's release date was nearing, he could not trim the film to the desired duration, so he came up with the idea of voice over only three days before the film's release date".<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2021 |title=Vetrimaaran reveals interesting story behind 'Vada Chennai' voiceover |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vetrimaaran-reveals-interesting-story-behind-vada-chennai-voiceover/articleshow/82627701.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812182704/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vetrimaaran-reveals-interesting-story-behind-vada-chennai-voiceover/articleshow/82627701.cms |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A dialogue from the film "Senthil, Guna, Velu, Thambi ivanga ellarum Anbu vaazhkaiyoda inaikkuradhu Rajan dhan" ({{Translation|Rajan is the only person, who brought Senthil, Guna, Velu and Thambi into Anbu's life}}), has been used widely in [[internet meme]]s.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

== Future ==
Post ''Vada Chennai''<nowiki/>'s success, many sources claimed about the sequel of the film, after Dhanush and Vetrimaaran collaborated for ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2018 |title=Dhanush's next is 'Asuran' with Vetrimaaran |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhanushs-next-is-asuran-with-vetrimaaran/articleshow/67206205.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912112512/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhanushs-next-is-asuran-with-vetrimaaran/articleshow/67206205.cms |archive-date=12 September 2019 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In July 2019, there were reports being surfaced that the sequel of the film will be shelved,<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2019 |title=Dhanush's Vada Chennai 2 may never take off, likely to be shelved |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dhanush-s-vada-chennai-2-may-never-take-off-likely-to-be-shelved/story-hzf39Prw625c9trkOey4CL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164614/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dhanush-s-vada-chennai-2-may-never-take-off-likely-to-be-shelved/story-hzf39Prw625c9trkOey4CL.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Dhanush clarified that the sequel will progress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2019 |title='Vada Chennai' sequel not shelved, Dhanush clarifies |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vada-chennai-sequel-not-shelved-dhanush-clarifies-105504 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812170136/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vada-chennai-sequel-not-shelved-dhanush-clarifies-105504 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2019 |title=Vada Chennai 2 not shelved, clarifies Dhanush |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vada-chennai-2-not-shelved-clarifies-dhanush-5830675/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716171338/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vada-chennai-2-not-shelved-clarifies-dhanush-5830675/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> It was reported that the sequel will be made into a streaming series format instead of a feature film, as Vetrimaaran revealed that "some of the events including the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|2004 Tsunami]] and other political incidents, had to be shown and this may overshoot the proposed budget", hence he decided to make the sequel into a digital format.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2020 |title=Vetrimaaran reveals his plans about the release of 'Vada Chennai 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vetrimaaran-reveals-his-plans-about-the-release-of-vada-chennai-2/articleshow/75618968.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528015602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vetrimaaran-reveals-his-plans-about-the-release-of-vada-chennai-2/articleshow/75618968.cms |archive-date=28 May 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>{{Verification-inline|date=November 2021}} Vetrimaaran also revealed that he planned the first film into a streaming series instead of making into a feature.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyengar |first=Shriram |date=13 December 2018 |title=Initially planned Vada Chennai as a web-series, reveals Vetrimaaran |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/dec/13/17459 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812180552/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/dec/13/17459 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

== Spin-off ==

=== ''Rajan Vagaiyaraa'' ===
''Rajan Vagaiyaraa'' ({{Translation|Rise of Rajan}}) was initially conceived by Vetrimaaran as a prequel to ''Vada Chennai'', focusing on the life of Rajan, played by Ameer. Vetrimaaran stated in interviews that he was deeply fascinated by the character and originally intended to develop a standalone web series. Extensive flashback sequences featuring Rajan were shot during ''Vada Chennai''<nowiki/>'s production. While only some were used in the final cut, the remaining footage, edited into a narrative exceeding two hours, was compiled as a separate film titled ''Rajan Vagaiyaraa''. As of 2025, the film remains unreleased. In March 2021, it was reported that the prequel might resume development following Vetrimaaran's other commitments ([[Viduthalai Part 1|''Viduthalai'' ''Part 1'']] and [[Viduthalai Part 2|''Part 2'']], and ''Vaadivaasal'').<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=30 October 2018 |title=A web series based on Rajan character in 'Vada Chennai' |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/a-web-series-based-on-rajan-character-in-vada-chennai-news-tamil-sk4kbydgfgjec.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630123223/http://www.sify.com/movies/a-web-series-based-on-rajan-character-in-vada-chennai-news-tamil-sk4kbydgfgjec.html |archive-date=30 June 2019 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2018 |title=Vetri Maaran says he's planning a 'Vada Chennai' prequel web series |url=https://scroll.in/reel/899874/vetri-maaran-says-hes-planning-a-vada-chennai-prequel-web-series |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164610/https://scroll.in/reel/899874/vetri-maaran-says-hes-planning-a-vada-chennai-prequel-web-series |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2018 |title='Vada Chennai' prequel 'Rajan Vagaira' planned as a web series |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vada-chennai-prequel-rajan-vagaira-planned-web-series-90739 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812170140/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vada-chennai-prequel-rajan-vagaira-planned-web-series-90739 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=31 March 2021 |title=Vada Chennai prequel series in works, confirms Vetri Maaran |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/mar/31/vada-chennai-prequel-series-in-works-confirms-vetri-maaran-2283681.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164615/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/mar/31/vada-chennai-prequel-series-in-works-confirms-vetri-maaran-2283681.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== ''Arasan'' ===
In June 2025, Vetrimaaran began production on a film starring [[Silambarasan]] tentatively titled STR49 which is set in the same universe as ''Vada Chennai''.[[Anirudh Ravichander]] is the composer for the film. Andrea Jeremiah, Samuthirakani and Kishore, who were associated with the original film, were cast to reprise their roles, with [[Vijay Sethupathi]] having a [[cameo appearance]] in this film.<ref>{{Cite news|title=‘Arasan’: Vijay Sethupathi joins Silambarasan TR’s film with Vetri Maaran|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/arasan-vijay-sethupathi-silambarasan-tr-vetri-maaran-vada-chennai/article70321136.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2025-11-25|access-date=2025-12-02|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN|first=The Hindu|last=Bureau|archive-date=28 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128090348/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/arasan-vijay-sethupathi-silambarasan-tr-vetri-maaran-vada-chennai/article70321136.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-06-17 |title=Vetri Maaran starts filming for his next with Silambarasan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/17/vetri-maaran-starts-filming-for-his-next-with-silambarasan |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=2025-06-17 |title=STR and Vetrimaaran's film begins with promo shoot; Nelson in a cameo |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/str-and-vetrimaarans-film-begins-with-promo-shoot-nelson-in-a-cameo-837310 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=dtnext |language=en |archive-date=18 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618074625/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/str-and-vetrimaarans-film-begins-with-promo-shoot-nelson-in-a-cameo-837310 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is being co-produced by Silambarasan under his newly formed production company, Atman Cine Arts.

== See also ==

* [[Mylapore Siva]]
* [[Vetrimaaran|Vetrimaran]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Vetrimaaran}}
{{Lyca Productions}}
{{Wunderbar Films}}

[[Category:2010s gangster films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2010s vigilante films]]
[[Category:2018 controversies]]
[[Category:2018 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vetrimaaran]]
[[Category:Films scored by Santhosh Narayanan]]
[[Category:Films set in 1987]]
[[Category:Films set in 1991]]
[[Category:Films set in 1996]]
[[Category:Films set in 2000]]
[[Category:Films set in 2003]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in slums]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Political controversies in film]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Race-related controversies in film]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Dhanush]]

Shahgarh, Amethi

2026-04-21T15:13:11Z

Sanjanadalvi:

{{other uses|Shahgarh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shahgarh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Shāhgarh
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Shahgarh block map (Sultanpur).png
| map_caption = Map showing Shahgarh (#170) in Shahgarh CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.260547|N|81.773618|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here |title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faizabad division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Amethi district|Amethi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = {{start date and age|1599}}
| founder = Babu Sultan Sah
| named_for = Babu Sultan Sah
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.873
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3201
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Shahgarh''' is a village and [[community development block]] headquarters in [[Gauriganj, India|Gauriganj]] tehsil of [[Amethi district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Sultanpur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=164–80 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0948_PART_A_DCHB_SULTANPUR.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> As of 2011, it has a population of 3,201 people, in 525 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It historically was the seat of a [[taluqdar]]i estate held by a branch of the [[Bandhalgoti]] Rajputs.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> Today it serves as the seat of a [[nyaya panchayat]] which also includes 13 other villages.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==History==
The original fort of Shahgarh was founded by and named after Sultan Sah, brother of Bikram Sah the ruler of [[Amethi]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1903">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Sultanpur: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XLVI Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1903 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=95, 97–8, 158 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.113213 |access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> His descendants held the Shahgarh [[taluqdar]]i estate.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> Originally the estate supposedly consisted of 121 villages, suggesting a regular partition, but this is unlikely since another brother, Lachhmi Narain, received the much smaller [[Kannu, Amethi|Kannu]] estate.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> From 1803 to 1810, the Shahgarh estate was leased to Raja Har Chand Singh of Amethi along with the entire [[pargana]] of Amethi; it then comprised 40 villages.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> It had increased to 60 villages by 1846, when it was again leased to Amethi.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> When Balwant Singh, the taluqdar of Shahgarh, resisted the lease, Raja Madho Singh of Amethi had him imprisoned.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> The British officer [[William Henry Sleeman]] brought the issue before the [[Nawab of Awadh]] and in 1855 was able to secure Balwant Singh's release and restoration to his property; Balwant Singh later sided with the British during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> At the turn of the 20th century, the Shahgarh estate consisted of 20 villages and 1 [[patti (land)|patti]] in pargana Amethi.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> At that time, Shahgarh itself was described as a prosperous village with a market.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/>

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Shahgarh as comprising 13 hamlets, with a total population of 1,112 people (549 male and 563 female), in 254 households and 252 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (49 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=104–5, 198 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/843/1/52301_1951_SUL.pdf |access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 701 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951"/> 160 residents were literate, 158 male and 2 female.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the pargana of Amethi and the [[thana]] of Gauriganj.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village had a district board-run primary school with 80 students in attendance as of 1 January 1951.<ref name="Census 1951"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Shahgarh as comprising 13 hamlets, with a total population of 1,239 people (618 male and 621 female), in 279 households and 267 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (44 - Sultanpur District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=xlvi-xlvii |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1035/1/22847_1961_SUL.pdf |access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 701 acres and it had a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961"/> It was then part of [[Bhitua]] CD block.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Shahgarh as having a population of 1,722 people, in 355 households, and having an area of 274.39 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=100–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1311/1/28684_1981_SUL.pdf |access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Shahgarh as having a total population of 2,152 people (1,130 male and 1,022 female), in 396 households and 382 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 104–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1413/1/37121_1991_SUL.pdf |access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 276.00 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 388, or 18% of the total; this group was 52% male (201) and 48% female (187).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled caste]]s numbered 402, or 19% of the village's total population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 35% (474 men and 143 women, counting only people age 7 and up).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 724 people were classified as main workers (573 men and 151 women), while 0 people were classified as marginal workers; the remaining 1,428 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 371 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 245 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 1 worker in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 0 household industry workers; 1 worker employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 0 [[construction worker]]s; 4 employed in trade and commerce; 1 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 101 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/>
[[File:Front Elevation Shahgarh Palace.jpg|thumb|Shahgarh Palace]]
The Shahgarh fort today survives and is in fairly good condition maintained by the family of the erstwhile Talukdar's that continues to live in the complex. There is also a lake on the north side, with a small temple on an island abutting the palace complex that was once part of the larger complex but is now abandoned and silted.

==Villages==
Shahgarh CD block has the following 66 villages:<ref name="Census 2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Village name
! Total land area (hectares)
! Population (in 2011)
|-
| [[Harkarnpur]]|| 34.9 || 255
|-
| [[Bagia Kailash]]|| 81.5 || 523
|-
| [[Govindapur, Amethi|Govindapur]]|| 50.9 || 3
|-
| [[Jagaipur]]|| 66.9 || 263
|-
| [[Dalipgarh, Amethi|Dalipgarh]]|| 8 || 0
|-
| [[Tejgarh]]|| 223.5 || 1,062
|-
| [[Purkhipur]]|| 80.2 || 393
|-
| [[Hardoiya]]|| 382 || 1,883
|-
| [[Pichhaura, Amethi|Pichhaura]]|| 166.2 || 1,007
|-
| [[Kishundaspur]]|| 220.2 || 1,120
|-
| [[Ulra]]|| 384.8 || 1,780
|-
| [[Purehirbal]]|| 41 || 209
|-
| [[Chandauki]]|| 254 || 1,688
|-
| [[Ramshahpur]]|| 290.3 || 1,167
|-
| [[Tarsara]]|| 165.2 || 849
|-
| [[Rajapur Kasrawan]]|| 126.6 || 613
|-
| [[Asura, Shahgarh, Amethi|Asura]]|| 30.7 || 562
|-
| [[Nawada Kishun Garh]]|| 412.2 || 2,977
|-
| [[Pachhela]]|| 76.9 || 618
|-
| [[Dakkhin Gaon]]|| 366.6 || 1,425
|-
| [[Kasrawan, Amethi|Kasrawan]]|| 402.6 || 1,977
|-
| [[Sawanka Gaon]]|| 62.7 || 535
|-
| [[Loniyapur]]|| 22.5 || 306
|-
| [[Paniyar]]|| 215.2 || 1,542
|-
| [[Bharatpur, Shahgarh, Amethi|Bharatpur]]|| 60.8 || 193
|-
| [[Hariharpur, Amethi|Hariharpur]]|| 119.3 || 1,068
|-
| [[Keshopur]]|| 109 || 379
|-
| [[Karaiya, Amethi|Karaiya]]|| 162 || 577
|-
| [[Parbhanpur]]|| 153.5 || 399
|-
| [[Soraon, Amethi|Soraon]]|| 192.3 || 1,258
|-
| [[Jalama, Amethi|Jalama]]|| 340.1 || 2,245
|-
| [[Afuia]]|| 418.8 || 2,550
|-
| [[Pure Ebadulla]]|| 141.5 || 1,013
|-
| [[Khakhardei]]|| 52.8 || 307
|-
| [[Chhariyawan]]|| 69.1 || 408
|-
| [[Sewainhem Garh]]|| 426.7 || 2,378
|-
| [[Chilbili, Amethi|Chilbili]]|| 165.1 || 1,207
|-
| [[Paharpur, Shahgarh, Amethi|Paharpur]]|| 74 || 373
|-
| [[Juthipur]]|| 348.2 || 1,922
|-
| [[Dandupur, Shahgarh, Ameth|Dandupur]]|| 53 || 769
|-
| [[Bahorikpur]]|| 253.4 || 928
|-
| [[Kitiyawan]]|| 346 || 3,044
|-
| [[Bahorakha]]|| 293.9 || 1,775
|-
| [[Samsheria]]|| 193 || 873
|-
| [[Bhaniyapur]]|| 161.9 || 1,088
|-
| [[Kushbaira]]|| 150.2 || 1,161
|-
| [[Gadiyan]]|| 91.5 || 176
|-
| [[Dewar Dewakali]]|| 145.4 || 530
|-
| [[Rajapur Kauhar]]|| 249.6 || 1,274
|-
| [[Kauhar]]|| 542.8 || 2,859
|-
| [[Juryapur]]|| 120.3 || 1,327
|-
| [[Dulapur Khurd]]|| 171.5 || 1,014
|-
| [[Eksara, Amethi|Eksara]]|| 183.1 || 1,135
|-
| [[Birrampur]]|| 120.1 || 881
|-
| [[Paliya, Shahgarh, Amethi|Paliya]]|| 116 || 1,072
|-
| '''Shahgarh''' (block headquarters) || 387.3 || 3,102
|-
| [[Kapoorpur, Amethi|Kapoorpur]]|| 44.2 || 565
|-
| [[Nabbadih]]|| 117.8 || 515
|-
| [[Purabgaon, Shahgarh, Amethi|Purab Gaon]]|| 292.3 || 2,136
|-
| [[Dulapur Kalan]]|| 240.5 || 2,584
|-
| [[Garthauliya]]|| 421 || 2,399
|-
| [[Lohangpur]]|| 193.3 || 1,072
|-
| [[Nohre Pur]]|| 312.9 || 1,718
|-
| [[Lonara]]|| 128.4 || 255
|-
| [[Tandawa]]|| 165.1 || 1,128
|-
| [[Ujjaini, Amethi|Ujjaini]]|| 77.5 || 549
|-class="sortbottom"
| '''Block total''' || '''74,963''' || '''12,570.8'''
|-
!Village name !! Total land area (hectares) !! Population (in 2011)
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Amethi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Amethi district]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates in Uttar Pradesh]]

Sojat Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:36:44Z

Sanjanadalvi: Made basic article basic info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}{{expand list|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sojat
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-117-Sojat.svg
| mla = [[Shobha Chauhan]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Pali district|Pali]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Pali Lok Sabha constituency|Pali]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:246238}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 117
}}
'''Sojat Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Pali district|Pali]] district. As of 2018, it is represented by [[Shobha Chauhan]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].{{update after|2029|2}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| [[Laxmi Narayan Dave]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-rajasthan-2003/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2003 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| [[Sanjana Agari]]
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2023/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2023}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| [[Shobha Chauhan]]
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Sojat<ref name=election2023a>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2023/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2023|website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Shobha Chauhan]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:94852}}
|percentage = 55.76
|change = +1.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Niranjan Arya
|votes = {{formatnum:63080}}
|percentage = 37.08
|change = +4.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Ramchandre
|votes = {{formatnum:2266}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Om Prakash
|votes = {{formatnum:1993}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2024}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change = +0.26
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:31772}}
|percentage = 18.68
|change = -3.11
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:170105}}
|percentage = 69.08
|change = +2.35
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Sojat<ref name="election2018"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shobha Chauhan
|votes = {{formatnum:80645}}
|percentage = 54.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shobha Solanki
|votes = {{formatnum:48247}}
|percentage = 32.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Abhinav Rajasthan Party
|candidate = Dileep Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3616}}
|percentage = 2.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kanhaiyalal Parihar
|votes = {{formatnum:3196}}
|percentage = 2.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Manak Ram Solanki
|votes = {{formatnum:2638}}
|percentage = 1.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rameshwar Chouhan
|votes = {{formatnum:2203}}
|percentage = 1.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1965}}
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manju Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:1422}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1387}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:32398}}
|percentage = 21.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:148670}}
|percentage = 66.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Pali district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|25.93|73.67|display=title}}

[[Category:Pali district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Sham Chaurasi Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:51:34Z

Sanjanadalvi: Made a post nd citations

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}{{expand list|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sham Chaurasi
| map_image = 42-Sham Chaurasi.svg
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hoshiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshiarpur]]
| reservation = SC
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 42
| mla = [[Pawan Kumar Adia]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| electors = {{formatnum:178919}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
}}
'''Sham Chaurasi''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|title= List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies|accessdate= 19 July 2016|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|archivedate= 23 April 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref> It is part of [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
| Arjan Singh Josh
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Ram Lubhaya
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|rowspan=2|Mohinder Kaur Josh
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| Pawan Kumar Adia
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Ravjot Singh|Dr. Ravjot Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Sham Chaurasi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Ravjot Singh|Dr. Ravjot Singh]]<ref name="Punjab AAP 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of AAP Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:60730}}
|percentage = 49.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pawan Kumar Adia
|votes = {{formatnum:39374}}
|percentage = 32.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohinder Singh Sandhar
|votes = {{formatnum:13512}}
|percentage = 11.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:1095}}
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}-->
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:21356}}
|percentage = 17.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:124024}}
|percentage = 69.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:178914}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Sham Chaurasi<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pawan Kumar Adia
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:46612}}
|percentage = 37.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ravjot Singh|Dr. Ravjot Singh]]
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:42797}}
|percentage = 34.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohinder Kaur Josh
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:24671}}
|percentage = 19.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:898}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:3815}}
|percentage = 3.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:122991}}
|percentage = 74.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:166750}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2012]]: Sham Chaurasi<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohinder Kaur Josh
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:43360}}
|percentage = 38.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chaudhary Ram Lubhaya
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:38054}}
|percentage = 33.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Samittar Singh Sikri
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:22429}}
|percentage = 19.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:5306}}
|percentage = 4.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:112202}}
|percentage = 75.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:148622}}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Hoshiarpur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|31.5|75.75|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Hoshiarpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Mahnar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:08Z

Sanjanadalvi: starting new stub

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mahnar
| type = SLA
| map_image = 129-Mahnar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Umesh Singh Kushwaha]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|21. Hajipur (SC)]]
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|129]]
| established = 1957
| electors = 301,439
| incumbent_image = File:Umesh kushwaha with Leshi Singh (cropped).jpg
| abolished = 
}}
'''Mahnar''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Vaishali district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 129 Mahnar Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Mahnar [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; Borhan urf Rasulpur Gaus, Basantpur, Mohiuddinpur Garahi, Harprasad, Mahipura, Sohrathi, Mahisaur, Chandsarai, Dihbuchauli, Peerapur, Rasalpur Purushottam, Bishunpur Bedauliya, Saiyad Mahammad urf Salha, Khopi, Arniyan, Hazrat Jandaha, Bahsi Saidpur, Mukundpur Bhath and [[Loma (Jandaha)|Loma]] [[gram panchayat]]s of Jandaha community development block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Mahnar Assembly constituency is part of No. 21 [[Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (SC).<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Manhar Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/manhar.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|[[Deep Narayan Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Banarsi Devi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="5" |Muneshwar Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Munshilal Rai
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Muneshwar Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party-Lohia}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Munshilal Rai
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Rama Kishore Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Lok Janshakti Party]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Achyutanand Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Umesh Kushwaha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Bina Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Umesh Kushwaha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin
| title = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2025]]: Mahnar<ref name="election2025">{{cite web|url= https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04129.htm|website=Election Commission of India|title=Mahnar Assembly constituency election 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Umesh Singh Kushwaha]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:98050}}
|percentage = 48.59
|change = +16.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ravindra Kumar Singh
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:59492}}
|percentage = 29.48
|change = -7.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Ray
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:14153}}
|percentage = 7.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vipin Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:7657}}
|percentage = 3.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Dr. Rajesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:4512}}
|percentage = 2.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Achutanand
|votes = {{formatnum:2554}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Subodh Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2029}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramesh Sahni
|votes = {{formatnum:1974}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1321}}
|percentage = 0.65
|change = -2.06
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:38558}}
|percentage = 19.11
|change = +14.31
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:201787}}
|percentage = 66.94
|change = +12.56
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===

In 2015 [[Janata Dal (United)]] deflected from the [[National Democratic Alliance]] and allied with its chief rival [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] to form a coalition called [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]]. In the elections to Mahnar constituency in 2015 [[Umesh Kushwaha]] of JD (U) defeated [[Achyutanand Singh]] with a large margin of 27000 votes.<ref name="election2020-1">{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/mehnar-assembly-seat-election-2020-bihar-assembly-election-2020-mehnar-mla-umesh-singh-kushwaha-nitish-kumar-lalu-yadav-lbs-1137882-2020-09-30|title=महनार विधानसभा सीट: इस सीट पर NDA की मजबूत पकड़, RJD के लिए कठिन होगा सफर|website=Aaj Tak|first=अजीत|last=तिवारी |access-date=2020-10-13|quote=Transl:The 2015 mandate was won by JDU's Umesh Singh Kushwaha from the Mahanar seat in the 2015 assembly elections. He defeated [[Achyutanand Singh]] of BJP by a margin of over 27 thousand votes. [[Umesh Singh Kushwaha]] received 69825 votes in this election, while only 43370 votes were cast in [[Achyutanand Singh]]'s court. }}</ref> However, in 2020 [[Umesh Kushwaha]] lost to [[Bina Singh]], the wife of [[Rama Kishore Singh]] who contested the 2020 election on [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] symbol.<ref name="election2020-2">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/bihar-assembly-elections-2020/umesh-singh-kushwaha-mahnar-candidate-s04a129c03/|title=Mahnar election result 2020|website=News18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115182737/https://www.news18.com/bihar-assembly-elections-2020/umesh-singh-kushwaha-mahnar-candidate-s04a129c03/|access-date=2020-11-15|archive-date=15 November 2020}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahnar<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Bina Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:61721}}
|percentage = 37.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Umesh Singh Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:53774}}
|percentage = 32.54
|change = {{decrease}}14.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Rabindra Kr. Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:31315}}
|percentage = 18.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Triveni Kumar Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:2547}}
|percentage = 1.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sathi Aur Aapka Faisala Party
|candidate = Shyam Babu Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1960}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janshakti Vikas Party (Democratic)
|candidate = Hareram Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1840}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Raghupati Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1507}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change = {{decrease}}2.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4481}}
|percentage = 2.71
|change = {{increase}}1.66
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7947}}
|percentage = 4.8
|change = {{decrease}}13.05
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:165274}}
|percentage = 54.38
|change = {{increase}}0.09
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahnar<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Umesh Singh Kushwaha]]
|votes = {{formatnum:69825}}
|percentage = 47.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. Achuta Nand
|votes = {{formatnum:43370}}
|percentage = 29.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Amod Kumar Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:5425}}
|percentage = 3.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rabindra Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2881}}
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Braj Nandan Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2777}}
|percentage = 1.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rastriya Sadabahar Party
|candidate = Ram Sagar Hajra
|votes = {{formatnum:2733}}
|percentage = 1.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Dal
|candidate = Sanjit Thakur
|votes = {{formatnum:2601}}
|percentage = 1.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Arjun Das
|votes = {{formatnum:2307}}
|percentage = 1.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Annpurna Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1993}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sarvajan Kalyan Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Kundan Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1598}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mahesh Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:1546}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1561}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26455}}
|percentage = 17.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:148186}}
|percentage = 54.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
In the [[2010 Bihar legislative assembly election|2010 state assembly elections]], Dr. [[Achyutanand Singh]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] won the Mahnar assembly seat defeating [[Rama Kishore Singh]] of [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]].<ref name="election2010">{{cite web| url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS04129.htm |title = Bihar - Manhar |work =Bihar Assembly Elections Nov 2010 Results | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-02-07 }}</ref> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners up are being mentioned.
[[Rama Kishore Singh]] of [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]] defeated Munshilal Rai of RJD in [[Bihar Assembly Election, Oct 2005|October 2005]] and [[Bihar Assembly Election, Feb 2005|February 2005]]. Rama Kishore Singh of JD(U) defeated Munshilal Rai of RJD in 2000.
Munshilal Rai of [[Janata Dal|JD]] defeated Rama Kishore Singh, Independent, in 1995.
Muneshwar Prasad Singh of SOP(L) defeated Raghupati of JD in 1990.
Munshilal Rai of [[Lok Dal|LD]] defeated Mithleshwar Prasad of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1985.
Munshilal Rai of Janata Party (Secular – Charan Singh) defeated Ram Prasad Singh of Congress in 1980.
Muneshwar Prasad Singh of [[Janata Party|JP]] defeated Akhilesh Kumar Ray of Congress in 1977.<ref name="election1977">{{cite web| url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp47.htm |title = 47 - Mahnar Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-02-07 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Vaishali district topics }}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Vaishali district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]

Mega ATV Championship

2026-04-07T22:32:43Z

Sanjanadalvi: starting new details

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=October 2019}}
{{no footnotes|date=July 2019}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{infobox
|abovestyle=
|above=Mega ATV Championship
|image=
|caption=
|country=[[India]]
|headerstyle=

|label1=Type
|data1=Adventure Racing
|label2=Country
|data2=[[India]]
|label3=Inaugural Session
|data3=2015
|label4=Organised By
|data4=Autosports India
|label5=No Of Teams Participated
|data5=140+

|header6=Session 1
|label7=Track Length
|data7=3.2 km
|label8=Location
|data8=[[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]
|label9=Teams participated
|data9=60+
|label10=Winner
|data10=Northern Bulls

|header11=Session 2
|label12=Track Length
|data12=5.6 km
|label13=Location
|data13=[[Ahmednagar]], [[Maharashtra]]
|label14=Teams participated
|data14=70+
|label15=Winner
|data15=Stallions Racing
}}
'''Mega ATV Championship''' is a national level ATV (All terrain vehicles) racing championship in [[India]] organized by "Autosports India". It is inter college national level racing championship for engineering students basically for mechanical/ automobile branches. This championship is well known for its extraordinary racing format, night endurance racing. Till date 4 seasons held and the third season to be held in March 2020. The championship started its first season in 2015 held in [[Bhubaneswar]].

== Event format ==
It is a four-day [[design]], [[manufacturing]], and [[racing]] competition. Where in day one the technical inspection of the vehicles to be done, and from day 2, the event starts which consists of [[Drag racing|drag race]], [[Dirt track racing|flat dirt race]], [[Endurance racing (motorsport)|endurance race]], armageddon race, black out race.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

== Tracks ==
One Rocky Mountains track in [[Ahmednagar]], [[Maharashtra]] situated at [[PDVVP|Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil College Of Engineering]] campus of length 6 Kilometers, Spread over 300 Acres.

Another track on flat dirt ground in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]] length 3.2 Kilometers, spread over 62 Acres.

== Season-1 ==
Held in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], participants from many technical colleges and universities in India participated in the championship. One flat dirt track in [[Bhubaneswar]] Patia it is 3.2 Kilometers, long and on the flat ground of perfectly square shape of 600 meters x600 meters.
{| class="wikitable"
!Position
!College Name
!Team Name
|-
|Champion
|Rayat Institute of Engineering & Information Technology
|Northern Bulls
|-
|Runners Up
|[[Kumaraguru College of Technology]]
|Team Blitzkrieg
|-
|2nd Runners Up
|[[Sri Krishna College of Engineering & Technology]]
|Transryderz
|}

== Season-2 ==
The season-2 of Mega ATV Championship received a huge response from the participants and well appreciated after end of season-1. Season-2 held at Maharashtra state in Ahmednagar District, In [[PDVVP|Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil College of engineering]] campus. The track was on mountains and of a length of 6 Kilometers. The track is spread over 300 Acres of total land area.

=== Category Wise ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Category
!1st
!2nd
!3rd
|-
|Flat Dirt Race
|Team jatayu
|Stallions Racing
|Team Sparkx
|-
|Drag Race
|Team Red Baron
|Team Jatayu
|Stallions Racing
|-
|Armageddon Race
|Stallions Racing
|Team Red Baron
|Team Jatayu
|-
|Blackout Race
|Team Red Baron
|Stallions Racing
|Team Sparkx
|-
|Endurance Race
|Team Red Baron
|Stallions Racing
|Team Sparkx
|}

== Overall results ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Position
!College Name
!Team Name
|-
|Champion
|Alard College Of Engineering, Pune
|Stallions Racing
|-
|Runners Up
|[[Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering]]
|Team Red Baron
|-
|2nd Runners Up
|Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology
|Team Jatayu
|}

== Season-3 ==
Mega ATV Championship season 3 was conducted in Nasik, Maharashtra in February, 2018. The event was spread over an area of whopping 210 acres with the longest track being 7 kilometres in length. It saw the participation of a engineering undergrads and was a successful event.

=== Category Wise ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Category
!1st
!2nd
!3rd
|-
|Flat Dirt Race
|Prometheans
|Team Jatayu
|Team Chronicles
|-
|Drag Race
|Team Mechcrew
|Phoenix Racing
|Team Brahmastra Racing
|-
|Armageddon Race
|Team Brahmastra Racing
|Team SparkX
|Prometheans
|-
|Endurance Race
|Team SparkX
|Team Durgayans
|Team Kriegers Racing
|}

== Overall results ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Position
!College Name
!Team Name
|-
|Champion
|Silver Oak College of Engineering and Technology
|Team SparkX
|-
|Runners Up
|Thiagarajar College Of Engineering
|Prometheans
|-
|2nd Runners Up
|K. K. Wagh Institute of Engineering Education and Research
|Team Brahmastra Racing
|}

== Season-4 ==
Mega ATV Championship season 4 was conducted on a plateau near Qureim beach, Goa, Maharashtra. The event was spread over a surprising 955 acres with the longest track being 9.5 kilometers in length for Endurance race. The event first time reached the maximum participation limit of 100 comprising more than 3500 engineers and attracted an overall spectators of 10,000+ strength.

=== Category Wise ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Category
!1st
!2nd
!3rd
|-
|Flat Dirt Race
|TEAM RACING PIONEERS
|Team Assassins
|JUNKYARD WARRIORS
|-
|Drag Race
|RedShift Racing India
|TEAM DELTA GENESIS
|Team Blackhawks
|-
|Armageddon Race
|TEAM RACING PIONEERS
|Team SparkX
|Team Invader Racing
|-
|Endurance Race
|TEAM RACING PIONEERS
|TEAM DELTA GENESIS
|Team Mavrick
|}

== Overall results ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Position
!College Name
!Team Name
|-
|Champion
|Zeal College of Engineering and Research
|TEAM RACING PIONEERS
|-
|Runners Up
|Sandip Institute of Engineering And Management
|TEAM DELTA GENESIS
|-
|2nd Runners Up
|Silver Oak College of Engineering and Technology
|Team SparkX
|}

== Season- 5 & 6 ==
Mega ATV Championship Season 5 & 6 was conducted on a plateau in Qureim beach, Goa, Maharashtra. The event was spread over a surprising 1000 acres with the longest track being 8.5 kilometers in length for Endurance race.

=== Category Wise ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Category
!1st
!2nd
!3rd
|-
|Flat Dirt Race
|Team Phoenix
|Team Assassins
|Team Bruiser Heads
|-
|Drag Race
|Team Torrid Racing
|Team Synergy Racing
|Team SparkX Racing
|-
|Armageddon Race
|Team SparkX Racing
|Team Bruiser Heads
|Team Phoenix
|-
|Endurance Race
|Team Assassins
|Team Torrid Racing
|Team Bruiser Heads
|}

== Overall results ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Position
!College Name
!Team Name
|-
|Champion
|Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering Technology
|Team Bruiser Heads
|-
|Runners Up
|R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur
|Team Assassins
|-
|2nd Runners Up
|Silver Oak College of Engineering and Technology
|Team SparkX
|}

==External links==
*[https://www.malaysiasun.com/news/268934786/autosports-india-organises-a-grand-atv-racing-championship Autosports India organises a grand ATV Racing Championship - Malaysia Sun]
*[https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/autosports-india-organises-a-grand-atv-racing-championship-in-goa-mega-atv-championship20210423142409/ ANI SEASON 5 & 6]
*[https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/autosports-india-organises-a-grand-atv-racing-championship-in-goa-mega-atv-championship-121042300648_1.html Business Standard : Season 5 & 6]

[[Category:Auto racing series in India]]

Ram Singh Bundi

2026-04-02T09:28:11Z

Sanjanadalvi: stub

{{Short description|Raja of Bundi from 1821 to 1889}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = HH Maharao Sir Ram Singh
| title = [[Maharao Raja]]
| image = Ram Singh Bundi.png
| caption = Photo taken of the Raja in the late 19th century
| succession = [[Maharao Raja]] of [[Bundi State|Bundi]]
| reign = 14 May 1821 – {{Nowrap|28 March 1889}}
| coronation = 5 August 1821
| predecessor = Maharao Bishan Singh
| regent =
| successor = [[Raghubir Singh Bundi|Raja Raghubir Singh]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1811|05||df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bundi]], [[Bundi State]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1889|03|28|1811|05|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bundi]], [[Bundi State]], [[British Raj]]
| burial_date = 28 March 1889
| burial_place =
| spouse = {{Unbulleted list|
| Maharaniji Rathorji Swarup Kanwarji of [[Jodhpur]]-[[Marwar]]
| Maharaniji Shekhawatji Gulab Kanwarji of [[Bissau, Rajasthan|Bissau]]
| Maharaniji Pariharji Chandrabhan Kanwarji of [[Nagod State]]
| Maharaniji Pariharji Shubnath Kanwarji of [[Pataura]]
}}
| issue = [[Ram Singh Bundi#Issue|See below]]
| regnal name =
| posthumous name =
| father = Maharao Bishan Singh
| mother = Maharaniji Rathorji Aman Kanwarji d.of Raja Pratap Singh of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| royal house = [[Bundi State|Bundi Royal Family]]
}}

'''HH Hatendra Shiromani Deo Sar Buland Rai Maharajadhiraj Maharao Raja Shri Sir Ram Singh of Bundi''' {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|GCSI}} (May 1811 – 28 March 1889) was the 25th [[Hada Chauhan]] ruler of the [[princely state|Princely State]] of [[Bundi State|Bundi]] in the south-eastern region of [[Hadoti]] in [[Rajputana]] (now [[Rajasthan]]) and the first to rule within the imperial [[British Raj]].

He succeeded his father Maharao Bishan Singh and was succeeded by his eldest son [[Raghubir Singh Bundi|Raja Raghubir Singh]], reigning between 1821 and 1889.<ref>Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey edited by Arnold Wright pp:157–163</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Maharao Raja Ram Singh – theindianportrait |url=https://theindianportrait.com/artwork/maharao-raja-ram-singh/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |date=1987-01-08 |title=Bundi (Princely State) |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/bundi |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Reign==
Ram Singh was born in 1811 as the eldest son of [[Bishen Singh Bundi|Raja Bishen Singh]]. The following year Ram Singh had a brother, Gopal Singh in 1812.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-08-08 |title=BUNDI |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/bundi.html |access-date=2025-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808215335/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/bundi.html |archive-date=2018-08-08}}</ref> He was a disciple of [[Satguru Balak Singh]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Middleton |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R63ACQAAQBAJ&dq=ram+singh+bundi+balak+singh&pg=PA130 |title=World Monarchies and Dynasties |date=2015-06-01 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45158-7 |language=en}}</ref> He succeeded his Father following after he died at the age of 48 on 14 May 1821 and was later installed on 5 August 1821 at the age of just 10.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The Raja mostly experienced a rather peaceful and beloved reign during his nearly 70-year tenure (which was the longest reign in Rajasthani history) for much of his rule.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N8kKAQAAIAAJ&q=ram+singh+bundi+1821-1889 |title=A Comprehensive History of India: 1818-1858 |date=1985 |publisher=Orient Longmans |isbn=978-81-7007-003-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-09 |title=47 monarchs who reigned for longer than Queen Elizabeth II |url=https://metro.co.uk/2015/09/09/47-monarchs-who-reigned-for-longer-than-queen-elizabeth-ii-5382830/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Metro |language=en}}</ref> During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the Raja lacked much enthusiasm and interest in the conflict, providing lukewarm amounts of support, but was still considered very supportive of the British.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=SAXENA |first1=DR ARVIND KUMAR |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VM_qEAAAQBAJ&dq=ram+singh+bundi+british&pg=PA66 |title=BUNDI : A Historical Odyssey |last2=PRADHAN |first2=DR NEHA |date=2023-12-23 |publisher=kitab writing publication |isbn=978-93-5868-526-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Middleton |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R63ACQAAQBAJ&dq=ram+singh+bundi+1821-1889&pg=PA130 |title=World Monarchies and Dynasties |date=2015-06-01 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45158-7 |language=en}}</ref> He experienced the establishment of the [[British Raj]] in 1858. He was a notable friend of [[Kota State|Raja Ram Singh II of Kota]]. Eventually he was granted a Sanad in 1862 at the age of 51 and became a well-respected figure within the British Raj.<ref name=":2" /> According to many contemporary sources, he was considered as a remarkable and popular ruler and was shown with the strict integrity he evinced in all his actions.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaitanya |first=Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qr2iZqOM3fsC&dq=ram+singh+bundi&pg=PA114 |title=History of Indian Painting: Rajasthani Traditions |date=May 1992 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-154-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>The Times, 30 July 1927, page 12, Issue 44647.</ref> He was granted the [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]] honour in 1877 after reigned for over 55 years.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharao Ram Singh II of Kota (r. 1827-1866) Hunting a Tiger with Maharao Raja Ram Singh of Bundi (r. 1821-1889) {{!}} LACMA Collections |url=https://collections.lacma.org/node/240952 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=collections.lacma.org}}</ref> He died at the age of 77 on 28 March 1889 and was succeeded by his eldest son [[Raghubir Singh Bundi|Raja Raghubir Singh]] after an extremely long and progressive rule.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

==Issue==
The ruler married thrice and was the father of six children in total.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />
* Yuvraj Bhim Singh
* [[Raghubir Singh Bundi|Raja Raghubir Singh]]
* Kunwar Rangraj Singh
* Kunwar Raghuraj Singh
* Kunwar Raghunath Singh
* Kunwar Rangnath Singh
* Kunwari Lakshman Kanwarji m.to Maharaja Sir Sardar Singh of [[Jodhpur]] [[Marwar]]

==See also==
* [[List of longest-reigning monarchs]]
* [[Bundi State]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1811 births]]
[[Category:1889 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]

Restaurant

2026-03-28T21:22:54Z

Sanjanadalvi: expanded content

{{Short description|Single establishment that prepares and serves food}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}

[[File:Barbieri - ViaSophia25668.jpg|thumb|The dining room of the Via Sophia in [[Washington, D.C.]], United States, which is a high-end luxury restaurant establishment]]
[[File:Hurrem Sultan Turkish Restaurant.jpg|thumb|A Turkish restaurant in Mongolia]]
[[File:Interior_of_Le_Bernardin.jpg|thumb|The dining room of [[Le Bernardin]], which is a restaurant in [[Midtown Manhattan|Midtown]], [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]]. Restaurants may serve cuisines native to foreign countries. This one, for instance, serves [[French cuisine]] along with [[seafood]].]]
A '''restaurant''' is a [[business]] that prepares and serves [[food]] and [[beverage]]s to [[customer]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/restaurant
|title=Definition of Restaurant |website=Merriam-Webster |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref> [[Meals]] are generally served and eaten on the [[premises]], but many restaurants also offer [[take-out]] and [[Delivery (commerce)|food delivery]] services. Restaurants vary greatly in appearance and offerings, featuring a wide variety of [[cuisine]]s and [[Customer service|service]] models — ranging from inexpensive [[fast-food restaurant]]s and [[cafeteria]]s to mid-priced [[family restaurant]]s to high-priced luxury establishments.

==Etymology==
The word derives from the early 19th century, taken from the [[French language|French]] word {{lang|fr|restaurer}} 'provide meat for', [[Literal translation|literally]] 'restore to a former state'<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.lexico.com/definition/restaurant|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031446/https://www.lexico.com/definition/restaurant|url-status = dead|archive-date = November 12, 2020|title = Restaurant|work = Lexico.com}}</ref> and, being the present participle of the verb,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wordreference.com/conj/FrVerbs.aspx?v=restaurer |title=Conjugaison de restaurer - WordReference.com |website=wordreference.com}}</ref> the term ''restaurant'' may have been used in 1507 as a "restorative [[beverage]]", and in correspondence in 1521 to mean 'that which restores the strength, a fortifying food or remedy'.<ref>"ce qui répare les forces, aliment ou remède fortifiant" (Marguerite d'Angoulême ds Briçonnet, volume 1, p. 70)</ref>

==History==
Archaeological excavations in 2023 at the [[ancient Sumerian]] city of [[Lagash]] (modern-day southern [[Iraq]]) have revealed the remains of a third-millennium BCE public food establishment, dated to approximately 2700 BCE. The site contained benches, an [[oven]], food preparation areas, and numerous standardized bowls, some of which preserved traces of [[food]] and [[beer]]. This site was clearly used by everyday people rather than just [[Elite|elites]], featuring large quantities of conical cups and large [[Jar|jars]] for holding beer. These features have been interpreted by researchers as evidence of a communal [[dining]] space where prepared meals and beverages were served to patrons. reflecting organized food service in an [[Urban area|urban context]]. The discovery provides insight into daily life in early [[Sumerian city-states: Eridu and Nippur|Mesopotamian cities]] and suggests that non-[[elite]] populations had access to shared social spaces for [[dining]] and [[drinking]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Steinmeyer |first=Nathan |date=2023-03-03 |title=Ancient Mesopotamian Tavern Discovered |url=https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/ancient-cultures/ancient-near-eastern-world/ancient-mesopotamian-tavern-discovered/ |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=Biblical Archaeology Society |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Ancient Bar, Pompeii.jpg|thumb|left|Remains of a [[thermopolium]] in Pompeii]]
[[File:GrandeTaberna.JPG|thumb|left|Service counter of a thermopolium in Pompeii]]
A public eating-establishment similar to a restaurant is mentioned in a 512 BC record from [[Ancient Egypt]]. It served only one dish, a plate of [[cereal]], wildfowl, and onions.<ref>{{cite book |author = United States Congress. Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fOJnIHGs3PcC |date = 22 June 1977 |title = Diet Related to Killer Diseases |publisher = U.S. Government Printing Office}}</ref>

A forerunner for the modern restaurant is the {{lang | la | [[thermopolium]]}}, an establishment in [[Ancient Greece]] or [[Ancient Rome]] that sold and served ready-to-eat [[food]] and [[Drink|beverages]]. These establishments were somewhat similar in function to modern [[fast-food]] restaurants. They were most often frequented by people who lacked private kitchens. In the [[Roman Empire]], they were popular among residents of {{lang | la | [[Insula (Roman city)|insulae]]}}.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/11/26/take-out-restaurants-in-ancient-rome-called-thermopolia/ |title = Take-out restaurants existed in ancient Rome and were called 'thermopolia' |website = The Vintage News |date = 26 November 2017}}</ref>

In [[Pompeii]], 158 {{lang | la | [[Thermopolium|thermopolia]]}} with service-counters have been identified throughout the town. They were concentrated along the main axis of the town and near public spaces where they were frequented by the locals.<ref>{{cite journal | last =Ellis | first =Steven J. R. |author-link=Steven J. R. Ellis | title=The Distribution of Bars at Pompeii: Archaeological, Spatial and Viewshed Analyses | journal= [[Journal of Roman Archaeology]] | volume=17 | pages=371–384 (374f.) | year=2004 | doi=10.1017/S104775940000831X | s2cid=159567723}}</ref>

The Romans also had the [[popina]], a [[wine bar]] which in addition to a variety of wines offered a limited selection of simple foods such as olives, bread, cheese, stews, sausage, and porridge. The popinae were known as places for the [[plebeians]] of the [[Social class in ancient Rome|lower classes]] of [[Roman society]] to socialize. While some were confined to one standing room only, others had tables and stools and a few even had couches.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://blogs.kent.ac.uk/lucius-romans/2016/07/15/visiting-a-bar-in-ancient-rome/ |title = Visiting a Bar in Ancient Rome|work = Lucius' Romans |date = 15 July 2016|publisher = University of Kent}}</ref><ref>Potter, David S. (2008). ''A Companion to the Roman Empire''. John Wiley & Sons. {{ISBN|978-1-4051-7826-6}}. p. 374</ref>

Another early forerunner of the restaurant was the [[inn]]. Throughout the ancient world, inns were set up alongside roads to cater to people travelling between cities, offering lodging and food. Meals were typically served at a common table to guests. However, there were no menus or options to choose from.<ref name=thebalancesmb>{{cite web |url = https://www.thebalancesmb.com/a-history-of-the-restaurant-2888319 |date = 13 December 2018 |last = Mealey |first = Lorri |title = History of the Restaurant |website = The Balance Small Business |access-date = August 5, 2021 |archive-date = July 6, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220706233427/https://www.thebalancesmb.com/a-history-of-the-restaurant-2888319 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

Early eating establishments recognizable as restaurants in the modern sense emerged in [[Song dynasty]] China during the 11th and 12th centuries. In large cities, such as [[Kaifeng]] and [[Hangzhou]], food [[catering]] establishments catered to merchants who travelled between cities. Probably growing out of [[tea house]]s and taverns which catered to travellers, Kaifeng's restaurants blossomed into an industry that catered to locals as well as people from other [[regions of China]]. As travelling merchants were not used to the local cuisine of other cities, these establishments were set up to serve dishes familiar to merchants from other parts of China. Such establishments were located in the entertainment districts of major cities, alongside hotels, bars, and brothels. The larger and more opulent of these establishments offered a dining experience similar to modern restaurant culture. According to a Chinese manuscript from 1126, patrons of one such establishment were greeted with a selection of pre-plated demonstration dishes which represented food options. Customers had their orders taken by a team of waiters who would then sing their orders to the kitchen and distribute the dishes in the exact order in which they had been ordered.<ref name=history>{{cite web|url = https://www.history.com/news/first-restaurants-china-france |title =When Did People Start Eating in Restaurants?|first = Dave|last = Roos|date = 18 May 2020|work = History.com}}</ref><ref name="Gernet133">{{harvcoltxt|Gernet|1962 |p= 133}}</ref>

There is a direct correlation between the growth of the restaurant businesses and institutions of [[Culture of the Song dynasty#Performing arts|theatrical stage drama]], [[gambling]] and [[prostitution]] which served the burgeoning [[Four occupations|merchant middle class]] during the Song dynasty.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|West|1997|pp=69–76}}</ref> Restaurants catered to different styles of cuisine, price brackets, and religious requirements. Even within a single restaurant choices were available, and people ordered the entrée from written menus.<ref name="Gernet133" /> An account from 1275 writes of Hangzhou, the capital city for the last half of the dynasty:
{{blockquote|The people of Hangzhou are very difficult to please. Hundreds of orders are given on all sides: this person wants something hot, another something cold, a third something tepid, a fourth something chilled. one wants cooked food, another raw, another chooses roast, another grill.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Kiefer|2002|pp=5–7}}</ref>}}

The restaurants in Hangzhou also catered to many northern Chinese who had fled south from Kaifeng during the [[Jurchens|Jurchen]] [[Jin campaign against the Song Dynasty|invasion of the 1120s]], while it is also known that many restaurants were run by families formerly from Kaifeng.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Gernet|1962|pp=133–134}}</ref>

In [[Japan]], a restaurant culture emerged in the 16th century out of [[Chashitsu|local tea houses]]. Tea house owner [[Sen no Rikyū]] created the ''[[kaiseki]]'' multi-course meal tradition, and his grandsons expanded the tradition to include speciality dishes and cutlery which matched the aesthetic of the food.<ref name=history/>

In Europe, inns which offered food and lodgings and [[tavern]]s where food was served alongside alcoholic beverages were common into the [[Middle Ages]] and [[Renaissance]]. They typically served common fare of the type normally available to peasants. In [[Spain]], such establishments were called ''bodegas'' and served [[tapas]]. In England, they typically served foods such as [[sausage]] and [[shepherd's pie]].<ref name=thebalancesmb/> Cookshops were also common in European cities during the Middle Ages. These were establishments which served dishes such as pies, puddings, sauces, fish, and baked meats. Customers could either buy a ready-made meal or bring their own meat to be cooked. As only large private homes had the means for cooking, the inhabitants of European cities were significantly reliant on them.<ref>Symons, Michael: ''A History of Cooks and Cooking'', p. 312.</ref> From the 16th century, establishments known as {{linktext | ordinaries}} (taverns or inns) served [[fixed price | fixed-price]] meals in England.<ref>
{{oed | ordinary}} - III.12.c.
</ref>

[[France]] in particular has a rich history with the development of various forms of inns and eateries, eventually to form many of the now-ubiquitous elements of the modern restaurant. As far back as the thirteenth century, French inns served a variety of food — bread, cheese, bacon, roasts, soups, and stews - usually eaten at a common table. Parisians could buy what was essentially take-out food from ''rôtisseurs'', who prepared [[Rotisserie|roasted-meat dishes]], and from [[Pastry chef|pastry-cooks]], who could prepare meat pies and often more elaborate dishes. Municipal statutes stated that the official prices per item were to be posted at the entrance; this was the first official mention of menus.{{Sfn|Chevallier|2018|pages=67-80}}

Taverns also served food, as did [[cabarets]]. A cabaret, however, unlike a tavern, served food at tables with tablecloths, provided drinks with the meal, and charged by the customers' choice of dish, rather than by the pot.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|page=737}} Cabarets were reputed to serve better food than taverns and a few, such as the {{lang | fr | Petit Maure}}, became well-known. A few cabarets had musicians or singing, but most, until the late-19th century, were simply convivial eating-places.{{Sfn|Chevallier|2018|pages=67-80}}{{sfn|Fierro|1996|page=737}} The first [[café]] opened in [[Paris]] in 1672 at the Saint-Germain fair. By 1723 there were nearly four hundred cafés in Paris, but their menu was limited to simpler dishes or confectionaries, such as coffee, tea, chocolate (the drink; chocolate in solid state was invented only in the 19th century), ice creams, pastries, and liqueurs.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|page=737}}

At the end of the 16th century, the guild of cook-caterers (later known as {{lang | fr | [[Traiteur (culinary profession) | traiteurs]]}}) gained its own legal status. The {{lang | fr | traiteurs}} dominated sophisticated food-service, delivering or preparing meals for the wealthy at their residences. Taverns and cabarets were limited to serving little more than roast or grilled meats. Towards the end of the seventeenth century, both inns and then {{lang | fr | traiteurs}} began to offer "host's tables" ({{langx | fr | tables d'hôte}}), where one paid a set price to sit at a large table with other guests and eat a fixed menu meal.{{Sfn|Chevallier|2018|pages=67-80}}

==Modern format==
The earliest modern-format "restaurants" to use that word in Paris were the establishments which served [[broth|bouillon]], a broth made of meat and egg which was said to restore health and vigour. The first restaurant of this kind was opened in 1765 or 1766 by Mathurin Roze de Chantoiseau on rue des Poulies, now part of the Rue de Louvre.<ref>Rebecca L. Spang, ''The Invention of the Restaurant: Paris and Modern Gastronomic Culture'' (Harvard University Press, 2001), {{ISBN|978-0-674-00685-0}}</ref> The name of the owner is sometimes given as Boulanger.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|page=1137}} Unlike earlier eating places, it was elegantly decorated, and besides meat broth offered a menu of several other "restorative" dishes, including macaroni. Chantoiseau and other chefs took the title "traiteurs-restaurateurs".{{sfn|Fierro|1996|page=1137}} While not the first establishment where one could order food, or even soups, it is thought to be the first to offer a menu of available choices.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/restaurant |title=Restaurant |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>

In the Western world, the concept of a restaurant as a public venue where waiting staff serve patrons food from a fixed menu is a relatively recent one, dating from the late 18th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://digital.library.txstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10877/4161/ConstantineWyatt.pdf;sequence=1 |title=Un Histoire Culinaire: Careme, the Restaurant, and the Birth of Modern Gastronomy |first=Wyatt |last=Constantine |date=May 2012 |website=Texas State University-San Marcos}}</ref>

In June 1786, the Provost of Paris issued a decree giving the new kind of eating establishment official status, authorising ''restaurateurs'' to receive clients and to offer them meals until eleven in the evening in winter and midnight in summer.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|page=1137}} Ambitious cooks from noble households began to open more elaborate eating places. The first luxury restaurant in Paris, the La Grande Taverne de Londres, was opened at the [[Palais-Royal]] at the beginning of 1786 by [[Antoine Beauvilliers]], the former chef of the Count of Provence. It had mahogany tables, linen tablecloths, chandeliers, well-dressed and trained waiters, a long wine list and an extensive menu of elaborately prepared and presented dishes.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|page=1137}} Dishes on its menu included partridge with cabbage, veal chops grilled in buttered paper, and duck with turnips.<ref>James Salter (2010). Life Is Meals: A Food Lover's Book of Days. Random House. pp. 70–71. {{ISBN|9780307496447}}.</ref> This is considered to have been the "first real restaurant".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/211848357/The-New-Larousse-Gastronomique |title=The New Larousse Gastronomique |author=Prosper Montagné |publisher=Éditions Larousse |language=en |pages=97 |access-date=February 22, 2019}}</ref><ref name="britannica.com"/> According to [[Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin|Brillat-Savarin]], the restaurant was "the first to combine the four essentials of an elegant room, smart waiters, a choice cellar, and superior cooking".<ref>{{cite book |author=Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin |title=The Physiology of Taste |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVG8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT226 |date=April 5, 2012 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=978-0-486-14302-6 |pages=226–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Paul H. Freedman |author2=Professor Paul Freedman |title=Food: The History of Taste |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tWMtRLaZOEC&pg=PA305 |year=2007 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25476-3 |pages=305–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Edward Glaeser |title=Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-yWTIKsWGm4C&pg=PT88 |date=February 10, 2011 |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-101-47567-6 |pages=88–}}</ref>

The aftermath of the [[French Revolution]] saw the number of restaurants skyrocket. Due to the mass emigration of nobles from the country, many cooks from aristocratic households who were left unemployed went on to found new restaurants.<ref>Metzner, Paul. Crescendo of the Virtuoso: Spectacle, Skill, and Self-Promotion in Paris during the Age of Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1998 1998. [https://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft438nb2b6/ Crescendo of the Virtuoso]</ref><ref name=thebalancesmb/> One restaurant was started in 1791 by Méot, the former chef of the Duke of Orleans, which offered a wine list with twenty-two choices of red wine and twenty-seven of white wine. By the end of the century there were a collection of luxury restaurants at the Grand-Palais: Huré, the Couvert espagnol; Février; the Grotte flamande; Véry, Masse and the Café de Chartres (still open, now [[Le Grand Vefour|Le Grand Véfour]]).{{sfn|Fierro|1996|page=1137}}

In 1802 the term was applied to an establishment where restorative foods, such as [[bouillon (broth)|bouillon]], a meat broth, were served (''"établissement de restaurateur"'').<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/restaurant |title=Etymology of Cabaret |website=Ortolong: site of the Centre National des Resources Textuelles et Lexicales |language=fr |access-date=January 12, 2019}}</ref> The closure of [[culinary guilds]] and societal changes resulting from the [[Industrial Revolution]] contributed significantly to the increased prevalence of restaurants in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://libcom.org/library/abolish-restaurants |title= Abolish restaurants: A worker's critique of the food service industry |publisher= Libcom Library |last= Steven |date= 1 October 2006 |access-date= 18 August 2021}}</ref>

== Types of restaurants ==
{{Main|Types of restaurants}}

[[File:Petrus (London) Kitchen.jpg|thumb|right|The [[kitchen]] of [[Pétrus (restaurant)|Pétrus]], in [[Central London]]]]
[[Image:Pizza Truck NYC 50 jeh.JPG|thumb|right|Pizza truck in Midtown]]
[[File:Kellosaarenranta by night.JPG|thumb|right|A restaurant at the shoreline in [[Ruoholahti]], [[Helsinki]], Finland]]

In the 1980s and 1990s the restaurant industry was revolutionized by entrepreneurs, including [[Terence Conran]], [[Alan Yau]], and [[Oliver Peyton]].<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Bethan Ryder |title=Restaurant Design |date=2004 |publisher=Laurence King |page=13 |isbn=9781856693639}}</ref> Today restaurants are classified or distinguished in many different ways. The primary factor is usually the food itself e.g. [[vegetarianism]], [[seafood]], or [[steak]]. The origin of the [[cuisine]] may be also used to categorize restaurants e.g. Italian, Korean, Chinese, Japanese, Indian, French, Mexican, or Thai. The style of offering has become an important distinguishing factor in the restaurant industry e.g. [[tapas]], [[sushi]], [[buffet]], or [[yum cha]]. Beyond this, restaurants may differentiate themselves on factors including speed of service e.g. [[fast food]]. [[Theme restaurant]]s and [[automated restaurant]] have become big players in the restaurant industry and may include [[fine dining]], casual dining, contemporary casual, family style, fast casual, [[coffeehouse]], concession stands, food trucks, pop-up restaurants, and [[ghost restaurant]]s.

Restaurants range from inexpensive and informal [[lunch]]ing or [[dining]] places catering to people working nearby, with modest food served in simple settings at low prices, to expensive establishments serving refined food and [[fine wine]]s in a formal setting. In the former case, customers usually wear casual clothing. In the latter case, depending on culture and local traditions, customers might wear semi-casual, [[semi-formal]] or [[formal wear]]. Typically, at mid- to high-priced restaurants, customers sit at tables, their orders are taken by a [[waiter]], who brings the food when it is ready. After eating, the customers then pay the bill. In some restaurants, such as those in workplaces, there are usually no waiters; the customers use trays, on which they place cold items that they select from a refrigerated container and hot items which they request from cooks, and then they pay a cashier before they sit down. Another restaurant approach which uses few waiters is the buffet restaurant. Customers serve food onto their own plates and then pay at the end of the meal. Buffet restaurants typically still have waiters to serve drinks and alcoholic beverages. Fast food establishments are also considered to be restaurants. In addition, [[food truck]]s are another popular option for people who want quick food service.

Tourists around the world can enjoy dining services on railway dining cars and cruise ship dining rooms, in some cities a [[restaurant tram]] is operated, which are essentially travelling restaurants. Most cruise ships provide a variety of dining experiences including a main restaurant, satellite restaurants, room service, speciality restaurants, cafes, bars and buffets to name a few. Some restaurants on these cruise ships require [[table reservation]]s and operate specific [[dress code]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cruiseable.com/dining-options-on-cruise-ship |title=Beginner's guide to dining on a cruise |date=May 7, 2014 |publisher=Cruiseable |access-date=April 22, 2020}}</ref> The railway dining services also cater to the needs of travellers by providing railway refreshment rooms at railway stations.

== Restaurant staff ==
A restaurant's proprietor is called a ''[[wikt:restaurateur|restaurateur]]'', this derives from the French verb ''restaurer'', meaning "to restore". Professional cooks are called [[chef]]s, with there being various finer distinctions (e.g. [[sous-chef]], [[chef de partie]]). Most restaurants (other than [[fast food restaurant]]s and cafeterias) will have various [[waiting staff]] to serve food, beverages and alcoholic drinks, including [[busboy]]s who remove used dishes and cutlery. In finer restaurants, this may include a host or hostess, a [[maître d'hôtel]] to welcome customers and seat them, and a [[sommelier]] or wine waiter to help patrons select wines. A new route to becoming a restaurateur, rather than working one's way up through the stages, is to operate a food truck. Once a sufficient following has been obtained, a permanent restaurant site can be opened. This trend has become common in the UK and the US.{{Cn|date=December 2024}}

===Chef's table===
{{Redirect|Chef's table|the Netflix documentary series|Chef's Table}}
[[File:Chef's table at Marcus.jpg|thumb|upright|Chef's table at Marcus restaurant in [[Central London]]]]
A chef's table is a table located in the [[kitchen]] of a restaurant,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wkj0GxVpjtgC&pg=PT173 |page=162 |title=Frommer's Washington, D.C. 2007, Part 3 |first=Elise Hartman |last=Ford |volume=298 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-470-03849-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nklQbYzs_RkC&pg=PA123 |page=123 |title=Frommer's Chicago 2009 |first=Elizabeth Canning |last=Blackwell |volume=627 |publisher=Frommer's |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-37371-2}}</ref> reserved for [[Very Important Person (person)|VIPs]] and special guests.<ref name="Black">{{cite magazine |first=Monique R. |last=Brown |page=122 |title=Host your own chef's table |magazine=Black Enterprise |date=January 2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JF4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA122}}</ref> Patrons may be served a themed<ref name="Black" /> [[tasting menu]] prepared and served by the head chef. Restaurants can require a minimum party<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4pwG5H9MzTUC&pg=PT14 |page=25 |title=D.C. night + day, Part 3 |first1=Elise Hartman |last1=Ford |first2=Colleen |last2=Clark |publisher=ASDavis Media Group |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-9766013-4-0}}</ref> and charge a higher flat fee.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bn6OMnM7ElwC&pg=PT174 |page=157 |title=Walt Disney World & Orlando For Dummies 2008 |first=Laura Lea |last=Miller |publisher=For Dummies |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-470-13470-2}}</ref>

== By country ==

===Europe===
====France====
[[File:Paris Palais Royal Restaurant Grand Véfour 4.jpg|thumb|left|[[Le Grand Vefour|Le Grand Véfour]] restaurant at the [[Palais Royal]] in Paris]]

[[France]] has a long tradition with public eateries and modern restaurant culture emerged there. In the early 19th century, traiteurs and restaurateurs became known simply as "restaurateurs". The use of the term "restaurant" for the establishment itself only became common in the 19th century.

According to the legend, the first mention to a restaurant dates back to 1765 in Paris. It was located on Rue des Poulies, now Rue du Louvre, and use to serve dishes known as "restaurants".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Louisgrand |first=Nathalie |title=Revolutionary broth: the birth of the restaurant and the invention of French gastronomy |url=http://theconversation.com/revolutionary-broth-the-birth-of-the-restaurant-and-the-invention-of-french-gastronomy-165507 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=The Conversation |date=August 25, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The place was run by a man named Mr. Boulanger.<ref name="NattGeo2021">{{Cite web |date=2015-03-13 |title=Who Invented the First Modern Restaurant? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/who-invented-the-first-modern-restaurant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224005309/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/who-invented-the-first-modern-restaurant |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Culture |language=en}}</ref> However, according to the [[Larousse Gastronomique]], La Grande Taverne de Londres which opened in 1782 is considered as the first Parisian restaurant.<ref name="NattGeo2021" />

The first restaurant guide, called ''Almanach des Gourmands'', written by Grimod de La Reyniére, was published in 1804. During the [[French Restoration]] period, the most celebrated restaurant was the [[Au Rocher de Cancale|Rocher de Cancale]], frequented by the characters of [[Balzac]]. In the middle of the century, Balzac's characters moved to the [[Cafe Anglais|Café Anglais]], which in 1867 also hosted the famous [[Three Emperors Dinner]] hosted by [[Napoleon III]] in honor of [[Tsar Alexander II]], [[Kaiser Wilhelm I]] and [[Otto von Bismarck]] during the [[Exposition Universelle (1867)|Exposition Universelle in 1867]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://menus.free.fr/index_fichiers/Page2511.htm |title=Dîner des Trois Empereurs le 4 juin 1867 |website=menus.free.fr}}</ref>

[[File:RitzParisGarden.jpg|thumb|Garden café of the [[Hôtel Ritz Paris]] (1904), [[Pierre-Georges Jeanniot]]]]
Other restaurants that occupy a place in French history and literature include [[Maxim's]] and [[Fouquet's]]. The restaurant of [[Hotel Ritz Paris]], opened in 1898, was made famous by its chef, [[Auguste Escoffier]]. The 19th century also saw the appearance of new kinds of more modest restaurants, including the [[bistrot]]. The [[brasserie]] featured beer and was made popular during the [[1867 Paris Exposition]].{{sfn|Fierro|1996|page=1137}}

=== North America ===
==== United States ====
{{See also|List of the oldest restaurants in the United States}}

[[File:Tom's Restaurant, NYC.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tom's Restaurant]] in [[Manhattan]] was made internationally famous by ''[[Seinfeld]]''.]]

In the [[United States]], it was not until the late 18th century that establishments that provided meals without also providing lodging began to appear in major metropolitan areas in the form of [[Coffeehouse|coffee]] and [[oyster bar|oyster]] houses. The actual term "restaurant" did not enter into the common parlance until the following century. Prior to being referred to as "restaurants" these eating establishments assumed regional names such as "eating house" in New York City, "restorator" in Boston, or "victualling house" in other areas. Restaurants were typically located in populous urban areas during the 19th century and grew both in number and sophistication in the mid-century due to a more affluent middle class and to urbanization. The highest concentration of these restaurants were in the West, followed by industrial cities on the Eastern Seaboard.<ref>{{citation |title=Early Restaurants in America |work=Menus: the art of dining |year=2018 |url=http://digital.library.unlv.edu/collections/menus/early-restaurants-america |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821031533/http://digital.library.unlv.edu/collections/menus/early-restaurants-america |archive-date=2011-08-21 |publisher=Digital Collections, University of Nevada Las Vegas}}</ref>

When [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] went into effect in 1920, restaurants offering fine dining had a hard time making ends meet because they had depended on profits from selling wine and alcoholic beverages. Replacing them were establishments offering simpler, more casual experiences such as cafeterias, roadside restaurants, and diners. When Prohibition ended in the 1930s, luxury restaurants slowly started to appear again as the economy recovered from the Great Depression.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Food in Time and Place : the American Historical Association Companion to Food History.|date=2014|publisher=University of California Press|others=Paul Freedman, Joyce E. Chaplin, Ken Albala|isbn=978-0-520-95934-7|location=Berkeley|oclc=890089872}}</ref>

The [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] outlawed segregation based on race, color, religion, or national origin in all public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce, including restaurants. ''[[Katzenbach v. McClung]]'', 379 U.S. 294 (1964), was a decision of the [[US Supreme Court]] which held that [[United States Congress|Congress]] acted within its power under the [[Commerce Clause]] of the [[United States Constitution]] in forbidding [[racial discrimination]] in restaurants as this was a burden to [[interstate commerce]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/CivilRightsActOf1964.pdf |title=Civil Rights Act of 1964: P.L. 88-352 |publisher=senate.gov |access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/379/294|title=Nicholas deB. KATZENBACH, Acting Attorney General, et al., Appellants, v. Ollie McCLUNG, Sr., and Ollie McClung, Jr.|website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref>

In the 1970s, there was one restaurant for every 7,500 persons. In 2016, there were 1,000,000 restaurants; one for every 310 people. The average person eats out five to six times weekly. 3.3% of the nation's workforce is composed of restaurant workers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://restaurant.org/research/economy/indicators/total-u-s-jobs |title=Total U.S. Jobs |year=2021 |website=National Restaurant Association |language=en |access-date=October 27, 2021}}</ref> According to a Gallup Poll in 2016, nearly 61% of Americans across the country eat out at a restaurant once a week or more, and this percent is only predicted to increase in future years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/201710/americans-dining-frequency-little-changed-2008.aspx |title=Americans' Dining-Out Frequency Little Changed From 2008 |date=January 11, 2017 |website=Gallup |language=en |access-date=April 2, 2020}}</ref> Before the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], The [[National Restaurant Association]] estimated restaurant sales of $899 billion in 2020. The association now projects that the pandemic will decrease that to $675 billion, a decline of $274 billion over their previous estimate.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gangitano |first=Alex |date=March 18, 2020 |title=Restaurant industry estimates $225B in losses from coronavirus |url=https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/business-a-lobbying/488223-restaurant-industry-estimates-225b-in-losses-from |website=The Hill |language=en |access-date=March 23, 2020}}</ref>

=== South America ===
==== Brazil ====
In [[Brazil]], restaurant varieties mirror the multitude of nationalities that arrived in the country: Japanese, Arab, German, Italian, Portuguese and many more.

==== Colombia ====
The word ''piquete'' can be used to refer to a common Colombian type of meal that includes meat, yuca and potatoes, which is a type of meal served at a piqueteadero. The verb form of the word piquete, piquetear, means to participate in binging, liquor drinking, and leisure activities in popular areas or open spaces.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=e-fPeBQ7NxgC&dq=%22Piqueteadero%22&pg=PA188 Diccionario Comentado Del Español; Actual en Colombia]. 3rd edition. by Ramiro Montoya</ref>

==== Peru ====
In [[Peru]], many indigenous, Spanish, and Chinese dishes are frequently found. Because of recent immigration from places such as [[China]], and [[Japan]], there are many Chinese and Japanese restaurants around the country, especially in the capital city of [[Lima]].

== Guides ==
{{Main|Restaurant rating}}

[[File:Noma entrance.jpg|thumb|[[Noma (restaurant)|Noma]] in [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]], rated 3 stars in the Michelin guide, and named [[Restaurant (magazine) Top 50|Best Restaurant in the World]] by ''[[Restaurant (magazine)|Restaurant]]'']]
Restaurant guides [[review]] restaurants, often ranking them or providing information to guide consumers (type of food, [[disability|handicap]] accessibility, facilities, etc.). One of the most famous contemporary guides is the [[Michelin Guide|Michelin]] series of guides which accord one to three [[star (classification)|stars]] to restaurants they perceive to be of high culinary merit. Restaurants with stars in the Michelin guide are formal, expensive establishments; in general the more stars awarded, the higher the prices.

The main competitor to the Michelin guide in Europe is the guidebook series published by [[Gault Millau]]. Its ratings are on a scale of 1 to 20, with 20 being the highest.
[[File:DIning room at Blue Hill at Stone Barns.jpg|thumb|right|[[Blue Hill at Stone Barns]] in [[Pocantico Hills, New York]] has two [[Michelin stars]].]]
In the United States, the [[Forbes Travel Guide]] (previously the Mobil travel guides) and the [[American Automobile Association|AAA]] rate restaurants on a similar 1 to 5 star (Forbes) or diamond (AAA) scale. Three, four, and five star/diamond ratings are roughly equivalent to the Michelin one, two, and three star ratings while one and two star ratings typically indicate more casual places to eat. In 2005, Michelin released a New York City guide, its first for the United States. The popular [[Zagat Survey]] compiles individuals' comments about restaurants but does not pass an "official" critical assessment.

Nearly all major American newspapers employ [[food critic]]s and publish online dining guides for the cities they serve. Some news sources provide customary reviews of restaurants, while others may provide more of a general listings service.

More recently Internet sites have started up that publish both food critic reviews and popular reviews by the general public.

== Economics ==
[[File:Restaurant Näsinneula.jpg|thumb|Restaurant [[Näsinneula]] in [[Tampere]], Finland]]
[[File:Tartu Püssirohukelder 01.jpg|thumb|[[Gunpowder Cellar of Tartu]], a former 18th-century [[gunpowder]] cellar and current beer restaurant in [[Tartu]], Estonia]]

=== Canada ===
There are 86,915 commercial [[foodservice|food service]] units in Canada, or 26.4 units per 10,000 Canadians. By segment, there are:<ref>CRFA's Provincial InfoStats and Statistics Canada</ref>
* 38,797 full-service restaurants
* 34,629 limited-service restaurants
* 741 contract and social caterers
* 6,749 drinking places

Fully 63% of restaurants in Canada are independent brands. Chain restaurants account for the remaining 37%, and many of these are locally owned and operated franchises.<ref>ReCount/NPD Group and CRFA's Foodservice Facts</ref>

=== European Union ===
The EU-27 has an estimated 1.6 million businesses involved in 'accommodation & food services', more than 75% of which are [[small and medium enterprises]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Business_economy_-_size_class_analysis |title=Business economy – size class analysis – Statistics Explained |website=Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu |access-date=May 2, 2013}}</ref>

=== India ===
The Indian restaurant industry is highly fragmented with more than 1.5 million outlets of which only around 3,000 of them are from the organised segment.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smergers.com/industry-watch/indian-restaurant-industry |title=Restaurant Industry |website=SMERGERS Industry Watch |language=en |access-date=August 27, 2019}}</ref> The organised segment includes quick service restaurants; casual dining; cafes; fine dining; and pubs, bars, clubs and lounges.

=== Vietnam ===
The restaurant industry in [[Vietnam]] is one of the important economic sectors, making a significant contribution to the national economy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doanh nghiệp F&B cần nắm bắt cơ hội, tận dụng công nghệ trong mùa kinh doanh cuối năm |url=https://baodautu.vn/doanh-nghiep-fb-can-nam-bat-co-hoi-tan-dung-cong-nghe-trong-mua-kinh-doanh-cuoi-nam-d204568.html |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=baodautu |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ẩm thực Việt bản sắc và hội nhập |url=https://www.qdnd.vn/van-hoa/doi-song/am-thuc-viet-ban-sac-va-hoi-nhap-753459 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=www.qdnd.vn |language=en-US}}</ref> According to the [[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]], the number of restaurants in [[Vietnam]] has increased rapidly from 2000 to 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngân |first=Kim |title=Với 338.000 nhà hàng/café đã mở tại Việt Nam, giá trị thị trường F&B dự kiến cán mốc 720.000 tỷ đồng khi các chuỗi lớn chạy đua mở rộng thị phần quyết liệt |url=https://cafef.vn/voi-338000-nha-hang-cafe-da-mo-tai-viet-nam-gia-tri-thi-truong-fb-du-kien-can-moc-720000-ty-dong-khi-cac-chuoi-lon-chay-dua-mo-rong-thi-phan-quyet-liet-20230118101445055.chn |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=cafef |date=January 18, 2023 |language=vi}}</ref> In 2000, there were about 20,000 restaurants nationwide, but by 2022, this number had increased to over 400,000 restaurants.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hưng |first=Việt |title=Việt Nam có hơn 300.000 nhà hàng và quán cà phê |url=https://theleader.vn/viet-nam-co-hon-300000-nha-hang-va-quan-ca-phe-1673940822120.htm |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=theleader.vn |language=vi}}</ref> The average annual growth rate is about 10%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ánh |first=Tuyết |date=2023-01-18 |title=Doanh thu ngành F&B giữ đà tăng, dự báo vượt mốc 700.000 tỷ năm 2023 nhưng đối mặt nhiều trở ngại |url=https://vneconomy.vn/doanh-thu-nganh-fb-giu-da-tang-du-bao-vuot-moc-700-000-ty-nam-2023-nhung-doi-mat-nhieu-tro-ngai.htm |access-date=2023-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dương |first=Theo Thái |title=Báo cáo F&B 2022: Việt Nam đang có bao nhiêu nhà hàng/quán cafe? Người Việt chịu chi ra sao cho việc ăn hàng? |url=https://cafef.vn/bao-cao-fb-2022-viet-nam-dang-co-bao-nhieu-nha-hang-quan-cafe-nguoi-viet-chiu-chi-ra-sao-cho-viec-an-hang-20230117101210557.chn |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=cafef |date=January 17, 2023 |language=vi}}</ref> The restaurant industry in [[Vietnam]] has also seen strong growth in recent years. According to a report by SSI Securities Corporation, the revenue of the restaurant industry in Vietnam reached VND610 trillion in 2022, up 16% from 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-30 |title=Bất chấp Covid-19, doanh thu ngành F&B năm 2022 vẫn tăng 39%, đạt 610 nghìn |url=https://mekongasean.vn/post-17022.html |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=mekongasean.vn |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=An |first=Hoàng |date=2023-11-24 |title=Thị trường F&B vào kỳ thanh lọc, doanh nghiệp nhỏ tìm cửa ngách để tồn tại |url=https://thesaigontimes.vn/thi-truong-fb-vao-ky-thanh-loc-doanh-nghiep-nho-tim-cua-ngach-de-ton-tai/ |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Tạp chí Kinh tế Sài Gòn |language=vi}}</ref> Of that, the out-of-home market accounted for VND333.69 trillion, up 19% from 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thị trường F&B năm 2022 có nhiều điểm sáng |url=https://baodautu.vn/thi-truong-fb-nam-2022-co-nhieu-diem-sang-d182525.html |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=baodautu |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Trí |first=Hữu |date=2023-02-22 |title=Thị trường F&B tăng tốc mạnh sau dịch |url=https://vtv.vn/news-20230222111804443.htm |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=BAO DIEN TU VTV |language=vi}}</ref>

=== United States ===
[[File:The Kitchen at Delmonico's, 1902.JPG|thumb|The kitchen at [[Delmonico's Restaurant]], New York City, 1902]]

As of 2006, there are approximately 215,000 full-service restaurants in the United States, accounting for $298 billion in sales, and approximately 250,000 limited-service (fast food) restaurants, accounting for $260 billion.<ref>''2006 U.S. Industry & Market Outlook'' by Barnes Reports.</ref> Starting in 2016, Americans spent more on restaurants than groceries.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Matt |title=No one cooks anymore |url=https://qz.com/706550/no-one-cooks-anymore/ |work=[[Quartz (publication)]] |date=June 16, 2016 |access-date=April 5, 2017}}</ref>
In October 2017, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported there are 620,000 eating and drinking places in the United States, according to the [[Bureau of Labor Statistics|Bureau of Labour Statistics]]. They also reported that the number of restaurants are growing almost twice as fast as the population.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abrams |first1=Rachel |last2=Gebeloff |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/31/business/too-many-restaurants-wall-street.html |title=Thanks to Wall St., There May Be Too Many Restaurants |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 31, 2017 |access-date=November 1, 2017}}</ref>

One study of new restaurants in Cleveland, Ohio found that 1 in 4 changed ownership or went out of business after one year, and 6 out of 10 did so after three years. (Not all changes in ownership are indicative of financial failure.)<ref>Kerry Miller, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070422173410/http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/apr2007/sb20070416_296932.htm "The Restaurant Failure Myth"], ''Business Week'', April 16, 2007. Cites an article by H.G. Parsa in ''Cornell Hotel & Restaurant Administration Quarterly'', published August 2005.</ref> The three-year failure rate for franchises was nearly the same.<ref>Miller, "Failure Myth", [https://web.archive.org/web/20070418152820/http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/apr2007/sb20070416_296932_page_2.htm page 2]</ref>

Restaurants employed 912,100 cooks in 2013, earning an average $9.83 per hour.<ref>Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2013 35-2014 Cooks, Restaurant" [http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes352014.htm online]</ref> The waiting staff numbered 4,438,100 in 2012, earning an average $8.84 per hour.<ref>BLS, "Occupational Outlook Handbook: Food and Beverage Serving and Related Workers" (January 8, 2014) [http://www.bls.gov/ooh/food-preparation-and-serving/food-and-beverage-serving-and-related-workers.htm online]</ref>

Jiaxi Lu of the ''Washington Post'' reports in 2014 that, "Americans are spending $683.4 billion a year dining out, and they are also demanding better food quality and greater variety from restaurants to make sure their money is well spent."<ref>Jiaxi Lu, "Consumer Reports: McDonald's burger ranked worst in the U.S.," [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2014/07/02/consumer-reports-mcdonalds-burger-ranked-worst-in-the-u-s/?hpid=z5]</ref>

Dining in restaurants has become increasingly popular, with the proportion of meals consumed outside the home in restaurants or institutions rising from 25% in 1950 to 46% in 1990. This is caused by factors such as the growing numbers of older people, who are often unable or unwilling to cook their meals at home and the growing number of single-parent households. It is also caused by the convenience that restaurants can afford people; the growth of restaurant popularity is also correlated with the growing length of the work day in the US, as well as the growing number of single parent households.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nestle |first1=Marion |year=1994 |title=Traditional Models of Healthy Eating: Alternatives to 'techno-food' |journal=Journal of Nutrition Education |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=241–45 |doi=10.1016/s0022-3182(12)80898-3|doi-access=free }}</ref> Eating in restaurants has also become more popular with the growth of higher income households. At the same time, less expensive establishments such as fast food establishments can be quite inexpensive, making restaurant eating accessible to many.

==== Employment ====
The restaurant industry in the United States is large and quickly growing, with 10 million workers. 1 in every 12 U.S. residents work in the business, and during the 2008 recession, the industry was an anomaly in that it continued to grow. Restaurants are known for having low wages, which they claim are due to thin profit margins of 4-5%. For comparison, however, Walmart has a 1% profit margin.<ref name="Jayaraman 2020">{{Cite journal |last=Jayaraman |first=Saru |date=Summer 2014 |title=Feeding America: Immigrants in the Restaurant Industry and Throughout the Food System Take Action for Change |journal=Social Research |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=347–358 |doi=10.1353/sor.2014.0019 }}</ref>
As a result of these low wages, restaurant employees suffer from three times the poverty rate as other U.S. workers, and use food stamps twice as much.<ref name="Jayaraman 2020" />
Restaurants are the largest employer of people of color, and rank as the second largest employer of immigrants. These workers statistically are concentrated in the lowest paying positions in the restaurant industry. In the restaurant industry, 39% of workers earn minimum wage or lower.<ref name="Jayaraman 2020" />

== Regulations ==
In many countries, restaurants are subject to inspections by [[Environmental health officer|health inspectors]] to maintain standards for public health, such as maintaining proper hygiene and cleanliness. The most common kind of violations of inspection reports are those concerning the storage of cold food at appropriate temperatures, proper sanitation of equipment, regular hand washing and proper disposal of harmful chemicals. Simple steps can be taken to improve sanitation in restaurants. As sickness is easily spread through touch, restaurants are encouraged to regularly wipe down tables, door knobs and menus.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sibel Roller |title=Essential Microbiology and Hygiene for Food Professionals |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qr0gJT2UV1cC&pg=PT196 |year=2012 |publisher=CRC Press |chapter=10 |isbn=9781444121490}}</ref>

Depending on local customs, legislation and the establishment, restaurants may or may not serve [[alcoholic beverage]]s. Restaurants are often prohibited from selling alcoholic beverages without a meal by alcohol sale laws; such sale is considered to be an activity for [[bar (establishment)|bars]], which are meant to have more severe restrictions. Some restaurants are licensed to serve alcohol ("fully licensed"), or permit customers to "bring your own booze" ([[BYOB (beverage)|BYO / BYOB]]). In some places restaurant licenses may restrict service to beer, or wine and beer.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Danny May |author2=Andy Sharpe |title=The Only Wine Book You'll Ever Need |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781593371012 |url-access=registration |year=2004 |publisher=Adams Media |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781593371012/page/221 221] |isbn=9781440518935}}</ref>

== Occupational hazards ==
Food service regulations have historically been built around hygiene and protection of the consumer's health.<ref name="Lippert Rosing Tendick‐Matesanz 2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Lippert |first1=Julia |last2=Rosing |first2=Howard |last3=Tendick-Matesanz |first3=Felipe |date=July 2020 |title=The health of restaurant work: A historical and social context to the occupational health of food service |journal=American Journal of Industrial Medicine |language=en |volume=63 |issue=7 |pages=563–576 |doi=10.1002/ajim.23112 |pmid=32329097 |s2cid=216110536 |issn=0271-3586}}</ref> However, restaurant workers face many health hazards such as long hours, low wages, minimal benefits, discrimination, high stress, and poor working conditions.<ref name="Lippert Rosing Tendick‐Matesanz 2020" /> Along with the COVID-19 pandemic, much attention has been drawn to the prevention of community transmission in restaurants and other public settings.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morawska |first1=Lidia |authorlink1=Lidia Morawska|last2=Tang |first2=Julian W. |last3=Bahnfleth |first3=William |last4=Bluyssen |first4=Philomena M. |last5=Boerstra |first5=Atze |last6=Buonanno |first6=Giorgio |last7=Cao |first7=Junji |last8=Dancer |first8=Stephanie |last9=Floto |first9=Andres |last10=Franchimon |first10=Francesco |last11=Haworth |first11=Charles |date=2020-09-01 |title=How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised? |journal=Environment International |language=en |volume=142 |article-number=105832 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2020.105832 |issn=0160-4120 |pmc=7250761 |pmid=32521345|bibcode=2020EnInt.14205832M }}</ref> To reduce airborne disease transmission, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] recommends reduced dining capacity, face masks, adequate ventilation, physical barrier instalments, disinfection, signage, and flexible leave policies for workers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-30 |title=Communities, Schools, Workplaces, & Events |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/organizations/business-employers/bars-restaurants.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601105000/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/organizations/business-employers/bars-restaurants.html |archive-date=2020-06-01 |access-date=2020-07-14 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Lists of restaurants]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |last=Chevallier |first=Jim |title=A History of the Food of Paris: From Roast Mammoth to Steak Frites |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2018 |series=Big City Food Biographies |isbn=978-1442272828}}
* {{cite book |last=Fierro |first=Alfred |title=Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris |year=1996 |publisher=Robert Laffont |isbn=978-2221078624}}
* {{cite book |last=Gernet |first=Jacques |title=Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276 |year=1962 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford |isbn=978-0-8047-0720-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinchina00gern |url-access=registration}}
* Spang, Rebecca L. (2000), [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zq1s5hw3X4C&q=The+Invention+of+the+Restaurant,+2002 ''The Invention of the Restaurant'']. Harvard University Press
* {{cite journal |last=West |first=Stephen H. |title=Playing With Food: Performance, Food, and The Aesthetics of Artificiality in The Sung and Yuan |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |year=1997 |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=67–106 |doi=10.2307/2719361 |jstor=2719361}}
* {{cite web |url=http://digital.library.unlv.edu/collections/menus/early-restaurants-america |title=Early Restaurants in America |author= |work=UNLV Libraries Digital Collections |publisher=University of Nevada Las Vegas |access-date=April 30, 2013}}

== Further reading ==
* Appelbaum, Robert, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6njbPWRrdvcC&q=Dishing+It+Out:+In+Search+of+the+Restaurant+Experience Dishing It Out: In Search of the Restaurant Experience].'' (London: Reaktion, 2011).
* Fleury, Hélène (2007), "L'Inde en miniature à Paris. Le décor des restaurants", ''Diasporas indiennes dans la ville. Hommes et migrations'' (Number 1268–1269, 2007): 168–73.
* Haley, Andrew P. [https://books.google.com/books?id=GvpGvvBqGxwC&q=Turning+the+Tables%3A+Restaurants+and+the+Rise+of+the+American+Middle+Class%2C+1880-1920 ''Turning the Tables: Restaurants and the Rise of the American Middle Class, 1880–1920'']. (University of North Carolina Press; 2011) 384 pp
* {{cite journal |first=Nicholas M. |last=Kiefer |date=August 2002 |title=Economics and the Origin of the Restaurant |journal=Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly |pages=5–7 |url=https://www.arts.cornell.edu/econ/kiefer/Restaurant.PDF |doi=10.1177/0010880402434006 |volume=43 |issue=4 |s2cid=220628566 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222034215/https://www.arts.cornell.edu/econ/kiefer/Restaurant.PDF |archive-date=2012-02-22}}
* Lundberg, Donald E., ''The Hotel and Restaurant Business'', Boston : Cahners Books, 1974. {{ISBN|0-8436-2044-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Sitwell |first= William|author-link=William Sitwell |date=2020 |title=The Restaurant: A 2,000-Year History of Dining Out|location=New York, NY |publisher=Diversion Books |isbn=978-1635766998}}
* Whitaker, Jan (2002), [https://books.google.com/books?id=76c_H0QMIrAC&q=Tea+at+the+Blue+Lantern+Inn:+A+Social+History+of+the+Tea+Room+Craze+in+America ''Tea at the Blue Lantern Inn: A Social History of the Tea Room Craze in America'']. St. Martin's Press.

== External links ==
* {{commonscatinline}}
* {{wikiquote-inline}}
* {{wiktionary-inline}}

{{Lists of restaurants}}
{{Meals_navbox}}
{{tourism}}
{{portal bar|Food|Drink|Companies|Business and economics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Restaurants| ]]
[[Category:Restaurant terminology]]
[[Category:Culinary terminology]]

Bangladesh Army

2026-03-27T04:21:50Z

Sanjanadalvi: further enhance intro for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Land warfare branch of the Bangladesh Armed Forces}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Bangladesh Army
| native_name = বাংলাদেশ সেনাবাহিনী
| image = Roundel of Bangladesh – Army Aviation.svg
| image_size = 180px
| caption = [[Insignia]] of the Bangladesh Army
| start_date = 26 March 1971 ({{Age in years and months|1971|03|26}})
| dates = 1971- present
| country = {{BAN}}
| branch =
| type = [[Land force]]
| role = [[Land warfare]]
| size = 160,000 troops<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2019/09/30/bangladesh-army-named-3rd-most-powerful-in-south-asia-45th-in-the-world|title=Bangladesh Army named 3rd most powerful in South Asia, 45th in the world|website=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|date=30 September 2019|access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mallet |first1=Victor |title=Bangladesh army funded to forget its role as neutral referee |url=https://www.ft.com/content/7baf6f5c-ea74-11e4-a701-00144feab7de |work=[[Financial Times]] |access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref><ref name=personnel>{{cite news |script-title=bn:সশস্ত্রবাহিনীর মোট সদস্য সংখ্যা দুই লাখ চার হাজার ৫৯৬ জন |url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/news/2017/06/08/238362 |work=[[Bangladesh Pratidin]] |date=8 June 2017 |language=bn |access-date=10 November 2024 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530053352/https://www.bd-pratidin.com/news/2017/06/08/238362 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = personnel2>{{cite news |script-title=bn:সশস্ত্র বাহিনীর সদস্য সংখ্যা ২ লাখ ৪ হাজার ৫৯৬ জন |url=https://dailysangram.com/post/287234-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A7%A8-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96-%E0%A7%AA-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AC-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8 |work=[[The Daily Sangram]] |language=bn |access-date=18 May 2021 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108091034/https://dailysangram.com/post/287234-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A7%A8-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96-%E0%A7%AA-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AC-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8 |url-status=live }}</ref> 13,408 civilians<ref name=personnel/><ref name=personnel2/>
| command_structure = {{Flagicon image|Bangladesh Armed Forces Flag.svg|size=23px}} [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]]
| garrison = [[Dhaka Cantonment]]
| garrison_label = Army Headquarters
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto = "In War, In Peace, We are everywhere for our Nation" {{small|("সমরে আমরা, শান্তিতে আমরা, সর্বত্র আমরা দেশের তরে"}})
| march = [[Notuner Gaan|The Song of Youth]] {{small|("নতুনের গান")}}
| colors = * [[Service dress uniform|Service uniform]]: Khaki, Phthalo Green {{colour box|#C3B091}} {{colour box|#0F3017}}
* [[Combat uniform]]: Olive, Black, Khaki, Maroon {{colour box|#556B2F}}{{colour box|#000000}}{{colour box|#C3B091}}{{colour box|#7B1113}}
| equipment = [[List of equipment of the Bangladesh Army]]
| equipment_label =
| battles = {{Collapsible list|{{ubl|[[Bangladesh War of Independence]]|[[Chittagong Hill Tracts Conflict|Chittagong Hill Tracts Counter Insurgency]]|[[Sierra Leone Civil War]]
|[[Gulf War]]|[[2015 Bangladesh–Arakan Army border clash]]|[[Operation Thunderbolt (2016)|Operation Thunderbolt]]|[[2017 South Surma Upazila bombings|Operation Twilight]]|[[United Nations peacekeeping]]}}
}}
| anniversaries = [[Armed Forces Day (Bangladesh)|Armed Forces Day (21 November)]]
| decorations = {{plainlist|
* 1. [[Bir Sreshtho]] {{Flagicon image|Bir Sreshtho ribbon.svg|size=40px}}
* 2. [[Bir Uttom]] {{Flagicon image|Bir Uttom ribbon.svg|size=40px}}
* 3. [[Bir Bikrom]] {{Flagicon image|Bir Bikrom.svg|size=40px}}
* 4. [[Bir Protik]] {{Flagicon image|Bir Protik ribbon.svg|size=40px}}
}}
| battle_honours =
| website = {{URL|https://www.army.mil.bd|army.mil.bd}}
| commander1 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the President of Bangladesh.svg|size=23px}} [[Mohammed Shahabuddin|President Mohammed Shahabuddin]]
| commander1_label = [[Commander-in-Chief]]
| commander2 = {{Flagicon image|Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh) Flag.svg|size=23px}} [[General (Bangladesh)|General]] [[Waker-Uz-Zaman]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Situation brought under control within 48 hours: Army chief |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/situation-brought-under-control-within-48-hours-army-chief-902711 |work=[[The Business Standard]] |date=22 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
| commander2_label = [[Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Army Staff]]
| commander3_label = [[Chief of the General Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of General Staff]]
| commander3 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Bangladesh Army.svg|size=23px}} [[Lieutenant general (Bangladesh)|Lieutenant-General]] [[Muhammad Mainur Rahman]]
| commander4 =
| commander4_label =
| notable_commanders =
| identification_symbol = [[File:Flag of the Bangladesh Army.svg|centre|180px]]
| identification_symbol_label = [[List of Bangladeshi flags#Military flags|Flag of the Bangladesh Army]]
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_3 =
| identification_symbol_4 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
| identification_symbol_3_label =
| identification_symbol_4_label = 
| aircraft_helicopter = [[Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin|AS365 Dauphin]], [[Bell 206]], [[Mil Mi-17#Variants|Mi-171Sh]], [[Bell 407 | Bell 407GXi]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=BANGLADESH ARMY BELL 407|url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/bangladesh-army-bell-407|url-status=live|website=Scramble|date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809112204/https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/bangladesh-army-bell-407 |archive-date=9 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=October 13, 2021|title=Chief of Army Staff, Bangladesh Army at the inauguration of Army Aviation Forward Base, Chittagong and the inclusion of two Bell 406 GXI helicopters.|url=https://twitter.com/theBDarmy/status/1448304845564399621/photo/1|archive-date=28 October 2021|access-date=14 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028170613/https://twitter.com/theBDarmy/status/1448304845564399621/photo/1|url-status=live}}</ref>
| aircraft_interceptor =
| aircraft_patrol =
| aircraft_recon =
| aircraft_trainer = [[Cessna 152]]
| aircraft_transport = [[Cessna 208 Caravan|Cessna 208B]], [[EADS CASA C-295]]
| colours_labels =
}}
The '''Bangladesh Army''' ({{langx|bn|বাংলাদেশ সেনাবাহিনী|Bāṅlādēś shēnābāhinī}}) is the principal [[land warfare]] [[Military branch|branch]] of the [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]] responsible for defending the sovereignty and territorial integrity of [[Bangladesh]]. Operating under the [[Ministry of Defence (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Defence]], the army is tasked with national defense, disaster response, and supporting civil authorities during emergencies. Established officially after the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971 Liberation War]], the Bangladesh Army has since evolved into a professional, modern force engaged in peacekeeping missions under the [[United Nations]] as well as national security operations.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last1=Ashraf|first1=Ahmed|script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশ সেনাবাহিনীতে যোগ দেয়ার আগে যে বিষয়গুলো জানতে হবে |trans-title=Things to know before joining the Bangladesh Army |url=http://bangla.newspaper1971.com/2016/05/06/bangladesh-army/|access-date=6 May 2016|work=Newspaper1971 Magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506215758/http://bangla.newspaper1971.com/2016/05/06/bangladesh-army/|archive-date=6 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Bangladesh Army is also constitutionally obligated to assist the [[Government of Bangladesh|government]], during times of domestic or national emergencies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sujan |first1=Moudud Ahmmed |title=Flood relief operations intensified in remote areas, army says |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/environment/climate-crisis/natural-disaster/news/flood-relief-operations-intensified-remote-areas-army-says-3053501 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |date=22 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=15 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130071120/https://www.thedailystar.net/environment/climate-crisis/natural-disaster/news/flood-relief-operations-intensified-remote-areas-army-says-3053501 |url-status=live }}</ref> This additional role is commonly referred to as "aid to civil administration" or, using the Latin form, "Protectio, Transparentia, Reintegratio".<ref>{{cite web |title=About Bangladesh Army |url=https://www.army.mil.bd/About-Bangladesh-Army |website=army.mil.bd |publisher=Bangladesh Army|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010015524/https://www.army.mil.bd/About-Bangladesh-Army |archive-date=10 October 2024 }}</ref>

== History ==
{{further|Military history of Bangladesh}}
[[File:Victory Day Parade.jpg|thumb|Victory Day Parade, 2012. National Parade ground, Dhaka, Bangladesh]]
[[File:Bangladesh Army MBTs. (39282719792).jpg|thumb|Army's [[main battle tank]]s in the victory day Parade 2017 at National Parade Ground]]
[[File:Type 69-IIMk.2g.jpg|thumb|Bangladesh Army's Type-69 IIG main battle tank]]
[[File:Bd army eurocopter.jpg|thumb|[[Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin]] helicopter of Bangladesh Army]]

=== Early history ===
The martial tradition of [[Bengal]] has its roots in the army of Kings and their chiefs, who were called Senapati or Mahasenapati. Armies were composed of [[infantry]], cavalry, war elephants and war boats. The arrival of [[Muslims]] and the establishment of the [[Bengal Sultanate]] further strengthened the [[military]]. The sultanate had well-organised and disciplined armies. During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule, cannons and artillery were introduced to Bengal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Military}}</ref> During British colonial rule, Bengal was principally a bulwark of British power and trade in the South Asian region. The British under [[Robert Clive]] defeated a 50,000-strong Bengal Army of Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah in the [[Battle of Plassey|Palashi (Plassey)]] in 1757 and later the forces of Nawab [[Mir Qasim]] at the [[Battle of Buxar]] in 1764.

The [[Bengal Army|Army of Bengal]] was formed, which later became part of a united [[British Indian Army]] from 1895 to 1947. The eastern part of British India was a prominent place for military and police recruitment, with entire horse-mounted cavalry and lancer units being recruited there prior to the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Bengal Sepoy Mutiny]] of 1857.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/1857-war-and-the-unsung-heroes-of-bengal/article5466809.ece|title=1857 War and the unsung heroes of Bengal|last=Ganesan|first=V. B.|date=16 December 2013|work=The Hindu|access-date=8 December 2017|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020231337/http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/1857-war-and-the-unsung-heroes-of-bengal/article5466809.ece|archive-date=20 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKY5AQAAIAAJ&q=sepoy+mutiny+and+purge+of+bengali+soldiers|title=History of modern India|last=Bhargava|first=Moti Lal|date=1970|publisher=Upper India Pub. House|pages=296|language=en|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228085513/https://books.google.com/books?id=sKY5AQAAIAAJ&q=sepoy+mutiny+and+purge+of+bengali+soldiers|url-status=live}}</ref> Post-mutiny, units with the epithet "Bengal" in their name, such as [[Bengal Sappers]] and Bengal Cavalry, were largely recruited from non-Bengali peoples from Bihar, Varanasi and Uttar Pradesh which were technically still part of [[Bengal Presidency]] at that time.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Rare-1857-reports-on-Bengal-uprisings/articleshow/4637780.cms|title=Rare 1857 reports on Bengal uprisings - Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223071337/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Rare-1857-reports-on-Bengal-uprisings/articleshow/4637780.cms|archive-date=23 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> During the First World War, the Bangali Paltan was formed to recruit soldiers from Bengal. In 1916, the British Government formed the Bengali Double Company. The soldiers were trained in Karachi and shipped to Baghdad. They fought in the war and after the war helped crush a rebellion by Kurds in 1919.<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Bangali Paltan}}</ref>

During the [[Second World War]], [[British Indian Army]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] created an [[Auxiliaries|auxiliary]] force who were part engineers and part infantry named as [[Indian Army Pioneer Corps]]. Most of the soldiers were recruited from both West and [[East Bengal]]. This force assisted the main war effort by building roads, airfields, fortifications and, when needed, [[Burma Campaign|fought the]] [[Imperial Japan|Japanese]] in an infantry role. This force was organised in company groups attached to various regiments of Indian Army in direct support role. Captain [[Abdul Gani (soldier)|Abdul Gani]] was a company commander in the Burma front and led his troops in battle. After the war these Pioneer Troops were concentrated in Jalna, India, waiting to be demobilised and to return home. In 1946, Captain Ghani the then Adjutant and Quartermaster of Indian Pioneer Corps Centre at Jalna envisioned and generated the idea of forming an Infantry regiment out of the Pioneer soldiers from East Bengal who would be returning home demobilised, to the Centre Commander. After receiving permission from the Chief of Staff of Pakistan Army General Sir [[Frank Messervy]], he organised his men to form the nucleus of an Infantry Regiment, the [[Bangali Paltan]] (Platoon).<ref name=":0" />

===Pakistan period===
At the time of the creation of [[Pakistan]], [[Abdul Gani (soldier)|Abdul Gani]] got the approval of the then newly appointed [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]] General [[Frank Messervy]] to form the [[East Bengal Regiment]] composed solely of youths from [[East Bengal]], would be [[East Pakistan]]. On 17 August 1947, General Messervey while bidding farewell to the Pioneer Corps soldiers from Bombay, the General endorsed the views of Captain Ghani and said' you will prove to the world that Bengali soldiers are equally competent as other nations of the world.' With these inspiring words Captain Ghani moved to [[Dhaka]] in September 1947, with two Pioneer Companies and was temporarily located in [[Pilkhana, Bangladesh|Pilkhana]] now the Headquarters of the [[Border Guards Bangladesh|BGB]]. He was later told by the administration to find a suitable place to accommodate the soldiers. He moved to the north of the Capital and found Kurmitola as the perfect place for a [[cantonment]]. Toiling day in and day out the barracks were constructed and jungles cleared, parade ground prepared.<ref name=":0" />

On 15 February 1948, the flag of [[Senior Tigers|First East Bengal Regiment]], the Pioneer of Bangladesh Army was raised with Captain Ghani on the lead of all the affairs though the first commanding officer was British Lt Col V J E Patterson.<ref name=":0" /> and Major [[Abdul Waheed Chowdhury]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=দিগন্ত |first=Daily Nayadiganta-নয়া |title=লড়াকু বাঙালি মেজর এ ডব্লিউ চৌধুরী |url=https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/post-editorial/602821/%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25A1%25E0%25A6%25BC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%2581-%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2599%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25BF-%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25B0-%25E0%25A6%258F-%25E0%25A6%25A1%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2589-%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A7%258C%25E0%25A6%25A7%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%2580 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227170156/https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/post-editorial/602821/%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25A1%25E0%25A6%25BC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%2581-%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2599%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25BF-%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25B0-%25E0%25A6%258F-%25E0%25A6%25A1%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2589-%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A7%258C%25E0%25A6%25A7%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%2580 |archive-date=2025-02-27 |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=Daily Nayadiganta (নয়া দিগন্ত) : Most Popular Bangla Newspaper |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Six Stars of Military History |last=Abdul Haq |first=Colonel Mohammad |date=August 2022 |publisher=Khoshroz Kitab Mahal Limited |location=Dhaka |pages=258–280 |isbn=984-438-250-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |language=bn |script-title=bn:ইস্ট বেঙ্গল রেজিমেন্ট ও ভাষা আন্দোলন |trans-title=East Bengal Regiment and the Language Movement |url=https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/opinion/482381/ইস্ট-বেঙ্গল-রেজিমেন্ট-ও-ভাষা-আন্দোলন- |access-date=2023-05-17 |work=Daily Naya Dignanta |type=Opinion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223100739/https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/opinion/482381/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8- |archive-date=2020-02-23}}</ref> was the first Officer Commanding of [[1st East Bengal Regiment]] after the raising of the first battalion the second battalion was approved Captain Gani began to recruit the personnel for the regiment. On 7 February 1949, the flag of the Second East Bengal Regiment was raised with the newly recruited soldiers and from personnel from First East Bengal Regiment. Before the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]] in 1971, a total of 8 battalions of the [[East Bengal Regiment]] were formed.<ref name=":0" />

===Bangladesh War of Independence===
{{further|Bangladesh Liberation War}}
[[File:Sectors of Bangladesh Liberation War.svg|thumb|[[List of sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War|The eleven sectors]] during the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
In 1970, [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] led [[Bangladesh Awami League]] to win the [[1970 East Pakistan Provincial Assembly election|General Elections of Pakistan]]. The Pakistani military junta which was then in power refused to handover power and unrest broke out. On 25 March 1971, The [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] cracked down on the Bengali population and Bengali nationalists of [[East Pakistan]] through the start of [[Operation Searchlight]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite Banglapedia|article=War of Liberation, The}}</ref> and [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] [[Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence|declared the independence of Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Proclamation of Independence}}</ref> Meanwhile, in March 1971, Bengali soldiers in [[East Pakistan]] revolted and the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]] started. There was a Bangladesh Army Sector Commanders Conference during 11–17 July 1971. The conference was held three months after the oath of the newly formed Bangladesh Government at [[Meherpur District|Meherpur]], [[Kushtia]]. During this conference, the structure and formation as well as resolving issues surrounding the organisation of the various sectors, strategy and reinforcements of the [[Mukti Bahini|Bangladeshi Forces]] was determined. It was of considerable historical importance from a tactical point of view, as it determined the command structure of the [[Mukti Bahini|Bangladesh Forces]] throughout [[Bangladesh War of Independence]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

This conference was presided over by the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh|Bangladesh interim government in exile]], headed by then Prime Minister [[Tajuddin Ahmed]] and Colonel (Retd.) [[M. A. G. Osmani]] was made the chairman of the ''Joint Chiefs of Staff'' of the [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]]. M. A. G. Osmani was reinstated into active duty from his retirement. Principal participants of this conference included: Squadron Leader [[M. Hamidullah Khan]], Major [[Ziaur Rahman]], Major [[Mohammad Abdul Jalil|Abdul Jalil]], Captain [[ATM Haider]], Lt. Col. [[MA Rab]] and Major [[Khaled Mosharraf]].
As a result of this meeting, [[Bangladesh]] was divided into [[List of sectors in Bangladesh Liberation War|eleven sectors]].<ref name=":0" /> These sectors were placed under the control of Sector Commanders, who would direct the [[Guerrilla warfare|guerilla war]] against [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani occupation forces]]. For better efficiency in military operations each of the sectors were also divided into a number of sub-sectors. As a point of note, the 10th Sector was under direct command of the Commander-in-Chief and included the Naval Commando Unit as a C-in-C's special force.<ref name=":0" />

Following the conference a period of prolonged [[guerrilla warfare]] was launched by the [[Mukti Bahini|Bangladesh Forces]], which continued for a number of months. A further restructuring was undertaken and the [[Mukti Bahini|Bangladesh Forces]] were organised into three brigade size combat groups:<ref name=":0" />
* ''K Force'', under Major [[Khaled Mosharraf]], was created with 4th, 9th and 10th [[East Bengal Regiment]].
* ''S Force'', under Major [[K M Shafiullah]], was created with 2nd and 11th [[East Bengal Regiment]].
* ''Z Force'', under Major [[Ziaur Rahman]], was created with 1st, 3rd and 8th [[East Bengal Regiment]].

=== Post 1971: The emergence of the Bangladesh Army ===
During the sensitive and formative years after the end of the war, personnel of the [[Mukti Bahini]] were absorbed into different branches of Bangladesh Army. In 1974, Bangladeshi soldiers and officers repatriated from [[Pakistan]] after the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]] were absorbed into the Bangladesh Army.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TzhuAAAAMAAJ&q=mukti+bahini+absorbed+in+Bangladesh+army|title=Evolution of national strategy of India|last=Nanda|first=Ravi|date=1 December 1987|publisher=Lancers Books|isbn=9788170950004|pages=67|language=en}}</ref>

During the 1972-73 tenure, [[Military engineering|engineers]], signals, army services, ordnance, [[military police]], remount veterinary and, farm and medical corps were established in Bangladesh Army. [[Bangladesh Military Academy]] (BMA) was established in [[Cumilla Cantonment|Comilla cantonment]] in 1974. On 11 January 1975, the passing out parade of the first Bangladesh Army short course took place. In 1975, the [[President Guard Regiment|President Guard Regiment (PGR)]] was established.

There were suspicion among the army personnel of the formation of the paramilitary [[Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini]] and the addition of civilian Mukti Bahini members in it.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj-gDQAAQBAJ&q=mukti+bahini+absorbed+in+Bangladesh+army&pg=PA51|title=India Bangladesh Domestic Politics: The River Ganges Water Issues|last=Pandey|first=Punam|date=26 November 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9789811023712|pages=51|language=en}}</ref> These suspicions and misconceptions laid the foundation and formed the bedrock of disputes between professional army officers and the ruling administration which led to a very bloody chapter in the history of newly independent [[Bangladesh]].

=== Coups, uprisings and assassinations ===
{{further|Military coups in Bangladesh}}

On [[15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état|15 August 1975]], a few sacked army officers, disgruntled junior officers and NCOs secretly planned and assassinated President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his entire family at his personal residence in Dhanmondi, Dhaka, except for his two daughters ([[Sheikh Hasina]] and [[Sheikh Rehana]]) who were abroad studying in [[West Germany]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rahman,_Bangabandhu_Sheikh_Mujibur|title=Rahman, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur |website=[[Banglapedia]]|language=en|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213024229/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rahman,_Bangabandhu_Sheikh_Mujibur|archive-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Five of those responsible officers were executed in January 2010 while others are still absconding and are outside Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-123827|title=5 Bangabandhu killers hanged|date=28 January 2010|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]|access-date=8 December 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216081400/http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-123827|archive-date=16 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> After the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, a new government, led by [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad|Khandkar Mushtaq Ahmed]] and supported by the coup plotters, was set in place. Khandakar Mushtaq passed the [[Indemnity Ordinance]] which provided immunity to the assassins of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ahmad,_Khondakar_Mostaq|title=Ahmad, Khondakar Mostaq |website=[[Banglapedia]]|language=en|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115095620/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ahmad,_Khondakar_Mostaq|archive-date=15 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Three months later on [[3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état|3 November 1975]], several senior officers and NCOs led by Maj. Gen. [[Khaled Mosharraf]] and Colonel [[Shafaat Jamil]] led their own forces to remove Khandakar Mushtaq's government from power who they believed was an unlawful government in the first place. That same day the same group of disgruntled army personnel who assassinated Sheikh Mujib and had jailed politicians involved with the [[Bangladesh Liberation war]], assassinated [[Syed Nazrul Islam]], [[Tajuddin Ahmed]], [[Muhammad Mansur Ali]] and [[AHM Qamaruzzaman]] in [[Dhaka Central Jail]]. [[Ziaur Rahman|Chief of Army Staff, Major General Ziaur Rahman]] was placed under house arrest.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2017/11/03/none-us-even-allowed-see-grave/|title=None of us were even allowed to see his grave|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|language=en-US|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208174900/http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2017/11/03/none-us-even-allowed-see-grave/|archive-date=8 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/tribute/what-we-lost-november-3-1975-1485592|title=What we lost on November 3, 1975|date=3 November 2017|work=The Daily Star|access-date=8 December 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208174926/http://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/tribute/what-we-lost-november-3-1975-1485592|archive-date=8 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

On [[7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état|7 November 1975]], a short but highly organised uprising concentrated only in [[Dhaka]], formed by members of the [[Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal]] (National Socialist Party) and members of enlisted personnel led by Lt. Col. (Retd.) [[Abu Taher]] also resulted in the killing of Several Army and Air Force Officers and soldiers including [[Khaled Mosharraf|Major General Khaled Mosharraf]], and [[Major (rank)|Major]] [[ATM Haider]]. Colonel [[Shafaat Jamil]] was arrested and forcibly retired. [[Abu Taher|Colonel Abu Taher]] released [[Major General]] [[Ziaur Rahman]] who was imprisoned by [[Khaled Mosharraf]]. Ziaur Rahman took promotion to [[Lieutenant General (Bangladesh)|Lieutenant General]] and appointed himself as the Chief of Army Staff and Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator. He then executed Lt. Col. Abu Taher for his role in the coup on 7 November.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-strange-case-of-colonel-taher/767546/|title=The strange case of Colonel Taher |work=Indian Express|language=en-gb|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409185235/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-strange-case-of-colonel-taher/767546/|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news/col-taher-execution-an-absolute-killing-hc|title=Taher execution an outright murder: HC|date=20 May 2013|work=The Daily Star|access-date=8 December 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208174913/http://www.thedailystar.net/news/col-taher-execution-an-absolute-killing-hc|archive-date=8 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Taher,_Colonel_Abu|title=Taher, Colonel Abu |website=Banglapedia|language=en|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113195015/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Taher,_Colonel_Abu|archive-date=13 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, in 1977 under a public referendum of a yes no vote he took the helm as president. On 30 May 1981, [[Assassination of Ziaur Rahman|President Ziaur Rahman was assassinated]] in the Chattogram Circuit House in a military coup.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rahman,_Shahid_Ziaur|title=Rahman, Shahid Ziaur |website=Banglapedia|language=en|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701171603/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rahman,_Shahid_Ziaur|archive-date=1 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Less than a year later, the then Chief of Army Staff Lt. Gen. [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]] on [[1982 Bangladeshi coup d'état|24 March 1982]] took power in a silent coup at dawn, suspended the constitution and imposed [[Martial law]] and remained in power through farce elections and corruption. He remained in power until 6 December 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ershad,_Lt._General_Hussein_M|title=Ershad, Lt. General Hussein M |website=Banglapedia|language=en|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227055143/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ershad,_Lt._General_Hussein_M|archive-date=27 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Chattogram Hill Tracts conflict ===
{{Main|Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict}}

The Chattogram Hill Tracts conflict was the political and military conflict between the Government of Bangladesh and the [[Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti]] (United People's Party of the Chattogram Hill Tracts) and its armed wing, the [[Shanti Bahini]] over the issue of autonomy and the rights of the tribes of the Chattogram Hill Tracts. The Shanti Bahini launched an insurgency against government forces in 1977, and the conflict continued for twenty years until the Bangladesh government and the PCJSS signed the [[Chattogram Hill Tracts Peace Accord]] in 1997.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_Peace_Accord,_1997|title=Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord, 1997 |website=[[Banglapedia]]|language=en|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201183555/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_Peace_Accord,_1997|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

At the outbreak of the insurgency, the Government of Bangladesh deployed the Bangladesh Army to begin [[Counter-insurgency]] operations. The then-President of Bangladesh [[Major General]] [[Ziaur Rahman]] created a [[Chittagong Hill Tracts Development Board]] under an army general to address the socio-economic needs of the region, but the entity proved unpopular and became a source of antagonism and mistrust among the local tribes against the government. The government failed to address the long-standing issue of the displacement of tribal people, numbering an estimated 100,000 caused by the construction of the [[Kaptai Dam]] by the then Pakistan government in 1962. Displaced tribesmen did not receive compensation and more than 40,000 Chakma tribals had fled to India. In the 1980s, the government began settling Bengalis in the region, causing the eviction of many tribesmen and a significant alteration of demographics. Having constituted only 11.6% of the regional population in 1974, the number of Bangalis grew by 1991 to constitute 48.5% of the regional population.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unpo.org/article/19900|title=UNPO: Chittagong Hill Tracts: Local Human Rights Group Releases Report on Worrying Situation in Bangladesh|website=unpo.org|date=2 November 2009 |language=en|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208231404/http://unpo.org/article/19900|archive-date=8 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/cht-struggle-for-peace-1013|title=CHT- Struggle for peace|date=2 December 2013|work=The Daily Star|access-date=8 December 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208174938/http://www.thedailystar.net/cht-struggle-for-peace-1013|archive-date=8 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Peace negotiations were initiated after the restoration of democracy in Bangladesh in 1991, but little progress was made with the government of [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Prime Minister]] [[Begum Khaleda Zia]] and her [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]].<ref name="CV3">{{cite book |last=Majumder |first=Shantanu |year=2012 |chapter=Parbatya Chattagram Jana-Samhati Samiti |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Parbatya_Chattagram_Jana-Samhati_Samiti |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=18 December 2016 |archive-date=20 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120203138/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Parbatya_Chattagram_Jana-Samhati_Samiti |url-status=live }}</ref> Fresh rounds of talks began in 1996 with the newly elected prime minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] of the [[Awami League]].<ref name="CV3"/> The [[Chattogram Hill Tracts Peace Accord]] was finalised and formally signed on 2 December 1997.<ref>[http://www.mochta.gov.bd/faq.php Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708205108/http://www.mochta.gov.bd/faq.php |date=8 July 2008 }}</ref>
[[File:Bangladeshi soldiers on a BTR-80 APC.jpg|thumb|Bangladeshi soldiers on a BTR-80 readying for an assault during the BDR Mutiny.]]

=== Subsequent growth ===
[[File:US Navy 071126-N-1831S-104 A member of the Bangladesh Army helps unload bags of purified water from a CH-46 Sea Knight assigned to the amphibious assault ship USS Kearsarge (LHD 3).jpg|thumb|Humanitarian operation after [[Cyclone Sidr]] 2.]]
Following the 1975 coup, additional personnel were absorbed into the regular army when the martial law government abolished the [[Jatiyo Rakkhi Bahini]]. Under Zia's rule, Bangladesh was divided into five military regions. When Ershad assumed power in 1982, Army strength had established at about 70,000 troops. Starting in 1985, the army had experienced another spurt in growth. As of mid-1988, it had about 90,000 troops (although some observers believed the number was closer to 80,000), triple the 1975 figure.<ref name=cs>Douglas C. Makeig. "Army". [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/bdtoc.html ''A Country Study: Bangladesh''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711103712/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/bdtoc.html |date=11 July 2015 }} (James Heitzman and Robert Worden, editors). [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (September 1988). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.''[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/about.html Library of Congress Home] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120710004153/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/about.html |date=10 July 2012 }}</ref>

The [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]] participated in the [[Gulf War]] in 1991 in [[Operation Desert Storm]], alongside other multinational forces under Allied Command. The Bangladesh Army brought in a contingent of [[Military engineering|Engineers]] and undertook the task of clearing [[landmines]] and [[bombs]] in [[Kuwait]]. This assistance took place under the operational code name "Operation Kuwait Punargathan (OKP)" in English "Operation Rebuilding Kuwait (ORK)".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/42847 |title=Bangladesh-Kuwait joint effort to fight terrorism |work=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)]] |location=[[Dhaka]] |access-date=8 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208235857/http://www.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/42847 |archive-date=8 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:‘Aurora Monsoon’ 140826-A-ZX807-846.jpg|thumb|Bangladesh Army soldiers train with U.S. Army soldiers in a bilateral exchange and training exercise]]

The Bangladesh Army's structure is similar to the armies of the [[Commonwealth Nations]]. However, major changes have taken place following the adoption of US Army tactical planning procedures, training management techniques and [[noncommissioned officer]] educational systems.

==== Forces Goal 2030 ====
[[File:Bangladesh Army Aviation Group CN-295W (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Bangladesh Army Aviation Group]] EADS CASA [[C-295|CN-295W]] ]]
Beginning in 2017 after the [[Rohingya genocide]], the [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]] are embarking on a long-term modernization and reorganization. The force is being divided into three corps — Central, Eastern and Western.<ref name="Independent">{{Cite news |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/32722 |title=Army plans to work under three corps |work=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)]] |location=[[Dhaka]] |access-date=12 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915180951/http://www.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/32722 |archive-date=15 September 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> To support and reinforce national security, new military bases are under construction. Three new infantry divisions have been raised, the [[17th Infantry Division (Bangladesh)|17th Infantry Division]] at [[Sylhet District|Sylhet]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2013/sep/18/pm-launches-17-infantry-division| title=PM launches 17 Infantry Division| work=Dhaka Tribune| access-date=21 September 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215039/http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2013/sep/18/pm-launches-17-infantry-division| archive-date=23 September 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> [[10th Infantry Division (Bangladesh)|10th Infantry Division]] at Ramu in [[Cox's Bazar District|Cox's Bazar]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=474604&date=2015-03-01 |title=PM urges the army to remain prepared against any threat to democracy |work=[[Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha]] |access-date=8 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128184650/http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=474604&date=2015-03-01 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[7th Infantry Division (Bangladesh)|7th Infantry Division]] at [[Barishal District|Barishal]]-[[Patuakhali District|Patuakhali]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2018/02/08/pm-reaches-patuakhali/|title=PM inaugurates Sheikh Hasina Cantonment in Patuakhali|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|date=8 February 2018|access-date=8 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208113618/http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2018/02/08/pm-reaches-patuakhali/|archive-date=8 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> raising the number of divisions to ten. Additional infantry protective systems such as [[Bulletproof vest|combat armor]], and [[Ballistic eyewear|ballistic goggles]] are being procured, alongside lethality improvements such as night vision systems and [[collimator sight]]s for the BD-08 assault rifle. Other equipment such as personal radios and GPS devices are also expected.

For speciality actions, the [[2nd Commando Battalion (Bangladesh)|2nd Commando Battalion]] has been raised, joining the 1st Commando Battalion under the [[Para Commando Brigade (Bangladesh)|Para-Commando Brigade]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/dhaka-cafe-attack-recounting-operation-thunderbolt-1427413| title=Recounting 'Operation Thunderbolt'| work=The Daily Star| date=3 July 2017| access-date=11 August 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811222132/http://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/dhaka-cafe-attack-recounting-operation-thunderbolt-1427413| archive-date=11 August 2017| url-status=live}}</ref> Armored forces received the Chinese [[Al-Khalid tank|MBT-2000]] in 2011, while<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Bangladesh Eyes China Arms|url=https://thediplomat.com/2011/06/bangladesh-eyes-china-arms/|magazine=The Diplomat|access-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022644/https://thediplomat.com/2011/06/bangladesh-eyes-china-arms/|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> the existing [[Type 69/79 main battle tank|Type 69 tank]] fleet has been improved to the ''Type 69IIG'' standard.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/city/modernisation-army-continue-89149|title=Modernisation of army to continue|date=29 May 2015|work=The Daily Star|access-date=8 December 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223060959/http://www.thedailystar.net/city/modernisation-army-continue-89149|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Another 174 [[Type 59 tank]]s will be receiving the [[Type 59 tank#Bangladesh|Type 59G Durjoy]] upgrade.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 May 2015 |title=Prime Minister Hasina expects greater involvement of army in development efforts |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/05/28/prime-minister-hasina-expects-greater-involvement-of-army-in-development-efforts |newspaper=[[bdnews24.com]] |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309143231/http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/05/28/prime-minister-hasina-expects-greater-involvement-of-army-in-development-efforts |archive-date=9 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Modernisation of army to continue: PM |date=28 May 2015 |url=http://unb.com.bd/pm-generals-conference-ld |agency=United News of Bangladesh (UNB) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123132027/http://unb.com.bd/pm-generals-conference-ld |archive-date=23 January 2016 }}</ref> Infantry mobility modernizations consist of some 300 [[BTR-80]] [[Armoured personnel carrier|APCs]], an undisclosed number of [[Otokar Cobra]] LAVs, [[International MaxxPro]] MRAP vehicles, and the [[BOV M11]] ARV.<ref name=":3" />

To modernize the [[artillery]] forces, [[Nora B-52|Nora B-52 K2]] self-propelled artillery system have been procured from [[Serbia]].<ref name="adn">{{cite web| url=http://asian-defence-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/bangladesh-army-gets-self-propelled.html| title=Bangladesh Army gets self-propelled howitzer NORA B-52 K1 SP and Metis M-1 anti-tank missiles| publisher=Asian Defence News| date=26 December 2013| access-date=19 December 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221045456/http://asian-defence-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/bangladesh-army-gets-self-propelled.html| archive-date=21 December 2016| url-status=live}}</ref> Their firepower is further increased by the addition of two regiments of [[Weishi Rockets#WS-22|WS-22]] Guided Multiple Rocket Launcher System. For anti-tank role, [[9K115-2 Metis-M|Metis-M]] missile systems and [[PF-98]] rocket systems were procured.<ref name="adn" /> Two regiments of [[HQ-7#HQ-7A (FM-90)|FM 90]] [[Surface-to-air missile|surface to air missiles]] were added in 2016 to enhance air defence capabilities.<ref name="Modernisation of army to continue">{{cite news |title=Modernisation of army to continue |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/city/modernisation-army-continue-89149 |newspaper=The Daily Star |location=Dhaka |access-date=23 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223060959/http://www.thedailystar.net/city/modernisation-army-continue-89149 |archive-date=23 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Army Aviation Wing is also being modernized. Two [[Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin|Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin's]] were put into service in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infodefensa.com/latam/2012/11/28/comunicado-eurocopter-as365-n3-dauphin-helicopters-enter-service-with-the-bangladesh-army-for-use-in-humanitarian-missions-and-vip-airlift.html|title=Eurocopter AS365 N3+ Dauphin helicopters enter service with the Bangladesh Army for use in humanitarian missions and VIP airlift.|date=28 November 2012 |publisher=infodefensa.com|access-date=29 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530023625/http://www.infodefensa.com/latam/2012/11/28/comunicado-eurocopter-as365-n3-dauphin-helicopters-enter-service-with-the-bangladesh-army-for-use-in-humanitarian-missions-and-vip-airlift.html|archive-date=30 May 2015|url-status=live |last1=Com |first1=Infodefensa }}</ref> Six [[Mil Mi-17#Variants|Mil Mi-171Sh]] were procured in 2016. [[EADS CASA C-295|C-295W]] transport aircraft was ordered from [[Spain]] one was delivered in 2017.<ref name="abdc295">{{cite press release|url=https://airbusdefenceandspace.com/newsroom/news-and-features/bangladesh-to-join-the-family-of-c295w-operators |title=Bangladesh To Join The Family Of C295W Operators |publisher=Airbus Defence and Space |date=11 October 2016 |access-date=14 October 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012143936/https://airbusdefenceandspace.com/newsroom/news-and-features/bangladesh-to-join-the-family-of-c295w-operators/ |archive-date=12 October 2016 }}</ref><ref name="fgc295">{{cite web|last1=Stevenson|first1=Beth|title=Bangladesh orders single C295W|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/bangladesh-orders-single-c295w-transport-430249/|website=FlightGlobal|access-date=14 October 2016|date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012080013/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/bangladesh-orders-single-c295w-transport-430249/|archive-date=12 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Another [[EADS CASA C-295]] was delivered in 2022.[https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/09/26/another-casa-c295w-military-aircraft-added-to-bangladesh-army-fleet Another CASA-C295W military aircraft added to Bangladesh Army fleet]

Bangladesh Army also procured 36 ''[[Bramor C4EYE]]'' battlefield reconnaissance UAVs from [[Slovenia]] in 2017.

=== Contribution to UN peacekeeping operations ===
[[File:Bangladeshi military UN missions.svg|thumb|220x220px|Map of Bangladesh Military UN Peacekeeping Force]]
[[File:Bdunmsn2.jpg|thumbnail|left|Bangladesh Army [[Para Commando Brigade (Bangladesh)|Paracommandos]] patrolling on UN mission]]
[[File:Bdunmsn3.jpg|thumbnail|right|Patrol with armoured personnel carrier (APC)]]

{{Main|Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force}}

The Bangladesh Army has been actively involved in a number of United Nations Peace Support Operations (UNPSO) since its formation in the 1970s. Its first deployments came in 1988 when it participated in two operations – [[UNIIMOG]] in Iraq and [[UNTAG]] in [[Namibia]]<ref name=Momen>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2006/15thanniv/bangladesh&theworld/bd_world18.htm |title=Bangladesh-UN Partnership |last1=Momen |first1=Nurul |date=2006 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813092611/http://thedailystar.net/suppliments/2006/15thanniv/bangladesh%26theworld/bd_world18.htm |archive-date=13 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad|President HM Ershad]] initiated these deployments for the first time, starting with the contribution to UNIIMOG in [[Iraq]].

Later as part of the [[UNIKOM]] force deployed to [[Kuwait]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] following the [[Gulf War]], the Bangladesh Army sent a mechanised infantry battalion (approx. 2,193 personnel). Since then, the Bangladesh Army has been involved in up to thirty different UNPKOs in as many as twenty five countries.<ref name=Momen/> This has included activities in [[Angola]], [[Namibia]], [[Cambodia]], [[Somalia]], [[Sudan]], [[Eritrea]], [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Bosnia & Herzegovina]], [[Mozambique]], former [[Yugoslavia]], [[Liberia]], [[Haiti]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Western Sahara]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Kosovo]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[East Timor]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]], [[Côte d'Ivoire]] and [[Ethiopia]].

As a result of its contributions to various UN peacekeeping operations, up to 88 Bangladeshi soldiers have lost their lives (as of February 2009).<ref name=Momen/> However, the performance of Bangladesh's contingents has been described as being of the "highest order" and the appointment of several senior Bangladesh military officers as the commander of UN peacekeeping missions and Senior Military Liaison Officers, may be seen as further recognition of the Bangladesh Army's growing esteem in the peacekeeping community.<ref name=Momen/> In January 2004, [[BBC]] described the Bangladeshi UN Force as "Cream of UN Peacekeepers".<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3763640.stm | work=[[BBC News]] | first=Roland | last=Buerk | title=The cream of UN peacekeepers | date=18 January 2006| url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619023558/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3763640.stm | archive-date=19 June 2024 }}</ref>

Bangladesh Army has specialised its peacekeeping operation capabilities around the world through participation in numerous peacekeeping and nation building operations. It has created '''BIPSOT''' ([[Bangladesh Institute of Peace Support Operation Training]]) which specialises in the training of peacekeepers for employment in all types of UNPSO (UN Peace Support Operations). This institute fulfills the requirement of UNDPKO as per U.N. General Assembly resolution which outlines 'the necessity and responsibility of every nation to train their armed forces before any deployment.

===Women in Bangladesh Army===
[[File:Female ordinary soldier of the Bangladesh Army at Unnayan Mela 2018 in Comilla Town Hall.jpg|thumb|left|Bangladesh Army's ordnance corps soldier in [[Comilla]], 2018.]]
Since the early 2000s, Bangladeshi women could join the army in the officer ranks, but were restricted from enlisting as soldiers until 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/157154/pm-asks-new-army-officers-to-serve-country-with-patriotism|title=PM asks new army officers to serve country with patriotism|website=newagebd.net|date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212183315/https://www.newagebd.net/article/157154/pm-asks-new-army-officers-to-serve-country-with-patriotism|archive-date=12 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/2000/07/08/Bangladesh-army-recruits-women/3182963028800/|title=Bangladesh army recruits women|website=[[United Press International]]|author=Inam Ahmed|date=8 July 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/serve-people-with-professionalism-62387|title=Serve people with professionalism; PM asks female military paramedics|website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]|author=Unb, Tangail|date=2015-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629234953/https://www.thedailystar.net/serve-people-with-professionalism-62387|archive-date=2015-06-29}}</ref> Since the army's inception, women have been able to join the medical corps as doctors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/281622/Women-Soldiering-in-Bangladesh-Armed-Forces|title=Women Soldiering in Bangladesh Armed Forces|website=daily-sun.com|date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115021707/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/281622/Women-Soldiering-in-Bangladesh-Armed-Forces|archive-date=15 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/army-medical-core-gets-first-woman-brigadier|title=Army medical core gets first woman brigadier|website=en.prothomalo.com|date=8 October 2020}}</ref> Captain [[Sitara Begum]] of army medical corps was a noted woman.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Amin |first1=Aasha Mehreen |last2=Ahmed |first2=Lavina Ambreen |last3=Ahsan |first3=Shamim |title=The women in our Liberation War |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/victory-day-2016-special/the-women-our-liberation-war-1330396 |access-date=22 March 2020 |work=The Daily Star |date=16 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/133628|title=Women soldiers in Bangladesh Army, The momentous decision to recruit women soldiers in Bangladesh Army was the mark of an epoch-making era|work=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)]] |location=[[Dhaka]] |date=2018-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306122113/http://theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/133628|archive-date=2018-03-06}}</ref> On 1 October 2018, the Bangladesh Army got its first female major-general and the person was [[Susane Giti]] (commissioned in the 1980s) and she was from the medical corps.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/susane-giti-first-female-bangladesh-army-major-general-1640794|title=Susane Giti becomes first female major general|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]|date=1 October 2018}}</ref> Female soldiers can also get [[United Nations peacekeeping]] duties like male soldiers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/promoters-peace-1556665|title=Promoters of peace|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]|date=2018-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401222032/https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/promoters-peace-1556665|archive-date=2018-04-01}}</ref> On 25 January 2019, Bangladesh Army appointed four lady battalion commanders for the first time.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2019/01/25/bangladesh-army-appoints-four-female-officers-as-battalion-chiefs |title=Bangladesh Army appoints four female officers as battalion chiefs|work=[[Bdnews24.com]]|date=25 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125112853/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2019/01/25/bangladesh-army-appoints-four-female-officers-as-battalion-chiefs |archive-date=25 January 2019 }}</ref>

== Organisation ==
[[File:US Navy 071123-M-7696M-062 Bangladeshi soldiers unload a shipment of bottled water delivered by Marines of Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron (HMM) 261, the aviation element of the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU).jpg|thumb|right|Bangladeshi soldiers unload a shipment of bottled water for cyclone victims.]]
{{See also|List of serving generals of the Bangladesh Army}}

=== Structure ===
{{main|List of formations of the Bangladesh Army}}

'''Army Headquarters'''

The Army Headquarters consists of Chief of Army Staff & his seven Principal Staff Officers & several Directors & Staff Officers who support, advise & assist the Chief of Army Staff for the smooth functioning of the Army. The Branches & Directorates of Army Headquarters are given below-

'''Chief of Army Staff's Secretariat'''

* General Staff Branch
* Quarter Master General's Branch
* Adjutant General's Branch
* Master General of Ordnance's Branch
* Engineer in Chief's Branch
* Military Secretary's Branch
* Judge Advocate General's Branch

=== Administrative branches ===
'''Bangladesh Army is divided into the following administrative Corps''':
{| class=wikitable
! [[Combat arms|Combat Arms]] !! [[Combat support]] !! [[Combat service support]]
|- valign=top
|
* [[Bangladesh Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]]
* Regiment of Artillery
* [[Infantry]]:
** [[East Bengal Regiment]] (EBR)
** [[Bangladesh Infantry Regiment]] (BIR)
* [[Para-Commando Brigade (Bangladesh Army)|Para Commando]]
|
* [[Bangladesh Army Aviation Group|Army Aviation]]
* Air defence Corps (AIR DEF)
* Corps of Engineers
*Corps of Signals
* Military Intelligence
* Army Security Unit (ASU)
* Field Intelligence Unit (FIU)
|
* Corps of Military Police (CMP)
* Army Service Corps (ASC)
* Ordnance Corps
* Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (EME)
* Army Education Corps (AEC)
* [[Bangladesh Army Medical Corps|Army Medical Corps]] (AMC)
* Army Dental Corps
* [[Army Corps of Clerks]] (abbreviated as ACC, made of only NCOs and JCOs)
* Judge Advocate General's Department (JAG Dept.)
* Military band
* Remounts, Veterinary and Farms Corps (RV & FC)
* Ministry of Defence Constabulary (MODC)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mod.gov.bd/site/page/befdc93b-17fb-4f2d-850c-630ccc1b0b68|script-title=bn:প্রতিরক্ষা মন্ত্রণালয়ের অধীন সংস্থা ও দপ্তরসমূহ|website=Ministry of Devense|language=bn|access-date=26 November 2019|archive-date=31 August 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190831040954/https://mod.gov.bd/site/page/befdc93b-17fb-4f2d-850c-630ccc1b0b68|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Armed Forces Nursing Services (AFNS)
|}

== Rank structure ==
{{See also|Military ranks of Bangladesh}}

=== Commissioned Officers ===
[[Commissioned officer]]s are honored as 'first class gazetted officers' by the Government of Bangladesh.<ref name="joinbangladesharmy.mil.bd">{{cite web|url=http://joinbangladesharmy.army.mil.bd/about-army/ranks-insignia/ranks-insignia/14|title=Ranks and Insignia - Join Bangladesh Army|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423170311/http://joinbangladesharmy.army.mil.bd/about-army/ranks-insignia/ranks-insignia/14|archive-date=23 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Rank Categories - Bangladesh Army">{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil.bd/Rank-Categories|title=Rank Categories - Bangladesh Army|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014165142/https://www.army.mil.bd/Rank-Categories|archive-date=14 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Bangladesh}}
|}

=== Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs) and Ordinary Soldiers ===
In the Bangladesh Army [[Non-commissioned officers|NCO]] rank starts after [[Corporal]].{{cn|date=September 2025}} Sergeants hold key appointments in [[Company (military unit)|companies]], [[Battery (military unit)|batteries]] (company equivalent of artillery), infantry [[battalion]]s and artillery regiments, e.g. [[Company Quartermaster Sergeant]] (CQMS), [[Regimental Sergeant Major]] (RSM), persons holding these appointments have separate rank insignias though these are not actually ranks.<ref name="joinbangladesharmy.mil.bd"/>

The rank insignia of [[non-commissioned officer]]s and [[Enlisted rank|enlisted personnel]].
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Rank group|| colspan=10| Junior commissioned officers || colspan=12| Non-commissioned officers || colspan=14| Enlisted
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Bangladesh}}
|}

{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#fff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:0 12px 12px 0;"
|- style="background:#ccc;"
! colspan=4| Sergeant appointments
|- style="text-align:center; background:#efefef;"
| [[File:Bangladesh-army-OR-9.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Bangladesh-army-OR-8.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Bangladesh-army-OR-7.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Bangladesh-army-OR-6.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Regimental sergeant major|Regiment Sergeant Major]]
| [[Quartermaster sergeant|Quarter Master Sergeant]]
| [[Sergeant major|Sergeant Major]]
| [[Master sergeant|Master Sergeant]]
|}

== Controversies ==
In February 2021, an [[Al Jazeera English|''Al Jazeera'']] investigation reported that [[Directorate General of Forces Intelligence|Bangladeshi military intelligence]] had secretly procured Israeli-made mobile phone surveillance equipment capable of monitoring multiple targets simultaneously, and that some Bangladeshi military officers received training from Israeli tech experts in Hungary.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Unit|first1=Al Jazeera Investigative|date=2 February 2021|title=Bangladesh bought spyware from Israeli surveillance company|language=en|work=[[Al-Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/2/bangladesh-bought-surveillance-equipment-from-israeli-company|access-date=4 February 2021}}</ref> The Bangladesh Army rejected these claims in an official statement.<ref>{{cite news|date=2 February 2021|title=Bangladesh Army denies procuring Mobile Interceptor Device from Israel|work=Dhaka Tribune|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/military-affairs/2021/02/02/bangladesh-army-denies-procuring-mobile-interceptor-device-from-israel|access-date=4 February 2021}}</ref> The Chairman of the [[Commission of Inquiry on Enforced Disappearances, Bangladesh|Commission of Inquiry on Enforced Disappearances]] alleged that several individual armed forces officers, rather than the military as an institution, were involved in [[Extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances in Bangladesh|enforced disappearances]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-15 |title=Some armed forces officers, not institutions, involved in disappearance |url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/country/267702/some-armed-forces-officers-not-institutions-involved-in-disappearance |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=www.newagebd.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-19 |title=Army, Navy not institutionally involved in enforced disappearances, but officers were: Inquiry commission |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/army-navy-not-institutionally-involved-enforced-disappearances-officers-were-inquiry |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> In an official statement, the Bangladesh Army assured that it would take action against any personnel proven to be involved in such activities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNB |date=2025-07-03 |title=Action if army members found involved in enforced disappearances: Army |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/local-news/65284bn45d |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-15 |title=Army to take action against officers if any involved |url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/Country/268967/army-to-take-action-against-officers-if-any-involved |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=www.newagebd.net |language=en}}</ref>

On 11 October 2025, the tribunal issued arrest warrants against sixteen officers of the Bangladesh Army on criminal charges of enforced disappearance. In an immediate response, Army Headquarters released a statement disclosing that the indicted officials had been taken into military custody.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-11 |title=Enforced disappearance: 15 officers facing warrants taken into custody, 1 missing, says Army HQ |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/15-army-officers-taken-military-custody-one-missing-army-headquarters-1258011 |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cantonment Locations |url=http://www.joinbangladesharmy.mil.bd/about-army/cantonment-locations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618152955/http://www.joinbangladesharmy.mil.bd/about-army/cantonment-locations |archive-date=18 June 2015 |access-date=14 July 2014 |website=Join Bangladesh Army |publisher=Bangladesh Army}}</ref>

==Educational and training institutes==
===Medical Colleges===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Bangladesh|Armed Forces Institute of Pathology]]
* [[Armed Forces Medical Institute]]
*[[Armed Forces Medical College (Bangladesh)|Armed Forces Medical College]] (AFMC), Dhaka Cantonment, Dhaka
*[[Army Medical College, Bogra|Army Medical College]], [[Bogra]] (AMCB), [[Majhira Cantonment]], [[Bogura]]
*[[Army Medical College, Chittagong|Army Medical College]], [[Chattogram]] (AMCC), [[Chattogram Cantonment]], [[Chattogram]]
*[[Army Medical College, Comilla|Army Medical College]], [[Cumilla]] (AMCC), [[Comilla Cantonment]], [[Cumilla]]
*[[Army Medical College, Jessore|Army Medical College]], [[Jessore]] (AMCJ), [[Jessore Cantonment]], [[Jessore]]
*[[Army Medical College, Rangpur|Army Medical College]], [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] (RAMC), [[Rangpur Cantonment]], [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]]
* Army Nursing College, Cumilla
* Army Nursing College, Rangpur

{{div col end}}

===Universities===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Bangladesh University of Professionals]] (BUP), [[Mirpur Cantonment]], [[Dhaka]]
*[[Military Institute of Science and Technology]] (MIST), [[Mirpur Cantonment]], [[Dhaka]]
*[[Bangladesh Army International University of Science & Technology]] (BAIUST), Mainamati Cantonment, Cumilla
*[[Bangladesh Army University of Science & Technology, Khulna]] (BAUSTK), Jahanabad Cantonment, [[Khulna]]
*[[Bangladesh Army University of Engineering & Technology]] (BAUET) Qadirabad Cantonment, Natore
*[[Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology|Bangladesh Army University of Science And Technology]] (BAUST), Saidpur Cantonment, Nilphamari
*[[Army Institute of Business Administration, Sylhet|Army Institute of Business Administration]] (AIBA), [[Jalalabad Cantonment]], [[Sylhet]]
*[[Army Institute of Business Administration, Savar|Army Institute of Business Administration]] (Army IBA), [[Savar Cantonment]], [[Dhaka]]
{{div col end}}

===ARTDOC Installations===
{{Main|ARTDOC}}

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Armoured Corps Centre & School (ACC&S), Majira Cantonment, Bogura
*Army Medical Corps Centre & School (AMCC&S), Shaheed Salahuddin Cantonment, Ghatail, Tangail
*Army School of Music (ASM), Chattogram Cantonment, Chattogram
*Army School of Physical Training and Sports (ASPTS), Dhaka Cantonment, Dhaka
*[[Bangladesh Army football team|Bangladesh Army Football Team]] (BAFT), Dhaka Cantonment, Dhaka
*Army Service Corps Centre & School (ASCC&S), Jahanabad Cantonment, Khulna
*Artillery Centre and School (AC&S), Halishahar, Chattogram
*[[Bangladesh Infantry Regimental Centre]] (BIRC), [[Rajshahi Cantonment]], [[Rajshahi]]
*[[Bangladesh Institute of Peace Support Operation Training]] (BIPSOT), Rajendrapur Cantonment, Gazipur
*[[Bangladesh Military Academy]] (BMA), Bhatiary, Chattogram
*Corps of Military Police Centre & School (CMPC&S) Savar Cantonment, Savar, Dhaka.
*[[East Bengal Regimental Centre]] (EBRC), Chattogram Cantonment, Chattogram
*Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Centre and School (EMEC&S), Saidpur Cantonment, Nilphamari
*Engineer Centre and School of Military Engineering (ECSME), Quadirabad Cantonment, Natore
*Non-Commissioned Officers Academy (NCOA), Majira Cantonment, Bogura
*Ordnance Centre & School (OC&S), Rajendrapur Cantonment, Gazipur
*[[School of Infantry and Tactics]] (SI&T), Jalalabad Cantonment, Sylhet
*School of Military Intelligence (SMI), Cumilla Cantonment, Cumilla
*Signal Training Centre and School (STC&S), Jashore Cantonment, Jashore
*Army School of Education and Administration (ASEA)

{{div col end}}

==Equipment==
{{main|List of equipment of the Bangladesh Army}}

<gallery>

File:Bangladesh Army FM90 Crotale SAM. (38169460305).jpg|[[HQ-7#HQ-7B (FM-90)|FM-90]] Surface to Air Missile of Bangladesh Army
File:Bangladesh Army MBT2000. (39072813711).jpg|[[Al-Khalid tank#Production variants|MBT-2000/VT-1A]] Main Battle Tank of Bangladesh Army
File:TB 2 attack drone of Bangladesh army.jpg|[[Bangladesh Army Aviation Group]] [[Baykar Bayraktar TB2|Bayraktar TB2]] UCAV
File:S3-BRB Bangladesh Army Aviation Mil Mi-171sh (31265734770) (cropped).jpg|[[Mil Mi-17#Variants|Mi-171Sh]] [[armed helicopter|Armed Assault]] Helicopter of [[Bangladesh Army Aviation Group]]
File:BTR-80 of Bangladesh Army.png|[[BTR-80]] Armoured personnel carrier of Bangladesh Army
File:Bangladesh Army WS-22 MLRS. (33659597465).jpg|[[Weishi Rockets#WS-22|WS-22]] Multiple Launch Rocket System of Bangladesh Army
File:Bangladesh Army Nora B-52 155mm SPG (31586399521).jpg|[[Nora B-52]] 155mm Self propelled Artillery of Bangladesh Army
File:Bangladesh Army Aviation Group CN-295W (cropped).jpg|[[Bangladesh Army Aviation Group]] [[C-295|EADS CASA CN-295W]]
</gallery>

== List of Chiefs of Army Staff ==
{{Main|Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh)}}

==Future modernisation plan==
{{Main|Forces Goal 2030}}

[[Bangladesh]] has made a long term modernisation plan for its Armed Forces named [[Forces Goal 2030]]. As per the plan, Bangladesh Army will be divided into three [[corps]] — Central, Eastern and Western.<ref name="Independent"/> A riverine brigade is being formed at [[Mithamain Upazila|Mithamain]] of [[Kishoreganj District|Kishoreganj district]]. Government has a plan to add 97 new units within 2021. Of them, 19 units will be formed for the Sylhet Cantonment, 22 for the Ramu Cantonment and 56 units for the [[Sheikh Hasina cantonment|Sheikh Hasina Cantonment]] in Lebukhali. A Riverine Engineer Battalion is also going to be formed under a proposed cantonment at Mithamoine in [[Kishoreganj]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/home/printnews/104318| title=Army to get 97 more units in 4 years |work=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)]]| date=16 July 2017| access-date=11 August 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811221904/http://www.theindependentbd.com/home/printnews/104318| archive-date=11 August 2017| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.janes.com/article/72633/bangladesh-army-to-get-97-more-units-in-four-years-says-report| title=Bangladesh Army to get 97 more units in four years, says report| publisher=Jane's 360| date=26 July 2017| access-date=11 August 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811183423/http://www.janes.com/article/72633/bangladesh-army-to-get-97-more-units-in-four-years-says-report| archive-date=11 August 2017| url-status=dead}}</ref> Formation of two new tank regiments is under consideration.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=531743&date=2015-11-12|title=PM reaffirms to do everything for modernisation of army|work=BSS|access-date=23 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124110650/http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=531743&date=2015-11-12|archive-date=24 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Uphold dignity of national flag, PM to Army |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/home/printnews/22771 |newspaper=The Independent |location=Dhaka |access-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124090920/http://www.theindependentbd.com/home/printnews/22771 |archive-date=24 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Process of converting some [[Conventional warfare|regular]] [[infantry]] [[battalion]]s into [[Paratrooper|para infantry]] battalions and [[mechanized infantry]] [[battalion]]s is also going on.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=742740&date=2018-05-13 |title=Stay alert to face internal & external threats |work=[[Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha]] |date=13 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152948/http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=742740&date=2018-05-13 |archive-date=17 May 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Bangladesh Army modular infantry. (30801511334).jpg|200px|thumb|right|New outfit of Bangladeshi infantry.]]

Bangladesh Army has started an ambitious modernisation program for its infantry soldiers named ''Infantry Soldier System''. This system includes equipping all of its soldiers with modern equipment like [[Night vision device|Night Vision Goggles (NVG)]], [[SPECTRA helmet|Ballistic helmets]], [[Goggles|Eye protective gear]], [[Bulletproof vest]], person to person communicators, palmtop [[GPS navigation device|GPS device]] and [[Type 81 assault rifle|BD-08]] assault rifles with [[Collimator sight]]. In April 2018, a RFI was published for procurement of [[assault rifle]]s and [[submachine gun]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/411.pdf|title=EVALUATTON OF SUTTABLE SMALLS ARMS /ASSAULT RIFLE/SUB MACHINE GUN FOR BANGLADESH ARMY|publisher=DGDP|access-date=10 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025919/http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/411.pdf|archive-date=11 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Evaluation notice for medium range [[Anti-tank missile|Anti-tank guided missile]] was also published in April 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/412.pdf|title=RE-EVATUATTON OF ANTI-TANK GUIDED WEAPON (MEDIUM RANGE) FOR BANGIADESH ARMY|publisher=DGDP|access-date=27 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428181131/http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/412.pdf|archive-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2018, Bangladesh Army issued a tender for the procurement of 220 anti-tank weapons. The models shortlisted are Russian [[RPG-7]]V2 and Chinese ''Type 69-1''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/doc/2216.pdf|title=Tender for platoon level ATW|publisher=DGDP|access-date=24 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224358/http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/doc/2216.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Evaluation process of 155mm howitzer also started in September 2017.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/359.pdf| title=Evaluation of 155mm Howitzer| publisher=dgdp| date=24 September 2017| access-date=24 November 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033219/http://www.dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/359.pdf| archive-date=1 December 2017| url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2017, Bangladesh Army started the evaluation process of 122 mm field artillery howitzers.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/374.pdf| title=Evaluation of 122mm Howitzer| publisher=dgdp| date=21 November 2017| access-date=24 November 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032313/http://www.dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/374.pdf| archive-date=1 December 2017| url-status=live}}</ref> Later on in November 2017, the Bangladesh Army published the tender for the procurement of 105mm towed field artillery systems.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/373.pdf| title=Procurement of 105mm howitzer| publisher=dgdp| access-date=25 November 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032748/http://www.dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/notice/373.pdf| archive-date=1 December 2017| url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, army signed contract to procure one regiment of [[Kasirga rocket system|T-300 Kasirga]] [[Multiple rocket launcher|Multiple Launch Rocket System]] (MLRS) system from Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.savunmahaber.com/en/brigadier-general-md-tariqul-alam-tariq-the-defence-attache-of-bangladesh-to-turkey-turkish-companies-are-winning-the-tenders-for-product-compatibility-lower-price-and-easy-after-sale-serv/|title=Brigadier General Md Tariqul Alam TARIQ, the Defence Attaché of Bangladesh to Turkey: "Turkish companies are winning the tenders for product compatibility, lower price and easy after sale service."|publisher=MSI Turkish Defence Review|date=31 March 2020|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=4 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404030249/http://www.savunmahaber.com/en/brigadier-general-md-tariqul-alam-tariq-the-defence-attache-of-bangladesh-to-turkey-turkish-companies-are-winning-the-tenders-for-product-compatibility-lower-price-and-easy-after-sale-serv/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bangladesh Army signed contract with China for 44 [[Type 15 tank|VT-5]] light tanks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/view/2019-12/20/content_9700539.htm|title=Bangladesh Navy receives two Chinese frigates|publisher=Chinamil|date=20 December 2019|access-date=28 December 2019|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221150624/http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/view/2019-12/20/content_9700539.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The tanks were scheduled to be delivered within 2020.

In March 2018, tender was floated for two local warning radars. The models shortlisted for the tender are [[Ground Master 400]] of [[Thales Group|Thales]], ''[[TRML-3D]]/32'' of [[Hensoldt]] and ''KRONOS Land'' of [[Leonardo S.p.A.|Leonardo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/doc/2192.pdf|title=Tender specification of Local Warning Radar|publisher=DGDP|access-date=24 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324192032/http://www.dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/doc/2192.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Army also issued tender for procuring 181 [[Man-portable air-defense system]]s. Here, Chinese [[FN-6#FN-16|FN-16]], Russian [[9K38 Igla|Igla-S]] and Swedish [[RBS 70]] systems has been shortlisted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/2229.pdf|title=Tender for surface to air missile|publisher=DGDP|access-date=24 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224420/http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/2229.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Army Aviation has plan to add one more [[EADS CASA C-295]] transport aircraft to its fleet soon. Besides, process is going on to procure six more [[Mil Mi-17]]1Sh helicopters. They also have a plan to add [[attack helicopter]]s to the fleet in the near future.<ref name ="aagdev">{{cite news |url=https://mzamin.com/article.php?mzamin=203653 |script-title=bn:মিয়ানমারকে বলেছি রোহিঙ্গাদের ফিরিয়ে নেয়ার সব ব্যবস্থা তাদেরকে করতে হবে |language=bn |work=Manab Zamin |date=13 December 2019 |access-date=14 December 2019 |archive-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213150742/http://www.mzamin.com/article.php?mzamin=203653 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A tender was floated for the procurement of a command ship in 2017. The vessel will be used as a floating command centre during different operations.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/997.pdf| title=Tender specification of vessel Type C (comd. vessel)| publisher=dgdp| access-date=18 February 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219095610/http://www.dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/997.pdf| archive-date=19 February 2017| url-status=dead}}</ref> Several tenders were floated to procure a total of six [[Landing craft tank]]s for the army between 2017 and 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://dailyasianage.com/news/71502/wms-to-build-two-combat-tank-carriers-for-army|title=WMS to build two combat tank carriers for Army|work=The Asian Age|date=5 July 2017|access-date=5 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808075406/http://dailyasianage.com/news/71502/wms-to-build-two-combat-tank-carriers-for-army|archive-date=8 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/2089.pdf| title=Technical specification of vessel Type A| publisher=DGDP| access-date=2 February 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064247/http://www.dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/2089.pdf| archive-date=3 February 2018| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/2261.pdf| title=Technical specification of vessel Type A| publisher=DGDP| access-date=23 April 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072134/http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/2261.pdf| archive-date=24 April 2018| url-status=dead}}</ref> Bangladesh army issued tender for procuring two ''Troops Carrier Vessels (TCV)'' in January 2018. The vessels will be able to carry 200 personnel.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/2082.pdf| title=Technical specification of vessel Type B| publisher=DGDP| access-date=2 February 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190531/http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/2082.pdf| archive-date=2 February 2018| url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 29 June 2021, Government to Government (G2G) defence [[Memorandum of understanding|memorandum of understanding (MoU)]] signed between [[Bangladesh]] and [[Turkey]]. According to Dr. İsmail Demir, president of [[Presidency of Defense Industries]], the export agreement of various products of [[Roketsan]] has been signed with [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Roketsan BD AA 1">{{cite news|title= ROKETSAN Bangladeş'e ihracat yapacak (ROKETSAN will export to Bangladesh)|url= https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/roketsan-bangladese-ihracat-yapacak/2288878|publisher= [[Anadolu Agency]]|access-date= 1 July 2021|date= 29 June 2021|language= tr|archive-date= 29 June 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210629141110/https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/roketsan-bangladese-ihracat-yapacak/2288878|url-status= live}}</ref> Roketsan already delivered [[TRG-300 Tiger]] [[Multiple rocket launcher|MLRS]] to the Bangladesh Army in June 2021 from a separate agreement.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PM includes 'Tiger Multiple Launch Rocket System' in Bangladesh Army |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh/news/pm-includes-tiger-multiple-launch-rocket-system-bangladesh-army-2114633 |date=21 June 2021 |access-date=1 July 2021 |work=The Daily Star |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629021214/https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh/news/pm-includes-tiger-multiple-launch-rocket-system-bangladesh-army-2114633 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a ceremony on 27 October 2021, ''the then'' Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] discussed about the ongoing modernization plan of the Bangladesh Army and its upcoming equipment. She states that one regiment of 105 mm and 155 mm each artillery guns have been procured to increase the artillery power. She added that process of procuring one battery of [[Oerlikon GDF|Oerlikon GDF-009]] was going on. Government had signed a contract to procure Very Short Range Air Defence (VSHORAD) systems and two batteries of radar controlled air defence guns. The government also procured six [[Medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle|MALE UAV]] and a tactical missile system for the Bangladesh Army.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:সার্বভৌমত্ব রক্ষাসহ জাতীয় যে কোনো প্রয়োজনে সেনাবাহিনী প্রস্তুত থাকবে: প্রধানমন্ত্রী |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangla/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80 |date=27 October 2021 |access-date=28 October 2021 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]|archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027173130/https://www.thedailystar.net/bangla/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Medals of the Bangladesh Armed Forces]]
* [[Bangladesh Machine Tools Factory]]
* [[Bangladesh Ordnance Factories]]
* [[List of serving generals of the Bangladesh Army]]
* [[Border Guards Bangladesh]]
* [[Rapid Action Battalion]]
* [[Bangladesh Navy]]
* [[Bangladesh Air Force]]
* [[Bangladesh Army football team]]
{{div col end}}

{{Portal bar|Bangladesh}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links|collapsible=true|d=Q4855270|voy=Bangladesh}}
* {{Official website}}
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bd0150) Library of Congress Country Studies assessment of Bangladesh Army (1988)]
* [[Bangladesh Armed Forces#Training institutes of Bangladesh Air Force]]

{{Bangladesh topics}}
{{Military of Bangladesh}}
{{Ministry of Defence (Bangladesh)}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Bangladesh Army| ]]
[[Category:Government agencies of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Uniformed services of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Independence Award]]

Kamalapura, Kalaburagi

2026-03-26T19:10:45Z

Sanjanadalvi: started entry - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kamalapur
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.578|N|76.989|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Kalaburagi
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Grampanchayat]]<ref name="
Kamalapurgrampanchayat">{{cite web|title=gulbarga dist, gulbarga taluk, Kamalapur grampanchayat|url=http://www.gulbarga.nic.in/zptpgpsetup/gplist.html|website=www.gulbarga.nic.in|accessdate=25 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624053110/http://www.gulbarga.nic.in/zptpgpsetup/gplist.html|archive-date=24 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 11071
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 585313
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08478
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Gulbarga
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kamalapur''' is a [[panchayat town]] and new taluka in [[Kalaburagi district]] in [[Karnataka]]. It is 34 km from Gulbarga.<ref name="Village">{{cite web|title=Kamalapur, Gulbarga village|url= http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/620198-kamalapur-karnataka.html|website= www.census2011.co.in|accessdate=25 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Map">{{cite web|title=Map Kamalapur, Gulbarga district|url= https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Kamalapur,+Karnataka+585313/@17.5565436,76.9805574,17z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x3bc8cd12b6c02bb9:0x665170426f761546|website= www.google.co.in/maps|accessdate=25 May 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]] Kamalapur had a population of 11071 with 5667 males and 5404 females .<ref name="
Census">{{cite web|title=Kamalapur, gulbarga census 2011|url= http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/620198-kamalapur-karnataka.html|website= www.census2011.co.in|accessdate=25 May 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
Schools within Kamalapur include:
*The government higher primary school of Kamalapur<ref name=Ghpschool
>{{cite web |title= Government higher primary school Kamalapur |url= http://www.themoderneducation.com/Karnataka/Higher-Secondary-Schools/ghs-girls-kamalapur-Schools-in-Kamalapur-s8184.html |website= www.themoderneducation.com |accessdate= 25 May 2016 |archive-date= 1 July 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160701054525/http://www.themoderneducation.com/Karnataka/Higher-Secondary-Schools/ghs-girls-kamalapur-Schools-in-Kamalapur-s8184.html |url-status= dead }}</ref>

*Hke society ITI College<ref name=Hkesiti
>{{cite web|title=Hke society ITI kamalapur
|url= http://itik.hkes.edu.in|website= hkes.edu.in|accessdate=25 May 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{source-attribution}}

{{Settlements in Gulbarga district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kalaburagi district]]
[[Category:Taluks in Kalaburagi district]]

{{Kalaburagi-geo-stub}}

The Leela Ashtamudi

2026-03-25T14:03:53Z

Sanjanadalvi: Made initial stub first draft

{{short description|5 Star hotel in Kollam, Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox hotel
| name = The Leela Ashtamudi, a Raviz hotel

| logo_size = 200px
| image = The Raviz, Kollam.jpg
| caption = The Raviz Kollam
| location = [[Kollam]], [[India]]
| address = [[Thevally]], Mathilil P.O, [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]]
| hotel_chain = Raviz Hotels & Resorts
| coordinates = {{coord|8.907177|76.577858|display=inline,title}}
| opening_date = 19 August 2011
| developer =
| architect = [[Eugene Pandala]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Five-star hotel in Kollam|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/marketing/article2322581.ece|publisher=Business Line|access-date=22 January 2016}}</ref>
| operator = RP Group and Leela Palaces
| owner = RP Group
| number_of_rooms = 90
| number_of_suites = 9
| number_of_restaurants = 4
| floor_area = {{convert|200000|sqft|abbr=on}}
| floor_count =
| height = 
| parking =
| website = https://www.theleela.com/the-leela-ashtamudi-a-raviz-hotel
| footnotes =
}}
'''The Leela Ashtamudi,''' also known as '''The''' '''Raviz Kollam''' and '''The Raviz Ashtamudi,''' is a [[Hotel rating|five-star]] hotel on the banks of the [[Ashtamudi lake]] in the city of [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sharukh Khan to open new five-star hotel in Kollam|url=http://is-ra.org/c0c0n/|work=IS-RA.org|access-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> It was designed by the Indian architect [[Eugene Pandala]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Raviz Ashtamudi beckons visitors to Kollam city|url=https://www.voyagersworld.in/article/raviz-ashtamudi-beckons-visitors-kollam-city|work=Business Line|access-date=16 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Welcome Hotel Raviz Ashtamudi|url=http://www.itchotels.in/Hotels/welcomhotelravizashtamudi/overview.aspx|work=ITC Hotels|access-date=22 Jan 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/itc-welcomgroup-to-manage-ravi-pillais-hotel-properties/article5003655.ece|title=ITC Welcomgroup to manage Ravi Pillai's hotel properties|work=The Hindu|access-date=23 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-30 |title=Raviz, Leela to jointly manage Kovalam & Ashtamudi hotels |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/raviz-leela-to-jointly-manage-kovalam-ashtamudi-hotels/articleshow/90528573.cms |access-date=2025-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Actors [[Mohanlal]] and [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]] inaugurated the hotel on 19 August 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sharukh Khan to open new five-star hotel in Kollam|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/sharukh-khan-to-open-new-fivestar-hotel-in-kollam/article2322581.ece|work=Business Line|access-date=22 Jan 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kollam]]
* [[Islands of Kollam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|The Raviz}}

{{Kollam}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raviz Hotel, Kollam}}
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kollam]]
[[Category:Hotel buildings completed in 2011]]
[[Category:Hotels in Kerala]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Kerala]]

Surya TV

2026-03-20T08:58:43Z

Sanjanadalvi: Revised content for better accuracy

#REDIRECT [[Sun Surya]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Ganesh (actor)

2026-03-17T10:46:24Z

Sanjanadalvi:

{{Short description|Indian actor and television presenter (born 1978)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ganesh
| image = Ganesh (actor).jpg
| caption =
| other_names = Golden Star, Gani
| birth_name = Ganesh Kishan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|7|2|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|director|producer|[[television presenter]]}}
| years_active = 2002–present
| works = [[Ganesh filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Shilpa|2008}}
| children = 2
}}

'''Ganesh Kishan''' (born 2 July 1978),<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Ganesh|date=1 July 2017|title=Weekend With Ramesh Season 3 – Episode 27 – July 1, 2017 – Full Episode|url=https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/weekend-with-ramesh-season-3/0-6-333/weekend-with-ramesh-season-3-episode-27-july-1-2017-full-episode/0-1-84363|access-date=18 July 2017|time=6:08|publisher=aozee.com}}</ref> known [[Mononymous person|mononymously]] as '''Ganesh''', is an Indian actor, director, producer and television presenter known for his work in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]]. Through his career in films and television shows, he has become one of the most popular celebrities and highest-paid actors in Kannada cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldlistmania.com/highest-paid-actors-in-kannada-film-industry/4/|title=Highest Paid Actors in Kannada Cinema|work=World List Mania|date=5 January 2013|access-date=29 June 2016|archive-date=10 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710110249/http://www.worldlistmania.com/highest-paid-actors-in-kannada-film-industry/4|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is the recipient of several awards, including two [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]].

Ganesh shot to fame with the film ''[[Mungaru Male]]'' (2006), which set a record in Kannada cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mungaru-male-a-mega-blockbuster-news-kannada-kkfvbgihhad.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930074232/http://www.sify.com/movies/mungaru-male-a-mega-blockbuster-news-kannada-kkfvbgihhad.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2012|title='Mungaru Male'- A mega blockbuster!|website=[[Sify]]|date=3 April 2007|access-date=29 June 2016}}</ref> In theatres, it was speculated to have collected over {{INR}} 75 [[crore]]<ref name="dna">{{cite web|last1=Pawar|first1=Yogesh|title=Ganesh Bal: The outsider on the inside|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ganesh-bal-the-outsider-on-the-inside-1678970|website=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=24 September 2016|date=22 April 2012|archive-date=15 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715124716/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ganesh-bal-the-outsider-on-the-inside-1678970|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=30 October 2010 |url=http://www.mybangalore.com/article/1010/superstars-of-the-kannada-film-industry.html |title=Superstars of the Kannada Film Industry |publisher=My Bangalore |access-date=30 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724104058/http://www.mybangalore.com/article/1010/superstars-of-the-kannada-film-industry.html |archive-date=24 July 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> by the end of its record-breaking 865-day theatrical run.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 September 2016 |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/I-broke-down-in-front-of-Ganesh/2016/09/03/article3609524.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904160116/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/I-broke-down-in-front-of-Ganesh/2016/09/03/article3609524.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2016 |title=I broke down in front of Ganesh |newspaper=The New Indian Express}}</ref> It was the first movie to be screened continuously for one year in a multiplex in any language in India.<ref>{{cite news |author=Girish Pattanashetti |date=3 February 2015 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mungaru-male-girls-second-innings-in-politics/article6852974.ece |title='Mungaru Male' girl's second innings in politics |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=4 March 2020 |access-date=4 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304020426/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mungaru-male-girls-second-innings-in-politics/article6852974.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Neha Shetty is 'Mungaru Male 2' heroine |website=[[Sify]] |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/neha-shetty-is-mungaru-male-2-heroine-imagegallery-kannada-phnkgxdgffajf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714195739/http://www.sify.com/movies/Neha-Shetty-is-Mungaru-Male-2-heroine-imagegallery-Kannada-phnkgxdgffajf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Shyam Prasad S |date=26 March 2015 |title=Ganesh all set for Mungaru Male 2 |work=eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ganesh-all-set-for-Mungaru-Male-2/articleshow/46698706.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=18 January 2021 |access-date=4 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118214637/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ganesh-all-set-for-Mungaru-Male-2/articleshow/46698706.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=It's Mungaru Male, again! |date=10 August 2016 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/100816/its-mungaru-male-again.html |archive-date=4 March 2020 |access-date=4 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304020421/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/100816/its-mungaru-male-again.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=I plan to stick to Kannada films |date=10 November 2008 |website=Rediff.com India |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/10i-plan-to-stick-to-kannada-films.htm }}

http://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/10i-plan-to-stick-to-kannada-films.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911053508/http://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/10i-plan-to-stick-to-kannada-films.htm |date=11 September 2016 }}</ref> The success of ''Mungaru Male'' brought Ganesh the nickname, "Golden Star".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kannada/interview.php?id=14449310&cid=2404|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407061424/http://www.sify.com/movies/kannada/interview.php?id=14449310&cid=2404|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-04-07|title=This success is very special to me|work=sify}}</ref>

Ganesh won two consecutive [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]] awards at Filmfare for the romantic comedy-drama ''[[Gaalipata]]'' (2008) and in the romantic drama ''[[Maleyali Jotheyali]]'' (2009). His other major success was ''[[Cheluvina Chittara]]'' (2007), a remake of Tamil film ''[[Kaadhal (2004 film)|Kaadhal]]'' (2004).<ref>{{cite news|last=Khajane|first=Muralidhara|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/golden-star-ganesh-on-his-career/article8504865.ece|title=Man with the golden touch|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 April 2016|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-date=5 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105123352/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/golden-star-ganesh-on-his-career/article8504865.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> His subsequent successful films include, ''[[Krishna (2007 film)|Krishna]]'' (2007), [[Romeo (2012 film)|''Romeo'']] (2012), ''[[Shravani Subramanya]]'' (2013), [[Zoom (2016 Kannada film)|''Zoom'']] (2016), ''[[Chamak (film)|Chamak]]'' (2017), ''[[99 (2019 film)|99]]'' (2019), ''[[Gaalipata 2]]'' (2022), ''[[Triple Riding]]'' (2022) and ''[[Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi]]'' (2024).

==Early life==
Ganesh was born on 2 July 1978 in [[Adakamaranahalli, Bengaluru|Adakamaranahalli]], a village in [[Nelamangala]] of [[Bengaluru Rural district]] in [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.veergorkha.com/2013/03/kannada-superstar-gorkha-actor-ganesh.html|title=Kannada Superstar Actor Ganesh Thapa|work=Veer Gorkha.com|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008005952/http://www.veergorkha.com/2013/03/kannada-superstar-gorkha-actor-ganesh.html|archive-date=8 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> His father, Kishan, is originally from [[Nepal]] and belongs to the [[Gurkha]] clan whilst his mother, Sulochana, is from Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/gurkha-ganesh-blazes-new-trail/cid/700838 |title=Gurkha Ganesh blazes new trail |access-date=18 November 2024 |archive-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128165239/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/gurkha-ganesh-blazes-new-trail/cid/700838 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ganesh-bal-the-outsider-on-the-inside-1678970/amp|title=Ganesh Bal: The outsider on the inside|first=Yogesh|last=Pawar|website=DNA India|access-date=18 November 2024|archive-date=24 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524073818/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ganesh-bal-the-outsider-on-the-inside-1678970/amp|url-status=live}}</ref> He has a younger brother, Mahesh, who debuted as an actor in the Kannada film ''[[Namak Haraam (2015 film)|Namak Haraam]]'' (2015) under the stage name Krishna Mahesh after his first film ''Boundary'' (2013) remained unreleased despite being almost fully completed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2014/Apr/21/i-want-to-stand-on-my-own-feet-mahesh-602890.html|title=I Want to Stand on My Own Feet: Mahesh|date=21 April 2014|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=26 January 2024|archive-date=25 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125232745/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2014/Apr/21/i-want-to-stand-on-my-own-feet-mahesh-602890.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/boundary-shoot-progresses/articleshow/19947733.cms?from=mdr|title=Boundary shoot progresses|date=8 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Anjali|last=Muthanna|access-date=26 January 2024|archive-date=25 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125235625/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/boundary-shoot-progresses/articleshow/19947733.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> He married Shilpa Barkur on 11 February 2008 and has 2 children: Charithriya Ganesh and Vihaan Ganesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/my-parents-couldnt-handle-the-pressure/articleshow/2776414.cms|title='My parents couldn't handle the pressure'|work=The Times of India|date=13 February 2008|access-date=27 February 2024|archive-date=27 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227115118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/my-parents-couldnt-handle-the-pressure/articleshow/2776414.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ganesh received primary education at Basaveshwara English School in Nelamangala and secondary education in Standard English School in [[Dasarahalli]], Bangalore. According to Ganesh, he was "mischievous and was always made to kneel down outside the classroom, but was also the darling of the teachers due to the active participation in cultural activities".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Golden-Stars-struggle-and-stardom/articleshow/8200623.cms|title=Golden Star's struggle and stardom|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 May 2011|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-date=24 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924122645/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Golden-Stars-struggle-and-stardom/articleshow/8200623.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> While in college, he participated actively in inter-collegiate drama skits.

==Career==

=== 2002–2005: Television and shift to cinema ===
Ganesh's first project was ''Guttu'', a telefilm directed by India's youngest female film director, Priyabharati Joshi, which remains unreleased. Joshi offered the project to Ganesh just as he was about to graduate from Adarsh Film Institute, against the advice of industry insiders who criticized her choice of a newcomer. ''Guttu'' was eventually screened at film festivals and in a few theatres in the US, as the producers weren't able to find a suitable time slot to show it on TV. After graduating in diploma in film acting, he was offered roles in Television series and sitcoms. He was also performing at various road shows and orchestras. However, a major breakthrough in television came with the comedy talk-show ''Comedy Time'' aired on [[Udaya TV]]. Through the success of the show, Ganesh gained immense popularity among the audience with his comic-timing getting prominent notice. He earned the sobriquet "Comedy Time" Ganesh post the show's success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070618/asp/nation/story_7938214.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043657/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070618/asp/nation/story_7938214.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2007|title=Gurkha Ganesh blazes new trail|website=The Telegraph|location=India|date=17 June 2007|access-date=30 June 2016}}</ref>

Ganesh's initial film appearances were largely as [[Extra (actor)|extra]] actor playing [[uncredited]] roles as the lead characters' friend. His first noticeable supporting role was of a villain character in the film ''Tapori'' (2002) which was directed by [[B. Suresha]]. Portraying the character was a "gory" experience for Ganesh, since "the hero was supposed to hit on face and hit so hard that (his) nose started bleeding".<ref>{{cite news |author=G S Kumar |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOI/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOI&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2010%2F02%2F26&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=6&EntityId=Ar00601&AppName=1 |title=More Power to his Acting |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=6 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821174029/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOI/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOI&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2010%2F02%2F26&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=6&EntityId=Ar00601&AppName=1 |archive-date=21 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Following this, in 2003, he played side-kick roles in three films out of which [[M. D. Sridhar]]'s ''Game For Love'' was noteworthy while the other two under-performed at the box-office. He continued such roles in the years 2004 and 2005 starring in films such as [[Dayal Padmanabhan]]'s ''[[Baa Baaro Rasika]]'' (2004) playing [[Sunil Raoh]]'s friend, [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]'s ''[[Aham Premasmi]]'' (2005) and [[Nagathihalli Chandrashekar]]'s ''[[Amrithadhare]]'' (2005) co-starring [[Sameer Dattani|Dhyan]], [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] which also had a guest role played by [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kannada/interview.php?id=13944523&cid=2404|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818041520/http://www.sify.com/movies/kannada/interview.php?id=13944523&cid=2404|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 August 2016|title="Amitji is the highlight": Nagathihalli|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=6 July 2016}}</ref>

=== 2006–2008: Success and stardom===
[[File:Ganesh (Kannada actor) 3.jpg|thumb|right|Ganesh in 2008 Kannada film ''[[Sangama (film)|Sangama]]'' ]]
In 2006, director [[M. D. Sridhar]] approached Ganesh to play the lead role in his film ''[[Chellata (film)|Chellata]]'' and he signed the project. Featuring alongside [[Rekha Vedavyas]], Ganesh's performance was well received, and the film was a box office success despite getting mixed reviews. Soon after, director [[Preetham Gubbi]] approached him and outlined the story of his next script titled ''[[Mungaru Male]]'', which had rain as a backdrop and to be directed by [[Yogaraj Bhat]]. He was actively involved throughout the script development process and became curious to act in the movie. He also helped director Bhat to meet the producer, E. Krishnappa. Since Krishnappa knew Ganesh (both hails from Adakamaranahalli, Nelamangala), he agreed to finance the film. Actress [[Pooja Gandhi]] was roped in to play the female lead and the film was mainly shot during the rainy season in places like [[Madikeri]], [[Sakaleshpura]], [[Jog Falls]] and [[Gadag]]. The film was released on 29 December 2006 and was critically acclaimed particularly drawing praises for Ganesh's performance as Preetham. The film went on to become one of the [[List of highest-grossing Kannada films|highest grossers]] ever in the history of Kannada cinema and achieved cult status.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-mungaru-male-was-the-first-film-to-cross-rs-50-crore-at-the-box-office-as-well-as-run-for-a-year-in-a-multiplex/articleshow/75402151.cms|title=Did you know? 'Mungaru Male' was the first film to cross Rs 50 crore at the box office as well as run for a year in a multiplex|work=The Times of India|date=27 April 2020|access-date=27 February 2024|archive-date=6 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206010852/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-mungaru-male-was-the-first-film-to-cross-rs-50-crore-at-the-box-office-as-well-as-run-for-a-year-in-a-multiplex/articleshow/75402151.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film became the first ever Kannada film to be screened in multiplexes for a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/records-stand-even-after-12-years/articleshow/67292536.cms|title=Mungaru Male: Records stand even after 12 years|work=Bangalore Mirror|date=29 December 2018|access-date=27 February 2024|archive-date=29 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229073444/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/records-stand-even-after-12-years/articleshow/67292536.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film established the careers of Ganesh, Bhat, Gubbi, Gandhi, the cinematographer [[S. Krishna]], the music composer [[Mano Murthy]], the lyricist [[Jayanth Kaikini]] and the playback singer [[Sonu Nigam]] in Kannada cinema. Indicine.com's critic described Ganesh as the "life and soul of the movie".<ref>{{cite web|title=Mungaru Male – Movie Review|url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/kannada/mungaru-male-movie-review/|work=indicine.com|access-date=25 June 2007|archive-date=27 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003534/http://www.indicine.com/movies/kannada/mungaru-male-movie-review/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ganesh was nominated at the [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]] for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]].

In 2007, Ganesh collaborated again with M. D. Sridhar and Pooja Gandhi in ''[[Krishna (2007 film)|Krishna]]'', which became sensational hit at the box office, completing 100-days in main centres of [[Karnataka]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} He further starred in ''[[Hudugaata]]'', the Indian adaptation of the American film ''[[It Happened One Night]]'' (1934) costarring Rekha Vedavyas. The film met with critical reviews and achieved moderate success at the box office. The third project of the year, ''[[Cheluvina Chittara]]'', a remake of Tamil film ''[[Kaadhal]]'', marked the first association of Ganesh with director [[S. Narayan]] and costarred [[Amoolya]]. The film had a successful run at the box office and was one of the highest grossers of the year. Ganesh earned the title "Golden Star" after having starred in this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/cheluvina-chittara-completes-14-years-of-its-release/articleshow/83739551.cms|title=Cheluvina Chittara completes 14 years of its release|date=22 June 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 February 2023|archive-date=18 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218115340/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/cheluvina-chittara-completes-14-years-of-its-release/articleshow/83739551.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He also won the [[Udaya Film Awards|Udaya Film Award for Best Actor]].

=== 2008–2015: Direction and career expansion===
[[File:Ganesh_actor.JPG|thumb|left|Ganesh at a film location]]
[[File:Pooja Gandhi, Ganesh, Rashmi.jpg|thumb|right|From L-R, [[Pooja Gandhi]], Ganesh, [[Rashmi (actress)|Rashmi]] in 2007 Kannada film ''[[Krishna (2007 film)|Krishna]]'']]
In 2008, Ganesh appeared in four films. In his first release of the year, ''[[Gaalipata]]'', a triple hero coming-of-age comedy, Ganesh partnered once again with Yogaraj Bhat and shot for the film in and around [[Thirthahalli]] and [[Agumbe]] region alongside [[Diganth]] and [[Rajesh Krishnan]]. The film opened to positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web|author=Nrupathunga S. K. |title=Gaalipata |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/DeccanHerald.com/Content/Jan192008/movies2008011847388.asp |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=2 October 2015 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003220614/http://archive.deccanherald.com/DeccanHerald.com/Content/Jan192008/movies2008011847388.asp |archive-date= 3 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=G. S. Kumar |title=Gaalipata (Kannada) Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Gaalipata-Kannada/movie-review/2712791.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=2 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315161200/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Gaalipata-Kannada/movie-review/2712791.cms |archive-date=15 March 2016 }}</ref> Emerging as a commercial success, it completed a 175-day run in theaters and received 11 nominations at the [[56th Filmfare Awards South]], winning three awards including [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]] for Ganesh. His next success came through ''[[Aramane]]'' directed by [[Nagashekar]], making his debut and had actress [[Roma (actress)|Roma]] paired with him. This was followed by two unsuccessful projects, ''[[Bombaat]]'' directed by [[D. Rajendra Babu]] pairing opposite [[Ramya]] and ''[[Sangama (film)|Sangama]]'' with [[Vedhicka]]. He started the year 2009 with an average grosser comedy film ''[[Circus (2009 film)|Circus]]''. The film featured him as a carefree urban youth who along with his friends help in foiling the plans of a terrorist gang. This was soon followed by another blockbuster film ''[[Maleyali Jotheyali]]'' which fetched him his second Filmfare Award. The film was produced under his home banner "Golden Movies" by his wife Shilpa and directed by [[Preetham Gubbi]]. Ganesh made his debut as a singer with this film. Critics unanimously praised his performance and the film successfully completed 100 days run.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maleyali Jotheyali hits jackpot|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/Dec/22/maleyali-jotheyali-hits-jackpot-115318.html|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=16 May 2012|archive-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829115441/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/dec/22/maleyali-jotheyali-hits-jackpot-115318.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, he featured in box-office failure films including ''[[Ullasa Utsaha]]'', a remake of Telugu film ''[[Ullasamga Utsahamga]]'' and ''[[Eno Onthara]]'', a remake of Tamil film ''[[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]''.

Ganesh made his debut in direction with the film ''[[Kool...Sakkath Hot Maga|Kool]]'' in 2011. Starring in the dual roles alongside [[Sana Khan]], the film was produced under his home banner. The film met with critical reviews from critics and under performed at the box-office. A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "Ganesh attempts too many things in this film, making it a mess of everything.He sings, co-writes dialogues, gets his wife to produce the movie. Unwarranted and avoidable. Not Kool at all".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kool-feels-the-heat/articleshow/21604489.cms|title=Kool feels the heat|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=13 May 2011|access-date=12 March 2024|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928133725/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kool-feels-the-heat/articleshow/21604489.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Upon its failure, Ganesh termed it as a "learning experience".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/kool-was-a-learning-experience-ganesh/articleshow/8747214.cms|title=Kool was a learning experience: Ganesh|work=The Times of India|date=7 June 2011|access-date=12 March 2024|archive-date=12 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312113652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/kool-was-a-learning-experience-ganesh/articleshow/8747214.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> This was followed by ''[[Maduve Mane]]'', yet another unsuccessful project that had [[Shradha Arya]] paired opposite him. Later in the year, Ganesh reunited with S. Narayan for the film, ''[[Shyloo]]'', a remake of Tamil film ''[[Mynaa]]'' (2010) which got positive reviews from critics and the lead actors performances were appreciated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/shyloo/movie-review/12198906.cms|title=Shyloo Movie Review|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016|access-date=12 March 2024|archive-date=21 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921144144/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/shyloo/movie-review/12198906.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, Ganesh featured in three films and gave a voice over for the film ''[[Rambo (2012 film)|Rambo]]'' starring [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] in the lead role. ''[[Munjane]]'' marked the third collaboration with S. Narayan. ''[[Romeo (2012 film)|Romeo]]'', directed by [[PC Shekhar (director)|PC Shekhar]] and starring [[Bhavana Menon|Bhavana]] was a musical hit soon after its release. The third release of the year, ''[[Mr. 420 (2012 film)|Mr. 420]]'', however, was a [[box-office bomb]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2012/Dec/22/sandalwood-hits-and-misses-of-2012-436213.html|title=Sandalwood: Hits and misses of 2012|work=The New Indian express|date=22 December 2012}}</ref> His following releases in the year 2013 namely ''[[Auto Raja (2013 film)|Auto Raja]]'', ''[[Sakkare]]'' and ''[[Shravani Subramanya]]'' were all average grossers except the latter which was one of the successful films of the year and earned him a Filmfare Award nomination. He had a solo release in 2014 in the form of Preetham Gubbi's comedy drama ''[[Dil Rangeela]]''. The film met with average reviews and was declared a sleeper hit of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/ganesh-rachita-ram-priyanka-rao-achyuth-kumar-rangayana-raghu/articleshow/31619743.cms?|title=Movie review: Dil Rangeela|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=7 May 2014}}</ref>

In the year 2015, Ganesh featured in his 25th film as actor through the film ''[[Buguri (film)|Buguri]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/why-buguri-is-special-for-ganesh/articleshow/48480391.cms|title=Why Buguri is special for Ganesh|work=The Times of India|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-date=18 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818043053/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Why-Buguri-is-special-for-Ganesh/articleshow/48480391.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film met with average response from critics and audience. The other release ''[[Khushi Khushiyagi]]'' was a remake of Telugu film ''[[Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde]]'' (2013).

=== 2016–present: Career slump and progression===
Ganesh's first among four releases in 2016 featured him in dual roles performing both comedy and action for the film ''[[Style King]]''. Directed by [[PC Shekhar]] and co-starring [[Remya Nambeesan]], the film received a lukewarm response at the box office with critics branding the film as 'Typical'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/150516/style-king-movie-review-doubly-typical.html|title=Style King movie review: 'Doubly' typical|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=15 May 2016|access-date=14 May 2024|archive-date=14 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514080812/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/150516/style-king-movie-review-doubly-typical.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Next he appeared in the comedy drama ''[[Zoom (2016 Kannada film)|Zoom]]'' and paired opposite [[Radhika Pandit]]. The film, adapted from ''[[Lover Come Back (1961 film)|Lover Come Back]]'' (1961), featured actor [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]] in his last on-screen appearance. This met with mixed reviews from the critics and termed as a box-office failure project.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} He reprised his role as Preetham in his next release ''[[Mungaru Male 2]]'', a sequel to the [[Mungaru Male|2007 film]], this time directed by [[Shashank (director)|Shashank]] and featuring [[Neha Shetty]] as Nandini. The film performed moderately well at the box office and met with critical reviews with a critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "Unfortunately, a sequel creates great expectations and 2006’s Mungaru Male was a tough act to follow. Shashank’s attempt is forced and he seems to have fallen for the routine traps under the weight of those expectations".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-mungaru-male-2/articleshow/54268097.cms|title=Movie Review {{!}} Mungaru Male 2|date=10 September 2016|first=Shyam Prasad|last=S.|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=14 May 2024|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127153911/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-mungaru-male-2/articleshow/54268097.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> His final release of the year was a comedy ''[[Sundaranga Jaana]]'', directed by [[Ramesh Aravind]] and was a remake of Telugu film ''[[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy]]'' (2015).

His films ''[[Pataki (film)|Pataki]]'', ''[[Mugulu Nage]]'' and ''[[Chamak (film)|Chamak]]'' all released in 2017 and met with critical reviews and found moderate to weak response from the audience. He produced ''Mugulu Nage'' along with his wife Shilpa and teamed up with director [[Yogaraj Bhat]] after 10 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/mugulu-nage-review-quirky-slightly-weird-journey-world-love-67727|title='Mugulu Nage' review: A quirky but slightly weird journey into the world of love|work=The News Minute|date=1 September 2017|access-date=14 May 2024|archive-date=14 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514080828/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/mugulu-nage-review-quirky-slightly-weird-journey-world-love-67727|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/mugulu-nage-movie-review-not-much-to-smile-about/articleshow/60328750.cms|title=Mugulu nage movie review: Not much to smile about|work=Bangalore Mirror|date=1 September 2017|access-date=14 May 2024|archive-date=14 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514080829/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/mugulu-nage-movie-review-not-much-to-smile-about/articleshow/60328750.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> His dull phase continued in 2018 with the release of ''[[Orange (2018 film)|Orange]]'' which was the first ever venture in [[Kannada cinema]] to have been acquired by the [[Amazon Prime]] prior to its release.<ref>{{cite news|title='Orange' becomes first Kannada film to be acquired by Amazon Prime prior to its release|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/orange-becomes-first-kannada-film-be-acquired-amazon-prime-prior-release-91764|publisher=Thenewsminute.com|date=18 November 2018|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-date=21 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721084947/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/orange-becomes-first-kannada-film-be-acquired-amazon-prime-prior-release-91764|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, he appeared in ''[[99 (2019 film)|99]]'' the remake of Tamil film ''[['96 (film)|'96]]''. The title 99 was chosen because of director [[Preetham Gubbi]]'s friendship with Ganesh which began in 1999, when they were in college together.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/dec/05/99--will-retain-the-soul-of-96-1907286.html |title=99 will retain the soul of 96 |last=Sharadhaa |first=A |date=5 December 2018 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=17 January 2019 |archive-date=17 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117122322/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/dec/05/99--will-retain-the-soul-of-96-1907286.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film met with positive response lauding the performances of both Ganesh and [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]]. His next releases, ''[[Gimmick (film)|Gimmick]]'' and ''[[Geetha (2019 film)|Geetha]]'', however received negative reviews. The latter film was based on the backdrop of [[Gokak Agitation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jun/17/ganeshs-next-revives-title-geetha-1829546.html|title=Ganesh's next revives title Geetha|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010025647/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jun/17/ganeshs-next-revives-title-geetha-1829546.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His lone release in 2021 was an average grosser, ''[[Sakath]]'', an action drama film directed by [[Suni (director)|Suni]]. The film received generally mixed to positive reviews from critics upon release. While the cast performances, writing, music and cinematography received praise, criticism was directed at its length.

Ganesh's first 2022 role was his starring role as Gani in ''[[Gaalipata 2]]'', directed by Yogaraj Bhat and featuring [[Anant Nag]], [[Diganth]], [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]], [[Vaibhavi Shandilya]], [[Samyuktha Menon]] and [[Sharmiela Mandre]] alongside him. The film, officially not the sequel to the [[Gaalipata|2008 film of the same name]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Gaalipata |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/DeccanHerald.com/Content/Jan192008/movies2008011847388.asp |website=Deccan Herald |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003220614/http://archive.deccanherald.com/DeccanHerald.com/Content/Jan192008/movies2008011847388.asp |archivedate= 3 October 2015 |accessdate=14 July 2020 }}</ref> made profits out of its theatrical and OTT releases. His next was a comedy drama ''[[Triple Riding]]'' which released after a delay of 3 years and met with mixed critical reviews. In 2023, he teamed up with Preetham Gubbi for the fourth time for the film ''[[Baanadariyalli]]''. The film marked the first Kannada project to have shot in [[Kenya]]'s [[Maasai Mara|Maasai Mara National Reserve]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/golden-star-ganesh-starts-shooting-on-the-lanes-of-kenya-for-baana-daariyalli/articleshow/94448023.cms|title=Golden Star Ganesh starts shooting on the lanes of Kenya for Baanadaariyalli|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/baanadariyalli-is-an-adventure-for-love-says-director-preetham-gubbi/articleshow/103402330.cms|title=Baanadariyalli is an adventure for love, says director Preetham Gubbi|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Ganesh's next appearance was in [[Srinivas Raju]]'s directorial ''[[Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi]]'', which released in 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/golden-star-ganeshs-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-eyes-july-release-article-109974932|title=Golden Star Ganesh's Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi Eyes July Release|work=Times Now News|date=9 May 2024|access-date=14 May 2024|archive-date=14 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514080829/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/golden-star-ganeshs-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-eyes-july-release-article-109974932|url-status=live}}</ref> The teaser for Ganesh's next movie, titled Yours Sincerely RAAM, was released on 6 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-06 |title=Golden Star Ganesh And Ramesh Aravind Team Up For Film Titled 'Yours Sincerely Raam' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/golden-star-ganesh-and-ramesh-aravind-team-up-for-film-titled-yours-sincerely-raam-article-113117056 |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

===Brand ambassador===
Ganesh was signed as the brand ambassador of Reliance Mobile (2009–2011), Coca-Cola (2010–2011), and Rim-Jim product from Coca-Cola (2022).

== Filmography ==
{{Main|Ganesh filmography}}

==Awards and nominations==

* Refers to the year in which ceremony was held.

{| class="infobox" style="width: 22.7em; text-align: left; font-size: 85%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #eef;"
|-
| colspan="3" |
{| class="collapsible collapsed" width="100%"
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #d9e8ff; text-align: center;" | Awards and nominations
|- style="background-color:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"
!style="vertical-align: middle;" | Award
| style="background:#cceecc; font-size:8pt;" width="60px" | Wins
| style="background:#eecccc; font-size:8pt;" width="60px" | Nominations
|-
|align="center"|
;[[Udaya Film Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{Won|0}}
|-
|align="center"|
;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{Won|2}}
|-
|align="centre"|
;[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|{{won|0}}
|{{Won|0}}
|-
|align="center"|
;Cine Gandha Awards
|{{won|1}}
|{{Won|0}}
|-
|align="center"|
;[[Suvarna Film Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{Won|0}}
|-
|align="centre"|
; Love Lavike Readers Choice Awards
|{{won|0}}
|{{Won|1}}
|-
|}
|- style="background-color:#d9e8ff"
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | '''Total'''
|-
| {{won|Awards won}}
| colspan="2" width=50 {{won|5}}
|-
| {{nom|Nominations}}
| colspan="2" width=50 {{nom|4}}
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
|2006
|''[[Mungaru Male]]''
|[[54th Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Jul202007/state2007072014050.asp?section=updatenews |title=State cine awards: Mungaru Male sweeps six awards |date=29 September 2007 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131626/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Jul202007/state2007072014050.asp?section=updatenews |archive-date=29 September 2007 }}</ref>
|-
|2007
|rowspan="2"|''[[Cheluvina Chittara]]''
|[[Udaya Film Awards]]
| Best Actor
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |date=May 2016 |title=Ganesh Style King Movie Review, Story, Rating, Public Talk Remya Nambeesan, PC Shekar |website=Denews |url=https://www.denews.in/2016/05/review-story-rating-public-talk-plus-minus-hit-flop-details-style-king-movie-ganesh.html |access-date=4 March 2020 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125110426/https://www.denews.in/2016/05/review-story-rating-public-talk-plus-minus-hit-flop-details-style-king-movie-ganesh.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
|-
|2008
|Cine Gandha Awards
| Best Actor
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |date=7 March 2008 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Film-awards-presented/article15397884.ece |title=Film awards presented |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=4 March 2020 |access-date=4 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304020424/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Film-awards-presented/article15397884.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2008
|rowspan="2"|''[[Gaalipata]]''
|[[56th Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=56th Idea Filmfare Awards 2008 South: The winners|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/56th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2008-South-The-winners/articleshow/4845030.cms|access-date=7 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617122212/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/56th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2008-South-The-winners/articleshow/4845030.cms|archive-date=17 June 2015|work=The Times of India|date=1 August 2009}}</ref>
|-
|2008
|[[Suvarna Film Awards]]
| Most Popular Actor
|{{won}}
|<ref>[http://www.my-kannada.com/movies/2008/03/suvarna-awards-for-milana-puneet-pooja.shtml "Suvarna awards for Milana, Puneet, Pooja".] My-Kannada.com. 31 March 2008. {{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|''[[Maleyali Jotheyali]]''
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| Best Actor – Kannada
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |author=Prathibha Joy |date=20 December 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ganesh-pins-hope-on-his-December-luck-for-Shravani-Subramanya/articleshow/27646702.cms |title=Ganesh pins hope on his December luck for Shravani Subramanya |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=4 March 2020 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120003950/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ganesh-pins-hope-on-his-December-luck-for-Shravani-Subramanya/articleshow/27646702.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''[[Shravani Subramanya]]''
|Filmfare Awards South
| Best Actor – Kannada
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=61st Idea Filmfare Awards (South) Nomination list |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-nomination-list-6638.html |website=filmfare.com |access-date=7 August 2023 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220034756/https://www.filmfare.com/features/61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-nomination-list-6638.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2018
|rowspan=2|''[[Mugulu Nage]]''
|Love Lavike Readers Choice Awards
| Best Actor
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2018
|Filmfare Awards South
| Best Actor – Kannada
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Filmfare Awards South 2018 Kannada Nominations |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2018/kannada/nominations |website=filmfare.com |access-date=29 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140745/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2018/kannada/nominations |archive-date=19 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|[[Chamak (film)|''Chamak'']]
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Actor – Kannada
|{{Nominated}}
|
|-
|2018
|rowspan="2"|[[Orange (2018 film)|''Orange'']]
|Filmibeat Award
| Best Actor – Kannada
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2019
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Filmfare Award]]
| Best Actor – Kannada
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |date=10 December 2019 |website=Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931-1.html |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212141449/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[Sakath (film)|''Sakath'']]
|South Indian International Movie Awards
| Best Actor – Kannada
|{{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
| rowspan="2" |''[[Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi]]''
|[[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Actor – Kannada
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=upmyb |title=SIIMA {{!}} Vote For SIIMA 2025 |url=https://siima.in/vote |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=siima.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[70th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>[https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/nominations-for-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-kannada-81367.html]</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|2590318|Ganesh}}

{{FilmfareKannadaBestActor}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganesh}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Kannada male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Indian Gorkhas]]

Bengali Hindus in Myanmar

2026-03-12T04:31:04Z

Sanjanadalvi: minor edit

{{Merge|Bengalis in Myanmar|discuss=Talk:Bengali Hindus in Myanmar#Proposed merge of Bengalis in Myanmar with Bengali Hindus in Myanmar|date=March 2026}}
[[File:Bengali Hindus diaspora gather for Durga Puja festival in Rangoon, c.1941-42.jpg|thumb|[[Bengali Hindu diaspora|Bengali Hindus]] gather for [[Durga Puja]] festival in [[Yangon|Rangoon]], c.1941-42]]
The history of the '''Bengali Hindus in Myanmar''' dates back to the Middle Ages, when the [[History of Rakhine |Arakanese kings]] brought [[Brahmin]]s from [[Bengal]] as astrologers and [[Dom (caste)|Dom]]s as cleaners of the [[pagoda]] compounds in [[Arakan]].<ref>{{cite conference|url=http://www.kaladanpress.org/index.php/seminar-and-event-mainmenu-38/58-arakan-historical-seminar/195-islam-in-arakan-an-interpretation-from-the-indian-perspective-history-and-the-present.html|title=Islam in Arakan: An interpretation from the Indian perspective: History and the Present|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Swapna|date=22–23 November 2005|pages=20|location=Bangkok|conference=Arakan Historical Conference|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=1 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901161626/http://www.kaladanpress.org/index.php/seminar-and-event-mainmenu-38/58-arakan-historical-seminar/195-islam-in-arakan-an-interpretation-from-the-indian-perspective-history-and-the-present.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> After the annexation of Burmese kingdom by the British, the Bengali Hindus arrived in [[British rule in Burma|British Burma]] in various capacities. A large section came as white collared executives in the administration, while a smaller proportion came as labourers in various projects. By the 1920s, the Bengali Hindus constituted a thriving community in the urban centres like Rangoon, [[Mandalay]], [[Mawlamyine]], Bassein and [[Sittwe]]. Starting with the [[Anti-Indian sentiment|anti-Indian movements]] in the late 1930s, the Bengali Hindus began to leave British Burma in hundreds. After the independence and especially the 1962 coup, large numbers of Bengali Hindus left for India.

At present, the [[Bengali Hindu]] population is concentrated in the cities of [[Yangon]] and [[Sittwe]] and in some of the semi-urban and rural areas of [[Rakhine State]]. The estimated population quoted in various source range between 10,000 and 56,000. The [[Bengali Hindus]] are not recognized as full citizens as per the 1982 law, but are entitled to hold the ID Card for National Verification.

== Identity ==
In [[Myanmar]], the citizenship issue of the [[Rohingyas]] has led to identity crisis among the Bengali Hindu population. While the Rohingyas prefer to use the term Rohingya to identify themselves, the Myanmar authorities insist on using the term Bengalis for the Rohingyas. As the Rohingyas are considered as illegal Bangladeshi immigrants, the Bengali Hindus in Rakhine State shun the usage of the term Bengali to identify themselves. They prefer to identify themselves as [[Hinduism in Myanmar|Burmese Hindus]].

In the recent times, the [[Bengali Hindus]] have started wearing small armbands to distinguish themselves from the Rohingya.<ref name="rfp">{{cite web|url=https://rfp.org/sites/default/files/pubications/Advancing%20Peacebuilding%20in%20Myanmar%20.pdf|title=Advances Reconciliation and Peacebuilding in Sittwe, Rakhine State, Myanmar|publisher=Religions for Peace|accessdate=9 September 2017}}</ref> The Bengali Hindu women have started wearing bindis to distinguish themselves from the [[Rohingyas]].<ref name="aj09082012">{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/08/201288114724103607.html|title='Mass graves' for Myanmar's Rohingya|date=9 August 2012|work=Al Jazeera|accessdate=9 September 2017}}</ref>

== Persecution ==
In 1962, after the coup, an estimated 300,000 Indians were forced to leave Burma. The repatriates included a significant number of Bengali Hindus of East Bengal origin. The Bengali Hindu returnees were settled in four camps in [[Kamarhati]], [[Barasat]], [[Bongaon]] and [[Hasnabad]], in the 24 Parganas district of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcrg.ac.in/rw%20files/RW37/9.Report3.pdf|title=Collective Memories of Repatriates from Burma: A Case Study of West Bengal|publisher=Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group|accessdate=9 September 2017}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kha Maung Seik massacre]]
* [[Bengali Hindu diaspora]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Myanmar]]

Alif Laila (film)

2026-03-04T04:09:37Z

Sanjanadalvi: Added bio - done

{{Short description|1953 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Alif Laila
| image =
| caption =
| director = K. Amarnath
| producer = K. Amarnath
| writer =
| starring = Nimmi, Asha Mathur, Vijay Kumar, Pran, Murad, Amrit Rana, Maya Devi, Gope
| music = Shyam Sundar
| released = {{Film date|1953}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Alif Laila''''' (''The One Thousand and One Nights'') is a 1953 [[Bollywood]] film produced and directed by [[K. Amarnath]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/SLkABAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=2014-07-10 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94318-9 |pages=574 |language=en}}</ref> It is an adaptation of the Middle Eastern folktale collection [[One Thousand and One Nights]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Rosie |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Bombay_before_Bollywood/WHrmBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Bombay before Bollywood: Film City Fantasies |date=2015-03-01 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-5677-5 |pages=150–151 |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=28 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130165535/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Bombay_before_Bollywood/WHrmBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Nimmi]] as Genie<ref name=Cinemaazi>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/alif-laila|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2024|access-date=3 December 2024|website=Indian Cinema Heritage Foundation (Cinemaazi.com) website|title=Alif Laila (1953 film)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207111539/https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/alif-laila}}</ref>
*Asha Mathur as Princess
*Vijay Kumar as Aladin<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
*[[Pran (actor)|Pran]]<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
*[[Murad (actor)|Murad]]<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
*Amrit Rana
*Maya Devi
*[[Gope (actor)|Gope]] as Rasheed<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
*[[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Dancer

==Music==
All lyrics were penned by [[Sahir Ludhianvi]] and music was composed by Shyam Sundar.<ref name=Cinemaazi/>

#"Bahaar Aayi Khili Kaliyan" - [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
#"Dilon Ke Shikar Ko" - [[Asha Bhosle]]
#"Dilon Ko Dard Bananewaale" - Lata Mangeshkar
#"Khamosh Kyun Ho" - Lata Mangeshkar, [[Mohammed Rafi]]
#"Khada Hoon Der Se" - [[Talat Mahmood]]
#"Kya Raat Suhani Hai" - Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammed Rafi
#"Mere Nagmon Mein Un Mastana" - Talat Mahmood
#"Raaten Pyaar Ki Beet Jaayengi" - Asha Bhosle

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0154126}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|alif_laila}}

[[Category:Films scored by Shyam Sunder]]
[[Category:1953 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1953 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Amarnath]]

{{1950s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Inspector Garud

2026-03-03T21:33:33Z

Sanjanadalvi: added content further and improved wording for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Inspector Garud
| image = InspectorGarudposter.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Johny Antony]]
| producer = Milan Jaleel
| writer = [[Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas|Udayakrishna Siby K. Thomas]]
| starring = [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] [[Kavya Madhavan]]
| music = '''songs:''' [[Alex Paul]] '''background score:''' [[Ouseppachan]]
| cinematography = [[P. Sukumar]]
| editing = [[Ranjan Abraham]]
| studio = Galaxy Films
| distributor = Galaxy Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2007|01|29|India}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Inspector Garud''''' is a 2007 Indian [[Malayalam|Malayalam-language]] [[action comedy film]] directed by [[Johny Antony]], written by the duo [[Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas]], starring [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] and [[Kavya Madhavan]] in the lead roles. The film was a commercial success at the [[box office]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/inspector-garud--review-malayalam-pclwk4ehhbhei.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531012326/https://www.sify.com/movies/inspector-garud--review-malayalam-pclwk4ehhbhei.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 May 2022|title = Inspector Garud|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/inspector-garud-review-malayalam-movie-8872|title = Inspector Garud review. Inspector Garud Malayalam movie review, story, rating}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3590/malayalam/inspector-garud/1033/review.htm|title = Inspector Garud Review | Inspector Garud Malayalam Movie Review by Unni Nair|date = 28 January 2007}}</ref>

==Synopsis==

[[Circle Inspector]] Madhavan Kutty is a very corrupt and funny officer. He is known as Garud as he is fast as a [[falcon]] who would do any dirty work for money. He became Inspector not through the right channel but by paying {{INR|15 lakhs}} as a bribe. Hence, he is now bound to get his money back through bribes.

A consignment of arms meant for [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] reaches [[Kochi]] and Karaikkudy Arumuga Palaniyappa Chettiyar is keeping it in a colony run by him. An honest cop Rajan Joseph discovers the plot but is sacked by the Home Minister. Madhavan Kutty saves Chettiyar and at the same time rips him off. Meanwhile, Madhavan Kutty is humiliated by the new [[District Collector|Sub Collector]], Sethulakshmi, who makes him apologize to her in front of the [[Kerala Women's Commission|Women's Commission]]. He takes revenge by working out a marriage with Sethulakshmi under pressure which leads to further complications.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Dileep]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Madhavan Kutty / Inspector Garud
* [[Kavya Madhavan]] as Sub Collector Sethulakshmi [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as [[Head constable|Head Constable]] Raghavan aka Raghavettan
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Karaikudi Arumukha Palaniyappa Chettiyar
* [[Lalu Alex]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Rajan Joseph
* [[Anand (actor)|Anand]] as Saravanan, Chettiyar's son
* [[Cochin Haneefa]] as Govindan, Sethulakshmi's uncle
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Lonappan Chakkacham Parambil
* [[Harisree Ashokan]] as Kuttappan
* [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]] as Guptaji
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Shekharan
* [[Kalasala Babu]] as Achuthan Maash, Madhavankutty's father
* [[Shammi Thilakan]] as [[Deputy commissioner of police (India)|City Police Commissioner]] P Gopinath [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] as [[District magistrate|District Collector]] Sandhya Gopinath [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Krishnan Namboothiri
* [[Kochu Preman]] as Sivan Pillai
* [[Urmila Unni]] as Sethulakshmi's mother
* [[Ponnamma Babu]] as a Member of the [[Kerala Women's Commission|Women's Commission]]
* [[T. P. Madhavan]] as Minister Sathyanathan
* [[Machan Varghese]] as Kunjunni, a thief
* [[N. L. Balakrishnan]] as Vaidyar
* [[Jagannatha Varma]] as [[Director general of police|IG]] Santhosh Nair [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] as [[Constable]] Chacko
* Bineesh Kodiyeri as Anand, Sethulakshmi's younger brother
* Suja Menon as Saritha
* Jeny Susan Joseph as Parvathi, Achuthan's daughter
* [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Karinchantha Vasu
* [[Kalabhavan Haneef]] as Ajayan, Auto driver
* Rani Larius as Chettiyar's wife
* Mini Arun as Susan
* Deepika Mohan
* [[Nayanthara Chakravarthy|Baby Nayanthara]] as Raghavan's granddaughter
* Sudheer Sukumaran as Guptaji's henchman
* Beena Sabu
* Vimal Kumar as Police Constable
}}

==Music==

''Inspector Garud'' has music given by [[Alex Paul]], while the background score was composed by [[Ouseppachan]]. The lyrics were written by [[Vayalar Sarath Chandra Varma]] and [[Santhosh Varma]]. The film has six songs, in which the playback singers are Jyotsna, Franko, [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Rimi Tomy]], Afsal, Reju Joseph, Pradeep Babu, and [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] himself.

{| class="wikitable tracklist"
! Track # !! Song !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1 || "Nishayile Salabhamaai" || Jyotsna
|-
| 2 || "Kannathe Penne" || Franko
|-
| 3 || "Manmadhanalle" || [[Vineeth Srinivasan]], [[Rimi Tomy]], [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]]
|-
| 4 || "Kanthari Penne" || Afsal
|-
| 5 || "Pathi Kadichu" || Reju Joseph, Pradeep Babu
|-
| 6 || "Kannum Chimmi Chimmi" || [[Vineeth Srinivasan]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0896817}}

{{Johny_Antony}}

[[Category:2007 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2007 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Johny Antony]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Police films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Alex Paul]]

Kalaya Tasmai Namaha

2026-03-03T21:26:25Z

Sanjanadalvi: updated page

{{short description|2012 Indian Kannada-language crime drama}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalaya Tasmai Namaha
| image = Kalaya Tasmai Namaha movie poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = Chandrashekar Shrivastav
| producer = Maruthi JD
| writer = Chandrashekar Shrivastav
| starring = [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] Madhubala
| music = A. M. Neel
| cinematography = Cinetech Suri
| editing = S. Sounder Rajan
| studio = Maruthi Enterprises
| distributor = Arya Mourya Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|2012|10|12|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kalaya Tasmai Namaha''''' is a 2012 [[Kannada]] [[crime drama]] movie directed and written by Chandrashekar Shrivastav. The film stars [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] and debutante Madhubala in the lead roles. [[Snake Shyam]] makes a special appearance in a song sequence. The music is composed by A. M. Neel.

==Plot==
The story revolves around a man who is a serial [[Supari]] killer and his love interest played by Madhubala.

==Cast==
* [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] as Tukaram aka Ten
* Madhubala as Madhu
* [[Snake Shyam]] in a special appearance
* [[Rangayana Raghu]]
* [[Ravi Kale]]
* [[Raju Talikote]]
*Shanker Ashwath

==Production==
Director Chandrashekar, after a brief gap from his previous film, ''[[Patre Loves Padma]]'', approached [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] with a different screenplay oriented script and soon after roped in him in the lead role. Yogesh plays a Supari serial killer and lead actress Madhubala plays a homely girl character.

===Filming===
The film is shot in central cities such as Bangalore, Mysore and Haasan. For songs, the unit has shot at Jaipur locales. The filming officially begun on 5 August 2011 and [[Duniya Vijay]] and Bhavana attended the inaugural event to wish the team.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kalaya Tasmai Namaha
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = A. M. Neel
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2012|7}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
A. M. Neel composed 7 songs to the lyrics of director Chandrashekar Shrivastav.

{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kaali Roadu
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Naanenu Alla
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], Vardhan
| length2 =
| title3 = Haalaythu
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = Ritheesha Padmanabh, Sujay
| length3 =
| title4 = Ninna Naanu
| extra4 = [[Anuradha Bhat]], Neel
| lyrics4 =
| length4 =
| title5 = Preethi Andare
| extra5 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| lyrics5 =
| length5 =
| title6 = Ondu Eradu Preethiya
| extra6 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| lyrics6 =
| length6 =
| title7 = Preethi Yako
| extra7 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| lyrics7 =
| length7 =
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and says "Full marks to Yogish not only for his excellent acting, but also for singing a song in Kolaveri tune. Madhubala makes an impressive debut with good dialogue delivery. Rangayana Raghu excels as don".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kaalaya-thasmai-namaha/movie-review/16782536.cms?from=mdr|title=KAALAYA THASMAI NAMAHA MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016}}</ref> A Sharadhaa from [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "The verdict: 'Kalaya Tasmai Namaha' means salutations to that great entity called time. The audience would bow to time, provided there was more meat to the film".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/oct/14/kalaya-tasmai-namaha-kannada-415101.html|title='Kalaya Tasmai Namaha' (Kannada)|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=14 October 2012}}</ref> A critic from [[Rediff.com]] scored the film at 2.5 out of 5 stars and says "Yogish has played his role well but it is debutante Madhubala who walks away with all the acting honours by playing the innocent girl so perfectly. Rangayana Raghu is seen differently. Suri's cinematography and A M Neel's music are good. Though the narration is quite slow, the film is engaging and a good attempt".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-kaalaaya-tasmai-namaha-is-engaging/20121012.htm|title=Review: Kaalaaya Tasmai Namaha is engaging|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=12 October 2012}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "The wide-angles of the camera would have been great, if it was not just two locations; a railway bridge and Hesarghatta plains, that made up three-fourths of the film. As the common film wisdom goes, anyone can direct a film, but not everyone can become a story-teller".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kaalaya-tasmai-namaha-empty-vessel-loud-noises/articleshow/21295720.cms|title=Kaalaya Tasmai Namaha: Empty vessel, Loud noises|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=12 October 2012}}</ref>

==Awards==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Actor in a Negative Role
|Ravi Khale
|{{nominated}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|8946500}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2012 crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]

Mudhol Hound

2026-02-28T09:48:11Z

Sanjanadalvi: starting details

{{Infobox dog breed
| name = Mudhol Hound
| image =File:Mudhol hound dog.png
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image2 =
| image_alt2 =
| image_caption2 =
| altname = Pashmi Hound Kathewar Dog
| nickname =
| stock =
| country = [[Mudhol]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]

| weight = {{cvt|20|-|30|lb|kg|order=flip}}
| maleweight = 27 in -28 in
| femaleweight =
| height =
| maleheight =
| femaleheight =
| coat =
| colour =
| litter_size =
| life_span =

| kc2_name =
| kc2_std =
| fcistd =
| notrecognised =
| extinct =

| kc_name = [[Kennel Club of India]]
| kc_std = https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/meet-the-desi-doggos-finding-favour-and-homes-across-the-country/story-nDQi7RiFJjH5hOxvfwufwK.html

| note =
}}

The '''Mudhol Hound''' is a [[Dog breed|breed]] of [[sighthound]] from [[India]].{{r|Fogle|Hancock|Morris|Soman}}<ref>Sowmyashree, B.L., Jayashree, R., Kumar, S.N. and Nagaraja, R., Microsatellite DNA Polymorphism Studies in Mudhol Hound Dog Native of India. ''Indian Journal of Animal Research'', 2021 (1) p.6.[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jayashree_Raja/publication/348968409_Microsatellite_DNA_Polymorphism_Studies_in_Mudhol_Hound_Dog_Native_of_India/links/601a67a3299bf1cc269cf0cb/Microsatellite-DNA-Polymorphism-Studies-in-Mudhol-Hound-Dog-Native-of-India.pdf]</ref>
[[File:Mudhol hound dog 2.png|thumb]]

The [[Kennel Club of India]] (KCI) and [[Indian National Kennel Club]] (INKC) recognize the breed under different breed names. The KCI registers it as a Caravan Hound while the INKC uses the name Mudhol Hound.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

In 2005 the Mudhol Hound was one of four Indian dog breeds featured on a set of [[postage stamp]]s released by the Indian [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]] to celebrate the country's canine heritage.{{r|Upadhye}}
About 750 families in and around Mudhol town of Karnataka are raising this breed for marketing the puppies.<ref name=sang/>

==History==
The Deccan Plateau covers parts of the states of [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], and, to a lesser degree, [[Telangana]]. The breed is popular in and around [[Mudhol]] Taluk of Karnataka and thus the breed got the name Mudhol hound.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mudhol Hound has its day|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/05/stories/2007030511290300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108035335/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/05/stories/2007030511290300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2008|access-date=29 July 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 March 2007}}</ref>
[[File:Mudhol hound dog 3.png|thumb]]
[[File:Mudhol hound dog 1.png|thumb]]
Shrimant Rajesaheb Malojirao Ghorpade of Mudhol (1884–1937) of the [[Mudhol State]] is credited with reviving the Mudhol hound. He noticed local tribal people called ''Bedar'' (Fearless); also called ''Berad'' (not - crying) using these hounds for hunting.<ref name=sang>{{cite news|last1=Menasinakai|first1=Sangamesh|title=Mudhol's top dogs|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Mudhols-top-dogs/articleshow/46014772.cms|access-date=2 August 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 August 2015}}</ref> Using selective breeding, he was able to restore the royal Mudhol hound. On a visit to England in the early 1900s, the Maharaja of [[Mudhol State]] presented [[George V|King George V]] a pair of hounds, which popularized the Mudhol hound breed.<ref name=Arjunsinh-Hound>{{cite news|last1=Jadeja|first1=Arjunsinh|title=Tracking the hounds of Mudhol|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/455843/tracking-hounds-mudhol.html|access-date=2 February 2015|location=Bangalore|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=27 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=Jadeja2>{{cite news|last1=Jadeja|first1=Arjunsinh|title=Mudhol's royal chapter|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/346370/mudhols-royal-chapter.html|access-date=2 February 2015|location=Bangalore|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=23 July 2013}}</ref>

The [[Indian Army]] has expressed its desire to use the Mudhol sighthound for surveillance and border protection duties. It has obtained six Mudhol dogs for testing at the Army's Remount Veterinary Corps at [[Meerut]]. The dogs were bred after selection, at the Canine Research and Information Centre in [[Thimmapur, Bagalkot district|Thimmapur]] near Mudhol in [[Bagalkot district]] of Karnataka. The CRIC is a unit of the Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, [[Bidar]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Mudhol hounds now get a fighting chance|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/mudhol-hounds-now-get-a-fighting-chance/article7870969.ece|access-date=6 May 2016|work=The Hindu|date=13 November 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Portal:Dogs|Dogs portal]]
* [[List of dog breeds]]
* [[List of dog breeds from India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=Fogle>{{cite book |last=Fogle |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Fogle|date=2009 |title=The encyclopedia of the dog |location=New York |publisher=DK Publishing |page=103 |isbn=978-0-7566-6004-8 }}</ref>

<ref name=Hancock>{{cite book |last=Hancock |first=David |date=2012 |title=Sighthounds: their form, their function and their future |location=Ramsbury, Marlborough |publisher=The Crowood Press Ltd |pages=109–112 |isbn=978-1-84797-392-4 }}</ref>

<ref name=Morris>{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Desmond |author-link=Desmond Morris |date=2001 |title=Dogs: the ultimate dictionary of over 1,000 dog breeds |location=North Pomfret, VT|publisher=Trafalgar Square Publishing |pages=47–48 |isbn=1-57076-219-8}}</ref>

<ref name=Soman>{{cite book |last=Soman |first=W.V. |date=1962 |title=The Indian Dog |location=Mumbai |publisher=Popular Prakashan |page=89 }}</ref>

<ref name=Upadhye>{{cite news |last=Upadhye |first=Aishwarya |date=1 February 2019 |title=The comeback of Indian native dog breeds |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/the-comeback-of-indian-native-dog-breeds/article26149887.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=28 July 2020 }}</ref>

}}

{{Indian dogs}}
{{hounds}}

[[Category:Sighthounds]]
[[Category:Dog breeds originating in India]]

Jyoti Basu

2026-02-27T22:09:45Z

Sanjanadalvi: small fix

{{Short description|Chief Minister of West Bengal from 1977 to 2000}}
{{About}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jyoti Basu
| image = Jyoti Basu - Calcutta 1996-12-21 089 Cropped.png
| caption = Basu in 1996
| order = 6th
| office = Chief Minister of West Bengal
| governor = {{Collapsible list|title=''See list''|[[Anthony Lancelot Dias]] [[Tribhuvan Narain Singh]] [[B. D. Pande]] [[Anant Sharma]] [[Satish Chandra (politician)|Satish Chandra]] ''(acting)'' [[Uma Shankar Dikshit]] [[Saiyid Nurul Hasan]] [[T. V. Rajeswar]] [[B. Satyanarayan Reddy]] ''(additional charge)'' [[K. V. Raghunatha Reddy]] [[A. R. Kidwai]] [[Shyamal Kumar Sen]] [[Viren J. Shah]]}}
| 1blankname = Deputy Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] (from 12 January 1999)
| predecessor = [[President's rule]] ([[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]] as Chief Minister)
| successor = [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]
| term = 21 June 1977 – 5 November 2000
| office3 = [[List of deputy chief ministers of West Bengal|1st Deputy Chief Minister of West Bengal]]
| term_start3 = 25 February 1969
| term_end3 = 16 March 1970
| term_start4 = 1 March 1967
| term_end4 = 21 November 1967
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Ajoy Mukherjee]]
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[Ajoy Mukherjee]]
| predecessor4 = ''Office established''
| predecessor3 = ''Vacant''
| successor4 = ''Vacant''
| successor3 = [[Bijoy Singh Nahar]]
| office6 = [[Politburo of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Member of Politburo]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| term_start6 = 1964
| term_end6 = 2008
| office7 = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition, West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start7 = 1957
| term_end7 = 1967
| predecessor7 = ''Office Established''
| successor7 = [[Khagendra Nath Dasgupta]]
| office8 = State Secretary, [[Communist Party of India| Communist Party of India, West Bengal]]
| term_start8 = 1953
| term_end8 = 1960
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Other state Ministry offices
|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed = yes
| office9 = Home Minister of West Bengal
| term_start9 = 21 June 1977
| term_end9 = 1996
| term_start10 = 25 February 1969
| term_end10 = 16 March 1970
| office12 = Minister of Planning and Development
| term_start12 = 21 June 1977
| term_end12 = 5 November 2000
| office13 = Minister of Finance
| term_start13 = 1982
| term_end13 = 1984
| term_start14 = 1 March 1967
| term_end14 = 21 November 1967
| office15 = Minister of General administration
| term_start15 = 1977
| term_end15 = 2000
| term_start16 =1969
| term_end16 = 1970
| office11 = Minister of Transport
| term_start11 = 1 March 1967
| term_end11 = 21 November 1967
| office17 = Minister of Commerce, Industries and Industrial Reconstruction
| term_start17 = 1993
| term_end17 = 2000
}}{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Legislative offices
|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed = yes
| constituency5 = Railway Employees
| office5 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor5 =
| successor5 = Office disbanded
| term_start5 = 1946
| term_end5 = 1947
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor1 = New constituency
| successor1 = [[Sonali Guha]]
| constituency1 = [[Satgachhia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satgachhia]]
| term_start1 = 1977
| term_end1 = 2001
| office2 =
| predecessor2 = New constituency
| successor2 = [[Shiba Pada Bhattacharjee]]
| constituency2 = [[Baranagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baranagar]]
| term_start2 = 1952
| term_end2 = 1972
}}{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
| signature = Jyoti Basu Signature.jpg
| signature_alt = Jyoti Basu signature
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (1964–2010) [[Communist Party of India]] (1940–1964)
| birthname = Jyotirindra Basu
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1914|7|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dacca]], Bengal Presidency, British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2010|1|17|1914|7|8|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| death_cause = [[Pneumonia]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Basanti Basu|1940|1942|end=d.}}
* {{marriage|Kamala Basu|1948|2003|end=d.}}
}}
| children = 1
| alma_mater = {{nowrap|[[Presidency College, Kolkata]] [[University College, London]] [[London School of Economics]] [[Middle Temple]]}}
| website = https://jyotibasu.net/
}}


'''Jyoti Basu''' (born '''Jyotirindra Basu''' or '''Jyoti Bose'''; 8 July 1914 – 17 January 2010)<ref name="Obituary-2010">{{Cite news|date=2010-01-17|title=Obituary: Jyoti Basu|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8151230.stm|access-date=2022-01-17}}</ref> was an Indian [[Marxism|Marxist]] theorist, [[communist]] activist, and politician. He was one of the most prominent leaders of [[Communism in India|Communist movement in India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2010/jan/17/jyoti-basu-obituary|title=Jyoti Basu obituary | India | The Guardian|website=amp.theguardian.com|date=17 January 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/jyoti-basu-the-beacon-of-indian-communism-who-almost-became-prime-minister/260008/|title=Jyoti Basu, also known as Shalimar, the beacon of Indian Communism who almost became prime minister|first=Samyak|last=Pandey|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=8 July 2019}}</ref> He served as the 6th and longest serving [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] from 1977 to 2000.<ref name="Jyoti Basu-2010">{{Cite web|date=17 January 2010|title=Jyoti Basu: The Communist patriarch|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jyoti-basu-the-communist-patriarch-408021|website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kanjilal|first=Pratik|date=22 January 2010|title=The statesman, not his politics|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-statesman-not-his-politics/story-obDdVZIGQtjqbAnXDOiMTP.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Tough-2010">{{Cite web|date=12 February 2010|title=Tough, yet gentle|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30179133.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615130708/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30179133.ece|archive-date=15 June 2020|website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|language=en}}</ref> He was one of the founding members of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He was a member of [[Polit Bureau of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Politburo]] of the party since its formation in 1964 till 2008. He was also a member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] 11 times.<ref name="Will">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/04/stories/2008040460771200.htm|access-date=6 January 2010|title=Jyoti Basu will continue on Central Committee|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 April 2008|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101200940/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/04/stories/2008040460771200.htm|archive-date=1 November 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> In his political career, spanning over seven decades, he was noted to have been the [[India|India's]] [[List of longest-serving Indian chief ministers|longest serving chief minister]] in an elected democracy, at the time of his resignation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chakrabarty|first=Bidyut|title=Communism in India: Events, Processes and Ideologies|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-939546-0|page=92|language=en-US}}</ref>{{Efn|Currently, Jyoti Basu is the third longest serving Chief Minister in the history of India, after [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]] of [[Sikkim]] and [[Naveen Patnaik]] of [[Odisha]].|name=|group=}} He declined the post of [[Prime Minister]] after the [[1996 Indian general election]] after the CPM refused to let him head a multi-party coalition as it would not be able to implement Marxist programs and relinquished the prime ministership to [[Deve Gowda]].<ref name="o508">{{cite web | title=Jyoti Basu: The Marxist who almost became India's PM | website=The Hindu | date=17 January 2010 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/Jyoti-Basu-The-Marxist-who-almost-became-Indias-PM/article16840016.ece | access-date=30 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="m959">{{cite web | last=Mukerji | first=Debashish | title=Before Deve Gowda, VP Singh was asked to be PM of United Front. He hid in his flat, car | website=ThePrint | date=8 December 2021 | url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/before-deve-gowda-vp-singh-was-asked-to-be-pm-of-united-front-he-hid-in-his-flat-car/777894/ | access-date=29 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="w849">{{cite web | last=Srinivasaraju | first=Sugata | title=Deve Gowda and the accidental prime ministers | website=The New Indian Express | date=5 June 2021 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2021/Jun/05/devegowda-and-the-accidental-prime-ministers-2311864.html | access-date=29 June 2024}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
[[File:Paternal_house_of_Jyoti_Basu.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Paternal house of Jyoti Basu at Barudi in [[Narayanganj District|Narayanganj]], [[Bangladesh]]<ref name="Sengupta-2010" />|alt=|left]]

Jyotirindra Basu was born on 8 July 1914 to an upper middle class [[Bengali Kayastha]] [[Hindu]] family at 43/1 Harrison Road, [[Calcutta]], [[British India]].<ref name="Obituary-2010" /><ref name="Pandey-2019">{{Cite web|last=Pandey|first=Samyak|date=8 July 2019|title=Jyoti Basu, the beacon of Indian Communism who almost became prime minister|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/jyoti-basu-the-beacon-of-indian-communism-who-almost-became-prime-minister/260008/|website=[[ThePrint]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WB Polls: Mamata's triumph, a victory of class over caste|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/analysis/wb-polls-mamatas-triumph-a-victory-of-class-over-caste-sunanda-k-datta-ray|access-date=2020-10-10|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Political Collapse Of Bengal's Upper Caste Bhadralok Hegemony And BJP's Prize|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/opinion-political-collapse-of-bengals-upper-caste-bhadralok-hegemony-and-bjps-prize/357287|access-date=2020-10-10|website=Outlook India|date=23 July 2020 }}</ref> His father, Nishikanta Basu was a doctor whose hometown was the village of Barudi, Narayanganj in [[Dhaka District]] of the [[Bengal Presidency]] while his mother Hemlata Basu was a housewife.<ref name="Jyoti Basu-2010-2">{{Cite web|date=17 January 2010|title=Jyoti Basu: A profile|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/jyoti-basu-a-profile/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref> He grew up in an Indian style [[joint family]] and was the youngest of three siblings.<ref name="Jyoti Basu-2010-2" /><ref name="Sengupta-2010" /> He had an affectionate nickname called Gana.<ref name="Jyoti Basu-2010" /> One of his elder uncles, Nilinkanta Basu was a judge in the [[Calcutta High Court]].<ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010">{{Cite web|last=Chattopadhyay|first=Suhrid Sankar|date=12 February 2010|title=End of an era|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30179127.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614204904/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30179127.ece|archive-date=14 June 2020|website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|language=en}}</ref> His family also retained ancestral lands in Barudi where Jyoti Basu is described to have spent part of his childhood.<ref name="Sengupta-2010">{{Cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Ananya|date=19 August 2010|title=Bangla to fulfil Basu wish – Barudi house to be turned into library and museum|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/bangla-to-fulfil-basu-wish-barudi-house-to-be-turned-into-library-and-museum/cid/486001|website=[[Telegraph India]]|language=en}}</ref> The Barudi home of Basu was later turned into a library after his death, reportedly on his wishes.<ref name="Sengupta-2010" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=18 January 2010|title=Basu's ancestral house in Bangladesh to be made a library|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/basus-ancestral-house-in-bangladesh-to-be-made-a-library/articleshow/5472632.cms}}</ref>

Basu's schooling began in 1920 at [[Loreto Schools, Kolkata|Loreto School]] [[Kindergarten]] in [[Dharmatala]], [[Calcutta]].<ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /><ref name="Jyoti Basu-2010-2" /> His father shortened his name from Jyotirindra to Jyoti during the time of admission.<ref name="Pandey-2019" /><ref name="Jyoti Basu-2010-2" /> However, three years later he was shifted to the [[St. Xaviers School, Calcutta]].<ref name="Pandey-2019" /> He completed his [[intermediate education]] from St. Xaviers in 1932.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 January 2010|title=जयोति बस क बिना भारत म वामपथ का इतिहास अधरा|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/without-jyoti-basu-the-history-of-the-left-in-india-is-incomplete-1-24444.html|website=[[Aaj Tak]]|language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /><ref name="Hindustan-2010">{{Cite web|date=17 January 2010|title=Life and times of a Marxist icon|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/life-and-times-of-a-marxist-icon/story-gHv92izXE4UyVOBrMEbIjJ.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, he took an undergraduate course in English from the prestigious [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]].<ref name="Pandey-2019" /><ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /> Following his graduation in 1935,<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 January 2010|title=Jyoti Basu: The Marxist who almost became India's PM|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/Jyoti-Basu-The-Marxist-who-almost-became-Indias-PM/article16840016.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621052631/https://www.thehindu.com/news/Jyoti-Basu-The-Marxist-who-almost-became-Indias-PM/article16840016.ece|archive-date=21 June 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> he acquired admission in the [[University College, London]] (UCL) to study Law and became a barrister at [[Middle Temple]] on 26 January 1940.<ref name="Pandey-2019" /><ref name="Roy-2010">{{Cite web|last=Roy|first=Amit|date=18 January 2010|title=The second home – London, the land that turned Basu into a Marxist, was also his favourite holiday destination|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/the-second-home-london-the-land-that-turned-basu-into-a-marxist-was-also-his-favourite-holiday-destination/cid/555533|website=[[Telegraph India]]|language=en}}</ref> He had already left for India by the time he acquired his barristerial qualification which he received in absentia.<ref name="Roy-2010" />

During his stay in [[London]], he became involved in political discourse and activism for the first time.<ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /><ref name="Pandey-2019" /><ref name="Jyoti Basu-2010-2" /> Besides his general curriculum at UCL, he would attend various lectures on [[political organisation]], [[constitutional law]], [[international law]] and [[anthropology]] at the [[London School of Economics]] (LSE).<ref name="Telegraph">{{Cite web|title=A faded entry card opens up the class of 1935|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/a-faded-entry-card-opens-up-the-class-of-1935/cid/555552|access-date=14 June 2020|website=[[Telegraph India]]|language=en}}</ref> Due to which, he is also credited as an alumnus of LSE.<ref name="lse">{{cite web |url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/south-asia-centre/countries/india |title=India at LSE South Asia Centre |website=lse.ac.uk |publisher=[[London School of Economics and Political Science]] }}</ref><ref name="Telegraph" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Chandran|first=Ramesh|date=15 January 1986|title=I.G. Patel: The 'old fashioned socialist and low-key' London School of Economics director|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/19860115-i.g.-patel-the-old-fashioned-socialist-and-low-key-london-school-of-economics-director-800492-1986-01-15|website=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref> He had reportedly attended the lectures of the political theorist and economist, [[Harold Laski]] and was influenced by his [[anti-fascism]].<ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /> By 1937, Basu was an active member of several [[anti-imperialist]] Indian students unions such as the [[India League]] and the Federation of Indian Students,<ref name="Pandey-2019" /><ref name="Jyoti Basu-2010-2" /> and had become acquainted with young Indian communists such as [[Bhupesh Gupta]] and [[Snehangshu Acharya]].<ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" />

In 1938, he had also become a founding member of the London Majlis and subsequently its first secretary.<ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /><ref name="Pandey-2019" /> Apart from raising [[public opinion]] for the cause of [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]], one of the primary functions of the Majlis was to arrange receptions for Indian leaders who were visiting England at the time.<ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /> Through the Majlis, Basu came into contact with various Indian independence movement leaders such as [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Krishna Menon]] and [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]].<ref name="Jyoti Basu-2010-2" /><ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" />

==Before 1947 and independence movement==
On returning to [[Calcutta]], [[India]] in early 1940,<ref name="Yardley-2010">{{Cite news|last=Yardley|first=Jim|date=17 January 2010|title=Jyoti Basu, Leader of Communists in India, Dies at 95|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/18/world/asia/18basu.html|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Basu enrolled as a [[barrister]] at the [[Calcutta High Court]],<ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /> and married Basanti Ghosh.<ref name="Jyoti Basu-2010-3">{{Cite web|date=25 January 2010|title=Jyoti Basu: Marxist politician who combined realpolitik and revolutionary ideas|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/jyoti-basu-marxist-politician-who-combined-realpolitik-and-revolutionary-ideas-1877891.html|website=[[The Independent]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jyoti Basu-2010" /> However, in the same year, he also inducted himself as an activist affiliated with the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI).<ref name="Yardley-2010" /><ref name="Hindustan-2010" /> His entry into the communist movement at the time had reportedly been in opposition to the wishes of his relatively well off family.<ref name="Hindustan-2010" /><ref name="Jyoti Basu">{{Cite news|title=Jyoti Basu|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/obituary/2010/01/21/jyoti-basu|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Following the [[Meerut conspiracy]] in 1929, the Communist Party had also been made illegal by British authorities,<ref name="Pandey-2019" /><ref name="Stolte-2013">{{Cite journal|last=Stolte|first=Carolien|date=1 December 2013|title=Trade Unions on Trial: The Meerut Conspiracy Case and Trade Union Internationalism, 1929–32|journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|volume=33|issue=3|pages=345–346|doi=10.1215/1089201X-2378130|s2cid=146178111 }}</ref> as a result Basu was initially involved in providing liaison and safe houses for underground Communist leaders in the Independence movement.<ref name="Hindustan-2010" /><ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /> However soon afterwards, he also became involved in organising railway workers, planning strikes and is described to have preferred [[direct action]] over [[ballot box]] in the initial years.<ref name="Jyoti Basu" /><ref name="Roy-2010-2">{{Cite web|last=Roy|first=Bidyut|date=18 January 2010|title=Communist who almost became PM - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/communist-who-almost-became-pm/568487/0|website=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref>

In 1941, Basu was appointed the party secretary of the [[Bengal Assam Railway]] (now [[Bangladesh Railway]] and [[Northeast Frontier Railway]]) and tasked with organising a workers union.<ref name="Hindustan-2010" /> By May 1943, he had become the representative of the Calcutta Port Engineering Workers' Union in the [[All India Trade Union Congress]],<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1943|title=Nagpur Session|journal=All India Trade Union Congress Report|volume=20|page=79}}</ref><ref name="Sen-2010">{{Cite web|last1=Sen|first1=Sumit|last2=Roy|first2=Saugata|last3=Banerjee|first3=Nirmalya|date=18 January 2010|title=Jyoti Basu: The man who could have been PM|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jyoti-Basu-The-man-who-could-have-been-PM/articleshow/5463504.cms|access-date=22 June 2020|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> while the Bengal Assam Railway Workers Union under him increased its membership to over 4,000 with union members present in [[Dacca]], [[Calcutta]], [[Kanchrapara]], [[Mymensingh]], [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] and [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Batabyal|first=Rakesh|title=Communalism in Bengal: From Famine To Noakhali, 1943–47|publisher=[[Sage Publications]]|year=2005|isbn=0-7619-3335-2|location=[[New Delhi]], [[Thousand Oaks]] & [[London]]|page=127}}</ref>

In the following [[Bengal famine of 1943]], the members of the Communist Party including Basu were involved in famine relief work.<ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /><ref name="Simonow-2020">{{Cite journal|last=Simonow|first=Joanna|date=2 January 2020|title=The Great Bengal Famine in Britain: Metropolitan Campaigning for Food Relief and the End of Empire, 1943–44|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=48|issue=1|pages=168–197|doi=10.1080/03086534.2019.1638622|s2cid=199282464}}</ref> The party also organised "People's Food Committees" which would attempt to force hoarders into releasing their stocks for distribution; Basu participated in the organisation of such committees in [[Calcutta]] and [[Midnapore]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Ranajit Das|title=Economy, Society, and Politics in Bengal: Jalpaiguri, 1869–1947|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1992|isbn=978-0195628418|pages=286–288}}</ref><ref name="Simonow-2020" /> According to Basu's testimony, they only had a small organisation at the time and did the best they could while the famine took the lives of over 3 million people.<ref name="Menon">{{Cite news|last=Menon|first=Parvathi|date=18 January 2010|title=The Left Front has provided an alternative model of government: Jyoti Basu|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/The-Left-Front-has-provided-an-alternative-model-of-government-Jyoti-Basu/article16838203.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619222721/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/The-Left-Front-has-provided-an-alternative-model-of-government-Jyoti-Basu/article16838203.ece|archive-date=19 June 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Basu was elected to the Bengal provincial committee of the Communist Party in the same year.<ref name="Hindustan-2010" /> He would later participate in the [[Tebhaga movement]] between 1945 and 1947 that sought to end the food crisis in Bengal, in a supportive capacity as a [[Trade unionist|railway unionist]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Debroy|first=Bibek|date=20 January 2010|title=Column: A gentleman, then a communist|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/column-a-gentleman-then-a-communist/568782/|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

By 1944, Basu had started leading the [[trade union]] activities of the Communist Party.<ref name="Datta-2010">{{Cite web|last=Datta|first=Romita|date=17 January 2010|title=Marxist patriarch Jyoti Basu dead|url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/UZtsml29Jc6qr4SjVvIqWP/Marxist-patriarch-Jyoti-Basu-dead.html|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en}}</ref> He was again delegated to organise labourers working for the [[East Indian Railway Company]] (now [[Eastern Railway (India)|Eastern Railway]] and [[East Central Railway]]) in order to further the interests of the Indian workers and is described to have been instrumental in the formation of the [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] (now [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]], [[East Coast Railway]] and [[South East Central Railway]]) Workers' Union of which he became the general secretary.<ref name="Pandey-2019" /><ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /> With the merger of the Bengal Nagpur Railway Workers' Union and the [[Howrah–Delhi main line|Bengal Delhi Railroad]] Workers' Union in the same year, Basu was elected the general secretary of the new combined union.<ref name="Obituary-2010" /><ref name="Jyoti Basu-2010-2" /> He would also be elected as the secretary of the [[All India Railwaymen's Federation]].{{Sfn|Chakrabarty|2014|p=259}}

In 1946, Basu was appointed by the Communist Party to contest as the candidate for the Railway Employees' constituency in the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nagchoudhury|first=Subrata|date=15 April 1996|title=Jyoti Basu: Rock-solid cadre base assures Left Front that its trusted warhorse will deliver|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19960415-jyoti-basu-rock-solid-cadre-base-assures-left-front-that-its-trusted-warhorse-will-deliver-834705-1996-04-15|website=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref> He subsequently defeated [[Humayun Kabir (Bengal politician)|Humayun Kabir]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] and was elected to the assembly.<ref name="Paul-2010">{{Cite web|last=Paul|first=Prasanta|date=18 January 2010|title=Man of seeming contradictions|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/47407/man-seeming-contradictions.html|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 January 2010|title=Date with history: chronology of Jyoti Basu's life|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/date-with-history-chronology-of-jyoti-basus-life-332197.html|website=[[News18]]}}</ref> He is noted to have given a "soul stirring speech" on the presiding food crisis in the Bengal Assembly;<ref name="Paul-2010" /> according to him the only means of solving the issue was to completely dismantle the [[Zamindari system]] and the [[Permanent Settlement]] agreement, and to drive out the British with haste.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Dev|first1=Bimal J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oo10MkzU5DQC&q=jyoti+basu&pg=PA211|title=Assam Muslims: Politics & Cohesion|last2=Lahiri|first2=Dilip K.|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1985|location=Delhi 110035|pages=101–103}}</ref> Basu had also organised a continuous railway strike in support of the [[1946 Royal Indian Navy ratings revolt]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vasudevan|first=H.|date=2017|editor-last=Naimark|editor-first=N.|editor2-last=Pons|editor2-first=S.|editor3-last=Quinn-Judge|editor3-first=S.|title=Communism in India|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-communism/communism-in-india/AABAF545CE8A7E6DAB9AC2B01681613D|journal=The Cambridge History of Communism|volume=2|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|pages=491–517|doi=10.1017/9781316459850.021|isbn=9781316459850|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Menon"/> and later secured the release of various political prisoners on 24 July 1946.<ref name="Roy-2010-2" /><ref name="Sen-2010" />

== Communist Party of India (1947–1964) ==

=== Interim government in West Bengal (1947–1952) ===
{{Communism in India|all}}
{{Marxism sidebar}}
Following the [[partition of India]], Basu remained as the member of the now divided [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="Jyoti Basu-2010-2" /> [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]] of the conservative [[Indian National Congress]] became the first Chief Minister of West Bengal.<ref name="Chaudhuri-1993">{{Cite journal|last=Chaudhuri|first=Amiya Kumar|date=1993|title=Control, Politics and Perspective of a State Legislature|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|volume=54|issue=1|pages=94–97|jstor=41855642|issn=0019-5510}}</ref> The Congress however faced [[civil unrest]] from the onset;<ref name="Bandyopadhyay-2009" /> [[hartal]]s, [[civil disobedience]] and demonstrations had soon become the order of the day in the face of a Congress government that was seen as unresponsive to the social and economic distress that was widespread in the state at the time.<ref name="Chaudhuri-1993" />

The new assembly therefore instituted the [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act#History|West Bengal Special Powers Act 1947]] modelled on the [[Defence of India Act 1915]]; the act gave [[Checks and Balances|unchecked power]] to the [[bureaucracy]] and the police to suppress public agitations allowing [[law enforcement]] to detain individuals for up to 6 months without trial on [[reasonable grounds]], which was justified on the grounds of maintaining the [[Law and order (politics)|law and order]] situation.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay-2009">{{Cite book|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Sekhar|title=Decolonization in South Asia: Meanings of Freedom in Post-independence West Bengal, 1947–52|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-134-01823-9|location=[[Oxford]] & [[New York City]]|pages=71–74|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /> The bill was inordinately criticised and opposed by Basu who declared that "it seeks to perpetuate (the undemocratic rule)".<ref name="Bandyopadhyay-2009" /> In 1948, the government sought to extend the act through the West Bengal Security Ordinance which would remove the restriction of "reasonable grounds" for imprisonment.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay-2009-4" /> According to Basu, the new ordinance had made it clear that the Congress intended to establish a [[police state]] in [[West Bengal]].<ref name="Bandyopadhyay-2009-4">{{Cite book|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Sekhar|title=Decolonization in South Asia: Meanings of Freedom in Post-independence West Bengal, 1947–52|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-134-01823-9|location=[[Oxford]] & [[New York City]]|pages=95–96|language=en}}</ref> By this time, the state of West Bengal had already been declared as a "problem province" by the Congress administration and [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]] replaced as the new chief minister.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay-2009" /><ref name="Chaudhuri-1993" />

During the presentation of the ordinance as a bill in the assembly, Basu attempted to oppose it on a clause by clause basis but in vain due to the dominance of the Congress in the assembly, only the two communist legislators [[Ratanlal Brahmin]] and Basu along with independent members opposed the bill.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay-2009-3">{{Cite book|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Sekhar|title=Decolonization in South Asia: Meanings of Freedom in Post-independence West Bengal, 1947–52|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-134-01823-9|location=[[Oxford]] & [[New York City]]|pages=100–101|language=en}}</ref> Basu argued that while the Congress spoke of ''Kisan Raj'' ({{Translation|[[Panchayat Raj|Farmer's Rule]]}}), it had made no progress in abolishing the [[Zamindari system]] and had instead developed vested interests with the ''Zamindars'' ({{Translation|[[Landlords]]}}) themselves which resulted in the persistence of poor [[socioeconomic]] conditions and the employment of [[Political repression|repressive tactics]] against agitations.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Sekhar|title=Decolonization in South Asia: Meanings of Freedom in Post-independence West Bengal, 1947–52|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-134-01823-9|location=[[Oxford]] & [[New York City]]|pages=20–22|language=en}}</ref>

In the following period the Communist Party was made illegal by the government on allegations of trying to incite on open rebellion and Basu repeatedly arrested as a result;<ref name="Sen-2010" /><ref name="Roy-2010-2" /><ref name="Nagchoudhury-2010">{{Cite web|last=Nagchoudhury|first=Subrata|date=24 January 2010|title=Jyoti Basu alias Bocha alias Bakul: fair, thin, oblong face, walks fast|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/jyoti-basu-alias-bocha-alias-bakul-fair-thin-oblong-face-walks-fast/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref> on 24 March 1948, he was imprisoned for a period of three months and released on the orders of the [[Calcutta High Court]].<ref name="Roy-2010-2" /><ref name="Jyoti Basu-2010-2" /><ref name="Nagchoudhury-2010" /> In December 1948, he married a second time, but soon went into hiding and kept changing residences due to an ongoing crackdown on communist leaders.<ref name="Jyoti Basu-2010-3" /><ref name="Hindustan-2010" /><ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /> For a period at the time, he had reportedly lived alongside [[Indrajit Gupta]], who would later become the [[Home Minister of India]].<ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /> In 1949, Basu had remained as the vice-president of the [[All India Railwaymen's Federation]].<ref name="Bandyopadhyay-2009-2">{{Cite book|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Sekhar|title=Decolonization in South Asia: Meanings of Freedom in Post-independence West Bengal, 1947–52|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-134-01823-9|location=[[Oxford]] & [[New York City]]|pages=120|language=en}}</ref> In the same year, the federation had held a strike ballot which displayed overwhelming support for a railway strike on 9 March in demand of better wages and working conditions in the [[Indian Railways]].<ref name="Park-1949">{{Cite journal|last=Park|first=Richard L.|date=1949|title=Labor and Politics in India|journal=Far Eastern Survey|volume=18|issue=16|pages=184–186|doi=10.2307/3024423|jstor=3024423|issn=0362-8949}}</ref> The strike notice was however withdraw by the [[socialist]] leadership of the federation to whom the government had shown a reconciliatory attitude but the communist members under the leadership of Basu insisted on proceeding with the strike which resulted in disciplinary action being taken against the communists.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay-2009-2" /><ref name="Park-1949" /> Subsequently, the government also decided to crack down on the communist leadership by arresting 118 leaders involved in the railway sector in [[West Bengal]] including Basu. In the aftermath, the strike was a failure as the administration mobilised troops and [[West Bengal Police|police force]] to prevent any disruption from communist influenced union members.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay-2009-2" />

After the adoption of the [[Constitution of India]] in 1950, the ban on the Communist Party was lifted on the orders of the Calcutta High Court.<ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /> In September 1951, Congress attempted to renew the Security Act with the introduction of the West Bengal Security (Amendment) Bill of 1951 which raised criticism in the assembly on the lines of creating an environment of fear and [[intimidation]] on the eve of the first elections to the assembly which were to be held in December.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay-2009-3" /> Although the bill was passed once again despite Basu's persistent opposition, this time he had garnered the support of a number of [[Gandhian]] Congress members including from the former chief minister and architect of the bill, P. C. Ghosh, all of whom had resigned from the party and formed their own [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]] by the time of voting.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay-2009-3" /> In same year, the Bengali daily organ ''Swadhinata'' of the Communist Party was resumed and Basu appointed as the president of its editorial board.<ref name="Hindustan-2010" /><ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /> The legislative assembly elections for 1951 were also held by the [[Election commission|Election Commission]] in March 1952 instead.<ref name="West Bengal 1951">{{Cite web|title=West Bengal 1951|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3181-west-bengal-1951/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

=== First Assembly and agitations (1952–1957) ===
In the [[West Bengal State Assembly Election of 1952|West Bengal State Assembly election of 1952]], Basu was elected as the representative of the [[Baranagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baranagar constituency]] and the Communist Party emerged as the second-largest party in the assembly.<ref name="West Bengal 1951" /><ref name="Jyoti Basu-2010-4">{{Cite web|date=17 January 2010|title=Jyoti Basu (1914–2010)|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/jyoti-basu-1914-2010/672984|website=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref> Following which Basu was unanimously elected as the legislative party leader of the CPI in [[West Bengal]].<ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /> In the following year, he was also elected as the secretary of the state committee of the CPI.<ref name="Hindustan-2010" /> The ensuing period in West Bengal was marked with the rise of a number of [[anti-establishment]] [[mass movement (politics)|mass movement]]s,<ref name="Sengupta">{{Cite journal|last=Sengupta|first=Anwesha|title=A Study of Anti-Tram fare Hike Resistance and Teachers' Movement|url=http://www.mcrg.ac.in/RLS_PML/RLS_PM/RLS_PM_Abstracts/Anwesha.pdf|journal=Calcutta Research Group}}</ref> in which Basu is described to have played a key role.<ref name="Bhattacharyya-2010">{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Meghdeep|date=18 January 2010|title=Battle lost and won|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/battle-lost-and-won/cid/555505|website=[[Telegraph India]]|language=en}}</ref>

Even after the [[Independence of India]], the [[Calcutta Tramways Company]] had remained a British-owned company which operated in partnership with the [[Government of West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 1951|title=West Bengal Act XXV of 1951: The Calcutta Tramway Act, 1951|url=https://sarthac.gov.in/view-act-file?file_id=2581|access-date=26 June 2020|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629051641/https://sarthac.gov.in/view-act-file?file_id=2581|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Roy-1990">{{Cite journal|last=Roy|first=Siddhartha Guha|date=29 December 1990|title=Fare Hike and Urban Protest-Calcutta Crowd in 1953|url=https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/2014_49/25/SPECIAL%20ARTICLES_Fare%20Hike%20and%20Urban%20Protest-Calcutta%20Crowd%20in%201953.pdf|journal=[[Economic & Political Weekly]]|language=en|volume=25|issue=52|pages=2863–2867}}</ref> On 25 June 1953, the company announced a [[Fare|fare hike]] for [[Travel class|second class passengers]] that was to be implemented from 1 July onwards, which was supported by the West Bengal Government.<ref name="Roy-1990" /> In response to the move, the "Tram and Bus Fare Enhancement Resistance Committee" was formed in which Basu was inducted as the representative of the Communist Party.<ref name="Roy-1990" /><ref name="Nagchoudhury-2010" /> The [[Calcutta Tramway Union]] announced their support for the committee and published statistical data through the ''Swadhinata'' which displayed that the company was privy to "swelling profits" concluding the fare hike to be "absolutely uncalled for".<ref name="Roy-1990" /> From the day of implementation of the new fares, the city underwent a series of agitations which began with [[disobedience]] to pay the new prices and caused severe losses for the company, culminating into police deployment and arrests of hundreds of disobedient passengers.<ref name="Roy-1990" />

Basu was arrested on 4 July alongside [[Ganesh Ghosh]] and [[Subodh Banerjee]] who were also involved in the agitations, he was bailed out the following day.<ref name="Roy-1990" /><ref name="Jyoti Basu-2010-4" /> On 7 July, during a large [[picketing]] of the company headquarters at Mango Lane in Calcutta, five Resistance Committee leaders including Basu met with A.C.T Blease who was the agent of the company in India and presenting him with the demands of unilateral withdrawal of the fare hike.<ref name="Roy-1990" /> On the evening of the same day, 500 citizens including Basu were arrested under the [[Preventive detention|Preventive Detention]] Act which had been earlier implemented through the Security Act.<ref name="Roy-1990" /><ref name="Bandyopadhyay-2009-3" /> Over the course of the month the movement faced progressively increased [[police action]] and subsequently heightened [[civil unrest]] spreading all across [[West Bengal]] with [[general strikes]], [[mass demonstration]]s, tramway [[boycotts]] to [[hunger strikes]] from imprisoned agitators and even violent confrontations between the police and agitators on the streets. In the end, the five committee leaders including Basu were released on 26 July, the fare hike scrapped by the Chief Minister [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]] on 31 July and the remaining imprisoned agitators released by 2 August.<ref name="Roy-1990" />

In January 1954,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kautsky|first=John H.|date=1955|title=Indian Communist Party Strategy Since 1947|journal=[[Pacific Affairs]]|volume=28|issue=2|page=158|jstor=3035378|issn=0030-851X}}</ref> the Communist party held its third congress in [[Madurai]] and Basu was elected as the new [[Central Committee]] member during the congress.<ref name="Hindustan-2010" /><ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /> In February, Basu became involved in the 1954 teachers' agitation in West Bengal.<ref name="Tough-2010" /><ref name="Bhattacharyya-2010" /> The All Bengal Teachers Association (ABTA) had been called for implementing the recommendations of the [[Higher Secondary School Certificate|Secondary Board]] for raising the allowances of secondary school teachers.<ref name="Sengupta" /> The association was joined in by various [[labour union]]s and opposition parties in support of their demand.<ref name="Sengupta" /> The government as a result decided to crack down on the leaders of the agitation but Basu escaped custody and took refuge in the [[West Bengal Legislature]]. The police force who were trying to arrest him through the Preventive Detention Act were reluctant to enter the assembly to arrest a [[legislator]]. In Basu's testimony, he states that it was easier for him support the agitation from inside the assembly by projecting the police action on the movement without getting arrested.<ref name="Tough-2010" />

During the presentation of the recommendation of the [[States Reorganisation Commission]] in 1956, a proposal for the merger of [[Bihar]] and [[West Bengal]] into a single state called [[Purva Pradesh]] was floated which was supported by the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=24 March 1954|title=West Bengal – Bihar Merger: Hallahal follows Amrit !|url=https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1956_8/12/west_bengalbihar_merger.pdf|journal=[[Economic & Political Weekly]]}}</ref><ref name="Sarkar-2013">{{Cite journal|last=Sarkar|first=Shamita|date=2013|title=The role of the Communists in the Anti Bengal – Bihar Merger Agitation|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=74|pages=921–924|jstor=44158893|issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The Communist Party having maintained the stance of supporting [[Linguistic history of India|linguistic]] reorganisation of states in India since 1920, was vehemently opposed to the proposal of the merger.<ref name="Sarkar-2013" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Jayanta|date=21 August 2011|title=We didn't fight for this: Veteran communist|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/We-didnt-fight-for-this-Veteran-communist/articleshow/9678820.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> The announcement of the proposal caused widespread protests in West Bengal led by students, workers and even [[peasantry]], the Central Committee of the Communist Party held a meeting between 28 January to 4 February protesting the move. Basu and [[Yogendra Sharma]], the secretaries of the state committees of the Communist Party in West Bengal and Bihar respectively issued a joint [[press statement]] calling the merger proposal to be "antidemocratic and [[reactionary]]".<ref name="Sarkar-2013" />

Basu is noted to have opposed the proposal from both within and outside the assembly, he presided over the mass meeting at [[Dharmatala|Wellington Square]] in opposition to the proposal and severely criticised the governor's position in support of the proposal.<ref name="Sarkar-2013" /><ref name="Bhattacharyya-2010" /> According to his testimony, the proposal was akin to a conspiracy to annihilate the basic identity of Bengal.<ref name="Sarkar-2013" /> Basu presented the idea of the proposal as a poll issue for the [[by-elections]] of the year, supporting the candidacy of [[Mohit Mitra]] who the Central Committee's secretary for linguistic reorganisation and declared that the results should reflect the [[Mandate (politics)|people's mandate]]. In the subsequent by-elections, Mohit Mitra won from the [[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North East constituency]] and [[Lal Behari Das]] won from the [[Khejuri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khejuri constituency]], defeating their Congress counterparts by a margin of over 20,000 in both constituencies which caused the Chief Minister Bidhan Chandra Roy to scrap the merger proposal.<ref name="Sarkar-2013" />

[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|thumb|250x250px|Jyoti Basu was one of the leading members of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].]]

=== Beginning of the food movements (1957–1962) ===
In the [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Legislative Assembly election of 1957]], Basu was re-elected as the representative of the Baranagar constituency and the Communist Party returned as the second largest party with an increased representation.<ref name="West Bengal 1957">{{Cite web|title=West Bengal 1957|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3182-west-bengal-1957/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> As a result, Basu formally became the [[Leader of Opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]] in the assembly.<ref name="Jyoti Basu-2010-4" /> This platform enabled the Communist Party under the leadership of Basu in West Bengal to exacerbate agitations against the prevalent food crisis in West Bengal by acting as the [[Parliamentary opposition|principal opposition]] on the floor of the assembly, increasing public awareness and providing a united front for agitators to rally around.<ref name="Basu-2012" />

Since the beginning of the [[British Raj]], the region of Bengal had suffered from severe food shortages culminating into large-scale famines at times.<ref name="Patnaik-2010" /> Following independence of India, the [[Public Distribution System]] (PDS) was established and two land reforms were enacted in 1953 and 1955 in West Bengal. However, the implementation of these initiatives and reforms was rife with problems and the [[agricultural sector]] had remained in despondency while food shortages continued to afflict a largely [[impoverished]] population.<ref name="Patnaik-2010">{{Cite journal|last=Patnaik|first=Utsa|date=2010|title=Jyoti Basu and Bengal|journal=Social Scientist|volume=38|issue=7/8|pages=53–56|jstor=27866723|issn=0970-0293}}</ref><ref name="Samaddar-2018">{{Cite book|last=Samaddar|first=Ranabir|title=From Popular Movements to Rebellion|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2018|isbn=978-0-429-02670-6|location=London|language=en|chapter=4. The Defining Moments of Left Popular Politics in West Bengal: The Food Movements of 1959 and 1966}}</ref> The food crisis and general poverty had led to multiple outbursts of public agitations throughout the 1950s which peaked near the end of 1959.<ref name="Basu-2012" /><ref name="Patnaik-2010" /> The leaders of the Communist Party adopted the twin strategy of organising anti-government [[mass movement (politics)|mass movement]]s by forming issue based committees to draw public support from beyond party lines and pressurise the government into providing relief measures while also badgering on about food scarcity on the floor of the legislative assembly to draw and retain public and [[media attention]] on the issue, Basu played a significant role in the latter with frequent moves for [[adjournment motion]]s and participation in heated debates.<ref name="Basu-2012">{{Cite journal|last=Basu|first=Sibaji Pratim|year=2012|title=The Chronicle of a Forgotten Movement: 1959 Food Movement Revisited|url=http://www.mcrg.ac.in/PP56.pdf|journal=Calcutta Research Group}}</ref>

By the end of 1958, the Communist Party initiated the formation of the [[Price Increase and Famine Resistance Committee]] (PIFRC) in collaboration with the other primarily leftist members of the opposition.<ref name="Rao-2003" /><ref name="Patnaik-2010" /> Basu became one of the formative leaders of the committee.<ref name="Rao-2003" /><ref name="Basu-2012" /> Food insecurity in West Bengal had reached a critical stage at the time and its persistence was largely blamed on the Food Ministry and the [[Indian National Congress]] wherein the Communist Party had continuously asserted that the Congress party had been reduced to the representative party of hoarders, landlords and [[jotedar]]s and that there would be no solution without direct action and sustained public pressure.<ref name="Basu-2012" /> Initially the committee principally engaged itself in laying down demands for [[price control]], [[Land reform|redistribution of state lands]] and organising agitations with that in retrospect.<ref name="Rao-2003">{{Cite book|last=Rao|first=M. V. S. Koteswara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3e0SAQAAMAAJ|title=Communist parties and United Front experience in Kerala and West Bengal|date=2003|publisher=Prajasakti Book House|isbn=978-81-86317-37-2|location=[[Hyderabad]]|pages=210–233|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Samaddar-2018" />

On 10 February 1959, Basu and other leaders of the PIFRC met with the Chief Minister, [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]] who gave them verbal assurances that ration shops will be restocked offering amenable prices but the assurances weren't followed through. On 26 April, Union Food Minister, [[Ajit Prasad Jain]] declared that the food situation in West Bengal was "easy, smooth and comfortable".<ref name="Basu-2012" /> This caused widespread public outrage and led to the intensification of the [[Food Movement of 1959|Food movement of 1959]] between May–June as the situation was further aggravated by hoarders attempting to save up stocks in illegal go-downs and [[warehouse]]s.<ref name="Basu-2012" /><ref name="Rao-2003" /> The persistent refusal of the Government of West Bengal to consider the demands presented also provoked the PIFRC into augmenting the demands to include enactment of ceilings on [[private land holdings]] and confiscation without compensation of excessive lands owned by ''[[Zamindars]]'' (trans: Landlords); these were presented in parallel with general strikes and organised [[direct action]] endorsed and supported by the committee to locate and force the sale of hidden stocks of rice.<ref name="Rao-2003" /><ref name="Samaddar-2018" />

On 25 June, the PIFRC and over 100 trade unions called a statewide ''hartal'' ([[general strike]]) to protest against the "anti–food" policies of the government.<ref name="Samaddar-2018" /> The agitators held an open [[mass meeting]] near the Chief Minister's residence where Basu was present among the speakers alongside [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]], [[Tridib Chaudhuri]] and [[Bankim Mukherjee]], who demanded that the government should meet the conditions presented by the PIFRC or resign, otherwise they would organise a mass [[civil disobedience]] movement.<ref name="Basu-2012" /><ref name="Bayley-1962">{{Cite journal|last=Bayley|first=David H.|date=1962|title=The Indian Experience with Preventive Detention|journal=Pacific Affairs|volume=35|issue=2|page=108|doi=10.2307/2753245 |jstor=2753245|issn=0030-851X}}</ref> On 9 July, the ''Swadhinata'' gave a clarion call through an editorial which stated that "People of West Bengal know quite well that the Congress Government and its food policy are responsible for their destitute condition. They also know that only by hitting hard, time and again, they could be forced to do at least something..." Earlier on 6 July, the PIFRC had issued a [[press release]] stating intent to begin the civil disobedience movement by taking preparations to organise volunteers; Basu was among the list of signatories that included [[Niranjan Sengupta]] and [[Nihar Mukherjee]].<ref name="Basu-2012" /> The committee further set the date of 20 August for the beginning of the civil disobedience movement.<ref name="Bayley-1962" />

In August, the police arrested 35 prominent leaders of the committee including 7 [[members of legislative assembly]] through the usage of the Preventive Detention Act and the West Bengal Security Act.<ref name="Bayley-1962" /> The movement however continued with civil disobedience, continuous general strikes and [[mass demonstration]]s while Basu was also able to evade arrest.<ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /> On 31 August 1959, a massive demonstration cum general strike was held in the city of Calcutta which brought the city and its surrounding districts to a standstill and ended with lathi charges and instances of [[police violence]] on protesters.<ref name="Basu-2012" /><ref name="Mukherji-1968">{{Cite journal|last=Mukherji|first=Asoke Kumar|date=1968|title=The politics of organised pressure: A study of the emerging pattern of political culture in West Bengal|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|volume=29|issue=4|pages=337–348|jstor=41854292|issn=0019-5510}}</ref> This caused an outburst of students protests against police atrocities and led to instances of [[Police shooting|police firing]] on student protesters. Over the course of the following days between 2–5 September, civil unrest with large scale participation from students of schools, colleges and universities erupted across the city accompanied by violent encounters with the police, [[vandalism]] and mass shootings by the police;<ref name="Ray-2008">{{Cite book|last1=Ray|first1=Asok Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjkBM3qyZ00C|title=Society, Politics, and Development in North East India: Essays in Memory of Dr. Basudeb Datta Ray|last2=Chakraborty|first2=Satyabrata|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2008|isbn=978-81-8069-572-8|page=89|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mukherji-1968" /> in the end around 46–80 civilians were killed.<ref name="Mukherji-1968" /><ref name="Basu-2012" /> The opposition leaders including Basu accused the government of having turned "[[authoritarian]] and ruthless" and reasoned that there was no space for the continuation of a democratic mass movement.<ref name="Mukherji-1968" /> In light of the violence, the PIFRC formally withdrew the agitation by 26 September and the committee was disbanded.<ref name="Basu-2012" />

In the aftermath and over the course of the following years, Basu condemned the "police barbarism" against the agitators, engaging in fiery criticisms against the government and even brought a [[motion of no confidence]], although it was defeated due to a lack of requisite members.<ref name="Basu-2012" /> The series of events had also heightened public [[resentment]] against the Congress government across West Bengal, especially in Calcutta and would set the foundation for latter [[political activism]] in the following decade.<ref name="Basu-2012" /><ref name="Ray-2008" /><ref name="Mukherji-1968" /> The food movement would also go on in the form of a number of localised spontaneous agitations over the following years till the next large scale flare up in 1966.<ref name="Basu">{{Cite journal|last=Basu|first=Sibaji Pratim|title=West Bengal: The Food Movements of 1959 & 1966|url=http://www.mcrg.ac.in/RLS_PML/RLS_PM/RLS_PM_Abstracts/Sibaji.pdf|journal=Calcutta Research Group}}</ref><ref name="Samaddar-2018" />

[[File:Jyotibasu.JPG|thumb|299x299px|Jyoti Basu]]

== Communist Party of India (Marxist) (1964 afterwards) ==
=== Split from the Communist Party of India (1962–1966) ===
In the [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Legislative Assembly election of 1962]], Basu was once again re-elected as the representative of the Baranagar constituency and the Communist Party increased its vote share from 17.81% to 24.96%.<ref name="West Bengal 1957" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal 1962|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3183-west-bengal-1962/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /> In the following period the Communist Party underwent a vertical split with a section of the party including Basu going on to form the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. There were several ongoing ideological conflicts between sections within the Communist Party about the nature of the [[Indian State]] and the characterisation and method of interaction with the [[Indian National Congress]], about the approach towards the [[Sino-Soviet split|ongoing debate]] between the [[Soviet Union]] and China and with regards to the handling of the [[border disputes between India and China]].<ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /><ref name="Daniyal-2015" /> These debates were further exacerbated by the food movement in West Bengal and brought to the forefront by the rising border tensions between India and China.<ref name="Basu" /><ref name="Doctor-2012">{{Cite news|last=Doctor|first=Vikram|date=7 October 2012|title=1962 India-China war: Why India needed that jolt|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/1962-india-china-war-why-india-needed-that-jolt/articleshow/16703076.cms}}</ref> The Communist Party had also become the second largest party in the [[Lok Sabha]] following the [[1962 Indian general election]] with nearly 10% vote share which is described to have brought prominence to the internal divisions of the party.<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Election, 1962 (Vol I, II)|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4113-general-election-1962-vol-i-ii/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Doctor-2012" />

The party was broadly divided into two sections namely the National Front (referred to as the "rightist section") and the Democratic Front (referred to as the "leftist section").<ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /><ref name="Daniyal-2015" /> Basu belonging to the latter advocated for radical change to supplant the domination of big landlords, capitalists and monopolists in the Indian [[polity]] and opposed any conditional support for [[Nehruvian socialism|Nehruvian policies]] while denouncing the "[[Revisionism (Marxism)|revisionist]] position" taken by the former to support [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on certain issues.<ref name="C-2010">{{Cite web|date=27 January 2010|editor-last=C.G|editor-first=Manoj|title=Basu's first editorial|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/basus-first-editorial/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718002446/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/basus-first-editorial/|archive-date=18 July 2020|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Doctor-2012" /> The militant food movement in West Bengal also emboldened the leftist anti-Congress section to overwhelm the rightist section which sought tactical cooperation with the Indian National Congress.<ref name="Basu" /> On the other hand, with the flare-up of the [[Sino-Indian War]], the leftist section of the Communist Party was portrayed as "pro–china" by their opponents from both within and outside the party.<ref name="Namboodiripad's writings">{{cite news|last=Bhaskar|first=B. R. P.|date=16 November 2004|title=Book Review: Namboodiripad's writings|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2004/11/16/stories/2004111600451403.htm|access-date=14 March 2015|archive-date=3 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103071202/http://www.hindu.com/br/2004/11/16/stories/2004111600451403.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Chandra-2000" /> Before the outbreak of the war, the section had taken the stance that dialogue and diplomatic partnership with the Chinese would resolve the disputes, however Basu himself was more sceptical and advocated for the adoption of a twin strategy of maintaining the [[border outpost]]s inside Tibet and then engaging in talks using the outposts as a form of leverage ahead of any commencement on a new treaty.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhaumik|first=Anirban|date=11 April 2013|title=Jyoti Basu was sceptic about Chinese|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/325289/jyoti-basu-sceptic-chinese.html|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Basu|first=Pradip|title=Towards Naxalbari (1953–1967): An Account of Inner-party Ideological Struggle|publisher=Progressive Publishers|year=2000|isbn=978-81-86383-76-6|pages=36–47|language=en}}</ref>

The leftist section continued to oppose the Chinese stand on the India-China frontier but was also opposed to providing unconditional support to the [[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru government]] because of its "[[Class in Marxist theory|class character]]" contrary to the rightist section which had declared outright support for the central government.<ref name="Chandra-2000">{{Cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Bipan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5JEDxGZTOUC&q=class+charecter|title=India After Independence: 1947–2000|last2=Mukherjee|first2=Mridula|last3=Mukherjee|first3=Aditya|publisher=Penguin UK|year=2000|isbn=978-93-5118-120-0|pages=202–208|language=en}}</ref> This stance of the leftist section came as dissatisfactory to the Nehru government which had imposed a state of [[national emergency]] and introduced the [[Defence of India Ordinance, 1962]], and henceforth utilised them to imprison various opposition leaders and activists as well as [[Chinese Indian internment|Chinese Indian citizens]].<ref name="Omar-2002">{{Cite book|last=Omar|first=Imtiaz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6-wZP7Tz8YC&q=1962|title=Emergency Powers and the Courts in India and Pakistan|date= 2002|publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-411-1775-5|pages=85–96|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Daniyal-2015">{{Cite web|last=Daniyal|first=Shoaib|date=26 April 2015|title=As CPI and CPI-M mull merger, a short history of how they split up in the first place|url=http://scroll.in/article/722209/as-cpi-and-cpi-m-mull-merger-a-short-history-of-how-they-split-up-in-the-first-place|website=[[Scroll.in]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Basu was imprisoned among other major communist leaders such as the former [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|chief minister]] of Kerala, [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]], the organisational specialist [[Promode Dasgupta]], the founding leader of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], [[Hare Krishna Konar]], the [[Indian revolutionary movement|Indian revolutionary]] freedom fighter, [[Benoy Choudhury]], the [[Telangana revolutionaries]], [[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]] and [[Makineni Basavapunnaiah]] as well as some members of the rightist section such as the trade unionist [[A. B. Bardhan]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Pranay|date=22 October 2012|title=Dialectical Schism|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/dialectical-schism/282594|website=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref><ref name="Doctor-2012" /><ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /> Basu reportedly received the news of his father's death during this time in prison.<ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /> Although, the war ended in November 1962, the detainees were only released in December 1963 after an order from the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name="Omar-2002" />

On 11 April 1964, in a landmark incident, 32 members from the "Leftist faction" in the CPI national council including Basu walked out of a meeting in [[Delhi]] with the stated intent of forming the "real communist party".<ref name="Chatterjee-2008" /><ref name="Daniyal-2015" /> The section organised their conference in [[Tenali]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] which concluded with a resolution to form a new party and in the seventh congress held between 31 October to 7 November in Calcutta, the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] was formally founded. Basu was elected to the first politburo of the new party being one of the nine founding members commonly referred to as the ''[[Navaratnas]]'' (trans: nine gems).<ref name="Chatterjee-2008">{{Cite web|last=Chatterjee|first=Manini|date=3 April 2008|title=Nine to none, founders' era ends in CPM|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/nine-to-none-founders-era-ends-in-cpm/cid/593525|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221050425/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080404/jsp/frontpage/story_9094771.jsp|archive-date=21 February 2010|website=[[Telegraph India]]}}</ref> On 27 June 1965, Basu also became the founding editor of the English language organ of the new party called [[People's Democracy (newspaper)|''People's Democracy'']].<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 June 2015|editor-last=Yechury|editor-first=Sitaram|editor-link=Sitaram Yechury|editor2-last=Karat|editor2-first=Brinda|editor2-link=Brinda Karat|title=50 Years of People's Democracy {{!}} Peoples Democracy|url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2015/0628_pd/50-years-people%E2%80%99s-democracy|website=[[People's Democracy (newspaper)|People's Democracy]]}}</ref><ref name="C-2010" />

[[File:Cpmleadership18thcongress.jpg|thumb|256x256px|Jyoti Basu (extreme right front row) in the inaugural session of the 18th Congress of the CPI(M) in Delhi. Seated in the front row from the extreme left are [[Prakash Karat]], [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]], [[Manik Sarkar]], [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] and [[Koratala Satyanarayana|K. Satyanarayana]].]]

=== Coalition Governments in West Bengal (1966–1972) ===
Between February–March 1966, a second and more spontaneous food movement flared up across West Bengal.<ref name="Basu" /><ref name="Samaddar-2018" /> As a result of price rise of essential commodities, the new chief minister, [[Prafulla Chandra Sen]] had suggested that people should shift from their staple of rice–potatoes to wheat–green bananas and subsequently agitations had broken out in the area of [[Swarupnagar]], leading to police firing and death of two participating teenagers on 16 February.<ref name="Basu" /> Consequently, widespread spontaneous protests broke out over the following months and across the state of West Bengal with more frequent instances of vandalism and violent encounters between the agitators and police than in the previous agitations.<ref name="Samaddar-2018" /> This movement while having less organised backing from the opposition parties is described to have been impactful in its political ramifications in the subsequent years;<ref name="Basu" /><ref name="Samaddar-2018" /> among others, leading to the [[Indian National Congress]] losing its absolute majority for the first time and Basu becoming the [[Deputy Chief Minister of West Bengal|deputy chief minister of West Bengal]] in the following year.<ref name="Basu" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2011|title=The rise and fall of the Left in West Bengal|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2011/west-bengal/story/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-left-in-west-bengal-133630-2011-05-12|website=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref> Civil unrest also peaked during the ensuing period which led to a succession of unstable governments, the establishment of armed political cadres, [[Naxalbari uprising]] and widespread spontaneous agitations against prevailing conditions of [[extreme poverty]].<ref name="Ishwaran-1971">{{Cite book|title=Contributions to Asian Studies|publisher=[[E. J. Brill]]|date=1971|editor-last=Ishwaran|editor-first=Karigoudar|volume=1|pages=49–60|language=en}}</ref>

In the [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Legislative Assembly election of 1967]], fourteen opposition parties contested through two pre-poll political alliances;<ref name="Chaudhuri-1993-2">{{Cite journal|last=Chaudhuri|first=Amiya Kumar|date=1993|title=Control, Politics and Perspective of a State Legislature|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|volume=54|issue=1|pages=98–102|jstor=41855642|issn=0019-5510}}</ref> the CPI-M led [[United Left Front (1967)|United Left Front]] and the CPI and [[Bangla Congress]] (splinter of the Congress party formed in 1966) led [[People's United Left Front]].<ref name="Mayers-2007">{{Cite journal|last=Mayers|first=James|date=8 May 2007|title=Economic reform and the urban/rural divide: Political realignment in West Bengal 1977–2000|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|language=en|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=24|issue=1|pages=20–23|doi=10.1080/00856400108723422|s2cid=145773403|issn=0085-6401}}</ref><ref name="Rao-2003" /> The CPI-M became the second largest party outstripping its former party, the CPI.<ref name="Daniyal-2015" /> Following the election, the two alliances joined forces to form the [[United Front (1967)|United Front government]] in West Bengal. During the negotiations between the two alliances, Basu was denied the position of chief minister due to opposition to the idea from the CPI and Bangla Congress,<ref name="Dasgupta-1972">{{Cite journal|last=Dasgupta|first=Biplab|date=1972|title=The 1972 Election in West Bengal|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=7|issue=16|pages=804–808|jstor=4361253|issn=0012-9976}}</ref> all of whom eventually settled for [[Ajoy Mukherjee]] of the Bangla Congress as the consensus candidate for the position while Basu became the deputy chief minister and in-charge of the finance department.<ref name="Pandey-2019" /><ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /> The government however collapsed within a year when the food minister, [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh|P. C. Ghosh]] resigned from the government after facing persistent agitations led by the CPI-M (both part of the same government) against his policy of seeking voluntary measures from landlords and middlemen which were ineffective in resolving the food crisis.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rao|first=M. V. S. Koteswara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3e0SAQAAMAAJ|title=Communist parties and United Front experience in Kerala and West Bengal|date=2003|publisher=Prajasakti Book House|isbn=978-81-86317-37-2|pages=236–240|language=en}}</ref>

For the mid-term [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Legislative Assembly election of 1969]], the United Front Committee was formed consisting of all the coalition partners of the previous government which agreed upon a pre-poll alliance to contest the election together under a 32-point programme.<ref name="Chaudhuri-1993-2" /> Under terms of the agreement, if the alliance were to attain a majority then Mukherjee would become the chief minister while Basu would become the deputy chief minister.<ref name="Chaudhuri-1993-2" /><ref name="Ray-2007">{{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Sudhir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loYOAQAAMAAJ|title=Marxist Parties of West Bengal in Opposition and Government, 1947–2001|date=2007|publisher=Progressive Publishers|isbn=978-81-8064-135-0|pages=89–102|language=en}}</ref> In addition during the negotiations Basu was able to secure the portfolios of fisheries, food, excise, labour, civil defence and education for the CPI-M as well as the department of general administration and police from the home ministry forsaking the finance ministry which he had previously held.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roychoudhury|first=Profulla|title=Left Experiment in West Bengal|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|year=1985|pages=90–95|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ray-2007" /> In the election, the United Front won an overwhelming victory with 214 out of 280 seats and as a consequence, the CPI-M stood as the first party other than the Congress party to become the largest party in the assembly.<ref name="Mitra2007">{{cite book|author=Subrata K. Mitra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuILNHwcT4AC&pg=PA99|title=The Puzzle of India's Governance: Culture, Context and Comparative Theory|date=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-27493-2|page=99}}</ref>

In the subsequent [[second United Front cabinet]], Basu became both the deputy chief minister and in-charge of general administration and police.<ref name="Ray-2007" /> Under Basu, the police were instructed to not intervene in any labour disputes against striking workers.<ref name="Ruparelia-2015">{{Cite book|last=Ruparelia|first=Sanjay|title=Divided We Govern: Coalition Politics in Modern India|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-026491-8|pages=59–60|language=en}}</ref> The first six months of the second United Front government as a result experienced a record of 551 [[Workers strike|strikes]] and 73 [[General strike|union lockdowns]] across the state with a participation of approximately 570,000 workers.<ref name="Ishwaran-1971" /> The [[Labour Department|labour department]] headed by [[Krishnapada Ghosh]] of the CPIM is also noted to have coordinated with the department of general administration to enable the registration of new trade unions and legalisation of ''gheraos'' (trans: [[picketing]]) as a method of protest.<ref name="Ruparelia-2015" /> The labour militancy combined with the state policy of non intervention drove an exponential rise in daily wages ranging between a 100–200% increase in the unorganised sector and 100–300% increase in the organised sector.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty|first=P.|date=1975|title=Wage Differentials in West Bengal|journal=Indian Journal of Industrial Relations|volume=10|issue=4|pages=503–522|jstor=27765490|issn=0019-5286}}</ref><ref name="Ruparelia-2015" /> Previously in light of the appalling conditions of agrarian poverty and rural discontent, a radical section of the CPI-M had also split due to the party's involvement in parliamentary politics and subsequently launched a peasant's uprising.<ref name="Ishwaran-1971" /> Eventually this section known as the [[Naxalites]] formed the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)]] in 1969 under the leadership of [[Charu Mazumdar]] calling for the annihilation of the class of ''[[Jotedar|joteodars]]'' (wealthy landlords) and an armed revolution to overthrow the Indian state.<ref name="Ruparelia-2015" /><ref name="History of Naxalism-2003">{{Cite web|date=9 May 2003|title=History of Naxalism|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/history-of-naxalism/story-4f1rZukARGYn3qHOqDMEbM.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814222816/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/history-of-naxalism/story-4f1rZukARGYn3qHOqDMEbM.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 August 2016|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref> Although the previous United Front government had tolerated initial landgrabs by the Naxalites,<ref name="Ruparelia-2015" /> the police department under Basu launched a campaign of [[state repression]] on the movement which continued under succeeding governments.<ref name="Ruparelia-2015" /><ref name="History of Naxalism-2003" /> According to Basu, "(The Naxalites), forgetting everything else that the country stood for, followed the China model with disastrous consequences which had no relation to Marxist philosophy."<ref name="Daniyal-2015" />

In August 1969, Basu was also faced with a protest from the police department itself after the death of a policeman in a clash with the [[Socialist Unity Centre]], one of the member parties of the United Front.<ref name="TheHindu-2019">{{Cite news|date=1 August 2019|title=From the Archives (August 1, 1969): Bengal policemen storm Assembly|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archives/from-the-archives-august-1-1969-bengal-policemen-storm-assembly/article28775401.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The agitation was notably defused by him in person, who permitted a group of dissident police personnel to enter his office in the assembly house during a demonstration and negotiated with them, reprehending them for disorderly behaviour while taking into consideration the grievances raised.<ref name="Tough-2010" /><ref name="TheHindu-2019" /> The second United Front government however too fell within a short period of time, on this occasion the chief minister Ajoy Mukherjee resigned in March 1970 after facing an aggravated and dysfunctional government where smaller member parties were in confrontation with the CPI-M, the largest among them on various issues.<ref name="Chaudhuri-1993" /><ref name="Ruparelia-2015" /> There was also an assassination attempt on Basu on 31 March while he was on a party visit to [[Patna]] which resulted in the death of one accompanying party worker;<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 March 1970|title=Attempt on life of Jyoti Basu|work=[[Tribune India]]|publication-date=1 April 2020|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/this-day-that-year/attempt-on-life-of-jyoti-basu-63751}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=From the Archives (April 1, 1970): Jyoti Basu shot at in Patna.|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archives/from-the-archives-april-1-1970-jyoti-basu-shot-at-in-patna/article31221485.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> the identity of the assailant has remained unknown til date.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahmad|first=Faizan|date=18 January 2010|title=In '70, a bullet missed him by a whisker {{!}} India News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/In-70-a-bullet-missed-him-by-a-whisker/articleshow/5464191.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> The government continued to be operational until the dissolution of the assembly by presidential proclamation on 30 July.<ref name="Chaudhuri-1993" />

In the following [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Legislative Assembly election of 1971]], the parties contested alone but CPI-M remained as the single largest party while increasing its number of seats from 80 to 113.<ref name="Chaudhuri-1993-2" /> Both the former chief minister Ajoy Mukherjee of the Bangla Congress and the former deputy chief minister Basu of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) contested from the [[Baranagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barangar constituency]] which ended with Basu winning with a vote share of 57.3% and Ajoy Mukherjee emerging as runners up with a vote share of 42.7%.<ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal 1971|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3186-west-bengal-1971/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> However, Mukherjee who led the Bangla Congress was able to regain his former position through a post-poll coalition called the Democratic Coalition which notably included [[Indian National Congress (R)|Indira Gandhi's Congress]] and was supported by the CPI and [[Congress (Organisation)]].<ref name="Chaudhuri-1993-2" /> The CPI-M stood as the sole opposition party and Basu once again became the leader of opposition. Within 2 weeks of the formation of the new government, Basu issued a [[no confidence motion]] which stood at exactly 141 in support of the government out of 141 required. Despite surviving the initial motion, the new government too fell within 3 months when the assembly was dissolved on the recommendation of the chief minister.<ref name="Chaudhuri-1993-2" />

[[File: Cpmcongress1302.JPG|thumb|269x269px|Press conference at the book release of ''Memoirs – 25 Communist Freedom Fighters'' by [[Sitaram Yechury|Sitaram Yechuri]] at the 18th Congress of Communist Party of India (Marxist), Delhi, 2005. From the left, [[Harkishan Singh Surjeet]] (general secretary), Jyoti Basu (former Chief Minister of West Bengal), and Sitaram Yechuri (politburo member).]]

=== Boycott of Assembly and Emergency rule (1972–1977) ===
In the [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Legislative Assembly election of 1972]], Congress (R) won an overwhelming majority and Siddhartha Shankar Ray who was previously in the Bangla Congress and later appointed as a specialised union cabinet ministry called West Bengal Affairs Minister became the new chief minister of the state.<ref name="Chander-2004">{{Cite book|last=Chander|first=N. Jose|title=Coalition Politics: The Indian Experience|date=2004|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-092-1|pages=103–105|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dasgupta-1972" /> The CPI-M was only able to secure 14 seats and Basu for the first time lost his seat in the Baranagar constituency to his former associate [[Shiba Pada Bhattacharjee]], who had remained in the CPI after the split in the party.<ref name="Singh-2010">{{cite web|last=Singh|first=Shiv Sahay|date=19 January 2010|title=Shouldn't have contested, says man who defeated Basu|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/shouldnt-have-contested-says-man-who-defeated-basu/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305161708/http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/shouldnt-have-contested-says-man-who-defeated-basu/|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=24 October 2015|publisher=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="Dasgupta-1972" /> Before the election, the Communist Party of India allied with Congress (R) while a section of the Bangla Congress had also merged with the Congress.<ref name="Dasgupta-1972" /> The opposing alliance was led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) which included the previous members of the [[United Left Front (1967)|United Left Front]] alongside the [[Biplobi Bangla Congress]], a splinter of the Bangla Congress.<ref name="Dasgupta-1972" />

The election was marred widespread instances of violence against opposition parties, electoral discrepancies, irregularities in process and consequent allegations of rigging from both Congress (O) and the CPI-M,<ref name="Dasgupta-1972" /><ref name="Roychoudhury1977">{{cite book|author=Profulla Roychoudhury|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujluAAAAMAAJ|title=West Bengal – a Decade, 1965–1975|publisher=Boipatra|year=1977|page=254}}</ref> the press in Calcutta at the time reported that the rigging had occurred in around 50 constituencies.<ref name="Dasgupta-1972" /> According to the [[socialist]] [[essayist]] [[Madhu Limaye]], the "black art of booth rigging" was perfected by the Congress in the 1972 election where whole constituencies had been rigged.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Limaye|first=Madhu|title=Birth of Non-Congressism: Opposition Politics, 1947–1975|date=1988|publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7018-480-5|pages=353|language=en|author-link=Madhu Limaye}}</ref> It was also noted that several constituencies which were known as left wing strongholds had produced massive victory margins in favour of Congress (R) whereas the CPI-M increased its vote share in constituencies which were Congress strongholds; the explanation provided by the CPI-M was that violence and rigging methods were mostly employed at unfavorable constituencies and that elections had been rigged in 87–172 other constituencies.<ref name="Dasgupta-1972" /><ref name="Ray2007">{{cite book|author=Sudhir Ray|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loYOAQAAMAAJ|title=Marxist parties of West Bengal in opposition and in government, 1947–2001|date=2007|publisher=Progressive Publishers|isbn=978-81-8064-135-0|page=164}}</ref> One of the discrepancies pointed at by the CPI-M was that the constituency of Baranagar which had recorded a very high voter turnout despite being subject to [[section 144]] and violent clashes throughout the day which had resulted in the death of one its workers.<ref name="Dasgupta-1972" /> Basu refused to accept the results and declared that the new assembly was an "assembly of frauds".<ref name="Singh-2010" /> He also published an open editorial to the "world press" regarding terming the incidents of violence to be "semi-fascist terror".<ref name="Ray2007" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Basu|first=Mr Jyoti|date=1 January 1972|title=On Fascist Terror in West Bengal – An appeal to the World Press, Calcutta, 23/3/72|journal=Journal of Contemporary Asia|volume=2|issue=2|pages=224–227|doi=10.1080/00472337285390291|issn=0047-2336}}</ref> The CPI-M boycotted the assembly for the remaining term of the seventh assembly taking the stance that a "massive rigging" had occurred.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chaudhuri|first=Amiya Kumar|date=1993|title=Control, Politics and Perspective of a State Legislature|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|volume=54|issue=1|pages=102–104|jstor=41855642|issn=0019-5510}}</ref><ref name="Mallick-1994">{{Cite book|last=Mallick|first=Ross|title=Indian Communism: Opposition, Collaboration, and Institutionalization|date=12 May 1994|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-563235-4|pages=160–161|language=en}}</ref>

In 1975, the [[Prime Minister of India]], Indira Gandhi imposed a [[national emergency]] on the premise of internal disturbances suspending elections, legitimising [[rule by decree]] and curbing [[civil liberties]].<ref name="Prashad-1996">{{Cite journal|last=Prashad|first=Vijay|date=1996|title=Emergency Assessments|journal=Social Scientist|volume=24|issue=9/10|pages=36–68|doi=10.2307/3520142|jstor=3520142|issn=0970-0293}}</ref> The proposition for the declaration of the emergency and the formal draft of the ordinance were both notably corroborated to have been forwarded by [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=C G|first=Manoj|date=13 June 2015|title=S S Ray to Indira Gandhi six months before Emergency: Crackdown, get law ready|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/six-months-before-emergency-s-s-ray-to-indira-gandhi-crack-down-get-law-ready/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Narayan|first=S.|date=25 June 2020|title=Why Did Indira Gandhi Impose Emergency In 1975?|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/opinion/news-analysis/why-did-indira-gandhi-impose-emergency-in-1975-630015|website=[[The Hans India]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jacob|first=Jack Farj Rafael|title=An Odyssey in War and Peace: An Autobiography of Lt. Gen JFR Jacob|publisher=[[Roli Books]]|year=2012|isbn=9788174369338|pages=189|author-link=J. F. R. Jacob}}</ref> The Communist Party of India (Marxist) emerged as one of the primary opposition to [[the emergency rule of Indira Gandhi]].<ref name="Prashad-1996" /> The following period witnessed a succession of [[authoritarian]] measures and political repression, which was particularly severe in West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book|last=DeSouza|first=Peter Ronald|title=India's Political Parties|date=3 October 2006|publisher=Sage Publishing India|isbn=978-93-5280-534-1|pages=217–221|language=en}}</ref> The members of the CPI-M's labour union became the first subject to political repression and [[mass arrest]]s while the rest of the members of the CPI-M went underground.<ref name="Ruparelia-2015-2">{{Cite book|last=Ruparelia|first=Sanjay|title=Divided We Govern: Coalition Politics in Modern India|date=2015|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-026491-8|pages=71–72|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mallick-1994" />

With the initiation of the [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] (JP)'s movement, the CPI-M began providing support to it and went on to participate in discussions for the creation of a united front under the umbrella of the [[Janata Party]]. Several of the leaders of the CPI-M were also influenced by JP with Basu noted to be one of his prominent admirers having worked under him in the [[All India Railwaymen's Federation]] during the 1940s.<ref name="Ruparelia-2015-2" /> The involvement of the [[Hindutva|Hindutva movement]] however complicated matters, according to JP the formal inclusion of the Marxists who had undergone a splintering and whose organisation was localised in a particular region would have been detrimental to the movement as the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] members would switch sides if they joined.<ref name="Ruparelia-2015-2" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Prakash|first=Gyan|title=Emergency Chronicles: Indira Gandhi and Democracy's Turning Point|date=2018|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-93-5305-351-2|language=en|author-link=Gyan Prakash}}</ref> JP and Basu eventually agreed that the CPI-M would not formally join the Janata Party as it would weaken the movement.<ref name="Ruparelia-2015-2" /> After the revocation of the emergency, the CPI-M joined an electoral alliance with the Janata Party in the [[1977 Indian general election]] which resulted in an overwhelming victory for the Janata Alliance.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blair|first=Harry W.|date=April 1980|title=Mrs Gandhi's Emergency, The Indian Elections of 1977, Pluralism and Marxism: Problems with Paradigms|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/mrs-gandhis-emergency-the-indian-elections-of-1977-pluralism-and-marxism-problems-with-paradigms/908EF9B139D645655C3336A4D17F2FAE|journal=Modern Asian Studies|language=en|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=14|issue=2|pages=237–271|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00007320|s2cid=144182647|issn=1469-8099|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Chief Minister of West Bengal (1977–2000) ==
For the [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], negotiations between the [[Janata Party]] and the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] broke down.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mahaprashasta|first=Ajoy Ashirwad|date=4 May 2016|title=Why Has Nobody Called It Yet? An Analysis of the West Bengal Elections|url=https://thewire.in/politics/why-has-nobody-called-it-yet-an-analysis-of-the-west-bengal-elections|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref><ref name="Chander-2004" /> This led to a three sided contest between the [[Indian National Congress]], the Janata Party and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) led [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front coalition]].<ref name="Chander-2004" /> The results of the election was a surprising sweep for the Left Front winning 230 seats out of 290 with the CPI-M winning an absolute majority on its own,<ref name="Mayers-2007" /> Basu became the chief minister of West Bengal for the next 23 years until his retirement in 2000.<ref name="Datta-2010" /> Jyoti Basu was also repeatedly elected as the representative of the [[Satgachhia constituency]] from 1977 to 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 January 2010|title=Jyoti Basu pulls in the crowds – one last time|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/jyoti-basu-pulls-in-the-crowds-one-last-time/story-ExpoMM4jnIE9pvIvqLQN9H.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Jyoti Basu 006 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Jyoti Basu in his office]]

=== First term (1977–1982) ===
In the first term of the coming to power, the Left Front government under Basu initiated a number of agrarian and institutional reforms which resulted in reduction of [[poverty rates]], an exponential rise in [[agricultural production]] and decrease in [[political polarisation]].<ref name="Lieten-1996">{{Cite journal|last=Lieten|first=G. K.|date=1996|title=Land Reforms at Centre Stage: The Evidence on West Bengal|journal=Development and Change|language=en|location=[[The Hague]]|publisher=[[International Institute of Social Studies]]|volume=27|issue=1|pages=111–130|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.1996.tb00580.x|issn=1467-7660}}</ref><ref name="Bandyopadhyay-2003">{{Cite journal|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=D.|date=2003|title=Land Reforms and Agriculture: The West Bengal Experience|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=38|issue=9|pages=879–884|jstor=4413274|issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Besley|first1=Timothy|last2=Burgess|first2=Robin|date=1 May 2000|title=Land Reform, Poverty Reduction, and Growth: Evidence from India|url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/115/2/389/1840440|journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics|language=en|publisher=[[Oxford Academic]]|volume=115|issue=2|pages=389–430|doi=10.1162/003355300554809|bibcode=2000QJEco.115..389B |s2cid=4811684|issn=0033-5533|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It also enabled the large scale adoption of technological advancements which had earlier been brought in through the [[Green Revolution in India]] in the 1960s.<ref name="Lieten-1996" /><ref name="Bandyopadhyay-2003" /> The agricultural growth jumped from an annual average of 0.6% between 1970–1980 to over 7% between 1980–1990 and the state was described as an agricultural success story of the 1980s.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay-2003" /><ref name="Saha-1994">{{Cite journal|last1=Saha|first1=Anamitra|last2=Swaminathan|first2=Madhura|date=1994|title=Agricultural Growth in West Bengal in the 1980s: A Disaggregation by Districts and Crops|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=29|issue=13|pages=A2–A11|issn=0012-9976}}</ref> During this period, the state of West Bengal moved from being a food importer to a food exporter and became the largest producer of rice outstripping the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] which had previously held the status.<ref name="Saha-1994" /> The [[Human Development Index]] was also noted to have improved at a much faster rate than in other states, growing from being the lowest in the country in 1975 to above the national average in 1990.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Indrayan|first1=A.|last2=Wysocki|first2=M. J.|last3=Chawla|first3=A.|last4=Kumar|first4=R.|last5=Singh|first5=N.|date=1999|title=3-Decade Trend in Human Development Index in India and Its Major States|journal=Social Indicators Research|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|volume=46|issue=1|pages=91–120|doi=10.1023/A:1006875829698|s2cid=142881301|issn=0303-8300}}</ref>

Between 1977 and 1980, Basu oversaw the identification of nearly 1 million [[acres]] of ceiling surplus land and its subsequent redistribution.<ref name="Patnaik-2010-2">{{Cite journal|last=Patnaik|first=Utsa|date=2010|title=Jyoti Basu and Bengal|journal=Social Scientist|volume=38|issue=7/8|pages=56–60|jstor=27866723|issn=0970-0293}}</ref> The number of landless rural households decreased by 35% during this period.<ref name="Lieten-1990">{{Cite journal|last=Lieten|first=G. K.|date=1990|title=Depeasantisation Discontinued: Land Reforms in West Bengal|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=25|issue=40|pages=2265–2271|jstor=4396841|issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

The Basu government began the process of "democratic [[decentralisation]]" in West Bengal by amending and implementing the provisions of the Panchayat Act.<ref name="Acharya-1993">{{Cite journal|last=Acharya|first=Poromesh|date=1993|title=Panchayats and Left Politics in West Bengal|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=28|issue=22|pages=1080–1082|issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref name="Basu-2013">{{Cite journal|last1=Basu|first1=Subho|last2=Majumder|first2=Auritro|date=1 June 2013|title=Dilemmas of Parliamentary Communism|journal=Critical Asian Studies|volume=45|issue=2|pages=167–200|doi=10.1080/14672715.2013.792569|s2cid=147986419|issn=1467-2715}}</ref> On 4 June 1978, local body elections were resumed after 14 years and the first direct elections were held to elect 56,000 representatives from 15 zila parishads, 324 panchayat samitis and 3,242 gram panchayats in West Bengal.<ref name="Acharya-1993" /> By 1993, the number of representatives was expanded to over 71,000 representatives while Basu was credited to have been successful in the introduction of [[grassroots democracy]] and self governing units in West Bengal which substantially improved [[Transparency (behavior)|bureaucratic transparency]], [[Irrigation in India|irrigation work]], [[rural infrastructure]] and [[political participation]] and as a result [[standards of living]].<ref name="Basu-2013" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mathew|first=George|title=Panchayati Raj from Legislation to Movement|date=1994|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-517-1|pages=79–86|language=en}}</ref> The successful implementation of [[panchayat raj]] in the state is also noted to have played an integral part in the identification and redistribution of ceiling surplus land,<ref name="Patnaik-2010-2" /> and played a significant part in the rise of agricultural growth through the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Saha|first1=Anamitra|last2=Swaminathan|first2=Madhura|date=1994|title=Agricultural Growth in West Bengal in the 1980s: A Disaggregation by Districts and Crops|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=29|issue=13|pages=A2–A11|jstor=4400994|issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

Among the more prominent measures initiated by the new government was that of [[Operation Barga]]. Introduced in 1978, it was a comprehensive and radical measure for land reforms which was further formalised through two legislation in 1979 and 1980.<ref name="Chattopadhyay-1979">{{Cite journal|last=Chattopadhyay|first=Suhas|date=1979|title=Operation Barga: A Comment|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=14|issue=49|pages=2022–2024|jstor=4368206|issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref name="Banerjee-2002">{{Cite journal|last1=Banerjee|first1=Abhijit V.|last2=Gertler|first2=Paul J.|last3=Ghatak|first3=Maitreesh|date=2002|title=Empowerment and Efficiency: Tenancy Reform in West Bengal|journal=Journal of Political Economy|volume=110|issue=2|pages=239–280|doi=10.1086/338744|jstor=10.1086/338744|s2cid=35935397|issn=0022-3808}}</ref> The operation sought to actively identify and record ''bargardars'' (trans: [[sharecroppers]]) by present occupational status without any reliance on ancestral records, producing official documentation for enforcement of the rights of ''bargardars'' to crop share from landlords and [[priority right]]s to lands in cases of both voluntary sale of land and forced sale of ceiling surplus lands.<ref name="Pal-1995">{{Cite book|last=Pal|first=Sasanka Sekhar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgzePgAACAAJ|title=Impact of Tenancy Reforms on Production and Income Distribution: A Case Study of Operation Barga in West Bengal|date=1995|publisher=National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Banerjee-2002" /> The number of recorded ''bargardars'' increased from 0.4 to 1.2 million by 1982,<ref name="Chattopadhyay-1979" /><ref name="Pal-1995" /> and resulted in the coverage of 50%+ [[Wage share|output share]] concessions towards ''bargardars'' to increase from 10% to over 50% among registered ''bargardars'' and over 33% for unregistered ''bargardars''.<ref name="Banerjee-2002" /><ref name="Operation Barga-2006">{{Cite journal|date=18 November 2006|title=Operation Barga|url=http://team.univ-paris1.fr/teamperso/DEA/Cursus/M1/Doc4%20Operation%20Barga.pdf|journal=Théorie et Applications en Microéconomie et Macroéconomie|publisher=[[University of Paris]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061118154131/http://team.univ-paris1.fr/teamperso/DEA/Cursus/M1/Doc4%20Operation%20Barga.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2006}}</ref> The implementation of the operation is noted to have improved the social status and security of tenancy of ''bargadars'' as well as decreased [[economic inequality]].<ref name="Pal-1995" /><ref name="Banerjee-2002" /> In addition it accounted for approximately 36% of agricultural growth during the period as a consequence of greater production incentives due to a lack of [[eviction]] threat and increased output stake.<ref name="Operation Barga-2006" /> The operation is also credited to have created a cushion against [[Farmers' suicides in India|farmers' suicides]] in West Bengal by improving the [[economic stability]] of farmers.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 April 2006|title=Did Operation Barga save Bengal farmers|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/did-operation-barga-save-bengal-farmers/162221/|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

The Left Front government also identified 247,000 acres of readily reclaimable lands mostly in the Sundarban area ([[Ganges Delta]]) for the resettlement of 136,000 agriculturist refugees from [[East Pakistan]].<ref name="Mallick-1999">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick|first=Ross|date=1999|title=Refugee Resettlement in Forest Reserves: West Bengal Policy Reversal and the Marichjhapi Massacre|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=58|issue=1|pages=104–125|doi=10.2307/2658391|jstor=2658391|s2cid=161837294 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref><ref name="Sengupta-2011">{{Cite journal|last=Sengupta|first=Debjani|date=1 February 2011|title=From Dandakaranya to Marichjhapi: rehabilitation, representation and the partition of Bengal (1947)|journal=Social Semiotics|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=101–123|doi=10.1080/10350330.2011.535673|s2cid=144730817|issn=1035-0330}}</ref> Under the tenure of [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]], many of the refugees had been relocated to refugee camps in [[Dandakaranya]] and the Left Front government had taken up their cause for resettlement in West Bengal.<ref name="Mallick-1999" /> Initially Basu and the Left Front government approved voluntary resettlement in the identified lands by the refugees from the Dandakaranya camps to the extent of actively encouraging them to do so,<ref name="Sengupta-2011" /><ref name="Butalia-2015">{{Cite book|last=Butalia|first=Urvashi|title=Partition: The Long Shadow|date= 2015|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-5118-949-7|language=en|chapter=6. Reconstructing Marichjhapi}}</ref> however the implementation of the resettlement process turned lackluster and was bottle-necked with revised priorities for [[environmental protection]] in the [[Sundarbans]].<ref name="Mallick-1999" /><ref name="Sengupta-2011" /> In a significant development between 1978 and 1979, a large group of these impoverished refugees who had returned to Bengal seeking resettlement from Dandakaranya had illegally occupied land on the remote island of [[Marichjhanpi]] and refused eviction.<ref name="Butalia-2015" /><ref name="Sengupta-2011" /> In January 1979, following an economic blockade, the government conducted a forcible eviction leading to the death of several refugees in the consequent abuse by [[Police officer|police personnel]].<ref name="Sengupta-2011" /> The incident led to sharp criticism of the government and raised controversy in the [[News media|media]], [[Parliamentary opposition|the opposition]] as well as from within members of the Left Front coalition.<ref name="Mallick-1999" /> The demand for a formal investigation into the eviction was however denied by the government with Basu convinced that it was greatly exaggerated by the media;<ref name="Sengupta-2011" /><ref name="Mallick-1999" /> in the end the official figure put the deaths at 2 but the lack of an investigation led to various other estimates to circulate on the killing years afterwards.<ref name="Sengupta-2011" /><ref name="Mallick-1999" />

In 1981, a new amendment was introduced to the West Bengal Land Reforms Act, 1951 (previously amended in 1953, 1967 and 1970) which sought to plug loopholes in the former legislation; the amendment introduced ceilings on non-agricultural lands such as [[fisheries]] and [[orchards]] which previously had none and enacted provisions for lands held by [[trusts]] to be included in the individual ceiling calculations of its [[beneficiaries]]. It also derecognised and redefined lands owned by all [[religious institutions]] as ''raiyats'' (trans: [[land tenure]]) with a maximum of 7 standard hectares irrespective of any number of declared branches or centers of any such institution.<ref name="Lieten-1990" />

[[File:The Vice President, Shri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat meeting with the former Chief Minister of West Bengal, Shri Jyoti Basu, during his visit at Kolkata on May 31, 2007.jpg|thumb|Jyoti Basu with former Vice President of India, [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]]]

=== Second term (1982–1987) ===
The reforms initiated by the Basu government in its first term were continued into its second term, Operation Barga was officially completed in 1986. Basu's front won 174 seats in [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982 West Bengal Elections]] defeating the [[Indian National Congress|Congress (Indira)]] - [[Indian Congress (Socialist)|Congress (Socialist)]] coalition<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEcmAAAAMAAJ|title=Report on the Election to the Office of President of India, 1982 and Legislative Assemblies, Delhi Metropolitan Council, 1982–83: Narrative|date=1983|publisher=Election Commission of India|language=en}}</ref> He was one of the most powerful personality of the [[Left-wing politics|Left front]] after becoming the [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] and was known to be the Chief artist of the Communist politics not only in West Bengal, but also in the whole India.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=P|first1=Samyak|last2=ey|date=2019-07-08|title=Jyoti Basu, the beacon of Indian Communism who almost became prime minister|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/jyoti-basu-the-beacon-of-indian-communism-who-almost-became-prime-minister/260008/|access-date=2020-10-10|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> Ahead of the 1982 assembly elections, the Left Front had gained three new members; the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI), the [[West Bengal Socialist Party]] (WBSP) and the [[Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra)|Democratic Socialist Party]] (DSP).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Basu|first=Amrita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyY0Yb5BrqgC&pg=PA44|title=Two Faces of Protest: Contrasting Modes of Women's Activism in India|date=1994|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-08919-8|language=en}}</ref> In the wake of the 1980 Gorkhaland movement, a poll boycott campaign took place in the [[Darjeeling]] hills with the slogan "No State, No Vote". Organizations calling for a poll boycott included the Pranta Parishad and the [[Gorkha National Liberation Front]] of [[Subhash Ghisingh]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Samanta|first=Amiya K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4GqdfG0EU8C&pg=PA274|title=Gorkhaland Movement: A Study in Ethnic Separatism|date=2000|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-166-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Indranil Banerjie |date=August 31, 1984 |title=Nepali speaking people consider recognition of their language a fundamental prerequisite for establishment of their Indian identity|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19840831-nepali-speaking-people-consider-recognition-of-their-language-a-fundamental-prerequisite-for-establishment-of-their-indian-identity-803682-1984-08-31|access-date=2020-10-10|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Voter participation in Darjeeling stood at 59.40%, compared to the statewide 76.96%. CPI(M) emerged as the sole party of relevance in the hills to oppose a separate Gorkhaland state. CPI(M) won three out of the four assembly seats in the Nepali-dominated areas, the fourth going to an [[All India Gorkha League]] candidate (contesting as an independent).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chaklader|first=Snehamoy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3yRuAAAAMAAJ|title=Sub-regional Movement in India: With Reference to Bodoland and Gorkhaland|date=2004|publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Co.|isbn=978-81-7074-266-1|language=en}}</ref> Some of the older, smaller Left Front constituents were uncomfortable with the expansion of the alliance, claiming that CPI(M) was diluting it politically. There were also disagreements on distribution of ministerial portfolios after the expansion of the alliance.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=October 23, 2013 |title=India Today takes a close look at the institutional pillars of Indian democracy|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19820115-india-today-takes-a-close-look-at-the-institutional-pillars-of-indian-democracy-771404-2013-10-23|access-date=2020-10-10|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Though due to his irresponsibility in rehabilitiating [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|1971 Bangladeshi refugees]] and refusal to address [[Assam Movement|the rise of anti-Bengali sentiments in Assam]] and other Northeaster states like Meghalaya (see [[Dkhar|Beh Dkhar movement]]) and Tripura (see [[Mandai massacre]]) saw his popularity decrease.

In the second term as the Chief Minister of state he gained popularity for his work for the landless peasants and providing them land and also among intelligentsia.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Sumit MITRA Sumanta Sen |date=June 15, 1982 |title=Jyoti Basu sworn in as West Bengal CM for second successive term|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19820615-jyoti-basu-sworn-in-as-west-bengal-cm-for-second-successive-term-805309-1982-06-15|access-date=2020-10-10|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> The rise of [[Mamata Banerjee]] in the 1980s was under the Second Chief Ministership of him and was known to have a good allies with her. And he continued to make a second Chief ministership like the first one by giving the theory of [[Communism]] and working in the Land Reforms Act and also to complete the demand of the [[Indian Gorkha|Gorkhas]], especially in Darjeeling and near by regions.<ref name="Lieten-1990" />{{Additional citation needed|date=June 2024 |reason=Source makes no mention of demands of Gorkhas or Darjeeling}} Whilst an accord had been struck between Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and [[Gorkha National Liberation Front]] leader [[Subhash Ghisingh]] ahead of the polls, violence escalated in the Darjeeling hills. In the run-up to the polls, several policemen were killed in the area which made Basu a great chances being a choice of people of Darjeeling.{{Efn|Jyoti Basu took the vote bank of the people of [[Darjeeling]] due to their anger on [[Rajiv Gandhi]], who was [[West Bengal]] incharge.|name=|group=lower-alpha}}

In 1986, Finance Minister [[Ashok Mitra]] resigned from the Cabinet, citing differences with Basu, which was a big blow to his government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1986-02-15 |title=Ashok Mitra: 58-year-old economist resignation causes political goose-pimples in CPI(M) |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19860215-ashok-mitra-58-year-old-economist-resignation-causes-political-goose-pimples-in-cpim-800561-1986-02-14 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Third term (1987–1991) ===
In [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987 West Bengal Election]] in [[West Bengal]], Basu held the office for the third time as the [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief ministers of West Bengal]] after the win of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]] and their allies.<ref name="Jyoti Basu-2010" /> The election was mainly a clash between the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] led by Chief Minister Jyoti Basu and the [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress(I)]] led by Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] to make a win in the state.<ref name="Stolte-2013" /> The governing [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] denied tickets to 62 sitting legislators. In many cases CPI(M), the dominant force in the Left Front, was seeking to rejuvenate the legislature and fielded 35 student leaders as new candidates. The star campaigner was himself Chief Minister Jyoti Basu who had pledged to visit all constituencies where CPI(M) had fielded candidates. During the campaign Basu claimed that the Delhi government discriminated against West Bengal in allocation of resources.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Indranil Banerjie |date=March 31, 1987 |title=West Bengal CM Jyoti Basu attacks Rajiv Gandhi's failure to resolve national problems|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19870331-west-bengal-cm-jyoti-basu-attacks-rajiv-gandhis-failure-to-resolve-national-problems-798673-1987-03-31|access-date=2020-10-10|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Basu's party made the third win by securing a complete majority for third time in Bengal's history, and the Left front secured 187 in the election and defeating [[Indian National Congress]] and made his mark to Prime Minister, [[Rajiv Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reiwAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA138|title=Transforming India|date=2013|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-72819-6|pages=83–87|language=en}}</ref>

After being sworn in as the Chief Minister Basu continued his work in the major work for which he was elected was that to change the Land Reform and he is said to be one of the best administrators in the history of [[West Bengal]] for the work.<ref name="Lieten-1990" /><ref name="Sengupta-2011" /> And he made a main focus on the Students and [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] was given the main charge for the enhancement of [[Democratic Youth Federation of India|DYFI]], the student wing of the [[CPI(M)]]. Earlier also he gave a notable number of tickets to student leaders and also worked for the [[Gurkha]]s who also voted him for his opposition to the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jyoti Basu {{!}} Indian politician|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jyoti-Basu|access-date=2020-10-10|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> In 1989, Basu led [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left government]] in a controversial decision, halting the teaching of [[English language]] for [[Primary school]]s.<ref name="NYTPrimary" >{{cite news |url =https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/05/world/west-bengal-halting-teaching-of-english-for-primary-students.html|title =West Bengal Halting Teaching of English for Primary Students |date =April 5, 1981|website =[[The New York Times]]|access-date =21 July 2020}}</ref> The controversial decision received protests from intellectuals.<ref name="ITMPrimary" >{{cite news |url =https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/education/story/19850331-decision-to-abolish-compulsory-teaching-of-english-in-west-bengal-draws-protest-769923-2013-12-03|title =Decision to abolish compulsory teaching of English in West Bengal draws protest|publisher =[[India Today]]|date =March 31, 1985|website =indiatoday.in/magazine/|author =Indranil Banerjie|access-date =21 July 2020}}</ref> The move was later termed as another "historic blunder".<ref name="ITMPrimary2">{{cite news |url =https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19980216-west-bengal-cm-jyoti-basu-does-a-rethink-in-favour-of-english-825705-1998-02-16|title =West Bengal CM Jyoti Basu does a rethink in favour of English|publisher =[[India Today]]|date =February 16, 1998|website =indiatoday.in/magazine/|access-date =21 July 2020}}</ref>

In the 1990s when the government of [[VP Singh]] cleared the ways of [[Mandal Commission]] there was [[Mandal Commission protests of 1990]] in West Bengal and also the silence of Basu triggered him at that time as there was a big problem as the [[CPI (M)]] was popular among both the classes of the society and [[CPI (M)]] supported the verdict.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015-06-05|title=Mandal Commission and Left Front in West Bengal|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/1991/8/roots-specials/mandal-commission-and-left-front-west-bengal.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en|volume=26|issue=8|pages=7–8}}</ref>

=== Fourth term (1991–1996) ===
Even after the controversy of [[Mandal Commission]] and its [[Mandal Commission protests of 1990|protests]] in 1990 Basu managed to be sworn as the [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] for the 4th time consecutively, setting a record. The term of the assembly elected in 1987 lasted until February 1992, but the West Bengal government asked the [[Election Commission of India]] to arrange the election at an earlier date.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Krishna|first=Ananth V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC&pg=PA385|title=India Since Independence: Making Sense Of Indian Politics|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-3465-0|language=en}}</ref> On 28 November 1991, Basu superseded [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]]'s 14 - year tenure to become the longest serving [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], a record which he has held ever since at 23 years, 144 days.

Jyoti Basu's fourth term was hit with two major resignations - that of Information and Culture Minister Buddhadeb Bhattacharya in 1993 over the issue of corruption<ref>{{Cite web |date=1993-09-30 |title=Buddhadev Bhattacharya makes abrupt exit from Left Front government |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19930930-buddhadev-bhattacharya-makes-abrupt-exit-from-left-front-government-811570-1993-09-29 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> and that of Land Minister [[Benoy Choudhury]] in 1995 over the same issue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1996-01-15 |title=Left Front Government of West Bengal is corrupt: Benoy Chowdhury |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19960115-left-front-government-of-west-bengal-is-corrupt-benoy-chowdhury-833354-1996-01-14 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Fifth term (1996–2000) ===
In 1996 he was elected as Chief Minister for an unprecedented fifth times consecutively in the [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].{{Sfn|Chakraborty|1975|pp=57-75}} Basu seemed all set to be the consensus leader of the United Front for the post of [[Prime Minister of India]]<ref>{{cite news|date=17 January 2010|title=Marxist who almost became India's PM|newspaper=The Economic Times|location=India|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Jyoti-Basu-Marxist-who-almost-became-Indias-PM/articleshow/5455143.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119034832/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Politics/Nation/Jyoti-Basu-Marxist-who-almost-became-Indias-PM/articleshow/5455143.cms|archive-date=19 January 2010}}</ref> but the [[Polit Bureau of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)'s highest decision-making body]] refused to endorse Basu's prime-ministerial ambitions. This was Basu's last tenure as the Chief Minister of West Bengal. Basu resigned in the year 2000 leaving a legacy as the longest serving Chief Minister of any Indian state, until [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]] surpassed his record in 2018.{{Sfn|Chakrabarty|2014|p={{page needed|date=October 2021}}}}

Shortly after coming to power, it came to light that in its previous term, the state government had illegally leased out around 160 ''[[waqf]]'' properties in the state to private real-estate developers and land contractors without following the due process. Basu denied all allegations and questioned the veracity of the report.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1996-07-31 |title=Unravelling Wakf Board scandal catches LF on wrong foot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19960731-unravelling-wakf-board-scandal-catches-lf-on-wrong-foot-833603-1996-07-30 |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The next year, the Basu government was hit with the 'Treasury Scam' in which it was revealed in response to a [[Public interest litigation in India|PIL]] filed in the [[Calcutta High Court]] by Mamata Banerjee that throughout Basu's 4th term, the state government run treasuries in the districts had siphoned off a total of Rs 55,000 crore of public money to personal ledger accounts (meant for payment of [[Excise|excise duty]]) held by CPI(M) partymen and another amount of Rs 2,500 crore sent by the Central government for rural development had been diverted into these accounts in the run-up to the 1998 elections of the state panchayats. However, the government steadfastedly refused any investigation into this, and denied any wrongdoing on its part.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 28, 1997 |title=West Bengal government on mat over Treasury scandal |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/west-bengal-government-on-mat-over-treasury-scandal-197062801102_1.html |access-date=May 28, 2024 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 27, 1997 |title=CAG asked to prove Bengal Treasury Scam |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/cag-asked-to-probe-bengal-treasury-scam-197062701126_1.html |access-date=May 28, 2024 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> However a [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|CAG]] report revealed that during Basu's 4th term, central funds of the amount Rs 1,800 cr to 2,500 crore annually allotted to the state by the central government had been regularly diverted to personal ledger accounts held by CPI(M) officeholders in [[Panchayati raj|rural government]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1997-06-30 |title=Sample check of development fund maintenance by CAG in West Bengal takes lid off illegal diversion of thousands of crores over the years |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19970630-sample-check-of-development-fund-maintenance-by-cag-in-west-bengal-takes-lid-off-illegal-diversion-of-thousands-of-crores-over-the-years-830277-1997-06-29 |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> On the very same year, it was revealed that Basu had used the Chief Minister's discretionary powers to illegally allot real estate in multiple locations of [[Bidhannagar|Salt Lake]] locality of East Kolkata at extremely cheap prices to various people, including his own brother-in-law and three cabinet ministers (Fisheries Minister [[Kiranmoy Nanda]], Co-operatives Minister [[Bhakti Bhushan Mandal]] and Minority Affairs Minister [[Mohammed Amin (politician)|Mohammed Amin]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=1997-09-08 |title=After PLA scandal, land allotment scam rocks West Bengal Government |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19970908-after-pla-scandal-land-allotment-scam-rocks-west-bengal-government-830525-1997-09-07 |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Basu was personally shocked at the victory of state [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (whom he would derisively call 'a party of barbaric and uncivilized people') president [[Tapan Sikdar]] from [[Dum Dum Lok Sabha constituency|Dumdum constituency]] in the [[1998 Indian general election|1998 general elections]], defeating 3 time CPI(M) MP [[Nirmal Kanti Chatterjee]]. The rise of BJP in the state forced Basu's government to address the issue of [[Illegal immigration to India|illegal infiltration]] of [[Bengali Muslims|Bangladeshi Muslims]] into the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Electoral pressures force Basu to take BJP line on illegal immigrants issue |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1999/feb/06wb.htm |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>

Basu once proposed to make [[Bengali language|Bengali]] compulsory for any government job exams under state government, but this faced criticisms from [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] lead [[National Democratic Alliance]] at the centre, who called it unconstitutional and a harm to the linguistic minority groups of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-03 |title=Decision to abolish compulsory teaching of English in West Bengal draws protest |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/education/story/19850331-decision-to-abolish-compulsory-teaching-of-english-in-west-bengal-draws-protest-769923-2013-12-02 |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Minister of Railways (India)|Railway Minister]] of that time and [[Trinamool Congress|West Bengal Trinamool Congress]] chief, [[Mamata Banerjee]], initially did not support the proposal. Under his period, Bengali was introduced as a court language in the [[Calcutta High Court]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2000-02-23 |title=West Bengal to introduce Bengali in High Court |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-to-introduce-bengali-in-high-court/articleshow/17454975.cms |access-date=2024-10-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Proposal for Prime-ministership==
Jyoti Basu was proposed for the post of prime minister four times.<ref name="kolkatatv.org">{{cite web | url=https://kolkatatv.org/politics/the-world-record-for-not-being-prime-minister/ | title=প্রধানমন্ত্রী না-হওয়ার বিশ্বরেকর্ড | date=20 June 2022 }}</ref>

In 1990, following the arrest of [[Lal Krishna Advani]] at his [[Ram Rath Yatra|Ram Rathyatra]] rally at [[Samastipur]] on orders of then Chief Minister of Bihar & Janata Dal leader [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], BJP declined support to the National Front Government led by [[V. P. Singh]]. During the political crisis, INC chief [[Rajiv Gandhi]] sent proposal to Jyoti Basu to be the Prime Minister of India. But CPI(M) declined it, because the party refused to cooperate with the Congress, which it saw as a [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] organisation.{{Efn|In fact, it was the issue of co-operating with the Congress in post-independence India that led to the creation of the CPI(M), of which Basu was a founding member, following the [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India|1964 CPI split]].}}<ref name="kolkatatv.org"/> Hence after the resignation of V.P. Singh, a new government led a breakaway faction of the Janata Dal under [[Chandra Shekhar|Chandrashekhar Singh]] was sworn in with external support from the Congress.

After 7 months, INC withdrew its support to the Chandrasekhar Singh Government. Again Rajiv Gandhi sent a proposal to Jyoti Basu, which was declined by the party for second time.<ref name="kolkatatv.org"/> Hence general elections were held in [[1991 Indian general election|1991]].

In the [[1996 Indian general election|Indian general election in 1996]], the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] led by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] emerged as the largest party, with 161 of 543 seats but the government fell 13 days later,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9605/28/india/index.html |title=India's prime minister resigns after 13 days |publisher=CNN |date=28 May 1996 |access-date=12 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040825063513/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9605/28/india/index.html |archive-date=25 August 2004 }}</ref> due to unavailability of majority at the parliament. The [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), with a substantial 140 seats, declined to head the government.
Consequently, along with [[Janata Dal]] as the head, the left parties (i.e. [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]], [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]) and other smaller parties like [[Samajwadi Party]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], [[Asom Gana Parishad]], [[Tamil Maanila Congress]], and [[Telugu Desam Party]] formed the United Front, which was supported by INC from outside. About the selection of Prime Minister from United Front, [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]] from [[Janata Dal]] rejected the proposal of being Prime Minister. He suggested that Basu should be made the Prime Minister of the United Front government. [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]'s chief [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] also supported the proposal.<ref name="Outlook Indis">[https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/country-lost-in-not-having-basu-as-pm-lalu/672729&ved=2ahUKEwiMzIytirn1AhWFyzgGHZwMDpwQFnoECCAQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3B5J4ZPQ0otTf0RWIPbRRa Country lost in not having Basu as PM] Outlook Indis {{dead link|date=June 2023}}</ref> The CPI also supported the proposal.<ref name="Jyoti Basu as Prime Minister was-2016">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/jyoti-basu-as-prime-minister-was-worth-trying-cpi-2940592/|title=Jyoti Basu as Prime Minister was 'worth-trying': CPI|date=28 July 2016|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The proposal was taken to CPI(M) by former CPI(M) General Secretary [[Harkishan Singh Surjeet]]. The [[Politburo of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Polit Bureau]] of CPI(M) met in a meeting. But having no conclusion due to differences, it forwarded the issue to the Central Committee after a voting. Through a meeting in Central Committee on May 14,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1997/mar/29basu2.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: Surabhi Banerjee on why Jyoti Basu lost the race for prime minister|website=m.rediff.com}}</ref> CPI(M) declined the offer saying the party was still not in a position to dictate its policies and would not be able to get them implemented by a coalition government. They also stated that it would involve joining hands with "bourgeois" outfits like the Congress.<ref name="Basu-2010">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/47301/basu-man-came-close-becoming.html|title=Basu: The man who came close to becoming PM|date=17 January 2010|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref name="Jyoti Basu as Prime Minister was-2016"/> [[Sitaram Yechury]] was among the leaders who were against Basu being the Prime Minister. When Surjeet conveyed this to United Front leaders, V. P. Singh again suggested that the CPI(M) should reconsider the decision. From Tamil Nadu House, Surjeet called [[Prakash Karat]] to tell leaders to stay back for an emergency meeting. But the Central Committee again turned down that offer.<ref name="Basu-2010"/> After Basu, the names of late G. K. Moopanar and DMK chief M. Karunanidhi came over but Basu suggested [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] for the top post citing his experience as a minister first and [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]] and Janata Dal accepted the offer and he was elected as the [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref name="Basu-2010"/> H.D Deve Gowda personally wrote a letter to Jyoti Basu to be the prime minister which Basu declined again due to party choices.

In 1999, the BJP Government by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] fell down. Leaders of third front including [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] and others again suggested Jyoti Basu. This time CPI(M) eventually agreed to the proposal. But INC declined.<ref name="kolkatatv.org"/>

Later when asked about the decision of the CPI(M), Jyoti Basu stated that as a "historic blunder".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/thesiegewithin/why-jyoti-basu-could-not/|title=Why Jyoti Basu could not be PM|date=10 January 2010|website=Times of India Blog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/Jyoti-Basu-The-Marxist-who-almost-became-Indias-PM/article16840016.ece|title=Jyoti Basu: The Marxist who almost became India's PM|newspaper=The Hindu |date=17 January 2010|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> In the words of Basu, "yes, I still think that it was a historic blunder because such an opportunity does not come. History does not give such an opportunity."<ref name="Basu-2010"/><ref name="Outlook Indis"/> Noted Congress politician [[Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Arjun Singh]] was also upset due to the CPI(M)'s decision.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/arjun-singh-was-upset-cpi-m-didn-t-make-jyoti-basu-pm-sitaram-116041000369_1.html|title=Arjun Singh was upset CPI-M didn't make Jyoti Basu PM: Sitaram|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=10 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/arjun-singh-never-forgave-me-to-for-decision-on-jyoti-basu-yechury-2723906.html|title=Arjun Singh never forgave me to for decision on Jyoti Basu: Yechury |website=Firstpost|date=11 April 2016 }}</ref> The CPI said that Jyoti Basu as Prime Minister was 'worth-trying'.<ref name="Jyoti Basu as Prime Minister was-2016"/>

== Later life ==
=== Post–resignation (2000–2010) ===
[[File:Ashesh Prasad Mitra - Jyoti Basu - Saroj Ghose - Science City - Calcutta 1996-12-21 080.tif|thumb|253x253px|Jyoti Basu with [[Saroj Ghose]] and [[Ashesh Prosad Mitra]] in Calcutta]]

Even after stepping down from the government, Jyoti Basu personally campaigned for the CPI(M) candidate [[Amitava Nandy]] for the Dumdum seat against the incumbent BJP MP (now Union Minister of Telecom and Fertilisers) Tapan Sikdar during the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general elections]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2004 |title=Sikdar sounds bugle for battle against Nandi |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/sikdar-sounds-bugle-for-battle-against-nandi/cid/759461 |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=telegraphindia.com}}</ref> and was said to have been personally satisfied on hearing about Sikdar's defeat in the election.

The 18th congress of CPI(M), held in Delhi in 2005, re-elected Basu to its Politburo, although he had requested acceptance for his retirement. On 13 September 2006, his request for retirement due to age was turned down by the CPI(M), the general secretary [[Prakash Karat]] stated that the party wanted that Basu should continue till at least the 2008 congress.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhaumik|first=Subir|date=11 September 2006|title=Left veteran just wants to retire|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|publisher=BBC|location=Calcutta|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5343190.stm|url-status=live|access-date=6 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126073944/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5343190.stm|archive-date=26 January 2010}}</ref> In the 19th congress held in early April 2008, Basu was eventually dis-included from the Politburo, although his membership in the Central Committee was not revoked. He was also granted the designation of Special Invitee to the Politburo, a form of [[emeritus]] status within the CPI(M).<ref name="Will" /><ref name="Nine">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Manini|date=3 April 2008|title=Nine to none, founders' era ends in CPM|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|location=Calcutta|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080404/jsp/frontpage/story_9094771.jsp|url-status=dead|access-date=6 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221050425/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080404/jsp/frontpage/story_9094771.jsp|archive-date=21 February 2010}}</ref>

==Death==
On 1 January 2010, Basu was admitted to AMRI hospital ([[Bidhannagar, Kolkata]]) after he was diagnosed with [[pneumonia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/jyoti_basu_unwell.php|access-date=6 January 2010|title=Jyoti Basu admitted to hospital|newspaper=[[NDTV]]|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=1 January 2010|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926132449/http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/jyoti_basu_unwell.php|archive-date=26 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Jyoti-Basu-put-on-ventilator-condition-serious/H1-Article1-494282.aspx|access-date=6 January 2010|title=Jyoti Basu put on ventilator, condition serious|location=Kolkata|date=6 January 2010|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|publisher=[[HT Media]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605011134/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Jyoti-Basu-put-on-ventilator-condition-serious/H1-Article1-494282.aspx|archive-date=5 June 2011}}</ref> On 16 January 2010, it was reported that he was suffering from multiple organ failure and that his health condition had become extremely critical. Seventeen days after being taken ill, he died on 17 January 2010 at 11:47 am IST. Biman Bose announced with tears, "Jyoti Babu has left us."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/CPM-patriarch-Jyoti-Basu-passes-away/articleshow/5455079.cms|access-date=17 January 2010|title=CPM patriarch Jyoti Basu passes away|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=17 January 2010|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120082326/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/CPM-patriarch-Jyoti-Basu-passes-away/articleshow/5455079.cms|archive-date=20 January 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh paying homage to the former Chief Minister of West Bengal, late Shri Jyoti Basu, in New Delhi on January 18, 2010.jpg|thumb|255x255px|Condolences by [[Manmohan Singh]] (right) and [[Sitaram Yechury]] (left)]]

The death was followed by public mourning on an unprecedented scale. Draped in the national flag, Basu's body was escorted through the streets of Calcutta on a gun carriage. However, the time schedule went awry in his last moments as lakhs of people thronged the streets of central Kolkata to pay their last respects. Police and volunteers wore a helpless look as a sea of people poured in from every possible corner of the city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/230600/W-Bengal-bids-tearful-adieu-to-Jyoti-Basu.html|access-date=15 August 2010|title=W Bengal bids tearful adieu to Jyoti Basu|newspaper=The Pioneer|date=20 January 2010|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222135926/http://www.dailypioneer.com/230600/W-Bengal-bids-tearful-adieu-to-Jyoti-Basu.html|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The Army escorted the cortege from the State Assembly to the Maidan through Red Road. At Moharkunja Park, arrangements for the state funeral had been made. The army buglers performed the last post as twenty one Gurkha troops fired a 21 volley rifle salute. A day of Mourning was declared nationwide and President [[Pratibha Patil]] along with Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] expressed their condolences.<ref name="Nation mourns Jyoti Basu's death">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Nation-mourns-Jyoti-Basu-s-death/Article1-498569.aspx|access-date=15 August 2010|title=Nation mourns Jyoti Basu's death|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=17 January 2010|location=Kolkata|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606142142/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Nation-mourns-Jyoti-Basu-s-death/Article1-498569.aspx|archive-date=6 June 2011}}</ref>

Being a communist, Basu had pledged to donate his body and eyes for medical research on 4 April 2003 at a function organised by Ganadarpan and Susrut Eye Foundation in Kolkata and not to be burned at a crematorium according to [[Antyesti|Hindu funerary customs]]. His eyes are donated to Susrut Eye Foundation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Basu to donate his body for research|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Basu-to-donate-his-body-for-research-/articleshow/42400996.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517175853/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-04-04/kolkata/27272095_1_body-for-medical-research-jyoti-basu-organs |url-status=live |archive-date=17 May 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]| date=4 April 2003}}</ref> He is survived by his son Chandan, daughter-in-law Rakhi, grand daughters Payel (Mallika Basu), Doyel (Bithika Basu) and Koyel (Juthika Basu),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/masala-moments/cid/497990|title=Masala moments|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=30 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030170616/https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/masala-moments/cid/497990|archive-date=30 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> offspring of his first daughter-in-law Dolly (separated with son Chandan in 1998), and grand son Subhojyoti, offspring of daughter-in-law Rakhi.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/CPM-patriarch-Jyoti-Basu-passes-away/articleshow/5455079.cms | title=CPM patriarch Jyoti-Basu passes away | work=The Times of India | date=17 January 2010 | access-date=17 January 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120082326/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/CPM-patriarch-Jyoti-Basu-passes-away/articleshow/5455079.cms | archive-date=20 January 2010 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Basu's body was kept at 'Peace Haven' for those who wanted to pay their respects. His body was handed over to [[SSKM Hospital]], Kolkata for research on 19 January 2010 around 4:50 pm IST after a [[guard of honour]] at the nearby Moharkunja park (formerly, Citizens' park).<ref>{{cite news| title=Larger than life| newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|location=[[Dhaka]]|access-date=7 June 2010 | date=20 January 2010|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/story.php?nid=122674}}</ref> The hospital authority is considering preserving his brain.<ref>{{cite web|title=Doctors mull preserving Basu's brain|work=sify.com|url=http://sify.com/news/doctors-mull-preserving-jyoti-basu-s-brain-news-national-kbtuNhjgaha.html|date=19 January 2010|access-date=7 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124033655/http://sify.com/news/doctors-mull-preserving-jyoti-basu-s-brain-news-national-kbtuNhjgaha.html|archive-date=24 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Reactions and tributes on his death ===
Basu's death was reacted with grief across the country and in international. Many famous personalities bade their gratitude and condolences in social media and attended his funeral. Some of their statements are listed below:<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/end-of-an-era-nation-mourns-basu-s-death-110011800062_1.html|title=End of an era-nation mourns Basu's death|first=B. S.|last=Reporter|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=18 January 2010|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/leaders-react-to-jyoti-basus-death-409192|title=Leaders react to Jyoti Basu's death|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
*{{flag|India}}
**Former [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]] reacted to his death, "He was a powerful regional voice in the national political scene and had proved to be one of the most ablest administrators and politicians of independent India."
**Former [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] and [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]] of India, [[P. Chidambaram]] stated that "He was a colossus who straddled India's political scene for many decades. Not only the leader of West Bengal, but of India. He was a great patriot, great democrat, great parliamentarian and great source of inspiration. He served the people of India to the best."<ref name="Nation mourns Jyoti Basu's death"/>
** Former [[Indian National Congress|INC]] [[President of the Indian National Congress|president]] [[Sonia Gandhi]] reacted "Shri Jyoti Basu did not go gently into the good night - he fought bravely until his last breath, just as he did throughout his life. And what a rich, fulfilled and glorious life he had!"
**Former [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] commented "He was a towering personality, longest serving chief minister in contemporary period. He was the architect of first [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] government. I developed close intimacy with him from 1960s; have lost a great well-wisher. Country has lost great parliamentarian and a patriot."
**Former [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]]: "He was our guardian. The country has lost a great leader and the Left democratic movement in the country has received a severe blow. He will forever be remembered for his contribution to the country."
**Former [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]] and External Affairs Minister of India, [[S. M. Krishna]] commented "The country has lost a steadfast champion of the causes of underprivileged."
**Former Speaker of the Lok Sabha, [[Somnath Chatterjee]] expressed, "Personally I have lost my father for the second time in Jyoti Basu's death. He was a stalwart, a great leader. He held the CPM fort in West Bengal for a long time."
**Former [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]] and founder of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[L. K. Advani]] commented "He was a stalwart... a great leader. He held the CPM fort in West Bengal for a long time. The Communist movement has been affected. Basu was in the line of great leaders like E M S Namboodiripad, Bhupesh Gupta and Indrajit Gupta. Our ideologies were different. Still, going by his greatness, I respect him and pay my tributes."
**Former [[Chief Minister of Delhi]], [[Sheila Dikshit]] said "Something seems to have snapped, an era. He was a very dignified leader. He ruled over West Bengal for two decades and can't remember a single time when he was controversial. He ruled for 20 years that speaks of the trust and faith that people had in him. He was one of the tallest chief ministers this country has ever seen."
**[[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] commented "He was a tall political figure in the country. He was instrumental behind formation of the Left Front government in West Bengal. He was the first and last chapter of the Left Front government and Left movement."
**Former [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], [[M. Karunanidhi]] stated him as one of the pioneers of the socialist movement.
**Former Finance Minister of India, [[Arun Jaitley]] reacted: "One of the tallest contemporary leaders, devoted to his ideology, with perhaps one of the longest innings in Indian public life. Today is not the time to talk about differences. That's the strength of Indian democracy... it gives space to exist with differences."
**Former External Affairs Minister of India, and [[Chief Minister of Delhi]], [[Sushma Swaraj]]: 'He was a leader of stature and experience. He earned so much love and respect of people that his popularity didn't decline after he stepped down as CM. I didn't have such a direct relationship with him but I've always admired his work culture."
**[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] General Secretary, [[D. Raja]]: "One of the finest leaders with a glorious revolutionary legacy. He was a good chief minister who proved that coalition of left parties worked successfully and would have been a great at national level also."
**Former [[Prime Minister of India]], [[I. K. Gujral]]: "Basu's death is a grave loss for the country."
**[[Ratan Tata]], chairman, [[Tata group]] expressed condolences: "We view his passing with great sorrow. He was a great leader of the Nation and of the State. He will be missed by all."
**[[B. K. Birla]], chairman, B. K. Birla group: "He was an outstanding leader. The whole of India will mourn his death."
**[[R. P. Goenka]], chairman, CESC Ltd: "The turmoil of a great life has finally come to an end. India is poorer on account of the demise of Jyoti Basu."
**[[Venu Srinivasan]], CII president: "The nation has lost one of the tallest leaders and CII is grieved by this great loss to the political leadership of the country. India's longest-serving chief minister Jyoti Basu, served as the chief minister of West Bengal between 1977 and 2000. During his tenure, the state has made significant progress towards inclusive growth and development."

== Electoral history ==
Basu was [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] consecutively five times and every time he was [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Satgachhia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=[1]|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf}}</ref> Before that he was MLA from [[Baranagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baranagar]] seat 6 times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-72-baranagar-hero-regrets-defeating-basu/569021/|title='72 Baranagar hero regrets defeating Basu – Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Election of 1952-1996
!Election
year
!Office
held
!Constituency
!Party affiliation
! Result
|-
| [[West Bengal State Assembly Election of 1952|1952]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly]]
|[[Baranagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baranagar]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
| style="background:#00FF80"|Won
|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly]]
|[[Baranagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baranagar]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|style="background:#00FF80"|Won
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly]]
|[[Baranagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baranagar]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|style="background:#00FF80"|Won
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly]]
|[[Baranagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baranagar]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|style="background:#00FF80"|Won
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly]]
|[[Baranagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baranagar]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|style="background:#00FF80"|Won
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly]]
|[[Baranagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baranagar]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|style="background:#00FF80"|Won
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly]]
|[[Baranagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baranagar]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|style="background:#FF6666"|Lost
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly]]
|[[Satgachhia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satgachhia]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|style="background:#00FF80"|Won
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly]]
|[[Satgachhia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satgachhia]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|style="background:#00FF80"|Won
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly]]
|[[Satgachhia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satgachhia]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|style="background:#00FF80"|Won
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly]]
|[[Satgachhia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satgachhia]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|style="background:#00FF80"|Won
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly]]
|[[Satgachhia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satgachhia]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|style="background:#00FF80"|Won
|}

==Positions held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year || Position || Place/organisation || Belonging party || Remark ||Ref(s)
|-
|1941
| Secretary
|Bengal Assam Railroad Workers' Union
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|Basu was the first secretary of the union, after it formed
|<ref name="Life Sketch Of Jyoti Basu-2010">{{Cite web|url=https://cpim.org/content/life-sketch-jyoti-basu|title=Life Sketch Of Jyoti Basu|date=17 January 2010|website=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}</ref>
|-
|1943
| Representative
| Calcutta Port Engineering Worker's Union, [[All India Trade Union Congress]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|
|<ref name="Sen-2010"/>
|-
|1944
|Secretary
|Friends of Soviet Union and Anti-Fascist Writers' Association, Kolkata
|
|
|<ref name="Life Sketch Of Jyoti Basu-2010"/>
|-
|1944
|General Secretary
|Bengal Nagpur Railway Worker's Union
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|
|<ref name="Pandey-2019" /><ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" />
|-
|1944
|General Secretary
|Bengal Delhi Railway Worker's Union
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|General secretary of the combined union of Bengal Delhi Railway Worker's Uniona and Bengal Nagpur Railway Worker's Union
|<ref name="Obituary-2010" /><ref name="Jyoti Basu-2010-2" />
|-
|1944
|Secretary
|[[All India Railwaymen's Federation]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|
|{{Sfn|Chakrabarty|2014|p=259}}
|-
|1946
|Member of [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
|Railway employees constituency, [[Bengal Presidency]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|Railway employees constituency is under [[Bengal Presidency]] of British India
|
|-
|1949
|Vice-president
|[[All India Railwaymen's Federation]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|
|<ref name="Bandyopadhyay-2009-2"/>
|-
|1951
|President
|Editorial board, ''Swadhinata''
||[[Communist Party of India]]
|
|<ref name="Chattopadhyay-2010" />
|-
|1952
|[[Member of legislative assembly|MLA]]
|[[Baranagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baranagar]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|
|1st Legislative Assembly in the state of West Bengal
|-
|1952
| General Secretary
| State committee, [[Communist Party of India]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|He held the position up to January 1961
|<ref name="Life Sketch Of Jyoti Basu-2010"/>
|-
|1952
|[[Leader of the Opposition]]
|[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|1st Legislative Assembly in the state of West Bengal
|
|-
|1957
|[[Member of legislative assembly|MLA]]
|[[Baranagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baranagar]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|2nd Legislative Assembly in the state of West Bengal
|
|-
|1962
|[[Member of legislative assembly|MLA]]
|[[Baranagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baranagar]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|3rd Legislative Assembly in the state of West Bengal
|
|-
|1964
|Founding member
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|
|
|
|-
|1964
|Member
|[[Politburo of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|
|
|-
|1965
|Founding editor
|[[People's Democracy (newspaper)|People's Democracy]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|
|
|-
|1967
|[[Member of legislative assembly|MLA]]
|[[Baranagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baranagar]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|4th Legislative Assembly in the state of West Bengal
|
|-
|1969
|[[Member of legislative assembly|MLA]]
|[[Baranagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baranagar]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|5th Legislative Assembly in the state of West Bengal
|
|-
|1970
|Vice-president
|[[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|Basu continued in position up to his death
|<ref name="Life Sketch Of Jyoti Basu-2010"/>
|-
|1971
|[[Member of legislative assembly|MLA]]
|[[Baranagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baranagar]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|6th Legislative Assembly in the state of West Bengal
|
|-
|1977
|[[Member of legislative assembly|MLA]]
|[[Satgachhia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satgachhia]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|8th Legislative Assembly in the state of West Bengal
|
|-
|1982
|[[Member of legislative assembly|MLA]]
|[[Satgachhia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satgachhia]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|9th Legislative Assembly in the state of West Bengal
|
|-
|1987
|[[Member of legislative assembly|MLA]]
|[[Satgachhia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satgachhia]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|10th Legislative Assembly in the state of West Bengal
|
|-
|1991
|[[Member of legislative assembly|MLA]]
|[[Satgachhia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satgachhia]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|11th Legislative Assembly in the state of West Bengal
|
|-
|1996
|[[Member of legislative assembly|MLA]]
|[[Satgachhia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satgachhia]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|12th Legislative Assembly in the state of West Bengal
|
|}

==Awards and honours==
===Awards===
*''Mother Teresa award'' (2001)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/jyoti-basu-receives-mother-teresa-award/articleshow/115781339.cms|title=Jyoti Basu receives Mother Teresa award | Kolkata News |website=The Times of India|date=13 July 2001 }}</ref>
*Special honour from [[Institute of Advanced Studies in Education]] (2005)
*"Doctor of Law", 2007, from [[University of Calcutta]]<ref name="MM">{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/it-is-dr-jyoti-basu-now/articleshow/15702707.cms|title=It is Dr Jyoti Basu now|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>

Basu was slated to given ''D.Litt'' degree, from [[University of Calcutta]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/basu-accepts-cu-honour/articleshow/1965770.cms|title=Basu accepts CU honour | Kolkata News |website=The Times of India|date=27 April 2007 }}</ref> but he declined it.<ref name="MM"/>

===Honours===
==== National Honours ====
*{{flag|India}}
**[[Guard of honour]] (2010)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Kolkata-set-to-give-Basu-the-last-salute/article16838213.ece|title=Kolkata set to give Basu the last salute|first=Raktima|last=Bose|newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 January 2010|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2010/Jan/19/india-bids-tumultuous-adieu-to-jyoti-basu-162095.html|title=India bids tumultuous adieu to Jyoti Basu |website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=8 May 2012 }}</ref>
**[[21-gun salute]] (2010)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/communist-song-flag-dominate-state-funeral/|title=Communist song, flag dominate state funeral|date=20 January 2010|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

Jyoti Basu was selected to be honoured with [[Bharat Ratna]], the highest civilian award of India, in 2008. Basu refused to take it.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/cpm-not-to-seek-bharat-ratna-for-jyoti-basu-22192-2008-01-12|title=CPM not to seek Bharat Ratna for Jyoti Basu|date=January 14, 2008 |magazine=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/im-not-in-the-run-for-bharat-ratna/articleshow/2695776.cms|title='I'm not in the run for Bharat Ratna' | Kolkata News |website=The Times of India|date=13 January 2008 }}</ref> Basu was also given Civilian award in [[Kolkata Town Hall|Calcutta Municipal Town Hall]] on 15 July 2005, but he refused to take it.

====Foreign honours====
*{{flag|Bangladesh}}:
** [[Awards and decorations of the Bangladesh Liberation War|Friends of Liberation War Honour]] (2012)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/castro-basu-among-those-honoured-by-bangladesh/article4544641.ece|title=Castro, Basu among those honoured by Bangladesh|first=Haroon|last=Habib|newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 March 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Published books==
*''Janaganer Sange: A Political Memoir'', autobiography, two volumes<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDVuAAAAMAAJ|title=Jyoti Basu with the People: A Political Memoir|first=Jyoti|last=Basu|date=17 January 1997|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors|isbn=9788174761729|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="Jyoti Basu-2">{{Cite web|url=https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd8fC9yWvb9rwDXMHC4v3.html|title=Jyoti Basu|website=id.oclc.org|accessdate=25 June 2023}}</ref> (articles written by Jyoti Basu in [[Ganashakti]], published as a book)
*''Jatadur Mone pore'', autobiography<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/news-makers/story/20170925-jyoti-basu-communist-party-of-india-marxist-west-bengal-1044935-2017-09-15|title=The red star: Jyoti Basu shaped modern India, but history has not been kind to him|website=India Today|date=15 September 2017 }}</ref>
*''MEMORIES: The Ones That Have Lasted, a political autobiography''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=46BuAAAAMAAJ|title=Memoirs, a Political Autobiography|first=Jyoti|last=Basu|date=1999|publisher=National Book Agency|isbn=9788176260541|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="Jyoti Basu-2"/>
*''Bamfront Sarkar 15 Years'', 1993<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/364146244/Bamfront-Sarkar-15-Years-Jyoti-Basu|title=Bamfront Sarkar 15 Years-Jyoti Basu | PDF|website=Scribd}}</ref>
*''People's power in practice : 20 years of Left Front in West Bengal''<ref name="Jyoti Basu-2"/>
*''Jyoti Basu speaks''<ref name="Jyoti Basu-2"/>
*''Subversion of parliamentary democracy in West Bengal''<ref name="Jyoti Basu-2"/>

== Personal life ==
Jyoti Basu married twice. His first wife Basanti died within two years of their marriage in 1942.<ref name="Pandey-2019" /><ref name="Jyoti Basu-2010-3" /> In 1948, he married Basanti's sister Kamala Basu, who died on 1 October 2003. Together, they had only one son, Subhabrata (also known as Chandan), who was born in 1952. Unlike his father, Chandan has no association with either politics or communism, and is a businessman. Chandan has been hounded by allegations levied by the both [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and [[Trinamool Congress]] of being a beneficiary of nepotism, which he has denied repeatedly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19821231-subhabrata-basu-son-of-fire-eating-marxist-jyoti-basu-772506-2013-07-30|title=Subhabrata Basu: Son of fire-eating Marxist Jyoti Basu|website=India Today|date=31 December 1982}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/bengals-little-big-lamp/205517/amp|title=Bengal's Little Big Lamp}}</ref>

In 1988, [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] leader [[Jatin Chakraborty|Jatindra Chandra Chakraborty]] was forced to step down from his position as PWD Minister by [[CPI(M)]] following him raising allegations of nepotism against Jyoti Basu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19881130-west-bengal-rsp-leader-jatin-chakraborty-resigns-under-pressure-797937-1988-11-29|title=West Bengal: RSP leader Jatin Chakraborty resigns under pressure|website=India Today|date=30 November 1988}}</ref> in what became known as the 'Bengal Lamp Scam' (in which he revealed financial irregularities on the part of Chief Minister Basu assigning a consignment of streetlights to a [[Jadavpur]] based loss-making firm called 'Bengal Lamp' where his son Chandan was employed at that time).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-09 |title=Darkness shrouds Bengal Lamp families |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/darkness-shrouds-bengal-lamp-families/articleshow/34846388.cms |access-date=2024-05-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Although being an atheist and a staunch communist, Basu never [[Marxist–Leninist atheism|interfered with the religious freedom]] of his second wife Kamala, who was described by her son Chandan to be a deeply religious woman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/kolkata/jyoti-basu-s-son-chandan-basu-gives-gold-steep-to-kalighat-temple-1.263001|title='মায়ের হাতে' খাঁড়া দিয়ে ধন্য জ্যোতিবাবুর ছেলে|website=Ananadabazar Patrika|date=16 December 2015}}</ref>

After joining the CPI, Basu was disinherited by his father from their residence at 55A, Hindusthan Park in [[Gariahat]] locality of [[South Kolkata]], so he lived in the houses of his friends. After becoming chief minister, Basu lived in a guest house owned by the state government in [[Bidhannagar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/basu-home-turns-guesthouse-former-chief-minister-s-son-puts-hindustan-park-property-to-use/cid/599786|title=Basu home turns guesthouse – Former chief minister's son puts Hindustan Park property to use}}</ref>

==Recognition==

An admirer of [[Vladimir Lenin]], [[Joseph Stalin]] and [[Karl Marx]],<ref>{{cite book|title=New Approach: Collector's copy|year=1996|author=Sekhar Basu Roy|page=117|url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no99-34179/}}</ref> Jyoti Basu is regarded as one of the most successful politicians in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/Jyoti-Basu-The-Marxist-who-almost-became-Indias-PM/article16840016.ece|title=Jyoti Basu: The Marxist who almost became India's PM|date=2010|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> His reign of 23 years in West Bengal as the Chief Minister was counted as the longest serving chief minister in India until this record was broken by [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/apr/29/sikkims-pawan-chamling-becomes-longest-serving-chief-minister-surpasses-former-west-bengal-chief-m-1807917.html|title=Sikkim's Pawan Chamling becomes longest serving Chief Minister, surpasses former West Bengal Chief Minister Jyoti Basu|date=29 April 2018|publisher=New Indian Express}}</ref>

In 2010, Rajarhat New Town was named after Jyoti Basu as "Jyoti Basu Nagar" in the presence of then chief minister [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Town-named-after-Jyoti-Basu/article15773178.ece|title=Town named after Jyoti Basu|first=Ananya|last=Dutta|newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 October 2010|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

The [[Government of Bangladesh]] created the 201-member "Comrade Jyoti Basu Nagarik Sangsad" in the name of Basu, featuring Chief Justice of [[Bangladesh Supreme Court]] [[Muhammad Habibur Rahman]] as Convener.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bongnews24x7.com/special-copy-about-comrade-jyoti-basu/|title=স্মরণে জ্যোতি বোস, জন্মদিনে রইল শ্রদ্ধার্ঘ্য!|date=8 July 2021|website=Bongnews24X7.Com}}</ref><ref>Doinik Ittefauq, [[Dhaka]], 26 January, p. 19–20</ref>

A research institute has been named after Jyoti Basu named "Jyoti Basu Centre of Social Studies and Research" in [[New Town, Kolkata|Newtown]], West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/land-allotted-for-research-unit-in-jyoti-basu-name-in-new-town/cid/1823483|title=Land allotted for research unit in Jyoti Basu name in New Town|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

==Legacy==

Jyoti Basu has been praised for<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/the-genius-of-jyoti-basu/article64755648.ece|title=The genius of Jyoti Basu|date=30 May 2021 }}</ref>

* implementing land reforms which led to a huge boost in agricultural productivity of the state
* democratisation of [[panchayati raj in India|panchayati raj]] institutions of the state
* maintaining communal harmony in midst of the [[Ayodhya dispute|''Ram-mandir'' agitation]] and [[Mandal Commission protests of 1990|Mandal Commission agitation]]
* establishing the [[Haldia Industrial Belt]], [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]], [[Salt Lake Electronics Complex]] and [[Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station]]
* maintaining political stability in the state in midst of [[Naxalite-Maoist insurgency]]

Following the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|end]] of [[Left Front (West Bengal)|34-years of unbroken Communist rule in West Bengal]] which he had initiated in 1977, a year and a half after his death, despite him drafting various important social reforms, many criticized him for his controversial practices during being in power as the CM of West Bengal, listed below are some allegations which are inflicted against him:-<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://himalini.com/en/when-jyoti-basus-life-offers-a-lesson-for-mamata-banerjee.html|title=When Jyoti Basu's Life Offers A Lesson For Mamata Banerjee|date=12 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/1033553/ramachandra-guha-cpi-m-s-jyoti-basu-offers-a-cautionary-tale-for-the-bjps-narendra-modi|title=Ramachandra Guha: Parallels between CPI(M)'s Jyoti Basu and BJP's Narendra Modi are cause for alarm|date=25 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/india-needs-a-party-like-cpim-but-it-finds-no-takers-outside-kolkata-colleges-now/701753/|title=India needs a party like CPI(M). But it finds no takers outside Kolkata colleges now|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=24 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1999/aug/02varsha.htm|title=Varsha Bhosle on Jyoti Basu's claims to taintlessness}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://drishtibhongi.in/2020/07/07/jyoti-basu-controversies/|title=বহু বিতর্কে কালিমালিপ্ত জ্যোতি বসুর শাসনকাল|date=7 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/controversies-that-dogged-the-pragmatic-chief-minister/cid/555483|title=Controversies that dogged the pragmatic chief minister}}</ref>

* causing massive [[deindustrialisation]] of the state due to his unwavering support to incessant ''[[gherao]]''s and ''[[bandh]]s'' of Communist labour unions in the name of protecting [[Labour rights in India|labour rights]]
* initiating [[brain drain]] by abolishing English education at primary level in schools run by the state government in the name of [[anti-imperialism]] and opposing application of computers over unsubstantiated fears of increasing [[technological unemployment|unemployment]]
* fostering favouritism by meting out preferential treatment of loyal party cadres over competent non-Communist people
* creation of a ''party-society'' by asserting dominance of conservative party ideologues in every sphere of life, most notably in bureaucratic appointments and universities
* legitimisation of political violence through his semi-[[Stalinism|Stalinist]] style of ruling
* authorisation of police brutalities against dissidents as seen in [[Marichjhapi massacre]] and [[1993 Kolkata firing]]
* refusal to condemn or even take action against CPI(M) cadres committing acts of terror like the [[Sainbari murder]], [[Bijon Setu massacre]], [[1990 Bantala rape case]], [[1991 Kandua hand-chopping]] and [[Nanoor massacre]]

Critics state that Jyoti Basu's legacy consists of:

* [[loadshedding]] (which became rampant throughout the state since his tenure as deputy CM under Ajoy Mukherjee in 1967 and continued to plague the state throughout Communist rule)
* floods (caused due to lack of development in rural areas fostered by the culture of favouritism towards fellow partymen)
* [[Nandan (Kolkata)|Nandan]] (the only major contribution of Basu's government to the city of Kolkata which saw massive deindustrialisation and political violence under his rule)
* the corporate empire of his son Chandan only<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/cm-for-23-years-pm-that-never-was/568376/lite/|title=CM for 23 years, PM that never was|date=18 January 2010 }}</ref>

==In popular culture==
[[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]] along with Haldia Regional Committee released an album on Jyoti Basu in 2000.

In 2005, Gautam Ghosh made a documentary film named ''Jyoti Basur Sange'' (trans. "A journey with Jyoti Basu"), which was screened at Nandan on 31 April 2005 and at another auditorium in Memari.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ive-framed-history-in-basu-film-goutam/articleshow/5474819.cms|title=I've framed history in Basu film: Goutam | Kolkata News |website=The Times of India|date=19 January 2010 }}</ref> The film tracks Basu's childhood days in Bangladesh, student life in London and political career in Calcutta. The writer Goutam Ghose trailed Jyoti Basu for eight years, from 1997 to 2004, across campaigns and countries for making the documentary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/a-journey-with-him-the-man-who-fascinated-goutam-ghose/cid/1267828|title=A journey with him – The man who fascinated Goutam Ghose|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

In 2006, a [[Compact disk|CD]] collection was released, based on interviews with Basu, named ''Antaranga Jyoti Basu''.

==See also==
* [[List of chief ministers from the Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
* [[List of people associated with the London School of Economics]]
* [[List of Kolkata Presidencians]]
*[[Left Front (West Bengal)]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
<references />

==External links==
{{Sister project links|display=Jyoti Basu|wikt=no|c=Jyoti Basu|commonscat=Jyoti Basu|n=no|q=no|s=no|author=no|b=no|voy=no|v=no|d=y|position=right}}
* {{Britannica|1661850}}
* [http://www.andrewwhitehead.net/communist-voices-jyoti-basu.html A 1992 interview with Jyoti Basu, particularly about how he became a Communist]
* {{cite web| title=The Legacy of Jyoti Basu| author= Menon, Ramdas|date= 28 January 2010| url=http://newindianexpress.com/opinion/article411750.ece| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816223248/http://www.newindianexpress.com/opinion/article411750.ece| url-status=dead| archive-date=16 August 2016}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]]
| title = [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]]
| years = 1977–2000
| after = [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]]
}}
{{S-ppo-cpim}}
{{succession box
| before = ''Seat established''
| title = Member of the politburo of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| years = 1965–2008
| after = –
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Politics|Communism}}{{Chief Ministers of West Bengal}}
{{Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basu, Jyoti}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Anti-revisionists]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Anti-Americanism]]
[[Category:Indian communists]]
[[Category:Indian anti-capitalists]]
[[Category:Indian anti-imperialists]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1946–1947]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1947–1951]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1951–1957]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1967–1969]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1969–1971]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1971–1972]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1977–1982]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in India]]
[[Category:Deaths from multiple organ failure]]
[[Category:Marxist theorists]]
[[Category:Marxist humanists]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]

Vipin Vijay

2026-02-16T18:30:49Z

Sanjanadalvi: Made initial details first draft

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter (born 1977)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
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{{multiple issues|
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{{Infobox person
| name = Vipin Vijay
| image = Director Vipin Vijay.jpg
| imagesize =
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| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1977}}
| birth_place = [[Kannur]], [[Kerala State]], India
| death_date =
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| othername =
| occupation = Film director, screenwriter
| yearsactive =
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}}
'''Vipin Vijay''' (born 1977) is an Indian film director and screenwriter. He received his post-graduate degree in filmmaking from the [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]] SRFTI, Calcutta. He received the Charles Wallace Arts Award for research at the British Film Institute, London, 2003.<ref>[http://www.britishcouncil.in/study-uk/scholarships/charles-wallace-india-trust-scholarships Charles Wallace India Trust Scholarships] British Council India</ref> Vipin is the recipient of "The Sanskriti Award" (2007) for social & cultural achievement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/sanskriti-awards-announced/article1932702.ece|title = Sanskriti Awards announced|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 19 October 2007}}</ref>
His works are made under independent codes and defy any categorisation eluding all traditional genre definitions and merge experimental film, documentary, essay, fiction all into one.<ref>[http://www.kurzfilmtage.de/en/festival/looking-back/2015/profiles/#c32875 Profiles]kurzfilmtage.de {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708180706/http://www.kurzfilmtage.de/en/festival/looking-back/2015/profiles/#c32875 |date=8 July 2015 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Vipin Vijay was born in Kannur and grew up in Calicut (Kozhikode) Kerala.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} His father, Dr. E. Vijayan Nair was a professor in the Department of mechanical engineering at the [[National Institute of Technology]], Calicut. His schooling was at [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]], Calicut (Kozhikode). Vipin graduated from [[St. Joseph's College, Devagiri]], Calicut.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

==Career in film ==
His diploma film at [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]] titled ''Unmathabudham Jagath'' (''The Egotic World'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mubi.com/films/egotic-world|title = Egotic World}}</ref> was based on the text of [[Yoga Vasishta]]. The film won the Kodak International film school competition in 2002. Film critic and author [[Amrit Gangar]] has cited the film as one among the ten best experimental Indian films ever made.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thebigindianpicture.com/2013/06/their-experiments-with-truth/|title = THEIR EXPERIMENTS WITH TRUTH | the Big Indian Picture}}</ref> The film premiered at the competition section of the [[International Short Film Festival Oberhausen]], 2001.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150707163910/http://www.filmindiaworldwide.com/2015/03/61-st-international-shortfilm-festival.html 61st International Short Film Festival]}}filmindiaworldwide.com March 2015 </ref> The film was screened in festivals including [[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]], Montreal, Mumbai International short and Animation film festival [[Mumbai International Film Festival|MIFF]], [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] and [[International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI).{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

The film premiered at the [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]] (IFFR),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmfestivalrotterdam.com/en/films/kshurasyadhara/|title = Homepagina | IFFR| date=3 October 2024 }}</ref> 2002 and was shown in film festivals at Tehran, Milan, International Film Festival of Kerala, MIFF. ''Kshurasyadhara'' won the best Malayalam film commendation award 2001, Indian Documentary Producer's Association (IDPA), Best Director Award of the Kerala State Film & TV Awards 2001, and the National Jury award of the Mumbai International short and Animation film festival (MIFF) in 2002. ''Kshurasyadhara'' is now a part of permanent archives at the United States [[Library of Congress (film)|Library of Congress]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

''Hawamahal''<ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160317081904/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scTagpPePXA| archive-date = 2016-03-17| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scTagpPePXA| title = YouTube, a Google company | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> (''Palace of the Winds'', 2003) was produced by the Public Service Broadcasting Trust (PSBT). Hawamahal was showcased in International Film Festival Rotterdam,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmfestivalrotterdam.com/en/films/palace-of-the-winds/|title=Homepagina | IFFR|date=3 October 2024 }}</ref> New York, Karachi, Beverly Chicago Arts Center,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beverlyartcenter.org/ |title=Home |website=beverlyartcenter.org}}</ref> [[Ullens Center for Contemporary Art]], Beijing, [[Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive]] and is archived at the US Library of Congress. The film won the best film, [[John Abraham (Director)]] National Award.

''Video Game'' (2006),<ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211209/9IRdNEL7-rk| archive-date = 2021-12-09| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9IRdNEL7-rk| title = Video Game | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iffr.com/en/films/video-game|title = Homepagina | IFFR| date=3 October 2024 }}</ref> produced by Public Service Broadcasting Trust (PSBT), premiered at the Tiger awards competition for short films.<ref>[https://www.iffr.com/en/about/awards-and-jury/tiger-awards-competition-for-short-films/ Tiger Awards for short films] iffr.com</ref> ''Video Game'' is the first Indian film to win a short Tiger Award", 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iffr.com/professionals/the_festival/news-archive/short_tiger_winners/|title=Homepagina | IFFR|date=3 October 2024 }}</ref>

The citation of the jury says that “Video Game is yet another illustration that there's more to the cinema of India than can be contained with the received wisdom which seeks to encompass it by reference to a dualism opposing Satyajit Ray to Bollywood. Video Game shows a relentless, complex
post-modern intelligence as it processes everything within its view, within its memory, within its wide range of cultural references. Its title is an index to this complexity, as it evokes not only digital game space as an aspect of the real, but the pursuit of video within the understanding of a game, replete with strategies, movements, and countermovements. A new kind of road, indeed.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iffr.com/professionals/the_festival/news-archive/short_tiger_winners|title = Homepagina | IFFR| date=3 October 2024 }}</ref>

The film also won the best film, Golden Pearl Award, [[Hyderabad International Film Festival]], India 2007 and the John Abraham National Award 2006. The film was shown at International Documentary Film Festival Zagreb, Croatia,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zagrebdox.net/en/2015/home|title=Home / 2015 / ZAGREBDOX International documentary film festival|website=zagrebdox.net|accessdate=7 January 2024}}</ref> [[Centre Georges Pompidou]] and International Short Film Festival Oberhausen (2007)

The documentary ''Poomaram'' (''A Flowering Tree'', 2007) based on the feminist author [[Judy Grahn]]'s work ''Blood Bread and Roses'' premiered at International Film Festival Rotterdam, 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmfestivalrotterdam.com/professionals/films/poomaram/|title=Homepagina | IFFR|date=3 October 2024 }}</ref>
''Poomaram'' was part of the Indian panorama 2007 [[IFFI]] Goa. The film won the national film award 2007 in the non-feature category.
In 2007, Vipin was invited by the [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]] to make the signature film for the International Film Festival of Kerala. The one-minute film named ''Broken Glass, Torn Film'' created a huge debate amongst the cineaste at the time of the film festival.

In 2009, he made a seven-minute silent film titled ''A Perfumed Garden'' which was part of the Indian-Highway<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.serpentinegalleries.org/exhibitions-events/indian-highway|title = Indian Highway}}</ref> project premiered at [[Serpentine Galleries]], London. Indian Highway showcased a snapshot of a vibrant generation of contemporary artists working across a range of media in India. The exhibition has since become hugely successful and travelled all over the world.

In 2010, Vipin scripted and directed the fiction feature film ''[[Chitrasutram]]'' (''The Image Threads'') which was in competition for the prestigious Tiger Awards at the International Film Festival Rotterdam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmfestivalrotterdam.com/en/films/chitra-sutram/|title = Homepagina | IFFR| date=3 October 2024 }}</ref> The film produced by Unknown Films was supported by the Hubert Bals film fund, the global film initiative and the Goteborg film fund. The screenplay of the film was selected at the [[Festival des 3 Continents]], Nantes, Paris. ''Chitrasutram'' featured in various festivals around the world including Goteborg, Vladivostok,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vladivostokfilmfestival.ru/en/archive/film/1013/|title = Vladivostok International Film Festival}}</ref> Copenhagen, Kerala, São Paulo, SAIFF,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://twitchfilm.com/2010/10/saiff-2010-the-image-threads-chitra-sutram-review.html |title=SAIFF 2010: THE IMAGE THREADS (CHITRA SUTRAM) Review: {{!}} Twitch |website=twitchfilm.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305232314/http://twitchfilm.com/2010/10/saiff-2010-the-image-threads-chitra-sutram-review.html |archive-date=2014-03-05}}</ref> New York, Summer Institute in Film at York University.<ref>[http://www.yorku.ca/yuevents/index.asp?Event=29511/ York University Events] {{dead link|date=January 2024}}</ref> The film won four Kerala state film awards and one national film awards. It won the Hassankutty award for the best debut film at [[IFFK]], Kerala, apart from the Padmarajan Puraskaram for best film and screenplay, and a special mention, John Abraham national awards.

He made a documentary Vishaparvam or Venomous Folds 2012 for PSBT, New Delhi. The film had its world premiere in the international competition section at the International Short Film Festival Oberhausen international film festival 2013 and since has been shown in the Indian panorama at [[IFFI]], Goa 2013, [[Signes de Nuit]], Paris, International Film Festival Rotterdam, 2014. It won the main award in the below 45 minutes category at the Festival Signes de Nuit, Paris, France.<ref>[http://www.signesdenuit.com/paris/P11/E_CI_D_08.html Festival Signes de Nuit] {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

In 2012, Vipin traveled throughout south India making a four-hour long documentary film, tracing the advent of Jaina heritage in south India, supported by a project initiated by the Bharatvarshiya Digambar Jain Tirthkshetra Committee, Mumbai.

In 2014 he completed a documentary film, ''Feet Upon the Ground'', on the creative world of Shri [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]], for the [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]], New Delhi as part of their "Great Masters" series.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

61st International Short Film Festival Oberhausen 2015, Germany honoured him with a profile, showcasing his body of works.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kurzfilmtage.de/en/festival/sections/profiles.html |title=Profiles - Internationale Kurzfilmtage Oberhausen |website=www.kurzfilmtage.de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323155809/https://www.kurzfilmtage.de/en/festival/sections/profiles.html |archive-date=2018-03-23}}</ref>

International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala (IDSFFK) 2016 showed his works in the "Filmmaker in Focus" section.
<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://idsffk.in/2017/06/13/vipin-vijay/|title=Vipin Vijay|newspaper=13Th Idsffk }}</ref>

His fiction feature film titled ''Prathibhasam'' (Malayalam) was completed in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/To-Goa/article16442838.ece|title = To Goa|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 11 November 2016}}</ref>

Vipin is developing a fiction film{{As of?|date=November 2021}} set in Kerala tracing the roots of the ethnic and cultural memory of a community set in Cochin, Kerala. The film titled ''Chavunilam'' (''A Voice from Elsewhere'') won the Incredible India award <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dearcinema.com/article/vipin-Vijays-project-wins-incredible-india-development-award-at-film-bazaar-2012/2644|title=Vipin Vijay's project wins incredible India development award|website=dearcinema.com|access-date=27 February 2014|archive-date=27 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227150723/http://dearcinema.com/article/vipin-vijays-project-wins-incredible-india-development-award-at-film-bazaar-2012/2644|url-status=dead}}</ref> for the Most Promising Project of the Co-production market, 2012 at the Film bazaar, International Film Festival of India, Goa, 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmbazaarindia.com/market-info/ |title=Market Info {{!}} www.filmbazaarindia.com |website=filmbazaarindia.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010122758/http://www.filmbazaarindia.com/market-info/ |archive-date=2011-10-10}}</ref>

==Sexual harassment allegations==

In 2024, when Vijay was dean at Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute, complaints were made that he had sexually harassed a student and two staff at the institute.<ref name="a837">{{cite news| title=Filmmaker Vipin Vijay's reinstatement as Dean of SRFTI revoked|first=Mohar|last=Basu| work=Mid-day| date=24 September 2025 | url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/filmmaker-vipin-vijay-reinstatement-as-dean-of-srfti-revoked--23593404 | access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref> The institute upheld the complaints and sacked him as dean, banning him from the campus.<ref name="a837"/> Vijay challenged the process in the High Court of Calcutta, which declined to interfere with the complaint process, but asked that Vijay be allowed to cross-examine witnesses. They also instructed the Institute to refrain from coercive measures against Vijay. <ref name="m406">{{cite web | title=HC refuses to interfere in SRFTI panel report on sex harassment plaint | website=West Bengal news and information | date=24 December 2024 | url=https://bengalinfo.com/newsdetail.php?newsid=351825 | access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref> He was then reinstated as dean in September 2025, and removed from post again a few days later following student protests.<ref name="a837"/>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name of film !!Year !! Length
|-
| ''The Egotic World''|| 2000|| 32 mins
|-
| ''The Razor's Edge''|| 2001|| 30 mins
|-
| ''Palace of the Winds''|| 2004|| 60 mins
|-
| ''Video Game''|| 2006|| 30 mins
|-
| ''A Flowering Tree''|| 2007|| 60 mins
|-
| ''Broken Glass, Torn Film''|| 2007|| 1 min
|-
| ''A Perfumed Garden''|| 2007|| 7 mins
|-
| ''The Image Threads''|| 2010|| 104 mins
|-
| ''Venomous Folds''|| 2012|| 30 mins
|-
| ''Feet Upon the Ground''|| 2014|| 175 mins
|-
| ''Prathibhasam''|| 2018|| 150 mins
|-
| ''Tumbling Dice''|| 2018|| 57 mins
|-
| ''A Voice from Elsewhere''|| Pre-production ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=4364265 |name=Vipin Vijay}}
* [http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/cinema/aesthetic-struggle-alone-matters/article5189540.ece Aesthetic struggle alone matters]frontline.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224134855/http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/cinema/aesthetic-struggle-alone-matters/article5189540.ece |date=24 February 2014 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vipin Vijay}}
[[Category:Cinematographers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Artists from Kannur]]
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]
[[Category:People from Thalassery]]
[[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Kendriya Vidyalaya alumni]]
[[Category:Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute alumni]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]

Deepak Haldankar

2026-02-16T03:19:04Z

Sanjanadalvi: Starting New Details!

{{short description|Indian film director and cinematographer (born 1947)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{multiple issues|
{{Inline|date=May 2010}}
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[[File: Deepak haldankar.jpg|thumb|Deepak Haldankar]]
'''Deepak Haldankar''' (born 17 December 1947) is an Indian film director and cinematographer. He was the first Indian director cinematographer to shoot 35mm [[Eastmancolor]] films in Antarctica. The film "Exploration Antarctica" won an award at the Toulon Maritime film festival, France, in 1987. He covered two Mount Everest expeditions in 1984 and 1985. He won national awards for a film about the Indian [[Mount Everest]] expeditions in 1984, featuring the first Indian woman to climbed Mount Everest ([[Bachendri Pal]]).

==Early life and education==
Haldankar was born on 17 December 1947 at [[Dharwad]], Karnatak State and brought up in [[Mumbai]], India.

==Career==
He photographed his first films in 1970 "The Flying Sikh -Milkha Singh","Arming the Mountains" directed by S.P. Ganguli produced by [[Films Division]] Government of India. Compiled Kailash Mansarovar Yatra film for Swami Amar Jotijee, photographed "Kalakar Namaskar" Tribute to Great Indian Masters series on RajaRaviVerma, M.F.Hussen, Kulkarni, Laxman Pai, Soza, Dave, Aparna Kaur, S.K.Arayan and many others produced and directed by Chandramani Kohli for Doordarshan. Photographed "Gift of Love" a film on dowry deaths directed by Meera Dewan for Films Division won eleven international awards. Some of the important films photographed are A Day With Prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi and M.N.Roy. Photographed 35mm Eastman colour film (biographical film) on the Life of "Kavi Neeraj" the songwriter, who wrote 125 songs and out of which 120 were super hit in the Indian cinema. This film was directed by Gurbir Singh Grewal for Films Division Government of India.

A film directed and photographed on Shri. Bhavarlal Jain, Padmashree & Dr.Tony Vohra, MBE both started and now own industrial empires in Jalgon, India and UK.

Worked with Dr. Alok Adholeya, Head of the mycorrhiza department, director, Biotechnology & Management of Bioresources Division The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) New Delhi, India, on their mycorrhiza project at Korba.
Directed and photographed many films on organic cultivation for Dr.Tony Vohra. Eastend Foods, England, Shri Mukesh Gupta, Executive Director, Morarka Foundation, which works in the rural areas in the field of organic farming, Jaipur, Rajasthan.

Haldankar covered two Indian army rafting expeditions on the river [[Ganges]] led by Major D.N. Das in 1982 and covered Hovercraft expedition, went upstream on the Ganges led by Dr. [[Michel Peissel]] of France in 1979 – 1980.

He covered two motorcycle expeditions (Bajajmotorcycles )to Siachin base camp. He covered thousands of news stories for [[Indian News Review]] in India and abroad and hundreds of documentary films on 35mm Eastmancolor. He represented India with the film ''Where time stands still'' to Leipzig, Bilbao and Warsaw.
Haldankar visited 87 countries for film making and directed and photographed number of serials for various channels. He worked with director Michael Antoniou for a film on Kumbh Mela in 1975 and on the 70mm multi-screen project "Sukhirama" for S. Sukhdev in 1972 for Asia-72. His film Mala Laj Nahi I am Not Ashamed the film directed and photographed a documentary film duration 16 minutes 4 seconds produced by Dhruvee Haldankar for Filmsmith's Productions got National Award India 2016. This film depicts the hardship women of Khar-Danda, Mumbai India face for want of toilets. They go out in the open on the sea front with just the cover of an umbrella, have to wait for hours together for the sea tide to recede. Dignity, Hygiene Made Affordable Worldwide produced by Dhruvee Haldankar for Filmsmith's Productions a film on sanitary napkins introduced by Swati Bedeker. Photographed Isha a film on social evils, produced by Kekra Entertainment, directed by [[Keshav Raina]]. A film by Bipin Chaubal on ambidextrous persons.

Haldankar started his career working in feature films with producer and cinematographer, the late [[Nariman A. Irani]], assisting him in Talash, Maharaja, Balidan & Pakazeea. Haldankar worked with cinematographers [[Anwar Siraj]], [[Joe D'souza]], A Salam and [[Dara Engineer]].
Haldankar photographed five episodes of Kab Tak for TV India. Telugu serials Talli Prema, Saraswati Namasthubyam, Friends for Abhinav Arts. Directed Corporate film for Dr.Tony Whora, MBE Eastend Foods UK, and was declared as the best cinematographer for 2008, September 2010 by the Journalist Association of India, New Delhi.
Haldankar is a member of the Western India Cinematographer's Association Grade –I (no 2215) and a member of the Working News Cameraman's Association, the largest body of working photojournalists engaged in visual media, accredited with Press Information Bureau, Government of India I-card No 1640, New Delhi.
Deepak Haldankar is working with production house Harikrit Films, New Delhi-India as Chief Strategist.



==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Notes==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.mountkailash.com/deepak_haldankar.htm |title=Deepak Haldanker, WICA Producer / Director / Cinematographer |publisher=Mountkailash.com |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206225249/http://www.mountkailash.com/deepak_haldankar.htm|archivedate=6 February 2009 |url-status=dead|accessdate=9 May 2010}}
*{{cite web |url=http://miffindia.in/Packages_schedule.pdf |title=10th Mumbai International Film Festival |publisher=Mumbai International Film Festival |date=4 February 2008 |accessdate=9 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162949/http://miffindia.in/Packages_schedule.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web |url=http://harikritfilms.com/Team.aspx |title=Harikrit Films > Our Team |publisher=Harikrit Films Delhi |accessdate=9 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623012810/http://www.harikritfilms.com/Team.aspx |archivedate=23 June 2010 |df=dmy }}
*{{cite web|author=humanbase |url=https://deepakhaldankardelhibase.blogspot.com/ |title=Deepak Haldankar |publisher=Deepakhaldankardelhibase.blogspot.com |date=29 October 2007 |accessdate=9 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708032708/http://deepakhaldankardelhibase.blogspot.com/ |archivedate=8 July 2011 |df=dmy }}
*{{cite web|url=http://sites.google.com/a/delhibase.com/www/home/delhibase-artists |title=Some Delhibase Artists (DelhiBase) |date= |accessdate=9 May 2010}}
*{{cite web|url=http://in.linkedin.com/pub/deepak-haldankar/2/74/396 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121130054134/http://in.linkedin.com/pub/deepak-haldankar/2/74/396 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 November 2012 |title=Deepak Haldankar |publisher=In.linkedin.com |accessdate=9 May 2010 }}
*Documentary Today – 60 years of Films Division – May 2008.
*"Exploring the Frozen Continent" by Deepak Haldankar, pages 43 to 49. Worked as News Reel Officer in Delhi and covered news stories for "Indian Newsreview" all over the globe. He has been part of several dangerous missions and photographed and directed many adventure films.
*"Rafting Down the Ganges"- Exclusive first hand account by Maj. D.N. DASS the leader of the expedition published in Gentlemen's Fashion Quarterly Aug–Oct 1982 issue pages 70 to 74. on page 73 it is mentioned " Haldankar had to be rescued from a cliff, to which he was hanging for dear life ------------together with his camera and equipment. On page 74 " In conclusion, a special word for Deepak Haldankar .He not only filmed the voyage, but was constantly involved with the activities of the expedition--------from administration to rescue work .A tribute to a civilian member who went beyond his call of duty all the time. The film made by him has captured actual disaster and adventure shots which doubtless will earn him many laurels.”
{{refend}}

Articles on Deepak Haldankar published in various newspapers and magazines.
{{refbegin}}
*"For Deepak, it was dream come true"--------- Morning Echo Friday 29 April 1977 page 5. New Delhi.
*The World is His Playground ---- screen, August 6;1993 PAGE 17.
*"From the swirling sand dunes of the Thar to the rarefied heights of the freezing environs of the Antarctic, cinematographer Deepak Haldankar has made the World his playground.”
*"Where Time Stands Still" a film division production DAVP catalogue year of production 1978, date of release 24 March 1978. Govt of India {F.No201/78}
*"After the Raj"------by Hugh Purcell, Yorkshire UK. Sutton Publishing
*"In Focus "Ready Aim Shoot"----------Shubhadarshini Singh. Sunday Mail, 16–22 September 1990
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Haldankar, Deepak}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Dharwad]]

Dhuma

2026-02-06T13:37:23Z

Sanjanadalvi: Starting A Pg!

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhuma
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.75|N|79.72|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Seoni District]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP 22]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 480888
}}
'''Dhuma''' is a town and a Gram Panchayat in [[Seoni District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Its pin code is 480888. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/seoni/dhuma | title=Dhuma Pin Code | Postal Code (Zip Code) of Dhuma, Seoni, Madhya Pradesh, India }}</ref>

Dhuma is located on {{coord|22.75|N|79.72|E}}. It has an average elevation of 582 metres (1,909 feet).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Dhuma.html | title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Dhuma, India }}</ref>

As of [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Dhuma has a population of 5,314, of which 2,770 are males while 2,544 are females. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/495816-dhuma-madhya-pradesh.html | title=Dhuma Village Population - Lakhnadon - Seoni, Madhya Pradesh }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Seoni district]]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Seoni district]]

{{Jabalpur-geo-stub}}

Diocese of Simdega

2026-01-29T09:56:50Z

Sanjanadalvi:

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Simdega
|latin = Dioecesis Simdegaënsis
|local = सिमडेगा के सूबा
|image = St Anne Cathedral Simdega.jpg
|country = [[India]]
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi|Ranchi]]
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi|Ranchi]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|cathedral = Cathedral of St Anne in [[Simdega]]
|cocathedral =
|established = 28 May 1993
|area_km2 = 2,323
|population = 640,200
|population_as_of = 2022
|catholics = 215,301
|catholics_percent= 33.6
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = [[Vincent Barwa]]
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|emeritus_bishops =
|denomination=|parishes=37|metro_archbishop=[[Vincent Aind]]}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Simdega''' ({{langx|la| Simdegaën(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in [[Simdega]] district of Jharkhand in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi|Ranchi]] in India.This is a rural diocese in the plateau of Chhota Nagpur.

==History==
* May 28, 1993: Established as Diocese of Simdega from the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Ranchi

==Leadership==
* [[Bishop]]s of Simdega ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])
** [[Vincent Barwa|Bishop Vincent Barwa]] (February 11, 2008 – present)
** [[Joseph Minj|Bishop Joseph Minj]] (May 28, 1993 – February 11, 2008)

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/simd0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsimd.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{coord|22.6173|N|84.4858|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simdega}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1993]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Christianity in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Simdega district]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

Promise (toothpaste)

2026-01-16T10:50:13Z

Sanjanadalvi: stub

{{Short description|Indian toothpaste brand}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox brand
| name = Promise
| logo =
| image =
| caption =
| introduced = {{start date and age|1978}}
| type = Dental Products
| currentowner = [[Dabur]]
| related =[[Babool (brand)|Babool]] and [[Meswak]]
| markets =
| previousowners = Balsara Hygiene Products Limited
| ambassadors =
| website = https://www.daburdentalcare.com/
}}
'''Promise''' is a brand of [[toothpaste]] that was launched in 1978 by Balsara hygiene in [[India]]. Initially, the brand was successful and commanded the second-highest market share after [[Colgate (toothpaste)|Colgate]] which was then the market leader. The success of the brand was attributed to the fact that it was positioned as a toothpaste made of [[clove oil]], which is traditionally used in India to treat [[Dental Medicine|dental ailments]]. The brand's tagline was "The unique toothpaste with time-tested clove oil".<ref name=rm04>{{cite book|last=Majumdar|first=Ramanuj|title=Product Management in India|year=2004|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd|isbn=812031252X|pages=76}}</ref> Its brand ambassador was [[Maya Alagh]]. In 1994, the company launched a 2-in-1 gel under the Promise brand, however this product failed because it was aimed at the youth segment which did not relate to Promise's strong clove taste.<ref name=bs02>{{cite news|title=How Balsara Lost Its Bite|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=114199|accessdate=13 March 2012|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|location=India|date=6 August 2002}}</ref> In 2005, Promise was sold by Balsara to [[Dabur]] along with other Balsara toothpaste brands [[Babool (brand)|Babool]] and [[Meswak]] in a {{INRConvert|1.43|b}} deal.<ref name=th05>{{cite news|title=Dabur buys 3 Balsara group cos for Rs 143 cr|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/03/23/stories/2005032302380100.htm|accessdate=13 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 January 2005}}</ref><ref name=tfe05>{{cite news|title=Dabur to buy Balsara for Rs 143 cr|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/dabur-to-buy-balsara-for-rs-143-cr/125303/|accessdate=13 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=28 January 2005}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Medicine|Companies}}
*[[List of toothpaste brands]]
*[[Index of oral health and dental articles]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dabur Group}}

[[Category:Brands of toothpaste]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Dabur Group]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1987]]

{{Product-stub}}

Mattu gulla

2026-01-08T08:46:25Z

Sanjanadalvi: starting new details

{{Short description|Variety of green brinjal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
[[File:mattigulla.jpg|thumb|right|Udupi Mattu Gulla]]
'''Mattu gulla''', or '''Udupi gulla''', is a variety of green [[brinjal]] grown in and around the village of [[Mattu, Karnataka|Mattu]] in [[Udupi]], [[India]]. It was given the [[Geographical Indication]] tag in 2011.

==Description==
Mattu gulla is said to have been grown since 400 years in Matti, with a legend linking its origins to Sri [[Vadiraja Tirtha]] of Sode Vadiraja Matha, Udupi.<ref name=enough/><ref name=intl/> It was cultivated within an area of more than 500 acres between the Udyavar river and [[Swarna River]].<ref name=dna>{{cite web|title=Udupi's famed brinjal losing race to hybrid variety|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-udupi-s-famed-brinjal-losing-race-to-hybrid-variety-1907442|publisher=DNA India|access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref> Apart from Matti, it is grown in surrounding villages like [[Pangala]], Kopla and Kaipunjal.<ref name=intl/> The land on which it is grown is enriched with fish meal manure.<ref name=dna/>

Mattu gulla is green in colour, unlike the purple brinjals grown in other places. As the word "gulla" indicates, it is spherical in shape.<ref name=dna/> It is a seasonal vegetable which is grown after the monsoon season from the months of September and October.<ref name=intl>{{cite news|last1=Prabhu|first1=Ganesh|title=Udupi's Mattu Gulla set to go international|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/udupis-mattu-gulla-set-to-go-international/article6959818.ece|work=The Hindu|date=5 March 2015 |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref><ref name=tagbag>{{cite web|last1=Vinayak|first1=AJ|title=With a GI tag in the bag, Udupi farmers cash in on rare green brinjal|date=23 January 2014 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/with-a-gi-tag-in-the-bag-udupi-farmers-cash-in-on-rare-green-brinjal/article5610204.ece|publisher=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref> It has low moisture content and is known for its unique taste.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Prabhu|first1=Ganesh|title=Udupi's brinjal to go places|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/udupis-brinjal-to-go-places/article5931617.ece|work=The Hindu|date=20 April 2014 |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref> Mattu gulla is a widely used vegetable in [[Udupi cuisine]] especially the [[Sambar (dish)|sambar]].<ref name=dna/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hebbar|first1=Nandini|title=Go Matti Gulla!|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/go-matti-gulla/article2285242.ece|work=The Hindu|date=22 July 2011 |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref> Mattu gulla obtained the [[Geographical Indication]] tag in 2011 for its unusual and unique taste and exclusive location of production.<ref name=tagbag/>

The production of Mattu gulla decreased in recent years due to various reasons such as [[Pest (organism)|pest]] attacks and advent of [[genetically modified brinjal]].<ref name=enough>{{cite news|last1=Pinto|first1=Stanley|title=Udupi paryaya will get enough mattu gulla, say growers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Udupi-paryaya-will-get-enough-mattu-gulla-say-growers/articleshow/49987091.cms|work=The Times of India|date=30 November 2015 |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref> According to the [[Department of Horticulture]], it was grown in an area of 67 hectares in 2015, with an approximate yield of 40 tonnes per hectare.<ref name=enough/>

==See also==
* [[List of Geographical Indications in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Eggplants]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Udupi district]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Karnataka cuisine]]
[[Category:GI Tagged Brinjal varieties of India]]
[[Category:Economy of Karnataka]]

Minto Eye Hospital

2025-12-31T02:22:47Z

Sanjanadalvi: improved page for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox hospital
| other_links = 
| name = Minto Ophthalmic Hospital
| org_group =
| image = Minto Eye Hospital.jpg
| caption =
| location = [[Chamrajpet]]
| region = Bengaluru
| state = Karnataka
| country = IN
| coordinates = {{coord|12|57|42.93|N|77|34|18.84|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| healthcare = 
| funding = Government
| type = Specialist/Teaching
| speciality = [[Ophthalmology]]
| standards = 
| emergency = 
| affiliation = [[Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute]]
| patron = 
| network = 
| beds = 300
| founded = {{start date and age|1896}}
| website = https://mhbmcri.karnataka.gov.in/english
}}

'''Minto Ophthalmic Hospital''' is a government run specialty hospital in [[Bengaluru]] treating [[eye disease|diseases of the eye]]. Minto Ophthalmic Hospital, (a.k.a. Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Minto Ophthalmic Hospital), was established in 1896, making it one of the oldest speciality eye hospitals in the world. The hospital was started in Chikkapete area in 1896, moved to Lalbagh Lodge in 1897 and later shifted to the present building in 1913 which was constructed during the reign of Nalwadi Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, the King of Mysuru state. It is affiliated to the [[Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute]], and is an institution of national importance.<ref>{{cite news|title=Eye’ for ingenious|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/feb/15/eye-for-ingenious-1571007.html|access-date=31 August 2017|publisher=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

It is a 300 bedded, tertiary ophthalmic hospital. It includes Community Ophthalmology, Cornea & Eye Bank, Refractive Surgery, Glaucoma clinic, Squint, [[Oculoplasty]] & Neurophthalmology clinic, Low Visual Aids clinic and a Vitreo-retinal & Uvea clinic.

Hundreds of ophthalmologists have been trained at this institute since its inception. A tertiary referral centre, Minto Ophthalmic Hospital offers its services at subsidized rates to the poor and needy of Karnataka and its neighbouring states.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmcri.org/minto_hosp.html|title=Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore-560 002|website=www.bmcri.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other sources==
* [http://www.molvis.org/molvis/v8/a36/ Clinical phenotype and linkage analysis of the congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles in an Indian family]
* A RARE CASE OF PROPTOSIS IN A NEW-BORN CHILD. Br J Ophthalmol. 1927 Feb;11(2):79
* Childhood blindness in a rural population of southern India: prevalence and aetiology - Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2008 May-Jun;15(3):176-82

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100824233842/http://www.bmcri.org/minto/minto.html website]

{{Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute}}
{{Education in Bangalore}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Teaching hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Eye hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1896]]
[[Category:1896 establishments in India]]

John Murdoch (literary evangelist)

2025-12-10T02:56:27Z

Sanjanadalvi: started new biography - done

{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{short description|Scottish Christian missionary}}
{{Infobox person
| name = John Murdoch
| image = Murdochb.JPG
|birth_date = July 22, 1819
|birth_place = [[Glasgow]]
|death_date = August 10, 1904
|death_place = [[Madras]]
| occupation = [[Christian mission]]ary, writer}}

'''John Murdoch''' (July 22, 1819 - August 10, 1904) was a Scottish [[Christian mission]]ary who served in [[Dominion of Ceylon|Ceylon]] and [[India]] in the 19th century. Murdoch first journeyed to Ceylon in order to serve as a head-master of the schools located in [[Kandy]], yet shortly after his arrival he resigned due to concerns with the state-mandated curriculum. Murdoch instead began to work with various Christian societies within the country producing Christian [[Tract (literature)|tracts]]. After a successful career with the Ceylon Tract Society, he became the Agent and Travelling Secretary in India for the Christian Vernacular Education Society, located in India, working with this mission for the rest of his career. He retired from full-time missionary work in 1903, yet continued to publish his written works on a variety of sources which included [[politics]], [[religion]], and [[sociology]]. He died in India after becoming weakened by [[pneumonia]] in 1904 having never married yet leaving behind a legacy in his written work.

== Early life ==

John Murdoch was born in [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]], on 22 July 1819 to John and Margret Murdoch, the third in a family of twelve children. When he was ten years of age, Murdoch attended the [[High School of Glasgow|Glasgow High School]] where he showed great aptitude in both the classics as well as in the field of art. Thus, in 1838, when he was only nineteen years of age, Murdoch left Glasgow and moved to [[Amsterdam]] with the intention of studying the classic works of art contained in the local galleries. Despite devoting himself to his artistic lifestyle he was unable to support himself by selling his paintings and was forced to return home to Glasgow.

== Career ==

===As a teacher===
It was at this point Murdoch decided to become an educator. To this end, he began to attend classes at the [[University of Glasgow]] as well as enrolling himself in the [[Glasgow Normal Seminary]], a school established by [[David Stow]] which devoted itself entirely to training teachers. After completing his education he obtained a position as the assistant master, later promoted to headmaster, of the English Department of the Private Seminary for children of the wealthier class where he remained until the school was closed in 1842.<ref>Morris, Henry. ''The Life of John Murdoch, LL.D''. The Christian Literature Society for India, 1906, p. 7.</ref> At this time, Rev. William Fraser recommended Murdoch for appointment to the position of head-master of the Governmental Central and Normal Schools located in [[Kandy]], [[Dominion of Ceylon|Ceylon]]. Murdoch accepted the position and left Scotland on 13 March 1844 arriving in Ceylon on 17 August of the following year.

Once established, Murdoch poured himself into his work finding great enjoyment in it, as many of his letters home attested.<ref>Morris, Henry. ''The Life of John Murdoch, LL.D''. The Christian Literature Society for India, 1906, p. 22.</ref> Yet he found himself troubled by the fact that the government of Ceylon, as a [[crown colony]], required him to teach the [[Bible]] as part of the curriculum despite the fact that the majority of his students were practicing [[Buddhists]], [[Hindus]] and [[Muslims]].<ref>Morris, Henry. ''The Life of John Murdoch, LL.D''. The Christian Literature Society for India, 1906, p. 22-23.</ref> In short, he was ill at ease being paid to teach [[Christian doctrine]] with revenues collected from these religious groups. In 1849, the Government of Ceylon, due to a bad crop of coffee, was forced to close down half of the Government Schools and drastically raise tuition in the remaining schools, resulting in a significant decline in the number of students.<ref>Morris, Henry. ''The Life of John Murdoch, LL.D''. The Christian Literature Society for India, 1906, p. 27.</ref> This situation, in combination with Murdoch's unease at using government schools to teach [[Christianity]], was enough to cause him to resign his commission as of 1 October 1849.

===Missionary===

Once he had resigned as head-master, Murdoch devoted himself to an occupation which had previously been a nothing more than a hobby of his: [[Tract (literature)|tracts]] writing. While being previously employed as a teacher, Murdoch had bought a printing press and some [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] type, and had begun to produce Sinhalese translations of various Christian tracts.<ref>Ferguson, John. ''The "Literary Evangelist" of India and Ceylon: John Murdoch, LL.D''. The University of Manchester, The John Rylands University Library, 1898, p. 6.</ref> Feeling the desire to continue full-time in this Christian missionary activity, Murdoch began working with the [[Sinhalese Tract Society]] writing tracts and visiting local Christian missionaries to better understand their needs.<ref>Morris, Henry. ''The Life of John Murdoch, LL.D''. The Christian Literature Society for India, 1906, p. 34–35.</ref> He worked in Ceylon for the next five years, writing and printing tracts and visiting local missionaries. While working with the Sinhalese Tract Society, Murdoch helped to produce "a considerable stock of tracts, some 20 school books, 6 maps, and several weighty volumes of Church History, Notes on the Bible, Jame's Anxious Inquirer . . . all in Sinhalese."<ref>Ferguson, John. ''The "Literary Evangelist" of India and Ceylon: John Murdoch, LL.D''. The University of Manchester, The John Rylands University Library, 1898, p. 8.</ref> As he traveled from one [[coffee]] [[plantation]] to the next, visiting with the English managers, he was convicted of the need to provide spiritual teaching for the [[Coolie|Indian laborers]].<ref>Morris, Henry. ''The Life of John Murdoch, LL.D''. The Christian Literature Society for India, 1906, p. 41.</ref> He therefore helped to form the [[Tamil Cooly Mission]], an endeavor which placed him in contact with John Thomas, a missionary in [[Tirunelveli]], [[India]]. This relationship meant that Murdoch was able to extend his network of missionary connections from Ceylon to India.

It was because of these Indian missionary connections that in 1858, Murdoch was invited to become the Agent and Travelling Secretary in India for the [[Christian Vernacular Education Society]], a position which Murdoch accepted; in 1891 the name of the society would be shortened to [[Christian Literature Society for India and Africa|The Christian Literature Society]] (CLS).<ref>Morris, Henry. ''The Life of John Murdoch, LL.D''. The Christian Literature Society for India, 1906, p. 65.</ref> The purpose of the society was primarily to provide inexpensive Christian literature for the newly literate Christians of India,<ref>Sharpe, Eric. ''Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions''. Ed. Gerald H. Anderson. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1999, p. 481.</ref> yet they also concerned themselves with the education of school teachers and the inspection and improvement of the indigenous schools. Despite the fact that Murdoch worked for the CLS for the remainder of his career, he did not always agree with the other members in regards to protocol. When he was initially brought in to serve as the society's Agent, he had several disagreements with his coworkers in regards to funding and the qualifications necessary for the teachers who would be employed at the various institutions associated with the CLS.<ref>Oddie, Geoffrey A. ''Missionaries, Rebellion and Proto-Nationalism: James Long of Bengal 1814-87''. Curzon, Press, 1999, p. 65-67.</ref> Despite these conflicts, Murdoch would remain with the CLS until his retirement in 1903.

Much of Murdoch's work for the society consisted of traveling throughout India inspecting various schools, and visiting with missionaries and society representatives. His travels took him outside of India, however, he made professional visits to [[Great Britain]], the [[United States]], various [[Europe]]an countries and [[China]], meeting with members of educational boards and practicing missionaries.<ref>Morris, Henry. ''The Life of John Murdoch, LL.D''. The Christian Literature Society for India, 1906, p. 89.</ref> His trip to China and [[Japan]] in 1882 and then again in 1891 proved most beneficial to his work as it enabled him to network the CLS with the newly formed [[Christian Literature Society for China]].<ref>Morris, Henry. ''The Life of John Murdoch, LL.D''. The Christian Literature Society for India, 1906, p. 107.</ref> These trips also allowed him to network with powerful individuals outside of his normal sphere of influence such as [[Florence Nightingale]], with whom he discussed issues of sanitation and health for the native population of India. She later praised his literary work, saying that his "little books are a great deal better {{sic|then}} anything we could have done."<ref>Gourlay, Jharna. [https://books.google.com/books?id=egysl1oHBI0C&dq=Florence%20Nightingale%20and%20the%20Health%20of%20the%20Raj&pg=PA241 ''Florence Nightingale and the Health of the Raj'']. Ashgate Publishing Limited, 1934, p. 241.</ref>

In addition to his work traveling throughout India visiting various missionaries and influential figures, Murdoch was involved in the organization of several missionary conferences. The most notable conference which Murdoch played a large part in forming was the first Decennial Missionary Conference held in 1872 at [[Allahabad]]. This conference was open to all the Protestant missionary societies of India and would become a regular reoccurring event, being held every ten years. Murdoch was one of three men given the task of compiling a report on the conference, but due to unforeseen circumstances, his two coworkers were unable to help with this task and the job of compiling the report felt completely to him.<ref>Morris, Henry. ''The Life of John Murdoch, LL.D''. The Christian Literature Society for India, 1906, p. 119.</ref> In addition to compiling the report, Murdoch also presented a paper on education and Christian literature. Later in his career, he also took part in the second and third Decennial Missionary Conferences as well as the first United Conference.

In 1867, the committee of the [[Religious Tract Society]] invited Murdoch to oversee their work in India in addition to his duties with the CLS, a position that Murdoch readily accepted as it enabled him to have direct access to every form of distribution of Christian literature in India.<ref>Morris, Henry. ''The Life of John Murdoch, LL.D''. The Christian Literature Society for India, 1906, p. 96.</ref> It was also during that time that the [[University of Glasgow]], in appreciation of his work in spreading Christian literature throughout India, conferred upon him the [[honorary degree]] of [[LL.D]] on 9 February 1871.

===Final years===
During the final years of his life, Murdoch primarily busied himself with the work which had occupied much of his previous career, that of the inspection of the various projects that the CLS were overseeing in India.<ref>Morris, Henry. ''The Life of John Murdoch, LL.D''. The Christian Literature Society for India, 1906, p. 130.</ref> He also made several trips back to [[England]] with the intention of promoting the need for greater Christian literature in the various missionary ventures that were taking place during this time period. On 5 February 1903 Murdoch resigned the position of Agent and Secretary of the Madras Branch of the CLS to [[Henry Gulliford]], desiring to spend more time producing Christian literature.<ref>Morris, Henry. ''The Life of John Murdoch, LL.D''. The Christian Literature Society for India, 1906, p. 149.</ref>

In 1896 Murdoch was bestowed the silver medal of the order [[Kaisar-i-Hind|Kaiser-i-Hindi]] by the [[Government of India]] due to his service to the Indian Empire. Eight years later a gold medal of the same order was bestowed upon him yet while he learned of this honor, he did not live to receive it. John Murdoch died on 10 August 1904 after being severely weakened by an attack of [[pneumonia]] the previous month. He died peacefully in a nursing home located in [[Madras]], India the country where he had spent the past 60 years of his life writing and traveling.<ref>Morris, Henry. ''The Life of John Murdoch, LL.D''. The Christian Literature Society for India, 1906, p. 160.</ref>

== Writings ==

As the majority of his career was spent in the development of Christian literature, Murdoch is best remembered for his own literary works. He wrote primarily for educated Indians and as [[English language|English]] is one of the primary languages of India, he wrote in his own native tongue. When he was associated with the CLS his writings were published under authorship of the society and as such he is best known for works which he wrote and published outside of their influence.

Murdoch took issue with the Theosophical lectures of [[Annie Besant]] which he believed were misguiding Hindus.<ref>Morris, Henry. ''The Life of John Murdoch, LL.D. The Christian Literature Society for India'', 1906, pp. 229-230.</ref> He authored several books debunking the claims of the [[Theosophical Society]], these were ''Theosophy Unveiled'' (1885), ''Theosophy Exposed'' (1893) and ''The Theosophic Craze'' (1894). He has been described as an "inveterate critic" of Theosophy.<ref>Wickremeratne, L. A. (1969). ''Religion, Nationalism, And Social Change in Ceylon, 1865-1885''. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 56: 125.</ref>

One of his most notable works is ''Indian Missionary Manual: Hints to Young Missionaries to India, with Lists of Books'' which he wrote based upon his experiences traveling around India and visiting missionaries as part of his responsibilities as agent for the CLS. In it "he even presumed (rigid bachelor as he was) to give good advice to the ladies, of course, having profited by what he learned from experienced Missionary wives beforehand."<ref>Ferguson, John. ''The "Literary Evangelist" of India and Ceylon: John Murdoch, LL.D''. The University of Manchester, The John Rylands University Library, 1898, p. 8.</ref> He also diligently kept a [[Diary|journal]] throughout his life and various extracts of this account can be found in his [[bibliography]] as recorded in Henry Morris' ''The Life of John Murdoch LL.D''.

One of the criticisms that has been leveled against Murdoch's literary work is that while he is correct in his assessment of the cultural situation of India, he was generally unflattering in his depiction of the [[Hindu]] faith,<ref>Sharpe, Eric. ''Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions''. Ed. Gerald H. Anderson. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1999, p. 481.</ref> referring to them as 'dreamy' or 'speculative',<ref>Morris, Henry. ''The Life of John Murdoch, LL.D''. The Christian Literature Society for India, 1906, p. 107.</ref> in short, living in a way that was directly opposite to the busy, productive lifestyle that he himself lived and promoted.

==Publications==

* [https://archive.org/details/indianmissionarymt00murd ''Indian Missionary Manual: Hints to Young Missionaries to India, With Lists of Books''] (1864)
* ''Classified Catalogue of Tamil Printed Books'' (1865)
* [https://archive.org/details/05351792.1234.emory.edu ''Catalogue of the Christian Vernacular Literature of India''] (1870)
* ''Conference on Urdu and Hindi Christian literature, Held at Allahabad, 24 and 25 February'' (1875)
* ''Education in India: A Letter to His Excellency the Most Honourable, the Marquis of Ripon'' (1881)
* ''England’s Duty to India: A Letter to the Marquis of Hartington'' (1881)
* [https://archive.org/details/theosophyunveile00murd ''Theosophy Unveiled''] (1885)
* [https://archive.org/details/1893AnonymousTheosophyExposedBesantAndHerGuru ''Theosophy Exposed: or Mrs. Besant and Her Guru: An Appeal to Educated Hindus''] (1893)
* [https://archive.org/details/theosophiccraze00murdgoog ''The Theosophic Craze: Its History: The Great Mahatma Hoax''] (1894)
* ''Swami Vivekananda on Hinduism: An Examination of His Address at the Chicago Parliament of Religions'' (1895)
* [https://archive.org/details/casteitssupposed00murdiala ''Caste: Its Supposed Origin: Its History: Its Effects: The Duty of Government, Hindus, and Christians With Respect to It: And Its Prospects''] (1896)
*[https://archive.org/details/ldpd_11015524_000 ''God's Voice from Armenia to the Churches''] (1896) [with [[Lewis Morris (1833–1907)|Lewis Morris]]]
*[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100500143 ''Kasi, or Benares: The Holy City of the Hindus''] (1897)
* [https://archive.org/details/reportontheologi00murd ''Report on Theological Education in India''] (1900)
* ''The History of Civilization in India: A Sketch, With Suggestions for the Improvement of the Country'' (1902)
* ''Hindu and Muhammadan Festivals'' (1904)
* [https://archive.org/details/pictorialtourrou00murdiala ''Pictorial Tour Round India''] (1906)

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last= Creegan|first= Charles Cole|title= Pioneer Missionaries of the Church |publisher= American Tract Society |year= 1903 |pages=174–183 |ol= 6931478M}}
*{{cite journal |last= Ferguson|first= John|title= The "Literary Evangelist" of India and Ceylon: John Murdoch, LL.D., For 54 Years Engaged in Supplying Christian Literature & Vernacular School-Books to the People of India and Ceylon |journal= Foreign and Commonwealth Office Collection|jstor= 60230222|publisher= The University of Manchester, The John Rylands University Library |year= 1898}}
*{{cite book |last= Mair|first= Jessie H |title= John Murdoch: Pioneer in Christian Literature |publisher= Edinburgh: United Society for Christian Literature |year= 1976}}
*{{cite book |last= Morris|first= Henry |title= The Life of John Murdoch |url= https://archive.org/details/lifejohnmurdoch00morrgoog |publisher= The Christian Literature Society for India |year= 1906 |isbn= 1-104-25673-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Sharpe | first=Eric J. |editor-first=Gerald| editor-last=Anderson |title=Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |date=November 1999 |pages=481 |chapter=Murdoch, John |isbn=0-8028-4680-7}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murdoch, John}}
[[Category:1819 births]]
[[Category:1904 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Protestant writers]]
[[Category:Critics of Theosophy]]
[[Category:Schoolteachers from Glasgow]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Scottish Protestant missionaries]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]

Shabina Khan

2025-11-16T23:00:24Z

Sanjanadalvi: Made basic details initial version

{{short description|Indian choreographer (born 1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shabina Khan
| caption =
| birth_name = Shabina Khan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|5|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]]
| occupation = [[Choreographer]]
| years active = 1996–present
| spouse = Javed Ahmed Ansari
| children = Ariana Dua Ansari & Azaan Alborz Ansari
| parents = Mohammed Shaukat Khan Rafiqa Banu
| website =
}}
'''Shabina Khan''' is an Indian choreographer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestatesman.com/news/entertainment/very-important-to-work-with-stars-shabina-khan/111498.html|title=The Statesman: Very important to work with stars: Shabina Khan|work=thestatesman.com|accessdate=18 January 2016}}</ref> She choreographed songs for the [[Salman Khan]] starrer films ''[[Jai Ho (film)|Jai Ho]], [[Dabangg]],'' ''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shabina-Khan-Prem-Ratan-Dhan-Payo-was-life-changing/articleshow/49755938.cms|title=Shabina Khan: 'Prem Ratan Dhan Payo' was life changing|work=The Times of India|accessdate=18 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/The-best-of-Prem-Ratan-Dhan-Payo-dubsmashes-from-Bollywood/articleshow/49646716.cms|title=The best of Prem Ratan Dhan Payo dubsmashes from Bollywood|work=Business Insider|accessdate=18 January 2016}}</ref> [[Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)|''Tubelight'']] and ''[[Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-16 |title=Shabina Khan: Salman Khan is a brilliant human being, respects women on set |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/bts-stars-shabina-khan-salman-khan-is-a-brilliant-human-being-respects-women-on-set-23250717 |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==

Shabina Kkhan is an Indian film choreographer, director & producer. She has over 18 years of experience in Hindi films (Bollywood) as an Assistant Choreographer and as an Independent Director of Choreography. She learned acting and classical dance from Madhumati's Academy of Dance and Acting and trained in Ballet and Modern Contemporary Dancing in London. Shabina's first film as a choreographer was 'Main Madhuri Dixit Banna Chahti Hoon' (2003), followed by several commercial hit film songs.

She has worked with esteemed film directors namely Mr. Ram Gopal Varma, Mr. Mahesh Bhatt, Mr. Indra Kumar, Mr. Prabhu Deva, Mr. Kabir Khan, Mr. Anees Bazmee, Mr. Vishal Bhardwaj, Mr. Anil Sharma, Mr Sooraj R Barjatya.

Shabina got her first Filmfare Awards nomination for the film 'Pataakha' (2018). In 2023, one of the biggest commercial Hindi films, 'Gadar2' all the songs were choreographed by Shabina.

She has also launched 'Reality in Reality', a reality show initiative through which she wants to provide a platform for dancers to show off their skills.

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Main Madhuri Dixit Banna Chahti Hoon]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2003
|''[[Darna Mana Hai]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2003
|''[[Janasheen]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2003
|''[[Stumped (film)|Stumped]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2003
|''[[Bhoot (film)|Bhoot]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2004
|''[[Naach (2004 film)|Naach]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2005
|''[[Mr Ya Miss]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2005
|''[[Yahaan]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2005
|''[[Aashiq Banaya Aapne]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2006
|''[[Aksar]]''
| Hindi
|-
|2006
|''[[Siruthai]]''
|Tamil
|-
|2006
|''[[Bangaram]]''
|Telugu
|-
| 2007
|''[[Aag (2007 film)|Aag]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2007
|''[[Speed (2007 film)|Speed]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2007
|''[[Go (2007 film)|Go]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2007
|''[[Red: The Dark Side]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2008
|''[[One Two Three]]''
| Hindi
|-
|2008
|''[[Homan (film)|Homan]]''
|Telugu
|-
| 2009
|''[[Ek Vivaah... Aisa Bhi]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2009
|''[[Radio (2009 film)|Radio]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2009
|''[[Jashnn]]''
| Hindi
|-
|2010
|''[[Dabangg]]''
|Hindi
|-
| 2010
|''[[My Friend Ganesha 3]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2010
|''[[Kajraare]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2010
|''[[Rakta Charitra]]''
| Hindi
|-
|2010
|''[[Paiyaa]]''
|Tamil
|-
| 2011
|''[[Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap]]''
| Hindi
|-
|2011
|''[[Veera (2011 film)|Veera]]''
|Telugu
|-
|2011
|''[[prem kavali|Prem Kavali]]''
|Telugu
|-
| 2012
|''[[Mere Dost Picture Abhi Baki Hai]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2012
|''[[Will You Marry Me? (film)|Will You Marry Me?]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2012
|''[[Jism 2]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2012
|''[[Department (film)|Department]]''
| Hindi
|-
|2012
|''[[lovely (2012 film)|Lovely]]''
|Telugu
|-
| 2013
|''[[Ishk Actually]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2013
|''[[Zindagi 50-50]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2013
|''[[Satya 2]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2013
|''[[Main Krishna Hoon]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2014
|''[[Jai Ho (film)|Jai Ho]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2014
|''[[Super Nani]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2015
|''[[Dolly Ki Doli]]''
| Hindi
|-
| 2016
|''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/prem-ratan-dhan-payo-was-life-changing-shabina-khan/|title=‘Prem Ratan Dhan Payo’ was life changing: Shabina Khan|date=12 November 2015|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=18 January 2016}}</ref>
| Hindi
|-
|2016
|''[[Jawani Phir Nahi Ani]]''
|Urdu
|-
|2017
|''[[Wajah Tum Ho]]''
|Hindi
|-
|2017
|''[[Tubelight]]''
|Hindi
|-
|2017
|''[[Ram Ratan]]''
|Hindi
|-
|2017
|''[[Aksar 2]]''
|Hindi
|-
|2017
|''[[Punjab Nahi Jaungi]]''
|Urdu
|-
|2018
|''[[Jawani Phir Nahi Aani 2]]''
|Urdu
|-
|2018
|''[[Pataakha]]''
|Hindi
|-
|2018
|''[[Lupt]]''
|Hindi
|-
|2018
|''[[Bharat ane nenu|Bharat Ane Nenu]]''
|Telugu
|-
|2023
|''[[Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan]]''
|Hindi
|-
|2022
|''[[Uuchai]]''
|Hindi
|-
|2021
|''[[Radhe (2021 film)|Radhe]]''
|Hindi
|-
|2019
|''[[Pagalpanti (2019 film)|Pagalpanti]]''
|Hindi
|-
|2019
|''[[Notebook]]''
|Hindi
|-
|2019
|''[[Cabaret (2019 film)|Cabaret]]''
|Hindi
|-
|2020
|''[[Sab Kushal Mangal]]''
|Hindi
|-
|2023
|''[[Yaaran Diya Poun Baaran]]''
|Punjabi
|-
|2023
|''[[Gadar 2]]''
|Hindi
|-
|2024
|''[[Vanvaas]]''
|Hindi
|-
|2025
|''[[Mannu Kya Karegga]]''
|Hindi
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

*
*
*
*



{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Shabina}}
[[Category:Indian film choreographers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1980 births]]

Rajadhiraja II

2025-10-08T14:25:01Z

Sanjanadalvi:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rajadhiraja Chola II இரண்டாம் இராஜாதிராஜ சோழன்
| title = Rajakesarivarman, Edirilla Cholan, Ediriliperumal, [[Karikala Chola|Karikala]]
| image = rajaraja2_territories.png
| alt =
| caption = ''Chola territories during c. 1170 CE''
| reign = {{circa|1166|1178 CE}}
| predecessor = [[Rajaraja Chola II]]
| successor = [[Kulothunga Chola III]]
| spouse =
| spouse-type = Queen
| issue =
| house = [[Cholas]]
| father = Sangama chola (aka) Nēriyudaiperumal<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of Indian History, Volumes 15-16|author=University of Allahabad. Dept. of Modern Indian History, University of Kerala. Dept. of History, University of Kerala, University of Travancore|publisher=University of Kerala., 1937|pages=141–142}}</ref>
| birth_name = Nallama chola
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kanchi]]
| death_date = 1178 CE
| death_place =
| burial_place =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| dynasty = [[Chola]]
}}
{{Chola history}}
'''Rajadhiraja Chola II''' (1166–1178 CE) reigned as the [[Chola Empire|Chola]] emperor succeeding [[Rajaraja Chola II]]. Rajaraja Chola II chose Rajadhiraja II, a maternal grandson of [[Vikrama Chola]] as he had no sons. '''Rajadhiraja II''''s father was Sangama chola (Neriyudai Perumal) who was the descendant of [[Virarajendra Chola|Virarajendra]] chola. Hence a century later the real Chola heir ascended the chola throne.

Soon after the installation of Rajadhiraja II, a fierce succession dispute in the [[Pandya]] country led to the intervention of the Chola and the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] rulers on opposite sides which brought misery to both. Out of the ashes of this civil war arose the Pandya power which in its renewed strength soon swallowed both the Chola and Sinhalese kingdoms.

== Accession ==

According to the Pallavarayanpettai inscription, towards the end of Rajaraja II's reign, the chief Kulatullan Tirucirrambalamudaiyan Perumannambi alias Pallavaraiyar brought to the king's notice that there were no sons of eligible age to ascend the throne. Accordingly, having enquired around about the other princes, he chose and brought Ediriliperumal the son of Neriyudaiperumal and the grandson of [[Vikrama Chola]] from the palace at Gangaikondacholapuram. Rajaraja II then made this prince as heir-apparent. Four years after this event, when Rajaraja II died, the chief Pallavarayar got Ediriliperumal or Edhirilla Cholan anointed as the king with the title Rajadhiraja Chola II. He then safely escorted Rajaraja II's two sons aged one and two to another location as he believed that it was no longer safe for them to continue living in the palace.<ref name="pallavarayanpettai">{{cite book|title=A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization|author1=Niharranjan Ray|author2=Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya|publisher=Orient Blackswan, 2000 - History - 673 pages|page=470}}</ref> According to some historians, Neriyudaiperumal the father of Rajadhiraja Chola II was a brother of [[Kulothunga Chola II]] and another son of [[Vikrama Chola]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Later Chola Temples: Kulottunga I to Rajendra III (A.D. 1070-1280), Parts 1070-1280|author1=S. R. Balasubrahmanyam|author2=B. Natarajan|author3=Balasubrahmanyan Ramachandran|publisher=Mudgala Trust, 1979 - Architecture - 470 pages|page=270}}</ref>

== Pandya Civil War ==

After the conquest of the Pandya country by [[Kulothunga Chola I]], the local Pandya princes were allowed to rule as they liked, subject to a vague suzerainty of the Cholas. Some of the Pandyas were loyal to the Cholas as can be seen by one Parantaka Pandya took part in Kulothunga I's Kalinga campaigns. But after Kulothunga I, the Cholas lost any little control they had over the Pandyas. There are hardly any inscriptions to be found in the Pandya country after the reign of Kulothunga Chola I.

About 1166 C.E. Parakrama Pandya in Madurai, and Kulasekara quarrelled about the succession and Kulasekara attacked [[Madurai]]. Parakrama appealed to the Lanka king Parakramabahu I. Before the Sinhala help could reach Parakrama, Kulasekara took Madurai and killed Parakarama, his wife and some of his children. The Sinhala king instructed his general to continue to war until Kulasekara is defeated and the Pandaya throne was bestowed upon a son of Parakrama Pandya.

Kulasekara put up a good fight and the Sinhala forces had to get reinforcements from Lanka. Kulasekara then appealed to Rajadhiraja Chola II, and a large force was sent to his aid. However Kulasekara lost his fight against the Lankan forces. The Lankan general installed Virapandya, a son of Parakrama Pandya on the throne. The fight continued between the Chola forces and that of the Sinhala. The Chola army soon defeated the Sinhalese forces and drove them back to the island. In the fight annan pallavarayan, chola general beheaded two sinhala generals lankapuri thandanayagan and jagathvisaya thandanayagan and many other soldiers. The two generals head were installed in pandya fort after cholas make Kulasekara as pandya king.

Parakramabahu prepared a counter offensive against the Chola mainland. On hearing this the Chola general induced Srivallabha, a rival of Parakramabahu to the Sinhala throne to undertake an invasion of the Lanka island. A naval expedition landed in Lanka and attacked and destroyed many places. Seeing the damage his support of Parakrama Pandya had brought to him, Parakramabahu recognised Kulasekara as the rightful king of the Pandyas, and entered into an alliance with him against the Cholas. Cholas discovered Kulasekara's treachery and changed their policy at once. After further fighting, the Cholas set up Virapandya on the Pandya throne and drove Kulasekara into exile

==Empire weakens==

The growing independence of the local feudatories and chieftains started during Rajaraja Chola II became more pronounced in Rajadhiraja's reign. They began to extend more and more of their influences in the central government. This manipulation of the king's authority undermined the central administration to effectively exercise its control over the local government areas of the country.

The growth of these feudatories had two consequences. The first was to weaken the prestige of the king's government by increasingly restricting the sphere of its influence and thereby to loosen its hold the rest of the administration. Secondly they began to form alliances and compacts with each other to convert the official positions they held within the Chola nobility into a hereditary right.

==Death and succession==

[[Kulothunga Chola III]], the successor of Rajadhiraja Chola II dates his reign from 1178 CE in his inscriptions, "though Rajadhiraja Chola II lived up to 1182 AD". Rajadhiraja Chola II was Kulothunga Chola III's guardian and he made him his co-regent while he was still very young. This indicates that Rajadhiraja Chola II was succeeded by [[Kulothunga Chola III]], when he was alive, in 1178 CE and Rajadhiraja II lived up to 1182 CE. Rajadhiraja Chola was known to have raised flower gardens around the place.
{{Start box}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Chola]]|before=[[Rajaraja Chola II]]|after=[[Kulothunga Chola III]] |years=1166–1178 CE}}
{{end box}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* The Cholas: mathematics reconstructs the chronology By N. Sethuraman
* Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1935). ''The CōĻas'', University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984).
* Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1955). ''A History of South India'', OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).

[[Category:Chola emperors]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]

Picea omorika

2025-10-03T21:41:29Z

Sanjanadalvi: fixed issues

{{Short description|Species of conifer}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Picea omorika, Zaovine, Serbia 1.jpg
| image_caption = In its native range near [[Zaovine]], Serbia. Note the extremely slender crown.
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Aleksić, J.M. |author2=Ballian, D. |author3=Isajev, D. |author4=Mataruga, M. |author5=Christian, T. |author6=Gardner, M. |date=2017 |title=''Picea omorika'' |volume=2017 |article-number=e.T30313A84039544 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T30313A84039544.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Picea
| species = omorika
| authority = ([[Josif Pančić|Pančić]]) [[Emanuel von Purkyne|Purk.]]
| range_map = Picea omorika range.svg
| range_map_caption = Natural range
}}

'''''Picea omorika''''', the '''Serbian spruce'''<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021"/> (in {{langx|sr|Панчићева оморика, Pančićeva omorika}}, {{IPA|sh|pâːnt͡ʃit͡ɕɛv̞a ɔmɔ̌rika|pron}}, "Pančić's spruce"),<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.plantea.com.hr/panciceva-omorika/ | title = ''Pančićeva omorika''| author = Gligić, Vojin| author2 = Šilić, Čedomil| author3 = Vukičević, Emilija| name-list-style = amp| year = 2021| access-date = 2021-03-20}}</ref> is a [[species]] of [[Pinophyta|coniferous tree]] [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to the [[Drina]] River valley in western [[Serbia]], and eastern [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], with a total range of only about 60 [[hectare|ha]], at {{convert|800-1600|m|ft||abbr=on|sigfig=2}} altitude. It was originally discovered near the Serbian village of [[Zaovine]], on Mount [[Tara (mountain)|Tara]], in 1875, and named by the Serbian botanist [[Josif Pančić]];<ref name=farjon>Farjon, A. (1990). ''Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera''. Koeltz Scientific Books {{ISBN|3-87429-298-3}}.</ref><ref name=rushforthc>Rushforth, K. (1987). ''Conifers''. Helm {{ISBN|0-7470-2801-X}}.</ref><ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins {{ISBN|0-00-220013-9}}.</ref> the [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] {{lang|sr|omorika}} is simply the Serbian word for the tree (other spruces are {{lang|sr|smrča}} in Serbian).

== Description ==
It is a medium-sized [[evergreen]] [[tree]] growing to {{convert|20|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall, exceptionally {{convert|33|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}, with a trunk diameter of up to {{convert|0.7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, and a conic crown; the crown is very narrow on high altitude trees, broader at lower altitudes.<ref name=rushforthc/> The shoots are buff-brown, and densely pubescent (hairy). The [[leaf|leaves]] are needle-like, 10–20 mm long, flattened in cross-section, dark green above, and with two glaucous blue-white [[stomata|stomatal stripes]] below. The [[conifer cone|cones]] are {{convert|4|-|7|cm|0|abbr=on}} long, [[fusiform]] (spindle-shaped, broadest in the middle), dark purple (almost black) when young, maturing dark brown 5–7 months after pollination, with stiff scales.<ref name=farjon/><ref name=rushforthc/><ref name=rushforth/>

The tallest specimen in the wild currently known is 30.2 m tall;<ref name="MT1">{{cite web | title=Serbian Spruces in Nacionalni park Tara in Zaovine, Šumadija and Western Serbia, Serbia | website=Monumental trees | url=https://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/srb/sumadijawesternserbia/zlatibor/22630_nacionalniparktara/ | access-date=2025-06-19}}</ref> older claims of trees up to 50 m tall are now unverifiable.<ref name="MT1"/> In cultivation, the tallest currently known is 33 m tall, in the [[Arboretum Mustila]] in Finland,<ref name="MT2">{{cite web | title=Serbian Spruce in Arboretum Mustila, Elimäki, Kymenlaakso, Finland | website=Monumental trees | date=2014-09-30 | url=https://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/fin/kymenlaakso/kouvola/9016_arboretummustila/23154/ | access-date=2025-06-19}}</ref> with another not far behind at 31.5 m at [[Murthly Castle]] in Scotland.<ref name="MT3">{{cite web | title=Serbian Spruce at Murthly Castle estate, Birnam, Scotland, United Kingdom | website=Monumental trees | date=2017-06-22 | url=https://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/gbr/scotland/perthandkinross/7374_murthlycastleestate/31522/ | access-date=2025-06-19}}</ref>

== Ecology ==
Because of its limited range, it is not a major source of nutrition to wildlife, but does provide cover for birds and small mammals. Prior to the [[Pleistocene]] [[ice ages]], it had a much larger range throughout most of [[Europe]].<ref name=farjon/>

<gallery widths="160px" heights="160px">
File:Picea omorika, Zaovine, Serbia 5.jpg|Foliage, showing the glossy green upper side of the needles
File:Picea omorika, Zaovine, Serbia 6.jpg|Foliage, showing the glaucous blue-green [[stomata|stomatal stripes]] on the underside of needles
File:Picea omorika young female cone - Keila.jpg|Immature female cone
File:Fichtenzapfen P4202419.jpg|Mature female cone
File:PiceaOmorika30yearsFull.jpg|Although some trees are very slender, this is not invariable; many are broader, such as this cultivated tree in France
File:Manabe-nouen201605-07.jpg|Cultivar 'Pendula'
</gallery>

== Cultivation ==
Outside its native range, Serbian spruce is of major importance as an [[ornamental tree]] in large gardens, valued in northern Europe and North America for its very attractive crown form and ability to grow on a wide range of soils, including alkaline, clay, acid and sandy soil, although it prefers moist, drained loam. The crown shape is heritable, with high altitude seed sources retaining the narrow crown in cultivation, and lower altitude sources their broader crown.<ref name=rushforthc/>

It is also grown to a small extent in [[forestry]] for [[Christmas tree]]s, [[timber]] and [[paper]] production, particularly in northern Europe, though its slow growth makes it less important than [[Sitka spruce]] or [[Norway spruce]]. In cultivation, it has produced [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] with the closely related [[black spruce]] (named as ''P. × mariorika''),<ref>{{cite web | title=Picea × mariorika | website=/RHS | date=2025-05-09 | url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/45102/picea-mariorika/details | access-date=2025-06-19}}</ref> and also with Sitka spruce.<ref name=farjon/><ref name=rushforthc/>

=== AGM cultivars ===
The following [[cultivars]] have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]:<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 78 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 25 April 2018}}</ref>

* ''Picea omorika'' 'Nana'<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/99400/Picea-omorika-Nana/Details |title=RHS Plant Selector Picea omorika 'Nana' AGM / RHS Gardening |publisher=Apps.rhs.org.uk |date= |access-date=10 February 2021}}</ref> – a dwarf form
* ''Picea omorika'' 'Pendula'<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/90723/Picea-omorika-Pendula/Details |title=RHS Plant Selector Picea omorika 'Pendula' AGM / RHS Gardening |publisher=Apps.rhs.org.uk |date= |access-date=10 February 2021}}</ref> – a weeping form

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Picea omorika|''Picea omorika''}}
* ''[https://www.euforgen.org/species/picea-omorika/ Picea omorika]'' – information, genetic conservation units, and related resources. [[European Forest Genetic Resources Programme]] (EUFORGEN)

{{Taxonbar|from=Q147824}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Trees of Europe]]
[[Category:Picea|omorika]]
[[Category:Vulnerable plants]]
[[Category:Flora of Serbia]]
[[Category:Flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]

Indian flapshell turtle

2025-10-03T10:30:10Z

Sanjanadalvi: added basic details w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Species of freshwater turtle predominant in South Asia}}
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = [[Miocene]] to recent, {{fossil range|15.97|0}}
| image = Lissemys punctata andersoni.jpg
| image_caption = ''L. p. andersoni'' at [[Rajaji National Park]], India
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Rahman, S.C. |author2=Ahmed, M.F. |author3=Choudhury, B.C. |author4=Praschag, P. |author5=Singh, S. |date=2021 |title=''Lissemys punctata'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T123802477A3008930 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T123802477A3008930.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name="CITES">{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| genus = Lissemys
| species = punctata
| authority = ([[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1788)
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = * ''L. p. andersoni''
* ''L. p. punctata''
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true|title=List
|''Testudo punctata'' {{small|Lacépède, 1788}}
|''Testudo granulosa'' {{small|[[Georg Adolf Suckow|Suckow]], 1798}}
|''Testudo scabra'' {{small|[[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1801}}
|''Testudo granosa'' {{small|[[Johann David Schoepff|Schoepff]], 1801}}
|''Testudo granulata'' {{small|[[François Marie Daudin|Daudin]], 1801}}
|''Trionyx coromandelicus'' {{small|[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]], 1809}}
|''Trionyx granosus'' {{small|— [[August Friedrich Schweigger|Schweigger]], 1812}}
|''Trionyx'' (''Emyda'') ''punctatus'' {{small|— [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1831}}
|''Emyda punctata'' {{small|— Gray, 1831}}
|''Trionyx punctata'' {{small|— Gray, 1832}}
|''Cryptopus granosus'' {{small|— [[André Marie Constant Duméril|A.M.C. Duméril]] & [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]], 1835}}
|''Emyda vittata'' {{small|[[Wilhelm Peters|W. Peters]], 1854}}
|''Emyda ceylonensis'' {{small|Gray, 1856}}
|''Emyda granosa'' {{small|— [[Alexander Strauch|Strauch]], 1862}}
|''Emyda dura'' {{small|[[John Anderson (zoologist)|Anderson]], 1876}} (''[[nomen nudum]]'')
|''Emyda [granosa] granosa'' {{small|— [[Friedrich Siebenrock|Siebenrock]], 1909}}
|''Emyda granosa ceylonensis'' {{small|— [[Nelson Annandale|Annandale]], 1912}}
|''Emyda granosa intermedia'' {{small|Annandale, 1912}}
|''Lissemys punctata punctata'' {{small|— [[Malcolm Arthur Smith|M.A. Smith]], 1931}}
|''Lissemys punctata granosa'' {{small|— M.A. Smith, 1931}}
|''Trionyx punctatus granosus'' {{small|— [[Robert Mertens|Mertens]], [[Lorenz Müller|L. Müller]] & Rust, 1934}}
|''Trionyx punctatus punctatus'' {{small|— Mertens, L. Müller & Rust, 1934}}
|''Lissemys punctata garnosa'' {{small|Rhodes & Dadd, 1968}} (''[[ex errore]]'')
|''Lissemys punctata andersoni'' {{small|[[Robert G. Webb|Webb]], 1980}}
|''Lissemys punctata andersonii'' {{small|Artner, 2003}} (''ex errore'')
|''Lissemys andersoni'' {{small|— Joseph-Ouni, 2004}}
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Fritz 2007">{{Cite journal|journal=Vertebrate Zoology |title=Checklist of Chelonians of the World|year=2007|author=Fritz, Uwe|author2=Havaš, Peter|volume=57|issue=2|pages=315–316|doi=10.3897/vz.57.e30895 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
| range_map =
| range_map_caption =
}}

The '''Indian flapshell turtle''' ('''''Lissemys punctata''''') is a freshwater [[species]] of turtle found in [[South Asia]]. The "flap-shelled" name stems from the presence of femoral flaps located on the [[plastron]]. These flaps of skin cover the limbs when they retract into the shell. What protection the flaps offer against [[Predation|predators]] is unclear.<ref>Franklin, Carl (2007). ''Turtles: An Extraordinary Natural History 245 Million Years in the Making''. Voyageur Press. pp. 134-136.</ref> Indian flapshell turtles are widespread and common in the South Asian provinces. It is morphologically an evolutionary link between the softshell and hardshell aquatic turtles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2019-01-31|title=Species Spotlight Vol. 17|url=https://turtlesurvival.org/species-spotlight-vol-17/|access-date=2021-09-26|website=Turtle Survival Alliance|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731091000/https://turtlesurvival.org/species-spotlight-vol-17/}}</ref> Exploitation for profit and habitat change are threats to their survival.

==Description==
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Lissemys punctata5.jpg
| direction = vertical
| image2 = Lissemys punctata 88503116.jpg
| align = left
| caption1 = Adult
| caption2 = Juvenile
}}
The [[carapace]] of ''L. punctata'' viewed from above is broadly oval in adults, but more circular in young, widest just anterior to hind limbs. The width of the disc is 77–86% of its length, the carapace is moderately arched, shell height is 35.0–40.5% of carapace length, the margin of the carapace is smooth and slightly flared posteriorly, the marginal bones are not united with the pleurals, the plastron is large but mostly [[cartilaginous]], and its length is 88–97% of the carapace length. A pair of large flaps can be closed over the hind limbs with a smaller flap over tail; seven plastral callosities are present, and the head is large, its width is 21–25% of the carapace width. The nose is short and stout; the nasal septum has no lateral ridge, the edges of the jaws are smooth, the alveolar surfaces are expanded
and granular. The claws are large and heavy; the penis is thick and oval, with deep dorsal cleft and four pointed, soft papillae; the tail is very short in both sexes.<ref name=minton>[[Sherman A. Minton|Minton SA Jr]] (1966). "A contribution to the herpetology of West Pakistan". ''Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History''. '''134''' (2): 27–184.</ref>

The carapace length of ''L. punctata'' has been known to range from {{convert|240|to|370|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=ENVIS>Environmental Information System (ENVIS) center of India. Zoological survey of India. ''Lissemys punctata''. {{cite web |url=http://zsienvis.nic.in/endb/end_reptilia/reptilia_data/lissemys_punctata.htm |title=::Indian Flap-shelled Turtle:: |access-date=2010-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029172905/http://zsienvis.nic.in/endb/end_reptilia/reptilia_data/lissemys_punctata.htm |archive-date=2010-10-29 }}</ref><ref name=NLBIF>Ernst C, Altenburg R, Barbour R (1997). ''Turtles of the World''. Netherlands Biodiversity Information Facility. {{cite web |url=http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/bis/turtles.php?menuentry=soorten&id=222 |title=Turtles of the World > Species |access-date=2010-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320235607/http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/bis/turtles.php?menuentry=soorten |archive-date=2011-03-20 }}</ref> The male's size can be up to 23 cm (9 in.), while the female's size can be maximum of around 35 cm (14 in.) .<ref name=":0" />

==Status==
The Indian flapshell turtle was placed in Appendix I of [[CITES]] in 1975 at the proposal of Bangladesh. However, ''L. p. punctata'' was the taxon listed, not ''L. p. andersoni''. Subsequent reviews of the literature and available data could find no evidence to support this endangered status. Some scientists now classify ''L. p. punctata'' and ''L. p. andersoni'' as a single [[subspecies]]. This subspecies is the most common aquatic turtle in India. Consequently, the Indian flapshell turtle was removed from the endangered species list in 1983 (48 FR 52740). This action, however, did not affect the turtle's status on Appendix I of CITES.<ref>CRS Report for Congress.98-32:Endangered Species List Revisions:A Summary of Delisting and Downlisting (cont'd)[http://www.cnie.org/nle/crsreports/biodiversity/biodv-18a.cfm#Indian%20flap-sheIled%20tnrtle. Status] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513071451/http://www.cnie.org/NLE/CRSreports/biodiversity/biodv-18a.cfm |date=2006-05-13 }}</ref> The species was downgraded to Appendix II in 1995.<ref name="CITES"/>

==Distribution==
The Indian flapshell turtle is found in [[Pakistan]], [[India]] (common in lakes and rivers), [[Sri Lanka]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]] (Indus and [[Ganges]] drainages), and [[Myanmar]] ([[Irrawaddy River|Irrawaddy]] and Salween Rivers). It has been [[introduced species|introduced]] to the [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]] and [[Nicobar Islands]]. It is also found in the [[desert]] ponds of [[Rajasthan]], where hundreds are killed every year during the dry summers. ''L. p. andersoni'' is found in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. In 2020, a farmer found a yellow flapshell turtle, believed to be an albino version of the species.<ref>{{Citation |title=Rare yellow turtle found by farmer - CNN Video|date=21 July 2020 |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2020/07/21/india-yellow-turtle-found-orig-mss.cnn |access-date=2020-07-27}}</ref>

[[Fossil]]s of this species from as early as the [[Miocene]] are known from Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=364626|title=Fossilworks: Lissemys punctata|website=fossilworks.org|access-date=17 December 2021|archive-date=14 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214040617/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=364626|url-status=live}}</ref>

The type locality is given as: "''Des grandes Indes''" (= continental India); restricted to "Pondicherry, Coromandel Coast, India" (11° 56'N; 79° 53'E, on the southeast coast of India) by Webb (1980).<ref>[[Robert G. Webb|Webb RG]] (1980). "Gray, Hardwicke, Buchanan-Hamilton, and drawings of Indian softshell turtles (Family Trionychidae)". ''Amphibia-Reptilia'' '''1''': 61-74.</ref><ref>Webb RG (1980). "The identity of ''Testudo punctata'' Lacépède, 1788 (Testudines, Trionychidae)". ''Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Fourth Series'' '''2''': 547-557.</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Lissemys punctata1.jpg|Head and front legs
File:Lissemys punctata2.jpg|Underside showing the flaps
File:Lissemys punctata3.jpg|Upperside

File:Indian flapshell turtle with Spots visible 01.jpg|With yellow spots and blotches at [[Sultanpur National Park|Sulthanpur National Park]]


</gallery>

==Habitat and ecology==
===Food===
The Indian flapshell turtle is known to be [[omnivorous]]. Its diet consists of frogs, shrimp, snails, aquatic vegetation, plant leaves, flowers, fruits, grasses, and seeds.<ref name=ENVIS/>

===Habitat and environmental impact===
''L. punctata'' lives in the shallow, quiet, often stagnant waters of rivers, streams, marshes, ponds, lakes, irrigation canals, and tanks. Waters with sand or mud bottoms are preferred because of the turtle's tendency to burrow.<ref name=ENVIS/> ''L. punctata'' turtle plays an important role to reduce pollution in aquatic [[ecosystems]] by feeding on snails, insects, and fragments of dead animals.<ref>Hossain L, Sarker S, Sarker N (2008). "Ecology of spotted flapshell turtle, ''Lissemys punctata'' (Lacepede, 1788) in Bangladesh". ''Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka. ECOPRINT''. '''15''': 59-67.</ref>

===Drought survival===
''L. punctata'' is very well adapted, both morphologically and behaviorally, to drought conditions. The turtle uses mainly burrowing and moving from water hole to water hole to avoid [[desiccation]]. The femoral flaps that cover the retracted legs help the turtle survive dry conditions. During a time of drought, the turtles enter a time of [[estivation]] in an attempt to survive the dry conditions.<ref name=Auffenberg>[[Walter Auffenberg|Auffenberg W]] (1981). "Behavior of ''Lissemys punctata'' in a drying lake in Rajasthan, India". ''Bombay'' '''78''' (3): 487-493.</ref> Although many turtles die during drought conditions, some turtles have been reported to survive up to 160 days.<ref name=ENVIS/><ref name=Auffenberg/>

==Reproduction==
===Courtship routines===
''L. punctata'' becomes reproductively active at age 2 or 3. Courtship and mating behavior is unique. Courtship begins when the male begins stroking the female's carapace with his neck and limbs extended. When receptive, the female faces the male with her neck extended and they begin bobbing their heads vertically three or four times. This behavior is repeated, then mating begins when the female settles to the bottom and is mounted by the male. Near the end of mating, the male releases his grip and rotates to face the opposite direction from her. They remain attached in this position for as long as 15 minutes. During this time, the female may drag the male about. The pair then separates and [[copulation (zoology)|copulation]] ends.<ref name=NLBIF/>

===Nesting===
Nesting times of ''L. punctata'' occur during many periods in the year depending on habitat and location. Generally, they start during the late summer to the monsoon season, which is around June to November.<ref name="BHUPATHY">{{cite journal |last1=Bhupathy |first1=S |last2=Webb |first2=Robert |last3=Praschag |first3=Peter |title=Lissemys Punctata (Bonnaterre 1789) - Indian Flapshell Turtle |journal=Chelonian Research Monographs Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtle and Tortoises |series=Chelonian Research Monographs |date=20 February 2014 |volume=5 |pages=076.1–076.12 |doi=10.3854/crm.5.076.punctata.v1.2014 |isbn=978-0-9653540-9-7 |url=http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Accounts/crm_5_076_punctata_v1_2014.pdf |access-date=18 October 2019}}</ref> Swampy areas with soil and exposure to sunlight are common nesting sites. Eggs are usually laid two or three times per year in clutches of two to 16. These eggs are buried in soil for protection.<ref name=NLBIF/>

==Specific dangers and threats to species survival==
[[File:Indian flap shell turtle.jpg|thumb|Indian flapshell turtle kept at the [[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]]]]
===Economic and environmental factors===
In many South Asian provinces, freshwater turtles and their eggs are commonly used as a source of protein-rich food. Also, a common myth holds that turtle meat and eggs have aphrodisiac qualities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=An appetite for the truth: why do people eat turtle eggs? {{!}} Fauna & Flora International|url=https://www.fauna-flora.org/news/an-appetite-for-the-truth-why-do-people-eat-turtle-eggs|access-date=2021-09-26|website=www.fauna-flora.org|date=4 March 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Turtles rescued in largest wildlife bust of its kind in India {{!}} Poaching {{!}} Earth Touch News|url=https://www.earthtouchnews.com/environmental-crime/poaching/turtles-rescued-in-largest-wildlife-bust-of-its-kind-in-india|access-date=2021-09-26|website=Earth Touch News Network|language=en}}</ref> As a result, these turtles are often exploited as a source of profit. In Bangladesh and India, this is especially evident, as the Indian flapshell turtle is larger and has more meat than other turtles in the area. The value of this meat, along with the efforts in the conservation of this species, has driven the price of meat higher and has led to an increase in the illegal international exploitation and killing of these animals.<ref name=Moll>Moll D, Moll E (2004). ''The Ecology, Exploitation, and Conservation of River Turtles''. Oxford University Press. pp. 177-180.</ref>
Changes to the turtle's natural habitat by the construction of dams and barrages, cultivation along river banks, and pollution are also major threats to the survival of this turtle.<ref name=ENVIS/>

===Fake belief about medicinal value===
The shell of ''L. punctata'' is sometimes believed to have medicinal uses and ground into powder to make traditional medicines, but no scientific proof of efficacy has been found. Basically, this myth helps smugglers to sell them, which is an illegal activity.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chaudhary|first=Juhi|title=As global smuggling networks flourish, Indian turtles disappear from traditional habitats|url=https://scroll.in/article/919693/as-global-smuggling-networks-flourish-indian-turtles-disappear-from-traditional-habitats|access-date=2021-09-26|website=Scroll.in|date=15 April 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Das (2002). ''Snakes and other Reptiles of India''. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 144 pp. {{ISBN|0-88359-056-5}}. (''Lissemys punctata'', p. 139).
*Khan MZ, Safi A, Fatima F, Hashmi MUA, Hussain B, Siddiqui S, Khan SI, Ghalib SA (2015). "An evaluation of distribution, status and abundance of freshwater turtles in the selected areas of Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces of Pakistan". ''Canadian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences'' '''9''' (1): 3201–3219. http://www.cjpas.net
*Safi A, Khan MZ (2014). "Distribution and current population of freshwater turtles of District Charsadda of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan". ''Journal of Zoology Studies'' '''1''' (4): 31–38. http://www.journalofzoology.com
*Akbar M, Mushtaq-ul-Hassan M, u-Nisa Z (2006). "Distribution of Freshwater Turtles in Punjab, Pakistan". ''CJES'' '''4''' (4): 142–146.
*Biswas S, Bhowmik HK (1984). "Range of ''Lissemys punctata punctata'' from the foot-hills of Siwaliks". ''Hamadryad'' '''9''' (2): 10.
*[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacepède BGE]] (1788). ''Histoire Naturelle des Quadrupe des Ovipares et des Serpens. Vol.1.'' Paris: Imprimerie du Roi, Hôtel de Thou. xvii + 651 pp.
*Verma, Anil K.; Sahi, D.N. (1998). "Status, range extension and ecological notes on Indo-Gangetic flapshell turtle, ''Lissemys punctata andersoni'' (Testudines: Trionychidae) in Jammu Shiwaliks, J&K State". ''Cobra'' '''34''' (Oct.-Dec.): 6–9.
*[[Robert G. Webb|Webb RG]] (1982). "Taxonomic notes concerning the trionychid turtle ''Lissemys punctata'' (Lacepede)". ''Amphibia-Reptilia (Wiesbaden)'' '''3''' (2–3): 179–184.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Lissemys punctata}}
*https://web.archive.org/web/20101029172905/http://zsienvis.nic.in/endb/end_reptilia/reptilia_data/lissemys_punctata.htm
*https://web.archive.org/web/20110320235607/http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/bis/turtles.php?menuentry=soorten

{{Trionychidae}}

{{Taxonbar |from=Q784190}}

[[Category:Lissemys]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1788]]

Botia birdi

2025-09-30T13:29:54Z

Sanjanadalvi: Starting A Stub

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Botia_birdi.png
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Daniels, A. |year=2023 |title=''Botia birdi'' |volume=2023 |article-number=e.T128718381A128718516 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T128718381A128718516.en |access-date=6 February 2025}}</ref>
| taxon = Botia birdi
| authority = Chaudhuri, 1909
}}

'''''Botia birdi''''', the '''Birdi loach''', inhabits freshwater environments and is commonly found in [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], particularly within the Indus drainage system.<ref>{{Cof record|spid=53362 |title=''Botia birdi'' |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q6424541}}

[[Category:Botia|birdi]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1909]]

{{Cypriniformes-stub}}

Tambaram Sanatorium railway station

2025-08-24T19:50:20Z

Sanjanadalvi: Made the info w/ refs

{{Short description|Railway station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Tambaram Sanatorium
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Tambaram Sanatorium Railway Station.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = Meenakshi Street, Kamakoti Nagar, [[Tambaram Sanatorium]], [[Tambaram]], [[Tamil Nadu]] 600 047, [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12|56|13|N|80|7|50|E|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #16A117
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| map_state = collapsed
| line = [[South Line, Chennai Suburban|South]] and [[South West Line, Chennai Suburban|South West]] lines of [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
| other =
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| platform =
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| opened = Early 1900s
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| status = Active
| electrified = 15 November 1931<ref name="IRFCA_ElectricTraction1"/>
| accessible =
| code = TBMS
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railways]]
| former = South Indian Railway
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system1=Chennai Suburban|line1=South|left1=Chromepet|to-left=Chennai Beach|right1=Tambaram|to-right1=Tambaram or Chengalpattu Junction or Villupuram Junction}}
| route_map = {{South Line, Chennai Suburban}}
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Tambaram Sanatorium railway station''' is one of the railway stations of the [[Chennai Beach]]–[[Chengalpattu|Chengelpet]] section of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway Network]]. It serves the neighbourhood of [[Tambaram Sanatorium]] and surrounding areas. It is situated about 27 km from Chennai Beach and has an elevation of {{cvt|32|m}} above [[Mean sea level|sea level]].

==History==
Tambaram Sanatorium railway station lies on the [[Madras Beach]]—[[Tambaram]] suburban section of the Chennai Suburban Railway, which was opened to traffic on 11 May 1931. The tracks were electrified on 15 November 1931.<ref name="IRFCA_ElectricTraction1">{{cite web
| title = Electric Traction - I
| publisher = IRFCA.org
| url = http://irfca.org/faq/faq-elec.html#vol
| access-date = 17 Nov 2012}}</ref> The section was converted to 25 kV AC traction on 15 January 1967.<ref name="IRFCA_HistoryOfElectrification">{{cite web
| title = IR Electrification Chronology up to 31.03.2004
| work = History of Electrification
| publisher = IRFCA.org
| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html
| access-date = 17 Nov 2012}}</ref> However, the station was built much later. When the [[Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine, Chennai|Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine]] expanded in the 1970s and gained importance, the railway station was built to serve the locality.<ref name="GHTM_Brief">{{cite web| title =Govt. Hospital of Thoracic Medicine| publisher =GHTM.in| url =http://www.ghtm.in/brief.pdf| access-date =24 Mar 2013| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130914161620/http://www.ghtm.in/brief.pdf| archive-date =14 September 2013| df =dmy-all}}</ref>

== The station ==

=== Platforms ===
There are a total of 4 platforms and 4 tracks. The platforms are connected by a [[foot overbridge]]. These platforms are built to accumulate 24 coaches per express train. The platforms are equipped with modern facilities like display board for the arrival and departure of trains.

=== Station layout ===
{| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="0"
| valign="top" width="30" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| valign="top" width="85" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street level
| valign="top" width="500" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance & ticket counter
|-
| rowspan="7" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="center" |'''P1'''
| colspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left</nowiki>
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform 1'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards → [[Chennai Beach railway station|Chennai Beach]] '''Next Station:''' [[Chromepet railway station|Chromepet]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Island platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P1'''<nowiki> Doors will open on the left/right | </nowiki>'''P2''' Doors will open on the right
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 5px gray;" |'''Platform 2'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 5px gray;" |Towards ← [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]] / [[Chengalpattu Junction railway station|Chengalpattu Jn]] / [[Viluppuram Junction railway station|Villuppuram Jn]] '''Next Station:''' [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]]
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform 3'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width="500" |Towards → [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Island platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P3 and P4'''<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''''(Express Lines)'''''
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform 4'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards ← [[Chengalpattu Junction railway station|Chengalpattu Junction]]
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |'''P1'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |
|-
|}

==Safety==
The stretch along the station is considered one of the deadliest accident zones in the [[Guindy]]–[[Chengalpet]] stretch of the suburban section, with about 15 accidents occurring every month as of 2011 in the [[Chromepet]]–[[Tambaram]] stretch.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Madhavan
| first = D.
| title = Pedestrians still cross tracks at Tambaram
| newspaper = The Times of India epaper
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 27 August 2011
| url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQ0gvMjAxMS8wOC8yNyNBcjAwNTAx
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120910232106/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQ0gvMjAxMS8wOC8yNyNBcjAwNTAx
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 10 September 2012
| access-date = 16 Oct 2011}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/tambaram-sanatorium-tbms/9205 Tambaram Sanatorium railway station at Indiarailinfo.org]

{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, South West|Tambaram Sanatorium|Chromepet|Tambaram|17|27.36}}
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, South|Tambaram Sanatorium|Chromepet|Tambaram|17|27.36}}
{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in the 1900s]]
[[Category:Chennai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chengalpattu district]]

Patodi, Rajasthan

2025-08-15T12:04:45Z

Sanjanadalvi: added

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{orphan|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Patodi
| settlement_type = Village
| coordinates = {{coord|26|04|25|N|72|15|57|E|type:city(3492)_region:IN-RJ|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Rajasthan
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Barmer
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = Pachpadra
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 6.67
| population_total = 3492
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 344032
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-2988
}}

'''Patodi''' is a village and tehsil headquarters of Patodi tehsil in [[Balotra district]], [[Rajasthan]], India. It is situated about 30 km west of [[Pachpadra]] and 120 km east of [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]]. It is famous for its handmade Mojri.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-18 |title=बाड़मेर में लगा जूती फेस्टिवल: सैकड़ों परिवार 8-9 पीढ़ियों से जुड़े उद्योग से, अब छोड़, लगे दूसरे काम |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/barmer/news/rajasthan-barmer-patodi-juti-festival-hundreds-of-families-belonging-to-industry-belonging-to-8-9-generations-are-now-leaving-work-130330392.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129180711/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/barmer/news/rajasthan-barmer-patodi-juti-festival-hundreds-of-families-belonging-to-industry-belonging-to-8-9-generations-are-now-leaving-work-130330392.html |archive-date=29 January 2023 |access-date=2025-05-03 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jutti and Kasidakari festival at Patodi, Barmer |url=https://toureast.in/event/jutti-and-kasidakari-festival-at-patodi-barmer/ |access-date=2025-05-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

As of the 2011 Census, it had 636 households and a population of 3,492 (1,814 males and 1,678 females).<ref name="census">{{cite web |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/87364-patodi-rajasthan.html |title=Patodi Village Population – Pachpadra – Barmer, Rajasthan |publisher=Census2011.co.in |accessdate=3 May 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Barmer district]]
[[Category:Balotra district]]

{{Rajasthan-geo-stub}}

Aurai, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T11:09:07Z

Sanjanadalvi: Added data - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Aurai
| constituency_no = 394
| map_image = 394-Aurai, Uttar Pradesh.svg
| mla = [[Dinanath Bhaskar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bhadohi district|Bhadohi]]
| reservation = SC
| type= SLA
}}
'''Aurai''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Aurai in the [[Bhadohi district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Bhadohi Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is reserved for candidates of the [[Scheduled Castes]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2024">{{Cite web |title=Aurai Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/aurai-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Nihala Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Girija Shankar Pathak
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Bechuram
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Yogesh Chandra
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Nihala Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Yogesh Chandra
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rangnath Mishra]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Uday Bhan Singh
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|2005^
| rowspan="2" |[[Rangnath Mishra]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Madhubala Pasi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Dinanath Bhaskar]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Aurai<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2022 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dinanath Bhaskar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:93691}}
|percentage = 41.69
|change = +1.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Anjani
|votes = {{formatnum:92044}}
|percentage = 40.95
|change = +10.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kamala Shankar
|votes = {{formatnum:28413}}
|percentage = 12.64
|change = -11.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sanjoo Devi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:2694}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Babita
|party = Vikassheel Insaan Party
|votes = {{formatnum:2499}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Tedhai
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|votes = {{formatnum:2190}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2205}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change = -0.24
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1647}}
|percentage = 0.74
|change = -8.86
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:224745}}
|percentage = 59.5
|change = +0.47
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate [[Dinanath Bhaskar]] won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Madhubala Pasi by a margin of 19,979 votes.<ref name="election2017.c">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/aurai.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref><ref name="election2017">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |access-date=26 March 2022 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Aurai<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Dinanath Bhaskar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:83325}}
|percentage = 40.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Madhubala Pasi
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:63546}}
|percentage = 30.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Baijnath Gautam
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:49059}}
|percentage = 23.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Suresh Kumar Pasi
|party = NISHAD Party
|votes = {{formatnum:3508}}
|percentage = 1.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2480}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:19779}}
|percentage = 9.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:206026}}
|percentage = 59.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|25.27|82.56|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bhadohi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Maharashtra Lok Adalat

2025-07-31T09:23:05Z

Sanjanadalvi: starting post

{{Short description|Dispute resolution mechanism in India}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Maharashtra Legal Services Authority
| nativename =
| nativenamea =
| nativenamer =
| commonname =
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo =
| logocaption =
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| image_size =
| motto =
| mottotranslated =
| mission =
| formed = 1987
| preceding1 =
| employees =
| volunteers =
| budget =
| country = India
| federal = No
| map =
| mapcaption =
| sizearea =
| sizepopulation =
| legaljuris =
| governingbody =
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 =
| restriction =
| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = Maharashtra Legal Services Authority, Address: 105, High Court (PWD) Building, Fort, Mumbai - 400 032, [[India]]
| hqlocmap =
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype =
| sworn =
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| electeetype =
| minister1name =
| minister1pfo =
| chief1name = Hon'ble Shri Justice Dipankar Datta.
| chief1position = Chief Justice, Mumbai High Court and Chief Patron, M.R. V.S.P.
| parentagency =
| website =
| child1agency =
| unittype =
| unitname =
| officetype =
| officename =
| stationtype =
| stations =
}}

'''Maharashtra Lok Adalat''' or Maharashtra State Legal Services Authority (People's Court) is an [[alternative dispute resolution]] mechanism used in state of [[Maharastra]]. It is a legal system to resolve pending cases at Panchayat or rural places, those in a pre-litigation stage in courts are resolved amicably.<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans-Classroom/2018-04-25/Lok-Adalat/376372?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=thehansindia.com |date=25 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It is recognised as statutory authority under the [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987|Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987]] and the [[Lok Adalat]]s award or decision are deemed to be civil court case and final and enforceable on both parties.<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1" /> Such an award is not appealable in any court of law in the absence of any provision. However, by approaching the court of appropriate jurisdiction, litigation can be initiated by any party in the suit if any of them are dissatisfied with the decision of the Lok Adalat (in the absence of any provision for appeal against such award).<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=Lok Adalat|url=https://nalsa.gov.in/lok-adalat|access-date=2021-07-16|website=nalsa.gov.in|language=en}}</ref>

"Section 22 B of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 provides for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats (PLA) for exercising jurisdiction in respect of one or more [[public utility]] services (PUS). Section 22 A of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 states what constitutes 'Public Utility Services' for the purpose of Permanent Lok Adalat".<ref>{{cite web|title=Permanent Lok Adalat|url=http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|publisher=Haryana State Legal Services Authority|access-date=2021-09-28|archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920113842/http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History and Administration ==
Maharashtra Lok Adalat is a statutory and autonomous body formed under Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 and is designed to provide constitutional protection guaranteed under Article 14 and 39-A of the [[Constitution of India]], of “ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR ALL”. The provisions of Constitution had been drafted to help every citizen to get justice irrespective of their economic or other limitations. The primary value laid down as per Indian Constitutional philosophy is individual dignity which forms the basis of human rights and demands on a holistic basis of civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights.

Maharashtra Lok Adalat is formed with objective and purpose of ensuring and providing visible, practical and positive initiatives ensuring equality and non bias decisions as laid down in Constitution of India and assumes significance due to illiteracy and poverty prevalent in India.

Lok Adalats are constituted at below levels:<ref name="Lok Ref2">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalats unclog a choked justice delivery system |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/insight/lok-adalats-unclog-a-choked-justice-delivery-system-1034264.html |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

* State Authorities.
* High Court.
* District and Taluk level.

Types of Lok Adalat:

* Permanent Lok Adalat - Provides mechanism for adjudging cases referred under public utility services like transport, postal and telegraph.
* National Lok Adalat - Held from year 2015, every month on specific topic across India. These are held on a single day disposing off large number of pending cases.
* Mega Lok Adalat - Held across all courts in state in a single day.
* Mobile Lok Adalats - These types of Lok Adalats are organised occasionally which travel from one place to other across country occasionally and help resolving disputes.

== Lok Adalat Committee and Complaint Procedures ==

Lok Adalat settles disputes which can be mutually resolved and mostly relating to partition suits, [[damages]] and [[Matrimonial law|matrimonial]]. The following are the requirements of the cases before Lok Adalat:

* Lok Adalat takes up civil cases (including marriage, and family disputes) and compoundable criminal cases.
* It accepts cases pending in regular court under their jurisdiction.
* The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement.
* The court fee paid initially in the court for the complaints/petition is refunded to the parties, as no court fee is chargeable if a matter referred in the Lok Adalat and is resolved with parties agreeing to bind by it.
* Procedural laws and the [[Indian Evidence Act|Evidence Act]] are not strictly followed while assessing claims.
* Decisions are binding on the parties and its order is capable of execution through legal process.

The following types of cases can be admitted in Lok Adalat.<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1"/>

1. Any dispute or case pending in any court of law in India.

* Criminal offences which are compoundable.
* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Issues relating to recovery of money.
* Issues under Indian Motor Vehicles Act,1988.
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc excluding Non Compoundable offences.
* Issues relating to Matrimony.

2. Any dispute to be planned to filed in Court but did not come up for hearing in front of it. Following Pre-Litigation cases can also be filed in Lok-Adalat.

* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Cases relating to recovery of money.
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc excluding Non Compoundable offences.
* General Maintenance related disputes.
* Other Miscellaneous cases which are civil disputes, criminal compoundable cases and matrimonial disputes.

However, any legal issue which is not compoundable as per the Indian Legal Systems cannot be taken up in the Lok Adalat.

As the members are presiding Lok Adalat as statutory conciliators and not in judicial capacity they can only persuade the parties to come to a settlement. Sometimes counselling sessions are also held between opposing parties.<ref name="Loka Ref3">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat disposes of 8.5 lakh cases in a day across Maharashtra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/lok-adalat-disposes-of-8-5-lakh-cases-in-a-day-across-maharashtra-101632673899685.html |access-date=29 September 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement and if they are unable to do so, it is referred to the Permanent Lok Adalat for deciding the case provided the case is not related to compoundable offence.

== Details of cases Resolved ==

1. In August 2021, Maharashtra Lok Adalat resolved around 3 lakh cases including 1.27 lakhs pre litigation cases in a single day with the help of various legal authorities under the group of National Legal Services Authority (NALSA).<ref name="Maha Lok Ref2">{{cite news |last1=Deshp |first1=Swati |title=Maharashtra: Almost 3 lakh cases, including 1.27 lakh pre-litigations disposed in Lok Adalat {{!}} Mumbai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-almost-3-lakh-cases-including-1-27-lakh-pre-litigations-disposed-in-a-lok-adalat/articleshow/85007460.cms |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=3 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

2. In September 2021, Maharashtra Lok Adalat settled disputes worth ₹1,317 crore relating to over eight lakh cases, though pending cases of more than 36 lakh across Maharashtra were taken up it.<ref name="Maha Lok Ref3">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat disposes of 8.5 lakh cases in a day across Maharashtra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/lok-adalat-disposes-of-8-5-lakh-cases-in-a-day-across-maharashtra-101632673899685.html |access-date=29 September 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

3. In September 2021, Maharashtra Lok-Adalat, helped Maharashtra Highway Safety Patrol (HSP) or highway traffic police collect Rs 5.52 crore from 1.20 lakh motorists through e-challans in a week's time.<ref name="Maha Lok Ref4">{{cite news |last1=Naidu |first1=Jayprakash s |title=Fearing Lok Adalat, motorists in Maharashtra clear e-challan dues of Rs 5.5 crore within a week |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/fearing-lok-adalat-motorists-in-maharashtra-clear-e-challan-dues-of-rs-5-5-crore-within-a-week-7531195/ |access-date=30 September 2021 |publisher=indianexpress.com |date=24 September 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008]]
* [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://legalservices.maharashtra.gov.in official Website]

{{Lok Adalat}}


[[Category:Dispute resolution]]
[[Category:Law of India]]
[[Category:Lok Adalat]]

National Highway 75 (India, old numbering)

2025-07-29T17:53:32Z

Sanjanadalvi: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 39 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Palunku (TV series)

2025-07-28T12:41:48Z

Sanjanadalvi: stub

{{short description|Indian Malayalam television soap opera}}
{{About|the 2021 Malayalam soap opera|the 2006 Malayalam film|Palunku}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Palunku.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| creator =
| based_on = {{based on|''Khorkhuto''|[[Leena Gangopadhyay]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/parasparam-fame-actress-gayathri-arun-guest-role-in-asianets-serial-palunku-r7k0q7|title=Palunku serial : 'നിള'യുടെ ഹല്‍ദിക്ക് മാറ്റ് കൂട്ടി 'ദീപ്‍തി ഐപിഎസ്'|work=Asianet News|access-date=2 June 2022|language=ml}}</ref>
| inspired_by =
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story = Leena Gangopadhyay
| director =
| creative_director =
| starring =
| voices =
| narrated =
| music =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 288
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = G. Jayakumar
| location =
| cinematography =
| animator =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20-25 minutes
| company = Ross Petals Entertainment
| budget =
| network = [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|11|22|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|12|30|df=y}}
| related = {{ubl|''[[Khorkuto]]''|''[[Namma Veetu Ponnu]]''|''[[Thipkyanchi Rangoli]]''|''[[Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey]]''}}
}}

'''''Palunku''''' ({{translation|''[[Crystal]]''}}) is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[soap opera]]. The show premiered on 22 November 2021 on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1462677238873092103|user=asianet|title=പ്രേക്ഷകഹൃദയങ്ങൾ കീഴടക്കാൻ ഹൃദയഹാരിയായ കുടുംബപരമ്പര 'പളുങ്ക്'... ഇന്ന് മുതൽ രാത്രി 8.30ന്|author-link=Asianet (TV channel)|date=22 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=New daily soap 'Palunku' to launch soon; Thej Gowda and Khushi to make their TV debut|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/new-daily-soap-palunku-to-launch-soon-thej-gowda-and-khushi-to-make-their-tv-debut/articleshow/87756247.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> It stars Tejas Gowda and Tonisha Kapileswarapu in lead roles along with [[Subramanian Gopalakrishnan]], [[Rajesh Hebbar]] and [[Lakshmi Priya]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/in-the-serial-palunk-tonisha-replaces-khushi-sampath/articleshow/90073251.cms?story=5|title=തുടങ്ങുമ്പോഴേക്കും നായിക പിന്മാറി, ഖുഷി സമ്പത്തിന് പകരം പളുങ്കില്‍ ഇനി നിളയായി എത്തുന്ന പുതിയ നടി ഇതാ!! |work=Malayalam Samayam|publisher=The Times of India|access-date=2 June 2022|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/asianet-new-serial-palunku-start-today-r2yudb|title=palunku serial: വൈകാരിക മുഹൂർത്തങ്ങളുമായി പുതിയ പരമ്പര; 'പളുങ്ക്' ഇന്ന് മുതൽ ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റിൽ|work=Asianet News|access-date=2 June 2022|language=ml}}</ref> It airs on Asianet and on-demand through [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/palunku/1260073614|title=Watch Palunku All Latest Episodes on Disney+ Hotstar|website=Disney+ Hotstar|access-date=2 June 2022|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122185043/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/palunku/1260073614|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is an official remake of Bengali TV series ''[[Khorkuto]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/asianet-palunku-serial-actress-khushi-sampath-kumar-quits-notes-shared-by-herself-in-instagram-r8jhd5|title=Khushi Sampath : 'ദീപക്കിന്റെ നിളയായി ഇനി പളുങ്കില്‍ ഇല്ല' : പിന്മാറുന്നുവെന്ന് ഖുഷി സമ്പത്ത്‌|work=Asianet News|access-date=2 June 2022|language=ml}}</ref> The show ended on 30 December 2022.

==Synopsis==
Worlds and values clash when headstrong and rich girl Nila meets aristocratic Deepak, a scientist. Adding fuel to this fiery combination is his family.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Tejas Gowda/ Tanuj Menon as Deepak: A young scientist
* Kushi Sampath Kumar / Tonisha Kapileswarapu as Nila: Deepak's wife
* Anjali Hari as scientist Arunima: who loves Deepak

===Recurring===
* [[Subramanian Gopalakrishnan]] as Yadhu: Deepak's elder brother
* Lakshmi Balagopal as Karthika: Yadhu's wife
* [[Rajesh Hebbar]] as [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] Anirudhan: Nila's father
* [[Lakshmi Priya]] as Anuradha:<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 4 contestant Lakshmi Priya's profile, photos and everything you need to know|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-4-contestant-lakshmi-priyas-profile-photos-and-everything-you-need-to-know/articleshow/90457500.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> Anirudhan's sister and Arunima's mother
* KPAC Rajkumar as Janardhanan: Deepak's father
* Siva Kavitha as Padma Prabha: Deepak's aunt
* Vijayan Karanthoor as Mukundan: Yadhu's father
* Rasitha Aneesh as Saumini: Deepak's mother
* Ala S Nayana as [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]]Vimala: Nila's mother
* Jolly Easo as Saradha: Yadhu's mother
* Julie Hendry as Salma: Arunima's best friend
* Anjali Vinod as Samantha: Deepak's friend
* Sreekanth as 'Vadival' Sajeevan
* Sumi santhosh as Pavithra: Yadhu's sister
* Roshna Thiyyath as Sreeja
* Deva Dileep as Manya
* Jeeja Surendran as Durga
* Aadil Mohammed as Naveen: Pavithra's son

===Guest===
* [[Sreejith Vijay]] as Nikhil: Nila's elder brother (died in the serial)
* [[Gayatri Arun]] as herself<ref>{{Cite news|title=Parasparam actress Gayathri Arun to play a cameo in 'Palunku'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/parasparam-actress-gayathri-arun-to-play-a-cameo-in-palunku/articleshow/89408948.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Gayathri Arun sings Manju Warrier's popular song 'Kim Kim' for Palunku; watch the recording video|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/gayathri-arun-sings-manju-warriers-popular-song-kim-kim-for-palunku-watch-the-recording-video/articleshow/89831634.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref>
* Devika Unni

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue"|Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue" |Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue" |Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue" |Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue" |Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue" |Notes
!style="background:LightSteelBlue" |Ref.
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''[[Khorkuto]]'' খড়কুটো
|17 August 2020
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|21 August 2022
|Original
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Trina Saha and Koushik Roy starrer 'Khorkuto' completes one year; team is in a celebratory mood|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/trina-saha-and-koushik-roy-starrer-khorkuto-completes-one-year-team-is-in-a-celebratory-mood/articleshow/85149508.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''[[Namma Veetu Ponnu]]'' நம்ம வீட்டு பொண்ணு
|16 August 2021
|[[Star Vijay]]
|25 March 2023
| rowspan="5" |Remake
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Koushik Roy-Trina Saha starrer 'Khorkuto' gets a Tamil remake|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/koushik-roy-trina-saha-starrer-khorkuto-gets-a-tamil-remake/articleshow/85421208.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''[[Thipkyanchi Rangoli]]'' ठिपक्यांची रांगोळी
|4 October 2021
|[[Star Pravah]]
|18 November 2023
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Trina Saha and Koushik Roy starrer 'Khorkuto' to have a Marathi remake|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/trina-saha-and-koushik-roy-starrer-khorkuto-to-have-a-marathi-remake/articleshow/86314785.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''Palunku'' പളുങ്ക്
|22 November 2021
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|30 December 2022
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/asianet-palunku-serial-lead-heroine-kushi-sampath-kumar-quit-the-serial-079581.html|title='ദീപക്കിന്റെ നിളയായി ഇനി ഉണ്ടാവില്ല'; പളുങ്ക് സീരിയലിൽ നിന്നും നായിക നടി ഖുശി സമ്പത്ത് കുമാർ പിന്മാറി!|work=Filmibeat|date=7 March 2022|access-date=2 June 2022|language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''[[Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey]]'' कभी कभी इत्तेफाक से
|3 January 2022
|[[StarPlus]]
|20 August 2022
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kabhie Kabhie Ittefaque Se: Trina Saha-Koushik Roy starrer 'Khorkuto' to be remade in Hindi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/kabhie-kabhie-ittefaque-se-trina-saha-koushik-roy-starrer-khorkuto-to-be-remade-in-hindi/articleshow/87504500.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Jenugudu'' ಜೇನುಗೂಡು
|21 February 2022
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|30 September 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ಉತ್ತರ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಸೊಗಡಿಗನ 'ಜೇನುಗೂಡು' ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ ಶೀಘ್ರದಲ್ಲೇ ಪ್ರಸಾರ|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/veena-sundar-ramesh-pandit-srikanth-heblikar-starrer-jenugoodu-kannada-serial-will-premier-on-february-21st/articleshow/89699895.cms|access-date=2 June 2022|website=[[Vijaya Karnataka]]|language=kn}}</ref>
|}

==Reception==
The show launched on 22 November 2021 at 8:30 PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]. From beginning it doesn't got a good viewership.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.keralatv.in/serial-palunku-trp-report/ | title=Serial Palunku TRP Report - Week 47, Malayalam Channel Rating | date=3 December 2021 }}</ref> On 27 March 2022, the show is moved to afternoon slot of 1:30 PM due to low TRP and launch of [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 4)|Bigg Boss Season 4]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.keralatv.in/serial-palunku-telecast-time-asianet/ | title=Serial Palunku Telecast Time is Monday to Friday at 08:30 P:M on Asianet | date=20 November 2021 }}</ref> The show ended on 30 December 2022 due to poor viewership.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Asianet programs}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Asianet (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Bengali-language television series]]

Debt Recovery Tribunal

2025-07-09T22:44:45Z

Sanjanadalvi: Starting Article

{{Short description|Indian quasi-judicial body}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Courts of India}}

'''Debt Recovery Tribunal''' is a [[Quasi-judicial body|quasi-judicial]] body formed under the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions (RDDBFI) Act, 1993 to facilitate recovery of [[loan]]s by [[bank]]s and [[financial institution]]s to the customers. Orders of the Debt Recovery Tribunal are appealable before the Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunal. [[Government of India]] selects the presiding officer in the Tribunal. The Tribunal is based on Debt Recovery Tribunals Act for a debt which is more than Rs 20,00,000. The Jurisdiction extends to whole of India except to the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

== History and objective ==

Debts Recovery Tribunals (DRTs) were formed under Banks and Financial Institutions (RDDBFI) Act, 1993 to facilitate debt recoveries by banks and financial institutions and to design an effective mechanism to recover their dues speedily without being subjected lengthy process of civil courts.<ref name="dt1">{{cite news |last1=Lele |first1=Abhijit |title=What prevents India's Debt Recovery Tribunals from actually recovering bad debts? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/what-ails-the-debt-recovery-tribunals-116031400407_1.html |access-date=2 April 2022 |publisher=business-standard.com |date=14 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dt2">{{cite news |title=Why Does it Take So Long to Resolve Debt Recovery Cases in India? |url=https://thewire.in/economy/debt-recovery-npa-insolvency |access-date=2 April 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=21 November 2016}}</ref>

The objective of Debt Recovery Tribunal is to ensure recovery of borrowed money from debtors which are due to banks and various financial institutions.<ref name="dt3" /> Their role is limited to settling the claims and ensure the balance amount related to non-performing assets as categorised by the banks as per the provisions of RBI guidelines are recovered.<ref name="dt3" />

== Powers ==

Debt Recovery Tribunal has powers of District Court for any claims before it relating to recovery of Debts.<ref name="dt3" /> The Recovery officer in the tribunal is responsible to execute the recovery orders sanctioned by the Presiding Officers. DRT is bound to follow the legal procedure by laying emphasis on quick disposal of the cases and efficient and effective disposal of orders.<ref name="dt3" />

== Composition ==

Debt Recovery Tribunal consists of Presiding and Recovery officers.<ref name="dt4">{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Khadija |title=Central government clears appointment of Presiding Officers to 18 Debt Recovery Tribunals |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/central-government-clears-appointment-of-presiding-officers-to-18-debt-recovery-tribunals |access-date=3 April 2022 |publisher=Bar and Bench – Indian Legal news |date=21 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Application ==

Debt Recovery Tribunal is applicable for below cases<ref name="dt5">{{cite news |title=Debt Recovery Tribunal {{!}} Powers & Functions of DRT |url=https://www.lawyered.in/legal-disrupt/articles/all-you-need-know-about-debt-recovery-tribunal-advocate-praveen-kumar/ |access-date=2 April 2022 |publisher=lawyered.in |date=23 July 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref>

The Debt Recovery Tribunal Act is applicable in entire India including Jammu & Kashmir after article 370 of the constitution has been made ineffective.

The act is applicable for due amount above Rs. 20, 00,000.<ref name="dt3">{{cite news |title=Matters overseen by the Debt Recovery Tribunals |url=https://www.lawinsider.in/columns/matters-overseen-by-the-debt-recovery-tribunals |access-date=3 April 2022 |publisher=Law Insider India |date=27 August 2021}}</ref>

The act is also applicable even if the preliminary application for Debts recovery had been filed only by Banks and the Financial Institutions.

== Places ==

Debt recovery tribunals are set up in 39 places and The debt recovery appellate tribunals are based in 5 places, in India, they are; Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, [[Allahabad]], and Chennai .

== Challenges ==

Debt Recovery Tribunal faces understaffing challenges with most positions not being filled up in time.

== See also ==

* [[Tribunals in India]].

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://drt.gov.in/ Official Website]


[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Indian tribunals]]

Pala Ganesh Temple

2025-05-14T04:01:26Z

Sanjanadalvi: stub

{{Short description|Hindu Temple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2017}}

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Pala Ganesh Temple
| image = PalaGaneshUdaipur.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Rajasthan
| map_caption = Location in Udaipur
| map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|24|34|20.4593|N|73|41|14.8358|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Udaipur district]]
| locale = [[Udaipur]]
| year_completed =
| temple_board =
| website =
}}

'''Pala Ganesh Temple''' is a Hindu temple of [[Ganesha|Lord Ganesh]], situated near [[Gulab Bagh and Zoo|Gulab Bagh]] area in [[Udaipur]]. This temple was built around 500 years ago, and is considered one of the ancient temples of Lord Ganesh in Udaipur.<ref>{{cite web|title=Famous ganesha temple in udaipur|url=http://shadesofudaipur.com/ganeshtemples/|website=Shades of udaipur|publisher=Vivian Creations|access-date=9 February 2017|archive-date=7 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507055139/http://www.shadesofudaipur.com/ganeshtemples/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==General==
It is situated near the junction point of Gulab Bagh, and [[Doodh Talai Lake]]. This temple is under control of Devasthan department. At the entrance, there is a large courtyard, with some seating capacity. Inside the temple, the statue of Lord Ganesh is kept inside a central shrine. There is sufficient space for deities to walk around the central shrine (called 'parikrama' of the lord). There are two gates to the main temple, one is called Riddhi Pole, which is usually the entrance gate and second one is Siddhi Pole, which is the exit.

== Access and Timings ==
The Pala Ganesh Temple is around 1 km from city center [[Surajpole (Udaipur)|Surajpole]], and 3.5 km from [[Udaipur City railway station]]. Visitors can take private vehicle, or a Taxi or Auto-Rikshaw to visit the place. This is located in between the [[Gulab Bagh and Zoo]] and [[Doodh Talai Lake]], having its entrance adjacent to one of the parking stands of [[Gulab Bagh and Zoo]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Udaipur}}
{{Hindu temples in Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Udaipur]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Udaipur]]
[[Category:Ganesha temples]]

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}
{{Udaipur-geo-stub}}

Charles Ollivant

2025-04-05T17:57:29Z

Sanjanadalvi: improved article

{{short description|Indian politician (1846–1915)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
'''Sir Edward Charles Kayll Ollivant''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCIE}} (7 February 1846 – 24 December 1928)<ref>{{cite news |title=Sir Charles Ollivant |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/geelong-advertiser/169636382/ |access-date=5 April 2025 |work=Geelong Advertiser |date=16 February 1929}}</ref> was a senior member of the [[Indian Civil Service]]. He had notable interactions with both [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Muhammed Ali Jinnah]].

Ollivant arrived in India in 1881.<ref>Mentioned in ''The Nursing Record and Hospital World'' 7 October 1899 accessed at Royal College of Nursing [http://rcnarchive.rcn.org.uk/data/VOLUME023-1899/page294-volume23-07thoctober-1899.pdf] 3 August 2006</ref> In 1892, he had a disagreement in [[Rajkot]] with Gandhi,<ref>[https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/mohandas-karamchand-gandhi-mahatma-gandhi-timeline-1890-1899] Chronology of
M.K. Gandhi, South African History Online</ref> [[Mahatma Gandhi#Early life|who was then]] a young barrister.<ref>Wolpert, ''Gandhi's Passion : The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi'', Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 31</ref> The incident resulted in Gandhi being pushed out of a room, and ill feelings about this dispute were apparently a factor in Gandhi's departure for South Africa in 1893.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

Ollivant also offered to hire [[Muhammed Ali Jinnah]] at 1,500 [[rupee]]s per month, and was notably turned down.{{Explain|date=October 2019}}

Ollivant was a judicial member of the [[Bombay Legislative Council|Council]] of the Governor of Bombay until April 1902,<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |date=18 March 1902 |page=10 |issue=36718}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27424 |page=2416 |date=11 April 1902}}</ref> and a director of the [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Foreign News: Indian Interview |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,722367,00.html |access-date=20 March 2022 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=30 August 1926}}</ref> He was knighted as a [[Order of the Indian Empire|Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE) in 1892.<ref name=List>Great Britain. India Office {{google books|b2NPAAAAMAAJ|The India List and India Office List for 1905|page=145}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Henry Northcote, 1st Baron Northcote]], Governor of Bombay (1900–1903)

==Notes==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ollivant, Charles}}
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:1846 births]]
[[Category:1928 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Bombay Legislative Council]]

Kuttur (Kannur)

2025-04-01T07:23:59Z

Sanjanadalvi: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kuttur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Kuttoor
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.1535|N|75.3106|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of talukas of Kerala|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Payyanur Taluk|Payyanur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Eramam-Kuttur Grama panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 22.58
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8,143
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 670306
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04985
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL-86]]
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Literacy]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 92.3%
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Niyamasabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Payyanur (State Assembly constituency)|Payyanur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kuttur''' is a village in [[Payyanur Taluk]] of [[Kannur district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Population data - Villages with population 5000 & above |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=8 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Location==
Kuttur is located 20.1 km east of [[Payyanur]] town, 3.3 km away from [[Mathamangalam]] and 38.8 km north of [[Kannur]] city.

== Educational institutions ==
* SUNRISE COLLEGE OF ADVANCED STUDIES (SRC ), Kuttoor
* Jaybees Training College of B. Ed., Kuttoor<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://highereducation.kerala.gov.in/index.php/academic/institutions/self-financing?showall=&start=3 |title=Higher Education Institutes in Kannur University}}</ref>
* Government U P School Kuttur

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Kuttoor village has a population of 8,143, where 3,821 are males and 4,322 females. Kuttur village has an area of {{cvt|22.58|km2}} with 2,022 families. Population in the age group 0–6 is 875 (10.7%), which constitutes 432 males and 443 females. Kuttoor has an overall literacy rate of 92.3%, where male literacy stands at 96.2% and female literacy is 88.9%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Kannur |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=154,155 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3202_PART_B_KANNUR.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==Transportation==
The national highway ([[NH 66]]) passes through [[Perumba River|Perumba]] junction. [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]] can be accessed on the northern side and [[Cochin]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] can be accessed on the southern side. The road to the east of [[Iritty]] connects to [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]]. The nearest railway station is [[Payyanur railway station|Payyanur]] on the [[Shoranur–Mangalore section]] under [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]].
The nearest airport is [[Kannur International Airport|Kannur International]], about 54 km away.

==See also==
* [[Mathamangalam]]
* [[Eramam]]
* [[Vellora]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kannur district}}

[[Category:Villages near Payyanur]]
[[Category:Villages in Kannur district]]

{{Kannur-geo-stub}}

Dambuk Aga Assembly constituency

2025-02-27T06:22:32Z

Sanjanadalvi: Starting Article!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Meghalaya legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dambuk Aga
| type= SLA
| state = Meghalaya
| established = 1972
| abolished = 1977<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 6,297
| mla = Brojendra Sangma
| party = {{Party index link|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Dambuk Aga Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Meghalaya ]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Brojendra Sangma || {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Dambuk Aga<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143519/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Brojendra Sangma |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,871 |percentage=85.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vitus Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=218 |percentage=9.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Morison Daring |party=Independent politician |votes=97 |percentage=4.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,653 |percentage=75.62% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,186 |percentage=36.22% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,297 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord missing|Meghalaya}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
{{Meghalaya-geo-stub}}