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Navvite Navaratnalu

2026-05-06T10:41:56Z

SanglapGeographer: made post

{{Infobox film
| name = Navvite Navaratnalu
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = S. Soundararajan
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = S. Soundararajan
| starring = [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] Ramasarma
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = Aswathama Gudimetla [[G. Ramanathan]]
| studio = [[Tamil Nadu Talkies]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1951||}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Navvite Navaratnalu''''' is a 1951 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[fantasy film]] produced and directed by S. Soundararajan starring [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] and Ramasarma.

==Plot==
Gowri, from a farmer family, is treated cruelly by her stepmother Ganga and her sister Chandra. However, Gowri falls into a well one day, and her angelic mother saves her and gives her the power that whenever she smiles, she would receive nine gems. Rangayya, her father, becomes a rich merchant. King Rajasekhar invites the family for a function at the palace. Hoping that Rajasekhar would marry her, Ganga locks up Gowri in a room and takes her sister Chandra with her. The angelic mother frees Gowri, who goes to the function. Rajasekhar is fascinated by Gowri’s beauty and decides to marry her, but Ganga plays some tricks. What happens next forms the rest of the story.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/navvithe-navarathnaalu-1951/article4323382.ece|title=Navvithe Navarathnaalu (1951)|date=19 January 2013|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605204002/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/navvithe-navarathnaalu-1951/article4323382.ece|archive-date=5 June 2025|access-date=24 March 2026|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=M. L.|last=Narasimham}}</ref><ref name="Song book">{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/AIG/1|title=Song book|work=Indiancine.ma|access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] as Gowri
*Ramasarma as King Rajasekhar
*Nirmala Devi
*Bhudevi
*Mohan
*Vangara Venkata Subbaiah
*Addala Narayana Rao
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]]
*Seetha
*[[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]]
*[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
}}

== Production ==
''Navvite Navaratnalu'' marks the lead debut of [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]]. She was spotted by Soundararajan's daughter, N. Ye. Bhuma, at the former Rajakumari theatre in [[Pondy Bazaar]], Madras while she was watching ''[[Swapna Sundari (film)|Swapna Sundari]]''. Soundararajan cast Ramasarma despite the box office failure of their previous film together, ''Adrushta Deepudu''. The film was ghost directed by Bhuma.<ref name="H"/>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Aswathama Gudimetla and [[G. Ramanathan]].<ref name="H"/><ref name="Song book"/>
*"Telirekhalu Virise" - [[M. L. Vasantha Kumari]]
*"Uyyala Loogenaho Maanasamu" - M. L. Vasantha Kumari

== Release and reception ==
''Navvite Navaratnalu'' was screened at Vani Mahal, Madras.<ref name="H"/> The film ran to full houses during its first week in a few centres in places like Vijayawada due to Krishna Kumari.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/navvithe-navarathnaalu-1951/article4323382.ece|title=July 1951 issue|magazine=Telugu Cinema|date=July 1951|first=Commuri|last=Sambasivarao|access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref> However, the film was a box office failure due to its insipid story and poor direction.<ref name="H"/> Soundararajan did not lose any money through the film.<ref name="H"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt0274685}}

[[Category:1951 Indian films]]
[[Category:1951 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Ramanathan]]

Endapalli, Annamayya district

2026-05-06T00:01:36Z

SanglapGeographer: place

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Endapalli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.0432|N| 78.6875|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 143
| population_total = 2762
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 516 269
| registration_plate = AP 04
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Endapalli''' is a village in [[Annamayya district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Rayachoti mandal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/ANDHRA_PRADESH/CUDDAPAH/E/ENDAPALLI|title=Pin Code: ENDAPALLI, CUDDAPAH, ANDHRA PRADESH, India, Pincode.net.in|website=pincode.net.in|access-date=2018-03-11}}</ref>

== References ==
<references/>
{{Annamayya district}}
{{Annamayya-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Villages in Annamayya district]]

Hubballi–Thiruvananthapuram North Superfast Express

2026-05-03T16:33:32Z

SanglapGeographer: creating page

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Hubballi–Kochuveli Superfast Express
| image = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2009|12|03}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Hubballi Junction}} (UBL)
| stops = 20
| end = {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram North }} (TVCN)
| distance = {{convert|1294|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 23h 45m
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, AC 3 tier Economy, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = [[LHB coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities = Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 12777/12778
| speed = {{convert|54|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map = [[File:(Hubli - Kochuveli) Express Route map.png|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12777 / 12778 '''Hubballi–Thiruvananthapuram North Superfast Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[South Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Hubballi Junction}} and [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]].It began operations as Kochuveli'''–'''Yeswanthpur weekly express and was later extended to Hubballi. It is currently being operated on a weekly basis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=12778/Thiruvananthapuram North (Kochuveli) - SSS Hubballi Weekly SF Express (PT) - Kochuveli to Hubli SWR/South Western Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-thiruvananthapuram-north-kochuveli-sss-hubballi-weekly-sf-express-12778/7826/1009/289 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

== Service==

The 12777/Hubballi–Thiruvananthapuram North Weekly Superfast Express has an average speed of 54 km/h and covers 1294 km in 23h 45m. The 12778/Thiruvananthapuram North–Hubballi Weekly Superfast Express has an average speed of 54 km/h and covers 1294 km in 23h 45m.

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="65%" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#FFBA01;" |12777 - SSS Hubballi Junction → Kochuveli
|-
!Station Name
!Station Code
!Arrival
!Departure
!Day
|-
|[[Hubli Junction railway station|SSS Hubballi Junction]]
|UBL
| -
|06:55
| rowspan="9" |1
|-
|[[Arsikere Junction railway station|Arsikere Junction]]
|ASK
|11:35
|11:40
|-
|Chikka Banavara Junction
|BAW
|13:38
|13:40
|-
|[[Banaswadi railway station|Banaswadi]]
|BAND
|15:43
|15:45
|-
|[[Krishnarajapuram railway station|Krishnarajapuram]]
|KJM
|16:03
|16:05
|-
|[[Bangarapet Junction railway station|Bangarapet Junction]]
|BWT
|16:47
|16:48
|-
|[[Salem Junction railway station|Salem Junction]]
|SA
|19:47
|19:50
|-
|[[Erode Junction railway station|Erode Junction]]
|ED
|20:47
|20:50
|-
|[[Palakkad Junction railway station|Palakkad Junction]]
|PGT
|23:17
|23:20
|-
|[[Ernakulam Town railway station|Ernakulam Town]]
|ERN
|01:45
|01:50
| rowspan="3" |2
|-
|[[Tiruvalla railway station|Tiruvalla]]
|TRVL
|03:24
|03:25
|-
|[[Kollam Junction railway station|Kollam Junction]]
|QLN
|04:57
|05:00
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]]
|TVCN
|06:35
| -
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#FFBA01;" |12778 - Kochuveli → SSS Hubballi Junction
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]]
|TVCN
| -
|12:50
| rowspan="6" |1
|-
|[[Kollam Junction railway station|Kollam Junction]]
|QLN
|13:40
|13:43
|-
|[[Tiruvalla railway station|Tiruvalla]]
|TRVL
|14:47
|14:48
|-
|[[Ernakulam Town railway station|Ernakulam Town]]
|ERN
|16:55
|17:00
|-
|[[Palakkad Junction railway station|Palakkad Junction]]
|PGT
|19:32
|19:35
|-
|[[Erode Junction railway station|Erode Junction]]
|ED
|22:20
|22:25
|-
|[[Salem Junction railway station|Salem Junction]]
|SA
|23:22
|23:25
|-
|[[Bangarapet Junction railway station|Bangarapet Junction]]
|BWT
|02:34
|02:35
| rowspan="5" |2
|-
|[[Banaswadi railway station|Banaswadi]]
|BAND
|03:43
|03:45
|-
|Chikka Banavara Junction
|BAW
|04:23
|04:24
|-
|[[Arsikere Junction railway station|Arsikere Junction]]
|ASK
|06:40
|06:45
|-
|[[Hubli Junction railway station|SSS Hubballi Junction]]
|UBL
|12:30
| -
|}

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Hubballi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Harihar}}
* {{stnlnk|Davangere}}
* {{stnlnk|Arsikere Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Salem Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Erode Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Palakkad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Thrissur}}
* {{stnlnk|Ernakulam Town}}
* {{stnlnk|Kottayam}}
* {{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
* [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]]

==Coach composition==

The train has standard LHB rakes with a maximum speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 21 coaches:

* 2 AC II Tier
* 3 AC III Tier
* 3 AC III Tier Economy
* 7 Sleeper coaches
* 4 General Unreserved
* 1 Seating cum Luggage Rake
* 1 End on Generator Car

== Traction==

earlier was [[Arakkonam]]-based [[WAP-4]], The train is hauled by a [[Hubballi]] [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive in both directions.

== See also ==

* [[Hubli Junction railway station]]
* [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station]]
* [[Hubballi–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Express (via Bijapur)]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/7827 12777/Hubballi–Thiruvananthapuram North Weekly SF Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/7826 12778/Thiruvananthapuram North–Hubballi Weekly SF Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Express trains running through Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hubballi-Kochuveli Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Hubli-Dharwad]]
[[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2012]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Muslim Gurjars

2026-04-30T05:00:34Z

SanglapGeographer: made new post

{{Short description|Ethno-religious group in South Asia}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Muslim Gurjars
| regions = • {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} • {{flagcountry|India}} • {{flagcountry|Afghanistan}} • {{flagcountry|Nepal}}
| population = ~36.86 million (see [[#Population|below]])
| poptime =
| popplace =
| region1 =
| pop1 =
| region2 =
| pop2 =
| region3 =
| pop3 =
| region4 =
| pop4 =
| languages = • [[Gujari]] • [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] • [[Pashto]] • [[Hindko]] • [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] • [[Western Pahari|Pahari]] • [[Dogri language|Dogri]] • [[Balochi language|Balochi]] • [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] • [[Shina language|Shina]] • [[Balti language|Balti]] • [[Seraiki language|Seraiki]] • [[Urdu]] • [[Hindi]] • [[Dari language|Dari (Persian)]]
| religions = [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|20px]] [[Sunni Islam]]
| related_groups =• [[Kashmiri Muslims]] • [[Gurjar]]
}}

'''Muslim Gurjars'''{{efn-lg|'''Muslim Gurjars''', '''Muslim Gujjars''', '''Musalmān Gujjars''', or '''Muslim Gujars''' ([[Gujari]]/[[Urdu]]/{{langx|pa|مُسَلمَان گُجَّر}}, {{langx|ps|مسلمان ګوجر}}, {{langx|fa|مسلم گوجار}}, {{langx|hi|मुस्लिम गुर्जर}}, [[Gurmukhi|Gurmukhi Punjabi]]: {{lang|pa|ਂਉਸ੍ਲ੍ਇਮ੍ ਙ੍ਉਰ੍ਜ੍ਅਰ੍ਸ੍}}, [[Takri script|Pahari]]: {{Lang|bfz|M𑚄𑚨𑚶𑚥𑚮𑚢𑚶 G𑚄𑚤𑚶𑚑𑚤𑚶𑚨𑚶}})}} also spelled '''Gujjar''', '''Gujar''', or '''Gojar''', are an [[ethno-religious group]] of the larger [[Gurjar]] ethnic community, who follow Islam and are native to the north-western regions of [[South Asia]]. They are primarily found in Pakistan, [[Afghanistan]], and also in various regions of [[North India|northern India]]. They embraced [[Islam]] from the [[Medieval India|medieval]] period onwards. They are divided into several [[Subgroup|sub-groups]] and [[clan]]s. In [[Pakistan]], they traditionally belong to the [[Agrarian society|agricultural class]] of the country{{efn-lg|[[Gurjar]]s in Pakistan are a traditionally agricultural community.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8OxtAAAAMAAJ |title=Pakistan Journal of History and Culture |date=1994 |publisher=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research |volume=15 |pages=5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ayres |first=Alyssa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FddJQi1dQ30C |title=Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan |date=2009-07-23 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=96 |isbn=978-0-521-51931-1 |language=en|quote=}}</ref>}} and are a politically influential community.

Muslim Gujars are a large ethnic group in Pakistan, particularly in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Azad Kashmir]], and the third-largest ethnic group in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (Union territory)]].{{efn-lg|Muslim Gujjars are a large ethnic group in Pakistan,<ref name=":Fatima Tuz" /> mainly in Punjab<ref>{{Cite book |last=Possehl |first=Gregory L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUkLAQAAMAAJ |title=Indus Age: The Beginnings |date=1999 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-3417-6 |pages=161 |language=en}}</ref> and Azad Kashmir.<ref name=":AJK" /> They are also the third-largest ethnic group in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghufran |first=Nasreen |date=2009 |title=Pushtun Ethnonationalism and the Taliban Insurgency in the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article-abstract/49/6/1092/24279/Pushtun-Ethnonationalism-and-the-Taliban?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Asian Survey |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=1092–1114 |doi=10.1525/as.2009.49.6.1092 |issn=0004-4687 |via=[[University of California Press]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref> & Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name=":Behera2" />}} They are also found as a minority group in Afghanistan, Nepal and other parts of north India.

In the [[Indian Himalayan Region|Himalayan]] states of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]], most of them are nomads with some settled communities. In [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] they traditionally belong to agricultural class. Based on their occupation nomad Muslim Gujjars in Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and [[Himachal|HP]] are divided into subgroups like [[Van Gujjar people|Van Gujjar]], [[Bakarwal]], Banjara, and Dodhi Gujjars.

In [[north India]], Muslim Gujjars live in complete geographical and [[Sociobiology|biosocial]] isolation from [[Hindu]] Gurjars,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Sarthak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSqAAAAAMAAJ |title=Health, Healers, and Healing: Studies in Medical Anthropology |date=1999 |publisher=N.L. Publishers |pages=6 |language=en|quote=Both the Hindu and Muslim Gujjars live now in a complete geographical and biosocial isolation.}}</ref> with whom they have not maintained relationships, and marriages between the two groups are restricted. In contrast, intermarriages are common among Muslim Gujjars of Himachal Pradesh and [[Muslim]] Van Gujars of [[Uttar Pradesh]], Himachal Pradesh and [[Uttarakhand]].{{efn-lg|Muslim Gujars in Himachal Pradesh are closely related to Van Gujars in [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]], [[Himachal Pradesh|HP]] & [[Uttarakhand]]. They often intermarry with each other.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rawat |first=Ajay Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvNQU4VFrbgC |title=Man and Forests: The Khatta and Gujjar Settlements of Sub-Himalayan Tarai |date=1993 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-85182-97-1 |pages= |language=en}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=108}}<ref>
{{Cite book |last=Pierre-Alexandre |first=Paquet |url=https://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/index.html?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=160772 |title=Jungle Government: Forestry, state-making and development for the Van Gujjar pastoralists of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, India |date=28 March 2018 |publisher=Department of Anthropology [[McGill University]] Montreal, Quebec, Canada |location=Canada |pages=11 |language=en |quote=}}</ref>}}

==History==
In [[History of Sikhism|Sikh traditions]] (1665-1703CE), a story about [[Sahib Singh (Sikh martyr)|Bhai Sahib Singh]] suggests that there were many Muslim Gujjars lived in [[north India]] and some may have become [[Muslim]] in the 16th or 17th centuries. Story mentions a Gujjar chief named Jamatullah in [[Bidar district|Bidar]], [[Karnataka]]; his [[Muslim]] name support this idea. The conflict between the [[Gurjar|Gujjars]] and [[Sikhs]] suggests there were many Gujjars in the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=David Emmanuel |url= |title=''Islamization in Modern South Asia: Deobandi Reform and the Gujjar Response'' |date=31 August 2012 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-1-61451-185-4 |pages=56 |language=en}}</ref>

===Muslim Gujjar dynasties/states===
====Swat (princely state)====
In 1849, [[Saidu Baba]] a Muslim [[saint]] of the [[Gujjar]] community,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=McMahon |first1=A. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDpuAAAAMAAJ |title=Report on the Tribes of Dir, Swat, and Bajour Together with the Utman-khel and Sam Ranizai |last2=Ramsay |first2=A. D. G. |date=1981 |publisher=Saeed Book Bank |pages=24 |language=en |quote=Saidu Baba Akhund of Swat was born in 1784 of ''Gujar parents'', in either Upper Swat or Boner (some accounts say at Jabrai in Upper Swat Valley).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ziad |first=Waleed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-ZFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA227 |title=Hidden Caliphate: Sufi Saints Beyond the Oxus and Indus |date=2021-11-16 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-24881-6 |pages=227 |language=en |quote=Later known as the Akhund of Swat, he was arguably the region's most beloved personality of the nineteenth century. Originally from a poor family of ''Gujjar'' pastoralists, at age eighteen he de-voted himself to religious studies.}}</ref> established the [[Swat (princely state)]] in present-day [[Swat district]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan. The state existed as an autonomous region until it was dissolved and merged into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in 1969.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Claus|first1=Peter J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&pg=PA447|title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka|last2=Diamond|first2=Sarah|last3=Ann Mills|first3=Margaret|date=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780415939195|page=447}}</ref> After Saidu Baba's death in 1877, swat didn't have a clear leader until 1915, when Abdul Jabbar became the leader. Later in 1918, Miangul Abdul Wadudu, Saidu's grandson, took over as the ruler of Swat. The [[British Raj|British government]] soon recognized Swat as a [[princely state]].

====Sangu dynasty====
In the 18th century a Gujjar of Sangu clan [[Ruhullah Khan of Poonch|Rooh Ullah Khan]] established Sangu dynasty or state in [[History of Poonch district|Poonch region]] of [[Kashmir]].<ref name=":V. R" /> During the reign of Raja Bahadur Khan, Ruhullah rose to such prominence that he was appointed the post of [[Vizier|Wazir]].<ref name=":Kashmir Today">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlJQAQAAMAAJ&q=Ruhullah+Khan+Gujjar |title=Kashmir Today |date=1993 |publisher=Directorate of Information, [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir Government]] |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref> In 1797, Abdullah Khan, the [[Nazim]] of [[Kashmir]], attacked Poonch and appointed Wazir Ruhullah Khan as its ruler in 1798.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/tarekhay-dogra |title=TAREKHAY DOGRA}}</ref><ref name=":Gupta" /><ref name=":Rahi">{{Cite book |last=Rahi |first=Javaid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KI1pEAAAQBAJ&dq=Rooh+Ullah+Khan+Gujjar+Poonch&pg=PA32 |title=The Gujjars Vol: 01 and 02 Edited by Dr. Javaid Rahi |date=2012-01-01 |publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Acacademy of Art, Culture , Languages , Jammu |pages=32 |language=en}}</ref> Ruhullah Khan died in 1819 and was succeeded by his grandson Mir Baz Khan. [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] historian [[Muhammad Din Fauq]] described Ruhullah Khan as a remarkable and brave ruler.<ref name=":Rahi" /><ref name=":Kashmir Today" />

In June 1814 [[Ranjit Singh]]'s army moved towards Poonch and [[Rajouri district|Rajauri]]. But Ruhulla Khan, the ruler of Poonch stopped Mazhar Ali's [[artillery]] from passing through. A fight broke out and about 500 people were wounded or killed on both sides. [[Aghar Khan]] then helped Ruhullah and told people the [[Sikhs]] were losing. This made locals attack the Sikhs, stealing their supplies, including many guns and [[sword]]s. After this the two local leaders started attacking the Sikhs with their armies.<ref name=":Gupta">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwFDAAAAYAAJ |title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Lion of Lahore, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799-1839 |date=1991 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0515-4 |pages=78 & 125 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ram |first=Kirpa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FcUBAAAAMAAJ |title=Gulabnama of Diwan Kirpa Ram: A History of Maharaja Gulab Singh of Jammu & Kashmir |date=1977 |publisher=Light & Life Publishers |pages=66–67 |language=en}}</ref>

====Jagir of Kot Najibula====
In the early 18th century, a Gujjar of the [[Khatana]] clan<ref name=":Sahaab" /><ref name=":Haroon">{{Cite book |last=Rashid |first=Haroon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_eBtAAAAMAAJ |title=History of the Pathans: The Sarabani Pathans |date=2002 |publisher=Haroon Rashid |pages=103_105 |language=en}}</ref> in the Hazara region of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] was the chief of [[Kot Najeebullah|Jagir of Kot Najibula]]. Later, he lost his Jagir to Tareen tribe.<ref name=":Haroon" /> In the 18th century, [[Ranjit Singh]], the founder of the [[Sikh Empire]], again granted Muqaddam Musharaf, the Jagir of Kot Najibula consisting of eight villages in the [[Hazara region]] in exchange for ''15,000 rupees''. The villages comparised ''Kokalia, Pandori, Jharr, Dedra, Dingi, Chamba Pind-Gujran, Kot Najibullah'' and some other.<ref name=":Sahaab">{{Cite book |last=Sahaab |first=Khan |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/716576030/Tareekh-Hazara-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE-%DB%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81 |title=تاریخ ہزارہ قبل از مسیح سے 2010 تک |publisher=تایا سانز پبلشر (Taaya Sons Publisher) |year=2014 |pages=81 |language=en |trans-title=History of Hazara from [[Before Christ|B.C]] to 2010 |access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":Massy">{{Cite book |last=Massy |first=Charles Francis |url=http://archive.org/details/chiefsfamiliesof00massrich |title=Chiefs and families of note in the Delhi, Jalandhar, Peshawar and Derajat divisions of the Panjab |date=1890 |publisher=Allahabad, Printed at the Pioneer Press |others=University of California Libraries |pages=445}}</ref><ref name=":Punni">{{Cite book |last=Khan Punni |first=Dr. Sher Bahadur |url=http://archive.org/details/TarikhEHazaraByDr.SherBahadurKhanPunni |title=Tarikh e Hazara |date=1969-08-01 |publisher=Shanayi Barqi Press (شنائی برقی پریس) |edition=1st |pages=254_261 |language=Urdu |trans-title=تاریخ ہزارہ}}</ref>

After the death of Muqaddam [[James Abbott (Indian Army officer)|General Sir James Abbott]] gave the Jagir to his son, Mir Muqaddam Ahmad. Mir Ahmad died on 12 October 1849.<ref name=":Sahaab" /> After Ahmad's death, Jagir was given to his elder son, Mir Ghulam Muhammad.<ref name=":Massy" /> Ghulam Ahmad died on 1 May 1880, and later his jagir was given to his elder son, Mir Abdullah.<ref name=":Sahaab" />

====Nawab of Dera Ghazi Khan====
In the 18th century, Mahmud Khan Gujjar (or Mehmood) served as the [[de facto]] ruler and governor of the [[Dera Ghazi Khan District|Dera Ghazi Khan]] from around 1738 to 1772. He was the son of Yusuf Khan. Previously he served as a grand wazir under [[Mirani (tribe)|Mirranis]].<ref name=":Gilmartin">{{Cite book |last=Gilmartin |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfXLDwAAQBAJ |title=Blood and Water: The Indus River Basin in Modern History |date=2020-04-14 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-35553-8 |pages=36–37 & 48 |language=en}}</ref> He teamed up with the [[Durrani Empire|Durranis]] to overthrow Mirranis and then initiated a project to build and restore canals in D.G Khan.<ref name=":Gilmartin" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pakistan (Pakistan) |first=West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xErAAAAMAAJ |title=West Pakistan District Gazetteers, Volume "A" Compiled |date=1968 |publisher=Printed at the West Pakistan Government Press |pages=33 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":Gaze">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EAVDAAAAYAAJ |title=Extracts from the District & States Gazetteers of the Punjab, Pakistan |date=1976 |publisher=Research Society of Pakistan, University of the Punjab |pages=193 & 240 |language=en}}</ref> [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Government]] [[Gazetteer]] credit him with founding the settlement of [[Mahmud Kot]] and initiating canal works in the region.<ref name=":Gaze"/>

====Nawabs of Gujrat====
During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857]] unrest, Sultan Ali, a Gujjar leader of the Kalas clan in [[Ajnala, Pakistan|Ajnala]], Gujrat, kept his area safe from looters.<ref name=":Chima" /> The [[British Raj|British government]] rewarded him with land and the title of [[Safed Posh]] for his bravery. His son, Fazal-e-Ali, continued doing good work by building schools, hospitals, and banks.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chopra |first=Gulshan Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mI9PAQAAMAAJ |title=Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab |date=1940 |pages=188–189|publisher=Government Printing |volume=2 |language=en}}</ref> People loved and respected him so much that the [[British Raj|British government]] gave him the title of [[Nawab]].<ref name=":Chima"/><ref name=":Rahi2">{{Cite book |last=Rahi |first=Javaid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KI1pEAAAQBAJ |title=The Gujjars Vol: 01 and 02 |date=2012-01-01 |publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Acacademy of Art, Culture, Languages, Jammu |pages=606–607 |language=en}}</ref> He was popularly known as [[Syed Ahmad Khan|Sir Syed]] of the [[Punjab]] region.<ref name=":Chima">{{Cite journal |last=Nimra Nisar |first=Chima |date=January 2025 |title=Role of Muslim Collaborators in Socio-Economic Transformation of Gujrat District of Punjab Under the British Rule (1849-1947) |url=https://ojs.jdss.org.pk/journal/article/view/1351 |journal=Journal of Development and Social Sciences |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=618–619 |doi=10.47205/jdss.2025(6-I)53 |doi-broken-date=22 April 2026 }}</ref> Nawab Fazal Ali had two sons Nawab Mehdi Ali and Nawab Asghar Ali. Nawab Mehdi Ali died in 1958. Nawab Asghar Ali held several positions, including chairman of the District Board and Central Co-operative Bank. He also contributes to education by developing [[Zamindara High school]] into a [[Undergraduate education|degree college]].<ref name=":Rahi2" /><ref name=":Chima"/>

====Chiefs of Poonch region====
In the 17th century [[Abdur Razzak Gujjar|Abdur Razzak Khan]] was a Gujjar chief of the [[History of Poonch district|Poonch region]] of [[Kashmir]].<ref name=":Parmu">{{Cite book |last=Parmu, R. K. |first=Parmu |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/catalog/1039828 |title=A History Of Muslim Rule In Kashmir 1320 1819 R. K. Parmu |publisher=People's Publishing House, [[Delhi]] |year=1969 |pages=343 to 345 |language=English}}</ref> He was the son of [[Abdul Fateh Khan]] [[Zamindar]] of Poonch.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Study |first=Aligarh Muslim University Department of History Centre of Advanced |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7c4gAAAAMAAJ |title=Medieval India |date=1972 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |isbn=978-0-210-22393-2 |volume=II |pages=253 |language=en}}</ref> In the early 18th century [[Muslims|Muslim]] Gujjars with [[Bomba (tribe)|Bomba]] and [[Khakha]] tribes from the lower [[Jehlum Valley]], would often attack [[Kashmir]]. They'd raid the valley when the central government of [[Mughal Empire]] was weak, killing and looting. These attacks terrified the people of Kashmir and the tribes names became synonymous with terror.<ref name=":Parmu" /> During Ali Muhammad Khan's rule (1713–15), the Bomba chief with Gujjar chief Abdur Razzak of [[History of Punch|Poonch region]] started causing trouble in [[Karna, Kashmir|Karna]] and [[Baramulla]] areas. Ali Muhammad Khan stopped this trouble arrested Gujjar chief and Haibat Khan grandson of Bomba Chief. In 1732 during rule of [[Abu Barakat Khan]] again and Haibat Khan raided but Abu Khan personally stopped him.<ref name=":Parmu" />

[[Inayatullah Kashmiri|Inayat Ullah Khan]] noble of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] lost control of Kashmir, and ''Abu Barakat Khan'' became new ruler of [[Kashmir]]. However, Inayat Ullah Khan didn't give up. He formed an alliance with Bomba and Khakha tribes and attacked Abu Brakat Khan. Abu Brakat Khan then formed an alliance with the Gujjars of [[History of Poonch district|Poonch]] and counterattacked in which they succeeded to kill [[Inayatullah Kashmiri|Inayat Ullah Khan.]] Many people died on both sides the fierce battle, and ultimately after Inayat Ullah's death conflict was ended.<ref name=":Parmu" />

In 1740s, Babar Ullah Khan [[Commissioner|district commissioner]] of [[Baramulla]], wanted to be independent and with the support of Gujjar, Bomba and Khakha tribes he started [[rebellion]] against [[Abu Brakat Khan]]. Violence continued in the valley until new governor [[Abu Mansur Khan]] was appointed in 1745. Gujjars, Bombas and Khakhas tribes continued raiding until 1846, when Maharaja [[Gulab Singh]] with the help of the [[British Army|British army]] stopped them.<ref name=":Parmu" />

====Zamindars in Haryana====
Before partition, Muslim Gujjar were [[zamindar]]s in some parts of [[Punjab,India|Indian Punjab]] and [[Haryana]]. They were zamindars in areas like [[Toda Bhim, Haryana|Toda Bhim]] [[Pargana]] and villages including [[Umri, Kurukshetra|Umri]], Umrah, [[Ujina]]h, [[Pur, Bhiwani|Pur]], and [[Pinangwan]] in Haryana.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2dImAQAAMAAJ |title=Akbar the Great: Society and culture in 16th century India |date=1973 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |pages=35 & 38 |language=en}}</ref>

===British period===
During the [[British Raj]] era, Gurjars were classified as a [[martial race]] and enlisted in class company regiments.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mazumder |first=Rajit K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4Wop9vwS9sC&q=Gujar&pg=PA105 |title=The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab |date=2003 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-7824-059-6 |language=en}}</ref>

According to [[William Crooke]], Gujjars are an important agricultural and pastoral tribe. They are found in many areas including: [[Gujar Khan|Gujjar Khan]], [[Gujrat Division|Gujrat]] and [[Gujranwala Division|Gujranwala]], which are named after Gujjar ethnic community. They are also found in areas like [[Rawalpindi division|Rawalpindi]] and [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]] where they mainly work as farmers.<ref name=": British">{{Cite journal |last1=Hussain |first1=Rafaqat |last2=Idris |first2=Mohammad |date=2024 |title=Socio-Cultural and Economic Conditions of the Gujjar Community in the Punjab (1849-1947 CE) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27438475 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=83 |pages= 684–696|jstor=27438475 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=691}}

Different [[British Raj|British-colonial era]] writers praise the [[Gurjar|Gujjars]] for their farming skills and good behavior. [[David Thomson (writer)|David Thomson]] says the Gujjars in [[Jhelum District]] are skilled farmers. [[Carolyn Steedman|Carolyn Stedman]] describes the Gujjars in [[Rawalpindi district]] as excellent as cultivating. In [[Hoshiarpur district]] of [[Punjab, India]] Gujjars are known for being peaceful and well-behaved.<ref name=": British" />{{Reference page|page=692}}

[[Evenly Brikeley Howell]] notes that after 30 years of [[British Raj]], Gujjars are likely no more prone to crime than other farming groups. While many Gujjars focus on herding animals rather than farming, this doesn't apply to all of them.<ref name=": British" />{{Reference page|page=692}}

In the [[British Raj|British colonial era]], the Gujjar community was divided into various [[clan]]s that played an important role in their social organization. British administrator [[Denzil Ibbetson]], in his work "Castes of Punjab", notes a total of nineteen notable clans of Gujjars in [[British Punjab]]. These clans include: ''Tanwar, Chokhar, Rawal, Kalsian, Khatana, Kasana, Kalas, Gorsi, Chechi, Dhodar, Poswal, Lawi, Bijar, Khaindar, Melu, Thakaria, Chauhan, Monana, and Bhumls''. According to [[Horace Arthur Rose]], Chechi and Kasana were the major clans of Gujjars in the region of British Punjab.<ref name=": British" />{{Reference page|page=686}}

====1857 Rebellion====
In [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the Muslim Gujjars of [[Ludhiana district]] of [[Punjab, India]] took arms against [[British Raj]] in India.<ref name=":Epilogue">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TzAlFOLrn-UC |title=Epilogue, Vol 2, Issue 6 |publisher=Epilogue -Jammu Kashmir |pages=23 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pati |first=Biswamoy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZH0MAQAAMAAJ |title=The 1857 Rebellion |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-569076-7 |pages=289 |language=en |quote=Ludhiana seems to have been the one prominent town where the discontents of certain unstable groups-Kabul refugees, Kashmiri artisans, and ''Muslim Gujars''-coalesced with the rebellious mentality of the Hindustani garrison at the fort, causing an uprising in the town.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Chhanda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F93sAAAAMAAJ |title=Ecology, Sikh Legacy, and the Raj: Punjab |date=1997 |publisher=Minerva Associates (Publications) |isbn=978-81-85195-77-3 |pages=49 |language=en}}</ref> Some Muslim Gujjars from [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]], and [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]] districts of [[Western Uttar Pradesh]] also participated in the 1857 war of independence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Powell |first=Avril Ann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbdFiXqsaf8C |title=Muslims and Missionaries in Pre-Mutiny India |date=2013-01-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-10050-5 |pages=273 |language=en}}</ref> Gujjars actively participated in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]] against the [[British Raj|British government]]. Due to their involvement, they were classified by Britishers as a "[[Criminal Tribes|criminal tribe]]" in the 1871 [[Criminal Tribes Act]].<ref name=":Epilogue"/><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CokIAAAAQAAJ&dq=Gujars+in+criminal+tribe+act&pg=PA25 |title=Statements of the Crimes of Dacoity and Poisoning in British Territory for the Year 1875 |date=1877 |publisher=Government Central Branch Press |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":Oxford" /> They were [[Denotified Tribes|denotified]] from criminal tribe list in 1949.<ref name=":Oxford">{{Cite web |title=An Anthropology of 'Sovereignty'. New Land Markets, an Entrepreneurial State and the Aspirations of a 'Criminal Caste' in Gurgaon, Haryana |url=https://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/event/anthropology-sovereignty-new-land-markets-entrepreneurial-state-and-aspirations-criminal |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=qeh.ox.ac.uk |publisher=Oxford Department of International Development}}</ref>

According to British orientalist [[William Crooke]], Gujjars were always against the [[British Raj|British government]], who they saw as unfair. When the British power wreaked in [[Indian subcontinent]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian rebellion of 1857]], Gujjars took advantage and looted and burned [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British areas]]. He viewed Gujjars as having criminal nature.<ref name=":Hussain">{{Cite journal |last1=Hussain |first1=Rafaqat |last2=Idris |first2=Mohammad |date=2024 |title=Socio-Cultural and Economic Conditions of the Gujjar Community in the Punjab (1849-1947 CE) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27438475 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=83 |pages= 684–696|jstor=27438475 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=691}}

The Britishers believed that nomadic groups like Gujjars of [[Himalaya]]s survived mainly by stealing because they didn't have a fixed way to earn a living. However, this view ignored the fact that these communities made a living through herding animals. [[British Raj|British officials]] claimed that these groups were a "[[Criminal Tribes|Criminal class]]" that needed to be stopped because they were openly stealing.<ref name=":Hussain" />{{Reference page|page=691}}

The Britishers had several reasons to target Nomad Gujjars of [[Himalaya]]s and similar groups. They were worried because, Gujjars were monadic and hard to control. Their nomadic lifestyle conflicted with British plans for farming and land ownership. They might rebel, like they did in [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], which threatened the [[British Raj|British rule]] in [[Indian subcontinent]]. According to [[David Arnold]], the [[British Raj|Britishers]] wanted to control these groups socially through [[Criminal Tribes Act|Criminal Tribe Act]] rather than because they were truly criminal.<ref name=":Hussain" />{{Reference page|page=691}}

====1947 Partition====
During the 1947 [[Partition of India]], many Muslim Gujjars were killed in the [[Jammu division]] and nearby areas. Survivors fled to Pakistan, but most Gujjars in [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]], [[Rajouri district|Rajauri]], and [[Kashmir division]] stayed in their homes.<ref name=":V. R">{{Cite book |last=Raghavan |first=V. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_6pCQAAQBAJ |title=Conflicts in Jammu and Kashmir: Impact on Polity, Society and Economy |date=2012-05-09 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-82573-33-3 |pages=257 |language=en}}</ref>

In the 1947 [[Partition of India]], [[communal violence]] broke out in [[Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Muslim soldiers were disarmed, while soldiers of other faith were not. According to [[Ian Stephens (editor)|Ian Stephens]], Maharaja [[Hari Singh]] supported violence against '<nowiki/>''Muslim Gujjars'<nowiki/>'' and even ordered his forces to fire at them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Javaid |first=Arshi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xew8EQAAQBAJ |title=Kashmiri Nationalism, 1989-2016: Contested Politics of 'Self' and 'Other' |date=2024-11-22 |publisher=transcript Verlag |isbn=978-3-8394-7547-8 |pages=165 |language=en}}</ref> Eyewitnesses also accused Hari Singh of directly participating in killings, including shooting three {{'}}''Muslim Gujjars''{{'}} at [[Mishriwala, Kashmir|Mishriwala]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chak |first=Farhan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TElnEQAAQBAJ&q=Gujars&pg=PT58 |title=Nuclear Flashpoint: The War Over Kashmir |date=2023-11-20 |publisher=Pluto Books |isbn=978-0-7453-4618-2 |language=en}}</ref>

1947 partition of India changed the demographic structure of Gujjars in [[Indian Punjab]]. Before partition, 75% of Gujjars in [[Punjab]] region were [[Muslims]], and most of them migrated to [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]], changing the community's makeup in Indian Punjab.<ref name=": British" />{{Reference page|page=685}}

After the partition of India many Muslim Gujjars migrated from [[Indian Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]] to Pakistan. Before the partition of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] in 1947, [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]] became part of Indian Punjab 80 villages of the Muslim Gujjars migrated from Gurdaspur to [[Sialkot District|Sialkot]] in Punjab, Pakistan. Some other Muslim Gujjars from other districts of Indian Punjab also migrated to Pakistani Punjab and settled in [[Sheikhupura district|Sheikhupura]] and [[Sargodha district|Sargodha]] districts.<ref name=rehman/>

In 1947, some [[Bakarwal]] and [[Van Gujjar people|Van Gujjar]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vGzAAAAIAAJ |title=Pathways: In Search of Exemplary Practices on Environment and Sustainable Development in Asia |date=2000 |publisher=Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement for the International Conference of Asian Foundations and Organizations |isbn=978-971-8817-18-6 |pages=36 |language=en}}</ref> families also migrated from [[Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Uttarakhand]], and [[Himachal Pradesh]] to the [[Northern Pakistan|northern areas of Pakistan]].

===Modern period===
After 1940, in [[Nuristan Province]] in eastern [[Afghanistan]], Gujjars engaged in conflict with [[Nuristanis|Nuristani people]] over land disputes. Nuristanis had allowed the Gujjars to use their pastures in exchange for livestock payments, but the Gujjars stopped honoring this agreement in the late 1940s. Since then, conflicts between the two [[Ethnicity|ethnic groups]] have been ongoing, with frequent violence and theft. The Nuristanis believe when the [[Government of Afghanistan|Afghan Government]] officials try to intervene, they often favor the Gujjars, which the [[Nuristanis]] leaders see as a deliberate attempt to divide and control the Nuristani tribes.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nyrop |first1=Richard F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FXzqn7XWdJkC |title=Afghanistan: A Country Study |last2=Seekins |first2=Donald M. |date=1986 |publisher=The Studies |pages=112 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1980s due to rivalry with Pashtuns and [[Kohistanis]], Gujjar leaders were allied with the [[Russians]] during [[Operation Baikal-79|Soviet union Invasion of Afghanistan]]. Because of this, [[Pashtuns]] and Kohistanis didn't trust them. But, these three ethnic groups also had their own internal conflicts and often fought with each other.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Meyerle |first1=Gerald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wY8632hEg4gC |title=On the Ground in Afghanistan: Counterinsurgency in Practice |last2=Katt |first2=Megan |last3=Gavrilis |first3=Jim |date=2012 |publisher=Government Printing Office |isbn=978-0-16-090258-1 |pages=64 |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
In 1988, it was estimated that Muslim Gujjars constitute 53 percent of the total [[Gurjar]] population.<ref>Sukhbir Singh, "[https://apgin.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Vol-10_1988.pdf Distributional Pattern of the Major Agricultural Communities (Ahirs, Gujars, Jats and Rajputs) in Their Traditional Abode of the North-Western Indian Subcontinent]", ''Population Geography'', Vol. 10, Nos. 1 and 2, June–December 1988, pp. 1–17, table 2 on p. 6. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240815183749/https://apgin.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Vol-10_1988.pdf Archived] 23 June 2025.</ref>

=== Afghanistan ===
[[File:Geographical Distribution of Gujars in Afghanistan.png|thumb|Geographical distribution of Gujars in [[Afghanistan]]]]
[[File:Gathering of Gujar Tribal People in Afghanistan.png|thumb|Gathering of Gujar [[Tribe|Tribal People]] in [[Afghanistan|Northern Afghanistan]]]]

The Gujjar people have lived in Afghanistan for centuries, with an estimated 1.5 million residing in the country today.<ref name=":Hamdard">{{Cite news |last=Hamdard |first=Azizullah |date=2021-01-13 |title=Gujars use Andak meat for coronavirus treatment |url=https://pajhwok.com/2021/01/13/gujars-use-andak-meat-for-coronavirus-treatment/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Pajhwok |first=Afghan News |date=2021-01-04 |title=Govt has long ignored our problems, needs: Gujars |url=https://pajhwok.com/2021/01/04/govt-has-long-ignored-our-problems-needs-gujars/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |language=en-GB}}</ref> They primarily inhabit the northeastern regions, including provinces like [[Kapisa Province|Kapisa]], [[Baghlan Province|Baghlan]], [[Balkh Province|Balkh]], [[Kunduz Province|Kunduz]], [[Takhar Province|Takhar]], [[Badakhshan Province|Badakhshan]], [[Nuristan Province|Nuristan]], [[Laghman Province|Laghman]], [[Nangarhar Province|Nangarhar]], [[Kunar province|Kunar]], and [[Khost Province|Khost]].<ref name=":Hamdard" /><ref name=":9" /> In some areas of Afghanistan and Kunar province local radio stations air programs in [[Gujari language|Gujari]], [[Nuristani languages|Nuristani]] and other languages.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Meyerle |first1=Gerald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wY8632hEg4gC |title=On the Ground in Afghanistan: Counterinsurgency in Practice |last2=Katt |first2=Megan |last3=Gavrilis |first3=Jim |date=2012 |publisher=Government Printing Office |isbn=978-0-16-090258-1 |pages=66 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Traditional Jirga of the Gujars in Afghan Society.png|thumb|Traditional [[Jirga]] of the Gujars in [[Afghan society|Afghan Society]]]]

In [[Asqalan, Afghanistan|Upper Asqalan]], local elders once requested a former [[mujahideen]] commander to take on the role of a [[Taliban|Taliban commander]] to provide protection and leadership for their area (interview, 20 July 2007).<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Goodhand |first1=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4D7CwAAQBAJ |title=The Afghan Conundrum: intervention, statebuilding and resistance |last2=Sedra |first2=Mark |date=2016-04-14 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-56963-3 |language=en}}</ref> Similarly, in Burka, the leaders of the prominent mir family in Kokah Bulaq reached an agreement with a [[Gujjar]] commander—who had previously fought alongside them during the resistance against [[Soviet Armed Forces|Soviet forces]]—to assume responsibility as the [[Taliban]] commander for the [[Valley|Full Valley]], with the aim of safeguarding the local population (interviews, 5 September 2007 and 26 March 2009).<ref name=":3" />

[[File:Gujar tribal people in afghanistan september 09 2022.jpg|thumb|Group of [[Gujar people|tribal Gujar people]] gathered in [[Afghanistan|North Eastern Afghanistan]]]]

During the [[Rohilla|Rohilla rule]] (c. 1720–1770), [[horse breeding]] flourished alongside [[Agriculture|agricultural growth]] in the region.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Gommans |first=Jos J. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UuP7EAAAQBAJ&dq=horse+breeding+and+trade+in+india+gujar&pg=PA95 |title=The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire, c. 1710-1780 |date=2023-11-27 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-64473-1 |language=en}}</ref> [[Gujjars]], along with Bhattis, played an important role as [[Merchant|roaming traders]] who helped maintain the quality of local [[horse breeds]] by bringing in [[stallion]]s and [[mare]]s from regions like [[Punjab]], [[Afghanistan]], and [[Turkestan|Turkistan]].<ref name=":10" /> Their involvement contributed to the strength of the regional breeding economy, which supported military demands.<ref name=":10" />

===Pakistan===
Among eighteenth Pakistani ethnic groups found across four provinces, the Gujjar is one of the largest ethnic group in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zahra |first1=Fatima Tuz |last2=Hussain |first2=Manzoor |last3=Khan |first3=Khushbukhat |last4=Aslam |first4=Muhammad Adeel |last5=Shafique |first5=Muhammad |last6=Rubab |first6=Aqsa |last7=Javeed |first7=Shahzadi |date=2020-07-01 |title=Genetic polymorphism of Y-chromosomal STRs in Gujjar population of Punjab |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-019-02227-6 |journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine |language=en |volume=134 |issue=4 |pages=1333–1334 |doi=10.1007/s00414-019-02227-6 |pmid=31858262 |issn=1437-1596 |quote="Approximately 18 ethnic groups dwellin 4 provinces of Pakistan. Among which Gujjar is one of the largest ethnic tribes of Pakistan whose approximately 2.3 million population reside in the north side of its Punjab province."|url-access=subscription }}</ref> An estimated 20% of Pakistan's population is Gujjars.<ref name=":Hindustan" />

They enjoy good status in Pakistani society and in numbers their population is estimated to be 33 million.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book |last=Ullah |first=Inam |title=Genetic Analysis of the Major Tribes of Swat and Dir Districts Through Dental Morphology and Dna Analysis |publisher=[[Hazara University|Hazara University: Department of Genetics Hazara University Mansehra]] |publication-date=3 March 2018 |pages=26 |language=en |quote=Today the Gujjars are famous in agriculture, urban professions and have great contribution in civil cervices, occupying large scales of land especially in northern parts of Pakistan and India. The population of Gujars in India is approximately 30 million while, in Pakistan their population is about 33 million.}}</ref>

[[File:Geographical Distribution of Gujars in Pakistan.png|thumb|Geographical distribution of Gujjars in [[Pakistan]]]]

In 1999, British anthropologist Stephen Lyon estimated that the Gujjar population in Pakistan was around 30 million. He also introduced the concept of "Gujarism"—the idea that Gujjars in Pakistan are aware of their distinct identity and frequently engage in social activities, including local political participation, based on this awareness, a phenomenon he refers to as kin-network activism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lyon |first=Stephen |date=May 1999 |title=Gujars and Gujarism: simple quaum versus network activism |url=https://era.anthropology.ac.uk/Era_Resources/Era/SLyon/Reports/gujarism.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818093731/https://era.anthropology.ac.uk/Era_Resources/Era/SLyon/Reports/gujarism.html |archive-date=18 August 2024 |website=[[University of Kent]]}}</ref>

==== Punjab, Pakistan ====
The Gujjars of Punjab racially belonged to the Indo-Aryan race.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Upendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLgBAAAAMAAJ |title=Some Aspects of Ancient Indian History and Culture |date=1974 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-0-88386-289-6 |pages=80 |language=en |quote=The Gujars of the Punjab are unquestionably Aryan by race.}}</ref> In Punjab, their primary occupation is agriculture, while many are also engaged in small businesses, local politics, and government jobs.

They are found across all divisions of Punjab and primarily in the districts of [[Faisalabad]], [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]], [[Taxila]], [[Jhelum District|Jhelum]], [[Gujar Khan]], [[Sialkot District|Sialkot]], [[Lahore District|Lahore]], [[Sheikhupura District|Sheikhupura]], [[Okara District|Okara]], [[Layyah District|Layyah]],<ref name=":GZT" /> Narowal, [[Muzaffargarh District|Muzaffargarh]], Multan, Bahawalpure, [[Bahawalnagar District|Bahawalnagar]], [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]], Gujranwala,<ref name=":GZT" /> Rahim Yar Khan,<ref name=":GZT">

* {{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rahim Yar Khan E-Gazetteers |url=https://gazetteers.punjab.gov.pk/rahimyarkhan |website=gazetteers.punjab.gov |publisher=Government of Punjab |page=52}}
* {{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Toba Tek Singh E-Gazetteers |url=https://gazetteers.punjab.gov.pk/tobateksingh |website=gazetteers.punjab.gov.pk |publisher=Government of Punjab |page=13}}
*{{Cite web |title=Layyah E-Gazetteer |url=https://gazetteers.punjab.gov.pk/layyah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614024927/https://gazetteers.punjab.gov.pk/layyah |archive-date=2022-06-14 |access-date= |website=gazetteers.punjab.gov.pk |page=15 |language=en}}
*{{Cite web |title=Gujranwala E-Gazetteer |url=https://gazetteers.punjab.gov.pk/gujranwala |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614024919/https://gazetteers.punjab.gov.pk/gujranwala |archive-date=2022-06-14 |access-date= |website=gazetteers.punjab.gov.pk |language=en}}
</ref> Jhang, [[Dera Ghazi Khan District|Dera Ghazi Khan]], Mianwali, Khushab, [[Sargodha District|Sargodha]], [[Sahiwal District|Sahiwal]], [[Toba Tek Singh District|Toba Tek Singh]].<ref name=":GZT" /> In [[Pothohar Plateau|northern Punjab]], their population is estimated at 2.3 million, with additional populations found in [[Central Punjab|central]], eastern and [[Saraikistan province movement|southern Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zahra |first1=Fatima Tuz |last2=Hussain |first2=Manzoor |last3=Khan |first3=Khushbukhat |last4=Aslam |first4=Muhammad Adeel |last5=Shafique |first5=Muhammad |last6=Rubab |first6=Aqsa |last7=Javeed |first7=Shahzadi |date=July 2020 |title=Genetic polymorphism of Y-chromosomal STRs in Gujjar population of Punjab |journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine |volume=134 |issue=4 |pages=1333–1334 |doi=10.1007/s00414-019-02227-6 |issn=1437-1596 |pmid=31858262 |quote=Among which Gujjar is one of the largest ethnic tribes of Pakistan whose approximately 2.3 million population reside in the north side of its Punjab province.}}</ref>

They have lent their name to several places in Punjab, Pakistan; these places include [[Gujranwala Division|Gujranwala]], [[Gujrat Division|Gujarat]], Gujar Khan, and [[Gojra]], among others.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmiBAAAAMAAJ |title=There was Once a King: Folk-tales of Pakistan |date=1989 |publisher=Lok Virsa Publishing House |pages=IV |language=en |quote=Gujjars been good settlers, because they gave ( and left ) their names to many towns in the Punjab, like Gujar Khan, Gujrat, Gujranwala, or Gojra.}}</ref>

In Punjab they follow the ideology kinship of Gujjarism that helps them in building influence in local politics of Punjab.<ref name=rehman>{{Cite book |last1=Rehman |first1=Asad ur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIg9EQAAQBAJ |title=South Asia from the Margins: Transformations in the Political Space |last2=Pervez |first2=Muhammad Shoaib |date=2025-02-18 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-31762-4 |language=en}}</ref>

====Historical population====
Population of Muslim Gujjars recorded in different census reports of the [[British Raj|British India]] for present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan]].
{{historical populations|15=1911|16=2,01,995|17=1921|18=2,08,078|19=1931|20=2,27,015|percentages=pagr|footnote=source: [[Census in British India|1911 census]]<ref name=":1911 PU">Census of India 1911 ed.VIII-a Part II p.6</ref> - [[1921 census of India|1921 census]]<ref name=":1921 PU">Census of India 1921 vol.15 Punjab and Delhi pt.2 p.217</ref> - [[1931 census of India|1931 census]]<ref name=":1931 PU">Census of India 1921 vol.17 Punjab pt.2 p.289</ref>|align=right}}

==== Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ====
Gujjars are also present in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], where they're the third largest ethnic groups after the [[Pashtuns]] and the [[Awan (tribe)|Awan]], found in the [[Hazara region|Hazara]] region as well places like [[Dir (region)|Dir]], [[Swat District|Swat]], and [[Bajaur District|Bajaur]], often being conversant in [[Pashto]], the provincial language.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Races and Tribes" |url=https://kp.gov.pk/page/races_and_tribes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818094524/https://kp.gov.pk/page/races_and_tribes |archive-date=18 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref>

In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa their settlements are found in various regions, including Hazara, Chitral, Kohistan, Waziristan, Fatah and other areas of KPK. They are predominantly found in the districts of Dera Ismail Khan, Chitral, Hangu, Kohat, Peshawar, Mansehra, Malakand, Abottabad, Battagram, Haripur, Upper Dir, Lowe Sir, Charsadha, Shangla and Swat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Yehudi A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=13PoxT8kufEC |title=Man in Adaptation: The Cultural Present |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-0-202-36721-7 |pages=382–385 |language=en}}</ref>

In Swat, [[Pir (Sufism)|Pir]] Samiullah was a Gujjar community leader who was the first to raise a private tribal army against the [[Pakistani Taliban]], with around 10,000 men, but was eventually defeated and executed by the Taliban in 2008, who then desecrated his dead body by hanging it publicly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taliban desecrate body of slain opposing tribal leader |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/12/taliban_desecrate_bo.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818151733/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/12/taliban_desecrate_bo.php |archive-date=18 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=FDD's Long War Journal|date=17 December 2008 }}</ref>

They speak Pashto and Gujari language in main areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, in Hazara they speak Hindko and Gujari language,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rensch |first=Calvin Ross |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4n91AAAAIAAJ |title=Hindko and Gujari |date=1992 |publisher=National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University |pages=97 |language=en}}</ref> while in Chitral valley they speak Kohistani, Chitarali and Gujari language.

In the Hazara region of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Gujjar is a largest ethnic group and the oldest inhabitants of the region. According to [[Census in British India|1931 census]] of [[India]] in the [[Hazara region]] Gujjars make up to 15% in the entire population of the region.<ref>Census of India 1931 Vol.15 (north-west Frontier Province) Pt.1- Report, Pt.2 p.202</ref>

[[Gujjar Qaumi Movement]] (GQM), a Gujjar organization based in the [[Lower Dir District|lower dir district]] of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, filed a petition in the peshawar high court, demanding for the inclusion of Gujari language in the list of 2023 census forum. The court ordered the provincial government to include the Gujari language, but the remains unimplemented.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-03-23 |title=Inclusion of Gujjari language in census form lauded |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1743634 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

====Historical population====
Population of Muslim Gujjars recorded in different census reports of the [[British Raj|British India]] for [[North-West Frontier Province]] (now [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan).
{{historical populations|15=1911|16=1,13,571|17=1921|18=85,590|19=1931|20=1,21,510|percentages=pagr|footnote=source: [[Census in British India|1911 census]]<ref>Census Of Inddia 1911 Vol I Part II p.173</ref> - [[1921 census of India|1921 census]]<ref>1921 census of India Volume I part II p.162</ref> - [[1931 census of India|1931 census]]<ref>1931 census of India part (2) p.526</ref>|align=right}}

==== Azad Kashmir ====
[[File:Distribution of Gujjars in Azad Kashmir.png|thumb|Distributions of Gujjars in [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu and Kashmir]]]]
In [[Azad Kashmir]], they are single largest ethnic community of the region,<ref name=":AJK">{{Cite book |last1=Öztürk |first1=Münir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKAIEQAAQBAJ&dq=Gujjars+in+Afghanistan&pg=PA198 |title=Ethnic Knowledge and Perspectives of Medicinal Plants: Volume 2: Nutritional and Dietary Benefits |last2=Sridhar |first2=Kandikre Ramaiah |last3=Sarwat |first3=Maryam |last4=Altay |first4=Volkan |last5=Huerta-Martínez |first5=Francisco Martín |date=2023-10-20 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-000-81185-8 |pages=198 |language=en |quote=Gujjars: Respected ethnic group is highly associated with agriculture and builds one of the largest ethnic groups of AJK (Azad Jammu & Kashmir). Popularly found all over the states.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ahmed |first1=Zubair |last2=Abbasi |first2=Dr Mushtaque Ali |date=2025-06-12 |title=A Politico-Cultural History of Gujjars in the District Bhimber, Azad Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://academia.edu.pk/index.php/Journals/article/view/274 |journal=ACADEMIA International Journal for Social Sciences |language=en |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=1547 |doi=10.63056/ACAD.004.02.0274 |issn=3006-6638 |quote=The politico-cultural history of the Gujjars in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K) and Indian- Occupied Kashmir (IOK) is a significant subject of study. They are considered the main power in both parts of Kashmir. They have a clear majority on both sides of Kashmir.|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Anadolu |date=2021-07-17 |title=Caste, ethnic loyalties decide poll favourites in AJK |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2311080/caste-ethnic-loyalties-decide-poll-favourites-in-ajk |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> with a population of 800,000,<ref>{{Cite web |title="With Friends Like These…" Human Rights Violations in Azad Kashmir |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/pakistan0906/3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308175448/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/pakistan0906/3.htm |archive-date=8 March 2021 |access-date=14 June 2019 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> and they found in almost across all districts of AJK.<ref name=":AJK" />

Their population is mainly found in [[Poonch District, Pakistan|Poonch]], Sandutti, [[Kotli District|Kotli]], [[Mirpur District|Mirpur]], [[Muzaffarabad District|Muzaffarabad]], and [[Bhimber District|Bhimber]] districts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ahmed |first1=Zubair |last2=Abbasi |first2=Dr Mushtaque Ali |date=2025-06-12 |title=A Politico-Cultural History of Gujjars in the District Bhimber, Azad Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://academia.edu.pk/index.php/Journals/article/view/274 |journal=ACADEMIA International Journal for Social Sciences |language=en |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=1545 |doi=10.63056/ACAD.004.02.0274 |issn=3006-6638|doi-access=free }}</ref> In Azad Kashmir they use titles like [[Sardar]], Malik, Mian, [[Khan (title)|Khan]], Rana and [[Chowdhury|Choudhary]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Warikoo |first1=Kulbhushan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zxtuAAAAMAAJ |title=Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir |last2=Som |first2=Sujit |date=2000 |publisher=Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya |pages=90 |language=en}}</ref>

Muslim Gujjars have influence in local politics of the state, In 2021 in the state assembly election of Azad Jammu and Kashmir many Gujjar politicians were elected.<ref name=":11" />

====Historical population====
Population of Muslim Gujjars recorded in different census reports of the [[British Raj|British India]] for present-day Pakistan administrated [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu and Kashmir]]. Now their population in Azad Kashmir is approximately 8,00,000.{{historical populations|13=1901|14=77,612|15=1911|16=62,287|17=1921|18=81,031|19=1931|20=81,763|21=2005|22=8,00,000||percentages=pagr|footnote=source: [[Census in British India|1901 census]]<ref name=":1901 JK">Census of India 1901 vol.23-A (Kashmir); pt.2 p.250 to 253</ref> - [[Census in British India|1911 census]]<ref name=":1911 JK">Census of India, 1911. Vol. XX: Kashmir. Part I: Report pp.219</ref> - [[1921 census of India|1921 census]]<ref name=":1921 JK">Census of India 1921 vol.22 Kashmir; pt.2 p.109</ref> - [[1931 census of India|1931 census]]<ref name=":1931 JK">Census of India 1931 Vol.24 Kashmir Pt.2 p.279</ref> - [[2005 sources]]|align=right}}

==== Gilgit Baltistan ====
[[File:Distribution of Gujjars in Gilgit-Baltistan.png|thumb|Distribution of Muslim Gujjars in [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]]]
In [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], they are primarily settled in [[Naltar Valley|Naltar]], [[Ghizer District (2019–)|Ghizer]], and [[Astore District|Astore]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Kalhoro |first=Zulfiqar Ali |date=June 21, 2019 |title=Where the Gujjars Rest |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/21-Jun-2019/where-the-gujjars-rest |access-date=21 January 2025 |work=The Friday Time |pages=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Farid |date=2023-12-16 |title=Gilgit-Baltistan - the region's security nightmare |url=https://sangar.info/en/a/l/gilgit-baltistan-the-region-s-security-nightmare |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=sangar.info |language=en-gb}}</ref> They migrated over a century ago from [[Swat District|Swat]], [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistan]] in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]. They rely on farming and [[livestock]] rearing, and are known for their unique tradition of carving wooden coffins.<ref name=":54" /> They mostly speak two major languages [[Shina language|Shina]] and [[Gujari language|Gujari]].<ref name=":5" />

They are mainly found in [[Ghizer district|Ghizer]], Nagar, [[Shigar District|Shighar]], [[Gilgit District|Gilgit]], and [[Hunza District|Hunza]] districts, and Naltar Valley. There are no restrictions among the women of Muslim Gujjars in the region for the following of Islamic tradition of [[Purdah]].<ref name=":54" >{{Cite book |last1=King |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwEwAQAAIAAJ |title=Karakoram Highway |last2=Mayhew |first2=Bradley |date=1998 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-0-86442-531-7 |pages=37 |language=en}}</ref> They speak [[Shina language]] in the areas of Gilgit district and [[Khowar]] language near the [[Shandur Pass|Shandpur Pass]].<ref name=":54" />

The Gujjars of [[Gilgit Valley|Gilgit valley]] are believed to have migrated from [[Kashmir]] and [[Baltistan]], along with the [[Dom people]].<ref>History of Northern Areas of Pakistan
By Ahmad Hasan Dani· 1989 p.53</ref>
====Historical population====
Population of Muslim Gujjars recorded in different census reports of the [[British Raj|British India]] for present-day Pakistan administrated [[Gilgit-Baltistan]].
{{historical populations|13=1901|14=2,032|15=1911|16=3,018|17=1921|18=3,507|19=1931|20=3,098|percentages=pagr|footnote=source: [[Census in British India|1901 census]]<ref name=":1901 JK" /> - [[Census in British India|1911 census]]<ref name=":1911 JK" /> - [[1921 census of India|1921 census]]<ref name=":1921 JK" /> - [[1931 census of India|1931 census]]<ref name=":1931 JK" />|align=right}}

==== Sindh ====
In Sind they are mainly found in the rural Sind including the districts of [[Mirpur Mathelo|Mirpur-Mathelo dis]], [[Tharparkar]], [[Sanghar District|Sangar]], [[Mithi]] and [[Hyderabad District, Sindh|Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasir Khan |first=Solangi |title=Tareekh-e-Solanki |publisher=Sindhu publications |year=2012 |pages=5 to 15|language=Sindhi}}</ref><ref name=":50">{{Cite book |last=Rahi |first=Javaid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KI1pEAAAQBAJ |title=The Gujjars Vol: 01 and 02 Edited by Dr. Javaid Rahi |date=2012-01-01 |publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Acacademy of Art, Culture, Languages, Jammu |pages=364 |language=en}}</ref> In Hyderabad and [[Karachi]] there are also some Gurjars mostly migrated from [[Azad Kashmir|Kashmir]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Balochistan and Punjab for business purposes.

==== Balochistan ====
The Gujjars are also found in the Balochistan province of Pakistan, mainly in the districts of [[Kalat Division|Kalat]], [[Jhalawan]], [[Sibi Division|Sibi]], Quetta, [[Khuzdar District|Kuzdhar]], [[Awaran District|Awaran]], [[Makran Division|Makran]], and [[Gwadar District|Gawadar]].<ref>Shahan-e-Gujjar (Urdu), by Maulvi Abdul Malik, Second Edition 1986, p. 399</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baloch |first=Muhammad Amin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JXluAAAAMAAJ |title=Inside Ormara |date=1999 |publisher=M.A. Baloch |pages=101 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":50" /> In [[Makran Division|Makran]], Balochistan Gujjars follow [[Zaki Islam|Ziki]] sect of [[Shia Islam]] rest of others in Balochistan follow [[Sunni Islam]] and speak [[Balochi language]].<ref name=":57">{{Cite book |last=Tyagi |first=Vidya Prakash |title=Martial races of undivided India |date=2009 |publisher=Kalps |isbn=978-81-7835-775-1 |pages=225 |language=en |quote="The Jhalwan Gujjars speak both Balochi and Sindhi languages and claim to be natives of these regions without having ancestry of any foreign element in so far as their ethnic traditions are concerned. In the region the Zamindars (landlords) are called Baloch. The other Pakistani Blauch and adjoining Irani Bluches are of one ancestry but against this we hail from separate Gujjar community. As per one tradition they have come from Delhi to this area and speak Sindhi language. In Markan, near border of Iran, the Gujjars are Ziki by faith and claim to have come from Mewar during the time of Akbar, the elderly Gujjars added."}}</ref><ref name=":50" />

In Balochistan Muslim Gujjar claimed to be the original inhabitants of the region but they were likely settled in the region and came here during the rule of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=":57" />

=== India ===
Muslim Gujjars mainly live in north Indian states, including [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], Punjab and [[Haryana]].{{Cn|date=April 2026}} They speak the [[Gujari]] language and have their own distinct culture.

====British India====
In [[1931 Census of India|1931 census]] of the [[British Raj|British India]] there were 10,60,068 (1.06 million) ''Muslim Gujjars'' living mainly in [[Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Punjab,India|Punjab]], [[Delhi]], and [[North-West Frontier Province]] (present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province of Pakistan).{{efn-lg|name=1931 census}}

====Historical population====
Population of Muslim Gujjars recorded in different census reports of [[British Raj|British India]].
{{historical populations|13=1901|14=9,27,547|15=1911|16=9,55,150|17=1921|18=9,82,465|19=1931|20=10,60,068|percentages=pagr|footnote=source: [[Census of India 1901|1901 census]]<ref>Census of India 1901 vol.1-A (India); pt.2 p.285</ref> - [[Census in British India|1911 census]]<ref>Census Of Inddia 1911 Vol I Part II p.195</ref> - [[1921 census of India|1921 census]]<ref>1921 census of India p.153</ref> - [[1931 census of India|1931 census]]{{efn-lg|name=1931 census|In 1931 census of India their population was recorded as 9,86,369 (for Kashmir, Punjab, Dehli,<ref name=":Amir">{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Amir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-gsuAAAAMAAJ |title=A Tribe in Turmoil: A Socio-economic Study of Jammu Gujars of Uttar Pradesh |date=1986 |publisher=Uppal Publishing House |pages=2 |language=en}}</ref> & KPK)<ref>1931 census of India part (2) p.168</ref> including +73,699 for [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces/UP]].<ref>1931 census of (united Provinces Of Agra And Oudh) part (2) p.525</ref> their total population was '10,60,068'.}}|align=right}}

====British Kashmir====
====Historical population====
Population of Muslim Gujjars recorded in different census reports of the [[British Raj|British India]] for [[Kashmir (princely state)]] (in present-day disputed region of [[Kashmir]] in India, Pakistan and China).
{{historical populations|11=1891|12=2,15,796|13=1901|14=2,86,109|15=1911|16=3,28,003|17=1921|18=3,62,107|19=1931|20=402,781||percentages=pagr|footnote=source: [[Census in British India|1891 census]]<ref>Census of India 1921 part II (Tables) p.157</ref> - [[Census in British India|1901 census]]<ref name=":1901 JK" /> - [[Census in British India|1911 census]]<ref name=":1911 JK" /> - [[1921 census of India|1921 census]]<ref name=":1921 JK" /> - [[1931 census of India|1931 census]]<ref name=":1931 JK" />|align=right}}

==== Jammu and Kashmir ====
[[File:Distribution of Gurjars & Bakarwals in Kashmir and Ladakha.png|thumb|Distributions of Gujjars in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]]]

The Gujjars of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] are a predominantly [[Muslims|Muslim]] community. In Kashmir they are the third-largest ethnic community after [[Dogri language|Dogari]] and [[Western Pahari|Pahari]] speaking linguistic groups.<ref name=":Behera2">{{Cite book |last1=Behera |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM6kW9ZRMRkC |title=Demystifying Kashmir |last2=Chadha |first2=Behera Navnita |date=2007 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-0846-0 |pages=128 |language=en}}</ref>

Gujjars constitute approximately 88% of the total [[Tribe|tribal]] population in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], with an estimated population of 20-25% of the state's total population and they are located in all districts of Indian administrated Kashmir.{{citation needed|date=April 2026}} The community is scattered across the state, with the largest concentration in [[Poonch District, India|Poonch]] (40%) and [[Rajouri]] (33.1%), while they are absent in the [[Leh]] district.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":Behera">{{Cite book |last1=Behera |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM6kW9ZRMRkC |title=Demystifying Kashmir |last2=Chadha |first2=Behera Navnita |date=2007 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-0846-0 |pages=129 |language=en |quote=}}</ref>

In Jammu and Kashmir, Gujjars are predominantly Muslims and are divided into settled, [[nomad]]ic, and [[Animal husbandry|agro-pastoralists]] groups.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Choudhary |first=Zafar |date=June 2011 |title=Understanding the Gujjar Pahri Fault line in J&K |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/130468/SR106-EW01-GujjarPerspective.pdf |journal=IPCS Special Report |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=4}}</ref> These Nomadic Gujjars are further divided into [[Bakarwal]], [[Van Gujjar people|Van-Gujjar]], and Dodhi subgroups.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Sumantra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gq9FEAAAQBAJ |title=Kashmir at the Crossroads: Inside a 21st-Century Conflict |date=2021-12-07 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-26271-1 |pages=237 |language=en |quote=}}</ref>
[[File:Geographical Distribution of Gujars in The Himalayas.png|thumb|Geographical Distribution of Gujars in The Indian Himalayan states of, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh]]

There are notable population of the Gujjars spread throughout the state. Their settlements are mostly found in the valleys of Kangam, Kukernag, [[Kaghan Valley|Kanghan]], Tral, Doru, [[Pahalgam]], Shopian, [[Kulgam]], Handwara, Karnah, [[Kupwara district|Kupwara]]. Also in all Tehsils of [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] district, tehsils of Haveli, Naushera, Sunderbani, Mendhar, and in the districts of [[Poonch District, Pakistan|Poonch]], [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]], [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]], [[Kathua district|Kathua]], Soda, Gool, [[Bhaderwah]] and [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]].<ref name=":Behera" />

Muslim Gujjars in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] have a significant presence in [[Public sector|government jobs]], [[Politics of Jammu and Kashmir|local politics]] and prestigious careers like [[Police|policing]].<ref>
{{Cite book |last=Pierre-Alexandre |first=Paquet |url=https://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/index.html?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=160772 |title=Jungle Government: Forestry, state-making and development for the Van Gujjar pastoralists of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, India |date=28 March 2018 |publisher=Department of Anthropology [[McGill University]] Montreal, Quebec, Canada |location=Canada |pages=9 |language=en |quote=}}</ref>

====Historical population====
Population of Muslim Gujjars recorded in different census reports of the [[British Raj|British India]] for present-day Indian administrated [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].{{historical populations|13=1901|14=2,06138|15=1911|16=2,62,613|17=1921|18=2,77,624|19=1931|20=3,17,920|percentages=pagr|footnote=source: [[Census in British India|1901 census]]<ref name=":1901 JK"/> - [[Census in British India|1911 census]]<ref name=":1911 JK" /> - [[1921 census of India|1921 census]]<ref name=":1921 JK" /> - [[1931 census of India|1931 census]]<ref name=":1931 JK" />|align=right}}

==== Himachal Pradesh ====
[[File:Population distribution of Muslim Gurjars in Himachal Pradesh.png|thumb|Distributions of Muslim Gurjars in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Muslims|Muslim]] Gujjars are found in the [[Himalayan states|Himalayan state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], which borders [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Tibet]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Vishav |first=Jyothi |date=2020 |title=Pastoral Life of Muslim Gujjars: A Study of Life of Gujjar in Mandi District, Himachal Pradesh, India |url=https://www.grassrootsglobal.net/mer2020/pdf_files/dr-vishav-jyoti_preprint.pdf |journal=Department of Sociology, G.D.C Darlaghat, District Solan Himachal Pradesh, India |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Rahi |editor-first=Javaid |date=2012 |title=The Gujjars: A Book Series on History and Culture of Gujjar Tribe |url=https://www.academia.edu/41978043 |pages=729 |publisher=J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages |location=Srinagar/Jammu}}</ref> Muslim Gujjars constitute a significant proportion of the Gujjar community in Himachal Pradesh, making up approximately 86 percent of their population.<ref name=":16">{{Cite book |last=Baldi |first=Dr. Shrikant |title=SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY OF GUJJARS IN HIMACHAL PRADESH |publisher=Planning department [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]] Shimla |year=2019 |pages=2 & 3}}</ref>

The Muslim Gujjars are predominantly found in [[Kangra district|Kangra]], [[Chamba district|Chamba]] and [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]] and make up to 100% districts population. They are also found in good numbers in [[Solan district|Solan]] and [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]] districts.<ref name=":16" />

In 2001, the [[Government of Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh Government]] granted Scheduled Tribe status to the Gujjar community. As per the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] out of the state's Scheduled Tribe population of 2,92,126, Gujjars accounted for 92,547 individuals, comprising 23.6% of the state's [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] population.<ref name=":16" /> Approximately 86% of the total Gurjar population in Himachal Pradesh are [[Muslim]] and 14% are [[Hindu]], in numbers their population is ''79,590''.<ref name="Baldi 2019 3">{{Cite book |last=Baldi |first=Shrikant |title=SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY OF GUJJARS IN HIMACHAL PRADESH. |publisher=Planning department [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]], Shimla |year=2019 |pages=3 |quote=Out of the total Gujjar population in the State 14.0 percent of them are Hindus and 86.0 percent are Muslims. It is found that 100 percent Gujjars of Chamba, Sirmaur & Kangra are Muslims whereas, Gujjars residing in Solan District have only 1.4 percent Muslims and 98.6 percent Hindus.}}</ref>

The majority of them are [[nomad]]ic, with a smaller number of settled [[Muslims|Muslim]] Gujjars. Traditionally, they are [[Pastoralism|pastoralists]], moving with their livestock across the region's [[mountain]]ous terrain.<ref name=":4" />

====Historical population====
Population of Muslim Gujjars recorded in different census reports of the [[British Raj|British India]] for present-day Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]].
{{historical populations|15=1911|16=29,041|17=1921|18=18,206|19=1931|20=18,539|21= 2011/19|22=79,590|percentages=pagr|footnote=source: [[Census in British India|1911 census]]<ref name=":1911 PU" /> - [[1921 census of India|1921 census]]<ref name=":1921 PU" /> - [[1931 census of India|1931 census]]<ref name=":1931 PU" /> - [[2011 census of India|2011 census]]{{efn-lg|name=HP}}|align=right}}

====Punjab, India====
[[File:Distribution of Muslim Gujjars in Indian Punjab.png|thumb|Distributions of Muslim Gujjars in [[Punjab, India]]]]
In the Indian state of Punjab Gujjars are mostly found in the [[Kandi region]] that covers the districts of Ludhiana, [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]], Hoshiarpure, [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]], Mohali, Rupnagar, and [[Nawanshahr]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manku |first=Darshan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QvAtAAAAMAAJ |title=The Gujar Settlements: A Study in Ethnic Geography |date=1986 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=978-81-210-0072-7 |pages=11 & 15 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Patra |first1=Biswanath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeVBEQAAQBAJ |title=Indian Livestock Breeds |last2=Bhushan |first2=Bharat |date=2024-12-23 |publisher=New India Publishing Agency |isbn=978-93-5887-273-6 |pages=92 |language=en}}</ref> Beside Kandi region their population is also found in Amritsar, Bathinda and [[Malerkotla district|Malerkotla]], Dasuya, and [[Pathankot district|Pathankot]] districts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manku |first=Darshan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QvAtAAAAMAAJ |title=The Gujar Settlements: A Study in Ethnic Geography |date=1986 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=978-81-210-0072-7 |pages=18 |language=en |quote=In such villages Gujar families bave migrated from other Gujar settlements, purchased the land, and have settled. There were many Muslim Gujar settlements in the Pathankot tahsil of district Gurdaspur, Dasuya and Hoshiarpur.}}</ref> They are mostly Muslim some are Sikh and Hindu. In Punjab they belong to settled class of Punjabi farmers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=http://archive.org/details/peoplesonmoveint0000phil |title=Peoples on the move : introducing the nomads of the world |date=2001 |publisher=Carlisle : Piquant |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-903689-05-9 |pages=352}}</ref> In recent years some Muslim Gujjars are also migrated from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

In Kandi region there are total one hundred fifty five settlements and one hundred eighteen are of Gujjars.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manku |first=Darshan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QvAtAAAAMAAJ |title=The Gujar Settlements: A Study in Ethnic Geography |date=1986 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=978-81-210-0072-7 |pages=19 |language=en}}</ref>

Before the partition of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] in 1947, [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]] became part of Indian Punjab eighty villages of the Muslim Gujjars migrated from Gurdaspur to [[Sialkot District|Sialkot]] in Punjab, Pakistan. Some other Muslim Gujjars from other districts of Punjab, India migrated to Pakistani Punjab and settled in Sheikhupura and Sargodha districts.<ref name=rehman/>

In Punjab along with Hindu and Sikh Gujjars, they are listed in [[Other Backward Class|Other backward classes]] list of the State government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-23 |title=List of Backward classes/other backward classes – Punjab Govt. Notification |url=https://punjabxp.com/list-backward-other-classes/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=punjabxp.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1951 census, the total Gurjar population in [[Punjab, India]] was 4,37,706. As per same census, 66.62% of the Gurjars followed [[Islam]], while 33.38% were [[Hindu]]s. The total [[Muslim]] Gujjar population was 2,91,601, (out of Punjab's total population of 91,60,500).<ref name=":Pun">{{Cite web |date=1951 |title=Estimated Population By Castes, 21 Punjab - Census 1951 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30202 |website=Census of India by Government of India |page=16}}</ref>

====Historical population====
Population of Muslim Gujjars recorded in different census reports of [[Punjab,India|Indian Punjab]].
{{historical populations|15=1911|16=1,83,144|17=1921|18=202,402|19=1931|20=2,30,474|21=1951|22=2,91,601 |percentages=pagr|footnote=source: [[Census in British India|1911 census]]<ref name=":1911 PU" /> - [[1921 census of India|1921 census]]<ref name=":1921 PU" /> - [[1931 census of India|1931 census]]<ref name=":1931 PU" /> - [[1951 census of India|1951 census]]<ref name=":Pun" />|align=right}}

==== Ladakh ====
The Muslim Gujjars and [[Bakarwal]] communities in [[Ladakh]] are miniority [[Ethnicity|ethnic-group]] in areas like [[Rangdum]] in Indian administrated [[Union territory]] of Ladakh. Recently, disputes over land encroachment and unauthorized construction have arisen. In 2024, the Lieutenant Governor of Ladakh intervened to address these issues, including the illegal occupation of grazing land and the ongoing legal dispute over land rights in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon'ble Lt Governor Brig (Dr) BD Mishra (Retd) holds meeting to discuss infiltration of Gujjar-Bakarwal in Rangdum. {{!}} The Administration of Union Territory of Ladakh {{!}} India |url=https://ladakh.gov.in/honble-lt-governor-brig-dr-bd-mishra-retd-holds-meeting-to-discuss-infiltration-of-gujjar-bakarwal-in-rangdum/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2024-06-17 |title=LG Ladakh addresses grazing dispute in Rangdum areas |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lg-ladakh-addresses-grazing-dispute-in-rangdum-areas/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=The Dispatch Staff|date=2024-06-16 |title=LG Mishra discusses infiltration of Gujjar-Bakarwal in Rangdum as Kishtwar violates agreement |url=https://indusdispatch.in/lg-mishra-discusses-infiltration-of-gujjar-bakarwal-in-rangdum-as-kishtwar-violates-agreement/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Indus Dispatch |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Historical population====
Population of Muslim Gujjars recorded in different census reports of the [[British Raj|British India]] for present-day Indian administrated [[Ladakh]].{{historical populations|13=1901|14=2,000|15=1911|16=85|17=1921|18=15|percentages=pagr|footnote=source: [[Census in British India|1901 census]]<ref name=":1901 JK" /> - [[Census in British India|1911 census]]<ref name=":1911 JK" /> - [[1921 census of India|1921 census]]<ref name=":1921 JK" />|align=right}}

==== Uttarakhand ====
The Muslim [[Van Gujjar people|Van Gujjars]] of [[Uttarakhand]], with a population of around 70,000,<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Bhalla |first=Vineet |date=2024-04-18 |title=Ground report: Why this Muslim nomadic tribe in Uttarakhand has little to gain from elections |url=https://scroll.in/article/1066606/ground-report-why-this-muslim-nomadic-tribe-in-uttarakhand-has-little-to-gain-from-polls |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> are a [[semi-nomadic]] pastoral community living mainly in the [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik Hills]], bordering [[Tibet]]. Traditionally herders, they practice [[transhumance]], migrating with their buffalo herds between the foothills in winter and alpine pastures in summer. Known for being [[Lacto vegetarianism|lactovegetarians]], they rely solely on milk from their buffaloes. Despite the Indian Forest Rights Act of 2006 granting them forest land rights, they face conflicts with state authorities over access to reserved parks. The community distinguishes itself from other Gujjars by adopting the prefix "Van" ("forest-dwelling") in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is there room for India's nomads? |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2009/0731/p17s07-wosc.html |access-date=2025-01-23 |work=Christian Science Monitor |issn=0882-7729}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Sanchari |date=2016-09-03 |title=Nomads of the Himalayas : A Fascinating Glimpse into the Rarely-Seen Forest World of the Van Gujjars |url=https://thebetterindia.com/67099/van-gujjars-himalayas-tribe-buffaloes/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=David Emmanuel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=upk5AgAAQBAJ |title=Islamization in Modern South Asia: Deobandi Reform and the Gujjar Response |date=2012 |publisher=Verlag Max Niemeyer |isbn=978-1-61451-246-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6" />

In the [[Census in British India|1931 census]], the total population of Gurjars in Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]] was ''2,210'', of which 1,397 were [[Muslims]], making up ''63.21%'' of the total [[Gurjar]] population.<ref name=":1931 UP" />
====Historical population====
Population of Muslim Gujjars recorded in different census reports of the [[British Raj|British India]] for present-day Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]].
{{historical populations|13=1901|14=354|15=1911|16=789|17=1921|18=1,465|19=1931|20=1,397|21= 2011/2020|22=70,000|percentages=pagr|footnote=source: [[Census in British India|1901 census]]<ref name=":1901 UP" /> - [[Census in British India|1911 census]]<ref name=":1911 UP" /> - [[1921 census of India|1921 census]]<ref name=":1921 UP" /> - [[1931 census of India|1931 census]]<ref name=":1931 UP" />|align=right}}

===Haryana===
[[File:Gujjar Farmer in village Saketrri ,near chandigarh Panchkula , Haryana.jpg|thumb|A Muslim Gujjar farmer from [[Haryana]]]]
Muslim Gujars in [[Haryana]] live in several districts, including [[Nuh district|Nuh]], [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]], [[Hisar district|Hisar]], [[Sirsa district|Sirsa]], [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]], [[Karnal district|Karnal]], and Ambala. Approximately one million Muslim Gujjars live in [[Ambala district|Ambala]], Hisar, and Nuh, as well as in [[Delhi]].<ref name=":HR" />

The [[Ambala City Assembly constituency|Ambala district constituency]] has a sizable number of [[Gurjar]]s voters, with around 14,000 [[Hindu Gurjars|Hindu Gujjars]] and 6,500 Muslim Gujjars, giving them considerable voting power in the district.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Narinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzMIAAAAMAAJ |title=A New Era in Indian Political System |date=1977 |publisher=New Academic Publishing Company |pages=69 |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[1931 census of India|1931 census]], the total population of Gurjars in [[Haryana]] state was '137,706', of which 47,479 were [[Muslims]], making up 34.48% of the total [[Gurjar]] population.<ref name=":1931 PU" />
====Historical population====
Population of Muslim Gujjars recorded in different census reports of the [[British Raj|British India]] for present-day Indian state of [[Haryana]].
{{historical populations|15=1911|16=29,041|17=1921|18=18,706|19=1931|20=47,479|percentages=pagr|footnote=source: [[Census in British India|1911 census]]<ref name=":1911 PU" /> - [[1921 census of India|1921 census]]<ref name=":1921 PU" /> - [[1931 census of India|1931 census]]<ref name=":1931 PU" />|align=right}}

==== Uttar Pradesh ====
[[File:Main Geographical Distribution of Gujars in The Indian Plain.png|thumb|Main geographical distribution of Gujars in [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|The Indian Plain]], found in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi|Dehli]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]]]

In [[Western Uttar Pradesh]] Muslim Gujjar are a politically influential community, and they make up a sizable population among other Muslim communities in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-07 |title=BJP to hold conferences in Western UP to connect with Muslims |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-to-hold-conferences-in-western-up-to-connect-with-muslims/articleshow/98475015.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> They make up a substantial portion of the population in regions like [[Kairana]] and [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]], with an estimated 150,000 [[Muslims|Muslim]] Gujjars in the [[Kairana Assembly constituency|Kairana]] constituency alone.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Kukreti |first=Amit Bhardwaj and Ishan |date=2016-06-29 |title=What's really happening in Kairana? |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2016/06/29/whats-really-happening-in-kairana |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref> In the [[Gangoh Assembly constituency]] they have a population of 57,000.<ref name=":Gangoh">{{Cite web |date=2019-10-21 |title=Assembly bypolls: Muslim, Dalit voters, 'outsider' tag make Gangoh a tough fight for BJP |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/assembly-bypolls-muslim-dalit-voters-outsider-tag-make-gangoh-a-tough-fight-for-bjp-6079421/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> While in the [[Amethi Assembly constituency|Amethi constituency assembly]] their population share is about 60,000.<ref name=":Amethi">{{Cite web |last=पाल |first=Mahi Pal मही |date=2022-02-22 |title=Uttar Pradesh politics: How can Gurjars make their presence felt |url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2022/02/uttar-pradesh-politics-how-can-gurjars-make-their-presence-felt/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Forward Press |language=en-US}}</ref>

This community has historically been influential in [[local politics]], often rallying behind candidates from their [[ethnicity]], irrespective of their [[religious identity]]. Despite being a [[Minority group|minority]] in the broader context, Muslim Gujjars in these areas hold a demographic and political sway, particularly in rural settings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Re-emergence of Jat-Gurjar alliance in western Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/re-emergence-of-jat-gurjar-alliance-in-western-uttar-pradesh-1082855.html |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-02-09 |title=Akhilesh Yadav eyes Muslim, Gujjar combo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/news/akhilesh-yadav-eyes-muslim-gujjar-combo/articleshow/57054849.cms |access-date=2025-01-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Politics of Kairana revolve around Hindu Gujjars and Muslim Gujjars |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/politics-of-kairana-revolve-around-hindu-gujjars-and-muslim-gujjars.html |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7" />

In the [[census in British India|1931 census]], the total population of Gurjars in [[Uttar Pradesh]] ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]) state was ''3,59,104'', of which 72,302 were [[Muslims]], making up 25.62% of the total [[Gurjar]] population.<ref name=":1931 UP" />
====Historical population====
Population of Muslim Gujjars recorded in different census reports of the [[British Raj|British India]] for [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]]).
{{historical populations|13=1901|14=77,384|15=1911|16=71,503|17=1921|18=69,106|19=1931|20=72,302|percentages=pagr|footnote=source: [[Census in British India|1901 census]]<ref name=":1901 UP">Census of India, 1901. Vol. XVI A: North West Provinces and Oudh. Part II p.237</ref> [[Census in British India|1911 census]]<ref name=":1911 UP">Census of India, 1911. Vol. XV North West Provinces and Oudh. Part II p.282</ref> - [[1921 census of India|1921 census]]<ref name=":1921 UP">Census of India 1921 United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh Vol Xvi Part II p.222</ref> - [[1931 census of India|1931 census]]<ref name=":1931 UP">Census of India 1931 Vol.18 (united Provinces Of Agra And Oudh) Pt.2 p.525</ref>|align=right}}

==Genetics==
===India===
The [[Genetic studies|Genetic]] studies have revealed that ''Muslim Gujjars'' in [[India]] are genetically different from ''Hindu Gujjars'' of [[North India|northern India]]. Furthermore, it has also been found that [[Gurjar|Hindu Gurjars]] are genetically closely related to Hindu [[Jats]], [[Rajput]]s and [[Ahir]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Balgir |first1=R. S. |last2=Sharma |first2=J. C. |date=March 1988 |title=Genetic markers in the Hindu and Muslim Gujjars of Northwestern India |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=401 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330750310 |issn=0002-9483 |pmid=3163234 |bibcode=1988AJPA...75..391B |quote=''The genetic distance measure lends further support to the serogenetically derived hypothesis that the Muslim Gujjars are genetically distinct from the Hindu Gujjars''. The dichotomy of Hindu and Muslim Gujjars is compatible with the documented historical and cultural records ([[Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi|Munshi]], 1954; [[Denzil Ibbetson|Ibbetson]], 1970; [[A.H. Bingley|Bingley]], 1978), somatometric measurements and demographic data (Balgir, 1980, 1983), dermatoglyphic studies (Balgir and Sharma, 1986), and serogenetic markers (Balgir, 1980). The genetic distance data support the con-tention that the Jats, Hindu Gujjars, and possibly the Rajputs genetically belong to one ethnic stock. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dev |first1=Kapil |last2=Kesharwani |first2=Lav |last3=Kushwaha |first3=Pushpesh |last4=Kumar |first4=Akshay |last5=Srivastav |first5=Kunwar Veer Vikram |last6=Bhasney |first6=Varsha |last7=Kumawat |first7=R. K. |last8=Dixit |first8=Shivani |last9=Srivastava |first9=Ankit |last10=Chaubey |first10=Gyaneshwer |last11=Shrivastava |first11=Pankaj |date=21 May 2021 |title=Molecular characterization of 23 Y chromosomal STR markers in the Gurjar population of National Capital Region (NCR), India |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-021-02623-x |journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine |language=en |volume=136 |issue=2 |pages=556 |doi=10.1007/s00414-021-02623-x |pmid=34059972 |issn=1437-1596 |quote=Hindu Gujjars showed common ethnic origin with Jats and Rajputs and showed divergence with the Ahir population, based on serogenetic markers. ''"Muslim Gujjars and the Hindu Gujjars showed significant differentiation which may be attributed to their geographical dispersal in diverse habitats''". This could also be attributed to the inflow of genes from Islamic invaders as well as non-Islamic surrounding populations, the inbreeding effect, and the comparative breeding isolation. |via=[[Springer Nature|SPRINGER NATURE]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Balgir |first1=R. S. |last2=Sharma |first2=J. C. |date=December 1986 |title=Dermatoglyphic studies among the two breeding isolates of Gujjars of northwestern India |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=474 & 475 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330710410 |issn=0002-9483 |pmid=3812661 |bibcode=1986AJPA...71..467B |quote=Page (474): The distribution of phenotypic frequencies of dermatoglyphic features among the Hindu (Hindu Gujjars) and Muslim Gujjars provides strong evidence that these populations have become distinct in the course of their history. Page (475): The tests of significance and an overview of these distributions show resemblance between the ''Hindu Gujjars and Rajputs, Jats, and Ahirs'' of northwestern India. }}</ref>

The Muslim Gujjars of the [[India]]n states of the [[Himalaya]]s are also genetically different from north Indian [[Hindu|Hindu communities]], including Rajputs, [[Khatri]]s, and [[Brahmin]]s of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Pandits]] of [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Balgir |first1=R. S. |last2=Sharma |first2=J. C. |date=December 1986 |title=Dermatoglyphic studies among the two breeding isolates of Gujjars of northwestern India |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=475 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330710410 |issn=0002-9483 |pmid=3812661 |bibcode=1986AJPA...71..467B |quote=As revealed by the statistical tests of significance, the Muslim Gujjars of the Himalayan regions, however, significantly differ from the neighboring populations like Brahmins, Rajputs, Khatris of Himachal Pradesh, and Pandits of Kashmir in the distribution of dermatoglyphic features including finger-print patterns and indices and patterns occurring in the palmar configurational areas just as they do in the serogenetic markers (Balgir, 1980b; 1983). }}</ref>

====Himachal Pradesh====
In a 2003 genetic study, it was revealed that ''Muslim Gujjars'' of [[Himachal Pradesh]] are genetically different from ''Hindu Gujjars'' of [[Indian Punjab]]. The study was conducted using samples from [[Gurjar|Hindu Gujars]] of the [[Rupnagar district|Ropar]] and [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]] districts of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and Muslim Gujjars of the [[Chamba district|Chamba]] and [[Kangra district|Kangra]] districts of Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Balgir |first=R. S. |date=2003 |title=Morphological and regional variations in body dimensions of the Gujjars of different localities in North-Western India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29542470 |journal=Anthropologischer Anzeiger |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=279–280 |doi=10.1127/anthranz/61/2003/275 |jstor=29542470 |pmid=14524001 |issn=0003-5548 |quote=It is interesting to note that the Muslim Gujjars of Himachal Pradesh in the present study significantly differ from the counterpart Hindu Gujjars of the Ropar District in Punjab with respect to 12 biological measurements and 5 anthropometric indices (Table 3), suggesting the biological diversity between the two populations... The Muslim Gujjars of the Chamba District in Himachal Pradesh also differ from the Hindu Gujjars of the Hoshiarpur District in Punjab for 9 somatometric measurements and 6 anthropometric indices (Table 3). |via=JSTOR|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

====Jammu and Kashmir====
In [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], the predominant haplogroup found among Muslim Gujjars is [[R1a]], occurring at a frequency of 78%. This is followed by [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|haplogroup H]], while [[Haplogroup L-M20|haplogroup L]] is found at the lowest frequency.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Mugdha |last2=Sarkar |first2=Anujit |last3=Kumar |first3=Devinder |last4=Nandineni |first4=Madhusudan R. |date=2020-02-06 |title=The genetic affinities of Gujjar and Ladakhi populations of India |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=4 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-59061-9 |pmid=32029844 |issn=2045-2322|pmc=7005309 |bibcode=2020NatSR..10.2055S }}</ref>

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Haplogroups found among Gujjars of Jammu & Kashmir
| label1 = [[R1a]]
| value1 = 78
| color1 = #3dc2f2
| label2 = [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|H]]
| value2 = 14
| color2 = #fff200
| label3 = [[Haplogroup L-M20|L]]
| value3 = 8
| color3 = #FFF8DC
}}

Recent genetic study shows that Muslim Gujjars in Jammu and Kashmir have [[Genetic testing|genetic]] similarity with the [[Pashtuns]] of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]] and [[Sindhis]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mudur |first=G.S. |date=23 February 2020 |title=Found: Shared ancestry between Gujjars and Pashtuns |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/found-shared-ancestry-between-gujjars-and-pashtuns/cid/1748006 |work=Telegraph India}}</ref>

===Pakistan===
====Khyber Pakhtunkhwa====
Research on the [[Neighbor joining|NJ]] tree among Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's ethnic tribes revealed a strong genetic link between the region's Gujjars and Muslim Gujjars in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province.<ref name=":KPK">{{Cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=Habib |last2=Tariq |first2=Muhammad |last3=Hemphill |first3=Brian E. |last4=Farooq |first4=Umar |last5=Schurr |first5=Theodore G. |date=2022-01-19 |title=Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic histories among five ethnic groups from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=6 and 9 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-05076-3 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=8770644 |pmid=35046511|bibcode=2022NatSR..12.1027T }}</ref> In [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|KPK]], they exhibit a high frequency of the R1a haplogroup.<ref name=":KPK" />

The majority of Muslim Gujjars in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]'s districts of Swabi and Buner belong to the R1a haplogroup, with frequencies of 61%<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Tariq |first=Muhammad |url= |title=Genetic Analysis of the Major Tribes of Buner and Swabi Areas through Dental Morphology and DNA Analysis |date=17 February 2017 |publisher=[[Hazara University]], Mansehra: DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA |location= |pages=178–179 |language=en}}</ref> and 48%<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Ullah |first=Inam |url=|title=DENTAL MORPHOLOGY AND HAPLOTYPIC DIVERSITY IN THE MAJOR ETHNIC GROUPS OF SWAT AND DIR DISTRICTS |date=March 3, 2018 |publisher=Hazara University, Mansehra: DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS [[Hazara University|HAZARA UNIVERSITY]] MANSEHRA |pages=128}}</ref> in Swat district, respectively.

Gujjars in the districts of [[Swabi District|Swabi]] and [[Buner District|Buner]] belong to the [[Haplogroup R1a|R1a]] haplogroup, with a frequency of 61%; the [[Haplogroup L-M20|L]] haplogroup, 20.97%; [[Haplogroup J-M172|J2a]] haplogroup, 4.84%; [[Haplogroup R2|R2]] haplogroup, 4.03%; J2b haplogroup, 1.61%; Q1a haplogroup, 1.61%; [[Haplogroup O-M122|O3-M122]] haplogroup, 0.81% and [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|H]] haplogroup, 4.84% .<ref name=":12" />

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Haplogroups found among Gujjars of Buner & Swabi districts
| label1 = [[R1a]]
| value1 = 61
| color1 = #3dc2f2
| label2 = [[L-M20|L]]
| value2 = 20.97
| color2 = #fff200
| label3 = [[Haplogroup J-M172|J2a]]
| value3 = 4.82
| color3 = #FFF8DC
| label4 = R2
| value4 = 4.03
| Color4 = #ff610f
| label5 = J2b
| value5 = 1.61
| Color5 = red
| label6 = Q1a
| value6 = 1.6
| Color6 = black
| label7 = [[Haplogroup O-M122|o3-M122]]
| value8 = 4.84
| label8 = [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|H]]
| color8 = #E97451
| value7 = 0.81
| Color7 = grey
}}

This research also indicates that in the Gujjars, the highest frequency of the [[Genetic history of Europe|West Eurasian]] lineage about 62.3%, [[South Asia]]n is 33.61%, and 4.1% [[Ancient East Eurasians|East Eurasian]] was found.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tariq |first=Muhammad |url= |title=Genetic Analysis of the Major Tribes of Buner and Swabi Areas through Dental Morphology and DNA Analysis |publisher=Hazara University, Mansehra: DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA |year=2017 |pages=135 |language=En}}</ref>

In the Swat district, they belong to the [[Haplogroup R1a|R1a]] haplogroup, with a frequency of 48%; [[Haplogroup M-P256|M33]] haplogroup, 45%; and N5 haplogroup, 7%.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Ullah |first=Inam |date=May 2017 |title=Mitochondrial genetic characterization of Gujar population living in the Northwest areas of Pakistan |url=https://www.als-journal.com/articles/vol4issue3/433.17/447.pdf |journal=Advancements in Life Sciences |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=86 |quote=The haplotypes of Gujjar population were assigned to mega haplogroups which revealed that the most frequent among them was R with the frequency of (48%) followed by haplogroup M (45%) and N (7%).}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Haplogroups found among Gujjars of Swat district
| label1 = [[R1a]]
| value1 = 48
| color1 = #DC143C
| label2 = [[Haplogroup M-P256|M33]]
| value2 = 45
| color2 = #FFD700
| label3 = N5
| value3 = 7
| color3 = #FFF8DC
}}

The study also revealed that the haplogroups found in Gujjars are predominantly 42%; South Asian, 37%; followed by West Eurasian, 2.7%; with smaller positions of Eastern Asian, 1.4% Eastern European, and 1.4%; Northern Asian haplogroups.<ref name=":14" />

Gujjars in the district of [[Mansehra District|Mansehra]] belong to the [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|H]] haplogroup, with a frequency of 58.97%; the [[Haplogroup M-P256|M]] haplogroup, 27.69%; and [[Haplogroup R1a|R]] haplogroup, 14%.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nazia |first=Dr. |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/748732010/2908S |title=''GENETIC ANALYSES OF THE MAJOR TRIBES OF ABBOTTABAD ANd MANSEHRA DISTRICTS THROUGH DENTAL MORPHOLOGY AND DNA ANALYSES'' |date=January 3, 2014 |publisher=Departments of Genetics [[Hazara University|Hazara University, Mansehra]] |pages=114–115 |language=En}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Haplogroups found among Gujjars of Mansehra district
| label1 = [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|H]]
| value1 = 58.97
| color1 = #ff610f
| label2 = [[Haplogroup M-P256|M]]
| value2 = 27.69
| color2 = #52b5f0
| label3 = [[R1a|R]]
| value3 = 14
| color3 = #FFF8DC
}}

====Punjab====
In 2019, genetic research indicated that genetically, Gujjars of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] are closely related to other Pakistani groups, including the [[Pakistani Punjabis|Punjabis]], Sindhis, Balochs, Pashtuns, and people of [[Azad Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zahra |first1=Fatima Tuz |last2=Hussain |first2=Manzoor |last3=Khan |first3=Khushbukhat |last4=Aslam |first4=Muhammad Adeel |last5=Shafique |first5=Muhammad |last6=Rubab |first6=Aqsa |last7=Javeed |first7=Shahzadi |date=2020-07-01 |title=Genetic polymorphism of Y-chromosomal STRs in Gujjar population of Punjab |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-019-02227-6 |journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine |language=en |volume=134 |issue=4 |pages=1333–1334 |doi=10.1007/s00414-019-02227-6 |pmid=31858262 |issn=1437-1596|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Culture ==
Muslim Gujjars adhere to the fundamental principles of Islam, believing in the oneness of [[Allah]] and performing the [[Salah|five times daily prayers]]. They also observe basic Islamic practices including [[Fasting in Islam|Roza]], [[Zakat]], and believe in the day of judgement and the concept of [[Jannah]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shashi |first=Shyam Singh |url= |title=The World of Nomads |date=2006 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=978-81-8382-051-6 |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":272">{{Cite journal |last1=Javid |first1=Shahid |last2=Muthukumar |first2=Dr J. |date=2024-02-08 |title=Cultural And Traditional Life Of Gujjar And Bakarwal Tribes Of Jammu And Kashmir |url=https://migrationletters.com/index.php/ml/article/view/8537 |journal=Migration Letters |language=en |volume=21 |issue=S1 |pages=1098 to 1099 |issn=1741-8992}}</ref>

=== Purdah ===
Gujjar women in [[Punjab]], Kashmir, [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] and other areas of Pakistan and Northern India typically do not observe the tradition of [[Purdah]] or wear [[Burqa|Burkas]].<ref name="Shashi 2006 86">{{Cite book |last=Shashi |first=Shyam Singh |url= |title=The World of Nomads |date=2006 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=978-81-8382-051-6 |pages=86 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Awasty 1982 231">{{Cite book |last=Awasty |first=Indira |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ACAqAAAAYAAJ |title=Rural Women of India: A Socio-economic Profile of Jammu Women |date=1982 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7018-090-6 |pages=231 |language=en}}</ref> However, in some areas of Afghanistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gujjar women do observe purdah.

=== Attire ===
In various regions of [[North India]], Pakistan and Afghanistan, Muslim Gujjars wear traditional attire similar to that of other local Muslim communities. In Jammu and Kashmir, men from the Gujjar community traditionally wear [[Salwar|Shalwar]] and [[Kurta]], similar to other [[Kashmiri Muslims]]. Their women wear a kurta paired with Churidhar [[Pajamas|pyjama]].<ref name=":24">{{Cite book |last=Ahluwalia |first=Manjit Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tG0fnF0VRk0C |title=Social, Cultural, and Economic History of Himachal Pradesh |date=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-089-7 |pages=82 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Shashi 2006 86"/>

=== Child birth ===
In Gujjar communities the birth of a girl child is viewed as a direct blessing from Allah.<ref name=":24" /> Gujjar families treat girls and boys equally, and uniquely, they celebrate the birth of a girl child, setting them apart from some [[Islam in India|Muslim communities]].<ref name="Shashi 2006 86"/> When a child is born in Muslim Gujjar communities, they usually cover the child's face to protect them from the evil eye.<ref name="Awasty 1982 231"/>

===Beliefs===
They follow [[Sharia Law|Islamic laws]] and are mostly [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] by faith. They often visit shrines in various regions of [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[north India]]. Including the of [[Shrine]] of [[Data Darbar|Hazarat Data Ali Hajveri]], [[Shrine of Baba Farid]], [[Rauza Mandhali Sharif]], [[Chrar-i-Sharief]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Life |first=Kashmir |date=2010-06-14 |title=In Baba's Nagri |url=https://kashmirlife.net/in-babas-nagri-555/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Kashmir Life - Latest News & Breaking News from Kashmir |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Pani Pir Shrine]], and some other [[shrines]] of [[Gurjar|Gujjar]] Sufi saints.<ref name=":Rafaqat">{{Cite journal|last1=Hussain|first1=Rafaqat|last2=Idris|first2=Mohammad|date=2024|title=Socio-Cultural and Economic Conditions of the Gujjar Community in the Punjab (1849-1947 CE)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27438475|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=83|pages=684–696|jstor=27438475 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=689}}

====Sufism====
The Gujjar culture in [[Kashmir]] has stayed traditional for a long time. Many Gujjars adopted [[Sufism]] in the [[Middle Ages|medieval era]]. The [[Sufism|Sufis]] were believed to have special spiritual powers that lasted even after they died. Their shrines were welcoming to everyone. Some [[Wali|Gujjar Sufi disciples]] became highly spiritual and traveled to other places, sharing their teachings with others.{{Cn|date=April 2026}}

The Gujjar community is deeply connected to several important shrines including shrine of [[Baba Sab Larvi]], which is dedicated to [[Pir Muhammad Ubbaidhullah]], a [[Naqshbandi Order|Naqshbandiya]] saint from [[Bajjar]] clan of Gujjars and [[Saidu Baba|Shrine of Saidu Baba]] in [[Saidu Sharif]], [[Swat district]] from [[Khatana]] clan. Shrine of [[Baba Ghulam Shah Badhshah]] in [[Rajouri district]] which is a popular spot for Gujjars and [[Bakarwal]]s. [[Sain-Baba-Miran Baksh]] located near [[Line of Control|LOC]] in [[Poonch district, India|Poonch district]], which is another important site. The shrines of [[Farid-Ud-Din Bagdadi]] and [[Shah Israr-Uddin Bagdadi]] in [[Kishtwar district]] are also well known amog o Gujjars of [[Kashmir]].{{Cn|date=April 2026}}

Gujjars enjoy the [[Punjabi literature|Punjabi poetry]] of famous Sufi Saint [[Mian Muhammad Bakhsh]], and [[Faqar Din]], who were both from the Gujjar community. They also appreciate the spiritual writings of [[Baba Nizam-Ud-Din Larvi]], [[Choudhary Hasan Din]], [[Khuda Baksh Zar]] and others, which were written in [[Gujari]] and [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pahari]] languages. These works have inspired love and respect for [[Sufism]] among Gujjars of [[Punjab]] and [[Kashmir]] in [[South Asia]].{{Cn|date=April 2026}}

====Deaths====
On Thursday evenings, they offer food to their deceased [[Ancestor]]s. After a death, their family feeds beggars, believing the food reaches the deceased in the afterlife.<ref name=":Rafaqat" />{{Reference page|page=689}}

===Language===
Muslim Gujjars are a multilingual community.

====Pakistan====
In [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], they speak Gujari,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |url=https://kp.gov.pk/page/languages |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521204305/https://kp.gov.pk/page/languages |archive-date=21 May 2025 |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=kp.gov.pk |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Hindko]], [[Khowar]]<ref name=":54"/> and [[Pashto]]. In [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], they speak Gujari,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GEOGRAPHY & DEMOGRAPHY OF GILGIT BALTISTAN: Languages :: '''Gojri''' |url=http://gilgitbaltistanscouts.gov.pk/TOGeography%20.html |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=Gilgit-Baltistan Scouts, [[Government of Pakistan]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2023 |title=Treading the Sacred Linguistic Landscape of Gilgit-Baltistan |url=https://pamirtimes.net/2023/12/23/treading-the-sacred-linguistic-landscape-of-gilgit-baltistan/ |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=PAMIR TIMES |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Balti language|Balti]] and [[Shina language|Shina]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-21 |title=Where the Gujjars Rest |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2019/06/21/where-the-gujjars-rest/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=The Friday Times |page=1 |language=en}}</ref> In [[Azad Kashmir]], they speak Gujari, Pahari, and Urdu. They also speak [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Saraiki language|Seraiki]] in [[Punjab]], [[Balochi language|Balochi]] in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] in [[Sindh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tyagi |first=Vidya Prakash |url= |title=Martial races of undivided India |date=2009 |publisher=Kalpas publisher |isbn=978-81-7835-775-1 |pages=225 |language=en}}</ref>

====Afghanistan====
They speak [[Gujari]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan |url=https://dbs.org/en/research/countries/AF/ |access-date=11 October 2025 |website=dbs.org |publisher=[[Bible Society]] |language=en |quote=}}</ref> Pashto and [[Dari]] in [[Afghanistan]].

====India====
In [[north India]], they mainly speak [[Gujari]] along with regional languages including, [[Dogri language|Dogri]],<ref name=":Bhat" /> Pahari,<ref name=":Bhat" /> Kangri,<ref name=":Bhat">{{Cite journal |last1=Bhat |first1=Zahoor Ahmad |last2=Khan |first2=Mahmood Ahmad |date=October 2021 |title=Exploring the Indigenous Language of Gujjar and Bakerwal Communities |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3915778 |journal=The Journal of Indian Arts History Congress |publisher=Department of Education, School of Education & Behavioural Sciences, [[University of Kashmir]] |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=110 |ssrn=3915778 }}</ref> Punjabi,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shashi |first=Shyam Singh |url= |title=The World of Nomads |date=2006 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=978-81-8382-051-6 |pages=102 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":Bhat" /> [[Urdu]], and [[Hindi]]. In [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], the population share of Gujari speakers was 9.5% in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], 0.21% in [[Himachal Pradesh]], 0.03% in [[Uttarakhand]] and 0.02% in [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]].{{efn-lg|Gujari mostly spoken by Muslim Gujars. In 2011 census speakers of Gujari in Jammu and Kashmir (9.5%),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10206/download/13318/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0100.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Himachal Pradesh (0.21%),<ref>{{Cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Himachal Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10205/download/13317/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0200.XLSX |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027033558/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0200.XLSX |archive-date=27 October 2019 |access-date= |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Uttarakhand (0.03%),<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Uttarakhand - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10225 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> & Punjab (0.02%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Punjab - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10219 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>}} Their sub-groups like [[Van Gujjar]], [[Bakarwal]] and Dodhi Gujjars speak their own dialects of Gujari language.

===Family unit===
Most of Muslim Gujjar families are small consisting of parents and children. When sons get married, they often start their own [[household]]s, moving out of their parents' home. This usually happens when there are multiple sons, as it is hard for everyone to live together. Traditionally Gujjars lived together in [[Extended family|Joint families]] and looked out for each other. Marriage and family also provide a safe space for couples and protection for all members.<ref name=":Junaid">{{Cite journal |last1=Junaid |first1=Dr. Bashir |last2=Dr. Maseeh |first2=Ullah |last3=Dr. Shahid |first3=Mehmood |date=2023 |title=Managing Gujar Tribe Familial Lineage Of Mansehra |url=https://mail.journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/17301/10915 |journal=Journal of Positive School Psychology |publisher=[[Foundation University Islamabad]] |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=317–325}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=318}}

====Inheritance====
In Muslim Gujjar families, property and land are usually passed down to the sons after the father dies. Women are entitled to a share of the property under [[Sharia|Islamic law]], but in practice, they often do not get it. Instead, women typically receive a [[dowry]] from their family when they get married.<ref name=":Junaid" />{{Reference page|page=319}}

=== Marriages ===
Muslim Gujjars mostly live in joint families. The divorce rate is low among them, and their divorce system is distinct from other Muslim communities.<ref name="Shashi 2006 86"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=David Emmanuel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oscmJoix2IAC&dq=Divorce+in+Muslim+Gujjars&pg=PA97 |title=Islamization in Modern South Asia: Deobandi Reform and the Gujjar Response |date=2012-08-31 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-1-61451-185-4 |pages=97 |language=en}}</ref>

====Rituals====
Muslim Gujjars have [[Nikah]] ceremonies. They also perform a wave ceremony called [[Parachhan]] when the bride arrives at her husband's house to ward off [[evil spirit]]s. In [[Gujrat district]] of [[Punjab, Pakistan]] they have unique customs similar to Muslim Jats and [[Hindus]].<ref name=":Rafaqat" />{{Reference page|page=689}}

====Preparations====
Muslim Gujjars have their own wedding customs. Before the [[groom]] leaves for the wedding, a [[Mirasi]] checks the procession and gets gifts. They also give money to [[Mirasi]]>s as part of their tradition. Before the wedding, women prepare by grinding [[grain]] and decorating homes and items, which starts the wedding preparations.<ref name=":Rafaqat" />{{Reference page|page=690}}

====Arrange marriages====
[[Marriage in Pakistan|Arranged marriages]] are common among Muslim Gujjars, typically taking place with the parents' approval on both the bride's and groom's sides.<ref name=":272" />

====Gifts====
When a couple gets married, both families exchange gifts and money. The [[groom]]'s family gives, the bride's family pays her [[Mahr|Haq Mahr]] and gives her [[dowry]]. Relatives and friends also give gifts and money to both families.<ref name=":Junaid" />{{Reference page|page=324}}

====Endogamy====
Muslim Gujars practice [[endogamy]], meaning they marry within their own community. They prefer their own clans, but can also marry other Gujars from different [[clan]]s.<ref name=":Junaid" />{{Reference page|page=320}}

====Monogamy and Polygamy====
Most Muslim Gujar men have one wife and stay with her their whole life. The first marriage is a big celebration. However, some men have more than one wife. Sometimes a man may marry again if he doesn't have a son, or for other reasons like revenge or personal desire.<ref name=":Junaid" />{{Reference page|page=320}}

====Exchange marriages====
Gujars do not like to [[Sister exchange|exchange marriages]], where one family marries their son to a girl from another family in exchange for marrying their daughter to the other family's son.<ref name=":Junaid" />{{Reference page|page=321}}

====Divorce====
The divorce rate is low in Muslim Gujjars and parents arrange marriages. If the couple doesn't get along, they might [[divorce]]. This can happen if one partner cheats. Sometimes the wife leaves her husband for someone else and gets [[Khul'|Khula]]. After divorce male and females are allowed to remarry according to [[Sharia|Islamic law]].<ref name=":Junaid" />{{Reference page|page=321}}

=== Jirga (Panchayat) ===
Gujjars in [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|tribal areas]] of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, [[Afghanistan]] and Jammu and Kashmir follow the [[Jirga]] system to resolve everyday issues, including land disputes, political, social, educational, and community-related matters.<ref name="Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir">{{Cite book |last1=Warikoo |first1=Kulbhushan |url= |title=Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir |last2=Som |first2=Sujit |date=2000 |publisher=Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya |pages=181 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web |title=Time old Gujjar Jirgas under threat in Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/time-old-gujjar-jirgas-under-threat-in-j-k-study/story-Ur2wpXsRvK4YaLNxckTIqM.html |website=Hindustantimes |date=20 December 2009 }}</ref> In June 2018, a Jirga was convened by Gujjars in the [[Shangla District|Shangla district]] of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, where a committee was formed to advocate for their rights to education, healthcare, and transportation in the area. The Jirga also decided to support a candidate in the upcoming elections who would address these issues.<ref name="dawn.com">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-06-25 |title=Gujjar clan sets conditions for vote |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1415881 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2018, the district government of [[Torghar District|Torghar district]] convened a local Jirga to resolve a land dispute between the Gujjars and [[Akazai]] Pashtuns in the districts of Torghar and [[Mansehra District|Mansehra]].<ref name="Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir"/><ref name="hindustantimes.com"/> The Gujjars filed a case in the [[Senior Civil Judge|Senior Civil Judge's]] (SCJ) court, and following the court's order, they were permitted to harvest their wheat and grass crops on the disputed land. Consequently, 90% of the disputed land in [[Torghar District|Torghar district]] was granted to the Gujjars after the court's order.<ref name="dawn.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title='Dispute between two tribes nearing settlement in Torghar' |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/888614-dispute-between-two-tribes-nearing-settlement-in-torghar |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=thenews.pk |date=6 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] Muslim Gujjars and Bakarwals used to have their own councils called [[Jirga]] to settle disputes. Many still use this traditional system, but some prefer to go to the police or courts instead. Nowadays, a new system of local government called Panchayat Raj is being used in some areas of Jammu and Kashmir.{{citation needed|date=April 2026}}

==Religion==
Initially, Gujjars of [[Pakistan]] were mostly [[Solar deity|Sun worshipers]]; later, most of them converted to [[Hinduism]].{{citation needed|date=April 2026}} The conversation of the [[Gurjar]]s to [[Islam]] began in the 11th century, but the majority adopted Islam during the 16th to 17th centuries under Muslim rule in the [[Indian subcontinent]], largely through the influence of [[Sufism]] becoming [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Samal |first=Prasana K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hE6BAAAAMAAJ |title=Tribal Development: Options : Proceedings of a National Seminar, May 22-24, 1996 |date=1998 |publisher=Gyanodaya Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85097-41-1 |pages=513 |language=en}}</ref>

===Conversion to Islam===
In various regions of [[north India]], Gujjars adopted Islam at different times.<ref name=":Dangwal" /><ref name=":Nadeem">{{Cite book |last=Hasnain |first=Nadeem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MAwQAQAAIAAJ |title=Islam and Muslim Communities in South Asia |date=2006 |publisher=Serials Publications |isbn=978-81-8387-014-6 |pages=31 |language=en}}</ref> Hindu Gujjars of the [[Lahore district]] in present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan]] embraced Islam in the hands of Muslim [[Wali|saint]] Hazrat [[Ali al-Hujwiri|Data-Ali al-Hujwiri]] in the 11th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2tlWAAAAMAAJ |title=Guru Nanak in History |date=1969 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Panjab University |pages=33 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Van Gujjar people|Van Gujjars]] of [[Uttarakhand]], Himachal Pradesh, and [[Uttar Pradesh]] adopted Islam in the 13th to 14th centuries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Srivastava |first=Raghav |date=2022 |title=The making of pastoralisms: An account of the Gaddis and Van Gujjars in the Indian Himalaya |journal=Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice |volume=12 |issue=1 |article-number=42 |doi=10.1186/s13570-022-00259-z |doi-access=free |issn=2041-7136 |pmc=9590384 |pmid=36311345 |bibcode=2022Pasto..12...42S }}</ref>

According to [[William Crooke|William croocke]], many Gujjars in the [[Awadh]] region of [[Uttar Pradesh]] converted to Islam in the 14th century during the [[Timur]]'s invasion of north India.<ref name=":Dangwal">{{Cite journal |last=Dangwal |first=Dhirendra Datt |date=1997-12-01 |title=State, forests and graziers in the hills of Uttar Pradesh: Impact of colonial forestry on peasants, Gujars and Bhotiyas |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/001946469703400401 |journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review |language=EN |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=421 |doi=10.1177/001946469703400401 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":Nadeem" />

The Gujjars of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]<ref name=":Laxman">{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Laxman S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiduAAAAMAAJ |title=Where Mortals and Mountain Gods Meet: Society and Culture in Himachal Pradesh |date=2002 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=978-81-7986-000-7 |pages=147 |language=en}}</ref> adopted Islam in the 17th century during the rule of [[Mughal empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Mian Goverdhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIIbAAAAIAAJ |title=Himachal Pradesh, History, Culture, and Economy |date=1992 |publisher=Minerva Book House |isbn=978-81-85573-02-1 |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":Laxman" />

The Gurjars of the [[Gurdaspur district]] in [[Punjab, India]] also embraced Islam during the rule of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in the 17th century.<ref name=":Rafaqat" />{{Reference page|page=690}}

==Clan system==
Muslim Gujjars are divided into over three hundred eighty (380) clans or [[Gotra]]s.<ref name=":17">{{Cite book |last=Rizvi |first=S. H. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UswAQAAIAAJ |title=Muslims |date=1998 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7018-980-0 |language=en |quote=Once a Gujar king of Jammu ceded Gurjardesa to the king of Kashmir. About 380 gots (clans) are reported among Muslim Gujars. The most important of which are Batar, Haman, Khatana, Tomar, Rathe, Bhatti and Chandela}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-22 |title=Punjab {{!}} History, Culture & Economy {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Punjab-province-Pakistan |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

Muslim Gurjars have many [[clan]]s in common with Hindu Gurjars.<ref name=":18">{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Anandamayee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_E9uAAAAMAAJ |title=The Bhotias in Indian Himalayas: A Socio-linguistic Approach |date=2007 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7646-569-4 |pages=109 to 113 |language=en |quote=Gujjars (Muslims and Hindus and of no particular religious identity) are Dodhi Gujjars , Banjara Gujjars , Bakerwal Gujjars with minor subgroups like Hakla, Bajjar, Kohli, Chechi, Khatana, Badhana, Bagdi, Goosi and Kalas etc.}}</ref><ref name=":20" />

=== Sub-groups ===
The Muslim Gujjars also have distinct sub-groups mainly found in the [[Himalayas]] such as the [[Bakarwal]], [[Van Gujjar people|Van Gujjar]], Dhodhi Gujjar and Banjara Gujjar.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Dar |first=Sajad Ahmad |date=2023-01-31 |title=The Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir and their changing marriage rituals |journal=Pastoralism |volume=13 |issue=1 |article-number=1 |bibcode=2023Pasto..13....1D |doi=10.1186/s13570-022-00264-2 |issn=2041-7136 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |last=Mehmood |first=Tahir |date=June 2024 |title=Overcoming Obstacles: The Journey of Gujjar-Bakarwal in Jammu and Kashmir since Independence |url=https://theacademic.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/13.pdf |journal=Research Scholar, Department of History, Panjab University, Chandigarh |volume=2 |pages=134 |via=The Academic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rana |first=J. P. Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hK-FjcbMH0wC |title=Marriage and Customs of Tribes of India |date=1998 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-087-0 |pages=88 |language=en |quote=Van Gujjars are Sunni Muslims, as might be expected from their origins.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Seshia |first=Shaila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scrsAAAAMAAJ |title=Traditional Wisdom in Natural Resource Management: The Only Way to Conserve |date=2005 |publisher=Rural Litigation & Entitlement Kendra |pages=38 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Clans ===
*[[Khatana]]<ref name=":17" />
*[[Chauhan (surname)|Chauhan]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQxyT4gjdmQC |title=Epilogue, Vol 3, Issue 11 |publisher=Epilogue -Jammu Kashmir |pages=47 |language=en |quote=Most of the Chauhans live in Jammu and Kashmir and some of them have embraced Islam. They are recognized as sub caste of Gujjars.}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite book |last=Rahi |first=Javaid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W9pwEAAAQBAJ |title=The Gujjars -Vol 04 (Gujjars History & Culture) by Dr. Javaid Rahi |publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Acacademy of Art, Culture , Languages , Jammu |language=en |quote=The names of the gotras are common to Hindu Gujjars, Sikh Gujjars and Muslim Gujjars in the Indian sub-continent. A few frominent gotras are Khatana, Hakla, Bajjar, Chechi, Rathore, Chauhan, Bhatti, Rana, Thekria, Noon, Bhadana, Gorsi, Bagri, Kasana, Bajran, Kohli, Khari and others.}}</ref>
*[[Awana (clan)|Awana]]
*[[Kundwana]]
*[[Chechi (clan)|Chechi]]<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":17" />
*Bhadana<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":18" />
*Kushan (Kasana)<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Rawat |first=Ajay Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1O8sAQAAMAAJ |title=Man and Forests: The Khatta and Gujjar Settlements of Sub-Himalayan Tarai |date=1993 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-85182-97-1 |pages=113 |language=en |quote=Despite their conversion to Islam, the Gujjars have main-tained many rituals and practices of their Hindu ancestors. They have retained the 'Gotra" system, though they are not clear about the genesis of their gotras, except that it refers to their Hindu ancestry. Their important gotras are Kushan (Kasana), Lodha, Padhana, Bagri, Dinda, Dhetra, Chabra, Pathan, Kasani, & Bhainsi.}}</ref>
*Batar<ref name=":17" />
*Bajjar<ref name=":20" />
*Hakla<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":18" />
*Bhatti<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last=S |first=Shyam Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiVjAAAAIAAJ |title=Himachal: Nature's Peaceful Paradise |date=1971 |publisher=Indian School Supply Depot |pages=102 |language=en}}</ref>
*Rana<ref name=":20" />
*Thikariya<ref name=":20" />
*Noon<ref name=":20" />
*Sangu<ref name=":19">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQxyT4gjdmQC |title=Epilogue, Vol 3, Issue 11 |publisher=Epilogue -Jammu Kashmir |pages=47 |language=en |quote=Their means of substances is cattle rearing. Some are leading semi nomadic life they never extend matrimonial relation with other Rajputs except Salaria, Kataria, Soods, Sango etc which are the sub castes of Muslim Gujjars.}}</ref>
*Kataria<ref name=":19" />
*Sood<ref name=":19" />
*Salaria<ref name=":19" />
*Rathore<ref name=":20" />
*Rathe<ref name=":17" />
*Haman<ref name=":17" />
*Gorsi<ref name=":20" />
*Bagri<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":22" />
*Kohli<ref name=":20" />
*Khari<ref name=":20" />
*Padhana<ref name=":22" />
*Dinda<ref name=":22" />
*Dhetra<ref name=":22" />
*Tomar<ref name=":17" />
*Pathan<ref name=":22" />
*Chabra<ref name=":22" />
*Kasani<ref name=":22" />
*Chandel<ref name=":23" /> or (Chandela)<ref name=":17" />
*Banja<ref name=":23" />
*Lodhe<ref name=":23" />
*Bhainsi<ref name=":22" />
*Kalas<ref name=":18" />

== Population ==
=== Pakistan ===
In [[Pakistan]] Gujjar is considered to be one of the major ethnic group of the country.<ref name=":Fatima Tuz">{{Cite journal |last1=Zahra |first1=Fatima Tuz |last2=Hussain |first2=Manzoor |last3=Khan |first3=Khushbukhat |last4=Aslam |first4=Muhammad Adeel |last5=Shafique |first5=Muhammad |last6=Rubab |first6=Aqsa |last7=Javeed |first7=Shahzadi |date=2020-07-01 |title=Genetic polymorphism of Y-chromosomal STRs in Gujjar population of Punjab |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-019-02227-6 |journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine |language=en |volume=134 |issue=4 |pages=1333–1334 |doi=10.1007/s00414-019-02227-6 |pmid=31858262 |issn=1437-1596 |quote=Approximately 18 ethnic groups dwellin 4 provinces of Pakistan. Among which Gujjar is one of the largest ethnic tribes of Pakistan whose approximately 2.3 million population reside in the north side of its Punjab province.|url-access=subscription }}</ref> They make up to 20% of the entire country's population.<ref name=":Hindustan">{{Cite web |date=3 June 2007 |title=Who are the Gujjars? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/who-are-the-gujjars/story-cHGOp2jkDxjWspEpXZuBAM.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815112219/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/who-are-the-gujjars/story-cHGOp2jkDxjWspEpXZuBAM.html |archive-date=15 August 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |quote=In Pakistan, they comprise as much as 20 per cent of the population.}}</ref> Their population is estimated at 33 million, and they reside in all [[Administrative units of Pakistan|provinces of Pakistan]] including, [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Islamabad]].<ref>Ullah, Inam (3 March 2018). "Genetic Analysis of the Major Tribes of Swat and Dir Districts Through Dental Morphology and Dna Analysis". [[Hazara University|Hazara University: Department of Genetics Hazara University Mansehra]]. p. 26. Today the Gujjars are famous in agriculture, urban professions and have great contribution in civil cervices, occupying large scales of land especially in northern parts of Pakistan and India. The population of Gujars in India is approximately 30 million while, in Pakistan their population is about 33 million.</ref>

=== India ===
In India, 23,59,926 (2.36 million) Muslim Gujjars live mainly in the regions of [[North India]].{{efn-lg|Sum of all Muslim Gujars in [[north India]] is 2.36 million (Van Gujjar{{efn-lg|name=Van}} Bakarwal-Gujjars of Kashmir{{efn-lg|name=JK}} Muslim Gujjars of HP{{efn-lg|name=HP}}, UP{{efn-lg|name=UP}} & [[Haryana]]).<ref name=":HR" />}} They are predominantly Muslims, including [[Van Gujjar people|Van Gujjar]]s of UP, Uttarakhand, [[Himachal Pradesh|HP]], Punjab, and [[Haryana]] (1,59,784){{efn-lg|name=Van|Van Gujjar's population for Uttarakhand 70,000,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhalla |first=Vineet |date=2024-04-18 |title=Ground report: Why this Muslim nomadic tribe in Uttarakhand has little to gain from elections |url=https://scroll.in/article/1066606/ground-report-why-this-muslim-nomadic-tribe-in-uttarakhand-has-little-to-gain-from-polls |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> for UP, Punjab & Haryana 80,000<ref>{{Cite book |last=Benanav |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AdQkjgEACAAJ |title=Himalaya Bound: An American's Journey with Nomads in North India |date=2015-07-22 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-93-5177-091-6 |pages=13 |language=en}}</ref> and for Himachal Pradesh is 9,784.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rana |first1=Dipika |last2=Bhatt |first2=Anupam |last3=Lal |first3=Brij |date=2019-02-11 |title=Ethnobotanical knowledge among the semi-pastoral Gujjar tribe in the high altitude (Adhwari's) of Churah subdivision, district Chamba, Western Himalaya |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=10 |doi=10.1186/s13002-019-0286-3 |doi-access=free |issn=1746-4269 |pmc=6371563 |pmid=30744678}}</ref> '' their total population is 1,59,784.''}} [[Bakarwal]] and Gujjars of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (10,93,852){{efn-lg|name=JK|In [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], the population of Bakarwals in Jammu and Kashmir was (1,13,198) and Gujjars was (9,80,654).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Vikas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQviEAAAQBAJ |title=Numbers as Political Allies: The Census in Jammu and Kashmir |date=2024-01-04 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-31722-1 |pages=174–175 |language=en}}</ref> ''their total population was 10,93,852''.}} and, Muslim Gujars of Himachal Pradesh (75,590){{efn-lg|name=HP|In the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], the total Gujjar population of [[Himachal Pradesh]] was 92,547,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Suresh |last2=Rabindranath |first2=M. |date=2017-10-02 |title=Beyond nomadism: media, modernity and the Gujjar tribe in Himachal Pradesh-India |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2017.1377993 |journal=Media Asia |volume=44 |issue=3–4 |pages=175–177 |doi=10.1080/01296612.2017.1377993 |issn=0129-6612|url-access=subscription }}</ref> out of which 86% are [[Muslim]]s,<ref name="Baldi 2019 3"/> which is ''79590''.}} and Uttar Pradesh (2,67,000).{{efn-lg|name=UP|In [[Uttar Pradesh]]'s [[Gangoh Assembly constituency|Gangoh]] (57,000),<ref name=":Gangoh" /> [[Kairana Assembly constituency|Kairana]] (1,50,000)<ref name=":7" /> and [[Amethi Assembly constituency|Amethi]] (60,000)<ref name=":Amethi" /> assembly constituencies total 2,67,000 Muslim Gujjars live. Their population in other areas of UP is not included.}}

Approximately one million [[Muslims|Muslim Gujjars]] live in the districts of [[Ambala district|Ambala]], [[Nuh district|Nuh]], and [[Hisar district|Hisar]] in [[Haryana]] and [[Delhi]].<ref name=":HR">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLAEAAAAMAAJ |title=Bonded Labour in India |date=1976 |publisher=India Book Exchange : [exclusive distributors, K. P. Bagchi] ([[National Institute of Labour Economics Research and Development|Indian School of Social Sciences, Calcutta, National Labour Institute (India)]]) |pages=36 |language=en}}</ref>

====Population share====
All [[Gurjar]]s of Pakistan and Afghanistan are [[Muslim]]s. In [[north India]], religion-wise the percentage of [[Muslim]] Gurjars in the total Gurjar population, in descending order is: 100% for [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kaul |first1=Shyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDYhj5IQJrsC&dq=All+Gujjars+of+Kashmir+are+Muslim&pg=PA231 |title=Jammu, Kashmir, Ladakh: Ringside Views |last2=Kachru |first2=Onkar |date=1998 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-85495-51-4 |pages=231|language=en}}</ref> 86% for [[Himachal Pradesh]],{{efn-lg|name=HP}} 66.62% for [[Punjab, India]],<ref name=":Pun" /> 63.21% for [[Uttarakhand]],<ref name=":1931 UP" /> 34.48% for [[Haryana]],<ref name=":1931 PU" /> and 25.62% for [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=A. c |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56044 |title=Census of India 1931 Vol.18 (united Provinces Of Agra And Oudh) Pt.2 Report |date=1933 |publisher=Government of British India |location=[[British Raj|British India]] |pages=525 |language=English}}</ref>

====British India====
In [[1931 Census of India|1931 census]] of the [[British Raj|British India]] there were 10,60,068 (1.06 million) ''Muslim Gujjars'' living mainly in [[Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Punjab]], [[Delhi]] and [[North-West Frontier Province]] (present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province of Pakistan).{{efn-lg|name=1931 census}}

=== Afghanistan ===
In [[Afghanistan]], they are mostly found in eastern parts of the country, and their population is estimated at 1.5 million as of 2021.<ref name=":Hamdard" />

=== Nepal ===
In [[Nepal]], they belong to a smallest miniority groups, and their population is estimated to be around 700 individuals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=David Emmanuel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oscmJoix2IAC |title=Islamization in Modern South Asia: Deobandi Reform and the Gujjar Response |date=2012-08-31 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-1-61451-185-4 |pages=50 |language=en}}</ref>

==Politics==
===Pakistan===
Gujjars actively participates in the [[Politics of Pakistan]], especially in the local politics of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], [[Hazara region|Hazara]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dr. Babar Khan |first1=Jadoon |last2=Iqra |first2=Ismail |date=January 2022 |title=IMPACTS OF BARADRISM ON THE POLITICS OF HAZARA |url=https://irjssh.com/index.php/irjssh/article/view/9 |journal=International Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (IRJSSH) |volume=01 |issue=1 |pages=16 to 21 |issn=2959-1392}}</ref> Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and [[Azad Kashmir]]. In [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in the 1990s, the [[Sayyid|Syed]] and Gujjar Communities were in conflict that resulted in sporadic violence between the two communities, which eventually led to the founding of "[[Gujjarism]]" - a movement focused on uniting Gujjars. [[Sardar Muhammad Yousuf|Sardar Mohammad Yusuf]] began his political career in 1990 by creating the [[Kisan Mahaz Tenzeem]], a coalition of Gujjars formed for the purpose of obtaining independence from the Syed and Swati Landowners to develop the Gujjar Community.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Shahrukh Rafi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoowAAAAYAAJ |title=Initiating Devolution for Service Delivery in Pakistan: Ignoring the Power Structure |last2=Khan |first2=Foqia Sadiq |last3=Akhtar |first3=Aasim Sajjad |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-547221-9 |pages=107 ~ 110 |language=en}}</ref>

Additionally, as Gujjars became increasingly aware of their strength in numbers to determine election outcomes, they became more politically aware. In 1971, [[Sardar Abdur Rahman]] Gujjar's campaign against the Syed leader during the elections was an important indicator of the Gujjar Community's awakening, especially since there had been several elections since that time, and many Gujjars were still unaware of their political power.<ref name=":0" />

In Punjab they follow the ideology kinship of Gujjarism that helps them in building influence in local politics of Punjab.<ref name=rehman /> In local politics of Punjab, Gujjars dominate the politics of [[Central Punjab|central]], [[Pothohar Plateau|northern]] (upper) and [[Western Punjab, Pakistan|western]] regions of Punjab, Pakistan {{citation needed|date=February 2026}} especially in the districts of [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]],<ref name=":Chima"/> Gujranwala, [[Sialkot District|Sialkot]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dar |first1=Dr Humaira |last2=Batoo |first2=Qudsia |last3=Khan |first3=Dr Mumtaz Ali |last4=Alam |first4=Imraan |title=The Role of Biradarism in Punjab Politics: A Case Study of Sialkot |url=https://www.prdb.pk/front/the-role-of-biradarism-in-punjab-politics-a-case-study-of-s-8060 |journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan |language=en |volume=57 |issue=3}}</ref> [[Faisalabad District|Faisalabad]], [[Jhelum District|Jhelum]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-20 |title=Jutts, Gujjars dominate Jhelum politics |url=https://nation.com.pk/20-Jul-2018/jutts-gujjars-dominate-jhelum-politics |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=The Nation |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]], along with [[Awan (tribe)|Awan]], [[Arain]], [[Raja (caste)|Raja]] and [[Khokhar]] Punjabi communities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tikekar |first=Maneesha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGqsWktyFcEC |title=Across the Wagah: An Indian's Sojourn in Pakistan |date=2004 |publisher=Bibliophile South Asia |isbn=978-81-85002-34-7 |pages=253 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1947, Muslim Gujjar migrants from [[Jammu division|Jammu]] established a close relationship with other local Gujjars In [[Sialkot District|Sialkot district]] of [[Punjab, Pakistan]] by developing a common identity that allowed them to create a large political network. Their ability to use their identity as Gujjars has helped them to develop a cooperative community that has what is commonly known as the "[[Gujjarism]]". In recent years, Gujjars have demonstrated a remarkable degree of skill in forming alliances that assist them in achieving electoral success. The Gujjars have successfully transformed themselves from an impoverished migrant population to a major player in local politics, largely because of the policies of the State.<ref name="rehman"/>

Muslim Gujjars have influence in local politics of the [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu and Kashmir]], In 2021 in the [[2021 Azad Kashmiri general election|State Assembly election of Azad Jammu and Kashmir]] many Gujjar politicians were elected.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Anadolu |date=2021-07-17 |title=Caste, ethnic loyalties decide poll favourites in AJK |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2311080/caste-ethnic-loyalties-decide-poll-favourites-in-ajk |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

===India===
In [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], Gujjars make up a significant voting population in 21 assembly constituencies. In the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]], many Gujjars participated and 9 of them were elected as [[Member of Legislative Assembly Local Area Development Fund|MLA]]s. This was a notable achievement, especially in [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]] and [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]] districts where 5 out of 7 elected MLAs were Gujjars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-24 |title=Nine leaders of Gujjar Community elected to the 12th Assembly in Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://statetimes.in/nine-leaders-gujjar-community-elected-12th-assembly-jammu-kashmir/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=State Times |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2020 in the first [[District Development Council]] (DDC) election in Jammu and Kashmir total 38. The 26 members won from Jammu division, and the 15 were tribal women from the community.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Anita |date=2021 |title=Communications from the Field: The Tale of Two Gujjar Communities |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27139551 |journal=Nomadic Peoples |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=138 |doi=10.3197/np.2021.250116 |jstor=27139551 |issn=0822-7942 |quote=Effectively, the recent elections of the District Development Council in J&K have opened up a favourable democratic space for the first time since the 2019 clampdown. The Gujjar and Bakkarwal have won 38 seats (fifteen going to women) out of 280. Another 28 candidates from the community are believed to have lost by only a narrow margin.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=38 Gujjars elected to DDC in J&K, 15 tribal women also won : Survey |url=http://brighterkashmir.com//news/38-gujjars-elected-to--ddc-in-jk-15-tribal-women-also-won--survey |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Brighter Kashmir}}</ref>

Muslim Gujjars are dominant in the local politics of the [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Re-emergence of Jat-Gurjar alliance in western Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/re-emergence-of-jat-gurjar-alliance-in-western-uttar-pradesh-1082855.html |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> especially the Hassan family of [[Iqra Choudhary|Iqra Hassan]] and [[Nahid Hasan]] and [[Anwar Hasan]], who also command a significant vote bank of Muslim Gujjars in the area.<ref name=":7" />

==Social organization==
Gujjars in [[Pakistan]] and [[north India]] have formed various [[social organization]]s to fight for their rights, focusing on education, healthcare, culture, language, and development for their community. Such social organizations include: [[Anjuman-i-Gujjran]],<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-10-31 |title=Shangla's Gujjar community seeks schools in hilly areas |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1367366 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref> [[Gujjar Youth Forum]], [[Gurjar Desh Charitable Trust]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurjar Desh Charitable Trust |url=https://www.gurjardesh.org/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Gurjar Desh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwpDAAAAYAAJ |title=Proceedings - Punjab History Conference |date=2003 |publisher=[[Punjabi University]]. Dept. of Punjab Historical Studies |isbn=978-81-7380-885-2 |pages=422 |language=en |quote=In Jammu and Kashmir Gujjars a share of ten percent reservation in state services, promotions and admissions to professional colleges. In July 1992, the Basneek Gujjars have founded a [[Gujjar Desh Charitable Trust]] in Jammu to work for the development of the Gujjar community in general.}}</ref> [[Gujjar United Forum]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=Gujjar United Forum felicitates community youth for excelling in UPSC, SI exams |url=https://thekashmirhorizon.com/2024/01/31/gujjar-united-forum-felicitates-community-youth-for-excelling-in-upsc-si-exams/ |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=The Kashmir Horizon |language=en-US}}</ref> Gujjar and Bakerwal Youth Forum,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2017-12-30 |title=Gujjar youth capable of playing key role in tribal development: Dr Rahi |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/gujjar-youth-capable-playing-key-role-tribal-development-dr-rahi/ |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Gujjar Qaumi Movement]] (GQM),<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-03-23 |title=Inclusion of Gujjari language in census form lauded |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1743634 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref> and [[Van Gujjar Tribal Yuva Sangathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=Van Gujjars help conserve forests, but are deprived of rights |url=https://climate-diplomacy.org/magazine/environment/van-gujjars-help-conserve-forests-are-deprived-rights |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Climate Diplomacy |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Usmani |first=Sharjeel |title=Van Gujjars Trapped In A Cycle Of Debt And Dependence |url=https://thepolisproject.com/read/van-gujjars-trapped-in-cycle-of-debt/ |access-date=2025-12-27 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
Muslim Gujjars are part of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and [[Pashto]] culture and are often portrayed in Pakistani films,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ayres |first=Alyssa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FddJQi1dQ30C |title=Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan |date=2009-07-23 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-51931-1 |pages=96 |language=en}}</ref> Dramas and songs in regional languages of Punjab, [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Azad Kashmir]].

===Punjabi films===
*[[Wehshi Gujjar]]
*[[Jagga Tay Shera]]
*[[Buddha Gujjar]]<ref name=":25">{{Cite web |last=Awan |first=M. Saeed |date=2014-07-06 |title=Cinemascope: Pulling the plug on Punjabi films |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1116763 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Riaz Gujjar]]
*[[Badmash Gujjar]]
*Hamayun Gujjar<ref name=":25" />
*Jeeva Gujjar
*Pappu Gujjar
*Puttar Hamayun Gujjar Da
*Sohna Gujjar<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lodhi |first=Adnan |date=2016-04-10 |title=Year's first Punjabi film hits screens |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1082198/years-first-punjabi-film-hits-screens |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

===Pashto dramas===
*Gujjar Pa Nasha Ke De<ref name=":26" />
*Gujjar Mama<ref name=":26" />
*Gujjar Tawani De<ref name=":26">
*{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6oRgODPsRI |title=Comedy Telefilm - GUJJAR PA NASHA KE DE - Shehenshah,Shakeela |date=2016-08-01 |last=Shalimar Cassette & CDs |access-date=2025-06-27 |via=}}
*{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6QEIxdL2Ocs |title=Gujjar Mama |date=2019-05-24 |last=Pashtoflix |access-date=2025-06-27 |via=}}
*{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPEggTY68rc |title=Gujar Tawani De |date=2025-04-25 |last=Pashto Films |access-date=2025-06-27 |via=}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
=== Royalty ===
* [[Mahmud Khan Gujjar]], Nawab of Dera Ghazi Khan<ref>{{Cite book |title=Tawarikh-e-Zila Dera Ghazi Khan}}</ref>
* [[Ruhullah Khan of Poonch]], Raja of Sangu dynasty of Poonch<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Poonch, Government of Jammu and Kashmir {{!}} India |url=https://poonch.nic.in/history/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Saidu Baba|Abdul Ghafur of Swat]], [[Akhund]] of [[Swat (princely state)|Swat]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=H.w. Bellew |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279304/page/n114/mode/1up?q=Gujar |title=A General Report On The Yusufzais |date=1804}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
* [[Chaudhri Sultan Ali]], 19th-century Gujjar chief
* [[Choudhry Rahmat Ali|Chaudhri Rahmat Ali]], Pakistan Movement activist, coined the name "[[Pakistan#Etymology|Pakistan]]"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=imQ7P8OITwQC |title=The Oxford Companion to Pakistani History |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-940734-7 |pages=19 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry]], 5th President of Pakistan
* [[Nawabzada Ghazanfar Ali Gul]], politician
* [[Nawabzada Mazhar Ali]], politician
* [[Qamar Zaman Kaira]], politician
* [[Chaudhry Abid Raza]], politician
* [[Iqra Choudhary|Iqra Hasan]], politician
* [[Chaudhary Munawwar Hasan|Munawwar Hasan]], politician
* [[Nahid Hasan]], politician
* [[Choudhry Rahmat Ali|Rahmat Ali]], Muslim nationalist activist
* [[Akhtar Ali Vario]], politician
* [[Choudhary Khush Akhtar Subhani|Khush Akhtar Subhani]], politician
* [[Tariq Subhani]], politician
* [[Armaghan Subhani]], politician
* [[Adil Pervaiz Gujjar]], politician
* [[Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry]], politician
* [[Chaudhry Muhammad Jaffar Iqbal|Muhammad Jaffar Iqbal]], politician
* [[Tanveer Ashraf Kaira]], politician
* [[Zaka Ashraf]], politician
* [[Chaudhry Abdul Rahim|Abdul Rahim]], politician
* [[Begum Ishrat Ashraf]], politician
* [[Chaudhry Abid Raza|Abid Raza]], politician
* [[Chaudhary Gulzar Ahmed Gujjar|Gulzar Ahmed]], politician
* [[Maiza Hameed]], politician
* [[Sajjad Haider Gujjar|Sajjad Haider]], politician
* [[Muhammad Iqbal Gujjar|Muhammad Iqbal]], politician
* [[Sardar Muhammad Yousuf]], politician
* [[Aslam Chowdhary Mohammad]], politician
* [[Mohammad Aslam Kohli]], politician
* [[Chaudhry Rafaqat Hussain Gujjar|Rafaqat Hussain Gujjar]], politician
* [[Shafiq Ahmad Gujjar]], politician
* [[Sahibzada Muhammad Ishaq Zaffar]], politician
* [[Razia Sultana (politician)|Razia Sultana]], politician
* [[Mian Altaf Ahmed Larvi]], politician
* [[Malik Abrar Ahmad]], politician
* [[Fayyaz Ul Hassan Chohan]], politician
* [[Chaudhry Amir Hussain|Amir Hussain]], politician
* [[Chaudhry Muhammad Akhlaq|Muhammad Akhlaq]], politician
* [[Chaudhry Jaffar Iqbal Gujjar|Jaffar Iqbal Gujjar]], politician
* [[Zeb Jaffar]], politician
* [[Muhammad Omar Jaffar]], politician
* [[Chaudhry Nadeem Khadim|Nadeem Khadim]], politician
* [[Muhammad Iqbal Gujjar]], politician
* [[Fanoos Gujjar]], politician

=== Military ===
*[[Fazal Din]], Indian recipient of the Victoria Cross award
* [[Tufail Mohammad]], [[Nishan-e-Haider]] recipient
* [[Abdul Rahim Khan]], Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army
* [[Sawar Khan]], Former 4-star general of the Pakistan Army
* [[Shahid Iqbal Choudhary|Shahid Iqbal]], Officer from Jammu and Kashmir cadre

=== Religion ===
* [[Faizul Waheed]], was an Indian Islamic scholar, jurist and an exegete of the Quran from Jammu and Kashmir<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Masood |date=2021-06-18 |title=The Quran Gujraan Wastay |url=https://kashmirlife.net/the-quran-gujraan-wastay-vol-13-issue-11-269733/ |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakhsh |first=Zenaira |date=2021-06-02 |title=Mufti Faiz-ul-Waheed: A scholar who translated Quran in jail |url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/mufti-faiz-ul-waheed-a-scholar-who-translated-quran-in-jail/ |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=The Kashmir Walla |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Hafiz Saeed]]
* [[Mian Bashir Ahmed]], was a Sufi saint and tribal leader from Indian-adminsntrated Kashmir<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-08-14 |title=Gujjar Leader Mian Bashir Passes Away |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2021/08/14/gujjar-leader-mian-bashir-passes-away/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Literature ===
* [[Ahmad Shah Gujjar|Ahmad Gujjar]], 17th-century poet
* [[Afarin Lahori]], 18th-century poet
* [[Mian Muhammad Bakhsh]] , 19th-century poet
* [[Ghulam Rasool Alampuri]] 19th-century Punjabi Muslim Sufi poet and author
* [[Abdul Ghani Azhari]], was head-professor of the University of Kashmir's Arabic department
* [[Javaid Rahi]], Kashmiri Gujjar author and linguist

=== Sports ===
* [[Shoaib Akhtar]], international cricketer
* [[Mohammad Asif (cricketer)|Mohammad Asif]], international cricketer
* [[Abdullah Shafique]], international cricketer
* [[Wahab Riaz]], international cricketer
* [[Anwar Ali (cricketer)|Anwar Ali]], international cricketer

=== Entertainment ===
* [[Adeel Chaudhry]], actor

===Journalism===
*[[Javed Chaudhry]], Pakistani columnist and journalist

=== Business ===
* [[Shabbir Gujjar|Shabbir Ahmad]], Pakistani politician and Businessman

== See also ==
* [[Punjabi Muslims]]
* [[Kashmiri Muslims]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist-lg}}

[[Category:Muslim Gujjars]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Muslims]]
[[Category:Punjabi Muslims]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:Social groups of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:Social groups of Sindh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Gilgit Baltistan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Balochistan, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups in India]]

Phulmaddi

2026-04-24T19:25:51Z

SanglapGeographer: creating new article

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=November 2020}}
{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Phulmaddi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.431153|N|77.874084|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vikarabad District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vikarabad district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 501101
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Phulmaddi''' is a village in [[Vikarabad district]], in [[Telangana State]].
== Transport ==
The village is situated to the west of the [[Vikarabad]]-Sadasivapet State Highway with connections to nearby towns and cities with regular buses and other modes of transportation. Vikarabad Railway station (10 kilometers away) has a lot of express and passenger trains passing through, with lines toward Secunderabad, Wadi, Mumbai and Nanded.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Vikarabad district]]

Rajendra Kumar Sahoo

2026-04-23T06:11:09Z

SanglapGeographer: creating a bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Khurda Assembly constituency|Khurda]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2019
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Jyotirindra Nath Mitra
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| constituency1 = [[Begunia Assembly constituency|Begunia]]
| term_end1 = 2024
| term_start1 = 2019
}}
'''Rajendra Kumar Sahoo''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He has been elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] three times. Initially elected in [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]] as an independent candidate, he later won from the [[Khurda Assembly constituency]] in [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]] and the [[Begunia Assembly constituency]] in [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Begunia Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/begunia-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916701.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Begunia Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Begunia Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/begunia-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Khurda Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/khurda-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916727.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahoo, Rajendra Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Vishnu P. V.

2026-04-17T09:29:13Z

SanglapGeographer:

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Vishnu P. V.
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Vishnu Puthiya Valappill
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|12|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kasaragod]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| height = {{height|m=1.78}}
| currentclub = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| clubnumber = 7
| position = [[Winger (association football)|Right winger]],[[Winger (association football)|Left winger]]
| youthyears1 = –2021
| youthclubs1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC Reserves and Academy|Gokulam Kerala B]]
| youthyears2 = 2021–2023
| youthclubs2 = Luca SC
| youthyears3 = 2023
| youthclubs3 = [[Muthoot Pappachan Group|Muthoot FA]]
| years1 = 2023–
| clubs1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| caps1 = 49
| goals1 = 6
| nationalyears1 = 2024
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 = 2
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 14:15, 16 April 2026 (UTC)
| ntupdate = 11:22, 16 April 2026 (UTC)
}}

'''Vishnu Puthiya Valappill''' (born 24 December 2001) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]].

== Club career ==
=== East Bengal ===
Vishnu signed for [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] in 2023 on a three-year contract and debuted in the [[2023 CFL Premier Division]] against Railway FC on 9 August 2023.<ref>{{cite web|date=10 August 2023|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/east-bengal-back-to-winning-ways-in-cfl/articleshow/102590360.cms?from=mdr|title=East Bengal back to winning ways in CFL|work=The Times of India|accessdate=17 August 2023|archive-date=17 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817151601/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/east-bengal-back-to-winning-ways-in-cfl/articleshow/102590360.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> He scored his first goal for East Bengal against [[Kolkata Police|Police AC]] on 14 August in a 2–1 victory.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 August 2023|url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/east-bengal-vs-police-live-score-cfl-2023-group-b-august-14-227153.html|title=East Bengal vs Police Highlights, CFL 2023: EBFC 2-1 PAC at FT; Red & Gold go top of Group B!|work=My Khel|accessdate=17 August 2023|archive-date=26 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826083200/https://www.mykhel.com/football/east-bengal-vs-police-live-score-cfl-2023-group-b-august-14-227153.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Vishnu again scored against [[George Telegraph SC|George Telegraph]] on 7 September in a 4–0 win and then Vishnu scored four goals in a single match against [[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]] as East Bengal won 10–1 equalling the most goals ever scored in a Calcutta League match by the club.<ref>{{cite web|date=27 September 2023|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/eb-thump-kidderpore-10-1-as-msc-sniff-title/articleshow/103975477.cms?from=mdr|title=EB thump Kidderpore 10-1 as MSC sniff title|work=The Times of India|accessdate=27 September 2023}}</ref> Vishnu was thus promoted and registered for the [[Indian Super League]] squad and on 4 October 2023, Vishnu made his senior league debut for East Bengal against [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] in a 2–1 defeat at the [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]] when he came on as a substitute for [[Naorem Mahesh Singh]] in the 88th minute of the match.<ref name=BFCEBFC>{{cite web|author=ISL Media|date=4 October 2023|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/report-javi-hernandezs-wonder-goal-inspires-bengaluru-fc-to-victory-over-east-bengal-fc|title=Report: Javi Hernandez's Wonder Goal Inspires Bengaluru FC to Victory Over East Bengal FC|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=5 October 2023}}</ref> Vishnu was also part of the [[2024 Indian Super Cup]] winning squad, having played all five matches in the tournament as East Bengal became champions defeating [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] in the final at the [[Kalinga Stadium]].<ref name=kalingasupercup2024>{{cite web|date=28 January 2024|url=https://i-league.org/12-years-of-pall-of-gloom-lifted-east-bengal-win-a-spine-chiller-to-take-home-kalinga-super-cup/|title=12 years of pall of gloom lifted: East Bengal win a spine-chiller to take home Kalinga Super Cup|work=I-League|accessdate=29 January 2024}}</ref> On 29 February, Vishnu scored his first ever goal in the [[Indian Super League]] when he scored the fifth fastest goal ever in the tournament within 32 seconds against Odisha in a 2–1 defeat at the Kalinga Stadium.<ref name=fifthfastestgoal>{{cite web|first=Yash Pratap |last=Singh|date=29 February 2024|url=https://khelnow.com/football/2024-02-indian-football-isl-ofc-ebfc-stats|title=ISL 2023-24: Top stats from Odisha FC vs East Bengal game|work=Khel Now|accessdate=29 February 2024}}</ref>

== International career ==
Vishnu was selected in the [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]] squad for the friendlies against [[Malaysia national under-23 football team|Malaysia U23]] in March 2024.<ref name=indiau23malaysia>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=14 March 2024|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-u23-probables-list-players-malaysia-tour-kuala-lumpur-aiff-news-updates-indian-football/article67949975.ece|title=AIFF names 26 probables for India U23 camp ahead of Malaysian tour|work=Sportstar|accessdate=14 March 2024}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|16 April 2026}}<ref name=soccerway>{{soccerway|vishnu-pv/933403}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
! colspan="2" |Others
! colspan="2" |[[AFC Cup|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan=4 |[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|[[2023–24 East Bengal FC season|2023–24]]
|rowspan=3 |[[Indian Super League]]
| 19 || 1 || 5{{efn|name=Super Cup|Appearances in the [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]].}} || 0 || 7{{efn|name=CFL|Appearances in the [[Calcutta Football League]].}} || 6 || colspan=2 | – || 31 || 7
|-
|[[2024–25 East Bengal FC season|2024–25]]
| 22 || 4 || 4{{efn|name=Durand Cup and Super Cup|Three appearances in the [[Durand Cup]] and One appearance(s) in the [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]].}} || 0 || 9{{efn|name=CFL}} || 5 || 5{{efn|name=AFC2425|One appearance in the [[AFC Champions League Two]] and Four appearances in the [[AFC Challenge League]].}} || 0 || 40 || 9
|-
|[[2025–26 East Bengal FC season|2025–26]]
| 8 || 1 || 11{{efn|Four appearances in the [[Durand Cup]]; Three appearances in the [[IFA Shield]] and Four appearances in the [[AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]].}} || 1 || 6{{efn|name=CFL}} || 3 || colspan=2 | – || 25 || 5
|-
!colspan=2 |'''East Bengal total'''
! 49 !! 6 !! 20 !! 1 !! 22 !! 14 !! 5 !! 0 !! 96 !! 21
|-
!colspan=3 |'''Career total'''
! 49 !! 6 !! 20 !! 1 !! 22 !! 14 !! 5 !! 0 !! 96 !! 21
|}
{{notelist}}

== Honours ==
''' East Bengal'''
* [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]: [[2024 Indian Super Cup|2024]]<ref name=kalingasupercup2024/>; (runner-up): [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|2025–26]]
* [[Calcutta Football League]]: [[2024 CFL Premier Division|2024]], [[2025 CFL Premier Division|2025]]
* [[IFA Shield]] (runner-up): [[2025 IFA Shield|2025]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{soccerway|vishnu-pv/933403}}
{{East Bengal FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puthiya Valappill, Vishnu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]

Thomas of Cana copper plates

2026-04-16T18:42:26Z

SanglapGeographer: New new post initial version - done

{{Short description|Lost set of copper-plate grants from Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
[[File:Thomas of Cana receives privileges from the Chera Perumal king (modern depiction).jpg|thumb|Thomas of Cana Received by Cheraman Perumal]]
The '''Thomas of Cana copper plates''' ([[Malayalam]]: '''Knai Thoma Cheppedu'''), or '''Knanaya copper plates''', dated variously between 345 C.E. and 811 C.E., are a lost set of [[copper-plate grant]]s issued by the unidentified [[Chera dynasty|Chera/Perumal]] king of [[Kerala]] "Co-qua-rangon" to [[Syriac Christianity|Syriac Christian]] merchants led by [[Thomas of Cana|Knai Thoma]] ([[anglicized]] as Thomas of Cana) in the city of "Makotayar Pattinam" (present day [[Kodungallur]]), south India.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1177/0019464614537142|title = Book Review: M.G.S. Narayanan, Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy, Political and Social Conditions of Kerala under the Cera Perumals of Makotai (C. AD 800–1124)|year = 2014|last1 = Subbarayalu|first1 = Y.|journal = The Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume = 51|issue = 3|pages = 399–403| s2cid=145738512 }}</ref><ref name=":12">D'Aguiar, Rev. J. Monteiro. 'The Magna Carta of St. Thomas Christians', ''K. S. P.'', no. 4, p. 172 and 195.</ref><ref>[[The Indian Antiquary|''Indian Antiquary'']], LVI, 1927, p. 148.</ref>{{sfn|King|2018|pp=663-670}}{{sfn|Narayanan|2018|pp=302-303}} The royal charters were reportedly engraved in ”Malabar”, [[syriac]] and [[Arabic]] on both sides of two copper plates (joined by a ring).<ref name=":02" />{{sfn|King|2018|pp=663-670}}{{sfn|Narayanan|2018|pp=302-303}} Archbishop [[Francisco Ros|Francis Ros]] notes in his 1604 account ''M.S. ADD 9853'' that the plates were taken to Portugal by the [[Franciscans|Franciscan Order]].{{sfn|Kollaparambil|2015|pp=148-149}}

Scholar [[M.G.S. Narayanan]] tentatively identifies king “Co-qua-rangon” with king [[Rajashekhara (Chera king)|Rama Rajasekhara]] (Co-qua-rangon → Ko Kotai Iraman → Rajadhiraja Rama) of the 9th century Chera Empire.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1177/0019464614537142|title = Book Review: M.G.S. Narayanan, Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy, Political and Social Conditions of Kerala under the Cera Perumals of Makotai (C. AD 800–1124)|year = 2014|last1 = Subbarayalu|first1 = Y.|journal = The Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume = 51|issue = 3|pages = 399–403| s2cid=145738512 }}</ref> {{sfn|Narayanan|2018|pp=302-303}}

The [[Knanaya]] or the people of Knai Thoma were historically associated with the southern portion of the Chera/Perumal headquarters [[Kodungallur]] until in 1524 they were dispersed from the city due to conflict between the Kingdom of Cochin and the Kingdom of Calicut. The plate was cherished by the Knanaya as evidence of their arrival in Kerala under the leadership of Knai Thoma as well as a notation of the historical, economic, and social rights bestowed upon them by the Chera Perumal.{{sfn|Kollaparambil|2015|p=129-158}}{{sfn|Swiderski|1988b|pp=66–67}} The native Christian tradition places the arrival of Thomas of Cana in 345 C.E.{{sfn|Kollaparambil|2015|p=145}}

Translations of the existing [[Quilon Syrian copper plates|Kollam Syrian Plates]] of the 9th century made by the Syrian Christian priest Ittimani in 1601 as well as the French Indologist [[Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron|Abraham Anquetil Duperron]] in 1758 both note that one of the plates mentioned a brief of the arrival of Knai Thoma.{{sfn|King|2018|pp=663-679}}{{sfn|Vellian|1986|pp=54–55}} It is believed that this was a notation of the previous rights bestowed upon the Christians by Cheraman Perumal.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|pp=54–55}} The contemporary set however does not mention this paragraph and is believed to be incomplete or a later inscription. Scholar of Early Christian history [[István Perczel|István Percvel]] theorizes that at one time the Kollam Syrian plates and the Thomas of Cana plates were re-engraved together as a single unified grant.{{sfn|King|2018|pp=663-679}}

==History==
===Origins and traditions===
The Thomas of Cana copper plates feature heavily in the history and traditions of the Knanaya community in Kerala. According to the community's traditional origins, Thomas of Cana, a Syrian merchant led a group of 72 Jewish-Christian immigrant families, a bishop named Uraha Mar Yausef, and clergymen from the [[Middle East]] to settle in [[Cranganore]], [[India]] in the 4th century (some sources place these events as late as the 9th century).{{sfn|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=53}}{{sfn|Karukaparambil|2005|pp=60}}{{sfn|Vellian|1990|pp=25–26}} This event may reflect a historical migration of East Syrian Christians to India around this time, which established the region's relationship with the [[Church of the East]].{{sfn|Neill|2004|pp=42–43}} The Knanaya claim descent from Thomas of Cana and his followers.{{sfn|Swiderski|1988a|pp=74–76}}{{sfn|Karukaparambil|2005|p=497}} Elements of the Thomas of Cana story feature in ancient songs as well as the Thomas of Cana copper plates{{sfn|Karukaparambil|2005|pp=460–461}}{{sfn|Vellian|1990|pp=25–26}}{{sfn|Swiderski|1988b|p=52}} These plates are said to have granted Thomas' followers 72 social, economic, and religious rights from [[Cheraman Perumal]], the [[Chera]] king.{{sfn|Swiderski|1988b|pp=63–64}}

===16th-17th century records of the plates===
The first written record of the Thomas of Cana copper plates dates to the 16th century when Portuguese officials in Kerala took notice of the plates and their later disappearance. During this time period the plates were in the possession of [[Yaqob Abuna|Mar Jacob]], the Chaldean bishop of the city of Cranganore.{{sfn|Narayanan|2018|pp=302-303}} Due to an altercation between the [[Zamorin of Calicut]] and the [[Kingdom of Cochin]], the homes and churches of the Knanaya community were set aflame and destroyed in 1524.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=2-3}}{{sfn|Jussay|2005|p=30}} Cranganore had a Knanaya township and three churches namely of St. Mary, St. Kuriakose, and St. Thomas in southern Cranganore which, according to tradition, were built by Thomas of Cana when the community arrived in India.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=22}} The battle destroyed the entire township and caused the community to disperse from the city to other settlements. The event is noted in the Knanaya folk song "Innu Nee Njangale Kaivitto Marane" or "Have You Forgotten Us Today Oh Lord?".{{sfn|Jussay|2005|p=30}}{{sfn|Jussay|2005|p=123}} Due to this great calamity Mar Jacob had the plates later deposited with a pawnbroker as security.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1177/0019464614537142|title = Book Review: M.G.S. Narayanan, Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy, Political and Social Conditions of Kerala under the Cera Perumals of Makotai (C. AD 800–1124)|year = 2014|last1 = Subbarayalu|first1 = Y.|journal = The Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume = 51|issue = 3|pages = 399–403| s2cid=145738512 }}</ref><ref name=":1">D'Aguiar, Rev. J. Monteiro. "The Magna Carta of St. Thomas Christians", ''K. S. P.'', no. 4, p. 172 and 195.</ref>{{sfn|Narayanan|2018|pp=302-303}}

In 1566, Portuguese official Damio De Goes records that the Thomas of Cana copper plate grant was given to the Portuguese treasurer Pero De Sequeia by the Chaldean Bishop of Cranganore Mar Jacob in 1549 for safekeeping.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=4-5}}{{sfn|King|2018|pp=663-670}}{{sfn|Narayanan|2018|pp=302-303}} Treasurer Pero De Sequeia then took the plates to the Portuguese governor of India [[Martim Afonso de Sousa|Martim Afonso De Sousa]] who ordered the local people to translate the contents of the plates.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=4-5}}{{sfn|King|2018|pp=663-670}}{{sfn|Narayanan|2018|pp=302-303}} To the Governor's dismay, none of the local people could interpret the language of antiquity on the plates. However, the Portuguese eventually came into contact with a Cochin Jewish linguist who De Goes expresses was "versed in many languages".{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=4-5}}Governor De Sousa sent the plates to the Jewish linguist with orders from the King of Cochin to interpret and translate its contents.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=4-5}}<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />{{sfn|King|2018|pp=663-670}}{{sfn|Narayanan|2018|pp=302-303}}

The linguist translated the contents of the plates and stated that they contained social, economic, and religious rights given to Thomas of Cana by a local ruler and were written in three languages, namely "Chaldean, Malabar, and Arabic".{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=4-5}}{{sfn|Narayanan|2018|pp=302-303}} De Goes notes that physically the plates were "of fine metal each one palm and a half long and four fingers broad, written on both sides, and strung together at the top with a thick copper wire".{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=4-5}}The Cochin Jew returned the plates to the Portuguese, who then had his Malayalam description of the plates translated to the Portuguese language in a written copy.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=4-5}} This copy was later sent by treasurer Pero De Sequeia to Portuguese [[John III of Portugal|King John III]]. After this point of time, the physical plates were kept by Pero De Sequeia and his successor as treasures at the Portuguese depot in Cochin.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=4-5}}<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The account of De Sequeia and translation of the plates are found in the Portuguese work ''Decada'' VII as well as some other Portuguese works.

In 1602 Portuguese priest Fr. [[Antonio de Gouvea|Antonio De Gouvea]] notes that the Thomas of Cana copper plate grant which had been kept safe at the Portuguese factory of Cochin was by this point lost due to the "carelessness" of the Portuguese themselves.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=11}} De Gouvea states that the loss of the plates had greatly angered the Knanaya, who had no other written record of their history and rights to defend themselves from local kings who by this point were infringing on their position.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=11}}

In 1603–1604 Archbishop Francis Ros made a more complete translation of the context of the Thomas of Cana copper plate grant from an existing olla copy (palm-leaf manuscript).{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=13}}{{sfn|King|2018|pp=663-670}} The physical manuscript of Ros' Portuguese translation is archived at the [[British Library]] as title MS. Add. 9853.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=13}}<ref name=":0" /> {{sfn|King|2018|pp=663-670}}{{sfn|Narayanan|2018|pp=302-303}} Ros notes also that the plates were taken to Portugal by Franciscans.{{sfn|Kollaparambil|2015|pp=148-149}}

The final record of the plates comes from the official historian of [[Portuguese India]] [[Diogo do Couto]] in 1611.<ref name=":2">De Couto, Diogo, ''Decada VII''. Liv. I. Cap. II & ''Decada XII''. Liv. III. Cap. V.</ref> Do Couto claims to have seen the plates and makes an incomplete translation of its content.<ref name=":2" /> De Couto's translation can be found in his text ''Decada XII''.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=24}}{{sfn|Narayanan|2018|pp=302-303}}

==Early sources==
A number of 16th and early 17th century sources from the Portuguese era record witnessing and or physically handling the plates. Examples of such are seen in the following works:{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=4-25}}

* Portuguese Treasurer Damio De Goes: ''Cronica Do Felicissimo Rei D.Manuel.'' (1566).
* Jesuit Priest Fr. Francis Dionisio: "On the Christians of St. Thomas" (1578). Published in ''Documenta Indica''. Vol XII. Fr. Wicki S.J.
* Augustinian Priest Fr. Antonio De Gouvea: ''Jornada do Arcebispo Goa Dom Frey Alexyo de Menezes''. (1606).
* Jesuit Bishop Francisco Ros: ''MS.ADD. 9853.'' (1604). [[British Museum Library]].
* Portuguese Historian Diogo Do Couto: ''Decadas da Asia. Decada XII. Book III.'' (1611).

==Content of the plates==
According to the account of De Goes the plates contained social, economic, and religious rights given to Thomas of Cana by a local ruler and were written in three languages, namely "Chaldean, Malabar, and Arabic".{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=4-5}} The following summary of the plates was recorded by Archbishop Francis Ros in 1603–1604 according to an existing [[palm-leaf manuscript]] copy:{{sfn|Vellian|1986|pp=17–19}}

<blockquote>
"Before the full moon, the same king Coquarangon being in Carnelur, there arrived in a ship Thomas Caneneo, a chief man, who had resolved to see the uttermost part of the East, and some men, seeing him as he arrived, went to inform the king. And the king himself came and saw and called said chief man Thomas and he disembarked and came before the king who spoke graciously to him; and to honor him he gave him in surname his own name, calling him Coquarangon Caneneo. And he received this honor from the king and went to rest in his place. And the king gave him the city of Magoderpatanam forever. And the said king, being in his great prosperity, went one day to hunt in the forest, and the same king surrounded the whole forest and he called in haste for Thomas, who came and stood before the king in a lucky hour, and the king questioned the soothsayer. And the king afterwards spoke to Thomas saying that he would build a city in that forest. And he answered to the king first making reverence and said: "I desire this forest for myself". And the king granted it to him and gave it forever. And at once, the next day he cleared the forest and cast his eyes on it in the same year, on the eleventh of April, and gave it as an inheritance to Thomas at the time and day aforesaid, in the King's name, who laid the first brick for the church and for the house of Thomas Caneneo, and made there a city for all (of them) and entered the church and there made prayer the same day. After these things, Thomas himself went to the king's palaces and offered him presents, and afterwards he asked the king to give that land to him and to his descendants; and he measured two hundred and sixty-four elephant cubits, and gave them to Thomas and his descendants for ever: and the same time seventy-two houses which immediately were erected there, and gardens, and trees with their enclosures, and with their paths and boundaries and inner yards. And he granted him seven kinds of musical instruments, and all the honors, and to speak and walk like a king and that at the weddings the women might give a certain signal with their finger to their mouth, and he granted him distinct weight, and to adorn the ground with cloths, and he granted them royal fans and to double the sandal (mark) on the arm, and a tent and a royal canopy in every part of the kingdom for ever, and besides five tributes to Thomas, and to his lineage, and to his confederates, for men, and for women, and for all his relatives, and to the children of his law for ever. The said king gave it in his name"

Witnesses:
{{bulleted list|Condaxeril Canden|Cherucaraprota Chaten (The King's Chief Door-Keeper)|Areunden Conden (The King's Councillor)|Amenate Counden Guerulen (Captain of the Army)|Chirumalaprota Tirivicramen Comeren (Councillor of the East Side of Malabar)|Peruala Ata Aditen (Singer of the King)|Perubalanata Cottoeoude (Guard of the Kings Port)|Bichremen Chinguende Carturte (King's Chamberlain)|Araniperumoouil (Scribe of the King)}}
</blockquote>

== Translation by Duperron ==
[[File:Quilon Syrian copper plates (du Perron) 1.jpg|thumb|Du Perron's Translation Mentioning Thomas of Cana (1758)]]
Translations of the [[Quilon Syrian copper plates|Kollam Syrian Plates]] made by the Syrian Christian priest Ittimani in 1601 as well as the [[Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron|French Indologist Abraham Anquetil Duperron]] in 1758 both note that the fourth plate mentioned a brief of the arrival of [[Thomas of Cana]].{{sfn|King|2018|pp=663-679}}{{sfn|Vellian|1986|pp=54–55}}It is believed that this was a notation of the previous rights bestowed upon the Christians by Cheraman Perumal.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|pp=54–55}} The contemporary fourth plate however does not mention this paragraph and is believed to be a later copy. Scholar of Early Christian history Istavan Percvel theorizes that at one time the Kollam Syrian plates and the Thomas of Cana copper plates were re-engraved together.{{sfn|King|2018|pp=663-679}}

=== Text of the Brief ===
1758 translation by Indologist Abraham Duperron:{{sfn|Kollaparambil|2015|p=179}}<blockquote>“The History of the founding of the Town of Cranganore when Pattanam was the city, (he) visited, revered and requested the Emperor and the Minister at Kolla Kodungalloor for a marsh where thickets grow. Measured by Anakol (elephant kol) 4,444 kols of land was granted in the year of the Jupiter in Kubham, on the 29th of Makaram, 31 the Saturday, Rohini and Saptami (7th day of the moon),' the palace, great temple and school at Irinjalakuda also were founded. The same day that place was called Makothevar pattanam (the town of the Great God), and it was made the city (capital). From there privileges such as drawbridge at gates, ornamented arches, mounted horse with two drums, cheers, conch blowing, salutes were granted in writing to the Christian foreigner called Knaye Thoma with sacred threat and libation of water and flower. The sun and the moon are witnesses to this. Written to the kings of all times.” </blockquote>

==Culture surrounding the plates==
===Knanaya community===
The Thomas of Cana copper plates are a common feature in the culture, traditions, and history of the Knanaya community. The historical context of the plates and the 72 privileges bestowed to Knai Thoma are especially found in the ancient folk songs of the Knanaya first written down in the 17th century on [[palm leaf manuscripts]]. The texts of the palm leaves were compiled and published in 1910 by the Knanaya scholar P.U. Luke in his text ''Puratana Pattukal'', or ''Ancient Songs''.{{sfn|Jussay|2005|p=119}}{{sfn|Luke|1911|}}{{sfn|Vellian|1990|p=31}}{{sfn|Gamliel|2009|pp=390}} The songs were written in Old Malayalam but contain diction and lexemes from [[Sanskrit]], Syriac, and Tamil indicating their antiquity.{{sfn|Gamliel|2009|pp=80}}{{sfn|Vellian|1990|p=32}}

An example of the folk song culture related to the plates can be seen in the song ''Munnam Malankara'':{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=47}}

<blockquote>
<poem>When of yore to immigrate to Malankara. The gentlemen Tomman Kinan essayed – Verily
The King's sons belonging to seventy-two families. These good citizens, hundred, embarked by the grace of the Catholicos – Verily
The foreigner who came entered Cranganore. He entered, and when he visited the Chera King, in plenty he presented gold and coral and pearls and obtained the country.
He came, at an auspicious time endeavored, and gained hi end. – Verily
That his greatness may be manifest in all the world around, he gave him marks of honour – the fivefold band, the eighteen castes.
The horn, the flute, the peacock feather fan, the conch, the canopy, – Verily
The gold crown and all other good ornaments. He gave him marks of honour: the walking-cloth, the day-time lamp,
The seven kinds of royal musical instruments, and three lingua cheers. – Verily
Drums and lingual cheers and all good pomp, the king with pleasure gave,
And all these did Tomman Kinan accept – Verily
He got also the copper-plate deed fittingly engraved. The marks of honour which the Kings King gave.
Last for all the days of the existence of the sun and the moon – Verily
For all the days of the existence of the sun and moon.</poem>
</blockquote>

===Hindu bards===
Besides the Knanaya community, culture surrounding the Thomas of Cana copper plates is also examined among the Hindu bards of Kerala known as ''Panans''. Panans would historically visit the homes of nobles castes in Kerala and sing songs of heroic figures as well as legendary events. After doing so the Panan would receive payment for their performance in the form of a material donation of items such as betel leaves and other types of charitable aid. Likewise, the Panans would visit the homes of the Knanaya and sing songs of the communities history and heritage. In particular, the Panans would sing of a story in the life of Thomas of Cana during the reign of Cheraman Perumal. The story is narrated from the perspective of the leader of the bards known as Tiruvaranka Panan. The contents of the story revolves around a mission bestowed to Tiruvaranka by Thomas of Cana in which he is to travel to ''Ezhathunadu'' (Sri Lanka) and implore four castes, namely carpenters, blacksmiths, goldsmiths, and molders, to return to Cranganore which they had left due to an infringement on their social traditions. The four castes are initially hesitant to return to Cranganore but are persuaded by Tiruvaranka when he shows them the golden staff of Thomas of Cana which he was granted to take on his journey as a sign of goodwill. After seeing the staff the four castes are content and in their satisfaction remove their own ornaments and smelt a golden crown for Thomas of Cana which they present to him upon their return to the Cranganore. Wearing the crown, Thomas and Tiruvarankan go to meet Cheraman Perumal who is pleased with the success of their mission and grants Thomas of Cana privileges. The remainder of the song sings of the seventy-two historical privileges bestowed upon Thomas.{{sfn|Karukaparambil|2005|p=427-436}}

==See also==
* [[Quilon Syrian copper plates]] (mid-9th century AD)
* [[Jewish copper plates of Cochin]] (c. 1000 AD)
* [[Viraraghava copper plates]] (1225 AD)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |title= The Church of the East: A Concise History |last1= Baum|first1= Wilhelm |first2=Dietmar W. |last2=Winkler |year= 2003 |publisher= Routledge|isbn= 0-415-29770-2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yt0X840SjpEC|access-date= 8 June 2012}}
* {{cite thesis |last= Gamliel|first= Ophira |date=April 2009 |title= Jewish Malayalam Women's Songs|type= PhD |publisher= Hebrew University |url= http://shemer.mslib.huji.ac.il/dissertations/W/JMS/001489509.pdf |access-date=2 October 2018 }}
* {{cite book|last=Jussay|first=P. M.|year=2005|title=The Jews of Kerala|location=Calicut|publisher=Publication division, University of Calicut }}
* {{cite book | last=Karukaparambil |first= George|year=2005|title= Marganitha Kynanaitha: Knanaya Pearl |publisher= Deepika Book House|asin= B076GCH274 }}
* {{cite book | last=Kollaparambil |first= Jacob|year=2015|title= Sources of the Syro Malabar Law|publisher= Oriental Institute of Religious Studies India|isbn= 9789382762287 }}
* {{cite book |last=King |first=Daniel|year=2018|title=The Syriac World|publisher=Routledge Press|isbn= 9781138899018 }}
* {{cite book | last= Luke|first= P.U.|year=1911|title= Ancient Songs|publisher= Jyothi Book House }}
* {{cite book | last=Narayanan|first= M.G.S|year=2018|title= Perumals of Kerala|publisher= Cosmo Books|isbn= 978-8193368329 }}
* {{Cite book |title= A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707 |last= Neill|first= Stephen|author-link= Stephen Neill|year= 2004 |publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 0-521-54885-3|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC|access-date=8 June 2012}}
* {{cite journal |last1= Swiderski |first1= Richard Michael |year= 1988a |title= Northists and Southists: A Folklore of Kerala Christians |journal= Asian Folklore Studies |volume= 47 |issue= 1 |pages= 73–92 |publisher= [[Nanzan University]] |jstor= 1178253 |doi= 10.2307/1178253 }}
*{{cite book |title= Blood Weddings: The Knanaya Christians of Kerala|last= Swiderski |first= Richard Michael |year= 1988b |publisher= New Era |location= Madras |isbn= 9780836424546 |access-date=8 June 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUIaAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book | last=Thodathil |first= James|year=2005|title= Antiquity and Identity of the Knanaya Community|publisher= Knanaya Clergy Association|asin= B000M1CEDI |ref={{sfnRef|Thodathil|2001}}}}
* {{cite book | last=Vellian |first= Jacob|year=1990|title= Crown, Veil, Cross: Marriage Rights |series= Syrian Church Series |volume=15|publisher= Anita Printers|oclc= 311292786 }}
* {{cite book | last=Vellian |first= Jacob|year=1990|title= Knanite Community: History and Culture |volume=17|publisher= Jyothi Book House|oclc= 50077436 |ref={{sfnRef|Vellian|2001}}}}
* {{cite book | last=Vellian |first= Jacob|year=1986|title= Symposium on Knanites|series= Syrian Church Series |volume=12|publisher= Jyothi Book House|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3PIMGwAACAAJ }}

[[Category:Kerala history inscriptions]]
[[Category:9th-century inscriptions]]
[[Category:Vatteluttu]]
[[Category:Chera dynasty]]
[[Category:Malayalam inscriptions]]
[[Category:9th century in law]]
[[Category:Lost documents]]

Ravi Thakur (politician)

2026-04-16T06:35:48Z

SanglapGeographer: creating new pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ravi Thakur
| office = Member of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Lahaul and Spiti Assembly constituency|Lahaul and Spiti]]
| term_start = 2022
| term_end = 2024
| succeeded = [[Anuradha Rana]]
| predecessor = [[Ram Lal Markanda]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2024-)
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1962}}
| birth_place = [[Lahaul and Spiti district]], Himachal Pradesh
| education = Bachelor of Arts ([[University of Punjab]])
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (till 2024)
}}

'''Ravi Thakur''' (born 1962)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ravi Thakur(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- LAHAUL AND SPITI (ST)(LAHAUL & SPITI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/himachalpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=41 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Himachal Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Lahaul and Spiti Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahoul and Spiti district]]. He won the [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Indian National Congress and served till February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Lahaul and Spiti Himachal Pradesh Election Result 2022 Live: BJP in the lead; check updates of Congress, AAP here |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/himachal-lahaul-and-spiti-election-result-live-2022-vote-counting-updates-winner-loser-candidate-news-article-96062927 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Thakur is from [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahoul and Spiti]], Himachal Pradesh. He is the son of Nihal Chand. He completed his BA in 1983 at [[Panjab University|Punjab University]]. He is a businessman and runs a hotel.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Thakur won from Lahoul and Spiti Assembly constituency representing the [[Indian National Congress]] in the 2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 9,948 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Ram Lal Markanda]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 1,616 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lahaul And Spiti Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Ravi Thakur Of Congress Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/lahaul-and-spiti-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6559993.html |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He lost the [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] to [[Ram Lal Markanda]] of the Bharatiya Janata Party by a margin of 1,478 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal Pradesh Election: Lahaul & spiti Assembly Constituency Result 2022 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/acno21-10-9dhacno21.html |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> In February 2024, he was disqualified along with five other Congress MLAs for cross voting for BJP in the [[Rajya Sabha]] election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=6 Congress MLAs Disqualified, Himachal's Ruling Party Back From The Brink |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/6-congress-mlas-who-cross-voted-in-favour-of-bjp-in-himachal-pradesh-rajya-sabha-polls-disqualified-5148484 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> He contested the by-election on the BJP ticket but came third behind winner [[Anuradha Rana]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] who defeated independent candidate Ram Lal Markanda, by a margin of 1,960 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-29 |title=Himachal bypolls: BJP yet to send its candidate to Lahaul and Spiti as senior leader Markanda's rebellion gets stronger |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/himachal-assembly-bypolls-bjp-lahaul-spiti-9240278/ |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-06-04 |title=Himachal Assembly bypoll results 2024: Congress wins 4 of 6 seats in Himachal Assembly bypolls, MLA strength reaches 38 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-assembly/himachal-assembly-bypoll-results-2024/article68250698.ece |access-date=2024-12-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Ravi}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Lahaul and Spiti district]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]

Simri Bakhtiarpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:35:21Z

SanglapGeographer: New initial post w/ sources - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Simri Bakhtiarpur
| type = SLA
| map_image = 76-Simri Bakhtiarpur constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Sanjay Kumar Singh (LJP politician)|Sanjay Kumar Singh]]
| party ={{Party index link|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Khagaria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khagaria]]
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|76]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 336,967
| reservation = 
| abolished = 
}}
'''Simri Bakhtiarpur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Saharsa district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 76 Simri Bakhtiarpur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Simri Bakhtiyarpur]] and Salkhua [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]; Ghoghepur, Jhara, Aeina, Maheshi North, Maheshi South, Rajanpur, Sirwar Naharwar [[gram panchayat]]s of Mahishi CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Simri Bakhtiarpur Assembly constituency is part of No. 25 [[Khagaria (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
Present MP Rajesh Verma and MLA Yusuf Salahuddin.<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Sonbarsa Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/sonbarsa.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Jiyalal Mandal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-

|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Rowspan=2|Mohammed Salauddin
|-

|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-

|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Ram Chandra Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|rowspan="4" |Mohammad Salahuddin
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Dinesh Chandra Yadav (Indian politician)|Dinesh Chandra Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Mehboob Ali Kaiser]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Dinesh Chandra Yadav (Indian politician)|Dinesh Chandra Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|2009^
|[[Mehboob Ali Kaiser]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|Arun Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Dinesh Chandra Yadav (Indian politician)|Dinesh Chandra Yadav]]
|-
|2019^<ref name="By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |date=25 October 2019 |title=By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/by-election-results-2019-list-of-winners-in-51-assembly-and-satara-samastipur-2241916.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109071426/https://zeenews.india.com/india/by-election-results-2019-list-of-winners-in-51-assembly-and-satara-samastipur-2241916.html |archivedate=9 January 2024 |accessdate=9 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Zafar Alam (Bihar politician)|Zafar Alam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Yusuf Salahuddin]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Sanjay Kumar Singh (LJP politician)|Sanjay Kumar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|}
^by-election

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===

Source:<ref>https://www.oneindia.com/rjd-candidates-list-for-bihar-assembly-election/</ref><ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |last=Commission |first=Election |title=Simri bakhtiyarpur election commission result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0476.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="election2025-1">https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2025/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=196</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Simri Bakhtiarpur<ref name="election2025"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sanjay Kumar Singh (LJP politician)|Sanjay Kumar Singh]]
|party = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|votes = {{formatnum:109699}}
|percentage = 46.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Yusuf Salahuddin]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:101769}}
|percentage = 43.54
|change = +5.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vikash Raj
|votes = {{formatnum:7493}}
|percentage = 3.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Surendra Yadav
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:2270}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4996}}
|percentage = 2.14
|change = +1.42
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7930}}
|percentage = 3.4
|change = +2.5
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:233725}}
|percentage = 69.36
|change = +11.27
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Simri Bakhtirapur<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Yusuf Salahuddin]]
|votes = {{formatnum:75684}}
|percentage = 38.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Vikassheel Insaan Party
|candidate = [[Mukesh Sahani]]
|votes = {{formatnum:73925}}
|percentage = 37.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:6962}}
|percentage = 3.54
|change = -21.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aadarsh Mithila Party
|candidate = Umesh Chandra Bharti
|votes = {{formatnum:5296}}
|percentage = 2.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Khagesh Kumar Sah
|votes = {{formatnum:4752}}
|percentage = 2.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Zafar Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:4012}}
|percentage = 2.04
|change = +0.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ritesh Ranjan
|votes = {{formatnum:2840}}
|percentage = 1.44
|change = -4.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Domi Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:2635}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sulendra Das
|votes = {{formatnum:2361}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Adhikar Morcha
|candidate = Dhirendra Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:2260}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lokpriya Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2159}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Log Jan Party Secular
|candidate = Pintu Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:2137}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1407}}
|percentage = 0.72
|change = -3.88
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1759}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change = -21.98
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:196700}}
|percentage = 58.09
|change = +3.79
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Simri Bakhtiarpur<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Dinesh Chandra Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:78514}}
|percentage = 47.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Yusuf Salahuddin
|votes = {{formatnum:40708}}
|percentage = 24.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ritesh Ranjan
|votes = {{formatnum:9847}}
|percentage = 5.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sarvajan Kalyan Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Ganesh Mukhiya Nishad
|votes = {{formatnum:6843}}
|percentage = 4.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Yaduvansh Roy
|votes = {{formatnum:3766}}
|percentage = 2.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Dinesh Kumar Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:3717}}
|percentage = 2.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Arbind Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3705}}
|percentage = 2.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Upendra Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2290}}
|percentage = 1.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Dharamavir Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:1825}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Binod Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:1762}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Arvind Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1603}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:7601}}
|percentage = 4.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:37806}}
|percentage = 22.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:165233}}
|percentage = 54.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
In the [[2010 Bihar legislative assembly election|2010 state assembly elections]], Dr. Arun Kumar of [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] won the Simri Bakhtirapur assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Choudhry Mehboob Ali Kaisar of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref name="election2010">{{cite web| url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0476.htm |title = Bihar – Simri bakhtiarpur |work =Bihar Assembly Elections Nov 2010 Results | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-02-01 }}</ref> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners up are being mentioned. In the [[Bihar Assembly Election, Oct 2005|October 2005]] and [[Bihar Assembly Election, Feb 2005|February 2005]] state assembly elections Dinesh Chandra Yadav of JD(U) defeated Choudhry Mehboob Ali Kaiser of Congress and Zafar Alam of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] respectively. Choudhry Md. Mehboob Ali Kaiser of Congress defeated Zafar Alam of RJD in 2000 and Dinesh Chandra Yadav of [[Janata Dal|JD]] in 1995. Dinesh Chandra Yadav of JD defeated Mehboob Ali Kaiser of Congress in 1990. Choudhary Mohammad Salahuddin of Congress defeated Dinesh Chandra Yadav representing [[Lok Dal]] in 1985 and representing Janata Party (Secular – Charan Singh) in 1980, and Ayodhya Prasad Yadav, Independent, in 1977.<ref name="election1977">{{cite web| url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp119.htm |title = 119 - Simri-Bakhtiarpur Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-01-15 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Kosi Division topics}}
{{coord|25|42|41|N|86|35|45|E|region:IN-BR|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Saharsa district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

2014 Agra religious conversions

2026-04-13T20:25:55Z

SanglapGeographer: Starting basic info basic info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
On 8 December 2014, Hindu nationalist groups affiliated to the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) were reported to have converted 100 – 250 Muslims to Hinduism in [[Agra]]. The functioning of the Indian Parliament was log-jammed in December. News reports indicated that Muslim right wing groups in India have received a ‘lease of life’ in trying to protest the conversions. After a full investigation, the Uttar Pradesh Minorities Commission concluded that the Muslims had not converted as they continued to "remain Muslims."<ref name="commission">{{Cite web|date=February 2, 2015|first=Ishita|last=Mishra|title=Minorities commission says Agra Muslims had 'not converted' {{!}} Agra News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/minorities-commission-says-agra-muslims-had-not-converted/articleshow/46099720.cms|access-date=2021-04-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Communalism from Indian Perspective|author=Sarajit Kumar Chatterjee|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzNpEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA222}}</ref>

== The event ==
The BBC reports that 'some 250' Muslim residents of the Vednagar slum in [[Agra]] were told by 'a local Hindu activist' that if they attended a [[Homa (ritual)|havan]] they would receive 'ration cards and basic amenities'.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite news|date=2014-12-11|title=Indian Agra Muslim fear conversions to Hinduism|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30429118|access-date=2021-04-20}}</ref> Times of India, reporting on the official Uttar Pradesh Minorities Commission investigation of the event, states that 200 Muslims (57 families) from the Madhunagar slum in Agra were a part of the event, 'fascinated' by the idea of receiving BLP ration cards for their participation.<ref name="commission" /> Times of India reports that the [[Dharm Jagaran Samiti|Dharam Jagran Samiti]] was behind the attempted conversion.<ref name="commission" /> India Today reports that there were 50 Muslim families in attendance, that the families were promised to receive homes during the event itself, and that the conversion was conducted by the Hindu Jagran Samiti.<ref name="lured" />

Once the [[Homa (ritual)|havan]] was over, the BBC reports that the local Hindu activist asserted that all the participants were informed that had become Hindu.<ref name="BBC" /> India Today reports that the Hindu Jagran Samiti began to publicise the event as conversions the following day.<ref name="lured" /> One of the slum residents, Salina, stated that she was unaware that it was a conversion ceremony and that a Muslim man was forced to hold an idol. Another resident, however, Mumtaz, stated that she was not forced to attend and that everyone in attendance was there voluntarily.<ref name="BBC" />

''[[Dharm Jagaran Samiti|Dharam Jagaran Samiti]]'' ("Religious awakening committee"), an activist group affiliated to the [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) and part of its family of organisations [[Sangh Parivar]], runs a programme called [[ghar wapasi]] ("homecoming"), whose objective is to convert Indian Muslims and Christians who they consider to have originally been Hindus. Therefore, their conversion to Hinduism is regarded as a "reconversion" or "homecoming." The 8 December conversion programme was also joined by the Agra based activists of ''Dharam Jagaran Samiti'' and the [[Bajrang Dal]], a ceremony was performed that lasted a few hours.<ref name="homecoming">{{Cite news|last=Gandhi|first=Jatin|date=2014-12-21|title=Forced into 'homecoming'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sunday-anchor/conversion-confusion-forced-into-homecoming/article6711441.ece|access-date=2021-04-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="f265">{{cite book | last1=Tramballi | first1=Ugo | last2=Missaglia | first2=Nicola | title=India. The Modi Factor | publisher=Ledizioni | date=2018| isbn=978-88-6705-717-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHFjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78&dq | page=78}}</ref>

Rajeswar Singh, the [[Aligarh]] area President of the Samiti, wrote an open letter asking for monetary help. He stated that the group had converted 40,000 Muslims and Christians in western Uttar Pradesh last year and started a target of 100,000 conversions for next year. He also stated that each activist who works to convert Muslims incurs an annual expenditure of 500,000 rupees and one that works to convert Christians requires 200,000 rupees. He sought monetary help from interested parties to run the programme of conversions.<ref name="costly">{{Cite web|date=December 12, 2014|first=Mansi|last=Tewari|title=Agra conversions were a costly affair|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rss-bjp-agra-conversions-bajrang-dal-hindu-muslim-christian-230835-2014-12-12|access-date=2021-04-20|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref name="a497">{{cite book | last=James | first=Manohar | title=Religious Conversion in India: The Niyogi Committee Report of Madhya Pradesh in 1956 and Its Continuing Impact on National Unity | publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers | date=2022 | isbn=978-1-7252-9456-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L9RkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT95| page=95}}</ref>

The Agra Police registered a First Information Report (FIR) against ''Dharam Jagaran Samiti'' and its convener in the State Nand Kishore Valmiki, and launched an investigation. Cases were registered under Section 153(A) (promoting enmity between different groups) and Section 415 (using fraudulent means) of the [[Indian Penal Code]], based on a complaint made by one of the participants that was converted. The FIR states that ration cards and housing plots were promised for those who [[converted to Hinduism]].<ref name="FIR">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-11|title=Muslim conversions in Agra: Opposition targets govt, FIR registered against RSS|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/opposition-targets-govt-over-muslim-conversions-fir-registered-against-rss-wing/17858/|access-date=2021-04-20|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> Valmiki was subsequently arrested on 16 December.<ref name=arrested>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141217054000/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/agra-religious-conversions-row-accused-nand-kishore-valmiki-arrested/article1-1297027.aspx Conversions row: Accused Valmiki arrested in Agra, Hindustan Times, 16 December 2014]</ref>

Another Hindu nationalist group, ''Hindu Jagaran Samiti'', announced that it would hold the "biggest ever" conversion programme in the country in [[Aligarh]] on the day of Christmas. 5,000 Muslims and 1,000 Christians were said to be ready to get converted. Members of Parliament from [[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh|Gorakhpur]], [[Yogi Adityanath]], and from [[Aligarh]], [[Satish Kumar Gautam|Satish Gautam]], have welcomed the announcement.<ref name="biggest">{{Cite news|last=Ali|first=Mohammad|date=2014-12-12|title='Biggest' conversion on the anvil|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/biggest-conversion-on-the-anvil/article6684367.ece|access-date=2021-04-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Aligarh">{{Cite web|date=December 12, 2014|first1=Eram|last=Agha|title=RSS body seeks donations to fund Christmas 'conversions' in Aligarh {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rss-body-seeks-donations-to-fund-christmas-conversions-in-aligarh/articleshow/45484672.cms|access-date=2021-04-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Gautam declared in the Parliament, "We have been doing this (conversion) for several years and will do it again on 25th December. This is not a conversion but ‘ghar wapasi’ (home coming)."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-12-14|title=Ghar Vapsi: Civil society needs to challenge RSS's conversion agenda|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/ghar-vapsi-civil-society-needs-to-challenge-rsss-conversion-agenda-1848629.html|access-date=2021-04-20|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
The Uttar Pradesh Minorities Commission, which visited Agra on a fact-finding mission, has stated that the conversion programme was an "act of fraud."<ref name="fraud">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-22|title=Agra conversion an act of fraud: UP Minority panel|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/agra-conversion-an-act-of-fraud-up-minority-panel/|access-date=2021-04-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

The ruling party of India, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), which is itself a member of the RSS-affiliated Sangh Parivar, has distanced itself from the fraudulent conversions. [[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]], the Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs, has stated that State Police are taking action. The BJP President [[Amit Shah]] has stated that BJP had no role in the conversions. However, [[Vinay Katiyar]], the BJP Member of Parliament from [[Uttar Pradesh]] and a former leader of [[Bajrang Dal]], said that the conversions were voluntary. The Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] is reported to have told the party parliamentarians to keep the development agenda in focus and not cross the "Lakshman rekha" (line in the sand) regarding the issue of conversions.<ref name=FIR/><ref name="notinvolved">{{Cite web|date=December 22, 2014|title='BJP not involved in Agra conversion'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/bjp-not-involved-in-agra-conversion/articleshow/45597745.cms|access-date=2021-04-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="RSS">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-17|title=RSS cancels Aligarh 'ghar wapsi' event|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/rss-cancels-aligarh-ghar-wapsi-event/|access-date=2021-04-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

The Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, [[Venkaiah Naidu]], urged the opposition parties not to politicise the issue and said, "There is no threat to the integrity of the country [due to Agra mass conversion]".<ref name="c169">{{cite book | last1=Mertens | first1=Stefan | last2=Smaele | first2=Hedwig de | title=Representations of Islam in the News: A Cross-Cultural Analysis | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC | date=2016| isbn=978-1-4985-0988-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PL7RCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA238 | page=238}}</ref>

In the Upper House of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]], all the opposition parties united under the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party's leadership, and demanded that the Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] should reply to the issue of forcible religious conversions. As the Prime Minister did not respond, the Parliament appeared to be log-jammed.<ref name="disrupts">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-19|title=Conversion row: Oppn again disrupts Rajya Sabha sitting, House adjourned twice before lunch |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/conversion-row-oppn-disrupts-rajya-sabha-sitting-house-adjourned-twice-lunch-1857161.html|access-date=2021-04-20|website=Firstpost}}</ref> The BJP challenged the opposition parties to support an "[[anti-conversion bill]]" that outlaws religious conversions using coercion and inducement.<ref name="AmitShah">{{Cite web|date=December 21, 2014|first=T.|last=Ramavarman|title=Let secular parties support anti-conversion bill: Amit Shah {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/let-secular-parties-support-anti-conversion-bill-amit-shah/articleshow/45590250.cms|access-date=2021-04-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

The proposed conversion programme in Aligarh on the Christmas day has been blocked by the [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]. It will not be allowed under "any circumstance," said the Aligarh Police chief.<ref name="notallowed">{{Cite web|date=December 14, 2014|title=Won't allow mass conversion in Aligarh: Police|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/wont-allow-mass-conversion-in-aligarh-police/articleshow/45515669.cms|access-date=2021-04-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The ''Dharam Jagaran Samiti'' has postponed its programme scheduled for the Christmas day, reportedly on orders from the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]. But it said that the long-run conversion programmes will continue. "Our target is to make India a Hindu Rashtra by 2021. The Muslims and Christians don’t have any right to stay here. So they would either be converted to Hinduism or forced to run away from here," said the Samiti leader Rajeshwar Singh.<ref name=RSS/>

A Muslim cleric, Salim Ahmed, who heads the ''Babri Masjid Action Committee'' (BMAC), speaking at a programme of the organisation attended by 1,500 people, said that he would wage a war against the country if incidents of religious conversions were not checked. The video of his speech has been released to the public.<ref name="cleric">{{Cite web|date=December 14, 2014|first=Rajat|last=Rai|title=Agra conversion: UP Cleric threatens to pick up arms against government|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/agra-conversion-up-cleric-pick-up-arms-government-231090-2014-12-14|access-date=2021-04-20|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Other Muslim religious groups have echoed the sentiment. The [[Darul Uloom Deoband|Darul Uloom of Deoband]] seminary plans to activate its conversion-prevention wing, ''Fitna-e-Irtehad,'' using its network of clerics nationwide. The [[Shahi Imam]] of Delhi's [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]] declared that he would launch a ''ghar ghar Islam'' (Islam in every house) campaign to [[Proselytism|proselytise]] and renew the faith. "Muslims have sacrificed their lives for the unity of this country. Now be prepared to sacrifice your lives to save secularism," he said.<ref name="MuslimRight">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-20|title=Mission accomplished: RSS Hindutva antics give lease of life to Muslim Right|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/mission-accomplished-rss-hindutva-antics-give-lease-of-life-to-muslim-right-1915463.html|access-date=2021-04-20|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

== Investigation ==
The [[Uttar Pradesh Minorities Commission]], after having conducted a full investigation, said in February 2015 that the 250 Muslims had not converted because they continue to "remain Muslims." It maintained that there was "betrayal and cheating," and held the Local Intelligence Unit responsible for not identifying such "vulnerable areas."<ref name=commission/> It confirmed the reports that the ''Hindu Jagaran Samiti'' had lured the Muslim families with the promise of houses offered by the national government. It misled them into thinking that the religious sacrificial ceremony was the beginning of the process, but announced the next day that the Muslims had converted to Hinduism. But the families refuted the claim that they had converted.<ref name="lured">{{Cite web|date=February 3, 2015|first=Piyush|last=Srivastava|title=Ghar Wapsi: Uttar Pradesh Minorities Commission says 50 families were 'lured' into conversion|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/ghar-wapsi-agra-conversion-row-muslims-up-minority-commission-shakeel-ahmed-hindu-jagran-samiti-vhp-rss-kishore-valmiki-238406-2015-02-03|access-date=2021-04-20|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

== See also==
* [[Taqiyya]], Islamic concept of concealing faith to protect from danger
* [[Freedom of religion in India#Laws and Indian Constitution|Laws against conversion in India]]
* [[Ghar Wapsi]]
* [[List of converts to Hinduism]]
* [[Shuddhi (Hinduism)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Religious conversion in India]]
[[Category:Religion in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
[[Category:Agra]]
[[Category:Fraud in India]]

Darbuka Siva

2026-04-12T00:09:53Z

SanglapGeographer: new

{{Short description|Indian director, writer, musician, music producer, and actor}}
{{promotional|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Darbuka Siva
| native_name_lang = ta
| image =
| birth_date =
| occupation = Writer, Director, Music producer and Actor
| years_active = 2015–present
| notable_works = [[Mudhal Nee Mudivum Nee]], [[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]], [[Rajathandhiram]], [[Rocky (2021 film)|Rocky]]
| website = {{URL|www.darbukasiva.com}}
}}

'''Darbuka Siva''' is an Indian musician, filmmaker and actor based in [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu. Starting out as a drummer/percussionist, he went on to acting, writing and directing films which have won awards in film festivals in Europe and London.

== Career ==

=== Acting ===
In 2015, Darbuka Siva made his debut as an actor in the heist action-thriller [[Rajathandhiram]], where he played the character of Austin D'Costa. [[Baradwaj Rangan]], a film critic wrote: "Darbuka Siva, walks off with the film in his pocket. He has a great face for the movies (he may remind you of [[Dominique Pinon]]), and at a time comedy has been reduced to tired one-liners, it's a pleasure to be reminded of wit and timing."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/rajathanthiram-movie-review-a-solid-heist-thriller/article10723071.ece|title=Rajathanthiram: A solid heist thriller|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 March 2015|last1=Rangan|first1=Baradwaj}}</ref>

=== Composer ===
In August 2016, Siva released his first ever full-length album as a music director for a feature film titled [[Kidaari]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/170118/discovery-of-a-musician.html|title=Discovery of a musician|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=17 January 2018}}</ref> The album received rave reviews for its organic sounds and the blend of Tamil folk music with contemporary sounds.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2016/08/09/kidaari-music-review-tamil-soundtrack/|title=Kidaari – Music Review|work=Musicaloud|date=9 August 2016}}</ref>

During late 2016 Siva started working with [[Gautham Menon]] on making songs for [[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]. The first single of the film, [[Maruvaarthai]] was released on New Year's Eve of 2016 with credits to a certain Mr.X as the music composer. The song was a hit as well as the Mr.X campaign itself.During September 2017, Gautham Menon confirmed that Darbuka Siva was the much talked about Mr.X.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/darbuka-siva-is-the-music-director-of-enai-noki-paayum-thota/article19880545.ece|title=DarbukaSiva is the music director of 'Enai Noki Paayum Thota'|work=The Hindu|date=18 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/gautham-vasudev-menon-reveals-the-music-director-of-ennai-noki-paayum-thotta-4896541/|title=Gautham Vasudev Menon reveals the music director of Ennai Noki Paayum Thotta|work=The Indian Express|date=18 October 2017}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== As actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Rajathandhiram]]'' || Deepan (Austin D'Costa)
|
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Thodari]]'' || Rajapandi
|
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Mudhal Nee Mudivum Nee]]'' || Cupid
|Guest appearance
|-
|}

=== As director ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Film
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Mudhal Nee Mudivum Nee]]''
|}

=== As composer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Film !! Language
|-
|rowspan=2|2016
|''[[Kidaari]]''
|Tamil
|-
|''[[Balle Vellaiyathevaa]]''
|Tamil
|-
|2017
|''[[Nimir]]''
|Tamil
|-
|2019
|''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]''
|Tamil
|-
| 2021
|''[[Rocky (2021 film)|Rocky]]''
|Tamil
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Mudhal Nee Mudivum Nee]]''
|Tamil
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''[[Dominic and the Ladies' Purse]]'' || Malayalam<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-01-01 |title=Mammootty-starrer Dominic and the Ladies' Purse gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/01/mammootty-starrer-dominic-and-the-ladies-purse-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tharunam]]''
|Tamil
|-
| 2026 || ''[[TN 2026]]'' || Tamil<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JypIeImNaoI |title=TN 2026 – Audio Jukebox {{!}} Natty Nataraj {{!}} Umapathy Ramaiah {{!}} Darbuka Siva |date=10 April 2026 |last=Saregama Tamil |author-link=Saregama |language=en |access-date=10 April 2026 |archive-url=https://preservetube.com/watch?v=JypIeImNaoI |archive-date=10 April 2026 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|}

;As composer – Web Series
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Platform
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Queen (2018 film)|Queen]]''
|[[Mx Originals]]
|-
|2023||''[[Mathagam]]''
|[[Disney Hotstar]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
# [https://chennaivision.com/revealed-darbuka-siva-enpts-music-director/ Darbuka Siva is the composer of ENPT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104234401/https://chennaivision.com/revealed-darbuka-siva-enpts-music-director/ |date=4 January 2017 }}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|4254923}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siva, Darbuka}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil musicians]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]

Tumko Meri Kasam

2026-04-09T01:31:21Z

SanglapGeographer: New the article basic info - done

{{Short description|2025 Indian film}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tumko Meri Kasam
| image = Tumko Meri Kasam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vikram Bhatt]]
| producer = Dr. Ajay Murdia
| narrator = [[Vivek Oberoi]]
| story =
| writer = Vikram Bhatt
| screenplay =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Anupam Kher]]
* [[Ishwak Singh]]
* [[Meherzan Mazda]]
}}
| music = Prateek Walia
| cinematography = Naren A Gedia
| editing = Kuldip Mehan
| studio = Indira Entertainment
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|03|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 157 mins
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Tumko Meri Kasam''''' ({{Translation|I swear to you}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language drama film written and directed by [[Vikram Bhatt]], inspired by the life of Dr. Ajay Murdia, the founder of Indira IVF. The film stars Anupam Kher, Ishwak Singh, Adah Sharma, and Esha Deol in lead roles. It was released on 21 March 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tumko Meri Kasam: Vikram Bhatt on bringing Ajay Murdia's story to life |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/tumko-meri-kasam-vikram-bhatt-on-bringing-ajay-murdias-story-to-life-1503397127.html |website=The Statesman |language=en |date=12 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vikram Bhatt shares his experience directing Anupam Kher-starrer 'Tumko Meri Kasam' |url=https://theprint.in/feature/vikram-bhatt-shares-his-experience-directing-anupam-kher-starrer-tumko-meri-kasam/2489034/ |website=ThePrint |date=11 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anupam Kher stars in Vikram Bhatt's family-drama Tumko Meri Kasam, teaser out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Feb/04/anupam-kher-stars-in-vikram-bhatts-family-drama-tumko-meri-kasam-teaser-out |website=Cinema Express |access-date=13 February 2025 |language=en-in |date=4 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hema Malini, Abhay Deol, Zayed Khan & Others at Esha Deol's movie 'Tumko Meri Kasam' screening |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/video/hema-malini-abhay-deol-at-esha-deols-movie-tumko-meri-kasam-screening-1078068 |language=en-in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The box office bomb that earned mere ₹65 lakh but destroyed a ₹3500 crore IPO: How a Bollywood film fell foul of SEBI |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/tumko-meri-kasam-box-office-bomb-65-lakh-destroyed-indira-ivf-3500-cr-ipo-bollywood-film-sebi-anupam-kher-adah-sharma-101743407994707.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=28 August 2025 |language=en-in |date=31 March 2025}}</ref>

the film become box office flop which led legal troubles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Filmmaker Vikram Bhatt and wife arrested in Rs 30-crore fraud case |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/filmmaker-vikram-bhatt-and-wife-arrested-by-rajasthan-police-in-30-crore-fraud-case-2832166-2025-12-07 |website=India Today |access-date=8 December 2025 |language=en |date=7 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Director Vikram Bhatt arrested in ‘fraud’ case filed by Udaipur-based fertility doctor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/director-vikram-bhatt-arrested-fraud-case-udaipur-fertility-doctor-10407937/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=8 December 2025 |language=en-in |date=8 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shrivastava |first1=Amisha |title=Supreme Court Grants Bail To Filmmaker Vikram Bhatt & Wife In Cheating Case Over Movie Deal, Sends Parties To Mediation |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-grants-bail-to-filmmaker-vikram-bhatt-wife-in-cheating-case-over-movie-deal-sends-parties-to-mediation-523769 |website=Live Law |access-date=19 February 2026 |language=en |date=19 February 2026}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Dr. Ajay Murdia
**[[Ishwak Singh]] as Young Ajay Murdia<ref>{{cite web |title=Ishwak Singh's Tumko Meri Kasam role reminds him of his parents' love story |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/ishwak-singhs-tumko-meri-kasam-role-reminds-him-of-his-parents-love-story/ |website=The Tribune |access-date=2025-03-13 |language=en |date=2025-03-06}}</ref>
*[[Adah Sharma]] as Indira Murdia<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gulati |first1=Triya |title=The Kerala Story actor Adah Sharma is now tackling IVF taboo in new film |url=https://theprint.in/feature/the-kerala-story-actor-adah-sharma-is-now-tackling-ivf-taboo-in-new-film/2554363/ |website=ThePrint |date=19 March 2025}}</ref>
*[[Esha Deol]] as Meenakshi Sharma
*[[Meherzan Mazda]] as Rajeev Khosla
*[[Adnan Khan]] as Kshitiz Murdia
*[[Durgesh Kumar]] as Kishan Khosla
*[[Sushant Singh]] as Ramnath Tripathi

==Critical reception==
The film received mixed reviews. Ganesh Aaglave praised Kher's performance,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Aaglave |first1=Ganesh |title=Tumko Meri Kasam movie review: Anupam Kher shines in Vikram Bhatt's gripping tale of love, betrayal & justice |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tumko-meri-kasam-movie-review-anupam-kher-shines-in-vikram-bhatts-gripping-tale-of-love-betrayal-justice-13873204.html |website=Firstpost |language=en-in |date=21 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tumko Meri Kasam Movie Review: Vikram Bhatt's Film Is A Gripping Tale Of Love, Betrayal And Redemption |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tumko-meri-kasam-movie-review-vikram-bhatt-film-is-a-gripping-tale-of-love-betrayal-and-redemption-review-119266968 |website=Times Now |language=en-in |date=21 March 2025}}</ref> whereas Akaka Sahani of Indian Express called the film a "messy, verbose and over-wrought drama".<ref>{{cite web |author1=Alaka Sahani |title=Tumko Meri Kasam Movie Review: A meandering and overly long courtroom drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/tumko-meri-kasam-movie-review-a-meandering-and-overly-long-courtroom-drama-9898147/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=21 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tumko Meri Kasam Review {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/tumko-meri-kasam-review-72258.html |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave it 2.5 stars, writing that "Tumko Meri Kasam has a wafer-thin plot that fails to engage. It's a boring affair that fails to deliver on its promise."<ref>{{cite web |author1=Rishabh Suri |title=Tumko Meri Kasam review: Even a brilliant Anupam Kher can't save this film in search of an identity |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/tumko-meri-kasam-review-even-a-brilliant-anupam-kher-cant-save-this-film-in-search-of-an-identity-101742549532372.html|website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=21 March 2025}}</ref>
Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 3 stars out of 5, praising it for its premise, emotional depth, and "strong performances", but noted that its prolonged runtime and inconsistent pacing "make it less immersive than it could have been".<ref>{{cite web |author1=Dhaval Roy |title=Tumko Meri Kasam Movie Review : This stirring story could have soared with sharper execution|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/tumko-meri-kasam/movie-review/119286676.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en |date=21 March 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt33097837}}
*{{BH movie|Tumko-Meri-Kasam}}

{{Vikram Bhatt}}

[[Category:Films directed by Vikram Bhatt]]
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:2025 drama films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]

{{2020s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Prachi Yadav

2026-04-07T03:59:41Z

SanglapGeographer: creating a post

{{Short description|Indian Paracanoe athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Prachi Yadav
| image = Prachi Yadav.png
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| birth_date = 29 May 1995
| birth_place = [[Gwalior]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| height = 5 ft 6 in
| weight = 62 KG
| website =
| country = [[India]]
| sport = [[Paracanoe]]
| event = Women VL2 / Women KL2
| coach = Capt. Pijush Kanti Baroi
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry|{{flagu|India}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Canoeing at the 2022 Asian Para Games|Women's KL2]]}}
{{MedalSilver|2022 Hangzhou|Women's VL2}}
}}
'''Prachi Yadav''' (born 29 May 1995) is an Indian [[Paracanoe]] [[Athlete]] who participated in [[India at the 2020 Summer Paralympics|2020 Tokyo Paralympics]].<ref name="Freepressjournal">{{Cite news |last=Lane |first=Randell |title=Madhya Pradesh: Para canoe athlete Prachi Yadav wins bronze at World Cup |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-para-canoe-athlete-prachi-yadav-wins-bronze-at-world-cup |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=freepressjournal.com}}</ref> Yadav won the [[bronze medal]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-30 |title=प्राची यादव ने पैरा वर्ल्‍ड कप में कांस्‍य पदक जीत कर रचा इतिहास, कैनो में पदक जीतने वाली पहली खिलाड़ी बनी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/sports/others-prachi-yadav-becomes-the-1st-indian-canoeist-to-win-a-world-cup-medal-4287040.html |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-29 |title=Para-canoeist Prachi Yadav bags bronze in Paracanoe World Cup in Poland |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/para-canoeist-prachi-yadav-bags-bronze-in-paracanoe-world-cup-in-poland-122052900204_1.html |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=business-standard.com}}</ref> in the 2022 [[Paralympic World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MP की बेटी ने पौलैंड में लहराया तिरंगा, विश्व कप में पदक जीतने वाली पहली भारतीय |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/madhya-pradesh-chhattisgarh/mp/prachi-yadav-paracanoe-athlete-became-first-indian-to-win-bronze-medal-in-paracano-world-cup-gwalior-sdmp/1202358 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref>

In the 2022 ICF Canoe Sprint World [[2022 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships – Women's VL2|Championships]], Yadav made it to the top 10 in 1:11.15 minutes while staying inside the Women's VL2, Earlier [[Paracanoeing at the 2020 Summer Paralympics – Women's VL2]] – Women's VL2 recorded its place in 11.098 minutes and reached the finals in [[2019 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships – Women's VL2]], winning in 16:35 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/paris-paralympics-2024-day-10-live-updates-simran-navdeep-dilip-mahadu-arshad-shaik-jyoti-gaderiya-9554772/|title=Paris Paralympics 2024 Day 10 Live Updates: Prachi Yadav reaches Women's Va'a Single 200m Final A; Simran, Navdeep in track and field action later|publisher=Indian express}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Yadav was born on 29 May 1995 in [[Gwalior|Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India]]. Her father Jagdish Singh Yadav was a retired Deputy Director in Agriculture Department and her Mother Chandra Kumari Yadav died of cancer in 2003. She is married to Manish Kaurav, who is also a paracanoeist. She has also participated in [[para swimming]] nationals.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/prachi-yadav-qualifies-for-canoe-sprint-semifinal-at-tokyo-paralympics/article36241216.ece|title=Prachi Yadav qualifies for Canoe sprint semifinal at Tokyo Paralympics|newspaper=The Hindu|date=September 2, 2021}}</ref>

== Career ==
She started her paracanoe career in 2018 switching from para swimming on the recommendation of her coach Virender Kumar Dabas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prachi Yadav - Canoe | Paralympic Athlete Profile |url=https://www.paralympic.org/prachi-yadav |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=International Paralympic Committee}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 3, 2021 |title=Paralympics: Prachi Yadav finishes last in 200m canoe VL2 final |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-paralympics/paralympics-prachi-yadav-finishes-last-in-200m-canoe-vl2-final/articleshow/85888437.cms |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> She trains at Lower Lake in [[Bhopal]], India. She reached the finals with her outstanding performance in the Women's Va'a Single 200m canoe sprint and finished 8th with a timing of 1:07.329.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-03 |title=Prachi Yadav Finishes Eighth in 200m Canoe Sprint at Tokyo Paralympics |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/prachi-yadav-finishes-eighth-in-200m-canoe-sprint-at-tokyo-paralympics-4159757.html |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=News18}}</ref> She is part of the [[Target Olympic Podium Scheme]] (TOPS).<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's water sports athletes confident of best showing at Paralympic Games |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1748299 |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

===Paralympics===
At the [[2020 Summer Paralympics]], Yadav became the first ever Indian canoeist to qualify for [[paracanoeing at the 2020 Summer Paralympics]] at [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]

At the [[2024 Summer Paralympics]], Yadav qualified for the final and finished eighth in the [[Paracanoeing at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's VL2|Women's VL2]] 200m sprint event with a time of 1:08.55.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-09-08 |title=Paris Paralympics: Prachi ends campaign with 8th finish in para canoe final |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/paris-paralympics/paris-paralympics-prachi-ends-campaign-with-8th-finish-in-para-canoe-final/articleshow/113160745.cms |access-date=2024-09-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Earlier, she clocked 1:05.66 to qualify third in the semifinals.<ref name=":0" />

== Tournaments record ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|+ International Competition Results
|-
! Year
! Event
! Category
! Location
! Timing
! Distance
! Place
|-
|2025|| Asian Paracanoe Championships ||KL2 Women|| Pattaya, Rayong {{flagicon|THA}}|||01:14.474||200 Metres||
{{gold medal}}
|-
|2025|| Asian Paracanoe Championships ||KL2 Women||Pattaya, Rayong {{flagicon|THA}}|||02:47.077||500 Metres||
{{gold medal}}
|-
|2025|| Asian Paracanoe Championships ||VL2 Women||Pattaya, Rayong {{flagicon|THA}}|||01:04.546||200 Metres||
{{gold medal}}
|-
|2025|| Asian Paracanoe Championships ||VL2 Women||Pattaya, Rayong {{flagicon|THA}}|||02:50.763||500 Metres||
{{Silver medal}}
|-
|2025||ICF Paracanoe World Cup ||KL2 Women||Poznan {{flagicon|POL}}||00:55.094||200 Metres||
{{Bronze medal}}
|-
|2024||ACC Paracanoe Asian Championships ||VL2 Women||Tokyo {{flagicon|JPN}}||01:04.063||200 Metres||
{{Gold medal}}
|-
|2024||ACC Paracanoe Asian Championships ||KL2 Women||Tokyo {{flagicon|JPN}}||00:58.330||200 Metres||
{{Gold medal}}
|-
|2023||4th Asian Para Games ||KL2 Women|| Hangzhou {{flagicon|CHN}}||00:54.962||200 Metres||
{{Gold medal}}
|-
|2023||4th Asian Para Games ||VL2 Women|| Hangzhou {{flagicon|CHN}}||01:03.147||200 Metres||
{{Silver medal}}
|-
|2023||3rd Asian Paracanoe Championship ||VL2 Women|| Samarkand {{flagicon|UZB}}||01:11.259||200 Metres||
{{Gold medal}}
|-
|2023||3rd Asian Paracanoe Championship ||KL2 Women|| Samarkand {{flagicon|UZB}}||01:00.725||200 Metres||
{{Silver medal}}
|-
|2023||3rd Asian Paracanoe Championship ||KL2 Women|| Samarkand {{flagicon|UZB}}||02:38.441||500 Metres||
{{Gold medal}}
|-
|2023||3rd Asian Paracanoe Championship ||VL2 Women|| Samarkand {{flagicon|UZB}}||02:55.482||500 Metres||
{{Gold medal}}
|-
|2022||ICF Canoe Sprint & Paracanoe World Cup||VL2 Women|| Poznan {{flagicon|POL}}||01:04.71||200 Metres||
{{bronze medal}}
|-
|2022|| Asian Canoe Para Qualifiers For Asian Para Games ||VL2 Women|| Rayong {{flagicon|THA}}|||01:07.200||200 Metres||
{{gold medal}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|+ National Competition Results
|-
! Year
! Event
! CATEGORY
! Location
! Timing
! Distance
! Place
|-
|2025|| 18th National Paracanoe Championships||KL2 Women||Bhopal||01:03.127||200 Metres||{{gold medal}}
|-
|2025|| 18th National Paracanoe Championships||VL2 Women||Bhopal||01:09.652||200 Metres||{{gold medal}}
|-
|2024|| 17th National Paracanoe Championships||KL2 Women||Bhopal||00:53.283||200 Metres||{{gold medal}}
|-
|2024|| 17th National Paracanoe Championships||VL2 Women||Bhopal||01:02.412||200 Metres||{{gold medal}}
|-
|2022|| 16th National Paracanoe Championships||VL2 Women||Bhopal||01:06.675||200 Metres||{{gold medal}}
|-
|2022|| 16th National Paracanoe Championships ||KL2 Women||Bhopal||01:00.838||200 Metres||{{gold medal}}
|-
|2022|| 15th National Paracanoe Championships and Paracanoe Classification ||VL2 Women|| Bhopal||00:58.121||200 Metres||{{gold medal}}
|-
|2022|| 15th National Paracanoe Championships and Paracanoe Classification ||KL2 Women||Bhopal||00:58.14||200 Metres||{{silver medal}}
|-
|2021|| 14th National Paracanoe Championships ||VL2 Women||Bhopal||01:03.19||200 Metres||{{gold medal}}
|-
|2021|| 14th National Paracanoe Championships ||KL2 Women||Bhopal||01:13.84||200 Metres||{{gold medal}}
|-
|2020|| National Paracanoe Competition & Paracanoe Classification ||VL2 Women||Bhind||01:55.00||200 Metres||{{Silver medal}}
|-
|2020|| National Paracanoe Competition & Paracanoe Classification ||KL2 Women||Bhind||01:05.00||200 Metres||{{Silver medal}}
|-
|2019|| 29th National Canoe Sprint & Paracanoe Championships ||KL2 Women||Delhi|||00:57.11||200 Metres||{{gold medal}}
|-
|2019|| 29th National Canoe Sprint & Paracanoe Championships ||VL2 Women||Delhi|||01:23.03||200 Metres||{{Silver medal}}
|}

== Awards ==
* 2020: Vikram Award by [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] on [[National Sports Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रदेश में 10 विक्रम,15 एकलव्य, तीन विश्वामित्र, एक लाइफटाइम अवार्ड दिए जाएंगे, खिलाड़ियों के नामों की हुई घोषणा |url=https://www.ibc24.in/state/10-vikram-15-eklavya-three-vishwamitra-one-lifetime-award-will-be-given-in-the-state-players-announced-587223.html |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=ibc24.in |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MP के खेल अलंकरण अवार्ड 2020 की घोषणा, विवेक सागर को मिलेगा विक्रम पुरस्कार, 28 हस्तियां होगी सम्मानित, देखें लिस्ट |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/madhya-pradesh/state/bhopal/mps-khel-alankaran-award-2020-announced-vivek-sagar-will-get-vikram-award-28-celebrities-will-be-honored-see-list/mp20210828210628080 |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-29 |title=Tokyo Olympics 2021: पैरालिंपिक में भाग लेने वाली प्राची काे विक्रम अवार्ड ग्वालियर के डबास काे विश्वामित्र पुरस्कार |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/gwalior-tokyo-olympics-2021-vikram-award-to-prachi-who-participated-in-paralympics-vishwamitra-award-to-dabas-of-gwalior-7016922 |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref>

* 2023: [[Arjuna Award]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/en/results/canoe-sprint/athlete-profile-n1784142-yadav-prachi.htm Canoe Sprint YADAV Prachi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903063958/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/en/results/canoe-sprint/athlete-profile-n1784142-yadav-prachi.htm |date=3 September 2021 }}
* [https://thebridge.in/tokyo-2020-paralympics/prachi-yadav-finishes-eighth-final-women-canoe-sprint-24913 Tokyo Paralympics: Prachi Yadav finishes 8th in the final of women's canoe sprint]
* [https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/news-prachi-yadav-finishes-8th-women-s-va-a-singles-200m-vl2-canoe-sprint-final-2021-paralympics 2021 Paralympics: Prachi Yadav finishes 8th in women's Va'a singles 200m VL2 Canoe sprint final]
* [https://instagrambiography.com/post/para-athlete-prachi-yadav-biography-boyfriend-income-unknown-facts/2736 Para Athlete Prachi Yadav Biography, Boyfriend, Income, Unknown Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904034636/https://instagrambiography.com/post/para-athlete-prachi-yadav-biography-boyfriend-income-unknown-facts/2736 |date=4 September 2021 }}
* [https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/may/19/qualification-done-prachiyadav-eyes-target-olympic-podium-scheme--exposure-trip-2304486.html Qualification done, Prachi Yadav eyes Target Olympic Podium Scheme & exposure trip]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Prachi}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Gwalior]]
[[Category:Indian female canoeists]]
[[Category:Canoeists at the 2020 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Canoeists at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Canoeists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]

Varikuntapadu mandal

2026-04-07T01:12:14Z

SanglapGeographer: New a stub first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Varikuntapadu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.9833|N|79.4167|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 112
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Varikuntapadu mandal''' is a [[Subdivisions of India|Mandal]] in [[Nellore district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/
|title=List of Sub-Districts
|publisher=Census of India
|access-date=2007-03-26
}}</ref>
It is headquarted in Varikuntapadu which is a small town on the state road from [[Pamur|Pamuru]] to [[Nellore]] .

==Geography==
Varikuntapadu is located at {{coord|14.9833|N|79.4167|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/2/Varikuntapadu.html Falling Rain Genomics.Varikuntapadu]{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 112 meters (370 feet).

==Demographics==
As of 2011 the town had a population of 2,707. The Varikuntapadu Mandal had a population of 36,828.<ref name="cen2011">{{cite web |title=Varikuntapadu Mandal - Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/5155-varikuntapadu-sri-potti-sriramulu-nellore-andhra-pradesh.html |website=Census 2011 |publisher=Population Census Data |access-date=26 December 2023}}</ref>

These are the villages of Varikuntapadu Mandal:<ref name="cen2011" />
{{div col}}
*[[Alivelumangapuram]]
*[[Bhaskarapuram]]
*[[Dakkanur]]
*[[Damancherla]]
*[[Ganeswarapuram]]
*[[Gollapalle (Nellore district)|Gollapalle]]
*[[Guvvadi]]
*[[Iskapalli]]
*[[Jadadevi]]
*[[Kancheruvu]]
*[[Kaniampadu]]
*[[Kondayapalem]]
*[[Mohammadapuram]]
*[[Narasimhapuram (Nellore district)|Narasimhapuram]]
*[[Pamurupalle]]
*[[Peddireddipalle]]
*[[Ramadevulapadu]]
*[[Thodugupalle]]
*[[Thotalacheruvupalle]]
*[[Thurpu Boyamadugula]]
*[[Thurpu Chennampalle]]
*[[Thurpupalem]]
*[[Turpurompidodla]]
*[[Vempadu (Nellore district)|Vempadu]]
*[[Viruvooru]]
*[[Yerradoddipalli|Yerramreddipalle]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Nellore district}}
[[Category:Villages in Nellore district]]

{{Nellore-geo-stub}}

Great Trigonometrical Survey

2026-04-03T11:49:51Z

SanglapGeographer: created

{{short description|19th-century survey to measure the Indian subcontinent}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
[[File:1922 Index of Great Trigonometrical Survey of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.9|Index to the Great Trigonometrical Survey]]

The '''Great Trigonometrical Survey of India''' was a project that aimed to carry out a [[wikt:Special:Search/survey|survey]] across the [[Indian subcontinent]] with scientific precision. It was begun in 1802 by the [[British infantry]] officer [[William Lambton]], under the auspices of the [[East India Company]].<ref name="Gill">Gill, B. (2001); "The Big Man. Surveying Sir George Everest", in: ''Professional Surveyor Magazine'', Vol. 21 Nr 2. Retrieved [http://www.krcmar.ca/sites/default/files/2000_Winter_The%20Big%20Man-%20Surveying%20Sir%20George_1.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210152803/http://www.krcmar.ca/sites/default/files/2000_Winter_The%20Big%20Man-%20Surveying%20Sir%20George_1.pdf |date=10 February 2017 }} 8 March 2016.</ref> Under the leadership of his successor, [[George Everest]], the project was made the responsibility of the [[Survey of India]]. Everest was succeeded by [[Andrew Scott Waugh]], and after 1861, the project was led by [[James Walker (Surveyor General)|James Walker]], who oversaw its completion in 1871.

Among the many accomplishments of the Survey were the demarcation of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] territories in the subcontinent and the measurement of the height of the [[Himalaya]]n giants: [[Mount Everest|Everest]], [[K2]], and [[Kangchenjunga]]. The Survey had an enormous scientific impact as well. It was responsible for one of the first accurate [[grade measurement|measurements]] of a section of an arc of [[longitude]], and for measurements of the [[Vertical deflection|geodesic anomaly]], which led to the development of the theories of [[isostasy]].

The native surveyors made use of in the Himalayas, especially in [[Tibet]] (where Europeans were not allowed), were called [[Pundit (explorer)|pundit]]s, who included the cousins [[Nain Singh Rawat]] and [[Kishen Singh Rawat]].<ref name=study4>Peter Hopkirk, 1982, "Trespassers on the Roof of the World: The Race for Lhasa", [[Oxford University]] Press.</ref><ref name="study9">Derek J. Waller, 2004, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=PYqWhpyoQsoC The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia]," University Press of Kentucky.</ref><ref name=study1>Account of the Pundit's Journey in Great Tibet - Capt. H. Trotter, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society (1877).</ref>

[[File:GTS Peninsula Asiatic Researches.jpg|thumb|upright=1.95|The first triangulations across the Peninsula]]

== History ==
From its inception in 1600 to its domination of the entire [[Indian subcontinent]] by the beginning of the nineteenth century, the [[British East India Company]] gained more and more territory.<ref name="Gill" /> With the acquisition of new territory, it employed several explorers and cartographers to provide maps and other information on its territories, most notably [[James Rennell]], from 1767 in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]]. As Rennell proceeded to make maps, the lack of precise measurement was noticed.<ref name="Gill" /> In 1800, shortly after the Company victory over [[Tipu Sultan]], William Lambton, an infantry soldier with experience in surveying, proposed to remedy precisely that, through a series of [[triangulation]]s, initially through the newly acquired territory of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]], and eventually across the entire [[subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=An account of the Trigonometrical Operations in crossing the peninsula of India, and connecting Fort St. George with Mangalore |author=Lambton, William |pages=290–384 |url=https://archive.org/stream/asiaticresearche10asia#page/n307/mode/2up |journal=Asiatic Researches; or Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal for Inquiring into the History and Antiquities |year=1811}}</ref>
[[File:Calcutta Baseline 1832.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Measurement of the Calcutta baseline in 1832 based on a sketch by [[James Prinsep]]. This shows surveyors stretching a chain on coffers supported on pickets. The chain is housed under shade to reduce errors due to thermal expansion, and is aligned using a boning telescope.{{efn|A ''boning telescope'' was a small, low-magnification telescope used to align the survey markers.<ref>{{OED|bone, v.3}}</ref>}}]]
[[File:Ramsden_zenith_sector.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A [[zenith sector]] was an upward-facing telescope with accurate angle measurement scales. A star close to the zenith of known declination from the [[Polaris|Pole Star]] was used to determine latitude, as a direct measurement of the Pole Star could be affected by refraction.]]
The Great Trigonometrical Survey of India started on 10 April 1802 with the measurement of a baseline near [[Chennai|Madras]].<ref name="Gill" /> Major Lambton selected the flat plains with [[St. Thomas Mount]] at the north end and Perumbauk Hill at the southern end. The baseline was {{convert|7.5|mi|km}} long. Lieutenant Kater was dispatched to find high vantage points on the hills of the west so that the coastal points of [[Thalassery|Tellicherry]] and [[Kannur|Cannanore]] could be connected. The high hills chosen were [[Ezhimala Hill|Mount Delly]] and [[Tadiandamol]]. The distance from coast to coast was {{convert|360|mi|km}}, and this survey line was completed in 1806.<ref name=markham>{{cite book |first=Clements |last=Markham |author-link=Clements Markham |title=A Memoir on the Indian Surveys |url=https://archive.org/details/memoirontheindia025502mbp |year=1878 |publisher=London. W H Allen And Co. |edition=2 |access-date=2009-03-01 |page=[https://archive.org/details/memoirontheindia025502mbp/page/n98 67]}}</ref> The East India Company thought that this project would take about five years, but it took nearly 70 years, well past the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and the end of [[company rule in India]]. Because of the extent of the land to be surveyed, the surveyors did not [[Triangulation|triangulate]] the whole of India but instead created what they called a "gridiron" of triangulation chains running from north to south and east to west.<ref name="Gill" /> At times the survey party numbered 700 people.<ref>''Bluesci: Cambridge university science magazine'', 29 January 2011,"History: The Great Trigonometrical Survey" {{Cite web |url=http://www.bluesci.org/?p=2028- |title=BlueSci » History: The Great Trigonometrical Survey |access-date=5 May 2013 |archive-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727125305/http://www.bluesci.org/?p=2028- |url-status=dead}}, Cambridge.</ref>
The Trigonometrical Survey was conducted independently of other surveys, notably the topographical and revenue surveys. In 1875, the decision was taken that the Survey budget should be reduced from 240,000 to 200,000 pounds. This resulted in a reorganization under Surveyor-General Colonel J.T. Walker to amalgamate the Great Trigonometrical, Topographical and Revenue Surveys into the Survey of India.<ref>{{cite book |pages=39–40 |title=A memoir of the Indian Surveys, 1875–1890 |author=Black, Charles E.D. |year=1891 |place=London |publisher=Secretary of State for India in Council |url=https://archive.org/stream/memoironindiansu00blac#page/39/mode/1up}}</ref>[[File:Survey_towers_GTS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|Survey towers used by [[George Everest]] to elevate the instruments]]

== Instruments and methods used ==
Triangulation surveys were based on a few carefully measured baselines and a series of angles. The initial baseline was measured with great care since the accuracy of the subsequent survey was critically dependent upon it. Various corrections were applied, principally temperature. An especially accurate [[folding chain]] was used, laid on horizontal tables, all shaded from the sun and with constant tension. The early surveys made use of large and bulky [[theodolite]]s made by William Carey,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=R. |first=Ramachandran |date=2021-06-02 |orig-date=Originally appeared in print version on 27 April 2002 |title=Survey Saga |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/survey-saga/article30244732.ece |access-date=2022-12-26 |magazine=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> a [[zenith sector]] made by [[Jesse Ramsden]], and {{convert|100|ft|m|adj=on}} chains. Later surveys used more compact theodolites.
[[File:Great Trigonometrical Survey Tower - Sukchar - North 24 Parganas 2012-04-11 9482.JPG|thumb|upright=1.05|One of the survey towers in [[Kolkata]] in 2012]]
Accurate instruments could not always be purchased through the standard system of government contract, and Everest personally supervised the construction of instruments. He had a maker, Henry Barrow, set up an instrument company in Calcutta. Barrow was succeeded by Syed Mohsin from [[Arcot, Tamil Nadu]], and after his death, the instruments were supplied by Cooke from [[York]].<ref name=strahan>{{cite journal |author=Strahan, C. |year=1903 |title=The Survey of India |url=https://archive.org/stream/professionalpape28grea#page/n211/mode/2up |journal=Professional Papers of the Corps of Royal Engineers |volume=28 |pages=141–171}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005abc_47.pdf |author=Insley, Jane |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=30 |issue=1 |year=1995 |title=Making mountains out of molehills? George Everest and Henry Barry, 1830–39 |pages=47–55 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125144649/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005abc_47.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014}}</ref>

=== Correcting deviations ===
To achieve the highest accuracy, a number of corrections were applied to all distances calculated from simple trigonometry:
* [[Curvature of the Earth]]
* The non-spherical nature of the curvature of the Earth
* [[Gravitation]]al influence of mountains on [[pendulum]]s and plumb lines<ref>{{cite journal |title=On the Attraction of the Himalaya Mountains, and of the Elevated Regions beyond Them, upon the Plumb-Line in India |first=John Henry |last=Pratt |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=145 |year=1855 |pages=53–100 |jstor=108510 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1855.0002 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1432414 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Atmospheric refraction#Terrestrial refraction|Refraction]]
* [[Height above mean sea level]]

== Superintendents ==
*1818–1823 – [[William Lambton]]
*1823–1843 – [[George Everest|Sir George Everest]]
*1843–1861 – [[Andrew Scott Waugh]]
*1861–1883 – [[James Walker (Surveyor General)|James Thomas Walker]]
*1884–1888 – [[Charles Thomas Haig]]
*1888–1894 – [[George Strahan (engineer)|George Strahan]]
*1894–1899 – [[St George Corbet Gore]]
*1899–1911 – [[Sidney Gerald Burrard]]
*1912–1921 – [[Gerald Lenox-Conyngham|Sir Gerald Ponsonby Lenox-Conyngham]]

== See also ==
* [[Principal Triangulation of Great Britain]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{commons category}}
* {{cite book |last=Edney |first=Matthew H. |title=Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765-1843 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LF_FBgAAQBAJ |year=2009 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-18486-9}}
* [[John Keay]]. 2000. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JgsgAQAAIAAJ The Great Arc]'', London: HarperCollins. {{ISBN|0-00-257062-9}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Dean |first=Riaz |title=Mapping The Great Game: Explorers, Spies & Maps in Nineteenth-century Asia |publisher=Casemate (UK) |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-61200-814-1 |location=Oxford |pages=67–123 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WF3JDwAAQBAJ}}
* {{citation |title=The Great Trigonometrical Survey of India in a Historical Perspective |first=Rama |last=Deb Roy |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=21 |number=1 |pages=22–32 |year=1986 |url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5b_22.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125140928/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5b_22.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014}}
* Reginald Henry Phillimore, ''Historical Records of the Survey of India,'' 5 vols. Dehra Dun, Survey of India (1945–1968)
** [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35328 Volume 1: 18th Century]; [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35329 Volume 2: 1800 to 1815]; [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.27830 Volume 3: 1815 to 1830]; [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.27831 Volume 4: 1830 to 1843]; [https://archive.org/details/1968-historical-records-of-survey-of-india-vol-5-by-phillimore-s-volume-v Volume 5: 1844 to 1861]

[[Category:1802 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Cartography by country|India]]
[[Category:Geodetic surveys]]
[[Category:Historical geography of India]]
[[Category:Surveying of India]]
[[Category:1871 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:19th century in British India]]

Tata Revotron engine

2026-03-31T14:22:20Z

SanglapGeographer: New first entry more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2022}}{{Infobox Automobile engine
| name = Revotron Engine
| manufacturer = Tata Motors
| production = 2014-present
| configuration = [[Straight-three engine|Inline-3]]
| displacement = {{cvt|1199|cc|L|1|order=flip}}
| bore = {{cvt|77|mm|in}}
| stroke = {{cvt|85.8|mm|in}}
| compression = 10.8:1
| fueltype = [[Petrol engine|Gasoline]], [[Autogas|CNG]]
| power = {{ubl
| {{cvt|86|PS|hp kW}}, {{cvt|110|PS|hp kW}} (turbo, 2017-2020)
| {{cvt|120|PS|hp kW}} (turbo, 2020-present)
| {{cvt|74|PS|hp kW}} (iCNG in Tiago & Tigor)
}}
}}

The '''Tata Revotron engine'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-07 |title=Revotron and Revotorq Engines |url=https://www.tatamotors.com/blog/corporate/revotron-and-revotorq-engines/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Tata Motors Limited |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130141604/https://www.tatamotors.com/blog/corporate/revotron-and-revotorq-engines/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a 1.2-liter 3-cylinder [[petrol engine]]. It is produced by [[Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles|Tata Motors]] and was used in their passenger vehicles beginning in 2014.

==History==
The Revotron series began with a 1.2-liter, 4-cylinder turbocharged engine introduced in 2014 for the [[Tata Bolt|Bolt]] and [[Tata Zest|Zest]]. This engine featured a [[Overhead camshaft engine|single overhead cam]]<nowiki/>shaft with two valves per cylinder and multi-point [[fuel injection]]. It delivered 88 hp (65 kW) at 5,000 rpm and 100 lb⋅ft (140 N⋅m) of torque between 1,500 and 4,500 rpm. It included multiple driving modes for improved response, a smart engine control unit, an eight-holed fuel injector, a reinforced [[crankcase]], and an updated exhaust system.

In 2015, Tata showcased a 1.2-liter, 3-cylinder naturally-aspirated version, later used in the [[Tata Tiago|Tiago]] and [[Tata Tigor|Tigor]]. It offered a dual overhead camshaft driven by a [[timing chain]], [[variable valve timing]], [[exhaust gas recirculation]], a variable oil pump, and four valves per cylinder with hydraulic adjusters.

A turbocharged 1.2-liter, 3-cylinder variant debuted in 2017 with the [[Tata Nexon|Nexon]], adding a [[turbocharger]] and [[intercooler]]. Despite competitors using direct injection, it retained multi-point fuel injection, producing 110 hp (81 kW) and 130 lb⋅ft (170 N⋅m).

A more powerful version, offering 120 hp (88 kW), arrived in 2020 with the BS6-compliant Nexon facelift, still using multi-point fuel injection.

In January 2021, Tata launched a turbocharged Revotron engine for the [[Tata Altroz|Altroz]] iTurbo variant, delivering 110 hp (81 kW) and 100 lb⋅ft (140 N⋅m).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Altroz iTurbo review, test drive |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-reviews/tata-altroz-iturbo-review-test-drive-419699 |date=31 January 2021 |first=Sergius |last=Barretto |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Autocar India |language=en}}</ref> The lower output aimed to distinguish it from the Nexon and address fitment issues with the Nexon’s larger 6-speed manual transmission.

In January 2022, Tata introduced [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]] variants for the [[Tata Tiago|Tiago]] and [[Tata Tigor|Tigor]], branded as iCNG, marking the company's first cars with this fuel option.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Tiago CNG, Tigor CNG launched; prices start from Rs 6.09 lakh |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/tata-tiago-cng-tigor-cng-launched-prices-start-from-rs-609-lakh-423288 |date=19 January 2022 |first=Saptarshi |last=Mondal |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=Autocar India}}</ref> This engine produces 72.5 hp (54.1 kW) and 70 lb⋅ft (95 N⋅m) of torque, paired with a 5-speed manual gearbox, and can start directly in CNG mode, a unique feature.<ref>{{cn|date=July 2025}}</ref> The [[Tata Punch|Punch]] and Altroz later received iCNG versions.

In January 2023, Tata unveiled the Altroz Racer, a sportier version with the same 120 hp (88 kW) as the Nexon, enabled by a 6-speed manual gearbox.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Motors Altroz Racer Features |url=https://autoexpo.tatamotors.com/products/passenger-vehicles/altroz-racer-features.aspx |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=autoexpo.tatamotors.com |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126000803/https://autoexpo.tatamotors.com/products/passenger-vehicles/altroz-racer-features.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Production was confirmed, potentially replacing the slower-selling iTurbo.{{Update inline|date=July 2025}}

== Applications ==
Applications of the Revotron engine include:
* [[Tata Bolt]] (2014-2019)
* [[Tata Zest]] (2014-2019)
* [[Tata Tiago]] (2016-present)
* [[Tata Tigor]] (2016-present)
* [[Tata Altroz]] (2019-present, non-turbo / 2021-present, turbo)
* [[Tata Nexon]] (2017-2020, 110 PS turbo / 2020-present, 120PS turbo)
* [[Tata Punch]] (2021-present)

==See also==
* [[Tata Motors]]
* [[List of Ford engines]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Gasoline engines]]
[[Category:Tata Motors]]

{{Automotive-part-stub}}
[[Category:Straight-three engines]]

Shehbaz Sharif

2026-03-28T17:57:44Z

SanglapGeographer: enhanced intro further and added references per standard format

{{short description|Prime Minister of Pakistan (2022–2023; 2024–present)}}
{{Pakistani name|Shehbaz|Sharif}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| native_name = {{nobold|{{nq|شہباز شریف}}}}
| native_name_lang = ur
| name = Shehbaz Sharif
| nickname =
| image = Shehbaz Sharif in 2024.jpg
| caption = Sharif in 2024
| office =[[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]
| deputy = [[Ishaq Dar]]
| president = [[Arif Alvi]] [[Asif Ali Zardari]]
| term_start = 4 March 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Anwaar ul Haq Kakar]] ([[Caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan|Caretaker]])
| successor1 = [[Anwaar ul Haq Kakar]] ([[Caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan|Caretaker]])
| predecessor1 = [[Imran Khan]]
| president1 = [[Arif Alvi]]
| term_start1 = 11 April 2022
| term_end1 = 14 August 2023
| office2 = [[Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| primeminister2 = [[Imran Khan]]
| term_start2 = 20 August 2018
| term_end2 = 10 April 2022
| president2 = {{unbulleted list|[[Mamnoon Hussain]]|[[Arif Alvi]]}}
| predecessor2 = [[Khurshid Shah]]
| successor2 = [[Raja Riaz]]
| office3 = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| term_start3 = 29 February 2024
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 = 13 August 2018
| term_end4 = 10 August 2023
| office6 = 13th & 16th [[List of Chief Ministers of Punjab (Pakistan)|Chief Minister of Punjab]]
| governor6 = {{unbulleted list|[[Chaudhry Sarwar]]|[[Malik Muhammad Rafique Rajwana]]}}
| term_start6 = 7 June 2013
| term_end6 = 7 June 2018
| predecessor6 = [[Najam Sethi]] (caretaker)
| successor6 = [[Hasan Askari Rizvi]] (caretaker)
| governor7 = {{unbulleted list|[[Makhdoom Ahmed Mehmood]]|[[Latif Khosa]]|[[Salmaan Taseer]]}}
| term_start7 = 30 March 2009
| term_end7 = 26 March 2013
| predecessor7 = ''Governor's rule''
| successor7 = [[Najam Sethi]] (caretaker)
| governor8 = {{unbulleted list|[[Shahid Hamid]]|[[Zulfiqar Ali Khosa]]}}
| term_start8 = 8 June 2008
| term_end8 = 25 February 2009
| predecessor8 = [[Dost Muhammad Khosa]]
| successor8 = ''Governor's rule''
| term_start9 = 20 February 1997
| term_end9 = 12 October 1999
| predecessor9 = [[Mian Muhammad Afzal Hayat]] (caretaker)
| successor9 = [[Parvez Elahi]]
| office10 = [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)#Leaders|President of Pakistan Muslim League (N)]]
| term_start10 = 13 March 2018
| term_end10 = 13 May 2024
| predecessor10 = [[Nawaz Sharif]]
| successor10 = [[Nawaz Sharif]]
| term_start11 = 2009
| term_end11 = 2011
| predecessor11 = [[Chaudhary Nisar Ali Khan]]
| successor11 = [[Nawaz Sharif]]
| constituency3 = [[NA-123 (Lahore-VII)]]
| predecessor3 = ''Himself'' {{small|([[NA-123 Lahore-VII|NA-132 (Lahore-X)]])}}
| successor3 =
| constituency4 = [[NA-123 Lahore-VII|NA-132 (Lahore-X)]]
| successor4 = ''Himself'' {{small|([[NA-123 (Lahore-VII)]])}}
| predecessor4 = [[Khawaja Saad Rafique]] {{small|([[Constituency NA-125|NA-125 (Lahore-VIII)]])}} [[Shazia Mubashar]] {{small|([[Constituency NA-129|NA-129 (Lahore-XII)]])}} [[Sohail Shaukat Butt]] {{small|([[Constituency NA-130|NA-130 (Lahore-XIII)]])}}
| constituency5 = [[NA-120 Lahore-IV|NA-96 (Lahore-V)]]
| predecessor5 = [[Jehangir Bader]]
| successor5 = [[Kamil Ali Agha]]
| birth_name = Muhammad Shehbaz Sharif
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1951|9|23}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], West Punjab, Pakistan
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|businessperson}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]] (1993–present)
| otherparty = [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad|IJI]] (1988–1993)
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* {{marriage|Begum Nusrat|1973}}
* {{marriage|Aaliya Honey|1993|1994|end=div}}<ref name="Khan2010">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/muslim-law-and-pakistan/articleshow/5783047.cms|title=Muslim law and Pakistan|first=Omer Farooq|last=Khan|date=10 April 2010|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 February 2024|archive-date=3 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303145034/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/muslim-law-and-pakistan/articleshow/5783047.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Iqbal2005">{{Cite web |url=https://gulfnews.com/1.276492 |title=Shahbaz's wedding to top city socialite is talk of town |first=Abdullah |last=Iqbal |date=7 February 2005 |website=[[Gulf News]] |access-date=10 February 2024 |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901162703/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/shahbazs-wedding-to-top-city-socialite-is-talk-of-town-1.276492 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{marriage|[[Tehmina Durrani]]|2003}}<ref name="Iqbal2005"/>
}}
| children = 4, including [[Hamza Shahbaz]]
| relatives = [[Sharif family]]
| education = [[Government College University, Lahore]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| signature = Signature of Shehbaz Sharif.svg
| parents = [[Mian Muhammad Sharif]] (father) Shamim Akhtar (mother)
| nationality = Pakistani
| office15 = Member of the [[Provincial Assembly of Punjab]]
| term_start15 = 18 October 1993
| term_end15 = 31 May 2018|
| term_start16 = 30 November 1988
| term_end16 = 6 August 1990
| office14 = [[Leader of the Opposition in the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Leader of the Opposition of Punjab]]
| term_start14 = 18 October 1993
| term_end14 = 17 November 1996
| successor14 = [[Saeed Ahmed Khan]]
| predecessor14 = Rana Ikram Rabbani
| term_start5 = 3 November 1990
| term_end5 = 18 July 1993
| honorific_prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
}}
{{Shehbaz Sharif sidebar}}'''Mian Muhammad Shehbaz Sharif'''{{efn|[[Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: {{nq|میاں محمد شہباز شریف}}, {{IPA|hns|mɪˈãː mʊˈh̤əmːəd ʃɛhˈbaːz ʃəˈriːf|pron}}}} (born 23 September 1951) is a Pakistani politician and businessman who has served as the [[prime minister of Pakistan]] since March 2024, having previously been in the role between April 2022 to August 2023. He has also served as the president of the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] and [[chief minister of Punjab (Pakistan)|chief minister of Punjab]] three times, making him the longest-serving person in the role.

A scion of the [[Sharif family|prominent Pakistani political family]], Sharif was elected to the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Punjab Assembly]] in 1988 and to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] in 1990. He was re-elected to the Punjab Assembly in 1993 and appointed [[Leader of the Opposition of Punjab (Pakistan)|leader of the opposition]]. He was elected as chief minister of Pakistan's most populous province, [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], for the first time on 20 February 1997. After the [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état]], Sharif, along with his family, spent years of [[self-exile]] in [[Saudi Arabia]], returning to Pakistan in 2007. Sharif was appointed chief minister for a second term after the PML(N)'s victory in Punjab in the [[2008 Pakistani general election]]. He was elected as chief minister of Punjab for the third time after the [[2013 Punjab provincial election]] and served his term until his party's defeat in the [[2018 Punjab provincial election]]. Sharif was nominated as the president of the PML(N) after his brother, [[Nawaz Sharif]], was disqualified from holding office in the wake of the [[Panama Papers case]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2018 |title=Shehbaz Sharif elected president of Pakistan's ruling party |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1265496/world |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=Arab News}}</ref>

He was nominated as the leader of the opposition after the [[2018 Pakistani general election|2018 general election]], and elected prime minister in 2022 after the [[no-confidence motion against Imran Khan]] was passed in the National Assembly. After the PML(N) won a minority in the [[2024 Pakistani general election|2024 general election]], Sharif became prime minister with a coalition government.

== Early life and education ==
Sharif was born on 23 September 1951<ref name="pakistantoday/30july2017" /><ref name="hindustantimes/29july2017">{{cite news|title=Who are Shehbaz Sharif and Khaqan Abbasi, PLM-N's replacements for Nawaz Sharif as Pakistan PM|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/meet-shehbaz-sharif-and-khaqan-abbasi-pml-n-s-replacements-for-nawaz-sharif/story-PCWyz9kaTrFPpC6yVYAVoO.html|access-date=30 July 2017|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=29 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729145740/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/meet-shehbaz-sharif-and-khaqan-abbasi-pml-n-s-replacements-for-nawaz-sharif/story-PCWyz9kaTrFPpC6yVYAVoO.html|archive-date=29 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=If elections are held on time… |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/404658 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205143518/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/404658 |archive-date=5 December 2017 |access-date=4 December 2017 |work=[[The News International]] |language=en}}</ref> in [[Lahore]], [[West Punjab]].<ref name="dawn/13jan2012">{{cite news |date=13 January 2012 |title=Shahbaz Sharif |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/687800 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728201508/https://www.dawn.com/news/687800 |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=23 July 2017 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref> His [[Sharif family|family]] is [[Kashmiris in Punjab|Punjabi with Kashmiri ancestry]]. Sharif's father, [[Mian Muhammad Sharif]], was an upper-middle-class businessman and [[Business magnate|industrialist]] whose family had emigrated from [[Anantnag district|Anantnag]] in [[Kashmir]] for business, and eventually settled in the village of [[Jati Umra (Amritsar)|Jati Umra]] in [[Amritsar district]], Punjab, at the beginning of the twentieth century. His mother's family came from [[Pulwama]].<ref>{{cite news|title=As Nawaz Sharif becomes PM, Kashmir gets voice in Pakistan power circuit – Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/as-nawaz-sharif-becomes-pm-kashmir-gets-voice-in-pakistan-power-circuit/1125778/|access-date=29 July 2017|work=archive.indianexpress.com|language=en-gb|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231702/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/as-nawaz-sharif-becomes-pm-kashmir-gets-voice-in-pakistan-power-circuit/1125778/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Following the [[partition of India]] and Pakistan's independence in 1947, his parents migrated from Amritsar to Lahore.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lieven|first1=Anatol|title=Pakistan: A Hard Country|date=2011|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=9781610390231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEZt49MVZIAC&pg=PA244|access-date=23 July 2017|archive-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506062703/https://books.google.com/books?id=fEZt49MVZIAC&pg=PA244|url-status=live}}</ref> He has two brothers, [[Abbas Sharif]] and [[Nawaz Sharif]]. Nawaz is a three-time elected Prime Minister of Pakistan, serving the longest non-consecutive tenure in the role.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Baloch |first2=Shah Meer |date=27 October 2023 |title=Pakistan looks back to the future as Nawaz Sharif eyes fourth stint as PM |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/27/pakistan-looks-back-to-the-future-as-nawaz-sharif-eyes-fourth-stint-as-pm |access-date=1 July 2025 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Nawaz's wife, [[Kulsoom Nawaz]], was the First Lady of Pakistan for three non-consecutive terms and his daughter, [[Maryam Nawaz]] is the current [[Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan)|Chief Minister of Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Maryam Nawaz, Pakistan's first woman chief minister? |date=26 February 2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/pakistan-elects-maryam-nawaz-as-first-female-chief-minister/a-68374959 |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=dw.com}}</ref>

Sharif attended [[St. Anthony High School, Lahore]], and received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the [[Government College University, Lahore]].<ref name="pap/profile" /> After his graduation, he joined his family-owned [[Ittefaq Group]]. He was elected president of [[Lahore Chamber of Commerce & Industry]] in 1985.<ref name="dawn/13jan2012" /><ref name="dawn/25april2013" /> Sharif can speak [[Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[English language|English]], [[German language|German]] and [[Arabic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2022 |title=Wild fact of the day — PM Shehbaz Sharif speaks German |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1190779 |website=Dawn |quote=Others praised him for "the man he is" for speaking Sindhi, Arabic, Urdu, Punjabi, English and now German.}}</ref>

==Early political career==
Sharif began his political career after getting elected to the [[Provincial Assembly of Punjab|Punjab Assembly]] from Constituency PP-122 (Lahore-VII) as a candidate of the [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]] (IJI) in the [[1988 Pakistani general election|1988 general election]].<ref name="dawn/25april2013">{{cite news |date=25 April 2013 |title=Shahbaz Sharif |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1024486 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728203647/https://www.dawn.com/news/1024486 |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=22 July 2017 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ecp/pa88-97">{{cite web|title=Election result Punjab Assembly 1988–97|url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Results%201988%20-%201997/Punjab.pdf|publisher=ECP|access-date=27 February 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830191836/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Results%201988%20-%201997/Punjab.pdf|archive-date=30 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="thenews/1june2013">{{cite news |date=1 June 2013 |title=16 old, seven new faces from Lahore to take oath today |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/434107-16-old-seven-new-faces-from-lahore-to-take-oath-today |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728210259/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/434107-16-old-seven-new-faces-from-lahore-to-take-oath-today |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=23 July 2017 |work=[[The News International]] |language=en}}</ref> He had 22,372 votes and defeated a candidate of the [[Pakistan People's Party]] (PPP).<ref name="ecp/pa88-97" /> However, his term prematurely ended in 1990 when the assemblies were dissolved.<ref name="pap/profile">{{cite web|title=Profile|url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/20/1009|website=www.pap.gov.pk|publisher=Provincial Assembly of The Punjab|access-date=22 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805070607/http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/20/1009|archive-date=5 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="dawn/2aug2008">{{cite news|title=Opinion|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1071420/dawn-opinion-august-02-2008|access-date=22 July 2017|work=dawn.com|date=2 August 2008|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728203713/https://www.dawn.com/news/1071420/dawn-opinion-august-02-2008|archive-date=28 July 2017}}</ref>

He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of Punjab from Constituency PP-124 (Lahore-IX) as an IJI candidate in the [[1990 Pakistani general election|1990 general election]]. He received 26,408 votes and defeated a candidate of the [[Pakistan Democratic Alliance]] (PDA).<ref name="ecp/pa88-97" /> In the same election, he was elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] from Constituency NA-96 (Lahore-V) as a candidate of IJI. He secured 54,506 votes and defeated [[Jehangir Bader]].<ref name="dawn/25april2013" /><ref name="ecp/na-88-97">{{cite web|title=Election result National Assembly 1988–97|url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Results%201988%20-%201997/NA.pdf|publisher=ECP|access-date=27 February 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828225608/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Results%201988%20-%201997/NA.pdf|archive-date=28 August 2017}}</ref> He vacated the Punjab Assembly seat to retain his National Assembly seat.<ref name="thenews/1june2013" /> His term prematurely ended in 1993<ref name="pap/profile" /> when the assemblies were dissolved.<ref name="dawn/2aug2008" />

He was re-elected to the Punjab Assembly from Constituency PP-125 (Lahore-X) as a candidate of the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (PML(N)), a new party founded by his brother, Nawaz, in the [[1993 Pakistani general election|1993 general election]].<ref name="thenews/1june2013" /> He received 28,068 votes and defeated a candidate of PPP.<ref name="ecp/pa88-97" /> In the same election, he was re-elected to the National Assembly from Constituency NA-96 (Lahore-V) as a candidate of the PML(N). He secured 55,867 votes and defeated [[Yousuf Salahuddin]].<ref name="ecp/na-88-97" /> He vacated the National Assembly seat and retained his Provincial Punjab Assembly seat.<ref name="dawn/25april2013" /> Shortly after the election, he was elected Leader of the Opposition in the Punjab Assembly.<ref name="thenews/25nov2007" /> During his tenure as Leader of the Opposition, he travelled to the [[United Kingdom]] for medical treatment. In his absence, [[Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi]] was made Acting Leader of the Opposition in the Punjab Assembly.<ref name="thenews/25nov2007" /><ref name="dawn/29nov2002">{{cite news |date=29 November 2002 |title=Pervaiz pledges to uproot corruption |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/69023/pervaiz-pledges-to-uproot-corruption |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305041659/https://www.dawn.com/news/69023/pervaiz-pledges-to-uproot-corruption |archive-date=5 March 2017 |access-date=23 July 2017 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref> His term as a member of the Punjab Assembly and Leader of the Opposition prematurely ended in November 1996<ref name="pap/profile" /> when the assemblies were dissolved.<ref name="dawn/25april2013" /><ref name="dawn/2aug2008" />

== Chief Minister of Punjab (1997–1999) and exile ==
{{main|Chief ministership of Shehbaz Sharif#First term (1997–99)|First Shehbaz Sharif provincial government|1999 Pakistani coup d'état}}

Sharif was re-elected to the Punjab Assembly from Constituency PP-125 (Lahore-X) as a candidate of the PML(N) in the [[1997 Punjab provincial election]].<ref name="thenews/1june2013" /> He received 25,013 votes and defeated a candidate of PPP.<ref name="ecp/pa88-97" /> In the same election, he was re-elected to the National Assembly from Constituency NA-96 (Lahore-V) as a candidate of PML(N). He secured 47,614 votes and defeated [[Hanif Ramay]].<ref name="ecp/na-88-97" /> He was elected as the [[List of Chief Ministers of Punjab (Pakistan)|Chief Minister of Punjab]] for the first time and was sworn in as 13th Chief Minister of Punjab on 20 February 1997.<ref name="pakistantoday/30july2017" /><ref name="thenews/25nov2007" />

Sharif focused on healthcare, education, agriculture and the promotion of industry in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].<ref name="dawn/13jan2012" /><ref name="thenews/25nov2007" /> He undertook several development projects in Lahore and launched a crackdown on criminals across the province to maintain law and order.<ref name="thenews/25nov2007" /> Sharif introduced a series of educational reforms such as reformed exams in a variety of subjects, as well as self-finance schemes for students.<ref name="dawn/13jan2012" />

He held his office until 12 October 1999 when was removed from the post of Chief Minister in the [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état]].<ref name="dawn/13jan2012" /><ref name="pap/profile" /><ref name="dawn/25april2013" /><ref name="dawn/2aug2008" />

In 1999, a complainant, Saeeduddin, lodged a [[first information report]] and accused Sharif of allowing the [[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Punjab Police]], as chief minister, to kill his son along with other men in a fake encounter.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 June 2003 |title=Shahbaz Sharif, five cops summoned |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/105853 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731153817/https://www.dawn.com/news/105853 |archive-date=31 July 2018 |access-date=31 July 2018 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref> In the encounter, his two sons and three other people were killed by the police.<ref name="dawn/2march2008">{{cite news |date=2 March 2008 |title=Shahbaz acquitted in Sabzazar case |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/291855 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728203305/https://www.dawn.com/news/291855 |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=31 July 2018 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Release of Pacific trade text opens fight for ratification |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/71757-sabzazar-shootout-case |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731183129/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/71757-sabzazar-shootout-case |archive-date=31 July 2018 |access-date=31 July 2018 |work=[[The News International]] |language=en}}</ref> Following the coup Sharif was imprisoned.<ref name="pap/profile" /> In December 2000, he, along with his immediate family members, was forcibly exiled to [[Saudi Arabia]] following the request of the [[Saudi royal family]].<ref name="thenews/25nov2007">{{cite news |date=25 November 2007 |title=Nawaz Sharif, a profile |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/81984-nawaz-sharif-a-profile |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728205219/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/81984-nawaz-sharif-a-profile |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=23 July 2017 |work=[[The News International]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="thenews/5nov2006" /><ref name="dawn/13jan2012" />

While in exile in Saudi Arabia, Sharif was elected as the PML(N) President in August 2002 and moved to the United Kingdom in 2003 for medical treatment.<ref name="thenews/5nov2006">{{cite news |date=5 November 2006 |title=Government's move to woo Shahbaz |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/646501-governments-move-to-woo-shahbaz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728205442/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/646501-governments-move-to-woo-shahbaz |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=23 July 2017 |work=[[The News International]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dawn/25april2013" /><ref name="thenews/25nov2007" />

In 2003, an anti-terrorism court summoned Sharif and five others accused in alleged extrajudicial killings in 1998. He was in the exile at that time and failed to show-up to the court. Later, the court issued an arrest warrant for Sharif.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 June 2003 |title=Warrants for Shahbaz Sharif issued |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/106021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728205733/https://www.dawn.com/news/106021 |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=23 July 2017 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="bbc/7sept2007">{{cite news|title=Order for Sharif brother arrest|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6982961.stm|access-date=23 July 2017|publisher=BBC|date=7 September 2007|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412143342/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6982961.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2004, Sharif attempted to return to Pakistan to appear before the court, but was forcibly deported back to Saudi Arabia.<ref name="thenews/25nov2007" /><ref name="bbc/7sept2007" />

In August 2007, the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] gave its verdict which allowed the Sharif and Nawaz Sharif to return to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 September 2007 |title=Opinion |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1070434 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728204729/https://www.dawn.com/news/1070434 |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=23 July 2017 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref> In September 2007, an anti-terrorism court in Pakistan ordered police to arrest Sharif based on a 2003 arrest warrant.<ref name="bbc/7sept2007" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Court Orders Arrest of Former Prime Minister's Brother|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2007-09-07-voa22/343681.html|access-date=23 July 2017|work=VOA|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728202725/https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2007-09-07-voa22/343681.html|archive-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> He later achieved bail from an anti-terrorism court.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 December 2007 |title=Shahbaz granted pre-arrest bail |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/279234 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731153706/https://www.dawn.com/news/279234 |archive-date=31 July 2018 |access-date=31 July 2018 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref> Sharif denied ordering the alleged killings and said the charges against him were politically motivated.<ref name="bbc/7sept2007"/> He further added that in 2004, he had landed at [[Lahore Airport]], wanting to appear before the court, but was sent back to Saudi Arabia by the government in violation of the orders of the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arrest warrant for Shahbaz issued |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/652391-arrest-warrant-for-shahbaz-issued |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728204858/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/652391-arrest-warrant-for-shahbaz-issued |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=23 July 2017 |work=[[The News International]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2008, he was acquitted by the Anti-Terrorism Court in the [[Sabzazar]] case.<ref name="dawn/2march2008" />

Sharif was re-elected as PML(N) President for a second term in August 2006<ref name="dawn/25april2013" /><ref name="thenews/25nov2007" /> and returned to Pakistan along with Nawaz Sharif in November 2007.<ref name="thenews/25nov2007" />

Sharif was ineligible to take part in the [[2008 Pakistani general election|2008 general election]] due to the Sabzazar case, but a few months later he was acquitted by the court.<ref name="peoplesdaily/9june2008">{{cite news|title=Former Pak PM's brother elected provincial chief executive – People's Daily Online|url=http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90851/6426618.html|access-date=23 July 2017|work=en.people.cn|publisher=People's Daily Online|date=9 June 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227063709/http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90851/6426618.html|archive-date=27 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="dawn/2march2008" />

On 14 July 2019, the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' published a news with the headline: "Did the family of Pakistani politician who has become the poster boy for British overseas aid STEAL funds meant for earthquake victims?" According to the report, Shehbaz stole aid funds from the [[UK]]'s [[Department for International Development]] (DFID) following the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake|2005 earthquake]]. It was written by ''Daily Mail'' journalist [[David Rose (journalist)|David Rose]]. Investigations have shown that the donated more than £500 million to the earthquake victims in Pakistan through the DFID, a UK government organisation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title='Not accused of any wrongdoing': Daily Mail apologises to PM Shehbaz for false corruption allegation |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1725318 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210131709/https://www.dawn.com/news/1725318 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Daily Mail apologises to PM Shehbaz over 'corruption allegations' |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40213352 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210131710/https://www.brecorder.com/news/40213352 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=Brecorder |language=en}}</ref>

David Rose claimed Shehbaz used the aid funds to send one million pounds through money laundering to his frontman Aftab Mehmood, a British citizen of Pakistani descent, who then gave the money to Shehbaz's family. Shehbaz and his family allegedly stole British citizens' tax relief funds, according to news reports. Salman Shehbaz, Shehbaz's son, refuted this information.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title='Not accused of any wrongdoing': Daily Mail apologises to Pakistan PM Shehbaz for false corruption allegation |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/daily-mail-apologises-to-pakistan-pm-shehbaz-for-false-corruption-allegation-2307029-2022-12-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210131709/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/daily-mail-apologises-to-pakistan-pm-shehbaz-for-false-corruption-allegation-2307029-2022-12-08 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

A DFID representative referred to the reports as "baseless" and "fabricated" on the organisation's website, and in January 2020, Shehbaz filed a claim for damages against the ''Daily Mail'' and Rose in the [[Royal Court of Justice]] in [[London]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2020 |title=Shahbaz Sharif files case against British journalist David Rose |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/549675/shahbaz-sharif-files-case-against-british-journalist-david-rose-and-daily-mail/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210131709/https://dailytimes.com.pk/549675/shahbaz-sharif-files-case-against-british-journalist-david-rose-and-daily-mail/ |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=Daily Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

According to court documents, the ''Daily Mail'' took almost three years to submit a defence of Rose's story. On 20 April 2020, Justice [[Matthew Nicklin]] issued the initial order for the listing hearing window running from 21 April 2020 to 31 July 2020. On 7 May 2020, Justice Nicklin issued a second ruling that extended the due dates. On 20 October 2020, Justice Nicklin issued the first order, merging the claims of Shehbaz and his son-in-law Yousaf. On 28 January 2021, Justice Nicklin issued another order pertaining to the preliminary issue trial.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=9 December 2022 |title=Daily Mail took 3 years to file defence in PM Shehbaz defamation case before apology |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/457650-daily-mail-took-9-extensions-3-years-to-file-defence-in-pm-shehbaz-defamation-case-before-apology |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210131709/https://www.geo.tv/latest/457650-daily-mail-took-9-extensions-3-years-to-file-defence-in-pm-shehbaz-defamation-case-before-apology |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=www.geo.tv |language=en}}</ref> The verdict and order were delivered on 5 February 2021. Justice Nicklin ruled at the meaning hearing at the [[High Court of Justice|London High Court]] in favour of the PML(N). Justice Nicklin determined that the ''[[The Mail on Sunday|Mail on Sunday]]'s'' article carried the highest level of defamatory meaning for both Shehbaz and Yousaf.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

On 18 February 2021, Justice Nicklin issued the directive with relation to certain deadlines. On 15 March 2022, the ''Daily Mail'' filed its defence. On 17 March 2022, Master Thornett issued the directive to file the defence. On 23 June and 20 September 2022, he then issued the orders to extend the deadline for filing the defence. Following negotiations to resolve the dispute after March 2022 between ''Daily Mail'' and Shehbaz, it was made apparent to his legal counsel that the publication would issue an apology and take down the item under his conditions. On 26 September 2022, Justice Nicklin issued an order and scheduled a joint case management meeting for 9 November.<ref name="auto1" /> Three days prior to this hearing, Shehbaz pulled his request for a delay in favour of a full trial in a shrewd political move. According to the regulations, the court was not informed that the lawyers for ''Daily Mail'' had been secretly negotiating with Shehbaz's lawyers for several months, proposing to apologise. Shehbaz was persuaded by his legal staff that there was no use in submitting more paperwork as the paper had already agreed to apologise and remove the defamatory and misleading piece.<ref name="auto1" />

''Daily Mail'' publishers and Shehbaz's lawyers signed an agreement of settlement with Tomlin Order in the second week of December 2022, after which ''Daily Mail'' removed the defamatory article and apologised to the prime minister and his son-in-law. The ANL promised that it will never propagate these false allegations at any forum, it has also worked with [[Google]] to remove all articles carrying ''Daily Mail's'' previous allegations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Daily Mail apologises to PM over funds embezzlement allegations |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2390108/daily-mail-apologises-to-shehbaz-over-funds-embezzlement-allegations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209123547/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2390108/daily-mail-apologises-to-shehbaz-over-funds-embezzlement-allegations |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2022 |title=Daily Mail tenders apology to Shehbaz |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/1037218/daily-mail-tenders-apology-to-shehbaz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210131709/https://dailytimes.com.pk/1037218/daily-mail-tenders-apology-to-shehbaz/ |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=Daily Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Chief Minister of Punjab (2008–2018) ==
{{main|Chief ministership of Shehbaz Sharif#Second and third term (2008–13)|Chief ministership of Shehbaz Sharif#Third term (2013–2018)|Second Shehbaz Sharif provincial government|Third Shehbaz Sharif provincial government}}

Sharif was re-elected to the Punjab Assembly unopposed from [[Constituency PP-48 (Bhakkar-II)]] as a PML(N) candidate in the by-election held in June 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shahbaz Sharif elected unopposed to Punjab Assembly|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/shahbaz-sharif-elected-unopposed-to-punjab-assembly-1.110050|access-date=27 February 2018|work=GulfNews|date=2 June 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227063708/http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/shahbaz-sharif-elected-unopposed-to-punjab-assembly-1.110050|archive-date=27 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hanif |first1=Intikhab |date=6 June 2008 |title=Shahbaz to take oath today: Khosa, cabinet set to resign |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/306246 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728205736/https://www.dawn.com/news/306246 |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=23 July 2017 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, he was elected unopposed as the Chief Minister of Punjab, receiving 265 votes unopposed after securing 265 votes.<ref name="dawn/25april2013" /><ref name="thenews/1june2013" /> Later, in June 2008, while holding the Assembly seat from Constituency PP-48 (Bhakkar-II), Sharif contested for a seat in the Punjab Assembly from [[Constituency PP-10 (Rawalpindi-X)]]. He was elected unopposed but resigned from this seat due to a dispute regarding his eligibility to serve as chief minister.<ref>{{cite news |title=SC summons record in Shahbaz eligibility case |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/669500 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227214134/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/669500 |archive-date=27 February 2018 |access-date=27 February 2018 |work=[[The News International]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="nation/24june2008">{{cite news|title=Shahbaz eligibility for CM questioned|url=https://nation.com.pk/24-Jun-2008/shahbaz-eligibility-for-cm-questioned|access-date=27 February 2018|work=The Nation|archive-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731153851/https://nation.com.pk/24-Jun-2008/shahbaz-eligibility-for-cm-questioned|url-status=live}}</ref>

His second term as chief minister was interrupted on 25 February 2009 when the Supreme Court of Pakistan declared him ineligible to hold public office, resulting in the vacancy of his seat in the Punjab Assembly and his removal from the office of chief minister.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Iqbal |first1=Nasir |date=26 February 2009 |title=SC makes public office out of bounds for Sharif brothers |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/346205/sc-makes-public-office-out-of-bounds-for-sharif-brothers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731153650/https://www.dawn.com/news/346205/sc-makes-public-office-out-of-bounds-for-sharif-brothers |archive-date=31 July 2018 |access-date=27 February 2018 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref> On 1 April 2009, a five-member larger bench of the Supreme Court overturned the earlier decision, reinstating Sharif as chief minister.<ref name="thenews/1april2009">{{cite news |date=1 April 2009 |title=Shahbaz 2nd CM restored by court |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/168881-Millat-Park-murder-suspects-held-claims-police |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728202641/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/168881-Millat-Park-murder-suspects-held-claims-police |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=23 July 2017 |work=[[The News International]] |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[2013 Pakistani general election|2013 general election]], Sharif was re-elected to the Punjab Assembly from three Constituencies PP-159 (Lahore-XXIII), PP-161 (Lahore-XXV) and PP-247 (Rajanpur-I), as a PML(N) candidate. In the same election, he was re-elected to the National Assembly from [[Constituency NA-129|Constituency NA-129 (Lahore-XII)]].<ref name="ecp/2013">{{cite web|title=2013 election result|url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf|publisher=ECP|access-date=27 February 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201140612/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2018}}</ref> Sharif chose to retain his Provincial Assembly seat PP-159 (Lahore-XXIII) and was re-elected as chief minister of Punjab for the third time, receiving 300 votes in the 371-member Provincial Assembly.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shahbaz Sharif takes oath as Punjab chief minister – The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/559678/shahbaz-sharif-elected-punjab-chief-minister/|access-date=27 February 2018|work=The Express Tribune|date=6 June 2013|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612171921/https://tribune.com.pk/story/559678/shahbaz-sharif-elected-punjab-chief-minister/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 June 2013 |title=Shahbaz sworn in as CM Punjab for third time |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1027821/punjab-assembly-to-elect-cm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728203657/https://www.dawn.com/news/1027821/punjab-assembly-to-elect-cm |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=23 July 2017 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Intra-party politics ===
{{See also|Panama Papers case}}
In 2016, Sharif was elected unopposed as the president of the PML(N)'s Punjab chapter in intra-party elections.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shahbaz Sharif elected unopposed as President of PML-N Punjab|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/19-Oct-2016/shahbaz-elected-unopposed-as-pml-n-punjab-president|access-date=23 July 2017|work=Radio Pakistan|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728211046/http://www.radio.gov.pk/19-Oct-2016/shahbaz-elected-unopposed-as-pml-n-punjab-president|archive-date=28 July 2017}}</ref>

On 29 July 2017, following the disqualification of outgoing Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif after the [[Panama Papers case]] decision, Sharif was named leader of the PML(N) and their candidate for the office of prime minister.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shahbaz Sharif will be Pakistan's next Prime Minister |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/219632 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728202531/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/219632-Shehbaz-Sharif-to-replace-Nawaz-Sharif |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=28 July 2017 |work=[[The News International]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Sanaullah Khan |author2=Syed Sammer Abbas |date=28 July 2017 |title=Shahbaz tipped to be Nawaz's choice for prime minister: reports |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1348225 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728212118/https://www.dawn.com/news/1348225/shahbaz-tipped-to-be-nawazs-choice-for-prime-minister-reports |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bilal |first1=Muhammad |date=29 July 2017 |title=Shahbaz's name finalised as successor to Nawaz Sharif |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1348391 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135022/https://www.dawn.com/news/1348391 |archive-date=29 July 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref> However, he was not a member of the National Assembly, so [[Petroleum Division (Pakistan)|Petroleum Minister]] [[Shahid Khaqan Abbasi]] was asked to serve as the interim prime minister of Pakistan, allowing Sharif enough time to enter the legislature through a by-election.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sana Jamal|title=Shahid Khaqan Abbasi appointed as interim PM of Pakistan|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/shahid-khaqan-abbasi-appointed-as-interim-pm-of-pakistan-1.2066083|access-date=29 July 2017|work=GulfNews|date=29 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729214358/http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/shahid-khaqan-abbasi-appointed-as-interim-pm-of-pakistan-1.2066083|archive-date=29 July 2017}}</ref> Later, Sharif decided to complete his tenure as chief minister until the next general election.<ref name="indianexpress/3aug2017">{{cite news|title=Shahid Khaqan Abbasi likely to continue as Pakistan PM for 10-month PML-N tenure|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/pakistan/pakistan-pm-shahid-khaqan-abbasi-nawaz-sharif-4780752/|access-date=5 August 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=3 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805181002/http://indianexpress.com/article/pakistan/pakistan-pm-shahid-khaqan-abbasi-nawaz-sharif-4780752/|archive-date=5 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 August 2017 |title=Sana opposes Shahbaz's elevation to Centre |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1349073 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805181917/https://www.dawn.com/news/1349073/sana-opposes-shahbazs-elevation-to-centre |archive-date=5 August 2017 |access-date=5 August 2017 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref>

In December 2017, Sharif was named as the candidate of PML(N) for the office of prime minister in the 2018 general election.<ref name="thenews/21dec2017">{{cite news |date=21 December 2017 |title=Shahbaz is next premier: Nawaz |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/258601 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221135036/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/258601-shahbaz-is-next-premier-nawaz |archive-date=21 December 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017 |work=[[The News International]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hussain |first1=Javed |last2=Shaikh |first2=Ubaidullah |date=21 December 2017 |title=Shahbaz to be PML-N's next candidate for prime minister: Nawaz Sharif |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1378008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222000152/https://www.dawn.com/news/1378008/shahbaz-to-be-pml-ns-next-candidate-for-prime-minister-nawaz-sharif |archive-date=22 December 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref>

In February 2018, Sharif was appointed the interim president of the PML(N).<ref>{{cite news|title=Shehbaz Sharif appointed acting president of PML-N|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1645952/1|access-date=27 February 2018|work=The Express Tribune|date=27 February 2018|archive-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227212136/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1645952/1-pml-n-set-announce-party-president-today/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PML-N endorses Nawaz's decision to pass on baton to Shehbaz|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/02/27/shehbaz-sharif-elected-as-pml-ns-interim-president-reports/|access-date=27 February 2018|work=www.pakistantoday.com.pk}}</ref> In March 2018, he was elected unopposed as the president of PML(N).<ref>{{cite news |author=Javed Hussain |date=13 March 2018 |title='Cannot even think of replacing Nawaz': Shahbaz Sharif appointed PML-N president |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1394992 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313135001/https://www.dawn.com/news/1394992/cannot-even-think-of-replacing-nawaz-shahbaz-sharif-appointed-pml-n-president |archive-date=13 March 2018 |access-date=13 March 2018 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref> It was reported{{By whom|date=August 2025}} that [[The Establishment (Pakistan)|the establishment]] had previously offered Sharif the position of prime minister of Pakistan on several occasions, which he did not accept.<ref name="indianexpress/30july2017">{{cite news|title=The baton in Pakistan passes from Nawaz Sharif to Shahbaz|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/the-baton-in-pakistan-passes-from-nawaz-sharif-to-shahbaz-4774667/|access-date=31 July 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=30 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731151317/http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/the-baton-in-pakistan-passes-from-nawaz-sharif-to-shahbaz-4774667/|archive-date=31 July 2017}}</ref>

== Leader of the Opposition (2018–2022) ==
[[File:Shehbaz Sharif at an anti-PTI government protest.png|thumb|Sharif at an anti-[[Imran Khan government]] rally in Islamabad, November 2019]]
Sharif was elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of PML(N) from Constituency NA-132 (Lahore-X) in the [[2018 Pakistani general election]]. In the same election, he was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of Punjab as a candidate of PML(N) from Constituency PP-164 (Lahore-XXI) and PP-165 (Lahore-XXII).<ref name="dawn/17aug2018">{{cite news |date=17 August 2018 |title=Shahbaz Sharif — the three-time Punjab CM in the running for next PM |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1427542 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818023441/https://www.dawn.com/news/1427542 |archive-date=18 August 2018 |access-date=18 August 2018 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref> Following his successful election, he abandoned his Punjab seats in favour of the National assembly seat.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Iftikhar A. |date=14 August 2018 |title=By-polls on 11 NA seats to be held within two months |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1426872 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816195030/https://www.dawn.com/news/1426872 |archive-date=16 August 2018 |access-date=18 August 2018 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref>

On 16 August 2018, he was nominated by PML(N) for the office of Prime Minister of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 August 2018 |title=Imran, Shahbaz file nomination papers for PM's slot |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/355604-imran-shahbaz-file-nomination-papers-for-pm-s-slot |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818115319/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/355604-imran-shahbaz-file-nomination-papers-for-pm-s-slot |archive-date=18 August 2018 |access-date=18 August 2018 |work=[[The News International]] |language=en}}</ref> The following day, he secured 96 votes, losing to [[Imran Khan]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wasim |first1=Amir |date=18 August 2018 |title=Imran outscores Shahbaz, secures top job |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1427716/imran-outscores-shahbaz-secures-top-job |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818025118/https://www.dawn.com/news/1427716/imran-outscores-shahbaz-secures-top-job |archive-date=18 August 2018 |access-date=18 August 2018 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref> Later, he was nominated for the office of [[Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)|Leader of the Opposition]] in the National Assembly by 111 members of the National Assembly.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raza |first1=Syed Irfan |date=18 August 2018 |title=Shahbaz set to become opposition leader in National Assembly |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1427708/shahbaz-set-to-become-opposition-leader-in-national-assembly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818025200/https://www.dawn.com/news/1427708/shahbaz-set-to-become-opposition-leader-in-national-assembly |archive-date=18 August 2018 |access-date=18 August 2018 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref> On 20 August 2018, he was notified as Leader of the Opposition in the National Assembly. Concurrently, he served as Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee from 22 December 2018 until 28 November 2019, when he resigned and was succeeded by [[Rana Tanveer Hussain]].

In September 2020, the [[National Accountability Bureau]] (NAB) arrested Sharif on charges of laundering [[Pakistani rupee|Rs]]. 7,328 million (US$41 million) through a purported scheme involving close associates and family members.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan opposition leader arrested in corruption case |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/9/28/pakistan-opposition-leader-arrested-in-corruption-case |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928150812/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/9/28/pakistan-opposition-leader-arrested-in-corruption-case |archive-date=28 September 2020 |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> The NAB had previously frozen 23 properties owned by Sharif, his son, and other relatives, alleging these assets were acquired through unknown sources of income and that foreign funds were funnelled via fake transactions through a company owned by Sharif's son-in-law, Haroon Yousaf.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahbaz's son, daughter, son-in-law, three others declared POs |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/749941-money-laundering-assets-case-shahbaz-s-son-daughter-son-in-law-three-others-declared-pos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128122454/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/749941-money-laundering-assets-case-shahbaz-s-son-daughter-son-in-law-three-others-declared-pos |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=28 November 2020 |website=[[The News International]] |date=27 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

Following his arrest, Sharif was held in custody during the investigation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2020 |title=Pakistan's Opposition Leader Shahbaz Sharif Remanded in NAB Custody for 14 Days in Money Laundering Case |url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/pakistans-opposition-leader-shahbaz-sharif-remanded-in-nab-custody-for-14-days-in-money-laundering-case-2919225.html |access-date=22 April 2022 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422173312/https://www.news18.com/news/world/pakistans-opposition-leader-shahbaz-sharif-remanded-in-nab-custody-for-14-days-in-money-laundering-case-2919225.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2020, he was temporarily released on parole to attend his mother's funeral prayers.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 November 2020|title=Shahbaz, Hamza to be released on parole today|url=https://nation.com.pk/27-Nov-2020/shahbaz-sharif-hamza-to-be-released-on-parole-today|access-date=28 November 2020|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127084311/https://nation.com.pk/27-Nov-2020/shahbaz-sharif-hamza-to-be-released-on-parole-today|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 April 2021, he was granted bail by the [[Lahore High Court]] in the money laundering case.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LHC approves bail plea of Shehbaz Sharif in money laundering case|url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/597231-LHC-Shehbaz-Sharif-bail-plea-money-laundering-case|access-date=14 April 2021|website=Dunya News|date=14 February 2008 |archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414081652/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/597231-LHC-Shehbaz-Sharif-bail-plea-money-laundering-case|url-status=live}}</ref> On 12 October 2022, Sharif and his son were acquitted on all charges of corruption and money laundering by the Special Court Central in Lahore.<ref name="aljazeera.com">{{Cite web |title=Pakistani court acquits PM, son in money laundering case |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/12/pakistani-court-acquits-pm-son-in-money-laundering-case |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906030015/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/12/pakistani-court-acquits-pm-son-in-money-laundering-case |archive-date=6 September 2023 |access-date=7 September 2023 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> After the verdict, Sharif's lawyer Amjad Pervez described the case as "totally baseless and politically motivated."<ref name="aljazeera.com"/>

== Prime Minister (2022–2023) ==
{{main|Cypher No. I-0678|First premiership of Shehbaz Sharif|First Shehbaz Sharif government}}

On 10 April 2022, Sharif was nominated as a candidate for prime minister by opposition parties following the [[no-confidence motion against Imran Khan]] after the [[2022 Pakistani constitutional crisis]].<ref>{{cite web |date=11 April 2022 |title=Pakistan to Vote in New PM as Ousted Khan Rallies Supporters |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-10/pakistan-lawmakers-set-to-vote-in-new-pm-with-close-ties-to-army |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410123200/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-10/pakistan-lawmakers-set-to-vote-in-new-pm-with-close-ties-to-army |archive-date=10 April 2022 |access-date=10 April 2022 |website=Bloomberg News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shahzad |first1=Asif |last2=Hassan |first2=Syed Raza |date=11 April 2022 |title=Political change in Pakistan as Shehbaz Sharif seeks to become PM |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/nominations-pakistan-pm-due-supporters-ousted-khan-expected-protest-2022-04-10/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410134030/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/nominations-pakistan-pm-due-supporters-ousted-khan-expected-protest-2022-04-10/ |archive-date=10 April 2022 |access-date=10 April 2022 |newspaper=Reuters |via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> He was elected prime minister on 11 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shehbaz Sharif, Pakistan Opposition Leader, Elected New PM |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/shehbaz-sharif-pakistan-opposition-leader-elected-new-pm-2878194 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411115941/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/shehbaz-sharif-pakistan-opposition-leader-elected-new-pm-2878194 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name="Elected PM Dawn">{{cite news |date=11 April 2022 |title=Shehbaz Sharif elected prime minister of Pakistan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1684500/shehbaz-sharif-elected-prime-minister-of-pakistan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411121204/https://www.dawn.com/news/1684500/shehbaz-sharif-elected-prime-minister-of-pakistan |archive-date=11 April 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref> He took the oath of office on the same day, administered by the Chairman of the Senate, [[Sadiq Sanjrani]], acting for President [[Arif Alvi]], who was on medical leave after complaining of "discomfort".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shehbaz Sharif takes oath as prime minister of Pakistan |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/410879-shehbaz-sharif-takes-oath-as-prime-minister-of-pakistan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411161738/https://www.geo.tv/latest/410879-shehbaz-sharif-takes-oath-as-prime-minister-of-pakistan |archive-date=11 April 2022 |accessdate=11 April 2022 |website=www.geo.tv |date=11 April 2022 }}</ref>

=== Domestic policy ===
Sharif's main priority upon his ascension as prime minister in 2022 was to resolve the severe [[Pakistani economic crisis (2022–2024)|economic crisis]] that began that year, as rising fuel prices due to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], excessive borrowing, poor macroeconomic decision-making, a balance of payments crisis, among other factors had accumulated into a severe crisis that strained the nation's economy. Sharif also vowed to investigate [[Cypher No. I-0678|Imran Khan's allegations of American intervention]] to instigate the latter's removal from power, vowing to step down if an "iota of evidence" was found against him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zaman |first=Q. |title=Shehbaz Sharif elected as Pakistan's new prime minister |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/11/shehbaz-sharif-elected-as-pakistans-new-prime-minister-2 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Sharif promised to enact electoral reforms to ensure that free and fair elections occurred.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Masood |first1=Salman |last2=Goldbaum |first2=Christina |date=11 April 2022 |title=Shehbaz Sharif Becomes Pakistan's New Prime Minister Amid Turmoil |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/11/world/asia/pakistan-shehbaz-sharif-prime-minister.html |access-date=27 June 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==== Economic policy ====
{{See also|2022–23 Pakistan federal budget|2023–24 Pakistan federal budget|Pakistani economic crisis (2021–2024)|Pakistan and the International Monetary Fund}}
Soon after Sharif's swearing-in ceremony, the government announced a relief package that included various measures such as raising the minimum wage from Rs. 21,000 to Rs. 25,000, subsidising wheat flour, a 10% raise in pensions, and a government employee salary reduction to less than Rs. 100,000 rupees.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Shehbaz Sharif elected PM, unveils relief package |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/949416-shehbaz-elected-pm-announces-relief-package |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=[[The News International]] |date=12 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He also revived the [[Benazir Income Support Programme]] for poverty reduction, expanding it to educational aid.<ref name=":1" />

In order to resolve skyrocketing fuel prices, Sharif sought to amplify energy production from power projects. He expressed his intentions to resolve the lack of profit from Pakistan's coal of reserves, suggesting that the [[Thar Engro Coal Power Project]] could be connected to other coal-powered plants and amplify production to up to 4,000 [[megawatts]]. Sharif further suggested that the Thar Project could revive the national economy and save the government up to $6 billion as the expenditure on energy imports rose to $24 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BR-ePaper {{!}} 11 October 2022 {{!}} Page Front Page 1 |url=https://epaper.brecorder.com/2022/10/11/1-page/944661-news.html |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=BR-ePaper |language=en}}</ref>

Under Sharif's premiership, Pakistan's [[Inflation|inflation rate]] skyrocketed to a multi-decade high of 27.3% in September 2022<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan CPI inflation hits multi-decade high 27.3% on year in August|date=1 September 2022|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-cpi-inflation-hits-multi-decade-high-273-year-august-2022-09-01/|publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> and 37.97% in May 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan inflation hits record for second consecutive month|work=Al Jazeera|date=2 June 2023|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/2/pakistan-inflation-hits-record-for-second-consecutive-month}}</ref>
In January 2023, 7 million textile workers became unemployed due to decreasing exports and the government's failure to end the economic crisis.<ref>{{cite web|title=7 million people laid off in textile industry, associations claim|last=Khan|first=Aamir Shafaat|work=Dawn|date=10 January 2023|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1730864}}</ref>

Despite negotiations with the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) for a relief package for Pakistan's economy, the [[Pakistani rupee]] continued to depreciate under Sharif's tenure, with increasing inflation, unemployment, and low profits damaging business in Pakistan. The government's target of $7.7 billion for FY 2023 for foreign commercial loans also slumped, with only $0.2 billion gained from July to October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanif |first=Usman |date=6 December 2022 |title='Pakistan in financial emergency' |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2389724/pakistan-in-financial-emergency |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

Sharif's government continued negotiations with the IMF for a relief package to mitigate the effects of the economic crisis, with a staff-level agreement reached in June 2023 for a $3 billion stand-by arrangement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IMF Reaches Staff-level Agreement with Pakistan on a US$3 billion Stand-By Arrangement |url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/06/30/pr23251-imf-reaches-staff-level-agreement-with-pakistan-on-a-us-3-billion-stand-by-arrangement |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref> In July 2023, the IMF's executive board approved the loan and begin a disbursement of roughly $1.2 billion. To secure the loan, Sharif's government instituted austerity measures in its annual budget, raising taxes by $750 million and hiking its interest rate to 22%, measures to curb inflation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shahzad |first=Asif |date=24 June 2023 |title=Pakistan changes budget as dictated by IMF to clinch stalled funds |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/asia/pakistan-reviews-fy2024-budget-last-ditch-effort-clinch-imf-deal-2023-06-24/ |access-date=27 June 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rajvanshi |first=Astha |date=11 July 2023 |title=The IMF is Lending $3 Billion to Pakistan-Is it Enough? |url=https://time.com/6293769/imf-loan-pakistan/ |access-date=27 June 2025 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref>

==== 2022 Pakistan floods ====
{{Main|2022 Pakistan floods}}
In 2022, [[Sindh]] and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] received more rainfall than the August average, with 784% and 500% more, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=Floods have affected over 30 million in Pakistan: minister |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2373444/floods-have-affected-over-30-million-in-pakistan-minister |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> In addition to this rise in rainfall, southern Pakistan experienced [[2022 heat wave in India and Pakistan|back-to-back heat waves in May and June]] 2022, which were record-setting and made more likely by [[Climate change in Pakistan|climate change]]. These conditions created a strong [[thermal low]] that brought heavier rains than usual. On 25 August 2022, Sharif's government declared a nationwide [[state of emergency]] due to the floods, which killed around 1,700 people and caused over roughly $30–40 billion in damage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bin Javaid |first=Osama |title=Pakistan flood losses estimated at $40bn: Ex-finance minister |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/7/pakistan-flood-losses-estimated-at-40bn-ex-finance-minister |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2025 |title=Analysis of 2022 Pakistan floods identifies recovery strategies |url=https://carnegiescience.edu/news/analysis-2022-pakistan-floods-identifies-recovery-strategies |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=carnegiescience.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's 2022 Floods and Implications for U.S. Interests |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF12211 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2022 |title=Study: Pakistan Flood Damages, Economic Losses Exceed $30 Billion |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/study-pakistan-flood-damages-economic-losses-exceed-30-billion-/6810207.html |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://cms.ndma.gov.pk/storage/app/public/situation-reports/November2022/N2n1eEarMt6q6Rb8ZYwn.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128131128/https://cms.ndma.gov.pk/storage/app/public/situation-reports/November2022/N2n1eEarMt6q6Rb8ZYwn.pdf |archive-date=28 November 2023 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=cms.ndma.gov.pk}}</ref>
[[File:2022 Pakistan Floods - August 27, 2021 vs. August 27, 2022 in Sindh.jpg|thumb|Map comparing Sindh from before the 2022 floods and after]]
In response to the floods and farmer sit-ins over electricity and fuel bills, Sharif launched the Kissan Package for farmers' relief, forming a federal committee and unveiling a Rs. 600 billion package.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |first=Usama |date=5 October 2022 |title=Farmers end sit-in after govt accepts demands |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2380180/farmers-end-sit-in-after-govt-accepts-demands |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Shehzad |first=Rizwan |date=31 October 2022 |title=PM unveils Rs1.8tr mega relief for farmers |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2384058/pm-unveils-rs18tr-mega-relief-for-farmers |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> As a part of this package, the government would provide Rs. 50 billion subsidised loans to young entrepreneurs in the agriculture sector across the country, alongside Rs. 10 billion to small and medium enterprises in the agriculture sector. In addition to these measures, the package rolled out Rs. 5 billion to landless farmers affected by the floods, and the provision of 1.2 million bags of certified seeds to flood-affected farmers. In regards to cost divisions, Sharif stated that the federal government would provide 50% of the contributions while the four provinces would provide the other 50%.<ref name=":2" /> Sharif's government also reduced duties on [[knock-down kit]]s tractor parts from 35% to 15%, and wheat imports were enhanced to 2.6 million tonnes in order to prevent a national wheat shortage. These measures in the Kissan Package were implemented to enhance the agriculture sector and its related sectors such as the fertiliser industry, and particularly to mitigate the harmful economic effects of the floods on the country.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

==== Energy policy ====
{{See also|Global energy crisis (2021–2023)}}
Sharif's ascension as prime minister was also marked by an [[Global energy crisis (2021–2023)|energy crisis in Pakistan]] as a result of a failure to open completed projects and global fuel and energy prices hiking due to the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] and the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2021 |title=What is behind soaring energy prices and what happens next? – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/what-is-behind-soaring-energy-prices-and-what-happens-next |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Qi |last2=Hu |first2=Yi |last3=Jiao |first3=Jianbin |last4=Wang |first4=Shouyang |date=2 January 2024 |title=The impact of Russia–Ukraine war on crude oil prices: an EMC framework |journal=Humanities and Social Sciences Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |article-number=8 |doi=10.1057/s41599-023-02526-9 |issn=2662-9992|doi-access=free }}</ref> In June 2025, Sharif's government opted out of an [[Liquefied natural gas|LNG]] import of $39.8 per [[MMBTU]] because of its unaffordability, instead relying on nationwide [[loadshedding]]. As a result of this decision, Sharif warned Pakistanis to prepare for loadshedding for the following month as he stated that his government would try and make an energy duel for LNG imports possible.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=ANI |date=28 June 2022 |title=Pakistan PM Shehbaz Sharif warns of increased electricity load shedding in July |url=https://theprint.in/world/pakistan-pm-shehbaz-sharif-warns-of-increased-electricity-load-shedding-in-july/1015236/ |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Salamat |first=Sajid |date=28 June 2022 |title=PM warns of increased load shedding in country in July |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/959037/pm-warns-of-increased-load-shedding-in-country-in-july/ |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=Daily Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2022 |title=Power Outages May Increase In July: PM Shehbaz |url=https://arab.news/8r3ex |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> In July 2022, Sharif ordered the resumption of energy production from closed power plants such as the [[Punjab Thermal Power Plant]] and the [[Sahiwal Coal Power Project]]. Projects such as these two plants were delayed because of a lack of ownership or the breakdown of contractual commitments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hasnain |first=Khalid |date=4 July 2022 |title=PM Shehbaz orders early resolution of energy crisis |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1698112 |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref>

Under his premiership, Sharif began the transition all government buildings to [[solar power]] to reduce the government's fuel import bill. He added that this move would be an example for the country's provincial governments, urging provincial leaders to follow suit and standardise the use of solar power for government buildings.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=APP |date=27 December 2022 |title='All government buildings to switch to solar power by April' |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2393050/all-government-buildings-to-switch-to-solar-power-by-april |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2022 |title=PM announces plan to solarize government buildings by April 2023 |url=https://arab.news/mhrba |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref>

=== Foreign affairs ===
{{See also|List of international prime ministerial trips made by Shehbaz Sharif}}
[[File:SCO meeting (2022-09-16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sharif at the 2022 [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] summit in [[Samarkand]], Uzbekistan]] [[File:Secretary Blinken Meets With Pakistani Foreign Minister Bhutto Zardari at the Department of State. (52387054371).jpg|thumb|Sharif's Foreign Minister Bilawal Bhutto Zardari meets with US Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]] in September 2022]]
Sharif's government sought to improve ties with the [[United States]] after strained relations due to [[Lettergate]], despite Pakistan's close ties with [[China]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ali |first=Hasan |date=27 April 2022 |title=Column: Why Pakistan Will Struggle to Mend U.S. Ties |url=https://time.com/6171042/pakistan-us-relations/ |access-date=27 June 2025 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref> Sharif met US President [[Joe Biden]] in [[New York City]] in September 2022 during the [[United Nations General Assembly]] annual summit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2024 |title=US says ready to engage with PM Sharif's government to advance 'shared interests' |url=https://arab.news/mfttf |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Arab News PK |language=en}}</ref> During the meeting, Biden pledged support to Pakistan in the aftermath of the devastating floods. In October 2022, President Biden called Pakistan "one of the most dangerous nations in the world" during an address in [[California]]. Sharif and Foreign Minister [[Bilawal Bhutto Zardari]] rejected the statement as baseless, and the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] summoned the US ambassador for an explanation of Biden's remarks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2022 |title=Pakistan hits back at Biden's 'dangerous nation' comment |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-asia-india-pakistan-xi-jinping-197a7feb7f37869e22e2b02a3c21c8f4 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

Sharif also sought closer ties with China and the amplification of the [[China–Pakistan Economic Corridor]]. However, relations grew increasingly complicated due to a rise in attacks on Chinese workers by groups such as the [[Pakistani Taliban]] and [[Balochistan Liberation Army]], as the [[Pakistan Army]] is responsible for the security of CPEC workers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lateef |first=Samaan |date=25 November 2023 |title=Pakistani Taliban threatens to attack China's Belt and Road route unless 'tax' paid |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/11/25/pakistan-taliban-demands-tax-china-extortion-belt-road/ |access-date=27 June 2025 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Sharif visited China on a two-day official visit in November 2022, meeting with Chinese President [[Xi Jinping]] and Premier [[Li Keqiang]], and visiting after the [[20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party]]. Sharif pledged to revitalise CPEC and expand trade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2022 |title='CPEC revitalisation' in focus as PM Shehbaz reaches China on maiden visit |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1718151 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref>

Sharif's first visit as prime minister was to [[Saudi Arabia]] in April 2022 on a three-day official visit, where he met with Saudi Crown Prince [[Mohammed bin Salman]]. Sharif's government also secured an $8 billion package from Saudi Arabia in May 2022, alongside an expansion to a $2.4 billion oil financing facility funded by Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan secures $8bn package from Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/954626-pakistan-secures-8bn-package-from-saudi-arabia |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=[[The News International]] |date=May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Sharif visited the [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Qatar]] to secure investments in Pakistan; he expressed his desire to facilitate a strong and healthy business environment in Pakistan for Qatari investors during a Pakistan-Qatar trade and investment roundtable meeting in [[Doha]]; 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2022 |title=PM Shehbaz arrives in Qatar on two-day official visit |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2372710/pm-shehbaz-arrives-in-qatar-on-two-day-official-visit |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed meets Pakistan's new Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/2022/05/01/crown-prince-of-abu-dhabi-meets-pakistans-new-prime-minister-shahbaz-sharif/ |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref>

Sharif visited [[Turkey]] and met with Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] on several occasions, seeking to further deepen Pakistan-Turkey relations and enhance trade. He invited Turkey to join CPEC.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=APP |date=25 November 2022 |title=PM Shehbaz invites Turkiye to join CPEC |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1722996 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref>

Sharif's government also inaugurated a new power transmission line with [[Iran]] during a ceremony in [[Pishin Valley|Pishin]] along the [[Iran–Pakistan border]] with Iranian President [[Ebrahim Raisi]], facilitating the transmission of up to 100 megawatts of Iranian electricity to Pakistan. Sharif's government also remained committed to the construction of an [[Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2023 |title=Iran, Pakistan Open Border Marketplace, Power Transmission Line |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-pakistan-open-border-marketplace-power-transmission-line-/7099169.html |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref>

Sharif visited the [[United Kingdom]] during the [[Funeral of Elizabeth II|funeral]] of [[Elizabeth II]] in September 2022 as the [[head of government]] of a [[Commonwealth republic]], offering condolences to [[Charles III]] and meeting with British prime minister [[Liz Truss]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2022 |title=PM Shehbaz meets King Charles, condoles Queen Elizabeth's death |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1710913 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref> Sharif again visited the United Kingdom for the [[Coronation of Charles III and Camilla|coronation]] of Charles III and [[Queen Camilla]], attending the ceremony at [[Westminster Abbey]] and meeting with British prime minister [[Rishi Sunak]].<ref>{{Cite web |agency=APP |date=6 May 2023 |title=PM joins world leaders to witness Charles coronation |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2415443/pm-joins-world-leaders-to-witness-charles-coronation |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2023 |title=PM Shehbaz arrives in London to attend King Charles III's coronation |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1750713 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Between premierships ==
{{See also|2022–2025 Pakistan political unrest|2024 Pakistani general election}}
On 9 August 2023, Sharif suggested the dissolution of parliament to President [[Arif Alvi]], three days before the end of its term.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shahzad |first=Asif |date=4 August 2023 |title=Pakistan prime minister proposes parliament dissolution on Aug. 9 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-pm-proposes-parliament-dissolution-aug-9-sources-2023-08-04/ |access-date=27 June 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> On 14 August, the 76th [[Independence Day (Pakistan)|independence day]] of Pakistan, Sharif's term ended as prime minister and [[Anwaar ul Haq Kakar]] was appointed [[Caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan|caretaker prime minister]] until a general election would be held.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Nadir Guramani |date=14 August 2023 |title=Anwaarul Haq Kakar sworn in as Pakistan's 8th interim prime minister |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1770080 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:PML(N) welcome rally for Nawaz Sharif.png|thumb|PML(N) supporters during the party's welcome rally in Lahore for Nawaz Sharif's return to Pakistan. October 2023]]
On 21 October 2023, Sharif welcomed the return of his brother, Nawaz Sharif, to Pakistan after four years of self-imposed exile. Nawaz returned to Pakistan after obtaining protective bail two days prior, which allowed him to return without being arrested. Nawaz's acquisition of protective bail was a result of the Shehbaz government's adoption of a law which allowed for review petitions against previous Supreme Court verdicts to be filed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2023 |title=New review law stuns top court |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2419137/new-review-law-stuns-top-court |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Shehbaz was a part of the PML(N) welcome rally for Nawaz in Lahore, where tens of thousands of PML(N) supporters awaited Nawaz's arrival.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Azaz Syed |author2=Rhea Mogul |author3=Sophia Saifi |date=21 October 2023 |title=Pakistan's former leader Nawaz Sharif returns after nearly four years in self-exile |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/21/asia/nawaz-sharif-returns-pakistan-intl-hnk |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2023 |title=Fugitive Ex-Pakistani PM Nawaz Sharif Returns From Self-Exile |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/fugitive-ex-pakistani-pm-nawaz-sharif-returns-from-self-exile/7320762.html |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref>

On 22 December 2023, the [[Election Commission of Pakistan]] ruled that the PTI would not be allowed to use its party symbol in the upcoming elections, citing that the party failed to hold intra-party elections up to the commission's standards. This decision was widely controversial and viewed as pre-poll rigging by eliminating PTI opposition, thus clearing the way for Nawaz Sharif to win the election and become prime minister with ease.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Al Jazeera Staff |title=Imran Khan's party loses its symbol, how will it affect Pakistan elections? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/23/pakistan-ex-pms-party-loses-election-symbol-will-it-hurt-its-prospects |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2024 |title=Pakistan's PTI Barred From Using Cricket Bat Electoral Symbol |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/pakistan-s-pti-barred-from-using-cricket-bat-electoral-symbol-/7439552.html |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shahzad |first=Asif |date=14 January 2024 |title=Pakistan's Imran Khan's party loses cricket bat electoral symbol |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistans-imran-khans-party-loses-cricket-bat-electoral-symbol-2024-01-14/ |access-date=27 June 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 2024 |title=Pakistan: Imran Khan's party loses cricket bat electoral symbol |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/13/pakistan-imran-khans-party-loses-cricket-bat-electoral-symbol |access-date=27 June 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

A [[2024 Pakistani general election|general election]] was held on 8 February 2024, with Nawaz Sharif serving as the PML(N) candidate for prime minister. However, Nawaz did not get his projected easy victory as PTI candidates, running as independents, managed to secure the most seats.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=David Shortell |author2=Sophia Saifi |date=9 February 2024 |title=In shock result, allies of jailed ex-leader Imran Khan win most seats in Pakistan election |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/09/asia/pakistan-election-nawaz-sharif-intl |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's PTI-linked independents lead in final election count |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/11/pakistan-election-results-put-imran-khans-independents-in-lead |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> The PML(N) won the second most seats while the PPP won the third most; however, neither the independent candidates or the two largest parties were able to secure the 169 seats needed for a majority. On 20 February, the PML(N) and PPP formed a minority coalition government, and Shehbaz was chosen as the prime ministerial candidate over Nawaz. As a part of the coalition arrangement, senior PPP leader [[Asif Ali Zardari]], was chosen as the coalition's candidate for president. The general election was marred with controversy as [[The Establishment (Pakistan)|Pakistan's military establishment]] was accused of rigging the election to prevent the PTI from winning. International media also denounced the election while members of the international community voiced concern over its fairness.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pakistan's generals look increasingly desperate |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2024/03/14/pakistans-generals-look-increasingly-desperate |access-date=27 June 2025 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2024 |title=What the international media had to say about the elections that were everything but predictable |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1813311 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2024 |title=The 'generals' elections' in Pakistan that turned against the military |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20240209-the-generals-elections-that-turned-against-pakistan-s-military |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author1=Ryan Grim |author2=Murtaza Hussain |date=28 February 2024 |title=Members of Congress Demand Biden Withhold Recognition of Coalition Claiming Power in Pakistan |url=https://theintercept.com/2024/02/28/congress-pakistan-election-recognition/ |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=10 February 2024 |title=Pakistan army chief calls for unity as election fails to produce clear winner |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/10/pakistan-army-chief-calls-for-unity-as-election-fails-to-produce-clear-winner |access-date=27 June 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

== Prime Minister (2024–present) ==
{{See also|Second Shehbaz Sharif government}}
On 3 March 2024, Sharif was re-elected as prime minister of Pakistan for a second term after a controversial general election, as he received 201 votes against 92 votes for the PTI candidate, [[Omar Ayub Khan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Shewta |date=3 March 2024 |title=Shehbaz Sharif returns as Pakistan prime minister amid chaotic scenes in parliament |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/south-asia/pakistan-new-prime-minister-shehbaz-sharif-b2506134.html}}</ref> He formed a [[minority government]] with the [[Pakistan People's Party]], [[Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan]], the [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]], the [[Istehkam-e-Pakistan Party]], and the [[Balochistan Awami Party]].<ref name="form a coalition">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=Pakistan's former premier Sharif and allies agree to form a coalition |url=https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-main-party-challenge-imran-khan-75f23a7abec21d385c129c7133a78665 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214123259/https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-main-party-challenge-imran-khan-75f23a7abec21d385c129c7133a78665 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Shehbaz prevails">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=Shehbaz prevails in race for PM House |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1814088/shehbaz-prevails-in-race-for-pm-house |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214123331/https://www.dawn.com/news/1814088/shehbaz-prevails-in-race-for-pm-house |archive-date=14 February 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Economy ===
{{See also|2024–25 Pakistan federal budget|Uraan Pakistan}}
[[File:Economic Cooperation Organization July 2025 - 1751655104B.jpg|thumb|With Azerbaijani President [[Ilham Aliyev]] and Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] during the 17th summit of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]], July 2025]]
Immediately after his swearing-in ceremony, Sharif directed preparations for a national action plan to amplify economic revival. As a part of this plan, Sharif initiated talks with the IMF for a loan agreement and ordered the [[Federal Board of Revenue]] (FBR) to clear tax refunds worth Rs. 65 billion. He also stated that state-owned institutions that caused heavy losses for the government would be privatised, and that the gas sector would adopt [[smart meter]]ing to reduce line losses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2024 |title=PM Shehbaz directs preparation of action plan to revive economy |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2024/03/05/pm-shehbaz-directs-preparation-of-action-plan-to-revive-economy/ |access-date=27 June 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Shehbaz Sharif urges consultation with international experts for economic stability |url=https://mettisglobal.news/pm-shehbaz-sharif-urges-consultation-with-international-experts-for-economic-stability/pm-shehbaz-sharif-urges-consultation-with-international-experts-for-economic-stability |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=mettisglobal.news |language=en}}</ref> Sharif appointed [[Muhammad Aurangzeb]], former president of [[Habib Bank Limited]] and [[JPMorgan Chase|JPMorgan]] banker, as [[Finance minister of Pakistan|finance minister]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shahid |first=Ariba |date=11 March 2024 |title=CEO of Pakistan's largest bank picked to lead country out of economic crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/ceo-pakistans-largest-bank-picked-lead-country-out-economic-crisis-2024-03-11/ |access-date=27 June 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 2024 |title=Who is Muhammad Aurangzeb, the ex-JPMorgan banker to become Pakistan's new finance minister for 'no salary' |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/who-is-muhammad-aurangzeb-pakistan-new-finance-minister-ex-jp-morgan-banker-pakistan-economy-imf-inflation-islamabad-11712660802353.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327141435/https://www.livemint.com/news/world/who-is-muhammad-aurangzeb-pakistan-new-finance-minister-ex-jp-morgan-banker-pakistan-economy-imf-inflation-islamabad-11712660802353.html |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=27 June 2025 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref>

Sharif's government negotiated a bailout agreement with the IMF in July 2024, and secured a $7 billion loan from the IMF in September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2024 |title=Pakistan reaches new $7 billion loan deal with IMF |url=https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-imf-loan-deal-f6e5b227e575e30993da3328c64f9410 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2024 |title=The IMF approves a $7 billion loan for Pakistan, which will get $1 billion immediately |url=https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-imf-new-loan-board-of-executive-approved-3133c62867d5d60ec033e721daf7fead |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> However, the government raised taxes by 40% as a part of a new tax scheme to comply with strict IMF regulations. Despite the rise of taxes for Pakistan's middle class, Sharif failed to cut state expenses after a new fiscal year in July 2024. The government also included private companies into the new tax scheme, bumping up exporters' tax rate from 1% to 29%, in addition to a corporate tax of 30%, the highest in South Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protests in Pakistan after govt raises taxes by 40% under IMF bailout |url=https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/protests-in-pakistan-after-regime-raise-taxes-by-40-under-imf-bailout-124100800380_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

Sharif's government created a comprehensive [[Five-Year Plans of Pakistan|five-year plan]] for economic development, titled the “[[Uraan Pakistan]]: Homegrown National Economic Plan.” As a part of this plan, the government vowed to enhance export-led growth, expand the digital and technology sectors, and address economic challenges through what it described as the "five Es: Exports; E-Pakistan; Equity and Empowerment; Environment, Food and Water Security; and Energy and Infrastructure."<ref>{{Cite web |agency=APP |date=31 December 2024 |title=Govt unveils 'Uraan Pakistan' 5-year transformation plan for economy |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1882254 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Batool |first=Syeda Amnah |date=12 January 2025 |title=Uraan Pakistan: A pathway to economic renaissance |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2521648/uraan-pakistan-a-pathway-to-economic-renaissance |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> The plan also established quantitative targets, particularly achieving a 6% annual GDP growth by 2028, the creation of 1 million jobs per year, boosting exports to $60 billion annually by 2028, and $10 billion worth of private investment annually.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2025 |title=PM unveils economic turnaround plan |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2519387/pm-unveils-economic-turnaround-plan |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> The plan also envisaged Pakistan to emerge as a [[Trillion dollar club (macroeconomics)|trillion dollar economy]] by 2035.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shehbaz launches ambitious five-year plan to revitalise economy |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1267334-shehbaz-launches-ambitious-5-year-plan-to-revitalize-economy |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=The News International |date=January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Despite big claims of austerity, Sharif's government has increased the salaries of ministers and advisers by 188%, to Rs519,000 per month while the common public was struggling financially and being told to spend less.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ministers get staggering 188% salary bump|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=22 March 2025|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2535776}}</ref>

Sharif's government has undertaken the privatisation of over 50 [[state-owned enterprise]]s (SOEs), except "strategic ones," in three phases within the next four years of office, beginning in May 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2024 |title=Pakistan to privatize all state-owned enterprises, except strategic enterprises |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/pakistan-to-privatize-all-state-owned-enterprises-except-strategic-enterprises/articleshow/110115510.cms |access-date=27 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The large-scale privatisation of SOEs was a recommendation by the IMF because these SOEs hold sizeable assets in Pakistan; however, they have low employment and are cash-bleeding with over half of SOEs in Pakistan operating at a loss.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=Pakistan to sell all SOEs except strategic ones: PM |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2466505/pakistan-to-sell-all-soes-except-strategic-ones-pm |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Jahangir |date=12 May 2025 |title=24 state-owned enterprises to be privatised in three phases, NA told |url=https://arynews.tv/pakistan-privatization-2025-list-of-enterprises-scheduled-for-sale/ |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=ARY NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref> That month, inflation slowed down to 3.5%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2025 |title=Pakistan inflation inches up 3.5% year-on-year in May 2025 |url=https://arab.news/97ea7 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2026, Sharif announced emergency energy-saving measures, including a four-day work week and school closures, in response to [[Economic impact of the 2026 Iran war|rising global fuel prices]] caused by the [[2026 Iran war|U.S.-Israeli strikes on Iran]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump’s war in Iran threatens to cause an economic shock – but which countries will be worst hit? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/trump-war-iran-oil-crisis-economy-asia-india-pakistan-b2942479.html |work=The Independent |date=21 March 2026}}</ref>

=== Youth empowerment ===
{{Main|Prime Minister's Youth Programme}}
Sharif's government has promoted youth empowerment and entrepreneurship. On [[International Youth Day]] in 2024, Sharif announced an Rs.100 billion boost for over 300,000 young entrepreneurs as a part of the Prime Minister's Youth Programme, in addition to the launch of several youth empowerment schemes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2024 |title=PM Shehbaz Sharif announces Rs100b boost for 300,000 young entrepreneurs |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2487422/pm-shehbaz-sharif-announces-rs100b-boost-for-300000-young-entrepreneurs |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> He also announced that the government would provide 1 million smartphones, tablets, and laptops to students across the country on the basis of merit, alongside personally funding the education of 1,000 graduates of [[agriculture]] in China.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2024 |title=PM Shehbaz launches several key initiatives for youth |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/13-Aug-2024/pm-shehbaz-launches-several-key-initiatives-for-youth |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=The Nation |language=en-US}}</ref> Sharif also created a youth employment action plan across Pakistan. As a part of this plan, a laptop scheme provided over 600,000 laptops on the basis of merit to young Pakistanis, in addition to youth training initiatives across 268 universities across the country under the Prime Minister Green Youth Program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2024 |title=PM Shehbaz unveils action plan to boost youth employment across Pakistan |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2024/07/25/pm-shehbaz-unveils-action-plan-to-boost-youth-employment-across-pakistan/ |access-date=27 June 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raza |first=Syed Irfan |date=7 March 2025 |title=PM approves plan to train youth according to market needs |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1896259 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=DAWN |language=en}}</ref> Sharif also formed the [[National Youth Council]], composed of 113 youth representatives (aged 10–29), aimed at amplifying youth development and integrating young Pakistanis into policy-making.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2024 |title=PM Shehbaz Sharif forms national youth council to empower youth |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/20-Dec-2024/pm-shehbaz-sharif-forms-national-youth-council-to-empower-youth |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=The Nation |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===
On [[World Health Day]] in 2024, Sharif vowed to expand medical facilities across Pakistan to be accessible for all people, partnering with provincial governments to upgrade and establish medical facilities, launch mobile health clinics, and ensure cost-free treatment for lower-and-middle class families.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2024 |title=PM vows medical access for all |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2462038/pm-vows-medical-access-for-all |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Sharif also ordered the use of advanced technology to advance digitised health reforms across the country, alongside the creation of oversight mechanisms to crack down on healthcare violations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raza |first=Syed Irfan |date=20 June 2025 |title=PM Shehbaz pushes health reforms with digitisation, WHO accreditation |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1918304 |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Shehbaz Sharif at opening ceremony of COP29 Baku, Azerbaijan (3).jpg|thumb|At the opening ceremony of [[COP29]] with Azerbaijani President [[Ilham Aliyev]] and United Nations Secretary-General [[António Guterres]] in [[Baku]], November 2024]]

=== Environment ===
At the [[2024 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] in [[Baku]] in November 2024, Sharif presented Pakistan’s priorities for climate, emphasising the need for global "climate justice."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Muqadas |first=Urooj |date=28 February 2025 |title=COP '29: Prospects and the Way Forward for Pakistan |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2025/02/28/cop-29-prospects-and-the-way-forward-for-pakistan/ |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=Modern Diplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref> Moreover, he revealed his government's National Climate Finance Strategy (NCFS), which sought to reduce Pakistan's greenhouse gas emissions to 50% of the national economy, leveraging 60% of clean energy resources, and shifting 30% of vehicles to [[Electric vehicle|electric vehicles]] (EVs) by 2030.<ref name=":3" />

Sharif's government has enhanced climate cooperation with international partners including through the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]'s Green Belt Programme and the [[Mangrove]] Sustainability Initiative, a project to protect, restore, and manage mangrove ecosystems across the globe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alam |first=Romina Khursheed |date=7 February 2025 |title=Translating policies into climate resilience |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1890339 |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref>

=== Constitutional changes ===
{{Main|Twenty-sixth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Twenty-seventh Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan}}
In September 2024, Sharif's government announced a "Constitutional Package" which would create a new [[Federal Constitutional Court of Pakistan|Federal Constitutional Court]]. This new court would handle petitions pertaining strictly to interpretations of constitutional clauses. The package also included raising the retirement age of judges in the proposed Constitutional Court to 68, while other judges in Pakistan are required to retire by 65. The package also included a clause that would rule individual legislators' votes against their respective parties as void.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Abid |title=What are Pakistan's controversial constitutional amendments about? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/17/what-are-pakistans-controversial-constitutional-amendments-about |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> In October 2024, Parliament passed the [[Twenty-sixth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Twenty-sixth Amendment]], which expanded parliamentary powers, particularly allowing a parliamentary committee to select the Supreme Court's chief justice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan passes amendment empowering parliament to pick top judge |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/21/pakistan-passes-amendment-empowering-parliament-to-pick-top-judge |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> The new amendment was heavily criticised as attacking judicial independence, particularly amplifying judicial action against the PTI and other political opponents. According to the [[New York City Bar Association]], the amendment undermined the [[separation of powers]] and judicial independence in Pakistan, hindering the impartiality of the judiciary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=On the 26th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan |url=https://www.nycbar.org/press-releases/on-the-26th-amendment-to-the-constitution-of-pakistan/ |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=New York City Bar Association |language=en-US}}</ref>

In November 2025, Parliament passed the [[twenty-seventh Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan]] proposed by Sharif's government, which asserted the authority of the Federal Constitutional Court—in which judges are selected by the executive branch, and modified Pakistan's military structure.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Baloch |first2=Shah Meer |date=12 November 2025 |title=Pakistani parliament votes to give army chief new powers and legal immunity |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/nov/12/pakistan-parliament-constitutional-amendment-bill-asim-munir-supreme-court |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The amendment created the post of [[Chief of Defence Forces (Pakistan)|Chief of Defence Forces]]—given to Field Marshal [[Asim Munir]]—which oversees all three branches of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]], and provides Munir with lifelong immunity from criminal prosecution.<ref name=":4" /> The [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan]] questioned the government's urgency in passing the amendment, while [[Reema Omer]], a legal adviser for the [[International Commission of Jurists]], warned that the new amendment only emboldens the executive and legislative branches, weakening the authority of the judiciary and degrading any balance of power within the government.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Abid |title=How would Pakistan's 27th Amendment reshape its military and courts? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/11/11/how-would-pakistans-27th-amendment-reshape-its-military-and-courts |access-date=17 November 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> She described the amendment as a "constitutional surrender."<ref name=":5" />

=== Counterterrorism initiatives ===
{{Main|Operation Azm-e-Istehkam}}
In June 2024, Sharif chaired a meeting of the Apex Committee on the [[National Action Plan (Pakistan)|National Action Plan]] in [[Islamabad]], and announced the launch of [[Operation Azm-e-Istehkam]], a major [[counterterrorism]] initiative that involved both military action and socioeconomic development to hinder the spread of radicalism and [[terrorism]] in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Govt approves "Operation Azm-e-Istehkam" to eliminate terrorism |url=https://www.radio.gov.pk/23-06-2024/no-one-will-be-allowed-to-challenge-writ-of-state-nap-apex-committee |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623231023/https://www.radio.gov.pk/23-06-2024/no-one-will-be-allowed-to-challenge-writ-of-state-nap-apex-committee |archive-date=23 June 2024 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=www.radio.gov.pk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Abid |title='Azm-e-Istehkam': Can new Pakistani military operation curb armed attacks? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/24/azm-e-istehkam-can-new-pakistani-military-operation-curb-armed-attacks |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> The launch of the operation came amidst a rise in terrorism in Pakistan in the aftermath of the [[Taliban takeover|Taliban takeover of Afghanistan]], with militant groups such as the Pakistani Taliban taking shelter in [[Afghanistan]] to use it as a base for attacks on Pakistani security forces.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2024 |title=UN: Afghan Taliban increase support for anti-Pakistan TTP terrorists |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/un-afghan-taliban-increase-support-for-anti-pakistan-ttp-terrorists/7694324.html |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Pakistan Poised to Take on the TTP? |url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/02/pakistan-poised-take-ttp |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=United States Institute of Peace |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan: Why are militant attacks on the rise? – DW – 09/12/2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/pakistan-why-are-militant-attacks-on-the-rise/a-70197380 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref>

Sharif's government has [[State-sponsored terrorism#India|repeatedly accused India]] of financially supporting the Pakistani Taliban and other militant groups that operate in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quillen |first=Stephen |title=Dozens killed as Pakistani army, fighters clash near Afghan border |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/8/dozens-killed-as-pakistani-army-fighters-clash-near-afghan-border |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> describing the Pakistani Taliban as ''Fitna-al-khawarij'' ({{lit|Conflict of [[Kharijites]]}}) and Baloch rebel groups as ''Fitna-al-Hindustan'' ({{lit|Conflict of India}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Sanaullah |date=31 July 2025 |title=Govt acting on comprehensive and effective strategy to completely eliminate terrorist outfits: PM Shehbaz |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1927838 |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref>

Sharif condemned the [[2025 Jaffar Express hijacking|hijacking of the ''Jaffar Express'']] on 11 March 2025, describing it as a 'cowardly act.' He stated that the perpetrators, whom he identified as members of the [[Balochistan Liberation Army]] (BLA), were enemies of the province's development and reaffirmed the government's resolve to eliminate terrorism from the region.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2025 |title=Leaders condemn assault on train passengers |work=The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2533801/leaders-condemn-assault-on-train-passengers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313012720/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2533801/leaders-condemn-assault-on-train-passengers |archive-date=13 March 2025 |access-date=13 March 2025}}</ref>

=== Democratic backsliding ===
[[File:Shehbaz Sharif meets Putin (2024-07-03) (2).jpg|thumb|Shehbaz meeting with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] at the [[2024 Astana SCO summit]] in Astana, Kazakhstan]]
Immediately after becoming prime minister for his second term, PTI supporters across Pakistan began major protests and demonstrations on 11 March, calling for Sharif's removal from office on allegations of electoral rigging in the 2024 general election. These protests also called for the restoration of the PTI's "stolen mandate" and the release of senior PTI leaders, including Imran Khan and [[Shah Mahmood Qureshi]]. In response to these protests, the [[Pakistani police]] launched a large-scale national crackdown, arresting and attacking PTI protestors.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Abid |title=Pakistan police crack down on PTI protests over alleged rigging in election |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/11/pakistan-police-crack-down-on-pti-protests-over-alleged-rigging-in-election |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

On 15 July 2024, Information Minister [[Attaullah Tarar]] announced that the government was considering a ban on the PTI, citing the violent [[2023 Pakistani protests]] and the PTI allegedly "leaking classified information."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Abid |title=What's behind Pakistan's move to ban Imran Khan's PTI? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/18/whats-behind-pakistans-move-to-ban-imran-khans-pti |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> The plan to ban the PTI received large-scale backlash from both inside Pakistan and internationally, with several prominent politicians, journalists, and lawyers condemning the move.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Nadir Guramani |date=15 July 2024 |title=Ridiculous and desperate': Lawyers, journalists, politicians react to govt's decision to ban PTI |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1845977 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Dawn}}</ref> According to the [[Brookings Institution]], the move against the PTI revealed the government's "weakness and political insecurity," and the move comes during a period where the [[judiciary of Pakistan]] is experiencing increasing state pressure to crack down on political opposition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In its battle against PTI, Pakistan's new government exposes its own weakness |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/in-its-battle-against-pti-pakistans-new-government-exposes-its-own-weakness/ |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Brookings}}</ref>

Sharif's government continued the unofficial ban on social media platform [[Twitter]] (X) imposed by the [[Kakar caretaker government]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan says it blocked social media platform X over 'national security' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/17/pakistan-says-it-blocked-social-media-platform-x-over-national-security |access-date=3 December 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 2024 |title=Pakistan PM Shehbaz Sharif congratulates Donald Trump on X, gets community note for 'unlawful' activity: Here's why |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/pakistan-pm-shehbaz-sharif-congratulates-donald-trump-on-x-gets-community-note-for-unlawful-activity-heres-why/articleshow/115116988.cms?from=mdr |access-date=3 December 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> and installed an internet [[Firewall (computing)|firewall]]. The firewall was created by the government in order to block content that it deemed as [[propaganda]]. The firewall was widely criticised for [[Censorship in Pakistan|censorship]]. Furthermore, the internet firewall project was estimated to cost $300 Million. The firewall negatively affected businesses in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan installs firewall in censorship drive, hitting businesses |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Telecommunication/Pakistan-installs-firewall-in-censorship-drive-hitting-businesses |access-date=25 October 2024 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tahir |first=Nabil |date=7 September 2024 |title=Pakistan's Firewall: Explained|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2494442/pakistans-firewall-explained |access-date=25 October 2024 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

=== Civil-military relations ===
[[File:P20250925DT-0714 President Donald Trump meets with Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Field Marshal Asim Munir of Pakistan.jpg|thumb|With Chief of Army Staff [[Asim Munir]] at the [[White House]], September 2025]]
During his premiership, Sharif has maintained positive relations with the [[Pakistani military]]. Sharif publicly stated that his government and the military were “on the same page” regarding all key national issues, including national security, counterterrorism, and economic development.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Saad |date=29 September 2025 |title='We are on same page': PM on civil-military coordination |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1347210-we-consult-on-every-issue-are-on-same-page-pm-shehbaz-on-civil-military-coordination |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en-US}}</ref>

Sharif developed a particularly cordial relationship with Chief of Army Staff [[Asim Munir]], describing his relationship with the army as a "role model" for the future.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2024 |title=Govt-institutions' cooperation at historic highs: PM Shehbaz |work=Pakistan Today |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2024/08/08/govt-institutions-cooperation-at-historic-highs-pm-shehbaz/ |access-date=11 November 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> The two leaders held multiple joint meetings on national security and foreign policy, including consultations on Pakistan’s response to India following the [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2025 |title='Comprehensive strategy formulated with civil-military leadership to response India' |url=https://samaa.tv/2087333330-comprehensive-strategy-formulated-with-civil-military-leadership-to-response-india |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=SAMAA TV |language=English}}</ref>

In May 2025, the federal cabinet approved Munir’s promotion to the rank of [[Field marshal (Pakistan)|Field Marshal]], citing his “decisive leadership” during the conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Abid |title=Pakistan promotes army chief Asim Munir to field marshal: Why it matters |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/21/pakistan-promotes-army-chief-asim-munir-to-field-marshal-why-it-matters |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> The promotion ceremony, attended by both Sharif and President [[Asif Ali Zardari]], was held at the [[Aiwan-e-Sadr]] in Islamabad, where Munir was formally conferred the baton of Field Marshal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2025 |title=President, PM confer baton of field marshal upon COAS Asim Munir |work=Pakistan Today |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/05/22/president-pm-confer-baton-of-field-marshal-upon-coas-asim-munir/ |access-date=11 November 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Sharif’s cooperative stance with the military was seen as an effort to maintain political stability and avoid confrontation with the country's powerful [[The Establishment (Pakistan)|military establishment]]. His government’s approach was described by Defence Minister [[Khawaja Asif]] as a “hybrid model” of governance, combining civilian and military decision-making in national and economic affairs.<ref>{{Cite news |title="It Is Doing Wonders": Pak Defence Minister Praises Civil-Military "Hybrid Model" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/it-is-doing-wonders-pakistan-defence-minister-khwaja-asif-praises-civil-military-hybrid-model-8726025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720150052/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/it-is-doing-wonders-pakistan-defence-minister-khwaja-asif-praises-civil-military-hybrid-model-8726025 |archive-date=20 July 2025 |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>

=== Foreign policy ===
{{See also|List of international prime ministerial trips made by Shehbaz Sharif}}
==== Middle East ====
{{See also|Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement|International Stabilization Force|Pakistan in the 2026 Iran war}}
[[File:President Donald Trump participates in a multilateral meeting with Arab and Muslim leaders at the United Nations Headquarters (54822741637).jpg|thumb|With other Muslim leaders and US President [[Donald Trump]] in New York City to discuss the [[Gaza war]], September 2025]]Sharif's first foreign visit during his second premiership was to Saudi Arabia in 2024, where he met Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |title=PM Shehbaz lands in Saudi Arabia on first foreign visit since election |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1826065 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=DAWN |language=en}}</ref> As a part of this meeting, Sharif and bin Salman agreed to extradite the first wave of a $5 billion Saudi investment package to Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shirazi |first=Iftikhar |date=8 April 2024 |title=PM Shehbaz, Crown Prince Salman agree to expedite $5bn Saudi investment in Pakistan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1826502 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=DAWN|language=en}}</ref> In September 2025, Sharif announced the creation of the [[Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement]], a mutual defence pact with Saudi Arabia, in the aftermath of the [[Israeli attack on Doha]] earlier that month; however, the Saudi government stated the agreement was a result of "years of discussions" rather than a response to a recent regional development.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2025 |title=Saudi Arabia and Pakistan sign mutual defense pact as Gulf Arab states grow wary of US security guarantees |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/09/17/middleeast/saudi-arabia-pakistan-defense-pact-intl-hnk |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Sharif also met with Iranian President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] in April 2024, vowing to strengthen economic and security cooperation in the aftermath of a short [[2024 Iran–Pakistan conflict|tit-for-tat conflict]] between the two nations in January of that year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2024 |title=The leaders of Iran and Pakistan vow to boost trade in a meeting seeking to mend a diplomatic rift |url=https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-iranian-president-visit-islamabad-c45bd84b7cda511e7aa2adcd0a375b43 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> In June 2025, Sharif expressed his support for [[Iran]] amidst the [[Twelve-Day War|Iran–Israel war]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2025 |title=PM Shehbaz reaffirms support to Iran in call with President Pezeshkian |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2552467/pm-shehbaz-reaffirms-support-to-iran-in-call-with-president-pezeshkian |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

Sharif emphasised warm relations with the [[United Arab Emirates]], meeting with UAE President [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] on several occasions. Sharif and bin Zayed agreed to enhance Emirati investments in Pakistan. In May 2024, bin Zayed committed to invest $10 billion in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2024 |title=UAE president commits to investing $10bn in Pakistan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1835200 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=DAWN |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Ayatollah Ali Khamenei met with Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif 1404-3-9.jpg|thumb|With Iranian President [[Masoud Pezeshkian]] and Supreme Leader [[Ali Khamenei]] in Tehran, May 2025]]
In November 2025, Sharif welcomed King [[Abdullah II of Jordan|Abdullah II]] of [[Jordan]] to Pakistan on a two-day visit, welcoming him to the [[Global Industrial Defence Solutions]] in [[Rawalpindi]] for a review of Pakistan's indigenous defence production and potential bilateral military cooperation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2025 |title=King Abdullah II of Jordan visits Pakistan's defence conglomerate, field firing ranges |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40392683 |access-date=17 November 2025 |website=Brecorder |language=en}}</ref>

Sharif repeatedly condemned Israel's [[Gaza genocide|war in Gaza]]—which he described as a [[Gaza genocide|genocide]]—expressing sympathy with the [[Palestinian people]] and support for an independent [[Palestinian state]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raza |first=Syed Irfan |date=29 March 2025 |title=PM Shehbaz pledges continued support to Palestine, Kashmir |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1901016 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=DAWN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2025 |title=Pakistan PM uses World Governments Summit to call for independent state of Palestine |url=https://arab.news/jat4z |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> In September 2025, he expressed strong support for [[Gaza peace plan|Donald Trump's Gaza Strip proposal]], calling it "a vital step towards peace in the Middle East." Sharif also praised Trump’s leadership and the efforts of US Special Envoy [[Steve Witkoff]] in resolving the conflict. In response, Trump commended Sharif, saying he "fully support[s] the plan 100 per cent."<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2025 |title=Shehbaz backs Trump's Gaza peace plan, calls two-state solution key to lasting stability |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2569649/shehbaz-backs-trumps-gaza-peace-plan-calls-two-state-solution-key-to-lasting-stability |access-date=6 October 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gjevori |first=Elis |title=How Arab nations, rest of the world reacted to Trump's Gaza peace plan |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/9/29/trumps-gaza-peace-plan-welcomed-by-arab-and-islamic-countries-the-west |access-date=6 October 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nath |first=Sanstuti |title="They're Incredible": Trump Praises Pak PM, Asim Munir For Gaza Plan Support |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/theyre-incredible-donald-trump-praises-pakistan-pm-shehbaz-sharif-asim-munir-for-gaza-plan-support-9368780 |work=NDTV}}</ref>

A political controversy emerged after columnist and social media activist Shama Junejo, perceived to be pro-Israel due to past social media posts on the [[Abraham Accords]], claimed Prime Minister Shehbaz included her in Pakistan’s UN delegation as an adviser and tasked her with helping draft his “historic speech” for the [[Eightieth session of the United Nations General Assembly|eightieth session of the UNGA]], which she said was the result of "teamwork." Junejo stated she had been part of the speech-writing team since April and joined the entourage from Britain, while the [[Foreign Office of Pakistan|Foreign Office]] denied her official accreditation and said she was not part of the formally approved delegation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2025 |title=Shama Junejo claims PM Shehbaz included her in Pakistan's UN delegation as adviser |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1945191 |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Zəfər Paradı 2025 4.jpg|thumb|With [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] of Turkey and [[Ilham Aliyev]] of Azerbaijan to commemorate the anniversary of the [[Second Nagorno-Karabakh War]] in Baku, November 2025]]

==== Turkey and Azerbaijan ====
Sharif attended a trilateral summit between Pakistan, [[Turkey]], and [[Azerbaijan]], in [[Lachin]], Azerbaijan. Sharif thanked both nations for their diplomatic and moral support for Pakistan during the 2025 conflict with India, and vowed greater cooperation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2025 |title=Pakistan, Turkiye and Azerbaijan reaffirm unity at trilateral summit |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2548253/pakistan-turkiye-and-azerbaijan-reaffirm-unity-at-trilateral-summit |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Moreover Sharif's government enhanced military cooperation between the three countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2025 |title=Türkiye-Pakistan-Azerbaijan trilateral defence cooperation |url=https://aze.media/turkiye-pakistan-azerbaijan-trilateral-defence-cooperation/ |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Aze.Media |language=en-US}}</ref> For instance, in January 2025, Pakistan and Turkiye agreed to establish and operate a joint facility for [[TAI TF Kaan]] fighter jets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2025 |title=Turkiye, Pakistan to establish joint factory for production of KAAN fighter jet |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20250122-turkiye-pakistan-to-establish-joint-factory-for-production-of-kaan-fighter-jet/ |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=Middle East Monitor}}</ref> In November 2025, Sharif attended a victory parade in Baku to mark the 5th anniversary of the [[Second Nagorno-Karabakh War]], describing the Azerbaijani "liberation" of [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] as a beacon of hope for both the people of [[Palestine]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Indian-administered Kashmir]] which he described as "occupied nations."<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2025 |title=PM hails Pakistan-Turkiye-Azerbaijan brotherhood at Azerbaijan Victory Day |work=Pakistan Today |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/11/09/pm-hails-pakistan-turkiye-azerbaijan-brotherhood-at-azerbaijan-victory-day/ |access-date=9 November 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== United States ====
[[File:P20250925DT-0884 President Donald Trump meets with Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Field Marshal Asim Munir of Pakistan.jpg|thumb|With US President [[Donald Trump]] at the [[White House]], September 2025]]

In April 2025, Sharif met with a United States delegation led by Eric Meyer, Senior Bureau Official for the State Department’s Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs, and announced that US companies seek to invest in Pakistan's untapped minerals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2025 |title=Pakistan says US companies seek to invest in the country's untapped minerals sector |url=https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-us-delegation-meets-premier-mineral-summit-ef0fdba9ba699429ebaf643d535dc3a8 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> Sharif also emphasised the cruciality of American mediation in de-escalating the 2025 India-Pakistan conflict, with the Pakistani government nominating [[Donald Trump]] for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for his role in mediating an end to the conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2025 |title=Pakistan plans to nominate Trump for Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwyx5yw8y28o |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan says it will nominate Donald Trump for Nobel Peace Prize for resolving its conflict with India |url=https://news.sky.com/story/pakistan-says-it-will-nominate-donald-trump-for-nobel-peace-prize-for-resolving-its-conflict-with-india-13386708 |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Schneid |first=Rebecca |date=21 June 2025 |title=Trump to Win a Nobel Peace Prize? Pakistan States Nomination |url=https://time.com/7296429/pakistan-nominate-trump-nobel-peace-prize-win-india-conflict/ |access-date=27 June 2025 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref> Trump also met with Pakistan's Chief of Army Staff [[Asim Munir]] in June 2025, signalling a major thaw in relations between the two countries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 June 2025 |title=Thawing of relations between Pakistan and US raises eyebrows in India |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jun/19/thawing-of-relations-between-pakistan-and-us-raises-eyebrows-in-india |access-date=27 June 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Abid |title=Amid US-Pakistan thaw, two key challenges: Iran and China |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/20/amid-us-pakistan-thaw-two-key-challenges-iran-and-china |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> In July, Sharif's government negotiated a trade deal with the US which included American investment in Pakistan's crude oil reserves in its territorial waters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Compton |first=Sophia |date=30 July 2025 |title=Trump announces new US-Pakistan trade deal to develop oil reserves |url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/trump-announces-new-us-pakistan-trade-deal-develop-oil-reserves |access-date=1 August 2025 |website=FOXBusiness |language=en-US}}</ref> The deal also included partnerships in [[cryptocurrency]] and [[information technology]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why are the US and Pakistan making an oil deal? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-are-the-us-and-pakistan-making-an-oil-deal/a-73498835 |access-date=1 August 2025 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref> In September 2025, Sharif attended a conference with Muslim leaders and Trump on the sidelines of the [[Eightieth session of the United Nations General Assembly]] to establish an end to the [[Gaza war]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magee |first=Caolán |title=Trump urges Gaza war to end 'immediately' in UN General Assembly speech |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/9/23/trump-calls-for-gaza-war-to-stop-immediately-in-unga-speech |access-date=26 September 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> In the same month, Sharif visited the [[White House]] and met with Trump.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2025 |title=Trump holds talks with Pakistan's prime minister in the latest sign of warming relations |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-sharif-pakistan-india-modi-tariffs-154b9970ce6ea7ea6bde0dd10345e644 |access-date=26 September 2025 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> During the October 2025 [[2025 Gaza peace summit|Gaza Peace Summit]], Sharif announced his intention to nominate Trump for the Nobel Peace Prize for a second time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fortinsky |first=Sarah |date=13 October 2025 |title=Pakistan PM Shehbaz Sharif to nominate Trump for Nobel Peace Prize again |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/5553500-pakistani-pm-trump-nobel-peace-prize-gaza-egypt/ |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref> In January 2026, Sharif announced Pakistan's acceptance of an American invitation to join the [[Board of Peace]] for the reconstruction of the [[Gaza Strip]] following the Gaza war.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2026 |title=Seven more countries agree to join Trump's Board of Peace |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn8jek4vv8ko |access-date=22 February 2026 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==== China ====
[[File:World leaders attending the 2025 China Victory Day Parade (2).jpg|thumb|With [[Vladimir Putin]] of Russia, [[Xi Jinping]] of China, and [[Kim Jong Un]] of North Korea for the [[2025 China Victory Day Parade|China Victory Day Parade]], September 2025]]Sharif's government pledged to revive the stagnating CPEC through cooperation on infrastructure and mining.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 February 2025 |title=China, Pakistan pledge to boost cooperation on infrastructure, mining projects |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-pakistan-pledge-boost-cooperation-infrastructure-mining-projects-2025-02-06/ |access-date=27 June 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> This desire to amplify cooperation comes amidst increasing attacks on Chinese workers in Pakistan by militant groups aiming at disrupting CPEC, which has affected China-Pakistan relations.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/commentary/2025/01/china-pakistan-relations-are-souring-but-will-muddle.html |title=China-Pakistan Relations Are Souring, but Will Muddle Along |last=Grossman |first=Derek |date=17 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan and China's diplomatic relations reach a low ebb |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/pakistan-china-s-diplomatic-relations-reach-low-ebb |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Lowy Institute |language=en}}</ref> However, China's significant defence cooperation with Pakistan contributed to Pakistan downing Western-manufactured Indian aircraft, particularly a [[Rafale]], during its 2025 conflict against India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ehrlich |first=Richard S. |date=21 May 2025 |title=China the biggest winner of India-Pakistan air fight |url=http://asiatimes.com/2025/05/china-the-biggest-winner-of-india-pakistan-air-fight/ |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=Asia Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Häsler |first=Georg |date=16 May 2025 |title=Downing of Indian fighter jet offers lessons for West |url=https://www.nzz.ch/english/downing-of-indian-fighter-jet-offers-lessons-for-west-ld.1884492 |access-date=27 June 2025 |work=Neue Zürcher Zeitung |language=de-CH |issn=0376-6829}}</ref>

==== South Asia ====
[[File:Subrahmanyam Jaishankar with the Prime Minister of Pakistan Shehbaz Sharif on 16 October 2024.jpg|thumb|With Indian Foreign Minister [[S. Jaishankar]] during the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit in Islamabad, October 2024]]
In October 2024, Sharif welcomed Indian Foreign Minister [[S. Jaishankar]] for the [[2024 Islamabad SCO summit]], the first visit by an Indian foreign minister to Pakistan since 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kugelman |first=Michael |date=2 October 2025 |title=India's Jaishankar Makes Rare Trip to Pakistan |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/10/16/india-jaishankar-pakistan-islamabad-sco-summit/ |access-date=27 September 2025 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> However, relations between India and Pakistan soured during his premiership as India blamed Pakistan for inciting a [[2025 Pahalgam attack|terrorist attack on tourists]] in [[Pahalgam]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir]], which Pakistan strongly denied and demanded an international investigation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Manjari Chatterjee |title=The Latest Attack in Kashmir Escalates India-Pakistan Tensions |url=https://www.cfr.org/expert-brief/latest-attack-kashmir-escalates-india-pakistan-tensions |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=CFR |date=25 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> After the attack, India launched several diplomatic actions such as the cancellation of the [[Indus Waters Treaty]], the expulsion of Pakistani diplomats, and the suspension of all bilateral trade.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Michel |first=David |date=1 May 2025 |title=Can India Cut Off Pakistan's Indus River Lifeline? |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/can-india-cut-pakistans-indus-river-lifeline |journal=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] |language=en}}</ref> In response to India's diplomatic actions against Pakistan, Sharif suspended the 1972 [[Simla Agreement]] and suspended all trade with India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2025 |title=Pakistan suspends 1972 Simla Agreement: What is it and what will be the impact on LoC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pakistan-suspends-1972-simla-agreement-what-is-it-and-what-will-be-the-impact-on-loc/articleshow/120584779.cms |access-date=1 July 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 7 May, India launched [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict#7 May|Operation Sindoor]]'','' targeting nine sites in [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India and Pakistan blame each other for escalating military tensions |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwyneele13qt |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> India claimed that the strikes were launched against "terrorist infrastructure" that they claimed were used by [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], and [[Hizbul Mujahideen]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shahzad |first1=Asif |last2=Patel |first2=Shivam |last3=Shahzad |first3=Asif |date=7 May 2025 |title=Pakistan vows retaliation after Indian strike over tourist deaths |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/multiple-loud-explosions-heard-pakistani-kashmir-reuters-witness-2025-05-06/ |access-date=1 July 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> On 10 May, Sharif presided over the launch of [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict#10 May|Operation Bunyan un-Marsoos]]{{Efn|''Bunyan-un-Marsoos''<ref name="a616">{{cite web | title=India and Pakistan agree ceasefire: What does it mean? | website=Al Jazeera | date=10 May 2025 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/10/india-and-pakistan-agree-ceasefire-what-does-it-mean | access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref> is an [[Arabic]] term meaning "Unbreakable Wall". The name is derived from a [[Ayat|verse]] in the [[Quran]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bunyan-un-Marsoos: Name came from mosque destroyed in Indian attack|date=12 May 2025|website=Aaj TV|url=https://english.aaj.tv/news/330416046/bunyan-un-marsoos-name-came-from-mosque-destroyed-in-indian-attack}}</ref>

The verse states: {{Cite Quran|61|4|translator=s|q=Surely Allah loves those who fight in His way in ranks as if they were ''a firm and compact wall''.}})}} in retaliation, overseeing a Pakistani air assault over 26 military sites across [[Western India]], claiming heavy damage to Indian air bases, logistics hubs, storage facilities, and other military infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2025 |title=Operation 'Bunyan-un-Marsoos': DG ISPR briefs nation on response to Indian aggression |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545242/dg-ispr-holds-press-briefing-on-operation-bunyan-un-marsoos-launched-against-indian-aggression |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=26 Indian military targets hit during "Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos": Pakistan |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/26_indian_military_targets_hit_during_operation_bunyan_un_marsoos_pakistan-3551763 |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=azertag.az |language=en}}</ref> That same day, India and Pakistan agreed to a ceasefire to end the conflict. In the aftermath of the conflict, Sharif declared victory over India and designated 16 May as ''Youm-e-Tashakur'' ('Day of Gratitude') in honour of the Pakistani military, though the conflict produced no clear winner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2025 |title=Govt denies May 16 holiday rumours over Youm-e-Tashakur |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2546046/no-public-holiday-on-may-16-for-youm-e-tashakur-government-confirms |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Abid |title=What did India and Pakistan gain – and lose – in their military standoff? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/what-did-india-and-pakistan-gain-and-lose-in-their-military-standoff |access-date=18 November 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chance |first=Matthew |date=12 May 2025 |title=India and Pakistan both claim victory. But this latest conflict has no winners |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/12/asia/india-pakistan-us-ceasefire-no-winners-intl-hnk |access-date=18 November 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Shehbaz Sharif Meets Muhammad Yunus at D-8 Summit Cairo 2024-12-19 (PID-0004463).jpg|thumb|With Bangladeshi Chief Adviser [[Muhammad Yunus]] at the [[Developing 8]] summit in Egypt, December 2024]]
Sharif met with Bangladeshi Chief Adviser [[Muhammad Yunus]] in December 2024 during a [[D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation|Developing-8]] summit in [[Cairo]], the first meeting between Pakistani and Bangladeshi senior leaders since the [[July Revolution (Bangladesh)|July Revolution]] in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Murali Krishnan |title=How Bangladesh-Pakistan reconciliation impacts India |date=31 December 2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/a-71189995 |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=DW}}</ref> Sharif sought to bolster ties with Bangladesh, launching direct cargo shipments from Pakistan to [[Chittagong Port]] and offering 300 scholarships to Bangladeshi students.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pakistan to offer fully-funded scholarships to 300 Bangladeshi students |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/368072 |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=Dhaka Tribune |date=14 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Nazimuddin Shyamol |date=22 December 2024 |title=Ship makes second direct arrival from Pakistan |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/trade/ship-makes-second-direct-arrival-from-pakistan |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=The Financial Express}}</ref>

Sharif expressed a desire to enhance relations with [[Afghanistan]]; however, he urged the Afghan government to crack down on the presence of militant groups such as the [[Pakistani Taliban]] (TTP), which operate out of Afghan territory against Pakistani security forces.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2024 |title=PM Shehbaz calls for improved relations with Afghanistan but urges Kabul to take action against TTP |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1881424 |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref> In March 2024, Sharif authorised the Pakistan Air Force to launch [[Afghanistan-Pakistan clashes (2024-present)#PAF airstrikes|airstrikes in Eastern Afghanistan]] to destroy TTP strongholds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2024 |title=Pakistani airstrikes on Afghanistan kill 46 people, Taliban official says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/25/asia/pakistani-airstrikes-afghanistan-taliban |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2024 |title=Afghan Taliban vow to retaliate after Pakistani air strikes kill at least 46 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20241225-afghan-taliban-vow-retaliate-pakistani-air-strikes-kill-at-least-46 |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> He also continued the [[deportation of undocumented Afghans from Pakistan]] that first began under the [[Anwaar ul Haq Kakar#Caretaker Prime Minister (2023-2024)|Anwaar ul Haq Kakar caretaker government]] in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2023 |title=Pakistan to Begin Deportation of 1.7 Million Undocumented Afghans |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/pakistan-to-begin-deportation-of-1-7-million-undocumented-afghans/7294939.html |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan accelerates deportation of Afghans: UN |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/15/pakistan-accelerates-deportation-of-afghans-un |work=Al Jazeera |date=15 April 2024}}</ref> As of late 2025, the UNHCR confirmed that more than one million Afghans have returned from Pakistan to Afghanistan in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=One million Afghans returned from Pakistan in 2025: UNHCR |url=https://www.unhcr.org/pk/news/press-releases/one-million-afghans-returned-pakistan-2025-unhcr |work=UNHCR |date=27 November 2025}}</ref> Following directives from Sharif's government, this campaign has expanded beyond undocumented individuals to include holders of Afghan Citizen Cards (ACC) and Proof of Registration (PoR) cards, with thousands of arrests reported monthly in early 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arrest, detention of Afghans increased 18pc in Jan: UN-IOM |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1967425 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=17 January 2026}}</ref>

While addressing the [[Eightieth session of the United Nations General Assembly|eightieth session of the UNGA]], Sharif publicly claimed that Pakistan faced problems from terrorist groups operating from "Afghan soil."<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2025 |title=At UNGA, PM Shehbaz says South Asia requires 'proactive not provocative' leadership |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1944785 |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref> In October 2025, Sharif oversaw Pakistani [[2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict|military operations]] against both the [[Afghan Taliban]] and the TTP as the Pakistani military struck Afghan border posts and cities, including [[Kabul]] and [[Kandahar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2025 |title=Afghan Taliban and Pakistan agree short truce after deadly clashes |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3dnvnjdg1ro |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sophia Saifi |author2=Lex Harvey |date=15 October 2025 |title=Afghanistan and Pakistan exchanged their deadliest fire in years. Here's what we know |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/14/asia/pakistan-afghanistan-attacks-intl-hnk |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

== Public image ==
{{see also|List of heads of the executive by approval rating}}
During his tenure as chief minister, Sharif developed a reputation as a diligent administrator.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/11/shahbaz-sharif-the-diligent-administrator-now-pm-of-pakistan|title=Shehbaz Sharif: the diligent administrator now PM of Pakistan|work=The Guardian|date=12 April 2022|accessdate=12 April 2022|archive-date=11 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411202624/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/11/shahbaz-sharif-the-diligent-administrator-now-pm-of-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Assembly of Pakistan |url=https://na.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=1367 |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=na.gov.pk}}</ref> He initiated ambitious infrastructure projects in Punjab and was noted for his efficient governance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/04/11/pakistan-prime-mininster-shehbaz-sharif/|title=What to know about Shehbaz Sharif, Pakistan's new prime minister|newspaper=Washington Post|date=12 April 2022|accessdate=12 April 2022|archive-date=11 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411193908/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/04/11/pakistan-prime-mininster-shehbaz-sharif/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-61063386|title=Pakistan: Shehbaz Sharif chosen as PM after week-long uncertainty|work=BBC|date=11 April 2022|accessdate=12 April 2022|archive-date=11 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411191848/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-61063386|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/6165802/pakistan-imran-khan-shahbaz-sharif/|title=Pakistan's Parliament Elects Shahbaz Sharif as Prime Minister After Khan Exit|magazine=Time|date=11 April 2022|accessdate=12 April 2022|archive-date=11 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411182346/https://time.com/6165802/pakistan-imran-khan-shahbaz-sharif/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 December 2016, Vice-Minister [[Zheng Xiaosong]] of the [[International Department of the Chinese Communist Party|International Liaison Department of the Chinese Communist Party]] coined the term "Shehbaz Speed" to acknowledge his contributions to expediting the progress of projects within the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Subsequently, the term has been employed to characterise the rate of advancement within the CPEC.<ref name="dailytimes1">{{cite web | url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/921634/cpecs-shahbaz-speed-back-with-bang/ | title=CPEC's 'Shahbaz Speed' Back with Bang | date=19 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1183306-after-shehbaz-speed-pm-earns-man-of-action-title | title=After 'Shehbaz Speed', PM earns 'Man of Action' title | date=28 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1799084 | title=Nawaz hints at bringing 'Shehbaz speed' to Karachi | date=19 December 2023 }}</ref> In official meetings, Saudi officials also declared Sharif the "Man of Action."<ref>{{Cite web |agency=APP |date=28 April 2024 |title=After 'Shehbaz Speed', PM earns 'Man of Action' title |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1183306-after-shehbaz-speed-pm-earns-man-of-action-title |access-date=5 December 2025 |website=The News International |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2025, Sharif was recognised among the world's 500 most influential Muslims by ''[[The Muslim 500]]'', an annual publication by the [[Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre]] in [[Amman]], [[Jordan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2025 |title=PM Sharif, Gen. Munir among several Pakistanis make it to list of 500 Most Influential Muslims for 2025 |url=https://www.arabnews.pk/node/2585584/pakistan |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=Arab News PK |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
=== Family ===
{{Further|Sharif family}}
[[File:CM Shehbaz and PM Nawa (36227070991).jpg|thumb|right|Shehbaz with his elder brother [[Nawaz Sharif]]]]
Sharif married Nusrat Shehbaz<ref name="dawn/3jan2014">{{cite news |author1=Iftikhar A. Khan |author2=Kalbe Ali |date=3 January 2014 |title=The mystery of Raiwind palace ownership |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1078082 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723012258/https://www.dawn.com/news/1078082 |archive-date=23 July 2017 |access-date=23 July 2017 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref> in 1973. They had four children: Salman, [[Hamza Shehbaz|Hamza]], and twin daughters Javeria and Rabia.<ref name="pakistantoday/30july2017">{{cite news|title=Profile of Shehbaz Sharif|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/07/30/profile-of-shehbaz-sharif/|access-date=28 December 2017|work=Pakistan Today|date=30 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228173849/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/07/30/profile-of-shehbaz-sharif/|archive-date=28 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=19 September 2004 |title=Shahbaz's family arrives |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/396797/shahbaz-s-family-arrives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728205522/https://www.dawn.com/news/396797/shahbaz-s-family-arrives |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=23 July 2017 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref>

His second marriage was to Aaliya Honey, whom he married in 1993.<ref name="Khan2010" /><ref name="Iqbal2005" /> The couple separated after just one year.<ref name="Khan2010" />

In 2003, Sharif married his third wife, author and artist [[Tehmina Durrani]].<ref name="pakistantoday/30july2017" /><ref name="dailytimes.com.pk">{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_24-2-2005_pg1_5 |title=Shehbaz confirms marriage to Tehmina |work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)]] |date=24 February 2005 |access-date=29 July 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050517191744/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_24-2-2005_pg1_5 |archive-date=17 May 2005 }}</ref>

===Wealth===
His family jointly owns [[Sharif Group]] and formerly owned [[Ittefaq Group]].<ref name="dawn/25april2013" /><ref name="baker">{{cite book |title=Capitalism's Achilles heel: Dirty Money and How to Renew the Free-market System |last=Baker |first=Raymond |year=2005 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=978-0-471-64488-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/capitalismsachil00raym/page/82 82]–83 |url=https://archive.org/details/capitalismsachil00raym |url-access=registration |access-date=29 July 2017 }}</ref> In 2013, it was noted that Shehbaz is wealthier than his elder brother Nawaz with a net worth of {{PKR|33.69 crore}}.{{efn|In 2013, {{US$|1}} was equivalent to average {{PKR|101.583}}.<ref>{{cite news|author=Iftikhar A. Khan|title=Leaders' wealth — Shahbaz richer than Nawaz|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1014984|website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|access-date=23 August 2017|date=21 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824052844/https://www.dawn.com/news/1014984|archive-date=24 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.poundsterlinglive.com/history/USD-PKR-2013|title=U.S. Dollar-Pakistani Rupee History: 2013|website=Pound Sterling Live|accessdate=5 July 2025}}</ref>}}

=== Toshakhana records ===
On 12 March 2023, the [[Government of Pakistan]] released a record of [[Toshakhana (Pakistan)|Toshakhana gifts]] retained by government officials from 2003 to 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |title=In a first, govt goes public with Toshakhana record |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/475941-in-a-first-govt-goes-public-with-toshakhana-record |access-date=14 March 2023 |website=www.geo.tv |date=13 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314093542/https://www.geo.tv/latest/475941-in-a-first-govt-goes-public-with-toshakhana-record |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherani |first=Tahir |date=12 March 2023 |title=Govt releases Toshakhana gift records from 2002 onwards |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1741794 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314093542/https://www.dawn.com/news/1741794 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |access-date=14 March 2023 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref> 90 gifts were retained by Sharif from [[Toshakhana (Pakistan)|Toshakhana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toshakhana Records, Government of Pakistan |url=https://cabinet.gov.pk/SiteImage/Misc/files/TOSHAKHANA/Procedures/TK-Record.pdf |access-date=14 March 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314090641/https://cabinet.gov.pk/SiteImage/Misc/files/TOSHAKHANA/Procedures/TK-Record.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Toshakhana Gifts
!Date
!Assessed Market Value
!Price Paid
|-
|Book from Tehran to Tehran
|15 July 2009
|a. NCV b. Rs. 7,500/-
| ---
|-
|Carpet in Shopping Bag
|15 -07 -2009
|Rs.13,000/ –
| ---
|-
|a. Frame box Shield (Large) b. Frame box shield (small) c. Three shields (small)
|15 -07 -2009
|a. Rs.6,000/ – b. NCV c. NCV
| ---
|-
|One Ceramic Plate (Large)
|15 -07 -2009
|Rs.4,000/ –
| ---
|-
|a. Book Shahnama – e -Firdous b. 2 Gift Pack in Boxes
|15 -07 -2009
|a. NCV b. Rs.4,500/
| ----
|-
|One Tower
|15 July 2009
|NCV
| ---
|-
|One Ceramic Plate (Small)
|15 July 2009
|Rs.2,500/-
| ---
|}

== Books ==
* ''Azm O Himmat Kī Dāstān'' (عزم و همت كى داستان; "A Tale of Resolve and Courage"), Lāhore: Sharīf Publīcations, 2000, 72 pp. History and struggle of business endeavours of the [[Sharif family]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharīf |first=Shahbāz |date=2000 |title=Azm O Himmat Kī Dāstān |url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL7809021W/%CA%BBAzm_o_himmat_ki%CC%84_da%CC%84sta%CC%84n?edition=key:/books/OL6827196M |publisher=[[Open Library]] |access-date=21 July 2023 |language=en |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720190319/https://openlibrary.org/works/OL7809021W/%CA%BBAzm_o_himmat_ki%CC%84_da%CC%84sta%CC%84n?edition=key:/books/OL6827196M |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Electoral history of Shehbaz Sharif]]
* [[List of current heads of state and government]]
* [[List of international prime ministerial trips made by Shehbaz Sharif]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{Official website|https://pmo.gov.pk/}}


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{{Shehbaz Sharif}}
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Padmini Kolhapure

2026-03-27T22:01:26Z

SanglapGeographer: general corrected formatting for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1965)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Padmini Kolhapure
| image = PadminiKolhapure.jpg
| caption = Kolhapure in 2017
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|11|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| spouse = {{marriage|Pradeep Sharma |1986}}(other name Tutu Sharma)
| children = 1 (son)
| occupation ={{hlist|Actress|singer}}
|
|
| relatives = See [[List of Hindi film families#Mangeshkar-Hardikar-Abhisheki-Kolhapure extended family|Mangeshkar-Hardikar-Abhisheki-Kolhapure family]]
}}

'''Padmini Kolhapure''' (born 1 November 1965) is an Indian actress and singer, who primarily works in [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] films.<ref>{{cite web |title=Padmini Kolhapure - The Official Website |url=http://www.padminikolhapure.in/ |work=padminikolhapure.in |accessdate=29 December 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225202137/http://www.padminikolhapure.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kolhapure is considered as one of the leading actress of the 80s. In a career spanning over four decades, she has worked in over [[Padmini Kolhapure filmography|75 films]] and has received several accolades including three [[Filmfare Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Padmini-Kolhapure/awards |title=Padmini Kolhapure Awards and Nominations! |website=The Times of India |access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>

She began her acting career in 1972 at the age of seven, and her early works include [[Zindagi (1976 film)|''Zindagi'']] (1976) and [[Dream Girl (1977 film)|''Dream Girl'']] (1977). She had her breakthrough with the film ''[[Satyam Shivam Sundaram]]'' (1978), starring as the young Roopa.

At the age of 15, Kolhapure won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for her performance in the revenge drama ''[[Insaf Ka Tarazu]]'' (1980), and at the age of 17, won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] for the musical romantic drama ''[[Prem Rog]]'' (1982), thus becoming the second-youngest actress to win the awards in the respective categories. She was also nominated for the Best Supporting Actress for her role in ''[[Souten]]'' (1983) and also received a Best Actress nomination for ''[[Pyar Jhukta Nahin]]'' (1985). Kolhapure established herself as a leading lady in Hindi cinema with films such as - ''[[Ahista Ahista (1981 film)|Ahista Ahista]]'' (1981), ''[[Vidhaata]]'' (1982), ''[[Woh Saat Din]]'' (1983), ''[[Do Dilon Ki Dastaan (1985 film)|Do Dilon Ki Dastaan]]'' (1985), ''[[Swarag Se Sunder]]'' (1986), ''[[Dadagiri (film)|Dadagiri]]'' (1987), ''[[Phata Poster Nikla Hero]]'' (2013) and ''[[Panipat (film)|Panipat]]'' (2019). She has also acted in Marathi films like ''[[Chimani Pakhar]]'' (2000), ''[[Manthan: Ek Amrut Pyala]]'' (2005) and ''[[Prawaas]]'' (2020).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/where-is-prem-rog-fame-padmini-kolhapure-these-days-7946179.html |title=Where is Prem Rog fame Padmini Kolhapure these days? |website=News18 India |date=29 May 2023 |accessdate=20 June 2023}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==
Padmini Kolhapure was born 1 November 1965<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shraddha Kapoor, Anil Kapoor, Boney Kapoor and others attend Padmini Kolhapure's birthday celebration |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shraddha-kapoor-anil-kapoor-boney-kapoor-and-others-attend-padmini-kolhapures-birthday-celebration-s-1941128 |access-date=1 November 2020 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पद्मिनी कोल्हापुरे ने 56 की उम्र में चलाया आवाज का जादू, गाया अपना ही गाना 'ये गलियां ये चौबारा' |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/news-from-bollywood/padmini-kolhapure-has-lent-her-voice-to-the-song-ye-galiyan-ye-chaubara-from-prem-rog-movie/articleshow/87462704.cms |access-date=23 June 2022 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> in a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] family, second among the three daughters of Pandharinath Kolhapure, a professional musician, by his wife Nirupama Kolhapure. Her elder sister is the former actress Shivangi Kolhapure, wife of actor [[Shakti Kapoor]] and mother of actress [[Shraddha Kapoor]] and actor [[Siddhanth Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/seen-this-pic-of-padmini-kolhapure-and-sisters-shivangi-tejaswini-credit-shradhha-kapoor-1903683 | title=Seen this pic of Padmini Kolhapure and sisters Shivangi, Tejaswini? Credit - Shradhha Kapoor |work=NDTV
| date=20 August 2018 |access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref> Her younger sister, [[Tejaswini Kolhapure]], too is an actress.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ashok Kumar (Expressindia.com) |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Working-for-TV-serial-was-frustrating-Tejaswini/348495/ |title=Working for TV serial was frustrating: Tejaswini |work=Express India |date=13 August 2008 |access-date=12 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014072433/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Working-for-TV-serial-was-frustrating-Tejaswini/348495/ |archive-date=14 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The family took the surname "Kolhapure" because they hailed from [[Kolhapur]] in [[Maharashtra]]. Padmini's mother, Nirupama Kolhapure, was a [[Saraswat Brahmin]]. Padmini's father, Pandharinath Kolhapure, was a talented vocalist and [[Veena]] player. He was the son of Pandit Krishnarao Kolhapure (partner in Balvant Natak Academy along with Pandit [[Deenanath Mangeshkar]]), an exponent of [[Natya Sangeet]], who had enjoyed the patronage of the [[Baroda State|Baroda Durbar]]. Pandharinath's mother was the half-sister of Pandit [[Deenanath Mangeshkar]], and sister of Balwantrao Abhisheki, the father of vocalist [[Jitendra Abhisheki]]. Thus, Padmini is niece of legendary singers [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[Asha Bhonsle]].<ref name="DNAFamily">[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-i-feel-bad-about-it-1265542 I feel bad about it - Pt. Pandharinath] ''DNA India'' 16 June 2009 Retrieved 15 October 2012</ref> Her mother formerly used to work as ground staff with [[Air India]].<ref name="TOIFamily">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/If-I-had-my-way-I-would-have-worked-with-Raj-Kapoor-all-my-life-Padmini-Kolhapure/articleshow/22516382.cms If I had my way, I would have worked with Raj Kapoor all my life: Padmini Kolhapure] ''Times of India'' Retrieved 13 September 2013</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Celebrities at Manish Malhotra - Lilavati Save & Empower Girl Child show (42).jpg|thumb|upright|Kolhapure in 2012]]

As a child, she sang in the chorus for songs in films such as ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'', ''[[Kitaab]]'' and ''Dushman Dost'' with her sister Shivangi. Padmini later sang for her own films such as ''[[Vidhaata]]'', ''[[Daana Paani (1989 film)|Daana Pani]]'', ''[[Professor Ki Padosan]]'' ''[[Hum Intezaar Karenge]]'' and ''[[Sadak Chhap]]'' (with Kishore Kumar).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article3661883.ece?css=printwww.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article3661883.ece?css=print |title=Life & Style / Metroplus : Where has all the magic gone? |access-date=3 November 2012}}. The Hindu (20 July 2012). Retrieved on 2012-11-03.</ref> She released an album with [[Bappi Lahiri]] titled ''Music Lovers''. She performed for the Greater London Council at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in London with Bappi Lahiri and his troupe in 1986. Asha Bhosle suggested Padmini's name to [[Dev Anand]], who then cast her in ''[[Ishk Ishk Ishk]]'' (1975). This led to other films, such as ''[[Dream Girl (1977 film)|Dreamgirl]]'' (1977), ''[[Zindagi (1976 film)|Zindagi]]'' (1976), and ''[[Saajan Bina Suhagan]]'' (1978). She also gave a very commendable performance of a school girl inflicted by black magic in ''[[Gehrayee]]'' (1980).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/ishq-ishq-ishq-1974/article5943515.ece|author=Vijay Lokapally|title=Ishq, Ishq, Ishq (1974)|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 April 2014|accessdate=2 April 2019}}</ref>

Kolhapure's mother quit her airlines job to be a full-time chaperone as Padmini picked up more roles. Her most famous child role was playing a child in [[Raj Kapoor]]'s 1977 film ''[[Satyam Shivam Sundaram]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Blast from the Past - Satyam Shivam Sundarma (1978)|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-satyam-shivam-sundaram-1977/article6445425.ece|access-date=20 October 2014|agency=Hindu|work=The Hindu|date=25 September 2014}}</ref> Her success led to her most controversial role in ''[[Insaaf Ka Tarazu]]'' (1980), a remake of ''[[Lipstick (1976 film)|Lipstick]]'' (1976), where she played the rape victim that was originally played by [[Mariel Hemingway]]. She earned the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for her performance in the film.<ref>{{cite web|first=Prateek |last=Sur|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/10-bollywood-films-whose-stories-revolve-around-rape-news-225215 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201204928/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/10-bollywood-films-whose-stories-revolve-around-rape-news-225215 |date=29 September 2022|archive-date=1 December 2022 |title=10 Bollywood films whose stories revolve around rape |accessdate=10 February 2023|website=Outlook}}</ref> She graduated to heroine roles at the age of 15 in [[Nasir Hussain]]'s ''[[Zamane Ko Dikhana Hai]]'' opposite [[Rishi Kapoor]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} The film flopped, but she reunited with Rishi for his father [[Raj Kapoor]]'s blockbuster musical romantic drama ''[[Prem Rog]]'' (1982), which earned her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/prem_rog |title=Prem Rog |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |language=en |access-date=5 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 October 2013|work=Box Office India| title=Box Office 1982|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=188&catName=MTk4Mg==|access-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013955/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=188&catName=MTk4Mg==|archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> She also earned a [[Filmfare Special Award|Filmfare Special Performance Award]] for ''[[Ahista Ahista (1981 film)|Ahista Ahista]]'' (1981).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19811215-ahista-ahista-is-a-celluloid-edifice-built-on-prefabricated-blocks-of-tear-jerker-tragedy-773530-2013-10-24|title=Ahista Ahista is a celluloid edifice built on prefabricated blocks of tear-jerker tragedy|website=India Today|date=24 October 2013 |accessdate=24 October 2013}}</ref>

Kolhapure was known for her professionalism and diligence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Do Dilon Ki Dastan (1985) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/do-dilon-ki-dastan-14771 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202033321/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/do-dilon-ki-dastan-14771 |url-status=live |archive-date=2 December 2020 |access-date=12 March 2022 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> She even worked when she had fever on ''[[Do Dilon Ki Dastaan (1985 film)|Do Dilon Ki Dastaan]]'' (1985).<ref name="mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/this-week-that-year-the-sound-of-music-with-dev-anand-uncle/articleshow/78324837.cms |title=This week, that year: The sound of music with Dev Anand uncle |website=Mumbai Mirror |accessdate=10 October 2016}}</ref> She had more box office hits, such as ''[[Vidhaata]]'' (1982) with [[Shammi Kapoor]] and ''[[Souten]]'' (1983) opposite [[Rajesh Khanna]].<ref name="Usman 2014">{{Cite book |last=Usman |first=Yasser |title=Rajesh Khanna: The Untold Story of India's First Superstar |title-link=Rajesh Khanna: The Untold Story of India's First Superstar |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780143423614 |location=India |author-link=Yasser Usman}}</ref> She had a huge hit with ''[[Pyar Jhukta Nahin]]'' (1985) with [[Mithun Chakraborty]], and they were paired together in several more films. For the film she received Filmfare Best Actress nomination.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dhirad |first1=Sandeep |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winner |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |website=deep750.googlepages.com |date=2006 |page=71 |access-date=3 August 2007 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> She agreed to work with [[Anil Kapoor]] when he was a newcomer in his first film ''[[Woh Saat Din]]'' (1983). The movie was a hit and helped cement his name in the Indian film industry; Anil Kapoor attributes his eventual success in the film industry to her "luck".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://groups.msn.com/PadminiKolhapureHeatoftheEighties/masalatruths.msnw |title=SPICY REALITIES OF PADMINI KOLHAPURE |access-date=13 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410224643/http://groups.msn.com/PadminiKolhapureHeatoftheEighties/masalatruths.msnw |archive-date=10 April 2008}}</ref>

Kolhapure's other notable films through the 80s include - ''[[Yeh Ishq Nahin Aasaan]]'' (1984), ''[[Swarag Se Sunder]]'' (1986), ''[[Suhaagan]]'' (1986) and ''[[Dadagiri (film)|Dadagiri]]'' (1987).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dadagiri 1987 Movie Box Office Collection, Budget and Unknown Facts – KS Box Office|date=12 June 2020 |url=https://ksboxoffice.com/dadagiri-1987-movie-box-office-collection-budget-and-unknown-facts/movies-facts/|access-date=20 February 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> Kolhapure limited her work through the 90s. Her notable films include ''[[Professor Ki Padosan]]'' (1994) and ''[[Rockford (film)|Rockford]]'', where she was the producer.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} In 2000, she won [[Screen Awards|Screen Award for Best Actress - Marathi]] for the film ''[[Chimani Pakhar]]''.<ref name="Zee News">{{Cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/marathi-film-manthan-ek-amrut-to-premier-in-iffi_257605.html|title=Marathi film 'Manthan Ek Amrut' to premier in IFFI|accessdate=23 November 2005 |work=Zee News |date=23 November 2005 }}</ref>

She returned to acting in 2004 and worked in many [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] and Hindi films. ''[[Manthan: Ek Amrut Pyala]]'' (2005) and ''Eight Shani'' (2006) were among them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/050330/57/2kgl8.html |access-date=7 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050922172055/http://in.news.yahoo.com/050330/57/2kgl8.html |archive-date=22 September 2005 |title=Padmini Kolhapure signs Marathi flick}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/040525/149/2daiu.html |access-date=7 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050122220422/http://in.news.yahoo.com/040525/149/2daiu.html |archive-date=22 January 2005 |title=Padmini is back}}</ref> She appeared in ''Mera Bachpan'' with [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] in 2008. She has also acted on stage in ''Kaash'', followed by ''Abhi To Mein Jawan Hoon'' and ''Aasman Se Gire Khajoor Pe Atke'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/hindi/aasman_se_gire_khajoor_pe_atke.asp |title=AASMAN SE GIRE... KHAJOOR PE ATKE |work=mumbaitheatreguide.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yU15KoW_kg4&list=UUay1J1V6PdKkTMT9vRaEbew&index=1&feature=plcp |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/yU15KoW_kg4 |archive-date=13 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=Aasman se gire khajoor pe atke Sep 14 2012 002 |date=15 September 2012 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PSsZEAx1Uk&list=UUay1J1V6PdKkTMT9vRaEbew&index=2&feature=plcp |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/8PSsZEAx1Uk |archive-date=13 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=Aasman Se Gire, Khajoor Pe Atke Sep 14 2012 001 |date=15 September 2012 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> with her brother-in-law [[Shakti Kapoor]]. Post 2010, Kolhapure played supporting roles mainly that of a mother. In 2011, she foray into Malayalam cinema with [[V. K. Prakash]]'s ''[[Karmayogi (2011 film)|Karmayogi]]'', an adaptation of [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Hamlet]]''.<ref name="Saraswathy Nagarajan">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/03/11/stories/2011031151620100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629052318/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/03/11/stories/2011031151620100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2011 |title=Mr. Reliable of Mollywood|author=Saraswathy Nagarajan|date=11 March 2011|work=The Hindu |access-date=11 March 2011}}</ref> In 2013, she played [[Shahid Kapoor]]'s mother in the comedy film ''[[Phata Poster Nikla Hero]]'' (2013),<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/Kamals-Kaakki-Sattai-was-remade/articleshow/37170040.cms|title=Kamal Haasan's Kaakki Sattai was remade|work=The Times of India|date=24 June 2014|accessdate=27 July 2016}}</ref> and then played [[Gopikabai]] in ''[[Panipat (film)|Panipat]]'' (2019).<ref name="Firstpost">{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/padmini-kolhapure-joins-arjun-kapoor-kriti-sanon-sanjay-dutt-in-ashutosh-gowarikars-historical-drama-panipat-5344121.html |title=Padmini Kolhapure joins Arjun Kapoor, Kriti Sanon, Sanjay Dutt in Ashutosh Gowariker's Panipat |date=9 October 2018 |work=Firstpost |access-date=24 February 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> Sje received praises for her 2020 Marathi film ''[[Prawaas]]''.<ref name="Prawaas">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/prawaas/articleshow/73031574.cms|title=Prawaas|website=Times of India|date=30 December 2019 |accessdate=10 March 2020|archive-date=26 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226175647/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/prawaas/articleshow/73031574.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kolhapure made her television debut with ''[[Ekk Nayi Pehchaan]]'' playing Pallavi Suresh Modi.<ref name="Pinkvilla">{{cite web |url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/tvtags/sony/padmini-kolhapure-enter-love-interest-suresh-modi |work=Pinkvilla |title=Padmini Kolhapure to enter as love interest of Suresh Modi in Ekk Nayi Pehchaan |access-date=13 August 2014 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826121410/http://www.pinkvilla.com/tvtags/sony/padmini-kolhapure-enter-love-interest-suresh-modi |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2021, she appeared in the web series ''[[Dil Bekaraar]]''. Along with this, she has appeared as guest on various reality shows.<ref>{{cite web | last=Jha | first=Lata | title=Disney+ Hotstar to stream new show 'Dil Bekaraar' on 26 November | website=Live Mint | date=20 November 2021 | url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/disney-hotstar-to-stream-new-show-dil-bekaraar-on-26-november-11637383183934.html | access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
While working for the film ''[[Aisa Pyaar Kahan]]'' (1986), Kolhapure met Pradeep Sharma alias Tutu Sharma, who was the producer of the film.<ref>{{cite web |author=Subhash K Jha |title=Bollywood actresses who married film producers |accessdate=28 December 2020 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=25 April 2014 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/actresses-who-married-film-producers/}}</ref> They got married after a brief courtship in 1986.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mithun Chakraborty faked a stomach ache to help Padmini run away and get married |accessdate=27 November 2022 |work=Outlook India |date=13 November 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/mithun-chakraborty-faked-a-stomach-ache-to-help-padmini-run-away-and-get-married-news-237033}}</ref> They have a son named Priyaank Sharma, born in February 1990.<ref name="ht"/> Priyank had assisted filmmaker [[Rajkumar Santoshi]] for the film ''[[Phata Poster Nikla Hero]]'' and has worked as an actor in ''[[Sab Kushal Mangal]]'' (2020). He married producer [[Karim Morani]]'s daughter and [[Zoa Morani]]'s sister Shaza Morani on 4 February 2021.<ref name="ht">[http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Starkid-on-the-block-Priyank-Sharma/Article1-1002927.aspx Starkid on the block: Priyank Sharma] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630103107/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Starkid-on-the-block-Priyank-Sharma/Article1-1002927.aspx |date=30 June 2013 }} ''Hindustan Times'' Retrieved 28 January 2013</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Inside Priyaank Sharma-Shaza Morani's wedding party: Cousin Shraddha Kapoor, Padmini Kolhapure, attend. See pics |accessdate=6 February 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 February 2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/inside-priyaank-sharma-shaza-morani-s-wedding-party-cousin-shraddha-kapoor-padmini-kolhapure-attend-see-pics-101612490672695-amp.html}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:PadminiKolhapure02.jpg|thumb|Kolhapure in 2010]]

Kolhapure is regarded as one of the most popular and leading actress of 1980s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Heroines who ruled a million hearts in the '80s |work=Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/heroines-who-ruled-million-hearts-in-the-80s-2881459/lite/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/heroines-who-ruled-million-hearts-in-the-80s-2881459/lite/ |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> In 2022, she was placed in ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'}}s "75 Best Bollywood Actresses" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=75 Bollywood Actresses Who Ruled The Silver Screen With Grace, Beauty And Talent |work=Outlook India |date=16 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-bollywood-actresses-who-ruled-the-silver-screen-with-grace-beauty-and-talent-news-216694/amp |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-bollywood-actresses-who-ruled-the-silver-screen-with-grace-beauty-and-talent-news-216694/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> Her co-actor [[Anil Kapoor]] credited his career to her and said, "It’s because she agreed to do ''Woh 7 Din'' that, I am where I am today."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anil Kapoor credits career to Padmini Kolhapure |work=The Statesman |date=November 2017 |access-date=24 August 2020 |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/anil-kapoor-padmini-kolhapure-1502521073.html |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/anil-kapoor-padmini-kolhapure-1502521073.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Tribune]]'' noted, "Padmini Kolhapure is charming, beautiful and graceful. The innocence on her face will take you back to the 80s when she ruled millions of hearts."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The regrets Padmini Kolhapure has! |work=The Tribune |access-date=29 September 2021 |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/the-regrets-padmini-has-375045 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/the-regrets-padmini-has-375045 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1981, Kolhapure had given [[Charles III|King Charles III]], a peck on the cheek. This created a great deal of buzz in the British media.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When Padmini Kolhapure kissed King Charles on the sets of her film |work=India Today |access-date=28 April 2023 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/when-padmini-kolhapure-kissed-king-charles-on-the-sets-of-her-film-1998393-2022-09-09 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/bollywood/story/when-padmini-kolhapure-kissed-king-charles-on-the-sets-of-her-film-1998393-2022-09-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, Kolhapure turned a designer and started her Indian and Indo-western wear brand, with her friend Sita Talwalkar. Her niece [[Shraddha Kapoor]], unveiled the label.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rock on Padmini Kolhapure |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=23 December 2016 |access-date=19 October 2020 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/231216/rock-on-padmini-kolhapure-1.html |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/231216/rock-on-padmini-kolhapure-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 1974
|''Ek Khiladi Bawan Patte''
|
| rowspan="7" |Child artist
|
|-
| 1975
| ''[[Ishk Ishk Ishk]]''
|
|
|-
| 1976
| ''[[Zindagi (1976 film)|Zindagi]]''
| Guddu
|
|-
| 1977
| ''[[Dream Girl (1977 film)|Dream Girl]]''
| Padmini
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1978
| ''[[Saajan Bina Suhagan]]''
| Bulbul Chopra
|
|-
| ''[[Satyam Shivam Sundaram]]''
| Young Rupa
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Blast from the Past - Satyam Shivam Sundarma (1978)|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-satyam-shivam-sundaram-1977/article6445425.ece|access-date=20 October 2014|agency=Hindu|work=The Hindu|date=25 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hamara Sansar]]''
| Asha
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1980
| ''[[Thodisi Bewafaii]]''
| Meenu
| rowspan="2" | Young adult
|
|-
| ''[[Gehrayee]]''
| Uma
|
|-
| ''[[Insaaf Ka Tarazu]]''
| Neeta
| Young adult
Won - [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|<ref>{{cite web|first=Prateek |last=Sur|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/10-bollywood-films-whose-stories-revolve-around-rape-news-225215 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201204928/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/10-bollywood-films-whose-stories-revolve-around-rape-news-225215 |date=29 September 2022|archive-date=1 December 2022 |title=10 Bollywood films whose stories revolve around rape |accessdate=10 February 2023|website=Outlook}}</ref>
|-

|1981
|''[[Ahista Ahista (1981 film)|Ahista Ahista]]''
|Chandra
|Debut as heroine
Won - [[Filmfare Special Award|Filmfare Special Performance Award]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahista Ahista is a celluloid edifice built on prefabricated blocks of tear-jerker tragedy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19811215-ahista-ahista-is-a-celluloid-edifice-built-on-prefabricated-blocks-of-tear-jerker-tragedy-773530-2013-10-24 |accessdate=24 October 2013 |website=India Today|date=24 October 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|1981
|''[[Zamaane Ko Dikhana Hai]]''
|Kanchan
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1982
| ''[[Prem Rog]]''
| Manorama
| Won - [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 October 2013|work=Box Office India| title=Box Office 1982|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=188&catName=MTk4Mg==|access-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013955/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=188&catName=MTk4Mg==|archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vidhaata]]''
| Durga
|
|
|-
| ''[[Star (1982 film)|Star]]''
| Dev's Fan
|Cameo
|
|-
| ''Teri Maang Sitaron Se Bhar Doon''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Swami Dada]]''
| Chamkili
|
|<ref name="mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com"/>
|-
| rowspan="5" |1983
| ''[[Lovers (1983 film)|Lovers]]''
| Mary
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mazdoor]]''
| Meena Saxena
|
|
|-
| ''[[Souten]]''
| Radha
| Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|<ref name="Usman 2014"/>
|-
| ''[[Woh Saat Din]]''
| Maya
|
|<ref>{{YouTube|Q_R9lqkyC2c|Woh Saat Din 1983 Full Movie}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bekaraar]]''
| Sundari
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1984
| ''[[Yeh Ishq Nahin Aasaan]]''
| Salma Mirza
|
|
|-
| ''[[Naya Kadam]]''
| Chanda
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ek Nai Paheli]]''
| Kajri
|
|
|-
| ''Sheeshay Ka Ghar''
|
|
|
|-
| {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Hum Hain Lajawab]]}}
| Dilruba
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |1985
| ''[[Pyaar Jhukta Nahin]]''
| Preeti
| Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]
|
|-
| ''[[Aaj Ka Daur]]''
| Durga Agnihotri
|
|
|-
| ''[[Rahi Badal Gaye]]''
| Sangeeta
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pyari Behna]]''
| Mangla
|
|
|-
| ''[[Insaaf Main Karoonga]]''
| Pinky
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bewafai]]''
| Renu
|
|
|-
| ''Patthar Dil''
| Bindiya
|
|
|-
| ''[[Wafadaar]]''
| Sita
|
|
|-
| ''[[Do Dilon Ki Dastaan (1985 film)|Do Dilon Ki Dastaan]]''
| Sona Mathur
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Do Dilon Ki Dastan (1985) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/do-dilon-ki-dastan-14771 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202033321/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/do-dilon-ki-dastan-14771 |url-status=live |archive-date=2 December 2020 |access-date=12 March 2022 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" |1986
| ''[[Anubhav (1986 film)|Anubhav]]''
| Gauri
|
|
|-
| ''[[Swarag Se Sunder]]''
| Lalita Choudhury
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aisa Pyaar Kahan]]''
| Pooja
|
|
|-
| ''[[Muddat (1986 film)|Muddat]]''
| Kalpana
|
|
|-
| ''Kirayadar''
| Jaya Abhyankar
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pyar Kiya Hai Pyar Karenge]]''
| Usha
|
|
|-
| ''Preeti''
| Preeti
|
|
|-
| ''[[Suhaagan]]''
| Jyoti
|
|<ref name="Suhagan">{{Cite web |title=Suhagan | work=Lyrics Bogie |url=https://www.lyricsbogie.com/category/movies/suhaagan-1986|accessdate=22 November 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| ''Jumbish - The Movement:The Film''
| Vidya/Dharti
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1987
| ''[[Jhanjhaar]]''
| Pushpa
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pyar Ke Kabil]]''
| Sangeeta Kapoor
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dadagiri (film)|Dadagiri]]''
| Barkha Singh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dadagiri 1987 Movie Box Office Collection, Budget and Unknown Facts – KS Box Office|date=12 June 2020 |url=https://ksboxoffice.com/dadagiri-1987-movie-box-office-collection-budget-and-unknown-facts/movies-facts/|access-date=20 February 2022|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sadak Chhap]]''
| Anju
|
|
|-
| ''[[Hawalaat]]''
| Geeta
|
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Sagar Sangam]]''
|Radha
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1989
| ''[[Hum Intezaar Karenge]]''
| Manisha
|
|
|-
| ''[[Daana Paani (1989 film)|Dana Paani]]''
| Chanda
|
|
|-
| ''[[Daata]]''
| Sona
|
|
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Qurbani Rang Layegi]]''
| Basanti
|Delayed release
|
|-
|1992
|''[[Touhean]]''
|Sandhya
|Delayed release
|
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Professor Ki Padosan]]''
| Menaka Khanna
|Delayed release
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Rockford (film)|Rockford]]''
|_
| Producer
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Chimani Pakhar]]''
|Nandini
| [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] film; Won - [[Screen Awards|Screen Award for Best Actress Marathi]]
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Manthan: Ek Amrut Pyala]]''
| Anjali Deshpande
| Marathi film
|<ref name="Zee News"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006
| ''[[Souten: The Other Woman]]''
| Smita S. Singh
|
|
|-
| ''Eight: The Power of Shani''
| Radha S. Rai
|
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Bolo Raam]]''
| Archana Kaushik
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
| ''[[Karmayogi (2012 film)|Karmayogi]]''
| Mankamma
| [[Malayalam]] film
|<ref name="Saraswathy Nagarajan"/>
|-
| ''[[Mai (2013 film)|Mai]]''
| Madhu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
| ''[[Phata Poster Nikla Hero]]''
| Savitri Rao
|
|<ref name="The Times of India"/>
|-
| ''Daughter''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Dhuaan''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
| ''Karbonn''
| Gayatri
|
|
|-
| ''Bachpan Ek Dhokha''
|
|
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Panipat (film)|Panipat]]''
| [[Gopikabai|Gopika Bai]]
|
|<ref name="Firstpost"/>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Prawaas]]''
| Lata Inamdar
| Marathi Film
|<ref name="Prawaas"/>
|-
| TBA
| ''[[Jhaad Phoonk]]''
|
|
|
|}

=== Television ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Ekk Nayi Pehchaan]]''
| Pallavi Suresh Modi
|
|<ref name="Pinkvilla"/>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021
| ''[[Super Dancer]]''
| Herself
| Guest
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/super-dancer-4-hema-malini-poonam-dhillon-and-padmini-kolhapure-to-grace-the-dance-reality-show-4243952.html |work=News18 |title=Super Dancer 4: Hema Malini, Poonam Dhillon and Padmini Kolhapure to grace the dance reality show |date=25 September 2021 |access-date=26 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dil Bekaraar]]''
| Bhudevi
| Web series
|<ref>{{cite web | last=Jha | first=Lata | title=Disney+ Hotstar to stream new show 'Dil Bekaraar' on 26 November | website=Live Mint | date=20 November 2021 | url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/disney-hotstar-to-stream-new-show-dil-bekaraar-on-26-november-11637383183934.html | access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2022|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 9]]''
| rowspan="2"|Herself
| rowspan="2"|Guest
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/mithun-chakraborty-padmini-kolhapure-reunite-after-33-years-watch-video-8259207/lite/ |work=Indian Express |title=Mithun Chakraborty, Padmini Kolhapure reunite after 33 years on dance show |date=9 November 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[India's Best Dancer (Hindi TV series)|India's Best Dancer 3]]''
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/padmini-kolhapure-recreates-the-magic-of-yeh-galiyan-yeh-chaubara-on-ibd-3-2635599.html/amp |work=Zee News |title=Padmini Kolhapure recreates the magic of 'Yeh Galiyan Yeh Chaubara' on India's Best Dancer 3 |access-date=15 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Chakravarti Samrat Prithviraj Chauhan]]''
| Rajmata
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Padmini Kolhapure: One of my biggest regrets is missing out on working with Amitji |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/padmini-kolhapure-one-of-my-biggest-regrets-is-missing-out-on-working-with-amitji/articleshow/120921108.cms |website=The Times of India |date=6 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Music video appearances ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Singer(s)
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021
| "Hum Hindustani"
| Various
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/lata-mangeshkar-amitabh-bachchan-shraddha-kapoor-tara-sutaria-come-together-for-hum-hindustani-50105.html |work=Filmfare |title=Lata Mangeshkar, Amitabh Bachchan, Shraddha Kapoor, Padmini Kolhapure come together for Hum Hindustani |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| "Yeh Galiyan Yeh Chaubara"
| Herself
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/padmini-kolhapure-to-recreate-her-iconic-song-ye-galiyan-ye-chaubara20211101150658/ |work=ANI News |title=Padmini Kolhapure to recreate her iconic song 'Ye Galiyan Ye Chaubara' in a music video |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

== Discography ==

===Film songs===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Song
! Composer
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 1973
| ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]''
| "Yaadon Ki Baaraat Nikli Hai Aaj Dil Ke Dwaare"
| rowspan="3"|[[R. D. Burman]]
|
|-
| 1980
| ''[[The Burning Train]]''
| "Teri Hai Zameen Tera Aasman""
|
|-
| 1981
| ''[[Zamane Ko Dikhana Hai]]''
| "Poochho Na Yaar Kya Hua"
|
|-
| 1982
| ''[[Vidhaata]]''
| "Saat Saheliyan Khadi Khadi Fariyad Sunayen Ghadi Ghadi"
| [[Kalyanji-Anandji]]
|
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Sadak Chhap]]''
| "Pehli Pehli Baar Aankhen Jab Ho Chaar"
| rowspan="2"|[[Bappi Lahiri]]
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ | title=Movie Overview - Sadak Chhap (1987) | website=Bollywood Hungama | date=13 August 2011 | accessdate=15 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|1989
| ''[[Hum Intezaar Karenge]]''
| "Pehle Milan Ki Raat Aayi, Kitne Dinon Ke Baad Aayi"
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|''[[Daana Paani (1989 film)|Daana Paani]]''
| "Dhokha Dhokha"
| rowspan="2"|[[Anu Malik]]
|
|-
| "Chik Chik Mirchi"
|
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Professor Ki Padosan]]''
| "Modern Girl Pehn Ke Chote Diamond"
| [[R. D. Burman]]
|
|}

===Non-film songs===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Album
! Song
! Composer
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
|1996
|''REMIX: Tere Mere Beechmein''
| "Jhootha Nahin"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Syndrome of Love (album)|Syndrome of Love]]''
|"Yeh Leherein Ye Paani"
|Saba
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheader"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| [[28th Filmfare Awards|1981]]
| rowspan="5"|[[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| ''[[Insaaf Ka Tarazu]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners|title=Check out all the Filmfare Awards Winners from 1953 to 2023 |accessdate=30 December 2021 |work=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
| [[29th Filmfare Awards|1982]]
| [[Filmfare Special Award|Special Performance Award]]
| ''[[Ahista Ahista (1981 film)|Ahista Ahista]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhirad |first=Sandeep |date=2006 |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winners |url=https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019034032/https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |archive-date=19 October 2015 |access-date=26 March 2022 |work=Filmfare Awards |pages=61–63}}</ref>
|-
| [[30th Filmfare Awards|1983]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| ''[[Prem Rog]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Filmfare|title=Some things never change at the awards...Thank the lord|issue=April 2002|author=Gahlot, Deepa|url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/april2002/fb3.html|access-date=27 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703170426/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/april2002/fb3.html|archive-date=3 July 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[31st Filmfare Awards|1984]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| ''[[Souten]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite magazine |date=30 April 1984 |title=Govind Nihalani's film 'Ardh Satya' sweeps the 31st Filmfare Awards |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19840430-govind-nihalani-film-ardh-satya-sweeps-five-filmfare-awards-802980-1984-04-29 |magazine=India Today |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[33rd Filmfare Awards|1986]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| ''[[Pyar Jhukta Nahin]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/filmfare-awards-1986-188.html|title=33rd Filmfare Awards 1986 Complete Winners List |website=awardsandshows.com|access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Screen Awards|2001]]
| [[Screen Awards]]
| Best Actress – Marathi
| ''Chimanee Pakhre''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/about/star-screen-awards|title=Star Screen Awards 2001 Winners |work=Indian Express |date=9 March 2011 |accessdate=12 December 2019}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.padminikolhapure.in}}
* {{IMDb name|0464075}}

{{Commons}}

{{FilmfareBestActressAward}}
{{FilmfareBestSupportingActressAward}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolhapure, Padmini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

Reign of Terror

2026-03-27T06:10:03Z

SanglapGeographer: fix lead per sources

{{Short description|1793–94 period of political violence during the French Revolution}}
{{About|the period during the French Revolution}}
{{Redirect|The Terror}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Reign of Terror
| partof = the [[French Revolution]]
| image = Octobre 1793, supplice de 9 émigrés.jpg
| caption = Nine ''émigrés'' are executed by [[guillotine]], 1793
| date =  5 September 1793 – 27 July 1794
| location = [[First French Republic]]
| organisers = [[Committee of Public Safety]]
| casualties1 = at least 35,000–45,000<ref name="DG"/><ref name="JCM">{{Cite book |last=[[Jean-Clément Martin]] |title=La Terreur : vérités et légendes |date=2017 |publisher=Perrin |location=Paris |pages=191–192|language=fr}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Epouvantail pour les ennemis de la France Fleisch.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Historical caricature of the Reign of Terror.]]
[[File:Barere.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Bertrand Barère]] by [[Jean-Louis Laneuville]].]]

The '''Reign of Terror''' ({{langx|fr|La Terreur|lit=The Terror}}) was a period of the [[French Revolution]] when, following the creation of the [[French First Republic|First Republic]], a series of massacres and [[Capital punishment in France|numerous public executions]] took place in response to the [[Federalist revolts]], revolutionary fervour, [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] sentiment, and accusations of treason by the [[Committee of Public Safety]]. While terror was never formally instituted as a legal policy by the [[National Convention|Convention]], it was more often employed as a concept.<ref name="RfytDwAAQBAJ p. 200">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfytDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA200|title=A Natural History of Revolution: Violence and Nature in the French Revolutionary Imagination, 1789–1794|first=Mary Ashburn|last=Miller|date=2011|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0801460845|via=Google Books|access-date=12 March 2023|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408013150/https://books.google.com/books?id=RfytDwAAQBAJ&dq&pg=PA200|url-status=live}}</ref>

Historians disagree when exactly the "Terror" began. Some consider it to have begun in 1793, often giving the date as 5 September or 10 March, when the [[Revolutionary Tribunal]] came into existence.<ref name="EncBrit"/> Others cite the earlier [[September Massacres]] in 1792, or even July 1789 when the first killing of the revolution occurred.{{Efn|The dates July 1789, September 1792, and March 1793 are given as alternatives in {{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Jean-Clément |title=La Terreur, part maudite de la Révolution |date=2010 |publisher=Gallimard |series=Découvertes Gallimard |volume=566 |location=Paris |pages=14–15 |language=fr |trans-title=The Terror: Cursed Period of the Revolution}}}} Will Durant stated that "strictly, it should be dated from the [[Law of Suspects]], September 17, 1793, to the execution of [[Maximilien Robespierre]], July 28, 1794."<ref name="Story of Civilization">{{cite book |last1=Durant |first1=Will |url=https://archive.org/details/TheStoryOfCivilizationcomplete/Durant_Will_-_The_story_of_civilization_11/page/n79/mode/2up |title=The Story of Civilization: The Age of Napoleon |date=1975 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1567310238 |page=62}}</ref>

The Terror concluded with the [[Fall of Maximilien Robespierre|fall of Robespierre]] and his alleged allies in July 1794,<ref name="EncBrit" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Linton |first=Marisa |date=2004-05-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117152123/http://www.port.ac.uk/special/france1815to2003/chapter1/interviews/filetodownload%2C20545%2Cen.pdf |title=The Terror in the French Revolution |publisher=Kingston University |url=http://www.port.ac.uk/special/france1815to2003/chapter1/interviews/filetodownload,20545,en.pdf |archivedate=2012-01-17 |accessdate=2011-12-02 }}</ref> in what is known as the [[Thermidorian Reaction]]. By then, 16,594 official death sentences had been dispensed throughout France since June 1793, of which 2,639 were in Paris alone. In addition, an estimated 10 to 20 thousand people were executed without trial or died awaiting trial in prison.<ref name="DG"/><ref name="EncBrit"/>

== Background ==
=== Enlightenment thought ===
[[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] thought emphasized the importance of [[Rationality|rational thinking]] and began challenging legal and moral foundations of society, providing the leaders of the Reign of Terror with new ideas about the role and structure of government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Church |first=William F. |title=The Influence of the Enlightenment on the French Revolution |date=1964 |publisher=D. C. Heath and Company |editor-last=Church |editor-first=W. F. |location=Boston |page=vii |chapter=Introduction}}</ref> [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]'s [[The Social Contract|''Social Contract'']] argues that each person was born with rights, and they would come together in forming a government that would then protect those rights. Under the social contract, the government was required to act for the [[general will]], which represented the interests of everyone rather than a few factions.<ref>[[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau, Jean-Jacques]]. 1901. "[http://oll-resources.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/2039/More_1414_Bk.pdf The Social Contract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806170120/http://oll-resources.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/2039/More_1414_Bk.pdf |date=6 August 2020}}." pp. 1–126 in ''Ideal Empires and Republics'', edited by Charles M. Andrews. Washington: M. Walter Dunne. p. [http://oll-resources.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/2039/More_1414_Bk.pdf#page=112 92] –94. [http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/rousseau-ideal-empires-and-republics Available as etext] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027042846/https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/rousseau-ideal-empires-and-republics |date=27 October 2020}} via [[Liberty Fund|Online Library of Liberty]].</ref> Drawing from the idea of a general will, Robespierre felt that the [[French Revolution]] could result in a [[republic]] built for the general will but only once those who fought against this ideal were expelled.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peyre |first=Henri |date=1949 |title=The Influence of Eighteenth Century Ideas on the French Revolution |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=63–87 |doi=10.2307/2707200 |jstor=2707200}}</ref><ref name="sourcebooks.fordham.edu">Halsall, Paul. [1997] 2020. "[https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/robespierre-terror.asp Maximilien Robespierre: Justification of the Use of Terror] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813124419/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/robespierre-terror.asp |date=13 August 2021}}." [[Internet Modern History Sourcebook]]. US: [[Fordham University]], Retrieved 25 June 2020.</ref> Those who resisted the government were deemed "tyrants" fighting against the virtue and honor of the general will. The leaders felt that their ideal version of government was threatened from the inside and outside of France, and terror was the only way to preserve the dignity of the republic created in the French Revolution.<ref name="sourcebooks.fordham.edu" />

The writings of [[Montesquieu|Baron de Montesquieu]], another Enlightenment thinker of the time, also greatly influenced Robespierre. Montesquieu's ''[[The Spirit of Law]]'' defines a core principle of a democratic government: [[virtue]]—described as "the love of laws and of our country."<ref>Hallsal, Paul. [1996] 2020. "[https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/montesquieu-spirit.asp Montesquieu: The Spirit of the Laws, 1748] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005225/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/montesquieu-spirit.asp |date=31 October 2018}}." ''[[Internet Modern History Sourcebook]]''. US: [[Fordham University]]. Retrieved 25 June 2020.</ref> In Robespierre's speech to the [[National Convention]] on 5 February 1794, he regards virtue as being the "fundamental principle of popular or democratic government."<ref>[[Maximilien Robespierre|Robespierre, Maximilien]]. [1794] 1970. "[http://courses.washington.edu/hsteu302/Robespierre%20speech.htm Virtue & Terror] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806173853/http://courses.washington.edu/hsteu302/Robespierre%20speech.htm |date=6 August 2020}}." pp. 32–49 in ''The Ninth of Thermidor'', edited by R. Bienvenu. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]].</ref><ref>"[http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/413 9 Thermidor: The Conspiracy against Robespierre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030210617/http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/413 |date=30 October 2018}}." ''Liberty, Equality, Fraternity''. US: [[Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media]] and American Social History Project.</ref> This was, in fact, the same virtue defined by Montesquieu almost 50 years prior. Robespierre believed the virtue needed for any democratic government was extremely lacking in the French people. As a result, he decided to weed out those he believed could never possess this virtue. The result was a continual push towards terror. The convention used this as justification for the course of action to "crush the enemies of the revolution…let the laws be executed…and let liberty be saved."<ref>"[https://www.worldhistorycommons.org/terror-order-day Terror Is the Order of the Day] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806182526/https://www.worldhistorycommons.org/terror-order-day |date=6 August 2020}}." ''World History Commons''. Retrieved 25 June 2020.</ref>

===Threats of foreign invasion===
[[File:Bataille de Fleurus 1794.JPG|thumb|The [[Battle of Fleurus (1794)|Battle of Fleurus]], won by General [[Jean-Baptiste Jourdan|Jourdan]] over the Coalition Army led by the Prince of [[Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld|Coburg]] and [[William I of the Netherlands|William of Orange]] on 26 June 1794]]

At the beginning of the French Revolution, the surrounding monarchies did not show great hostility towards the rebellion.{{Sfn|Popkin|2016|p=54}} Though mostly ignored, [[Louis XVI]] was later able to find support in [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold II of Austria]] (brother of [[Marie Antoinette]]) and [[Frederick William II of Prussia]]. On 27 August 1791, these foreign leaders made the [[Declaration of Pillnitz|Pillnitz Declaration]], saying they would restore the French monarch if other European rulers joined. In response to what they viewed to be the meddling of foreign powers, [[Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars|France declared war]] on 20 April 1792.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rothenberg |first=Gunther E. |date=1988 |title=The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon |journal=Journal of Interdisciplinary History |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=771–793 |doi=10.2307/204824 |jstor=204824}}</ref> However, at this point, the war was only [[Prussia]] and [[Austria]] against France.

Massive reforms of military institutions, while very effective in the long run, presented the initial problems of inexperienced forces and leaders of questionable political loyalty.{{Sfn|Popkin|2016|p=55}} In the time it took for officers of merit to use their new freedoms to climb the chain of command, France suffered. Many of the early battles were definitive losses for the French.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}} There was the constant threat of the Austro-Prussian forces which were advancing easily toward the capital, threatening to destroy Paris if the monarch was harmed.<ref>Leopold II, and Frederick William. 27 August 1791. "[https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/declaration-of-pillnitz-1791/ The Declaration of Pillnitz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203094908/https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/declaration-of-pillnitz-1791 |date=3 December 2022}}." ''French Revolution''. AU: Alpha History. Retrieved 25 June 2020 .</ref> This series of defeats, coupled with militant uprisings and protests within the borders of France, pushed the government to resort to drastic measures to ensure the loyalty of every citizen, not only to France but more importantly to the revolution.

While this series of losses was eventually broken, the reality of what might have happened if they persisted hung over France. In September 1792 the French won a [[Battle of Valmy|critical victory at Valmy]], preventing an Austro-Prussian invasion.{{Sfn|Popkin|2016|p=59}} While the French military had stabilized and was producing victories by the time the Reign of Terror officially began, the pressure to succeed in this international struggle acted as justification for the government to pursue its actions. It was not until after the [[execution of Louis XVI]] and the annexation of the [[Rhineland#French Revolution|Rhineland]] that the other monarchies began to feel threatened enough to form the [[War of the First Coalition|First Coalition]]. The coalition, consisting of [[Russia]], Austria, Prussia, [[Spain]], [[Holland]], and [[Sardinia]] began attacking France from all directions, besieging and capturing ports and retaking ground lost to France.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bok |first=Hilary |title=Baron de Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat |date=2014 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2014/entries/montesquieu |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |access-date=2023-09-15 |edition=Summer 2014 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527070952/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2014/entries/montesquieu/ |url-status=live }}</ref> With so many similarities to the first days of the [[French Revolutionary Wars|Revolutionary Wars]] for the French government, with threats on all sides, unification of the country became a top priority.{{Sfn|Popkin|2016|p=64}} As the war continued and the Reign of Terror began, leaders saw a correlation between using terror and achieving victory. Well phrased by [[Albert Soboul]], "terror, at first an improvised response to defeat, once organized became an instrument of victory."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ozouf |first=Mona |date=1984 |title=War and Terror in French Revolutionary Discourse (1792–1794) |journal=The Journal of Modern History |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=580–597 |doi=10.1086/242733 |jstor=1880323 |s2cid=153782457}}</ref> The threat of defeat and foreign invasion may have helped spur the origins of the Terror, but the timely coincidence of the Terror with French victories added justification to its growth.

=== Popular pressure ===
[[File:Heads on pikes.jpg|thumb|Heads of aristocrats on [[Pike (weapon)|pikes]].]]
[[File:Robespierre crop.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Maximilien Robespierre]], member of the [[Committee of Public Safety]]]]

During the Reign of Terror, the ''[[sans-culottes]]'' —the urban workers of France— and the [[Hébertists]] put pressure on the National Convention delegates and contributed to the overall instability of France. The National Convention was bitterly split between the [[The Mountain|Montagnards]] and the [[Girondins]]. The Girondins were more conservative leaders of the National Convention, while the Montagnards supported radical violence and pressures of the lower classes.{{Sfn|Popkin|2016|p=64}} Once the Montagnards gained control of the National Convention, they began demanding radical measures.

Moreover, the ''sans-culottes'' agitated for leaders to inflict punishments on those who opposed the interests of the poor. The ''sans-culottes'' violently demonstrated, pushing their demands and creating constant pressure for the Montagnards to enact reform.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schechter |first=Ronald |title=Martyrdom and Terrorism |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-1999-5985-3 |pages=152–178 |chapter=Terror, Vengeance, and Martyrdom in the French Revolution |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199959853.003.0008}}</ref> They fed the frenzy of instability and chaos by utilizing popular pressure during the Revolution. For example, they sent letters and petitions to the [[Committee of Public Safety]] urging them to protect their interests and rights with measures such as taxation of foodstuffs that favored workers over the rich. They advocated for arrests of those deemed to oppose reforms against those with privilege, and the more militant members would advocate pillage in order to achieve the desired equality.<ref>Albert Soboul, ''The Sans-culottes; the Popular Movement and Revolutionary Government, 1793–1794'', (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1972), 5–17.</ref> The resulting instability caused problems that made forming the new republic and achieving full political support critical.

=== Religious upheaval ===
[[File:Miniac-Morvan (35) Église Saint-Pierre Intérieur 11.jpg|thumb|Nuns in a cart taking them to the guillotine in [[Cambrai]] on 26 June 1794]]

The Reign of Terror was characterized by a dramatic rejection of long-held religious authority, its hierarchical structure, and the corrupt and intolerant influence of the [[aristocracy]] and clergy. Religious elements that long stood as symbols of stability for the French people were replaced by views on reason and scientific thought.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pressense |first1=Edmond |title=Religion and the reign of terror, or, The church during the French revolution |last2=Lacroix |first2=John |date=1869 |publisher=Carlton & Lanahan; Hitchcock & Walden |series=World constitutions illustrated |location=New York; Cincinnati}}{{Page needed|date=June 2022}}</ref>{{Sfn|Kennedy|1989|p=343}} The radical revolutionaries and their supporters desired a cultural revolution that would rid the French state of all Christian influence.<ref name="Lynn Hunt p 3">{{Cite book |last=Hunt |first=Lynn |title=Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-5209-3104-6 |pages=87–120 |chapter=The Imagery of Radicalism |doi=10.1525/9780520931046-011 |s2cid=226772970}}</ref> This process began with the [[Absolute monarchy in France|fall of the monarchy]], an event that effectively defrocked the state of its sanctification by the clergy via the [[Divine right of kings|doctrine of Divine Right]] and ushered in an era of reason.{{Sfn|Popkin|2016|pp=72–73}}

Many long-held rights and powers were stripped from the [[Catholic Church]] and given to the state. In 1789, church lands were expropriated and priests killed or forced to leave France.<ref name="Lynn Hunt p 3"/> Later in 1792, "[[Refractory clergy|refractory priests]]" were targeted and replaced with their secular counterpart from the [[Jacobins|Jacobin club]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Report by the Jacobin Society of Besançon on Refractory Priests |date=8 January 1792 |url=https://revolution.chnm.org/d/548 |access-date=9 December 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209015307/https://revolution.chnm.org/d/548 |url-status=live }}</ref> Not all religions experienced equal aggression; the Jewish community, on the contrary, received admittance into French citizenship in 1791.<ref>{{Citation |title="Admission of Jews to Rights of Citizenship," 27 September 1791 |date=27 September 1791 |url=https://revolution.chnm.org/d/287 |access-date=9 December 2021 |archive-date=26 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626015107/https://revolution.chnm.org/d/287/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[Cult of Reason|Festival of Reason]] was held in the [[Notre-Dame de Paris|Notre Dame Cathedral]], which was renamed "The Temple of Reason", and the traditional calendar was replaced with a [[French Republican calendar|new revolutionary one]].{{Sfn|Popkin|2016|pp=72–73}} The leaders of the Terror tried to address the call for these radical, revolutionary aspirations, while at the same time trying to maintain tight control on the [[Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution|de-Christianization movement]] that was threatening to the clear majority of the still-devoted Catholic population of France. Robespierre used the event as a means to combat the "moral counterrevolution" taking place among his rivals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robespierre, 'On Political Morality' |date=5 February 1794 |url=https://revolution.chnm.org/d/413 |access-date=9 December 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209015303/https://revolution.chnm.org/d/413 |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, he hoped to stem "the monster atheism" that was a result of the radical secularization in philosophical and social circles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religion: The Cult of the Supreme Being |date=8 June 1794 |url=https://revolution.chnm.org/d/436 |access-date=9 December 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209015301/https://revolution.chnm.org/d/436 |url-status=live }}</ref> The tension sparked by these conflicting objectives laid a foundation for the "justified" use of terror to achieve revolutionary ideals and rid France of the religiosity that revolutionaries believed was standing in the way.

== Terror of the day ==
In the summer of 1793, leading politicians in France felt a sense of emergency between the widespread civil war and counter-revolution. [[Bertrand Barère]] exclaimed on 5 September 1793 in the National Convention: "Let's make terror the order of the day!"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shusterman |first=Noah |title=The French Revolution |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-4294-3291-0 |pages=176–205 |chapter=The federalist revolt, the Vendée, and the start of the Terror (Summer 1793–fall 1793) |doi=10.4324/9780429432910-7 |s2cid=225258435}}</ref> This quote has frequently been interpreted as the beginning of a "system of Terror". Under the pressure of the radical ''sans-culottes'', the Convention agreed to institute a revolutionary army but refused to make terror the order of the day. According to French historian [[Jean-Clément Martin]], there was no "system of terror" instated by the Convention between 1793 and 1794, despite the pressure from some of its members and the ''sans-culottes''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Jean-Clément |title=La machine à fantasmes |date=2014 |publisher=Vendémiaire |isbn=978-2-3635-8029-0 |location=Paris |pages=86–118 |language=fr}}</ref> The members of the Convention were determined to avoid street violence such as the [[September Massacres]] of 1792 by taking violence into their own hands as an instrument of government.<ref name="History Today">{{Cite journal |last=Linton |first=Marisa |date=August 2006 |title=Robespierre and the terror: Marisa Linton reviews the life and career of one of the most vilified men in history. |url=http://www.historytoday.com/marisa-linton/robespierre-and-terror |url-status=live |journal=[[History Today]] |volume=8 |issue=56 |page=23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930160214/http://www.historytoday.com/marisa-linton/robespierre-and-terror |archive-date=30 September 2018 |access-date=28 April 2017}}</ref> The monarchist [[Jacques Cazotte]] who predicted the Terror was [[Guillotine|guillotined]] at the end of the month.

What [[Maximilien Robespierre]] called "terror" was the fear that the "justice of exception" would inspire the enemies of the [[French First Republic]]. He opposed the idea of terror as the order of the day, defending instead "justice" as the order of the day.<ref>Hervé Leuwers, ''Robespierre'', Paris, Fayard, 2014</ref> In February 1794 in a speech he explains why this "terror" was necessary as a form of exceptional justice in the context of the revolutionary government:

{{Blockquote|If the basis of popular government in peacetime is virtue, the basis of popular government during a revolution is both virtue and terror; virtue, without which terror is baneful; terror, without which virtue is powerless. Terror is nothing more than speedy, severe and inflexible justice; it is thus an emanation of virtue; it is less a principle in itself, than a consequence of the general principle of democracy, applied to the most pressing needs of the {{Lang|fr|patrie}} [homeland, fatherland].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Halsall |first=Paul |date=1997 |title=Maximilien Robespierre: On the Principles of Political Morality, February 1794 |url=https://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1794robespierre.asp |access-date=5 March 2016 |publisher=[[Fordham University]] |archive-date=6 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206084206/http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1794robespierre.asp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="History Today"/>}}

[[Marxism|Marxist]] historian [[Albert Mathiez]] argues that such terror was a necessary reaction to the circumstances.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathiez |first=Albert |title=La Révolution Française |publisher=Librairie Armand Colin |year=2011 |isbn=978-7-1000-7058-4 |language=fr |trans-title=The French Revolution}}</ref> Others suggest there were additional causes, including ideological<ref>{{Cite book |last=Furet |first=Francois |title=A Deep-rooted Ideology as Well as Circumstance |page=224}}</ref> and emotional.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tackett |first=Timothy |title=The Coming of the Terror in the French Revolution |publisher=[[Belknap Press]]: An Imprint of [[Harvard University Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-6747-3655-9}}</ref>

== Major events ==
{{Main|History of France#Revolutionary France (1789–1799)|France#Revolutionary France (1789–1799)}}

On 10 March 1793 the National Convention set up the [[Revolutionary Tribunal]].<ref>{{Citation |title=The Law of Suspects |date=1793-09-17 |url=https://revolution.chnm.org/d/417 |access-date=2023-09-15 |archive-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830094328/https://revolution.chnm.org/d/417/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Among those charged by the tribunal, initially, about half of those arrested were acquitted, but the number dropped to about a quarter after the enactment of the [[Law of 22 Prairial]] on 10 June 1794. In March, [[War in the Vendée|rebellion broke out]] in the [[Vendée]] in response to mass conscription, which developed into a civil war. Discontent in the Vendée lasted—according to some accounts—until after the Terror.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Furlaud |first=Alice |date=1989-07-09 |title=Vive la Contre-Revolution! |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/09/travel/vive-la-contre-revolution.html |access-date=2023-09-15 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=16 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216045154/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/09/travel/vive-la-contre-revolution.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 6 April 1793 the National Convention established the Committee of Public Safety, which gradually became the ''[[de facto]]'' war-time government of France.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mantel |first=Hilary |author-link=Hilary Mantel |date=6 August 2009 |title=He Roared |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n15/hilary-mantel/he-roared |journal=London Review of Books |volume=3 |issue=15 |pages=3–6 |access-date=16 January 2010 |archive-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522002318/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n15/hilary-mantel/he-roared |url-status=live }}</ref> The Committee oversaw the Reign of Terror. "During the Reign of Terror, at least 300,000 suspects were arrested; 17,000 were officially executed, and perhaps 10,000 died in prison or without trial."<ref name="DG">{{Cite book |last=Greer |first=Donald |title=The Incidence of the Terror during the French Revolution: A Statistical Interpretation |date=1935 |publisher=Harvard University Press, coll. « Harvard historical monographs » (no VIII) |location=Cambridge |pages=26–37}}</ref><ref name="EncBrit">{{Cite web |title=Reign of Terror {{!}} History, Significance, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Reign-of-Terror |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=20 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620204345/https://www.britannica.com/event/Reign-of-Terror |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 2 June the Parisian ''[[Sans-culottes]]'' surrounded the National Convention,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mark |first=Harrison W. |title=Fall of the Girondins |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2090/fall-of-the-girondins|date=20 October 2022 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en |archive-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830094328/https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2090/fall-of-the-girondins/ |url-status=live }}</ref> calling for administrative and political purges, a fixed low price for bread, and a limitation of the electoral [[Suffrage|franchise]] to ''sans-culottes'' alone. With the backing of the [[National Guard (France)|national guard]], they persuaded the Convention to arrest 29 Girondist leaders.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Peter |title=The French Revolution 1787–1804 |date=2003 |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |page=57}}</ref> In reaction to the imprisonment of the Girondin deputies, some 13 departments started the [[Federalist revolts]] against the Convention, which were ultimately crushed.

On 24 June the Convention adopted the first republican constitution of France, the [[French Constitution of 1793]]. It was ratified by public [[referendum]], but never put into force.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} On 13 July the assassination of [[Jean-Paul Marat]]—a Jacobin leader and journalist—resulted in a further increase in Jacobin political influence. [[Georges Danton]], the leader of the [[10 August (French Revolution)|August 1792 uprising]] against the king, was removed from the Committee of Public Safety on 10 July. On 27 July Robespierre became part of the Committee of Public Safety.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Maximilien Robespierre {{!}} Biography, Facts, & Execution |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maximilien-Robespierre |access-date=19 September 2017 |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128201040/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maximilien-Robespierre |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 23 August the National Convention decreed the ''[[levée en masse]]'':<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Forrest |first=Alan |date=1 March 2004 |title=L'armée de l'an II : la levée en masse et la création d'un mythe républicain |trans-title=The Army of the Year II in modern memory: the levée-en-masse and the creation of a republican myth |url=https://journals.openedition.org/ahrf/1385 |journal=Annales historiques de la Révolution française |language=fr |issue=335 |pages=111–130 |doi=10.4000/ahrf.1385 |doi-access=free |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415190644/https://journals.openedition.org/ahrf/1385 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

{{Blockquote|The young men shall fight; the married man shall forge arms and transport provisions; the women shall make tents and clothes and shall serve in the hospitals; the children shall pick rags to lint [for bandages]; the old men shall betake themselves to the public square in order to arouse the courage of the warriors and preach hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic.{{Efn|{{In lang|fr|cap=yes}} ''Les jeunes gens iront au combat; les hommes mariés forgeront les armes et transporteront les subsistances; les femmes feront des tentes et serviront dans les hôpitaux; les enfants mettront le vieux linge en charpie; les vieillards se feront porter sur les places publiques pour exciter le courage des guerriers, prêcher la haine des rois et l’unité de la République.''}}}}

On 5 September on the proposal of Barère, the Convention was supposed to have declared by vote that "terror is the order of the day".<ref name="OrderOfTheDay">{{Cite web |date=5 September 1793 |title=Terror Is the Order of the Day |url=http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/416 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623231851/https://revolution.chnm.org/d/416 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=26 October 2018 |website=Liberty, Equality, Fraternity}}</ref> On that day's session, the Convention, upon a proposal by [[Pierre Gaspard Chaumette]] and supported by Billaud and Danton, decided to form a revolutionary army of 6,000 men in Paris.<ref name="auto4">Richard T. Bienvenu (1968) ''The Ninth of Thermidor'', p. 22; R.R. Palmer (1970) ''The Twelve who Ruled'', pp. 47–51</ref> Barère, representing the Committee of Public Safety, introduced a decree that was promptly passed, establishing a paid armed force of 6,000 men and 1,200 gunners "tasked with crushing counter-revolutionaries, enforcing revolutionary laws and public safety measures decreed by the National Convention, and safeguarding provisions."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hazan |first=Eric |title=A People's History of the French Revolution |year=2014}}</ref> This allowed the government to form "revolutionary armies" designed to force French citizens into compliance with Maximilian rule. These armies were also used to enforce "the [[law of the General Maximum]]", which controlled the distribution and pricing of food. Addressing the Convention, Robespierre claimed that the "weight and willpower" of the people loyal to the republic would be used to oppress those who would turn "political gatherings into gladiatorial arenas".<ref name="OrderOfTheDay" /> The policy change unleashed a newfound military power in France, which was used to defend against the future coalitions formed by rival nations. The event also solidified Robespierre's rise to power as president{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} of the Committee of Public Safety earlier in July.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

On 8 September banks and exchange offices were shuttered to curb the circulation of counterfeit [[Assignat|''assignats'']] and the outflow of capital, with investments in foreign countries punishable by death. The following day, the extremists [[Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois]] and [[Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne]] were elected in the Committee of Public Safety.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} On 9 September the convention established paramilitary forces, the "revolutionary armies",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Soyoye |first=Akin A. |url=https://www.academia.edu/8475802 |title=French Revolution I. Introduction |access-date=30 August 2023 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017212717/https://www.academia.edu/8475802 |url-status=live }}</ref> to force farmers to surrender grain demanded by the government. On 17 September the [[Law of Suspects]] was passed, which authorized the imprisonment of vaguely defined "suspects". This created a mass overflow in the prison systems. On 29 September the Convention extended [[price fixing]] from grain and bread to other essential goods and also fixed wages.

On 10 October the Convention decreed "the provisional government shall be revolutionary until peace." On 16 October [[Marie Antoinette]] was executed. The trial of the Girondins started on the same day; they were executed on 31 October in just over half an hour by [[Charles-Henri Sanson]].<ref>Sanson Memoirs Vol II p. 70</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=December 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=History |first=Alpha |date=2015-03-15 |title=French Revolution timeline 1792–95 |url=https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/french-revolution-timeline-1792-95 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=French Revolution |language=en-US |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527070531/https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/french-revolution-timeline-1792-95/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Joseph Fouché]] and Collot d'Herbois suppressed the [[revolt of Lyon against the National Convention]], while [[Jean-Baptiste Carrier]] ordered the [[drownings at Nantes]]. [[Jean-Lambert Tallien]] ensured the operation of the guillotine in [[Bordeaux]], while Barras and Fréron addressed issues in [[Marseille]] and [[Toulon]]. [[Joseph Le Bon]] was sent to the [[Somme (department)|Somme]] and [[Pas-de-Calais]] regions.<ref name=Bienvenu23>Richard T. Bienvenu (1968) ''The Ninth of Thermidor'', p. 23</ref>

On 8 November, the director of the ''assignats'' manufacture, and [[Manon Roland]] were executed. On 13 November the Convention shut down the [[Paris Bourse]] and banned all commerce in precious metals, under penalties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdn.mises.org/Fiat%20Money%20Inflation%20in%20France_2.pdf|title=Fiat Money in France: How It Came, What It Brought, and How It Ended by A.D. White, p. 43|access-date=30 October 2022|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407151512/https://cdn.mises.org/Fiat%20Money%20Inflation%20in%20France_2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Anti-clerical sentiments increased and a campaign of dechristianization occurred at the end of 1793. Eventually, Robespierre denounced the "de-Christianisers" as foreign enemies.

In early December, Robespierre accused Danton in the Jacobin Club of "too often showing his vices and not his virtue".<ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34452336z/date1793|title=Gazette nationale ou le Moniteur universel – Year available 1793 – Gallica|website=Gallic.bnf.fr|access-date=15 February 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803192002/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34452336z/date1793|url-status=live |language=fr}}</ref> [[Camille Desmoulins]] defended Danton and warned Robespierre not to exaggerate the revolution. On 5 December the National Convention passed the [[Law of Frimaire]], which gave the central government more control over the actions of the [[Représentant en mission|representatives on mission]]. The Commune of Paris and the revolutionary committees in the sections had to obey the law, the two Committees, and the Convention.<ref>''Le Moniteur Universel'' de 5 décembre 1793, p. 4</ref> Desmoulins argued that the Revolution should return to its original ideas en vogue around 10 August 1792.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Funck | first1=F. | last2=Danton | first2=G.J. | last3=Châlier | first3=M.J. | title=1793: Beitrag zur geheimen Geschichte der französischen Revolution, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung Danton's und Challier's, zugleich als Berichtigung der in den Werken von Thiers und Mignet enthaltenen Schilderungen | publisher=F. Bassermann | year=1843 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsxBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA52 | language=de | page=52 | access-date=16 August 2019 | archive-date=7 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107230954/https://books.google.com/books?id=IsxBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA52#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status=live }}</ref> A Committee of Grace had to be established. On 8 December, [[Madame du Barry]] was guillotined. On receiving notice that he was to appear on the next day before the Revolutionary Tribunal, [[Étienne Clavière]] committed suicide. American [[Thomas Paine]] lost his seat in the Convention, was arrested, and locked up for his association with the Girondins, as well as being a foreign national. By the end of 1793, two major factions had emerged, both threatening the revolutionary government: the Hébertists, who called for an intensification of the Terror and threatened insurrection, and the Dantonists, led by Danton, who demanded moderation and clemency. The Committee of Public Safety took actions against both.

On 8 February 1794 Carrier was recalled from Nantes after a member of the Committee of Public Safety wrote to Robespierre with information about the atrocities being carried out, although Carrier was not put on trial. On 26 February and 3 March [[Louis Antoine de Saint-Just]] proposed decrees to confiscate the property of exiles and opponents of the revolution, known as the [[Ventôse Decrees]].

In March the major Hébertists were tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal and executed on 24 March. On 30 March the two committees decided to arrest Danton and Desmoulins after Saint-Just became uncharacteristically angry.{{sfn|Schama|1989|pp=816–817}} The Dantonists were tried on 3 to 5 April and executed on 5 April. In mid-April it was decreed to centralise the investigation of court records and to bring all the political suspects in France to the Revolutionary Tribunal to Paris. Saint-Just and [[Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas]] journeyed the [[Army of the Rhine (1791–1795)|Rhine Army]] to oversee the generals and punish officers for perceived treasonous timidity or lack of initiative.<ref name="Bienvenu23" /> The two committees received the power to interrogate them immediately. A special police bureau inside the Comité de salut public was created, whose task was to monitor public servants, competing with both the Committee of General Security and the Committee of Public Safety.<ref>Herlaut. Les missions de Saint-Just à l'armée du Nord. Seconde Mission (30 Avril 1794–28 Juin 1794) . In: Revue du Nord, tome 28, n°109, Janvier-mars 1946. p. 2. {{doi|10.3406/rnord.1946.1872}}, {{Cite journal |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rnord_0035-2624_1946_num_28_109_1872 |title=Les missions de Saint-Just à l'armée du Nord. Seconde Mission (30 Avril 1794-28 Juin 1794) |doi=10.3406/rnord.1946.1872 |access-date=27 May 2024 |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527070957/https://www.persee.fr/doc/rnord_0035-2624_1946_num_28_109_1872 |url-status=live |date=1946 |last1=Herlaut |journal=Revue du Nord |volume=28 |issue=109 |pages=1–33|language=fr }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antoine-saint-just.fr/chrono.html|title=Chronologie|website=www.antoine-saint-just.fr|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211182946/http://www.antoine-saint-just.fr/chrono.html|url-status=live |language=fr}}</ref> Foreigners were no longer allowed to travel through France or visit a Jacobin club; [[patriottentijd|Dutch patriots]] who had fled to France before 1790 were excluded.<ref>J. Rosendaal (2003) Bataven! Nederlandse Vluchtelingen In Frankrijk 1787 1795, pp. 420–422</ref>

On 22 April [[Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes]], [[Isaac René Guy le Chapelier]], [[Jacques Guillaume Thouret]] were taken to be executed.<ref name="auto3">A. Jourdan (2018) Le tribunal révolutionnaire. {{doi|10.3917/perri.boula.2018.01.0269}}</ref> Saint-Just and Le Bas left Paris at the end of the month for the [[Army of the North (France)|army in the north]].{{sfn|Linton|2013|p=235}} On 21 May the revolutionary government decided that the Terror would be centralised, with almost all
the [[revolutionary Tribunal|tribunals]] in the provinces closed and all the trials held in Paris.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lWNCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14-IA87 |title=The French Revolution: From Enlightenment to Tyranny, p. xiv |isbn=978-1-84765-936-1 |access-date=22 February 2024 |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230043346/https://books.google.nl/books?id=9lWNCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14-IA87&lpg=PR14-IA87&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live |last1=Davidson |first1=Ian |date=25 August 2016 |publisher=Profile Books }}</ref> On 20 May Robespierre signed [[Theresa Cabarrus]]'s arrest warrant, and on 23 May, following an attempted assassination on d'Herbois. [[Cécile Renault]] was arrested near Robespierre's residence with two penknives and a change of underwear claiming the fresh linen was for her execution.<ref>[https://www.houghton.hk/?p=232 A Peoples' History 1793–1844 from the newspapers.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922205654/https://www.houghton.hk/?p=232 |date=22 September 2020 }} ''The Bombay Courier'', Sat 18 October 1794</ref> She was executed on 17 June.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iMIBAAAAYAAJ&q=PRAIRIAL&pg=RA1-PA135|title=Memoirs of the Sansons: From Private Notes and Documents (1688–1847)|first=Henri|last=Sanson|date=12 March 1876|publisher=Chatto and Windus|via=Google Books|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017155729/https://books.google.com/books?id=iMIBAAAAYAAJ&q=PRAIRIAL&pg=RA1-PA135|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb9Y0UgN-K0C&dq=Cecile+Renault+parent+execution&pg=PA178|title=Death Comes to the Maiden: Sex and Execution 1431–1933|first=Camille|last=Naish|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1136247620|via=Google Books|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017155653/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb9Y0UgN-K0C&dq=Cecile+Renault+parent+execution&pg=PA178|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHzQAAAAMAAJ&dq=Cecile+Renault+execution+1794+May&pg=PA242|title=The Edinburgh Review|date=12 March 1809|publisher=A. and C. Black|via=Google Books|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017155541/https://books.google.com/books?id=RHzQAAAAMAAJ&dq=Cecile+Renault+execution+1794+May&pg=PA242|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 10 June the National Convention passed a law proposed by [[Georges Couthon]], known as the [[Law of 22 Prairial]], which simplified the judicial process and greatly accelerated the work of the Revolutionary Tribunal. With the enactment of the law, the number of executions greatly increased, and the period became known as "The Great Terror" ({{Langx |fr| la Grande Terreur}}). Between 10 June and 27 July, another 1,366 were executed, causing fear among d'Herbois, Fouché and Tallien due to their past actions.<ref>Jean Jaurès, "[http://www.marxists.org/archive/jaures/1901/history/great-terror.htm The Law of Prairial and the Great Terror (Fall, year IV)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422234650/http://www.marxists.org/archive/jaures/1901/history/great-terror.htm |date=22 April 2021 }}", in ''Socialist History of the French Revolution'' (translated by Mitchell Abidor), Marxists.org</ref> Like Brissot, Madame Roland, Pétion, Hébert and Danton, Tallien was accused of participating in conspicuous dinners.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/id/eprint/30691/1/Linton-M-30691.pdf|title='Come and Dine': The Dangers of Conspicuous Consumption in French Revolutionary Politics, 1789–95|first1=Marisa|last1=Linton|first2=Mette|last2=Harder|date=12 March 2015|journal=European History Quarterly|volume=45|issue=4|pages=615|doi=10.1177/0265691415595959|s2cid=143310428|via=academia.edu|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203061811/https://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/id/eprint/30691/1/Linton-M-30691.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 June [[Pétion de Villeneuve]] and [[François Buzot]] committed suicide, and [[Joachim Vilate]] was arrested on 21 June.

On 26 June the French army won the [[Battle of Fleurus (1794)|Battle of Fleurus]], which marked a turning point in [[Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition|France's military campaign]] and undermined the necessity of wartime measures and the legitimacy of the revolutionary government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Reign of Terror: Causes, Purpose & Effects {{!}} StudySmarter |url=https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/history/the-french-revolution/the-reign-of-terror |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=StudySmarter UK |language=en-GB |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131080804/https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/history/the-french-revolution/the-reign-of-terror/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=anonymous uncited high school study notes|date=December 2024}} In early July about 60 individuals were arrested as "[[enemies of the people]]" and accused of conspiring against liberty.<ref>Le Républicain français, 9 juillet 1794</ref> The total of death sentences in Paris in July was more than double the number in June,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gouv.fr/histoire-et-patrimoine-10050/la-justice-dans-lhistoire-10288/le-tribunal-revolutionnaire-22842.html |publisher=Ministère de la Justice|title=Le Tribunal révolutionnaire|date=23 May 2011|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407151511/http://www.justice.gouv.fr/histoire-et-patrimoine-10050/la-justice-dans-lhistoire-10288/le-tribunal-revolutionnaire-22842.html|url-status=dead |language=fr}}</ref> with two new mass graves dug at [[Picpus Cemetery]] by mid-July.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pariscemeteries.com/picpus-1|title=Picpus (12)|website=Paris Cemeteries|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803181406/http://www.pariscemeteries.com/picpus-1|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Spaces of Mourning:The Cemetery of Picpus and the Memory of Terror in Post-Revolutionary France|first=Ronen|last=Steinberg|date=9 September 2008|journal=Proceedings of the Western Society for French History|volume=36|hdl = 2027/spo.0642292.0036.011}}</ref> There was widespread agreement among deputies that their [[parliamentary immunity]], in place since 1 April 1793, had become perilous.{{sfn|Linton|2013|p=163}} On 14 July Robespierre had Fouché expelled. To evade arrest about 50 deputies avoided staying at home.

<gallery widths=200 heights=200>
File:Le Bataillon Carré, Affaire de Fougères 1793 (Square Battalion).jpg|The [[War in the Vendée|Vendeans revolted]] against the revolutionary government in 1793
File:La fournée des Girondins 10-11-1793.jpg|The execution of the [[Girondins]]
File:Marie Antoinette 16 10 1793 (cropped).jpg|[[Marie Antoinette]]'s execution by guillotine on 16 October 1793
File:Olympe gouges.jpg|The execution of [[Olympe de Gouges]], feminist writer close to the Girondins
File:Beaux-Arts de Carcassonne - Appel des dernières victimes de la terreur dans la prison de saint Lazare.7, 9 thermidor 1794 - Charles Louis MULLER.jpg|Calling out the last victims of the terror at [[Saint-Lazare Prison]], July 1794
File:Pierre-Antoine Demachy (1723 – 1807); Une exécution capitale, place de la Révolution (Place de la Concorde), vers 1793. Huile sur papier marouflé sur toile, 37 x 53,5 cm. Musée Carnavalet – Histoire de Paris.jpg|Execution on the future [[Place de la Concorde]]
</gallery>

== Thermidorian Reaction ==
{{Main|Thermidorian Reaction}}
[[File:Execution robespierre, saint just....jpg|right|thumb|The execution of [[Maximilien Robespierre]]]]

The [[Fall of Maximilien Robespierre|fall of Robespierre]] was brought about by a combination of those who wanted more power for the Committee of Public Safety (and a more radical policy than he was willing to allow) and the moderates who completely opposed the revolutionary government. They had, between them, made the Law of 22 Prairial one of the charges against him, so that after his fall, to advocate terror would be seen as adopting the policy of a convicted enemy of the republic, putting the advocate's own head at risk.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

Between his arrest and his execution, Robespierre may have tried to commit suicide by shooting himself, although the bullet wound he sustained, whatever its origin, only shattered his jaw. Alternatively, he may have been shot by the gendarme [[Charles-André Merda]]. According to Bourdon, Méda then hit Couthon's adjutant in his leg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ4PAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA394|title=Précis historique inédit des événemens de la soirée du 9 Thermidor An II|first=C. A.|last=Méda|date=12 March 1825|publisher=Baudouin|via=Google Books|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=27 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527070958/https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ4PAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA394#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live |language=fr}}</ref><ref>[[Louis Blanc|L. Blanc]] (1861) Histoire de la Révolution Française, Vol. 11, book 12, ch. 7, p. 256</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/memoirsofsansons02sansuoft|title=Memoirs of the Sansons, from private notes and documents, 1688–1847 / edited by Henry Sanson|first1=Henri|last1=Sanson|first2=Charles Henri|last2=Sanson|first3=Henri|last3=Sanson|first4=d'|last4=Olbreuze|date=12 March 1876 |location=London |publisher=Chatto and Windus|via=the Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>E. Hamel, pp. 337–38</ref> Couthon was found lying at the bottom of a staircase in a corner, having fallen from the back of his adjutant. Saint-Just gave himself up without a word.{{sfn | Linton | 2013 | p=283}} According to Méda, Hanriot tried to escape by a concealed staircase to the third floor and his apartment.<ref>C.A. Méda, p. 385</ref> The great confusion that arose during the storming of the municipal Hall of Paris, where Robespierre and his friends had found refuge, makes it impossible to be sure of the wound's origin. A group of 15 to 20 conspirators were locked up in a room inside the Hôtel de Ville.<ref>Richard T. Bienvenu (1968) The Ninth of Thermidor, p. 219</ref> In any case, Robespierre was guillotined the next day, together with Saint-Just, Couthon and his brother [[Augustin Robespierre]].<ref>Merriman, John (2004). "Thermidor" (2nd ed.). ''A history of modern Europe: from the Renaissance to the present''. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 507. {{ISBN|0-3939-2495-5}}.</ref> The day following his demise, approximately half of the Paris Commune (70 members) met their fate at the guillotine.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VcJWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT82|title=OCR A Level History: The French Revolution and the rule of Napoleon 1774–1815|first=Mike|last=Wells|date=2018|publisher=Hodder Education|isbn=978-1510415829|via=Google Books|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017233940/https://books.google.com/books?id=VcJWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT82|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Barère, who just like Robespierre never went on mission: "We did not deceive ourselves that Saint-Just, cut out as a more dictatorial boss, would have finished by overthrowing [Robespierre] to put himself in his place; we also knew that we who stood in the way of his projects, he would have us guillotined; we overthrew him."<ref>{{cite book |last=Barère |first=Bertrand |url=https://archive.org/details/mmoiresdebbar01bar |title=Mémoires de B. Barère: membre de la Constituante, de la Convention, du Comité de salut public, et de la Chambre des représentants |publisher=J. Labitte |year=1842 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mmoiresdebbar01bar/page/118 118] |language=fr}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bals des victimes]]
* [[Infernal columns]]
* [[Revolutionary terror]]
* [[State terrorism]]
* [[Terrorism in France]]
* [[Tricoteuse]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Bloy, Marjorie. "The First Coalition 1793–1797." A Web of English History. Accessed 21 October 2018. http://www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/france/coalit1.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008092049/http://www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/france/coalit1.htm |date=8 October 2018}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Emmet |title=A Cultural History of the French Revolution |date=1989 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-3000-4426-3}}
* Leopold II, and Frederick William. "The Declaration of Pillnitz (1791)." French Revolution. 27 February 2018. Accessed 26 October 2018. https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/declaration-of-pillnitz-1791/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203094908/https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/declaration-of-pillnitz-1791 |date=3 December 2022}}.
* {{cite book |last1=Linton |first1=Marisa |title=Choosing Terror: Virtue, Friendship, and Authenticity in the French Revolution |date=20 June 2013 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-957630-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh2vu4mIOh4C |language=en |access-date=12 May 2024 |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527071000/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Sh2vu4mIOh4C |url-status=live }}
* McLetchie, Scott. {{Webarchive |title=Maximilien Robespierre, Master of the Terror |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205142542/http://www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1983-4/mcletchie.htm#22 |date=5 December 2017}}. Accessed 23 October 2018. http://people.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1983-4/mcletchie.htm
* Montesquieu. "Modern History Sourcebook: Montesquieu: The Spirit of the Laws, 1748." Internet History Sourcebooks. Accessed 23 October 2018. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/montesquieu-spirit.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005225/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/montesquieu-spirit.asp |date=31 October 2018}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Popkin |first=Jeremy D. |title=A Short History of the French Revolution |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-3155-0892-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Schama |first=Simon |title=Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution |title-link=Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-3945-5948-3 |location=New York |pages=678–847 |author-link=Simon Schama}}
* Voltaire. "Voltaire, Selections from the Philosophical Dictionary." Omeka RSS. Accessed 23 October 2018. http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/273/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129083348/http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/273 |date=29 January 2020}}.
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
===Primary sources===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Cléry |first1=Jean-Baptiste |title=Journal of the Terror |last2=Henry Essex Edgeworth |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1961 |editor-last=Sidney Scott |location=Cambridge |oclc=3153946 |author-link=Jean-Baptiste Cléry |author-link2=Henry Essex Edgeworth |orig-year=1798}}
{{Refend}}

===Secondary sources===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Andress |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/terror00andr |title=The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-3742-7341-5 |location=New York }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Andress |first1=David |title=Revolution and Changing Identities in France, 1789–99 |last2=Popkin |first2=Jeremy |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{Cite book |last=Arasse |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Arasse |title=The Guillotine and the Terror |publisher=Allen Lane |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-7139-9008-9 |location=London}}
* Baker, Keith M. François Furet, and Colin Lucas, eds. (1987). ''The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture, vol. 4, The Terror'' (London: Pergamon Press, 1987)
* {{Cite journal |last=Beik |first=William |author-link=William Beik |date=August 2005 |title=The Absolutism of Louis XIV as Social Collaboration: Review Article |journal=Past and Present |issue=188 |pages=195–224 |doi=10.1093/pastj/gti019}}
* Biard, Michel and Linton, Marisa. ''Terror: The French Revolution and its Demons'' (Polity Press, 2021).
* {{Cite book |last=Censer, Jack |first=and Lynn Hunt |title=Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |year=2001 |location=University Park, PA}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fife |first=Graeme |author-link=Graeme Fife |title=The Terror: The Shadow of the Guillotine. France 1792–1794 |publisher=Portrait |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7499-5005-7 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hunt |first=Lynn |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsculturec0000hunt |title=Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution |publisher=University of California Press |year=1984 |location=Berkeley |url-access=registration }}
* Gough, Hugh. ''The Terror in the French Revolution'' (London: Macmillan, 1998).
* {{Cite book |last=Hibbert |first=Christopher |url=https://archive.org/details/daysoffrenchre00hibb |title=The Days of the French Revolution |publisher=Quill-William Morrow |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-6881-6978-7 |location=New York }}
* {{Cite book |last=Kerr |first=Wilfred Brenton |title=Reign of Terror, 1793–1794 |publisher=Porcupine Press |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-8799-1631-2 |location=London}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Linton |first=Marisa |date=August 2006 |title=Robespierre and the terror: Marisa Linton reviews the life and career of one of the most vilified men in history, (Maximilien Robespierre)(Biography) |url=http://www.historytoday.com/marisa-linton/robespierre-and-terror |journal=History Today |volume=8 |issue=56 |page=23 |access-date=30 March 2015 |archive-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930160214/http://www.historytoday.com/marisa-linton/robespierre-and-terror |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Loomis |first=Stanley |author-link=Stanley Loomis |year=1964|title=Paris in the Terror |location=New York |publisher=Dorset Press}} Reprint: {{ISBN|978-0-8802-9401-0}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Moore |first=Lucy |url=https://archive.org/details/libertylivestime0000moor |title=Liberty: The Lives and Times of Six Women in Revolutionary France |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-0072-0601-8 |location=London |url-access=registration }}
* {{Cite book |last=Palmer |first=R. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/twelvewhoruledye00palm_0 |title=Twelve Who Ruled: The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-6911-2187-1 |location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]] |author-link=Robert Roswell Palmer }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Reinberg |first1=M |title=Modernity and Ethics: The Ghost of Terror in the French Thought |last2=Chaouat |first2=Bruno |last3=Brewer |first3=Daniel |last4=Brewer |first4=Maria |last5=Schlte-Sasse |first5=Jochen |date=2010}}
* {{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Otto |title=Robespierre, The Fool as Revolutionary – Inside the French Revolution |publisher=The Reformer Library |year=1974 |isbn=978-1-8876-9005-8 |location=Windsor, New York}}
* {{Cite news |last=Shadow |date=9 February 1870 |title=The 'Reign of Terror' |work=The New York Times}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Shulim |first=Joseph I. |date=1977 |title=Robespierre and the French Revolution |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=20–38 |doi=10.2307/1857136 |jstor=1857136}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Soboul |first=A. |date=1954 |title=Robespierre and the Popular Movement of 1793–4 |journal=Past & Present |issue=5 |pages=54–70 |doi=10.1093/past/5.1.54 |jstor=649823}}
* {{Cite book |last=Steel |first=Mark |title=Vive La Revolution |publisher=Scribner |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7432-0806-2 |location=London}}
** [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/dec/23/featuresreviews.guardianreview15 Reviewed]; [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/dec/23/featuresreviews.guardianreview15] by Adam Thorpe in ''[[The Guardian]]'', 23 December 2006.
* Sutherland, D.M.G. (2003). ''The French Revolution and Empire: The Quest for a Civic Order'', pp. 174–253.
* {{Cite book |last=Thoral |first=Marie-Cécile |title=From Valmy to Waterloo |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-3493-2253-4 |doi=10.1057/9780230294981}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wahnich |first=Sophie |title=In Defence of the Terror: Liberty or Death in the French Revolution |date=2016 |publisher=Verso |isbn=978-1-7847-8202-3 |edition=Reprint |author-link=Sophie Wahnich}}
** [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/aug/17/defence-terror-french-wahnich-review Reviewed] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527071000/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/aug/17/defence-terror-french-wahnich-review |date=27 May 2024 }}) by [[Ruth Scurr]] in ''The Guardian'', 17 August 2012
* {{Cite book |last=Weber |first=Caroline |title=Terror and Its Discontents: Suspect Words in Revolutionary France |date=2003 |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-3887-1}}
{{Refend}}

===Historiography===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kafker |first1=Frank |first2=James M. |last2=Lauz |first3=Darline Gay |last3=Levy |title=The French Revolution: Conflicting Interpretations |publisher=Krieger Publishing Company |year=2002 |location=Malabar, FL}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rudé, George |url=https://archive.org/details/robespierreportr00rude |title=Robespierre: Portrait of a Revolutionary Democrat |publisher=Viking Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-6706-0128-8 |location=New York |author-link=George Rudé}} A Marxist political portrait of Robespierre, examining his changing image among historians and the different aspects of Robespierre as an 'ideologue', as a political democrat, as a social democrat, as a practitioner of revolution, as a politician and as a popular leader/leader of revolution, it also touches on his legacy for the future revolutionary leaders [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] and [[Mao Zedong|Mao]].
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p003k9cf "The Terror"] from ''[[In Our Time (radio series)|In Our Time]]'' ([[BBC Radio 4]])

{{French Revolution}}
{{Terrorism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reign Of Terror}}
[[Category:1793 events of the French Revolution]]
[[Category:1794 events of the French Revolution]]
[[Category:Anti-Catholicism in France]]
[[Category:Left-wing terrorism]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by the French First Republic]]
[[Category:Massacres in the French Revolution]]
[[Category:Opposition to right-wing politics]]
[[Category:People killed in the French Revolution]]
[[Category:Persecution of Christians]]
[[Category:Police brutality in France]]
[[Category:Political repression in France]]
[[Category:Politicides]]
[[Category:Revolution terminology]]
[[Category:Revolutionary terror]]
[[Category:Terrorism committed by France]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in France]]

Shiv Sena (UBT)

2026-03-17T18:21:07Z

SanglapGeographer:

{{Short description| Political party in Maharashtra, India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)
|native_name = 
|colorcode = {{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
| logo = File:Shiv Sena UBT Logo.jpeg
|abbreviation = SS (UBT)
|president = [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|ppchairman = [[Sanjay Raut]]
|general_secretary = [[Aditya Thackeray]]
|loksabha_leader = [[Arvind Sawant]]
|rajyasabha_leader = [[Sanjay Raut]]
|foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|2022|10|10}}
|founder = Uddhav Thackeray {{small|(present incarnation)}} [[Balasaheb Thackeray]] {{small|(previous incarnation)}}
|predecessor = [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)]]
|website = {{URL|https://shivsena.in/}}
{{URL |https://www.shivsenaubt.in/}}
|ideology =
{{ubl|[[Liberal conservatism]] [[Hindutva|Inclusive Hindutva]]{{refn|<ref name="mm.jore.2022.06.09">{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/uddhav-thackeray-defines-shiv-senas-secular-hindutva-challenges-bjp-to-protect-kashmiri-pandits-23230876 |title=Uddhav Thackeray defines Shiv Sena's 'secular' Hindutva, challenges BJP to protect Kashmiri Pandits |website=mid-day.com |language=en |first1=Dharmendra |last1=Jore |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=11 October 2022 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011072009/https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/uddhav-thackeray-defines-shiv-senas-secular-hindutva-challenges-bjp-to-protect-kashmiri-pandits-23230876 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwaN0002852/|title=Shiv Sena::Founded on 19 June 1966 by Hinduhrudaysamrat Shri Balasaheb Thackrey, a nationalist political party in India|website=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=12 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212115738/https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwaN0002852/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} {{Nowrap|[[Marathi people|Marathi nationalism]]{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/it-may-be-marathi-manoos-again-for-uddhav-s-sena-to-hold-on-to-bmc-101656689085414.html|title=Marathi manoos again for Uddhav Sena|date=July 2022|access-date=26 February 2023|archive-date=26 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226135605/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/it-may-be-marathi-manoos-again-for-uddhav-s-sena-to-hold-on-to-bmc-101656689085414.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/shiv-sena-will-continue-to-fight-for-marathi-manoos-hindutva-uddhav-thackeray/articleshow/53405754.cms|title=Shiv Sena will continue to fight for Marathi manoos, Inclusive Hindutva: Uddhav Thackeray|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=27 July 2016|access-date=24 February 2023|archive-date=24 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224075110/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/shiv-sena-will-continue-to-fight-for-marathi-manoos-hindutva-uddhav-thackeray/articleshow/53405754.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>}}}}}}
|publication =''[[Saamana]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/uddhav-back-as-editor-of-saamna/articleshow/93382504.cms|title=Former Maharashtra CM Uddhav Thackeray back as editor of Saamna|newspaper=The Times of India|date=6 August 2022|access-date=25 February 2023|archive-date=25 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225103605/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/uddhav-back-as-editor-of-saamna/articleshow/93382504.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|position = {{nowrap|[[Centre-right]]{{refn|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Phadke|first=Manasi|date=24 July 2020|title=The 'softening' of Shiv Sena – belligerent under Bal Thackeray to more liberal under Uddhav|url=https://theprint.in/statedraft/the-softening-of-shiv-sena-belligerent-under-bal-thackeray-to-more-liberal-under-uddhav/466753/|access-date=15 October 2022|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-date=15 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015164450/https://theprint.in/statedraft/the-softening-of-shiv-sena-belligerent-under-bal-thackeray-to-more-liberal-under-uddhav/466753/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2020|title=Uddhav's Shiv Sena: Caught Between the Old and the New|url=https://www.newsclick.in/uddhavs-shiv-sena-caught-between-old-and-new|access-date=16 October 2022|archive-date=29 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929130435/https://www.newsclick.in/uddhavs-shiv-sena-caught-between-old-and-new|url-status=live }}</ref>}}}}
|headquarters = Shivsena Bhavan, [[Dadar]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/uddhav-thackeray-arrives-at-shiv-sena-bhavan-for-party-meeting/videoshow/98087678.cms|title=Uddhav arrives at Sena Bhawan for meeting|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 February 2023|access-date=25 February 2023|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411160209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/uddhav-thackeray-arrives-at-shiv-sena-bhavan-for-party-meeting/videoshow/98087678.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|eci = [[List of political parties in India|State Party]]
|alliance = {{ubl|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] (National Level)|[[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]] ([[Maharashtra]])}}
|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|9|543|hex={{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}}}
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|245|hex={{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}}}
|state2_seats_name = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
|state2_seats = {{Composition bar|20|288|hex={{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}}}
|state_seats_name = [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|6|78|hex={{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}}}
|symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Flaming Torch.png|90px]]
|party_logo =
|flag = SS(UBT) flag.png
|youth=Yuva Sena}}

'''Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{translit|mr|ISO|Śiva Sēnā (Uddhava Bāḷāsāhēba Ṭhākare)}}; {{Literal translation|Army of [[Shivaji]], led by [[Uddhav Thackeray]]}}; {{small|abbr.}} '''SS (UBT)''')<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/ec-allots-balasahebchi-shiv-sena-as-new-name-for-shinde-led-faction-mashaal-poll-symbol-for-uddhav-camp-6137785.html |title=Team Eknath Shinde Now 'Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena', 'Mashaal' Poll Symbol for Uddhav Camp |date=October 10, 2022 |website=[[News18]] |access-date=November 30, 2022 |location=Delhi, India |editor1-first=Debalina |editor1-last=Dey |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010150635/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/politics/ec-allots-balasahebchi-shiv-sena-as-new-name-for-shinde-led-faction-mashaal-poll-symbol-for-uddhav-camp-6137785.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/ec-allots-mashaal-as-election-symbol-to-uddhav-thackeray-led-shiv-sena-faction-eknath-shinde-camp-asked-to-give-more-options-2520280.html/amp |title=Thackeray-led Sena gets 'mashaal' as election symbol; Shinde camp asked to give fresh list |access-date=10 October 2022 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024224557/https://zeenews.india.com/india/ec-allots-mashaal-as-election-symbol-to-uddhav-thackeray-led-shiv-sena-faction-eknath-shinde-camp-asked-to-give-more-options-2520280.html/amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bhaskar.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/national/news/the-mace-mark-sought-was-not-found-shiv-sena-uddhav-balasaheb-thackeray-name-and-torch-mark-to-uddhav-faction-130422442.html |script-title=hi:शिंदे-उद्धव गुटों को नए नाम अलॉट, निशान एक को: एकनाथ को गदा देने से Ec का इनकार; ठाकरे को मशाल सिंबल मिला |trans-title=Shinde-Uddhav factions allotted new names, mark one: EC refuses to give mace to Eknath; Thackeray gets torch symbol |language=hi |website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=10 October 2022 |location=Mumbai |access-date=10 October 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031112118/https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/national/news/the-mace-mark-sought-was-not-found-shiv-sena-uddhav-balasaheb-thackeray-name-and-torch-mark-to-uddhav-faction-130422442.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-17 |title=Eknath Shinde flaunts Shiv Sena symbol on Twitter after poll panel's order |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/eknath-shinde-update-twitter-profile-after-poll-panel-allot-his-faction-shiv-sena-name-symbol-2336215-2023-02-17 |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> is a [[Hindutva]]-based, [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Regionalism (politics)|regionalist]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/shiv-sena-will-continue-to-fight-for-marathi-manoos-hindutva-uddhav-thackeray/articleshow/53405754.cms|title=Shiv Sena will continue to fight for Marathi manoos, Hindutva: Uddhav Thackeray|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=27 July 2016 |access-date=24 February 2023|archive-date=24 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224075110/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/shiv-sena-will-continue-to-fight-for-marathi-manoos-hindutva-uddhav-thackeray/articleshow/53405754.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mm.jore.2022.06.09"/> [[Indian nationalism|nationalist]] [[Politics in India|political party]] formed in 2022 under the [[leadership]] of former [[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister of Maharashtra]], [[Uddhav Thackeray]].<ref name="bhaskar.com"/>

It was allotted a new symbol (Flaming Torch) by the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]], separate from the main [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]. It was one of two separate [[Political faction|factions]], the other being the [[Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena]], led by [[Eknath Shinde]], formed as a result of the [[2022 Maharashtra political crisis]], until the [[Election Commissioner of India|Election Commission]] recognised the faction led by Eknath Shinde as the legitimate structure of Shiv Sena in February 2023.<ref name=":1" /> Thackeray has filed petition against the decision of the ECI at the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] in New Delhi.<ref name=":0" />

==Formation==
The party was formed after a split in [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] as a result of the [[2022 Maharashtra political crisis]]. The split was caused by [[Eknath Shinde]], who staged a rebellion in the party, getting support of the majority of the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]] of the Sena and later splitting from the group led by [[Uddhav Thackeray]], forming the Maharashtra government with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], in which Shinde got the post of chief minister whereas the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s [[Devendra Fadnavis]] became deputy chief minister. The two factions in the Sena later formed separate political parties, with the secular and progressive group, seeking to move further to the left, led by [[Uddhav Thackeray]] forming Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray) whereas the traditional and original Hindu nationalist faction of the Shiv Sena led by [[Eknath Shinde]] formed the [[Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena]].

===ECI decision===
On 17 February 2023, [[Election Commission of India]] recognised [[Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena|Eknath Shinde's faction]] as representing Shiv Sena officially. Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray) leader [[Uddhav Thackeray]] has filed an appeal with the [[Supreme Court of India]]. Further, in its decision, the ECI allowed the party to keep its ''{{IAST|maśāl}}'' or torch symbol until [[2023 elections in India|state assembly by polls]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-02-20 |title=Election Commission should be dissolved immediately and reconstituted through 'proper process': Uddhav Thackeray |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/election-commission-should-be-dissolved-immediately-and-reconstituted-through-proper-process-uddhav-thackeray/article66531698.ece |access-date=2023-02-20 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220095116/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/election-commission-should-be-dissolved-immediately-and-reconstituted-through-proper-process-uddhav-thackeray/article66531698.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/ec-a-slave-of-centre-democracy-in-danger-will-move-sc-former-maharashtra-cm-uddhav-thackeray/articleshow/98030425.cms|title=Uddhav to move to SC|newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 February 2023 |access-date=18 February 2023|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411160413/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/ec-a-slave-of-centre-democracy-in-danger-will-move-sc-former-maharashtra-cm-uddhav-thackeray/articleshow/98030425.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The election symbol has been modified to resemble more like a torch as it was previously alleged that the originally allotted symbol looked more like an icecream.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/shiv-sena-uddhav-thackeray-gets-modified-mashaal-symbol-ahead-of-maharashtra-election-eknath-shinde-election-commission-latest-news-9091169.html|title=Shiv Sena (UBT) Gets Modified 'Mashaal' Symbol Ahead Of Maharashtra Election|newspaper=News 18 |date=19 October 2024|access-date=21 October 2024|editor=Shobit Gupta}}</ref>

== Leaders ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of leaders of Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}; color:white" | SI No.
!style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}; color:white" | Name
!style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}; color:white" | Photo
!style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}; color:white" | Designation
|-
|1
|'''{{sortname|Uddhav Balasaheb|Thackeray|Uddhav Thackeray}}'''
| [[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|{{br list | '''Founder and National President''' | Former [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]}}
|-
|2
|'''{{sortname|Arvind|Sawant}}'''
|[[File:Arvind_Sawant_(cropped).jpg|75px]]
|Leader, [[Lok Sabha]]
|-
|3
|'''{{sortname|Sanjay|Raut}}'''
|[[File:Bappa Lahiri, Bappi Lahiri, Swapna Patker, Sanjay Raut (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|Leader, [[Rajya Sabha]]
|-
|4
|'''{{sortname|Ajay|Choudhari}}'''
|
| Ex-Group Leader, [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|5
| '''{{sortname|Ambadas|Danve}}'''
|
| Ex-Leader of Opposition, [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
|-
|6
| '''{{sortname|Aaditya|Thackeray}}'''
| [[File:Shri Aaditya Thackeray - 2020 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|Leader, [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] and Former Cabinet Minister, [[Government of Maharashtra]]
|}

=== List of Lok Sabha members ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}; color:white" | No.
! style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}; color:white" | Name
! style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}; color:white" | Constituency
|-
!1
|'''[[Arvind Sawant]]'''
|[[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South]]
|-
!2
|[[Sanjay Deshmukh]]
|[[Yavatmal-Washim Lok Sabha constituency|Yavatmal-Washim]]
|-
!3
|[[Nagesh Bapurao Patil Ashtikar]]
|[[Hingoli Lok Sabha constituency|Hingoli]]
|-
!4
|[[Sanjay Haribhau Jadhav]]
|[[Parbhani Lok Sabha constituency|Parbhani]]
|-
!5
|[[Rajabhau Waje]]
|[[Nashik Lok Sabha constituency|Nashik]]
|-
!6
|[[Sanjay Dina Patil]]
|[[Mumbai North East Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North East]]
|-
!7
|[[Bhausaheb Rajaram Wakchaure]]
|[[Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency|Shirdi]]
|-
!8
|[[Anil Desai]]
|[[Mumbai South Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South Central]]
|-
!9
|[[Omprakash Rajenimbalkar]]
|[[Osmanabad Lok Sabha constituency|Osmanabad]]
|-
|}
=== List of Rajya Sabha members ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}; color:white" | No.
! style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}; color:white" | Name
! style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}; color:white" | Date of appointment
! style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}; color:white" | Date of retirement
|-
!1
|[[Sanjay Raut]]
|5 July 2022
|4 July 2028
|-
!2
|[[Priyanka Chaturvedi]]
|3 April 2020
|2 April 2026
|-
|}

==Alliances==
[[File:Campaign vehicle of Shiv Sena (UBT), in Kinwat.jpg|thumb|Shiv Sena (UBT) Campaign vehicle in [[Maharashtra]]]]
On 26 August 2022, the party announced an alliance with pro-Maratha outfit [[Sambhaji Brigade]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Shoumojit |date=2022-08-26 |title=Thackeray's Shiv Sena forges alliance with pro-Maratha Sambhaji Brigade |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/thackerays-shiv-sena-forges-alliance-with-pro-maratha-sambhaji-brigade/article65814872.ece |access-date=2024-04-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> While both parties said that they have come together to "save constitution and fight for regional pride", political analysts pointed out several contradictions in their positions on various core issues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shiv Sena and Sambhaji Brigade in a marriage of convenience |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/statescan/2022/09/10/shiv-sena-and-sambhaji-brigade-in-a-marriage-of-convenience.html |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

On 23 January 2023, the party announced an alliance with the [[Prakash Ambedkar]]-led [[Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi]] (VBA).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chitnis |first=Purva |date=2023-01-23 |title=Uddhav Sena ties up with Prakash Ambedkar's VBA. MVA allies Congress, NCP 'welcome' move |url=https://theprint.in/politics/uddhav-sena-ties-up-with-prakash-ambedkars-vba-mva-allies-congress-ncp-welcome-move/1330277/ |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra: Uddhav's Shiv Sena ties up with Prakash Ambedkar's Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/uddhav-thackeray-prakash-ambedkar-announce-alliance-of-shiv-sena-vanchit-bahujan-aghadi-2325192-2023-01-23 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=India Today |date=23 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> However, on 23 March 2024, Prakash Ambedkar announced VBA's decision to end the alliance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-23 |title=VBA alliance with Shiv Sena (UBT) doesn't exist any longer; next move on Mar 26: Ambedkar |url=https://theprint.in/india/vba-alliance-with-shiv-sena-ubt-doesnt-exist-any-longer-next-move-on-mar-26-ambedkar/2013227/ |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Electoral performance==
In the 2022 [[Gram panchayat|Maharashtra gram panchayat polls]], the [[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]] won 457 gram panchayat seats, out of which the [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] got 155 seats, while the SS (UBT) got 153 seats and the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] got 149 seats. The [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] got 352 seats, out of which the [[BJP]] won 239 seats and the [[Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena|BSS]] won 113 seats.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sutar |first=Kamlesh Damodar |date=2022-10-18 |title=BJP single-largest party in Maharashta gram panchayat polls, but MVA trumps BJP-Shinde alliance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/maharashtra/story/maharashtra-gram-panchayat-poll-results-sharad-pawar-uddhav-thackeray-eknath-shinde-bjp-mva-2286840-2022-10-18 |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=India Today |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023043130/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/maharashtra/story/maharashtra-gram-panchayat-poll-results-sharad-pawar-uddhav-thackeray-eknath-shinde-bjp-mva-2286840-2022-10-18#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16664659466602&csi=0&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2024, SS(UBT) got 9 seats in the [[2024 Indian general elections]], more than its rival faction. Their [[Maha Vikas Aghadi]] alliance got 31 seats out of 48 in [[Maharashtra]]. However, in the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024 Assembly elections]], the Maha Vikas Aghadi could only win 50 seats with the Governing MahaYuti winning 235 seats in a [[landslide victory]]. SS(UBT) just won 20 seats.

===Indian General Election results (In Maharashtra)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}};| Year
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}};| Party leader
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}};| Seats won/ Seats contested
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}};| Change in Seats
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}};| Voteshare (%)
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}};| +/- (%)
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}};| Popular vote
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}};| Outcome
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|{{Composition bar|9|21|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}}}
|New
|16.52%
|New
|9,567,779
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|}
=== State assembly election results ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!style="background-color:{{party color|Shivsena (UBT)}};color:black"|Election
!style="background-color:{{party color|Shivsena (UBT))}};color:black"|Party leader
!style="background-color:{{party color|Shivsena (UBT)}};color:black"|Pre-poll alliance
!style="background-color:{{party color|Shivsena (UBT)}};color:black"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:{{party color|Shivsena (UBT)}};color:black"|Seats won
!style="background-color:{{party color|Shivsena (UBT)}};color:black"|+/- in seats
!style="background-color:{{party color|Shivsena (UBT)}};color:black"|Overall vote
!style="background-color:{{party color|Shivsena (UBT)}};color:black"|Vote %
!style="background-color:{{party color|Shivsena (UBT)}};color:black"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:{{party color|Shivsena (UBT)}};color:black"|Sitting side
|-
! Colspan=20|[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|rowspan=3|[[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|[[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]]
|92
|{{Composition bar|20|288|{{party color|Shivsena (UBT)}}}}
|New
|6,433,013
|9.96%
|{{new}}
|{{partial2|Others}}
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of political parties in India]]
* [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
* [[Maha Vikas Aghadi]]
* [[2022 Maharashtra political crisis]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:2022 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2022]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena]]
[[Category:Hindutva political parties]]
[[Category:Member parties of the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena (UBT)]]
[[Category:Political parties in Maharashtra]]

Single-member district

2026-03-15T07:40:39Z

SanglapGeographer: cleanup content further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Electoral district with one representative in a legislature}}
{{Redirect|Single-seat|a racing car with only one seat|Open-wheel car{{!}}Single-seater}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}

{{Electoral systems}}

A '''single-member district''' or '''constituency''' is an [[electoral district]] represented by a single officeholder. It contrasts with a [[multi-member district]], which is represented by multiple officeholders.

In some countries, such as [[Australia]] and [[India]], members of the lower house of parliament are elected from single-member districts, while members of the upper house are elected from multi-member districts. In some countries, such as [[Singapore]], members of parliament are elected from both single-member and multi-member districts.

==History in the United States==
The [[United States Constitution]], ratified in 1789, states: "The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States{{nbsp}}... Representatives{{nbsp}}... shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers."<ref>{{Cite web|title=United States Constitution|url=https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution-transcript|website=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]|date=4 November 2015 }}</ref> In other words, the Constitution specifies that each state will be apportioned a number of representatives in the [[US House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] proportional to its population. It does not, however, specify ''how'' those representatives should be apportioned.<ref name="FairVote">{{Cite web|last=Mast|first=Tony|date=|title=The History of Single Member Districts for Congress|url=http://archive.fairvote.org/?page=526|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219220856/http://archive.fairvote.org/?page=526|archive-date=19 December 2020|access-date=24 January 2020|website=[[FairVote]]}}</ref> In the early years of the United States, a form of multi-member districts called [[plural district]]s were the norm.<ref name="nyt">{{Cite web|last=Editorial Board|date=10 November 2018|title=A Congress for Every American|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/11/10/opinion/house-representatives-size-multi-member.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In contrast with modern [[proportional representation|proportional]] multi-member districts (which had not yet been invented), plural districts were elected at-large in plurality votes.<ref name="FairVote"/>

By 1842, single-member House districts had become the norm, with twenty-two states using single-member districts and only six using at-large multi-member districts. On 14{{nbsp}}December 1967, single-member House districts were mandated by law pursuant to the [[Uniform Congressional District Act]] ([[Title 2 of the United States Code|2{{nbsp}}U.S.{{nbsp}}Code{{nbsp}}§2c]]), under the justification that they served as bulwarks against southern Democrats diluting the electoral power of African-Americans by using strategically drawn at-large multi-member districts. For instance, southern Democrats could create a single statewide multi-member district elected by plurality vote, all but guaranteeing the white majority would elect only Democrats.<ref name="nyt"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Yglesias|first=Matthew|date=20 July 2015|title=There's a simple way to end gerrymandering. Too bad Congress made it illegal.|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/7/17/8980137/fix-gerrymandering-multiple-member-districts|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref>

==Aspects==

===Constituency link===
It has been argued by proponents of single-member constituencies that it encourages a stronger connection between the representative and constituents and increases accountability and is a check on incompetence and corruption. In countries that have multi-member constituencies, it is argued that the constituency link is lost. For example, in Israel the whole country is a single constituency and representatives are selected by party-lists.

On the other hand, today most voters tend to vote for a candidate because they are endorsed by a particular political party or because they are in favor of who would become or remain the leader of the government, more than their feelings for or against the actual candidate standing. Sometimes voters are in favor of a political party but do not like specific candidates. For example, voters in Canada re-elected the [[Alberta]] government in 1989 but, because of dissatisfaction with its leadership, the premier and leader of the governing party, [[Don Getty]], lost his seat.{{needs citation|date=July 2017}}

===Fewer minority parties===
It has been argued that single-member districts tend to promote [[two-party system]]s (with some regional parties). Called [[Duverger's law]], this principle has also been empirically supported by the [[cube rule]], which shows how the winning party in a [[first-past-the-post]] system is mathematically over-represented in the legislature. For example, in the [[2014 United States House of Representatives elections]], the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] won 51.2% of the popular vote but 56.7% of the seats.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

Supporters view this effect as beneficial, claiming that two-party systems are more stable, and that the minority opposition does not have undue power to break a coalition. First-past-the-post minimizes the influence of third parties and thus arguably keeps out forms of opposition outside of the dominant rival party. Critics of two-party systems believe that two-party systems offer less choice to voters, create an exaggerated emphasis on issues that dominate more marginal seats, and does not completely remove the possibility of a balanced chamber (or [[hung parliament]]), which can also give undue power to independents and lead to more, not less, stability.{{or?|date=August 2024}}

===Safe seats===
{{Main|Safe seat}}
A safe seat is one in which a plurality or majority of voters, depending on the electoral system, support a particular candidate or party so strongly that the candidate's election is practically guaranteed in advance of the vote. This means votes for other candidates effectively make no difference to the result. This results in feelings of disenfranchisement, as well as increased [[abstention|nonparticipation]], by both supporters of the dominant candidate (who can confidently abstain from voting because their preferred candidate's victory is nearly assured) as well as supporters of other candidates (who know their preferred candidate is essentially guaranteed to lose).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Amy|first=Douglas J.|date=1 January 1997|title=The Case for a Better Election System|url=https://www.fairvote.org/the_case_for_a_better_election_system|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028030037/https://www.fairvote.org/the_case_for_a_better_election_system|archive-date=28 October 2020|access-date=25 January 2021|website=[[FairVote]]}}</ref>

===Gerrymandering===
{{Main|Gerrymandering}}
Single-member districts enable gerrymandering, the practice of manipulating district boundaries to favor one political party.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Single Member Districts|url=http://archive.fairvote.org/?page=765|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016134856/http://archive.fairvote.org/?page=765|archive-date=16 October 2020|access-date=24 January 2021|website=[[FairVote]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Salam|first=Reihan|date=11 September 2014|title=The Biggest Problem in American Politics|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2014/09/forget-gerrymandering-heres-what-we-need-to-fix-to-ensure-truly-fair-elections.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref> Whereas proportional multi-member districts ensure that political parties are represented roughly in proportion to the share of the vote they receive, in single-member districts the entire district is represented by a single politician, even if a sizeable minority (or even a majority, in the case of plurality voting) of the electorate votes for candidates from other parties. This enables political parties to rig elections in their favor by drawing districts in such a way that more districts are won by their party than their proportion of the overall vote would dictate (in the [[2018 Wisconsin State Assembly election]], for example, the [[Republican Party of Wisconsin|Republican Party]] won 45% of the popular vote but 64% of the seats, due in part to gerrymandering<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bump|first=Philip|date=4 December 2018|title=The several layers of Republican power-grabbing in Wisconsin|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/12/04/several-layers-republican-power-grabbing-wisconsin/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wines|first=Michael|date=27 June 2019|title=What Is Gerrymandering? And How Does it Work?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/27/us/what-is-gerrymandering.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

=== Geographic representation ===
Contrary to conventional wisdom, a 2023 study found that single-member district systems do not have more geographically representative parliaments than systems with multi-member districts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carella |first1=Leonardo |last2=Eggers |first2=Andrew |date=2023 |title=Electoral Systems and Geographic Representation |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/abs/electoral-systems-and-geographic-representation/4D2AFEDB873BD3EA47C623085E0A38B4 |journal=British Journal of Political Science |volume=54 |pages=40–68 |language=en |doi=10.1017/S0007123423000121 |issn=0007-1234}}</ref>

==Comparison of single-member district election methods==
{{see|Comparison of electoral systems#Compliance of selected single-winner methods}}

==See also==
* [[Duverger's law]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Constituencies]]

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave

2026-03-10T11:43:43Z

SanglapGeographer:

{{Short description|Sports complex in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Ahmedabad Sports Enclave
| fullname = Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave
| location = [[Motera]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.091097|72.599193|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| city = Ahmedabad
| country = India
| main_venue = Narendra Modi Stadium
| main_venue_capacity = 132,000
| acreage = {{convert|236|acre|ha}}
| broke_ground = 24 February 2021
| cost = ₹4,600 crore (US$590 million)
| owner = [[Government of Gujarat]]
| operator = Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority
| architect = [[BDP Quadrangle|BPD]] Collage Design [[Philip Cox|Cox Architecture]]<ref name="masterplan">{{cite web|title=BDP team unveils 350-acre masterplan for 2030 Commonwealth Games venues in Ahmedabad|url=https://www.bdonline.co.uk/news/bdp-team-unveils-350-acre-masterplan-for-2030-commonwealth-games-venues-in-ahmedabad/5140835.article|work=[[Building Design]]|date=23 February 2026}}</ref>
| tenants =
}}
'''Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave''' is an under-construction sports enclave being built in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]], named after [[Vallabhbhai Patel|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]]. Once the sports enclave is fully built, it will be one of the largest of its kind in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ahmedabad to be known as 'sports city' of India, will get a new sports complex at Naranpura: Amit Shah|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ahmedabad-to-be-known-as-the-sports-city-of-india-says-amit-shah-1772501-2021-02-24|website=www.theindiatodaybridge.in|access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref> The project is being jointly executed with the [[Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority]], and the [[Government of Gujarat]]. A primary reason for the sports enclave to be built, is to host major sporting events in India in the future, such as the [[2030 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{cite news|title=One of the largest sports enclaves in India to come up in Ahemdabad|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-one-of-countrys-largest-sports-enclaves-to-come-up-at-motera/articleshow/81101469.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Himanshu|last=Kaushik|date=19 February 2021|access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Narendra Modi to Inaugurate world's largest cricket stadium in Gujarat|url=https://www.sarkarnama.in/vishleshan/worlds-biggest-cricket-stadium-inaugurated-gujarat-president-71078|website=www.sarkarnama.in|access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref>

==History==
The sports enclave is being constructed in [[Motera]], which is a neighborhood in the northwestern part of Ahmedabad. The [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] which is the world's largest stadium, and the largest [[cricket]] stadium, will also be located within the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Political Fix: What does the 'Narendra Modi Cricket stadium' tell us about his politics?|url=https://scroll.in/article/988190/the-political-fix-what-does-the-narendra-modi-cricket-stadium-tell-us-about-his-politics|website=www.scroll.in|access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Modi stadium part of Sardar complex:BJP|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/modi-stadium-part-of-sardar-complex-bjp/articleshow/81200777.cms|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref> The bhumi pujan ceremony was performed by the president of India [[Ram Nath Kovind]] on 24 February 2021. Many other political dignitaries were present at the event including the home minister of India, [[Amit Shah]], and sports minister of India, [[Kiren Rijiju]].<ref>{{cite web|title=President Kovind performs ‘bhumi pujan’ at Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/president-kovind-performs-bhumi-pujan-082010357.html|website=www.in.news.yahoo.in|access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref> The entire project is expected to cost ₹4,600 crores (US$590 million). The government will be investing ₹3,200 crore (US$450 million) into the project and private players will invest ₹1,400 crore (US$200 million).<ref>{{cite web|title=Coming up, a 236 acre sports enclave in Ahemdabad|url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2021/02/24/coming-up-a-236-acre-sardar-patel-sports-enclave-the-sports-capital-of-india-at-motera-in-gujarat/|website=www.deshgujarat.com|access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref> Along with this sports enclave another sports enclave will be built in Narayanpura. Once both enclaves are complete, all types of sports infrastructure will be present in Ahemdabad, and it will allow the city to host large-scale sporting events as well. The sports enclaves will have a capacity to accommodate up to 3,000 and up to 250 coaches as well.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eyeing to host Olympics, Ahemdabad body issues tender for infrastructure projects|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/eyeing-to-host-olympics-ahmedabad-body-issues-tender-for-infrastructure-proposals-995455.html|website=www.deccanherald.com|access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref> In the future, the [[Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System]], and [[Ahmedabad Metro]] will also be extended to the sports enclaves, so that transportation to and from the enclave will be made easier.<ref>{{cite web|title=Information about the upcoming Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1700614|website=www.pib.gov.in|access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref>

On 5 March 2025, it was announced that construction of the sports enclave would start in 2026. Alastair Richardson, director at [[Philip Cox|Cox Architecture]], revealed some of the plans for the venues during the Australia-India Sports Excellence Forum. The sports enclave will have an urban park described as "the [[Central Park]] of the city" strategically designed as a ‘heat sink', incorporating trees, green spaces and [[Cool pavement|cool pavements]] to mitigate the state of [[Climate of Gujarat|Gujarat's climate]]. He also said that the [[Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority]] would seek out [[Public–private partnership|public–private partnerships]] to support the development.<ref name=vision>{{cite web|last=John|first=Paul|title=2036 Olympics bid: City envisions sustainable, inclusive approach|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/2036-olympics-bid-city-envisions-sustainable-inclusive-approach/articleshow/118742626.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref>

==Features==
The entire enclave will feature a large number of new venues. Of the new venues to be built most of the venues will be built from scratch.<ref>{{cite web|title="We can host the Olympics in 6 months" - Amit Shah|url=https://thebridge.in/latest/olympics-ahmedabad-6-months/|website=www.thebridge.in|access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref> Along with sporting facilities, other buildings such as [[hotels]], commercial areas, and a residential village for athletes will be built as well.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ram Nath Kovind performs Bhoomi Pujan of a huge sports enclave in Ahmedabad|url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/313913-Ram-Nath-Kovind-performed-Bhoomi-Pujan-of-a-huge-sports-enclave-in-Ahmedabad|website=www.5dariyanews.com|access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref> The following venues will be built in the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave:<ref>{{cite web|title=Olympics ambition for Ahmedabad|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/olympian-ambition-laid-for-ahmedabad/articleshow/81198650.cms|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-24 |title=Coming up, a 236 acre Sardar Patel Sports Enclave, the Sports Capital of India, at Motera in Gujarat |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2021/02/24/coming-up-a-236-acre-sardar-patel-sports-enclave-the-sports-capital-of-india-at-motera-in-gujarat/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Five grand stadiums, 53k sitter football arena: Master plan of SVP Enclave to strengthen India's Olympics bid|url=https://khelnow.com/olympics/2024-01-olympics-2036-ahmedabad-masterplan|website=KhelNow|access-date=17 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="masterplan"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of sporting venues
!Name
!Sport
!Capacity
!Size
!Completion date
|-
|[[Narendra Modi Stadium]]
|[[Cricket]]
|132,000
|{{convert|243,000|sqft|order=flip}}
|2017 (expansion)
1983 (former structure)
|-
|Indoor Arena
|[[:Category:Indoor sports|Indoor sports]]
|18,000
|TBD
|TBD
|-
|Aquatics Center
|[[Aquatic sports]]
|12,000
|{{convert|120,000|sqft|order=flip}}
|TBD
|-
|Tennis Stadium
|[[Tennis]]
|10,000 5,000 3,000
|TBD
|TBD
|-
|[[Olympic Village|Athletes' Village]]
|
|3,000
|TBD
|TBD
|}

==Part of 2036 Summer Olympics Bid==
Once the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave is complete the Olympics could also be hosted in [[Ahmedabad]] in the future. In June 2021, the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority invited proposals consultants to assess venues and related infrastructure that would be needed to host the [[Summer Olympic Games]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ahmedabad's Olympic dreams conceived|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/citys-olympic-dream-conceived-proposals-invited/articleshow/83382903.cms|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref> This move came after the [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] was inaugurated and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave was announced to be built.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rs 458 crore sports complex on cards in Naranpura|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/rs-458cr-sports-complex-on-cards-in-naranpura/articleshow/81217641.cms|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref> Reports have also suggested that the sports enclave will be a part of a future [[Bids for the 2036 Summer Olympics|bid for the 2036 Summer Olympics]] from [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ahmedabad Eyeing Hosting Rights for 2036 Olympics: Report|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/ahmedabad-eyeing-hosting-rights-for-2036-olympics-report-3828245.html|website=www.news18.com|access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ahmedabad takes a long shot — puts out ad on Olympics infrastructure|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/ahmedabad-takes-a-long-shot-puts-out-ad-on-olympics-infrastructure-narendra-modi-stadium-7350152/|website=www.indianexpress.com|access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sports venues under construction]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Memorials to Vallabhbhai Patel]]

Rishabh Sawhney

2026-03-06T08:05:47Z

SanglapGeographer: creating new stub

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Orphan|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rishabh Sawhney
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = New Delhi, India
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Actor, Model
| years_active = 2017–present
| known_for = [[Fighter (2024 film)|Fighter]] (2024)
}}

'''Rishabh Sawhney''' is an Indian actor and former model who appears in Hindi-language films and web series.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lehren |first=Team |date=2024-01-15 |title=Who Is The Villain In The Movie 'Fighter' Opposite Hrithik Roshan |url=https://lehren.com/who-is-the-villain-in-the-movie-fighter-opposite-hrithik-roshan/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=India’s Favourite Entertainment Network Since 1987 - Lehren |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheetal |first=Kalpana |title=Who Is Rishabh Sawhney: कौन है फाइटर का विलेन...पाकिस्तानी आतंकी ने ऋतिक रोशन को दी टक्कर |url=https://www.newsnationtv.com/entertainment/bollywood/fighter-villain-who-is-rishabh-sawhney-pakistani-terrorist-opposite-hrithik-roshan-know-here-434923.html |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=www.newsnationtv.com |language=hi}}</ref> He portrayed Azhar Akhtar, an antagonist in the 2024 action film [[Fighter (2024 film)|Fighter]], directed by [[Siddharth Anand]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-16 |title=Meet Rishabh Sawhney, the antagonist in Hrithik Roshan and Deepika Padukone's 'Fighter' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rishabh-sawhney-the-antagonist-in-hrithik-roshan-and-deepika-padukones-fighter/articleshow/106902483.cms |access-date=2025-11-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaubey |first=Pranita |date=January 17, 2024 |title=Fighter New Poster: Meet The Villain - Rishabh Sawhney |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/fighter-new-poster-meet-the-villain-rishabh-sawhney-4879193 |access-date=2025-11-16 |work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-15 |title=Fighter Villain: 'हमने सुसाइड अटैक किया उन्होंने एयर स्ट्राइक', जानिए कौन है फिल्म में नजर आ रहे विलेन? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zee-hindustan/entertainment/fighter-trailor-releases-know-who-is-villain-rishabh-sawhney-playing-against-hrithik-roshanm-read-article/2061222 |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi}}</ref> He previously appeared as Mehmood in the 2021 web series ''[[The Empire (Indian TV series)|The Empire]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Working with Shabana Azmi was wonderful, says Rishabh Sawhney |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/working-with-shabana-azmi-was-wonderful-says-rishabh-sawhney-305505/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rishabh began his professional career as a fashion model.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sonal |date=January 16, 2024 |title=Debut Ho To Aisa! This 28-Year-Old-Actor Is All Set To Play Villain In Hrithik Roshans Fighter, Netizens Thought He Is From Hollywood |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/rishabh-sawhney-fighter-villain-profile-meet-antagonist-against-hrithik-roshan-deepika-padukone-in-siddharth-anands-film-2710162.html |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> He made his screen acting debut in the historical web series [[The Empire (Indian TV series)|The Empire]] (2021), in which he played Mehmood, a brother of Babur.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-16 |title=Meet Rishabh Sawhney, the antagonist in Hrithik Roshan and Deepika Padukone's 'Fighter' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rishabh-sawhney-the-antagonist-in-hrithik-roshan-and-deepika-padukones-fighter/articleshow/106902483.cms |access-date=2025-11-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-09-03 |title=Shabana Azmi helped me prepare for Empire: Rishabh Sawhney |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/Sep/03/shabana-azmi-helped-me-prepare-for-empire-rishabh-sawhney-2353513.html |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In addition to acting, he also worked as a casting assistant on the series and later held the same crew role in the web series ''Kaun Banegi Shikharwati'' and ''Bestseller.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Entertainment |first=Quint |date=2024-01-17 |title=Who Is Rishabh Sahwney, the Antagonist in Hrithik, Deepika-Starrer 'Fighter'? |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/who-is-rishabh-sahwney-know-all-about-the-villain-in-hrithik-deepikas-fighter |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, he played a role as an antagonist in [[Fighter (2024 film)|Fighter]] (2024), an aerial-action film starring [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Deepika Padukone]], and [[Anil Kapoor]]. In 2025, he was cast as a teacher in ''Echoes of Valour'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: Rishabh Sawhney on Working With Divya Dutta and Neeraj Kabi in Echoes of Valour {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-rishabh-sawhney-on-working-with-divya-dutta-and-neeraj-kabi-in-echoes-of-valour-77192.html |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> directed by Indira Dhar and starring [[Divya Dutta]] and [[Neeraj Kabi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Sarika |date=September 5, 2025 |title=Exclusive - Fighter actor Rishabh Sawhney on choosing Echoes Of Valour: 'I didn't want to play only terrorists or negative characters' |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/exclusive-fighter-actor-rishabh-sawhney-on-choosing-echoes-of-valour-i-didn-t-want-to-play-only-terrorists-or-negative-characters-article-13524328.html#google_vignette |access-date=2025-11-16 |work=Money Control}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Maheshwri |first=Neha |date=2025-10-23 |title=Fighter actor Rishabh Sawhney: I've always believed people should judge me by my work, not by how I look |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/fighter-actor-rishabh-sawhney-ive-always-believed-people-should-judge-me-by-my-work-not-by-how-i-look/articleshow/124759933.cms |access-date=2025-11-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film was screened at the [[Venice Film Festival|Venice International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Savadi |first=Tanmayi |date=2025-09-26 |title=Rishabh Sawhney: Did Echoes Of Valour To Break Fighter's Image, Was Stereotyped As Antagonist - EXCL |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/rishabh-sawhney-did-echoes-of-valour-to-break-fighters-image-was-stereotyped-as-antagonist-excl-article-152897478 |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Aaglave |first=Ganesh |date=September 24, 2025 |title=Rishabh Sawhney on making an unconventional choice with 'Echoes of Valour': 'It's like an ode to my mother' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/exclusive-fighter-star-rishabh-sawhney-on-making-an-unconventional-choice-with-echoes-of-valour-its-like-an-ode-to-my-mother-13935804.html |access-date=2025-11-16 |work=Firstpost}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
|-
|2021
|[[The Empire (Indian TV series)|The Empire]]
|Mehmood
| rowspan="3" |[[Hindi]]
|-
|2024
|[[Fighter (2024 film)|Fighter]]
|Azhar Akhtar
|-
|2025
|Echoes of Valour
|
|-
|2026
|Nagabandham
|Ali/
Ahmad Shah Abdali
|Pan India
|}

== Recognition ==
* 2024: Lions Gold Awards 2024
* 2024: Mid Day Showbiz Awards 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rishabh Sawhneygrace the Mid Day Showbiz Awards 2024 |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/media/rishabh-sawhneygrace-the-mid-day-showbiz-awards-2024_607869 |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=India Forums |language=en}}</ref>
* 2025: Iconic Gold Awards 2025

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://rishabhsawhney.com/}}
* {{IMDb name|11968388}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sawhney, Rishabh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-actor-stub}}

Don (2003 film)

2026-03-04T07:27:56Z

SanglapGeographer: created

{{No plot|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Don
| image = Don (2003 film).jpg
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = [[P. N. Sathya]]
| writer = P. N. Sathya
| producer = Ramesh Yadav
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] [[Meghna Naidu]]
| cinematography = Anaji Nagaraj
| editing = P R Sounder Rajan
| music = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| studio = Royal Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|1|16}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Don''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada-language]] action drama film directed by [[P. N. Sathya]] and starring [[Shiva Rajkumar]] and [[Meghna Naidu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2018 |title=MAJESTIC DIRECTOR PN SATHYA NO MORE |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/17565-majestic-director-pn-sathya-no-more.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506035836/https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/17565-majestic-director-pn-sathya-no-more.html |archive-date=6 May 2018 |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=[[Chitraloka.com]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Surya
*[[Meghna Naidu]] as [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Jhansi alias Kaveri
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Ramaswamy Iyenger
*[[Jai Jagadish]] as police officer
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] as Sadhu Shetty
*[[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]] as Inspector Indrajith (cameo)
*[[H. G. Dattatreya]]
*Harish Rai
*[[Shobharaj]]
*[[Chitra Shenoy]]
*[[P. N. Sathya]]
*[[Bullet Prakash]]
*[[Mandeep Roy]]
*[[Ruchita Prasad]] (item number)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/chow_jogula.asp|title= Ruchitaprasad joined Jogula|work=Viggy}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
During the shooting of the film, a misinterpretation of the Tamil dialogues of the film crew led to them being mobbed by [[Bajrang Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attack on Don film troupe |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/chow_don.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823062954/http://www.viggy.com/english/chow_don.asp |archive-date=23 August 2022 |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=Viggy}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by Sadhu Kokila.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/don-original-motion-picture-soundtrack|title=Don (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|work=Gaana}}</ref>
*Kaveri Kandanu - Shankar Mahadevan
*Ondene Naavu Ondene - Sangeetha, Shivarajkumar
*Sundari Sundari - Nanditha, Udit Narayan
*Kannu Bitre - Manjula Gururaj
*Mehbooba Mehbooba - Shaan, Soumya

== Release ==
The film was scheduled to release on 17 January 2003,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Don releasing on Jan. 17th |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_don.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823062952/http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_don.asp |archive-date=23 August 2022 |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=Viggy}}</ref> but the film ended up releasing a day earlier. Although the film was a box office success and ran for fifty days,<ref>{{Cite web |last=K.N. Venkatasubba Rao |date=3 January 2004 |title=2003, a flop for Kannada cinema |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/01/04/stories/2004010408720500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228162004/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/01/04/stories/2004010408720500.htm |archive-date=28 February 2018 |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> the film was not as big a success as it was thought to become.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2018 |title='ದಾಸ' ದರ್ಶನ್ 'ಗುರು' ಪಿ.ಎನ್ ಸತ್ಯರವರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ನಿಮಗೆಷ್ಟು ಗೊತ್ತು |url=https://kannada.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/director-p-sathya-no-more-37507.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816233604/https://kannada.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/director-p-sathya-no-more-37507.html |archive-date=16 August 2023 |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=[[News18]] |language=kn}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''Viggy'' wrote that "''Don'' is a must see movie for Shivanna's fans".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Don film review |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/review_don.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817144517/http://www.viggy.com/english/review_don.asp |archive-date=17 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=Viggy}}</ref> A critic from ''IndiaInfo'' wrote that "Apart from Shivaraj Kumar this film has nothing to offer".<ref>{{Cite web |title=DON – Review |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/don.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030205234500/http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/don.html |archive-date=5 February 2003 |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=indiainfo}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "Director Satya, who was successful with Majestic, has come up with a similar theme keeping in mind Shivanna’s image. The film’s music has nothing much to write home about though this is Sadhu Kokila’s 100th film. This one is a must-see for Shivanna’s fans!".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan19/filmr.asp|title=DON (Kannada)|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|last=Srikanth|date=19 January 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030817183906/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan19/filmr.asp|archive-date=17 August 2003|access-date=15 March 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|31444746}}

[[Category:2003 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. N. Sathya]]

Pyar Mohabbat

2026-03-04T03:54:41Z

SanglapGeographer: minor add information per sources and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pyar Mohabbat
| image = Pyar Mohabbat (1966).jpg

| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = Shankar Mukherjee
| producer = Shankar Mukherjee
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dev Anand]] [[Saira Banu]]
| music = [[Shankar Jaikishan]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1966|01|01|India}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Pyar Mohabbat''''' ({{lit|Love and affection}}) is a 1966 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Bollywood]] film produced and directed by Shankar Mukherjee. It stars [[Dev Anand]] and [[Saira Banu]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540248 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127230345/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540248 | url-status=dead | archive-date=27 January 2013 | title=Movie Overview | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | accessdate=11 September 2012}}</ref> The rights & IPR of this film are now owned by Ruchi Pictures.

==Plot==
After running away from home, Prince Naresh Kumar Singh (Dev Anand) now calls himself Dilip Singh, returns home after a period of 18 years. He travels by ship, and meets Reeta Singh (Saira Banu), and after a series of misunderstandings, both fall in love with each other. When Dilip reaches Devangarh, he is shocked to find that his brother, Rana Mahesh Kumar Singh (Murad) is dead; his mother, Rajmata Rajeshwari (Durga Khote) is blind; and the throne-prince to be crowned is the Senapati Uday Singh (Premnath), who has also killed Naresh. Rajmata is convinced that her son Naresh is still alive, and will return one day, and refuses to permit Uday to ascend the throne. In order to fool the Rajmata, Uday recruits Dilip to pose as the missing prince, Naresh. How long will Uday Singh continue to pull wool over the eyes of the Rajmata? Will Dilip alias Naresh Singh survive long enough to ascend the throne, and reveal his true identity?

==Cast==
* [[Dev Anand]] as Naresh Kumar Singh / Dilip Singh
* [[Saira Banu]] as Reeta Singh
* [[Prem Nath]] as Senapati Uday Kumar Singh
* [[Shashikala]] as Mohini
* [[Durga Khote]] as Rajmata Rajeshwari
* [[David Abraham (actor)|David Abraham]] as Dilip's friend
* [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]] as Reeta's Secretary
* [[Sulochana Latkar]]
* [[Harindranath Chattopadhyay]] as Thakur Shamsher Singh
* [[Tarun Bose]]
* [[Murad (actor)|Murad]] as Rana Mahesh Kumar Singh

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)!!Lyricist
|-
| 1
| "Tere Siva Kaun Hai Mera"
| [[Sharda Rajan Iyengar|Sharda]]
| [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
|-
| 2
| "Tujhko Dekh Kar"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
| [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|-
| 3
| "Pyar Mohabbat Ke Siva"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], Asha Bhosle
| Hasrat Jaipuri
|-
| 4
| "Huye Aap Naraz Khuda Khair Kare"
| Mohammed Rafi
| Shailendra
|-
| 5
| "Aaj Aaye Re Banke More Saiyan"
| [[Usha Mangeshkar]], Asha Bhosle
| Shailendra
|-
| 6
| "Hello Hello Sun Sun Sun"
| Sharda, Mohammed Rafi
| Hasrat Jaipuri
|-
| 7
| "Dekho Dekho Madam"
| Mohammed Rafi, [[Manna Dey]]
| Shailendra
|-
| 8
| "Sab kuch hai tujh mein "
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| Shailendra
|-
| 9
| "Milgayi milgayi re"
| Mohammed Rafi
| Hasrat Jaipuri
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0274743}}

[[Category:1966 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1966 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Chenkol

2026-03-03T21:26:51Z

SanglapGeographer: correct page as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chenkol
| image = Chenkol.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Sibi Malayil]]
| writer = [[A. K. Lohithadas]]
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Thilakan]] [[Surbhi Javeri Vyas]] [[Mohan Raj]] [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]]
| producer = N. Krishnakumar
| music = [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| cinematography = [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]
| studio = Kripa Films
| distributor = Kripa V.A.P.
| editing = L. Bhoominathan
| released = {{Film date|1993|12|10|df=y}}
| runtime = 163 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Chenkol''''' ({{Translation|[[Sceptre]]}}) is a 1993 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Sibi Malayil]] and written by [[A. K. Lohithadas]]. A sequel to the 1989 film ''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]]'', the story continues Sethumadhavan's ([[Mohanlal]]) story after his prison term and his life back into society.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/malayalam-films-which-led-to-sequels/photostory/52309945.cms | title=Malayalam films which led to sequels | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> The movie was produced by Krishnakumar. It also features [[Thilakan]], [[Surbhi Javeri Vyas]], [[Mohan Raj]], and [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]]. The film's music was composed by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/1241/malayalam/chenkol/index.htm|title=Chenkol (1993) | Chenkol Malayalam Movie | Movie Reviews, Showtimes|access-date=18 October 2010|archive-date=8 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008180924/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/1241/malayalam/chenkol/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/malayalam-films-that-would-leave-you-teary-eyed-228196.html | title=7 Malayalam Films That Would Definitely Leave You Teary-Eyed! | date=30 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/420608/birth-tragic-hero.html | title=Birth of a tragic hero | date=19 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/malayalam-actors-young-generation-are-ease-shanthi-krishna-tnm-67628 | title=Malayalam actors of the young generation are at ease: Shanthi Krishna to TNM | date=30 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/actor-nilesh-sable-mourns-the-sad-demise-of-veteran-actor-ramesh-deo-says-met-him-recently-his-desire-to-work-as-an-artist-till-the-end-was-inspiring/articleshow/89305981.cms | title=Actor Nilesh Sable mourns the sad demise of veteran actor Ramesh Deo, says 'Met him recently, his desire to work as an artist till the end was inspiring' - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=2 February 2022 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Sethumadhavan is released after serving imprisonment of seven years in central jail [[Kireedam (1989 film)|for murdering Keerikadan Jose]], a hardcore criminal. Though it was by accident, which he did to save his life, society is not ready to accept it. For them, he is now a hardcore criminal who had killed someone who ruled the streets for long years. Upon release, Sethu visits the medical college to meet his younger brother, Rameshan, who is doing a course in medicine. However, Rameshan responds coldly and indirectly asks Sethu not to make any further visits as it may hurt his reputation.

Sethu realizes that the world around him has undergone a severe change. At home though, his mother, Ammu, is elated to see him, but his father, Achuthan Nair, is not too keen on having him at home. Achuthan Nair, who always wanted Sethu to be a police inspector, broke down completely after Sethu's conviction and turned into an alcoholic. Remorseful, Sethu looks forward to building up a life outside the jail but fails to find employment due to the tag of an "ex-convict" labeled on him.

Sethu tries to catch up with his old friend, Najeeb, who tells him about the present physical condition of Parameshwaran, whom Sethu had severely assaulted in a bid to save his own life. Fully paralysed, Parameshwaran now runs a cycle repair shop with the help of his wife and daughter. Sethu meets Parameshawaran, now a completely changed man. With his help, Sethu begins selling fish for a living. Keerikadan Jose had an affair with another woman named Madhavi Varma and had two children, Indu and her brother. The illegitimate wife and children of Keerikadan Jose suffer constant threats from his family after his death. The siblings of Jose, who were looking for a chance to unleash vengeance upon Sethu, attack him violently. He is saved by Indu, who happens to be the illegitimate daughter of Keerikadan Jose. She expresses sympathy for him and encourages him to live a new life. Once, in a bid to escape from the Keerikadan brothers, Sethu beats them up. Achuthan Nair blames Sethu and asks him to stay away from their house, which he agrees to. However, Sethu gradually realizes that for others, he is still a criminal.

The local police officer warns Sethu for no reason and humiliates him, which creates deep mental anguish in him. He undergoes deep psychological torture, which slowly transforms him into another person. To counter the attacks from Keerikadan's family, Sethu becomes a thug of a local businessman. He slowly becomes a hardcore criminal and has several criminal cases pending at the police station. However, he overcomes them and withdraws the cases with the help of local politicians. With time, his relationship with Indu grows, and he asks her mother for her hand in marriage, which she refuses, flatly citing that he is a criminal whose life has no guarantee. This incident strikes him deeply, and he decides to change. In the meantime, Sethu shockingly finds out that his sister, under the veil of drama acting, is into prostitution, that too with their father acting as the pimp. This is a severe mental blow to Sethu, and he reacts violently to his father. Achuthan Nair, unable to face his son, commits suicide by hanging himself on the ceiling fan of a hotel where the business takes place. Sethu now shifts back to his old village with the rest of his family and starts farming.

Slowly, Madhavi agrees to get Indu married to Sethu, but their teenage son maintains a bitter hatred towards Sethu. Karadi Antony, a dangerous criminal and the younger brother of Keerikadan is now released from jail and is back to avenge his brother's death. He hunts down Sethu and Indu's family but is killed by Sethu. However, he is shocked when the illegitimate son of Keerikadan (brother of Indu), at this crucial moment, fatally stabs Sethu. Sethu advises him to run away from the spot to save himself, otherwise, he will end up as another criminal of circumstances. Watching him run away, Sethu closes his eyes. At the time of his death, the tagline shows the following; "''The story of a prince who lost his crown and sceptre ends here''".

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mohanlal]] as Sethumadhavan, now an ex-convict and troubled man
* [[Thilakan]] as Retd. Police Head Constable Achuthan Nair, Sethu's father
* [[Surbhi Javeri Vyas]] as Indu
* Jojan Kanjany as Keerikadan Antony (Karadi), the main villain who is Keerikadan Jose's brother.
* [[Usha (actress)|Usha]] as Latha, Sethu's younger sister
* [[Mohan Raj]] as Keerikkadan Jose, Indu's foster father and Sethu's deceased enemy.
* [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Ammu, Achuthan Nair's wife and Sethu's mother
* [[Sreenath]] as Keshu, Sethu's friend
* [[Sankaradi]] as Krishnan Nair, Sethu's maternal uncle and Devi's father
* [[Santhakumari (Malayalam actress)|Santhakumari]] as Bharathi, Krishnan Nair's wife, Devi's mother, and Sethu's aunt
* [[Cochin Haneefa]] as Haidrose
* [[Kundara Johny]] as Parameshwaran
* [[Spadikam George]] as Keerikkadan Thomas, Jose's elder brother
* [[Meghanathan]] as Keerikkadan Sunny, Jose's younger brother
* [[Mamukkoya]] as ASI Hameed
* [[Shammi Thilakan]] as SI John Mathew, the aggressive and cruel police officer who has a strong hatred against Sethu.
* [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Najeeb, a shopkeeper and Hameed's son, Sethu's friend.
* [[Shanthi Krishna]] as Madhavi Varma, Jose's second wife and Indu's mother
* Yadukrishnan as Rameshan, Sethu's youngest brother and a student of medicine
* [[Kanakalatha]] as Ambika, Sethu's divorced elder sister
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Ratheesh, Prisoner
* [[Shivaji (Malayalam actor)|Shivaji]] as Diwakaran
* [[Kothuku Nanappan]]
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The songs were composed by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] master and lyrics were penned by [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri|Kaithapram]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Track !! Song title !! Singer(s) !! [[Raga]]
|-
| 1 || ''Pathira Paalkadavil'' || K. J. Yesudas, [[Sujatha Mohan]] || [[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani]]
|-
| 2 || ''Madhuram Jeevamrutha'' || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Kapi (raga)|Kapi]]
|-
| 3 || ''Madhuram Jeevamrutha'' || [[K. S. Chithra]] || Kapi
|}

==Awards==
;[[Kerala State Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|title=State Film Awards (1991)|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm|website=Prd.kerala.gov.in|publisher=[[Department of Information and Public Relations (Kerala)|Department of Information and Public Relations]]|access-date=5 November 2016|date=1991|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234157/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Best Playback Singer (Male)]] – [[K. J. Yesudas]]

;[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Award]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-17 |title=Film Critics Awards Complete List From 1977 Till 2012 |url=https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html |website=Kerala Film Critics Association}}</ref>
* [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress|Second Best Actress]] – [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]]
* [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – K. J. Yesudas
* [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] – [[Sujatha Mohan]]

== Reception ==
The film was released on 10 December 1993. In an interview in August 1997, praising Mohanlal's performance, Lohithadas said, "I feel he performed the best in ''Chenkol''. Then comes ''Kireedom.'' And ''Bharatham'' comes only later. In ''Chenkol'' he surprised me with his expressions. There was an amazing quality in the way he walked, talked and even sat".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The Net, Movies: An interview with Lohitadas, director of the Malayalam film, Bhoothakkannadi |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/aug/11lo1.htm |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0237094}}
* [https://archive.today/20130217233317/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/6745/chenkol.html]

{{A. K. Lohithadas}}
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian prison films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Malayalam films in series|EKireedom2]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sibi Malayil]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by A. K. Lohithadas]]
[[Category:Films scored by Johnson]]

Puthiya Aatchi

2026-03-03T04:50:57Z

SanglapGeographer: creating post

{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Puthiya Aatchi
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Velu Prabhakaran]]
| producer = R. Premavathi
| writer = Velu Prabhakaran Gajendra Kumar (dialogues)
| starring = [[Anandaraj]] [[Sarath Babu]] [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]
| music = '''Songs:''' Premi – Sreeni, Manachanallur Giridharan '''Film score:''' [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| cinematography = [[Velu Prabhakaran]]
| editing = K. Srinivasa Rao
| studio = Jayadevi Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|03|03}}
| runtime = 110 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Puthiya Aatchi''''' ({{translation|New reign}}) is a 1995 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Vigilante film|vigilante]] [[action film]] directed by [[Velu Prabhakaran]]. The film stars [[Anandaraj]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] and [[Sarath Babu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Savitha |date=2 November 2023 |title=ஆனந்தராஜை வில்லனா பார்த்திருப்பீங்க காமெடியனா பார்த்திருப்பீங்க…. ஹீரோவா பாத்திருக்கீங்களா? |url=https://news4tamil.com/have-you-seen-anandaraj-as-a-villain-or-as-a-comedian-or-as-a-hero/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240607044749/https://news4tamil.com/have-you-seen-anandaraj-as-a-villain-or-as-a-comedian-or-as-a-hero/ |archive-date=7 June 2024 |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=News4 Tamil |language=ta}}</ref> It was released on 3 March 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=puthiya aatchi ( 1995 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=puthiya%20aatchi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815073739/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=puthiya%20aatchi |archive-date=15 August 2007 |access-date=2014-02-02 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Marappan ([[Anandaraj]]) is the rebel leader of 'Puratchi Padai'. The rebel group only kills corrupted politicians who spoil the poor's lives. A corrupted politician, Valluvadasan ([[Radha Ravi]]), misuses their name and he perpetrates murders of innocent people under their name.

Vivekanandan ([[Sarath Babu]]), an IPS officer, lives happily with his wife ([[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]) and his son. Vivekanandan is charged to arrest the members of 'Puratchi Padai'.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Anandaraj]] as Marappan
*[[Sarath Babu]] as Vivekanandhan / Vivek
*[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Valluvadasan
*[[S. S. Chandran]] as Kannusamy
*S. Gajendra Kumar
*V. Gopalakrishnan
*[[Meesai Murugesan]]
*Naga Kannan
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]]
*[[M. R. Krishnamurthy|MRK]]
*Velu Prabhakaran as Tamizhmani
*[[Silk Smitha]] as an [[item number]]
*[[Janagaraj]] as Rajarathnam (guest appearance)
*[[Nirosha]] in a guest appearance
*[[Rajendran]] as a goon (uncredited role)
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed Premi–Sreeni and Manachanallur Giridharan, and the score by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]. The lyrics were written by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puthiya Aatchi (Ramiy Records) [1995-ACDRip-WAV] |url=https://www.tamilflac.com/product/puthiya-aatchi-ramiy-records-1995-acdrip-wav/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228045915/https://www.tamilflac.com/product/puthiya-aatchi-ramiy-records-1995-acdrip-wav/ |archive-date=2026-02-28 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=TamilFLAC.Com |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Eera Kaathu Veesudhe" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:22
|-
| "Ezhu Ezhu Vanam" ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]|| 3:42
|-
| "Mutharame" || Mano, K. S. Chithra || 4:12
|-
| "Porakkumpothu Manishan" || Mano, [[S. P. Sailaja]] || 4:38
|-
| "Va Mamara Kanmani" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || 4:56
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Velu Prabhakaran}}

[[Category:1995 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1990s vigilante films]]
[[Category:1995 action films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Velu Prabhakaran]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shyam (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Baldeo Singh

2026-03-02T18:28:09Z

SanglapGeographer: general updated layout for clarity additionally and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|Maharaja of Bharatpur from 1823 to 1825}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Baldeo Singh
| title = Maharaja of [[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpur]]
| image = File:Maharaja Baldeo Singh.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Maharaja Baldeo Singh
| reign = 1823 – 1825
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Randhir Singh of Bharatpur|Randhir Singh]]
| successor = [[Balwant Singh of Bharatpur|Balwant Singh]]
| spouse =
| issue = [[Balwant Singh of Bharatpur|Balwant Singh]]
| royal house = [[Sinsinwar|Sinsiniwar Jat Dynasty]]
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| burial_place =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Baldeo Singh''' ({{langx|hi|महाराजा बलदेव सिंह}}) was ruling Maharaja of the [[princely state]] of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] (1823–1825) and the successor of [[Randhir Singh of Bharatpur|Randhir Singh]] after his death in 1823. Randhir Singh had no son and, as per rule, his brother Baldeo Singh ascended the throne after his death in 1823.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}} He was succeeded by his five-year-old son [[Balwant Singh of Bharatpur|Balwant Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cotton |first=James Sutherland |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India/IgG2AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Ratan+Singh+of+Bharatpur&pg=PA76&printsec=frontcover |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India ... |last2=Burn |first2=Sir Richard |last3=Meyer |first3=William |date=1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press |pages=78 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Baldeo}}
[[Category:Rulers of Bharatpur State]]
[[Category:1825 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Akash-NG

2026-03-02T00:28:31Z

SanglapGeographer:

{{Short description|Indian surface to air missile series}}{{for|the older ramjet powered missile|Akash (missile)|}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Akash-NG
| image = Akash NG being flight tested (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = Akash-NG Missile
| origin = [[India]]
| type = Medium-range [[surface-to-air missile]] system
| is_ranged = yes
| is_missile = yes
| is_UK = yes
| service =
| used_by = [[Indian Army]] [[Indian Air Force]]
| wars = 
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| design_date = 2021
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] [[Bharat Electronics]] Electropneumatics and Hydraulics India
| developed_from = [[Akash (missile)|Akash missile system]]
| unit_cost =
| production_date =
| number =
| variants =
| speed = [[Mach number|Mach]] 3<ref name=":5" />
| spec_label =
| weight = {{convert|350|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name=":6">{{cite news |date=24 December 2025 |title=India completes trials of Akash-NG air defense missile |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/drdo-akash-ng-missile-trials-india-air-defence-nm3096km |access-date=24 December 2025 |publisher=english.mathrubhumi.com}}</ref>
| length =
| part_length =
| width =
| height =
| diameter =
| crew =
| passengers = 
| rate = * ''Normal:'' 1 missile in 10 seconds
* ''Salvo:'' 3 missiles in 20 seconds<ref name=":5" />
| breech =
| recoil =
| carriage =
| elevation = 20–70°
| traverse = 
| blade_type =
| hilt_type =
| sheath_type =
| head_type =
| haft_type = 
| filling = [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|Fragmentation]]
| filling_weight =
| detonation = [[Proximity fuze|Optical proximity fuze]]
| yield = 
| wingspan =
| propellant = [[Solid fuel]]
| engine = [[Pulsed rocket motor|Dual-pulse solid rocket motor]]<ref name="DRDO_Chief_Comments_2021">{{cite news|last1=Jha|first1=Saurav|title=Developing Any Kind Of Missile Is Not Much Of An Issue For DRDO Anymore: Satheesh Reddy|url=http://delhidefencereview.com/2021/02/08/developing-any-kind-of-missile-is-not-much-of-an-issue-for-drdo-anymore-sateesh-reddy/|access-date=8 February 2021|work=Delhi Defence Review|date=8 February 2021}}</ref>
| ceiling = {{convert|18|km|feet|abbr=on}}<ref name=":6" />
| altitude = {{convert|0.030 -14|km|feet|abbr=on}}
| depth =
| boost =
| accuracy =
| launch_platform =
| guidance = '''Mid-course:''' [[Inertial navigation system|INS]] + two-way [[datalink]] '''Terminal:''' [[Active radar homing|ARH]]
| transport =
| vehicle_range = {{convert|50|km|mile|abbr=on}}<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" />
}}
'''Akash - New Generation''' ([[IAST]]: [[Akash (missile)|Ākāśa]] ''"Sky"'') abbreviated as '''Akash-NG''' is a medium-ranged, mobile [[surface-to-air missile]] defense system developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] and produced by [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]], and [[Bharat Electronics]] for the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref name=":3" />

For the Akash-NG project, [[DRDO]] selected Electropneumatics and Hydraulics India, a private company, under Development cum Production Partner programme.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kajal |first=Kapil |date=19 October 2022 |title=Defexpo 2022: India showcases Akash-NG mobile missile launcher |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/defexpo-2022-india-showcases-akash-ng-mobile-missile-launcher |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=Janes |language=en}}</ref> Akash-NG is the successor of [[Akash (missile)#Mark 1|Akash Mark 1]], and [[Akash (missile)#Akash Prime|Akash Prime]] series of missiles with improvements.<ref name="DRDO_Chief_Comments_2021" />

== Description ==
With a canisterised launcher and a significantly reduced ground system footprint than the previous generation [[Akash SAM]] system, Akash-NG has been created for greater deployability.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=22 December 2023 |title=MINISTRY OF DEFENCE - YEAR END REVIEW 2023 |work=Press Information Bureau |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1989502 |access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref> An Akash-NG missile system includes three vehicle types — radar unit, [[command and control]] unit (CCU) and the launcher unit with six missile canisters.<ref name=":5">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCBL0kG8IkM |title=Akash-NG Missile: दुश्मनों का होश उड़ाने को तैयार आकाश-NG मिसाइल, जानिए कितना खतरनाक? DRDO |date=2026-01-25 |last=IndiaTV |type=Video |language=Hindi |trans-title=Akash-NG Missile: The Akash-NG missile is ready to stun the enemy; find out how dangerous it is? DRDO |access-date=2026-01-28 |via=YouTube}}</ref> In September 2016, approval was given for the development of the Akash-NG (New Generation), with funding of {{INRConvert|470|c|lk=on|year=2016}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=158007|title=DRDO Projects|date=3 February 2017|website=[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]|via=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=2019-10-28}}</ref>

Akash-NG will be more resilient to saturation attacks and have a quicker reaction time. The second stage's [[Pulsed rocket motor|dual-pulse solid rocket motor]] is lighter than the [[Airbreathing jet engine|air-breathing]] [[ramjet engine]] found in the earlier generation Akash and Akash-1S missiles.<ref name="DRDO_Chief_Comments_2021" /> It assists in lessening the platform's weight and footprint. The missile's effectiveness against targets with low [[Radar cross section|radar cross-section]] is enhanced by an [[active electronically scanned array|AESA]] Multi-Function Radar and an [[electro-optical targeting system]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite tweet |number=1975456503470698818 |user=Mrcool |title=In June 2025, During User trials of Akash-NG at Chandipur. Akash-NG has successfully engaged and scored a direct... |date=2025-10-07 |access-date=2025-12-25}}</ref> The radar can detect over 100 targets and engage 10 targets simultaneously.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=DRDO Successfully Completes User Trials of Akash-NG Air Defence Missile System |url=https://www.indiandefensenews.in/2025/12/drdo-successfully-completes-user-trials.html |access-date=2026-01-25}}</ref> It's [[Proximity_fuze#Optical|optical proximity fuze]] offers superior anti-electromagnetic interference capabilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/next-generation-akash-ng-add-new-diamension-india-s-air-defence-capabilities-2817050.html|title=Next generation Akash-NG to add new diamension to India's air defence capabilities|last=SV|first=Vikas|date=2018-12-04|website=oneindia|language=en|access-date=2019-11-17}}</ref><ref name="MoD_test_1">{{cite web |title=Successful Maiden Test Launch of Akash-NG Missile |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692258 |access-date=27 January 2021 |website=pib.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref>

According to Electropneumatics and Hydraulics India, the Akash-NG launcher can function at [[Elevation|elevations]] between 20° and 70° and at 360° [[azimuth]]. The deployment time from transportation to ready-to-fire mode is less than 20 minutes. It takes ten minutes to reload two stacks of canisterised missiles.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="maiden_test_hemant_rout">{{cite news|last1=Rout|first1=Hemant Kumar|title=Next-generation surface-to-air Akash missile successfully test-fired|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jan/25/next-generation-surface-to-air-akash-missile-successfully-test-fired-2254916.html|access-date=27 January 2021|work=The New Indian Express|agency=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

The missile uses an [[Ku band|Ku-band]] active radar seeker which was revealed to the public during [[List of Aero India editions#13th edition (2021)|Aero India 2021]].<ref name="DRDO_Chief_Comments_2021" /> The multi-function radar can [[Identify friend or foe|identify friends or foes]], provide fire control up to {{convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}} and surveillance up to {{convert|120|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The [[Electro-optical targeting system|EOTS]] can identify and track targets up to {{convert|45|km|mi|abbr=on}} away. Akash-NG has extensive [[Electronic counter-countermeasure|electronic counter-countermeasures]] capabilities. The weapon system is capable of operating in all weather condition. It is transportable by road, rail, and air.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akash New Generation |url=https://bel-india.in/product/akash-new-generation-mfr-ccu/ |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Bharat Electronics Limited}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

Firstly, the radar of the missile system detects a target in surveillance mode and transfers the target details to the command and control unit (CCU). Thereafter, once the target enters the [[kill zone]] of the missile, the CCU sends the fire command to the launcher unit. A missile is fired within 10 seconds of target designation. A salvo of three missiles can be fired in twenty seconds. In ripple mode, multiple missiles can be launched from multiple launchers at once.<ref name=":5" />

The missile has two sets of fins. The ones in the rear helps the missile to manoeuver while the forward ones are static and maintains [[lift force]]. The missile's warhead fragments achieve a speed of 1,500 m/s, enough for defeating thick armour plates at considerable distance and destroying aircraft, according to DRDO officials.<ref name=":5" />

The previous generations of Akash missiles, including Akash Prime for higher altitudes, had a range of {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Meanwhile, Akash-NG has a maximum range of {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} which has been proven in user trials with the Indian Air Force. However, in January 2026, DRDO officials revealed that a new rocket motor has been developed which further increases the missile's range to {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2026-01-28 |title=Rajnath praises DRDO scientists, asks them to ‘increase appetite for risk in research’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/defence/news/rajnath-praises-drdo-scientists-asks-them-to-increase-appetite-for-risk-in-research/articleshow/127652141.cms |access-date=2026-01-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> As per [[Janes Information Services]], the range of interception is as high as {{convert|50-60|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kajal |first=Kapil |date=16 January 2024 |title=India test-fires new-generation Akash missile |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/india-test-fires-new-generation-akash-missile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713122135/https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/india-test-fires-new-generation-akash-missile |archive-date=13 July 2024 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=Janes.com |language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> The first domestically produced [[radio frequency]] seeker for Akash-NG was supplied by Bharat Dynamics Limited on 2 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2025 |title=2023-24 Annual Report |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR_2023-24-new-23-9-2025.pdf |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref>

==Testing==
[[File:Akash-NG missile test on 23 July 2021 - 2.jpg|thumb|Akash-NG test on 23 July 2021 amid adverse weather]]

* On 25 January 2021, at around 2:30 pm, the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] successfully carried out the missile's maiden test against an electronic target from Launch Complex-III (LC-3) at the [[Integrated Test Range]] near [[Chandipur, Odisha]]. The launch accomplished all test objectives by executing high-altitude maneuvers throughout its trajectory. During the trial, the effectiveness of the missile's aerodynamic configuration, onboard avionics, and Command and Control system were all successfully validated in the presence of IAF representatives. Production agencies including [[Bharat Electronics]], and [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] participated in the trials.<ref name="maiden_test_hemant_rout" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Successful Maiden Test Launch of Akash-NG Missile |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692258 |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

* On 21 July 2021, at approximately 12:45 p.m., the DRDO successfully carried out the missile's second test against an electronic target from LC-3 at the [[Integrated Test Range|ITR]]. The missile proved to have the high maneuverability needed to neutralize swift and agile airborne threats throughout the test. The test included the entire Akash NG Weapon System including the Launcher, Multi-Function Radar and Command, Control & Communication system. The systems were operated by [[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] and [[Bharat Dynamics Limited|BDL]] and the trial was observed by an IAF team.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=DRDO successfully flight-tests surface-to-air missile Akash-NG |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1737532 |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

* On 23 July 2021, at 11:45 am, DRDO successfully tested the Akash-NG from LC-3 at the ITR. The missile, equipped with an indigenous [[RF]] seeker, intercepted a high-speed unmanned aerial target. The test conducted in challenging weather conditions demonstrated the weapon system's all-weather capability. The entire weapon system was deployed and validated during the test.<ref>{{cite news |title=DRDO conducts successful flight test of Akash-NG |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1738136 |access-date=23 July 2021 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Negi |first=Manjeet |last2=Bhalla |first2=Abhishek |date=23 July 2021 |title=DRDO successfully tests new-generation Akash missile for second time |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/drdo-successfully-tests-new-generation-akash-missile-for-second-time-1831825-2021-07-23 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

* Akash-NG was successfully flight tested against [[Meggitt Banshee]] from the Integrated Test Range in January, February, and November of 2023 with the goal of intercepting highly maneuverable, low [[radar cross section]] aerial threats.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2025 |title=2023-24 Annual Report |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR_2023-24-new-23-9-2025.pdf |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref>

[[File:Akash_NG_being_flight_tested.jpg|left|thumb|Akash-NG test fired from an IAF launcher against a fast-moving, low-altitude UAV in 2024 ]]

* The Akash-NG was successfully tested by DRDO on 12 January 2024, in flight against a swiftly moving unmanned aerial vehicle at a very low altitude. The target's successful interception and annihilation confirmed that the entire weapon system was operating as intended. Akash-NG is now ready for user trials.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DRDO conducts successful flight-test of New Generation AKASH missile off Odisha coast |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1995445 |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-01-12 |title=DRDO conducts successful flight-test of Akash-NG missile |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-successfully-flight-tests-akash-ng-missile/article67733770.ece |access-date=2024-01-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

* During the user trials of the Akash-NG, an EOTS mission was conducted in June 2025. As part of the tests, the missile was fired from Chandipur test range based on inputs from an [[Electro-optical targeting system|electro-optical tracking system]]. The target, a high-speed maneuvering [[QinetiQ Banshee|Banshee]], was successfully engaged. The validation allows the EOTS to function as a complement as well as a replacement to the radar systems since the latter is vulnerable to [[anti-radiation missile]] and [[cruise missile]]. The new generation-EOTS, developed by [[Instruments Research and Development Establishment|IRDE]], will function as a [[Homing guidance#Optical homing|passive missile guidance]].<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-01 |title=DRDO Newsletter October 2025 |url=https://drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/publication-document/NL_Oct2025.pdf |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=drdo.gov.in |page=9-10}}</ref>
* On 23 December 2025, Akash-NG completed its final user evaluation trials (UET) and is ready for induction into the Indian Armed Forces. During the trials, the missile intercepted aerial targets at various heights and ranges including near boundary, low altitude, long range and high altitude scenarios. The user trials was witnessed by officials from DRDO and the Indian Air Force.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=DRDO Successfully Completes User Evaluation Trials of Akash-NG |date=2025-12-23 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2207971&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2025-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=2003504777653842055 |user=SpokespersonMoD |title=@DRDO_India successfully completed User Evaluation Trials of the Next Generation Akash (Akash-NG) missile system, paving the way for its induction into the Indian Armed Forces... |date=2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-12-24 |title=DRDO completes user evaluation trials of Akash-NG missile system |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/drdo-completes-user-evaluation-trials-of-akash-ng-missile-system-2840802-2025-12-24 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The missile's accuracy, response, and consistency in a range of operational envelopes have been proven through these engagements.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Karishma |date=2025-12-25 |title=Akash-NG Cleared For Induction: How DRDO's Missile System Strengthens India's Air Defence |url=https://www.news18.com/explainers/akash-ng-cleared-for-induction-how-drdos-missile-system-strengthens-indias-air-defence-ws-l-9791619.html |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=news18.com}}</ref>

==Export==
=== Brazil ===
In August 2024, the Brazilian and Indian specialized media reported an ongoing negotiation between the Brazilian military and DRDO for a Akash-NG deal within the [[Brazilian Army]]'s medium and long range surface-to-air missile program. A Brazilian delegation is set to visit India in August to discuss the deal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/4954000/akash-ng-ejercito-mantenimiento-submarinos-armada-factor-india-accion|title=Brasil negocia con India la incorporación de Akash NG para su Ejército y el mantenimiento de submarinos para la Armada|date=7 August 2024|website=Infodefensa|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/brahmos-finds-global-attention-with-brazil-delegation-set-to-visit-india/article68478136.ece|title=BrahMos finds global attention with Brazil delegation set to visit India|date=2 August 2024|website=thehindubusinessline.com|language=en}}</ref> As of 7 July 2025, the negotiations between the [[Brazilian Army]] and Akash-NG fabricants is paralyzed in favour of an ongoing negotiation between the Army and [[MBDA]], for the supply of the [[CAMM (missile family)|Enhanced Modular Air Defence Solutions]] medium range SAM system, in a contract valued at US$1 billion (R$5 billion).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brasil desiste da Índia e negocia compra bilionária de mísseis com a Itália |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/brasil-desiste-da-india-e-negocia-compra-bilionaria-de-misseis-com-a-italia/ |date=7 July 2025 |website=CNN Brasil |language=pt}}</ref>

==Operators==
;{{IND}}
* [[Indian Air Force]] — Planned

==See also==
*{{lwc|Type 3 Chū-SAM}}
*{{lwc|KS-1 Surface-to-air missile|KS-1}}
*{{lwc|NASAMS}}
*{{lwc|Barak 8}}
*{{lwc|Anant Shastra}}
*{{lwc|VL-SRSAM}}
*{{lwc|Advanced Air Defence}}
*{{lwc|Prithvi Air Defence}}
*{{lwc|Project Kusha}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{Indian missiles}}

[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of India]]
[[Category:Post–Cold War weapons of India]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]

Uppada Beach

2026-02-27T07:23:43Z

SanglapGeographer: corrected section further and added references

{{Short description|Beach in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox landform
| name = Uppada Beach
| other_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_label =
| mark =
| marker_size =
| location = [[Uppada]], [[Kakinada district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| grid_ref =
| grid_ref_UK =
| grid_ref_Ireland =
| coordinates = {{coord|17.0818|82.3346|display=inline}}
| coordinates_ref =
| range =
| part_of =
| water_bodies =
| length =
| formed_by =
| type = Beach
| free_label_1 = Patrolled by
| free_data_1 =
| free_label_2 = Hazard rating
| free_data_2 =
| free_label_3 = Access
| free_data_3 =
| embedded = {{succession links|left=|right=}}
}}

'''Uppada Beach''' is located near [[Kakinada]] in [[Kakinada district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gopal|first1=B. Madhu|title=Storm surges most dangerous aspect of cyclones|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/storm-surges-most-dangerous-aspect-of-cyclones/article6605354.ece|access-date=23 May 2017|work=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref> [[APTDC]] undertakes the developmental activities in order to promote tourism.<ref name=aptdc>{{cite web|title=Uppada beach|url=http://www.aptdc.gov.in/beaches.html|publisher=AP Tourism Portal|access-date=30 June 2014|archive-date=8 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408044450/http://www.aptdc.gov.in/beaches.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Andhra Pradesh to develop beach front locations – Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Andhra-Pradesh-to-develop-beach-front-locations/articleshow/52452263.cms|access-date=23 May 2017|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Cyclone effects ==
After the beach was eroded by [[Cyclone Helen (2013)|Cyclone Helen]] in 2013, a retaining wall was built to protect from future damage.<ref>{{cite news|title=Permanent solution to Uppada beach road|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/permanent-solution-to-uppada-beach-road-on-anvil-says-minister/article5385757.ece|access-date=30 June 2014|work=The Hindu|date=24 Nov 2013|location=Kakinada}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{East Godavari district}}

[[Category:Beaches of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geography of East Godavari district]]

Khairatabad Mosque

2026-02-24T21:58:55Z

SanglapGeographer: creating post...

{{short description|Mosque in Hyderabad, Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Khairatabad Mosque
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Khairtabad Mosque.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption = The mosque in {{circa|1880s}}, photographed by [[Lala Deen Dayal]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| organisational_status = [[Mosque]] and empty tomb
| functional_status = Active
| location = [[Khairatabad]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad District]], [[Telangana]]
| country = [[India]]
| map_type = India Hyderabad
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Hyderabad]]
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Qutb Shahi architecture|Qutb Shahi]]
| groundbreaking = 1612 [[Common Era]]CE
| year_completed = 1626 CE
| founded_by = Khairunisa Begum
| minaret_quantity = Two
| dome_quantity = One {{small|(tomb only)}}
| footnotes = <ref name=":0" />
}}
The '''Khairatabad Mosque''' is a [[mosque]] and adjacent [[tomb]], located in [[Khairatabad]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], in the [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad district]] of the state of [[Telangana]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.63136 |title=Landmarks Of The Deccan |author=Bilgrami, Syed Ali Asgar |year=1927 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.63136/page/n87 57]-58}}</ref> The mosque was completed in the 17th century. In the late 20th century, the Khairatabad area became a major business and IT hub of Hyderabad.<ref name="AP Tourism">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aptourism.in/tourists-site/tourists_hyd.html |title=Andhra Pradesh Tourism |date= |access-date= |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305125646/http://www.aptourism.in/tourists-site/tourists_hyd.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== History ==
The Khairatabad Mosque was completed in 1626 [[Common Era|CE]] by Khairunisa Begum, also known as Ma Saheba, daughter of VI [[Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah]] (1612–1626 CE). She built the mosque for her tutor, Akhund Mulla Abul Malik. There is an empty domed tomb building, located adjacent to the mosque. The tomb building is devoid of any grave as it was built by Akhund for self-burial. However, as he died during his [[Haj]] pilgrimage to [[Mecca]], the domed tomb building has remained vacant.<ref name="AP Tourism"/>

Khairunisa Begum asked his son-in-law, [[Hussain Shah Wali]], to construct a palace, a mosque and a tank for the princess. The tank later became famous as [[Hussain Sagar]] built in the northern boundary of Khairtabad.<ref name=":0" />

== Architecture ==
The Khairatabad Mosque was designed and constructed by Hussain Shah Wali. The mosque has a three-arch opening in front. The slender [[minaret]]s of the mosque have a large amount of decorative work and the [[Jali]] work is worth seeing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/32109 |title=Khairatabad Mosque |year=1612 |author= |publisher= }}</ref>{{clarify|date=March 2025|reason=publication date claims to by 1612.}}

INTACH AP, India{{who|date=March 2025}} declared the mosque as a heritage site.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://intach.ap.nic.in/heritagesites.htm |title=INTACH |access-date=2011-09-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006021909/http://intach.ap.nic.in/heritagesites.htm |archive-date= 6 October 2011 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|Islam|Hyderabad}}}}
[[File:Tomb of Khairatbai.png|thumb|Khairatabad mosque and tomb]]
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in Telangana]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{Mosques in India}}
{{Qutb Shahi monuments}}
{{coord missing|Telangana}}

[[Category:1626 establishments in India]]
[[Category:17th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1620s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Qutb Shahi architecture]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1626]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hyderabad, India]]

Pani Dihing Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-24T02:53:16Z

SanglapGeographer: updated content and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|Bird sanctuary in Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Pani-Dihing Bird Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_size =
| map = India Assam#India
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Pani-Dihing Bird Sanctuary in [[Assam]]
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| location = [[Sivasagar district]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Sivasagar]]
| coordinates = {{coord|27|7|19|N|94|35|47|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref = <ref name="wikimapia1">{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/17463341/Pani-Dihing-Bird-Sanctuary |title=Pani-Dihing Bird Sanctuary |publisher=Wikimapia.org |date= |accessdate=2013-06-19}}</ref>
| area = {{Convert|33.93|km2|abbr=on}}
| established = 1996
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = Department of Environment & Forests, Assam
| url =
}}
'''Pani-Dihing Bird Sanctuary''' ({{langx|as|পানী দিহিং অভয়াৰণ্য}}) is a {{Convert|33.93|km2|adj=on}} [[bird sanctuary]] located in [[Sivasagar district]], [[Assam]]. It is {{Convert| 22|km|abbr=on}} away from [[Sivasagar]] town.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://online.assam.gov.in/wild-life-sanctuaries |title=Department of Environment & Forests (Government of Assam) |publisher=online.assam.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2013-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708080502/http://online.assam.gov.in/wild-life-sanctuaries |archive-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This protected area was established as a Bird Sanctuary in August 1996 by the [[Government of Assam]].<ref name="yojana">{{cite journal|title=Panidihing–A Paradise of Birds North east diary|journal=Yojana|date=August 2013|url=http://yojana.gov.in/topstory_details.asp?storyid=470|accessdate=9 August 2013}}</ref> It was identified as a potential bird sanctuary in late 1980s. The first systematic ornithological surveys in the area was conducted by noted conservationist Dr Anwaruddin Choudhury in 1987–88.<ref name="Cheetal">{{cite journal|title=Choudhury, A.U. (1988). Some rare ornithological records from Sibsagar, Assam | journal=Cheetal 29(2): 3–9}}</ref> Pani-Dihing is a complex of grassland and wetland. Some of the wetlands including channels or beels include Tokia, Jarjaria, Boloma, Dighali, Singorajan, Sagunpora, Kandhulijan, Fulai and Gaiguma. A detailed background of Pani-Dihing has also been published.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2003). My days in Pani-Dihing and other Sivasagar wetlands. Pakhitirtha (Souvenir- Bird Festival). Pp. 14–18</ref> Pani-Dihing and adjacent areas is on the global map being an Important Bird & Biodiversity Area<ref>Rahmani et al. (2016) Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas of India. Vol. I. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai and BirdLife International (UK)</ref>

==Climate==
The climate of the area is tropical monsoon and annual temperature ranges between {{Convert|7-38|C}} annually. Annual rainfall is approximately 2400–3200 mm with a relative humidity of 65–85%.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

== Rivers ==
The sanctuary is bordered by the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] and the [[Disang River|Disang]] rivers in the north west and south respectively.<ref name="yojana" />

== Fauna ==
As many as 267 species of birds including 70 species of migratory birds have been identified and recorded at Pani Dihing.<ref name="telegraphindia">{{cite news|title=Plan to rid reserve of cattle, poachers|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100928/jsp/northeast/story_12985828.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005000311/http://telegraphindia.com/1100928/jsp/northeast/story_12985828.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 October 2010|accessdate=9 August 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=28 September 2010}}</ref> Some notable birds seen here are [[bar-headed goose]], [[greylag goose]], [[Indian spot-billed duck]], mallard, [[gadwall]], [[wigeon]], [[garganey]], [[shoveller]], [[red-crested pochard]], [[common pochard]], [[ferruginous duck]], [[greater adjutant stork]], [[Lesser adjutant|lesser adjutant stork]], [[open-bill stork]], [[white-necked stork]], [[glossy ibis]], [[grey plover]], [[Hmalayan griffon vulture|Himalayan griffon]] and [[white-rumped vulture]]<ref name="Forktail">{{cite journal|title=Choudhury, A.U. 1991. Bird observations from Sibsagar district, Assam, India|journal=Forktail |volume=6 |pages=35–42}}</ref> Assam's first record of [[bank myna]] was from Pani-Dihing.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2000). The birds of Assam. Gibbon Books & WWF-India, Guwahati. Pp. 240.</ref> Among mammals, there were past records of [[great Indian one-horned rhinoceros]] and [[tiger]]. [[Wild elephants]], [[hog deer]], [[rhesus monkey]] and [[otters]].<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2013). The mammals of North East India. Gibbon Books & Rhino Foundation with support from COA, Taiwan. Pp. 432.</ref>

== Threats ==
Although an important birding area supporting a very large population of birds, Pani-Dihing has suffered on account of poaching, grazing of cattle and fishing within the sanctuary premises.<ref name="telegraphindia" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Beastly tales from Panidihing - Poachers, villagers poison birds in Sivasagar sanctuary for meat|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1021106/asp/northeast/story_1357584.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205055/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1021106/asp/northeast/story_1357584.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2013|accessdate=9 August 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=6 November 2002}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Protected areas of Assam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.assaminfo.com/tourist-places/15/panidihing-bird-sanctuary.htm Pani Dihing Wildlife Sanctuary] at assaminfo.com.

{{Protected areas of Assam}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Assam]]
[[Category:Sivasagar district]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1996]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Assam]]

{{India-protected-area-stub}}
{{Assam-geo-stub}}

Tillali Massacre

2026-02-20T06:40:17Z

SanglapGeographer: New basic bio more to come

{{Short description|Massacre and Battle in Tillali, India 1756}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Tillali Massacre
| place = Tillali, (Near modern-day [[Thanjavur]])
| image = Tillally, guvernørens landsted - Peter Anker (1744–1832) - Kulturhistorisk museum, UiO - UEM4416.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = ''Tillally, the governor`s country residence'', by [[Peter Anker]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11|1|44|N|79|47|44|E|display=inline,title}}
| result = Thanjvurian victory
| territory = Tillali occupied by Thanjavurian forces
| combatant1 = {{flag|Danish India}}
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}} [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur]]
| date = 30 June 1756
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Danish India}} Peter Hesselberg{{KIA}} {{flagicon|Danish India}} Hans Jacob Attrup{{KIA}}
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}} [[Pratap Singh of Thanjavur|Pratap Singh]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}} Perumal Naik
| strength1 = 27 Soldiers of the corps 30 Indian sepoys<hr/>'''Total: 55–57'''
| strength2 = 2,000<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Gregersen |first=Hans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JDZnDwAAQBAJ&dq=tanjore+krog+1756&pg=PT130 |title=Trankebar |publisher=Forlag A/S |year=2018 |isbn=9788711978337 |language=Danish |trans-title=Tranquebar|pages=12–13}}</ref>–4,000<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |url=https://s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/samvirke/pdf/Sam_1935_0611.pdf |title=Danmarks Kolonier |publisher=BRUGSFORENINGS~ BLADET |year=1935 |pages=272 |language=Danish}}</ref> Cavalry 2,000 men<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |url=https://s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/samvirke/pdf/Sam_1935_0611.pdf |title=Danmarks Kolonier |publisher=BRUGSFORENINGS~ BLADET |year=1935 |pages=272 |language=Danish}}</ref><hr> '''Total: 4,000–6,000'''
| casualties1 = 55 killed<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |url=https://s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/samvirke/pdf/Sam_1935_0611.pdf |title=Danmarks Kolonier |publisher=BRUGSFORENINGS~ BLADET |year=1935 |pages=272 |language=Danish}}</ref>
| casualties2 = 300 killed<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Liisberg |first=Bering |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxfGDwAAQBAJ&dq=tillali+1756&pg=PT303 |title=Danmarks søfart og søhandel |publisher=SAGA Egmont |year=2020 |isbn=978-87-26-30660-6 |language=Danish}}</ref>
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Danish colonial conflicts}}
| partof = the [[Cattle War]]
| casualties3 = 45 Civilians killed
}}

The '''Tillali Massacre''' ([[Danish language|Danish]]: ''Massakren i Tillali''), or the '''Battle of Tillali''' (Danish: ''Slaget ved Tillali'') was a confrontation on 30 June 1756 during the [[Cattle War]], between the Danish command at the village of Tillali (Thillaiyadi) and the Raja of Thanjavur, [[Pratap Singh of Thanjavur|Pratap Singh]]. The confrontation resulted in a Thanjavurian victory and a subsequent massacre of most Danish troops. After the victory, the Thanjavurian army led a further invasion into Danish [[Tranquebar]] and besieged [[Fort Dansborg]].

== Background and prelude ==
In January 1756 a newly appointed local [[governor]] called Perumal Naik was allegedly said to have raided Danish Tranquebar's surrounding districts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Christensen |first=Holger |title=Det danske fredmstød i Indien i 1750-erne. Baggrund og forløb |url=https://dwis.dk/images/Dokumenter/Specialer/Indien/Christensen_Det_danske_fremstoed_i_Indien_i_1750-erne.Kbh_1992.pdf |page=}}</ref> In June the same year, a similar incident occurred, where Naik stole a herd of cattles.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Geisler |first=Jens |date=2018-08-01 |title=Kvægkrigen på Coromandelkysten 1756 - |url=https://milhist.dk/kvaegkrigen-paa-coromandelkysten-1756/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=milhist.dk |language=da-DK}}</ref> As [[Commander-in-chief|commander]] of the Danish border, Captain Strøbel was ordered to [[Punitive expedition|retaliate]] and marched from the Danish border town of Tillali, to occupy the Thanjavurian town of Anandamangalam with 60 men of the corps and 20-30 [[sepoy]]s.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":1" /> The remaining force at Tillali received Danish and Indian reinforcements, to protect to border.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Prelude ===
In reaction to the Danish mobilization of Tranquebar and fortification of Anandamangalam, the [[Nayak (title)|nayak]] of Thanjavur, [[Pratap Singh of Thanjavur|Pratap Singh]], sent roughly 2000 [[cavalry]] and 2000 well armed men together with Perumal Naik's army into Danish territory.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |url=https://s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/samvirke/pdf/Sam_1935_0611.pdf |title=Danmarks Kolonier |publisher=BRUGSFORENINGS~ BLADET |year=1935 |pages=272 |language=Danish}}</ref> The combined Thanjavurian army soon reached the Tillali, where the stationed Danes were attacked.<ref name=":2" />

== Confrontation ==
{{Multi image
| image1 = Tranquebar map.jpg
| caption1 = Plan of the town of [[Tranquebar|Trankenbar]] and the adjacent land, drawn up on the site in 1761 (by engineering captain Leveux)
| header = Maps
| align = left
| image2 = Tranquebar map 1764.jpg
| caption2 = Map over the Danish districts of Tranquebar. Tillali is marked as ''Tilletarche''
| direction = vertical
}}
In command of the Danish outpost in Tillali, were captain Peter Hesselberg, with his [[Affinity (law)|Son-in-law]], Hans Jacob Attrup, as [[Ensign (rank)|ensign]].<ref name=":2" /> In Tillali the first confrontations occurred in the local hostel and [[pagoda]].<ref name=":2" /> The Danish forces retreated and took coverage behind a wall, where they got reinforcements from Tillali's local [[bailiff]].<ref name=":2" /> Yet the large Thanjavurian army were no match for the small Danish contingent and the Danes were subsequently massacred.<ref name=":2" />

=== Massacre ===
Sources describing the incident differ on the death toll. Most agree that both captain, Peter Hesselberg, and ensign, Hans Attrup were killed.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Liisberg |first=Bering |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxfGDwAAQBAJ&dq=tillali+1756&pg=PT303 |title=Danmarks søfart og søhandel |publisher=SAGA Egmont |year=2020 |isbn=978-87-26-30660-6 |language=Danish}}</ref>

Additionally, according to Hans Gregersen in his book ''Trankebar'', two lower officers, 24 European and dozens of Indians were killed.<ref name=":2" /> All but one, who hid in the [[pagoda]] remained unharmed.<ref name=":2" /> A similar claim is made by Danish historian, Kay Larsen, in the ''brugsforeningsbladet'' he notes that two officers, 24 European and 45 local people from Tillali died.<ref name=":4" /> According to Holger Christensen's ''Det danske fremstoed i Indien i 1750-erne'' 18 men of the [[corps]]{{Efn|The term "men of the corps" refers only to the Danish royal soldiers, and not the Indian [[sepoys]]}} died.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holger |first=Christensen |url=https://dwis.dk/images/Dokumenter/Specialer/Indien/Christensen_Det_danske_fremstoed_i_Indien_i_1750-erne.Kbh_1992.pdf |title=Det Danske fremstød i Indian i 1750-erne |publisher=[[Copenhagen University]] |year=1992 |location=Copenhagen |pages=126 |language=Danish}}</ref> Another claim by Bering Liisberg's ''Danmarks søfart og søhandel'' claims that 54 people were either killed or wounded.<ref name=":3" />

== Aftermath ==
After the massacre at Tillali and the Danish retreat from Anandamangalam, all Danish districts outside Tranquebar were occupied and raided.<ref name=":3" /> [[Fort Dansborg]] was temporarily put in a [[state of emergency]] and besieged by the Thanjavurians.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://img.kb.dk/iti/58/pdf/iti_58_1_0034.pdf |title=Illustreret Tidende |publisher=Det kongelige bibliotek |volume=II}}</ref>

== See also ==
* {{Annotated link|Danish overseas colonies}}
* {{Annotated link|Siege of Dansborg (1644)}}
* {{Annotated link|Dano-Mughal War}}
* {{Annotated link|Assault on Osu}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1756 in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Danish sentiment]]
[[Category:History of Thanjavur]]
[[Category:Danish India]]
[[Category:Tranquebar]]
[[Category:Massacres in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving Norway]]
[[Category:Battles involving Denmark]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Danish East India Company]]

Bruce Seton

2026-02-19T05:43:14Z

SanglapGeographer: cleanup citations also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|British actor (1909–1969)}}
{{for|his father, the military surgeon and historian|Bruce Gordon Seton}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific-prefix = [[Baronet|Sir]]
| name = Bruce Seton
| honorific-suffix = [[Baronet|Bt]]
| image = Actor_Bruce_Seton.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1909|5|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Shimla|Simla]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1969|9|28|1909|5|29|df=y}}
| death_place = [[London]], England
| othername =
| years_active =
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Tamara Desni]]|1937|1940|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[Antoinette Cellier]]|1940}}
}}
| children = 1
| occupation = Actor
|module =
{{infobox military person
|embed = yes
|allegiance = United Kingdom
|branch = [[British Army]]
|serviceyears = 1929–1932 1939–1945
|rank = [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]]
|servicenumber = 44304
|unit = [[Black Watch]] [[Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)]]
|commands =
|battles = [[Second World War]]
|battles_label =
|awards = [[Medal of Freedom (1945)|Medal of Freedom (US)]]
}}
}}

'''Sir Bruce Lovat Seton, 11th Baronet''' (29 May 1909 – 28 September 1969) was a British actor and soldier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b9ef8753a|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722013149/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b9ef8753a|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 July 2012|title=Bruce Seton|publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> He is best remembered for his lead role in ''[[Fabian of the Yard]]''.

== Early life==
Bruce Lovat Seton was born in [[Shimla|Simla]], [[British India]], the younger of two sons of Lieutenant-Colonel Sir [[Bruce Gordon Seton]] of Abercorn (1868–1934), 9th Baronet and his wife, Elma Armstrong (died 1960).<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.hamishhaynes.com/ft/fam7.html|title = Family of Sir Bruce SETON of Abercorn, 9th Baronet and Elma ARMSTRONG|website = Hamish Haynes|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024732/http://www.hamishhaynes.com/ft/fam7.html|archive-date = 24 September 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> He was educated at [[Edinburgh Academy]] and then trained at the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]].

== Military career ==
Seton was commissioned into the [[Black Watch]] in 1929 as a [[second lieutenant]], but resigned his commission in 1932. A brief interruption in his acting career came during the [[World War II|Second World War]] and in November 1939 he held the rank of [[Captain (armed forces)|captain]] in the 10th [[Battalion]], [[Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)]], ending the war as [[Major (rank)|major]] (temporary). His service number was 44304 and he was awarded the [[Medal of Freedom (1945)|Medal of Freedom]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.forces-war-records.co.uk/records/5194003/temporary-major-bruce-lovat-seton-british-army-cameronians-scottish-rifles/|title = Record Details for Bruce Lovat Seton (Cameronians (Scottish Rifles))|website = Forces War Records}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37961/supplement/2288/data.pdf|title = Supplement to the London Gazette, 23 May, 1947|website = The Gazette}}</ref>

== Acting ==
Seton began his acting career in the chorus line at Drury Lane Theatre<ref name=":0" /> and starred in [[Ralph Ince]]'s film ''[[Blue Smoke (1935 film)|Blue Smoke]]'' (1935) as Don Chinko.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/store/movies/cast/0,,1799056,00.html|title = Cast of Blue Smoke|website = Artist Direct}}</ref>

He played Inspector Fabian of Scotland Yard in the television series ''[[Fabian of the Yard]]'' (1954–1956). The series was based on the career of the former Scotland Yard Detective Inspector [[Robert Fabian]], who usually appeared briefly before the final fade-out to wind up the story.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/fabian-of-the-yard-v90806|title=Fabian of the Yard (1954) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast |publisher=AllMovie|accessdate=24 March 2022}}</ref>

Seton's last role was as the voice of Beadle in ''[[The Wonderful World of Disney]]'' (1962–1963).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dvdizzy.com/drsyn.html|title=Walt Disney Treasures: Dr. Syn – The Scarecrow of Romney Marsh DVD Review|work=dvdizzy.com}}</ref>

He fenced and boxed in the Army and was a founder member with other actors of the [[Lord's Taverners]], a charity which raises funds to support participation in cricket.<ref name=":0" />

==Later career ==
In 1963, on 7 February, the death of his brother, Alexander "Sandy" Hay Seton (who had no male heirs), Bruce became the 11th [[Seton baronets|Seton baronet]]. As Bruce also had no male heirs at the time of his death, in 1969, the title passed to his cousin, Christopher Bruce Seton (1909–1988).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hamishhaynes.com/ft/fam7.html |title=Family of Sir Bruce SETON of Abercorn, 9th Baronet and Elma ARMSTRONG |access-date=13 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024732/http://www.hamishhaynes.com/ft/fam7.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His {{whose|date=April 2025}} address in the 1940s was 15 Learmonth Gardens in western Edinburgh.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/content/images/SetonCellier1940.jpg|title = Marriage Record Bruce Lovat Seton and Florence Antoinette Glossop Cellier|website = Scotland's People}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Seton met actress [[Tamara Desni|Tamara Desni Willhelm]] (1911–2008) on the set of ''Blue Smoke'' in 1935, in which both had leading roles.
He became her second husband in 1937 in London, and divorced in 1940.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/content/images/BNASeton2.pdf|title = Daily Record and Mail, Thursday February 15, 1940 – Married Hour After Divorce|website = Scotland's People}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/culture/film/online-records-show-actor-remarried-one-hour-after-divorce-1-3989209|title = Online records show actor 'remarried one hour after divorce'|website = The Scotsman}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/Content/Help/index.aspx?2368|title = Bruce Seton|website = Scotland's People| date=10 August 2016 }}</ref>

He later married actress [[Antoinette Cellier]] (born Florence Antoinette Glossop Cellier). They had a daughter, Lydia Antoinette Gordon Seton (born 14 November 1941).{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

==Selected filmography==
{{div col}}
* ''[[Flame in the Heather]]'' (1935) – Murray
* ''[[Blue Smoke (1935 film)|Blue Smoke]]'' (1935) – Don Chinko
* ''[[The Vandergilt Diamond Mystery]]'' (1936) – Hardcastle
* ''[[Wedding Group]]'' (1936) – Dr. Jock Carnegie
* ''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1936 film)|The Demon Barber of Fleet Street]]'' (1936) – Mark
* ''[[Melody of My Heart]]'' (1936) – Jim Brent
* ''[[The End of the Road (1936 film)|The End of the Road]]'' (1936) – Donald Carson
* ''[[Jack of All Trades (1936 film)|Jack of All Trades]]'' (1936) – Dancer (uncredited)
* ''[[Love from a Stranger (1937 film)|Love from a Stranger]]'' (1937) – Ronald Bruce
* ''[[Cafe Colette]]'' (1937) – Roger Manning
* ''[[Racing Romance (1937 film)|Racing Romance]]'' (1937) – Harry Stone
* ''[[Fifty-Shilling Boxer]]'' (1937) – Jack Foster
* ''[[Father Steps Out (1937 film)|Father Steps Out]]'' (1937) – Johnnie Miller
* ''[[The Green Cockatoo]]'' (1937) – Madison – Tall Henchman
* ''[[Weddings Are Wonderful]]'' (1938) – John Smith
* ''[[You're the Doctor]]'' (1938) – Appleby
* ''[[If I Were Boss (1938 film)|If I Were Boss]]'' (1938) – Steve
* ''[[Miracles Do Happen]]'' (1939) – Rodney Gilmore
* ''[[Annie Laurie (1936 film)|Annie Laurie]]'' (1939) – Jamie Turner
* ''[[Old Mother Riley Joins Up]]'' (1939) – Lt. Travers
* ''[[Lucky to Me]]'' (1939) – Lord 'Tiny' Tyneside
* ''[[Return to Yesterday]]'' (1940) – Journalist (uncredited)
* ''[[The Middle Watch (1940 film)|The Middle Watch]]'' (1940) – Captain Randall
* ''[[The Curse of the Wraydons]]'' (1946) – Jack Wraydon / Spring-Heeled Jack
* ''[[Bond Street (film)|Bond Street]]'' (1948) – Sergeant
* ''[[The Story of Shirley Yorke]]'' (1948) – Captain Sharp
* ''[[Bonnie Prince Charlie (1948 film)|Bonnie Prince Charlie]]'' (1948) – Allan Macrae (uncredited)
* ''[[Scott of the Antarctic (film)|Scott of the Antarctic]]'' (1948) – Lt. H. Pennell R.N.
* ''[[Look Before You Love]]'' (1948) – Johns
* ''[[Whisky Galore! (1949 film)|Whisky Galore!]]'' (1949) – Sergeant Odd
* ''[[The Blue Lamp]]'' (1950) – PC Campbell
* ''[[Paul Temple's Triumph]]'' (1950) – Bill Bryant
* ''[[Seven Days to Noon]]'' (1950) – Brigadier Grant (uncredited)
* ''[[Portrait of Clare (film)|Portrait of Clare]]'' (1950) – Lord Steven Wolverbury
* ''[[Blackmailed (1951 film)|Blackmailed]]'' (1951) – Supt. Crowe
* ''[[Worm's Eye View]]'' (1951) – Squadron Leader Briarly
* ''[[White Corridors]]'' (1951) – Policeman
* ''[[High Treason (1951 film)|High Treason]]'' (1951)
* ''[[Take Me to Paris]]'' (1951) – Gerald Vane
* ''[[Emergency Call (1952 film)|Emergency Call]]'' (1952) – Sgt. Bellamy
* ''[[The Second Mrs Tanqueray (1952 film)|The Second Mrs Tanqueray]]'' (1952) – Gordon Jayne
* ''[[The Cruel Sea (1953 film)|The Cruel Sea]]'' (1953) – Tallow
* ''[[Mogambo]]'' (1953) – Wilson (uncredited)
* ''[[Eight O'Clock Walk]]'' (1954) – D. C. I.
* ''[[Doctor in the House (film)|Doctor in the House]]'' (1954) – Police Driver (uncredited)
* ''[[Delayed Action]]'' (1954) – Sellars
* ''[[Man of the Moment (1955 film)|Man of the Moment]]'' (1955) – Fabian of the Yard (uncredited)
* ''[[Breakaway (1955 film)|Breakaway]]'' (1956) – Webb
* ''[[Morning Call (film)|Morning Call]]'' (1957) – Inspector S.G. Brown
* ''[[There's Always a Thursday]]'' (1957) – James Pelly
* ''[[West of Suez]]'' (1957) – Major Osborne
* ''[[The Crooked Sky]]'' (1957) – Inspector 'Mac' Macauley
* ''[[Undercover Girl (1958 film)|Undercover Girl]]'' (1958) – Ted Austin
* ''[[The Heart of a Man]]'' (1959) – River Police Inspector (uncredited)
* ''[[Strictly Confidential (1959 film)|Strictly Confidential]]'' (1959) – Inspector Shearing
* ''[[Make Mine a Million]]'' (1959) – Supt. James
* ''[[Violent Moment]]'' (1959) – Inspector Davis
* ''[[The 39 Steps (1959 film)|The 39 Steps]]'' (1959) – Policeman on Train (uncredited)
* ''[[Life in Danger]]'' (1959) – George, the landlord
* ''[[John Paul Jones (film)|John Paul Jones]]'' (1959) – 1st Villager
* ''[[Carry On Constable]]'' (1960) – (uncredited)
* ''[[Trouble with Eve]]'' (1960) – Col. Digby-Phillpotts
* ''[[Operation Cupid]]'' (1960) – Representative
* ''[[The League of Gentlemen (film)|The League of Gentlemen]]'' (1960) – Patrolman (uncredited)
* ''[[Just Joe]]'' (1960) – Charlie
* ''[[Freedom to Die]]'' (1961) – Felix
* ''[[Gorgo (film)|Gorgo]]'' (1961) – Prof. Flaherty
* ''[[Greyfriars Bobby: The True Story of a Dog]]'' (1961) – Prosecutor
* ''[[The Frightened City]]'' (1961) – Assistant Commissioner
* ''[[Ambush in Leopard Street]]'' (1962) – Nimmo
* ''[[The Pot Carriers]]'' (1962) – Prison Officer I / C Cell Block
* ''[[Dead Man's Evidence]]'' (1962) – Colonel James Somerset
* ''[[Doctor Syn#The Scarecrow of Romney Marsh (1963)|Dr. Syn, Alias the Scarecrow]]'' (1963) – Beadle
{{div col end}}

==Honours==
*'''7 February 1963''' [[Baronet]], 11th baronet, of Abercorn (''cr.'' 1663)
*'''1947''' [[Medal of Freedom (1945)|Medal of Freedom]]

===Arms===
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = Arms of Seton of Abercorn.svg
}}

==Sources==
*[http://www.burkes-peerage.net Burke's Peerage & Gentry, 107th edition]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography}}
*{{IMDb name|0786074}}
*[http://www.whirligig-tv.co.uk/tv/adults/other/fabian.htm Whirligig TV]

{{S-start}}
{{s-reg|sct-bt}}
{{succession box | title=[[Seton Baronets|Baronet]] '''(of Abercorn) | before=[[Alexander Seton, 10th Baronet|Alexander Seton]] | after=[[Sir Christopher Seton, 12th Baronet|Christopher Seton]] | years='''1963–1969}}
{{S-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seton, Bruce}}
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:Nobility from West Lothian]]
[[Category:People educated at Edinburgh Academy]]
[[Category:British male film actors]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Black Watch officers]]
[[Category:Cameronians officers]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:Actors from Shimla]]
[[Category:British male television actors]]
[[Category:20th-century British male actors]]
[[Category:Seton baronets|111]]
[[Category:Seton family|Bruce]]
[[Category:Younger sons of baronets]]

2022 Royal Challengers Bangalore season

2026-02-17T13:16:18Z

SanglapGeographer: Starting initial entry added tags

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Royal Challengers Bangalore
| season = [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]]
| image =
| coach = [[Sanjay Bangar]]
| captain = [[Faf du Plessis]]
| ground = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| comp1 = [[2022 Indian Premier League|League stage]]
| comp1 result = 4th
| comp2 = [[2022 Indian Premier League#Eliminator|Eliminator]]
| comp2 result = Won
| comp3 = [[2022 Indian Premier League#Qualifier 2|Qualifier 2]]
| comp3 result = Lost
| most runs = [[Faf du Plessis]] (468)
| most wickets = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] (26)
| most catches =
| most dismissals =
| prevseason = [[2021 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2021]]
| nextseason = [[2023 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2023]]
}}

The [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022 season]] was the 15th season of the [[Indian Premier League]] for [[cricket (sport)|cricket]] franchise [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] which is based in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]. They were one of the ten teams to compete in the edition.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPL to become 10 team tournament from 2022 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-to-become-10-team-tournament-from-2022-1275505|access-date=29 September 2021|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> [[Faf du Plessis|Faf Du Plessis]] was the captain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/faf-du-plessis-unveiled-as-rcb-s-new-captain-for-ipl-2022-1305098|title=Faf du Plessis unveiled as RCB's new captain for IPL 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref> [[Sanjay Bangar]] was the coach.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royalchallengers.com/rcb-cricket-news/news/royal-challengers-bangalore-appoint-sanjay-bangar-as-head-coach|title=Royal Challengers Bangalore Appoint Sanjay Bangar As Head Coach|access-date=1 December 2021|website=Royal Challengers Bangalore}}</ref>

==Background==
The team retained three players ahead of the 2022 mega-auction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VIVO IPL 2022 Player Retention|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3751/vivo-ipl-2022-player-retention |access-date=30 January 2022 |website=IPLT20.com |publisher=Indian Premier League}}</ref>

;Retained: [[Virat Kohli]], [[Glenn Maxwell]], [[Mohammad Siraj]].
;Released: [[Sachin Baby]], [[Rajat Patidar]], [[Tim David]], [[Suyash Prabhudessai]], [[Devdutt Padikkal]], [[Dan Christian]], [[Pavan Deshpande]], [[Daniel Sams (cricketer)|Daniel Sams]], [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]], [[Washington Sundar]], [[AB de Villiers]] (Retired), [[K. S. Bharat]], [[Mohammed Azharuddeen]], [[Josh Philippe]], [[Finn Allen]], [[Yuzvendra Chahal]], [[Adam Zampa]], [[Harshal Patel]], [[Kane Richardson]], [[Scott Kuggeleijn]], [[Dushmantha Chameera]], [[Navdeep Saini]], [[Kyle Jamieson]], [[Akash Deep]], [[George Garton]].
;Acquired during the auction: [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]], [[Wanindu Hasaranga]], [[Harshal Patel]], [[Finn Allen]], [[Faf du Plessis]], [[Mahipal Lomror]], [[David Willey (cricketer)|David Willey]], [[Sherfane Rutherford]], [[Suyash Prabhudessai]], Aneeshwar Gautam, [[Dinesh Karthik]], [[Anuj Rawat]], [[Siddarth Kaul]], [[Akash Deep]], [[Luvnith Sisodia]], [[Karn Sharma]], [[Josh Hazlewood]], [[Jason Behrendorff]], [[Chama Milind]].

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''
*'''Squad strength''': 25 (18 - Indian, 7 - overseas)
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Nationality
!Birth date
!Batting style
!Bowling style
!Year signed
!Notes
|-
! colspan="8" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Captain
|-
|13|| '''[[Faf du Plessis]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1984|7|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg spin|leg-break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || Overseas
|-
! colspan="8" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batters
|-
|18|| '''[[Virat Kohli]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1988|11|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2008 ||
|-
|43|| [[Suyash Prabhudessai]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1997|12|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 ||
|-
|97|| [[Rajat Patidar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1993|6|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| Replacement for [[Luvnith Sisodia]]
|-
| || '''[[Finn Allen]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1999|4|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off spin|off-break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || Overseas
|-
! colspan="8" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|16|| [[Mahipal Lomror]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1999|11|16|df=y}} || Left-handed || Slow left-arm orthodox || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||
|-
|21|| [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1994|12|12|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 ||
|-
|32|| '''[[Glenn Maxwell]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1988|10|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm off-break || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || Overseas
|-
|49|| '''[[Wanindu Hasaranga]]''' || {{cr|SL}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1997|7|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm leg-break || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || Overseas
|-
|50|| '''[[Sherfane Rutherford]]''' || {{cr|WIN}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1998|8|15|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm fast medium || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || Overseas
|-
| || Aneeshwar Gautam || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2003|1|16|df=y}} || Left-handed || Slow left-arm orthodox || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||
|-
! colspan="8" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|19|| '''[[Dinesh Karthik]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1985|6|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm off-break || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||
|-
|55|| [[Anuj Rawat]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1999|10|17|df=y}} || Left-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||
|-
| || [[Luvnith Sisodia]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2000|1|15|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm medium || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||
|-
! colspan="8" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Spin Bowlers
|-
|33|| '''[[Karn Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1987|10|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm leg-break || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||
|-
! colspan="8" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Pace Bowlers
|-
|1|| '''[[Siddarth Kaul]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1990|5|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm fast-medium || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||
|-
|9|| '''[[Harshal Patel]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1990|11|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 ||
|-
|11|| [[Akash Deep]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1996|12|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||
|-
|15|| '''[[David Willey (cricketer)|David Willey]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1990|2|28|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm fast medium || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || Overseas
|-
|38|| '''[[Josh Hazlewood]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1991|1|8|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm fast-medium || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || Overseas
|-
|73|| '''[[Mohammed Siraj]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1994|3|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm fast-medium || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 ||
|-
| || '''[[Jason Behrendorff]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1990|4|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm fast-medium || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || Overseas
|-
| || [[Chama Milind]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1994|9|4|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm medium || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||
|-
! colspan="8" style="text-align: center;"| Source: [https://www.royalchallengers.com/rcb-squad RCB Players]
|}

==Personnel ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
|Director of cricket operations|| [[Mike Hesson]]<ref name=coach21>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Bangar named head coach of Royal Challengers Bangalore |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-sanjay-bangar-named-head-coach-of-royal-challengers-bangalore-1288454 |access-date=2023-12-01 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Head coach|| [[Sanjay Bangar]]<ref name=coach21/>
|}

== Teams and standings ==
=== Points table ===
{{2022 Indian Premier League Points table|showteam=RCB}}

== Group stages ==
=== Matches ===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 March 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 205/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Faf du Plessis]] 88 (57)
| wickets1 = [[Rahul Chahar]] 1/22 (4 overs)
| score2 = 208/5 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[Bhanuka Rajapaksa]] 43 (22)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammed Siraj]] 2/59 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304049.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Odean Smith]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Raj Angad Bawa|Raj Bawa]] (Punjab Kings) made his T20 debut.
* [[Bhanuka Rajapaksa]] and [[Odean Smith]] (Punjab Kings) made their IPL debuts
| round = {{anchor|match3}}'''Match 3'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 March 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| score1 = 128 (18.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Andre Russell]] 25 (18)
| wickets1 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 4/20 (4 overs)
| score2 = 132/7 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sherfane Rutherford]] 28 (40)
| wickets2 = [[Tim Southee]] 3/20 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304052.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Navdeep Singh (cricketer)|Navdeep Singh]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match6}}'''Match 6'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 5 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| score1 = 169/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 70[[not out|*]] (47)
| wickets1 = [[Harshal Patel]] 1/18 (4 overs)
| score2 = 173/6 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]] 45 (26)
| wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 2/15 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304059.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Dinesh Karthik]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match13}}'''Match 13'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| score1 = 151/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 68[[not out|*]] (37)
| wickets1 = [[Harshal Patel]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 152/3 (18.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Anuj Rawat]] 66 (47)
| wickets2 = [[Dewald Brevis]] 1/8 (0.3 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304064.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Anuj Rawat]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match18}}'''Match 18'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| score1 = 216/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shivam Dube]] 95[[not out|*]] (46)
| wickets1 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 2/35 (3 overs)
| score2 = 193/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]] 41 (27)
| wickets2 = [[Maheesh Theekshana]] 4/33 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 23 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304068.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shivam Dube]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match22}}'''Match 22'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 189/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Dinesh Karthik]] 66[[not out|*]] (34)
| wickets1 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 1/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 173/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 66 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 3/28 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 16 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304073.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Chirra Ravikanthreddy]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Dinesh Karthik]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match27}}'''Match 27'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| score1 = 181/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Faf du Plessis]] 96 (64)
| wickets1 = [[Jason Holder]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 163/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Krunal Pandya]] 42 (28)
| wickets2 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 4/25 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 18 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304077.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Nitin Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Faf du Plessis]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match31}}'''Match 31'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 68 (16.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Suyash Prabhudessai]] 15 (20)
| wickets1 = [[T. Natarajan|T Natarajan]] 3/13 (3 overs)
| score2 = 72/1 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]] 47 (28)
| wickets2 = [[Harshal Patel]] 2/18 (2 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304082.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Chirra Ravikanthreddy]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Marco Jansen]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match36}}'''Match 36'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| score1 = 144/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Riyan Parag]] 56[[not out|*]] (31)
| wickets1 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 2/19 (4 overs)
| score2 = 115 (19.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Faf du Plessis]] 23 (21)
| wickets2 = [[Kuldeep Sen]] 4/20 (3.3 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 29 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304085.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Riyan Parag]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match39}}'''Match 39'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 April 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 170/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 58 (53)
| wickets1 = [[Pradeep Sangwan]] 2/19 (4 overs)
| score2 = 174/4 (19.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Tewatia]] 43[[not out|*]] (25)
| wickets2 = [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]] 2/26 (3 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304089.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rahul Tewatia]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match43}}'''Match 43'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 173/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mahipal Lomror]] 42 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Maheesh Theekshana]] 3/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 160/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Devon Conway]] 56 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Harshal Patel]] 3/35 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 13 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304095.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Harshal Patel]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match49}}'''Match 49'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 May 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 192/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Faf du Plessis]] 73[[not out|*]] (50)
| wickets1 = [[Jagadeesha Suchith]] 2/30 (4 overs)
| score2 = 125 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Tripathi]] 58 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 5/18 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 67 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304100.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Nitin Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match54}}'''Match 54'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| score1 = 209/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Liam Livingstone]] 70 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Harshal Patel]] 4/34 (4 overs)
| score2 = 155/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Glenn Maxwell]] 35 (22)
| wickets2 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 3/21 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 54 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304106.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jonny Bairstow]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match60}}'''Match 60'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| score1 = 168/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 62[[not out|*]] (47)
| wickets1 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 2/39 (4 overs)
| score2 = 170/2 (18.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 73 (54)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 2/32 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304113.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Virat Kohli]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Punjab Kings and Sunrisers Hyderabad were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-gujarat-titans-67th-match-1304113/match-report|title=Kohli 73 keeps RCB in playoff contention|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match67}}'''Match 67'''
}}

== Playoffs ==
=== Preliminary ===
==== Eliminator ====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| score1 = 207/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rajat Patidar]] 112[[not out|*]] (54)
| wickets1 = [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] 1/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 193/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[KL Rahul]] 79 (58)
| wickets2 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 3/43 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 14 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1312198.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rajat Patidar]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Royal Challengers Bangalore advance to Qualifier 2 and Lucknow Super Giants were eliminated as a result of this match.
| round = {{anchor|match72}}
}}

==== Qualifier 2 ====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| score1 = 157/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rajat Patidar]] 58 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Prasidh Krishna]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| score2 = 161/3 (18.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jos Buttler]] 106[[not out|*]] (60)
| wickets2 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1312199.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jos Buttler]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match73}}
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.royalchallengers.com/ Official Website]
{{2022 Indian Premier League}}

[[Category:2022 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bengaluru seasons]]

List of subdistricts in India

2026-02-13T22:18:37Z

SanglapGeographer: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{short description|none}}
{{See also|Administrative divisions of India}}
{{Infobox subdivision type
|name =Subdistricts of India
|map = {{India States and Territories Labelled Map}}
|category = Subdistricts (Tehsils)
|territory = [[Republic of India]]
|start_date = 26 January 1950
|legislation_begin = [[Constitution of India]]
|current_number =6057
|number_date = 2018
|population_range = '''Tehsil''': [[Mauranipur]] – 393,994 (highest)
|area_range = '''Tehsil''': [[Mauranipur]] – {{cvt|1112|km2|abbr=on}} (Largest)

|government = [[Government of India]]
|government1 = [[State governments of India|State governments]]
|subdivision =[[Lists of villages in India|Villages]]
|subdivision1 =[[List of districts in India|Districts]]
|subdivision2 =[[List of subdistricts in India|Tehsils]]
}}
{{Politics of India}}
[[India]] has [[States and union territories of India|28 states and eight union territories]], which are divided into divisions comprising several districts. [[Subdistrict]]s are most commonly referred to as [[tehsil]]s, which comes under a [[Sub-division (India)|sub-division]] of a district. The current terms have replaced earlier [[human geography|geographical]] terms, such as ''[[pargana]]'' and ''[[thana]]''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJrDCgAAQBAJ&q=Why+did+tehsil+replace+pargana&pg=PA343|title=Spatial Diversity and Dynamics in Resources and Urban Development: Volume 1: Regional Resources|first1=Ashok K.|last1=Dutt|first2=Allen G.|last2=Noble|first3=Frank J.|last3=Costa|first4=Sudhir K.|last4=Thakur|first5=Rajiv|last5=Thakur|first6=Hari S.|last6=Sharma|date=15 October 2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=9789401797719|via=Google Books}}</ref>

Most subdistricts in India correspond to an area within a [[District#India|district]] including the designated [[city]], [[town]], [[hamlet (place)#India|hamlet]], or other [[human settlement|populated place]] that serves as its administrative centre, with possible additional [[town]]s, and usually a number of [[village#South_Asia|village]]s.<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/tehsil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322190015/https://www.lexico.com/definition/tehsil |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 March 2020 |title=tehsil |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>

In the Indian administrative context, states adopt various nomenclatures for their sub-district divisions, including ''[[Tehsil]], Taluk, Circle, Subdivision, and Mandal''. Notably, [[Tehsil]] predominates in [[North India|North Indian states]], whereas [[Taluk]] is prevalent in [[South India|South Indian states]]. These delineations exist beneath the level of [[revenue division]]/[[Revenue division|sub-division]] within the administrative framework of a [[District#India|district]]. Each sub-district is headed by a [[tehsildar]]/''mamlatdar/mandal revenue officer.''

== Statewise subdistricts ==

States use varying names for their sub-districts. Detailed information is as follows (as of 2018):<ref name='chartref'>{{cite web | url =http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/Admin_Units/Admin_links/subdistrict_nomeclature.html | title = Statement showing the Nomenclature and Number of Sub-Districts in States/UTs | access-date = 2011-10-03 | date = 2010–2011 | publisher = Office of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, New Delhi}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="45%"
|-
! State/ Union territory
! Subdistrict title
! No. of subdistricts
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]] || 679
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || Circle || 149
|-
| [[Assam]] || [[List of subdivisions of Assam|Subdivision]] || 155
|-
| [[Bihar]] || [[List of subdivisions of Bihar|Subdivision]] || 101
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]] || Tehsil|| 228
|-
| [[Goa]] || [[List of talukas of Goa|Taluka]] || 12
|-
| [[Gujarat]] || [[List of talukas of Gujarat|Taluka]] || 248<ref name="DNA2013">{{cite web | title=State Govt Announces 23 New Talukas | website=DNA | date=10 September 2013 | url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3066956611.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206082747/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3066956611.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 February 2016 | access-date=5 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Haryana]] || [[List of tehsils of Haryana|Tehsil]] || 67
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] || Tehsil|| 109
|-
| [[Jharkhand]] || Subdivision || 210
|-
| [[Karnataka]] ||[[List of taluks of Karnataka|Taluk]] || 240
|-
| [[Kerala]] || [[List of taluks of Kerala|Taluk]]|| 78
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] || [[List of tehsils of Madhya Pradesh|Tehsil]] || 412
|-
| [[Maharashtra]] || [[List of talukas of Maharashtra|Taluka]] || 353
|-
| [[Manipur]] || Subdivision|| 38
|-
| [[Meghalaya]] || Subdivision|| 39
|-
| [[Mizoram]] || Subdivision|| 22
|-
| [[Nagaland]] || Circle || 93
|-
| [[Odisha]] || Tehsil|| 485
|-
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || Tehsil||172
|-
| [[Rajasthan]] || [[List of tehsils of Rajasthan|Tehsil]] || 268
|-
| [[Sikkim]] || Subdivision|| 9
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || Taluk|| 316<ref name="Tamil Nadu Gov">{{cite web | title=State Govt About | website=tngov | url=https://www.cra.tn.gov.in/tn_taluks.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[Telangana]] || [[List of mandals in Telangana|Mandal]]
| 612
|-
| [[Tripura]] || Subdivision|| 38
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Tehsil|| 350
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]] || [[List of tehsils of Uttarakhand|Tehsil]] || 113
|-
| [[West Bengal]] || [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivision]] || 69
|-
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] || Tehsil|| 7
|-
| [[Chandigarh]] || Tehsil|| 1
|-
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] || Tehsil|| 3
|-
| [[Delhi]] || Tehsil|| 33
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || Tehsil|| 55
|-
| [[Ladakh]] || Tehsil|| 4
|-
| [[Lakshadweep]] || Subdivision|| 4
|-
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] || Tehsil || 8
|-
! colspan=2| Total
! 6158
|}

==See also==
* [[List of community development blocks in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

* [http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/administrative_maps/Final%20Atlas%20India%202011.pdf Map of tehsils each states]
* [http://www.demographie.net/atlas2001/ Interactive map of tehsils of india]

{{Articles on third-level administrative divisions of countries}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tehsils of India|*]]
[[Category:Administrative divisions in Asia|India 3]]
[[Category:Third-level administrative divisions by country|Sub-districts, India]]
[[Category:Lists of subdistricts in India| ]]
[[Category:Tehsils|India]]

Veena Sundar

2026-02-12T03:24:52Z

SanglapGeographer: New first article from scratch - done

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Veena Sundar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =[[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress}}
| spouse = Sundar Veena
| children = 2
| relatives =
| honours =
| years_active = 1995 - present
| height =
}}

'''Veena Sundar''' is an Indian actress who appears in [[Kannada]] films and soaps.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/shruti-naidu-participate-in-sundar-and-veena-sundar-home-inauguration-ceremony/articleshow/77975616.cms|title=Veena Sundar home inauguration|work=Vijaya Karnataka|author=Padmashree Bhat|date=7 Sep 2020|accessdate=15 Oct 2020}}</ref> For her performance in the movie ''[[Aa Karaala Ratri]]'', she won [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/karnataka-state-film-awards-2018-raghavendra-rajkumar-and-meghana-raj-bag-top-honours-check-out-all-winners/articleshow/73186197.cms|title=KARNATAKA STATE FILM AWARDS 2018: RAGHAVENDRA RAJKUMAR AND MEGHANA RAJ BAG TOP HONOURS; CHECK OUT ALL WINNERS|date=10 January 2020|accessdate=15 Oct 2020|website=bangalore mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/sandalwood/state-film-awards-2018-dayal-padmanabhans-karala-rathri-wins-best-movie|work=News Karnataka.com|title=State Film Awards-2018: Dayal Padmanabhan's Aa Karaala Rathri wins best movie|author=Bhavana S.|date=10 Jan 2020|accessdate=15 Oct 2020|archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018060126/https://www.newskarnataka.com/sandalwood/state-film-awards-2018-dayal-padmanabhans-karala-rathri-wins-best-movie|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Veena married to actor Sundar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/mar/07/whats-in-a-surname-1947867.html|title=What's in a surname?|work=The New Indian Express|author=Simran Ahuja|date=7 Mar 2019|accessdate=15 Oct 2020}}</ref> The couple have a daughter and son.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==Career==
Veena has appeared in more than 60 Kannada movies, playing mostly supporting roles.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

==Awards==
*2018 - [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] - [[Aa Karaala Ratri]]
*2018 - [[Filmfare Award]] - Best Actress in Supporting Role - Nominated - [[Kaafi Thota]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2018/kannada/winners|title=Filmfare Awards South 2018|work=Filmfare.com|accessdate=15 Oct 2020}}</ref>

==Selected filmography==
* ''[[Mr. Painter]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Olave Mandara]]'' (2011) - {{smaller|Nanji}}
* ''[[Puttakkana Highway]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Adyaksha]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Noorondu Nenapu]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Kaafi Thota]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Aa Karaala Ratri]]'' (2018)
* ''Asura Samhara'' (2020)
* ''[[Totapuri: Chapter 1]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Yuvarathnaa]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Man of the Match (film)|Man of the Match]]'' (2022)

==See also==

*[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb name|5852305}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sundar, Veena}}
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

Sajan Surya

2026-02-10T03:16:08Z

SanglapGeographer: New initial info v1 - done

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sajan Sooreya
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Sajan S. Nair
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|09|21|df=y}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Anchor|Model|Producer|Government servant in Kerala Registration Department}}
| years_active = 2000–present
| spouse = Vineetha<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/homestyle/spot-light/2018/10/09/sajan-surya-house-memories.html|title=സാജൻ സൂര്യയുടെ വീട്ടുവിശേഷങ്ങൾ|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref>
| children = 2
| parents =
| alma_mater = Mahatma Gandhi College in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
| notable_works = ''Sthree'' ''[[Kumkumapoovu]]'' ''[[Bharya (TV series)|Bharya]]'' ''[[Geethagovindam]]''
}}

'''Sajan Sooreya''' is an Indian actor who is known for his appearances in Malayalam soap operas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Sajan-Surya-said-I-am-a-natural-actor/articleshow/47863904.cms|title=Sajan Surya said I am a natural actor - Times of India|website=The Times of India|last1=Soman |first1=Deepa }}</ref> He has won several accolades including four ''[[Asianet Television Awards]]'' for Best actor''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sajan-surya-bags-the-best-actor-award/articleshow/63067408.cms|title=Sajan Surya bags the Best Actor Award - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>''

He has done over 100 television series and has established himself as the most bankable actor in Malayalam television.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-13 |title=I feel delighted inside when people call me 'Vrithikettavan' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/i-feel-delighted-inside-when-people-call-me-vrithikettavan/articleshow/53173596.cms |access-date=2023-08-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Before foraying into Television, he did theatre performances under his own troupe Arya Communication. Currently he owns a production company named Trio.

==Personal life==
Sajan was born to Satheeshan and Suryakala. He is a Clerk in Registration Department of the [[Government of Kerala]]. He is married to Vineetha and the couple has two daughters. They live in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/actor-sajan-surya-shares-his-experience-about-serial-industry/articleshow/66844355.cms|title=സിനിമാക്കാ‍ർക്ക് സീരിയൽ നടൻമാർ രണ്ടാം കിടക്കാർ; സാജൻ സൂര്യ|website=malayalam.samayam.com}}</ref>

== Acting credits==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Television serials (partial)
!Year(s)
!Show
!Role
!Channel
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |2000
|''Ashwathy''
|
| rowspan="3" |[[DD Malayalam]]
|Television debut
|-
|''Detective Anand''
|Detective officer
|
|-
|''Dayana''
|
|
|-
|2001-2002
|''Jwalayayi''
|Police Officer
|DD Malayalam
|
|-
|2001
|''Sthree''
|Gopan
| rowspan="3" |[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2002
|''Snehadooram''
|
|
|-
|''Akkarapacha''
|
|
|-
|''Sthreejanmam''
|Mayamma's bridegroom
|[[Surya TV]]
|
|-
|2003
|''Sthree Oru Punyam''
|
|DD Malayalam
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|''Sthree Hridayam''
|Kailath Krishna Prasad(young)
|Surya TV
|
|-
|''Thalolam''||Giri||Asianet||
|-
|2005-2006
|''Thulabharam''
|Vishwan
|Surya TV
|Unreleased serial with only promo been released
|-
|2006-2009
|''Veendum Jwalayayi''
|Richie a.k.a Richard
|DD Malayalam
|
|-
|2006
|''Sthree ''
|Gopan
| rowspan="3" |Asianet
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2007
|''Unniyarcha''
|[[Aromal Chekavar]]
|
|-
|''[[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Swami Ayyappan]]''
|[[Arjuna]]
|
|-
|''Priyamanasam''
|
| rowspan="4" |Surya TV
|
|-
|''Ammakkayi''
|Jithendran
|
|-
|''Sree Guruvayoorappan''
|Unni
|
|-
|''Prayaanam''||Elias||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007-2008
|''Nirmalyam''
|Nandhan
|Asianet
|
|-
|'' A Amma''
|
|Kairali TV
|retelecasted during the first lockdown of 2020
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
|''Kanakkuyil''
|Dr.Harikrishnan
|Asianet
|
|-
|''Officer''
|
|Amrita TV
|
|-
|2008-2009
|''Ammathottil''
|Sarathchandran
| rowspan="3" |Asianet
|
|-
|2008-2009
|''Aalilathali''
|Izahaak a.k.a Iza
|
|-
|2008-2010
|''Snehathooval''
|Alex
|
|-
|2009
|''Coimbatore Ammayi''
|
|[[Amrita TV]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''Snehatheeram''
|Nandhan
|Surya TV
|
|-
|''Lipstick''
|Vipin Mohan
|Asianet
|
|-
|2010-2011
|''Dream City''
|Sethu
|Surya TV
|
|-
|2011
|''Alavudeente Albhuthavilaku''
|Ali Baba a.k.a. Kunjikkaka
|Asianet
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011-2012
|''Manasaveena''
|Kailash
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|
|-
|''Suryakanthi''
|
|[[Jaihind TV]]
|
|-
|''Kanalpoovu''
|Sivaram
|[[Jeevan TV]]
|
|-
|2011-2014
|''[[Kumkumapoovu]] ''
|Mahesh
|Asianet
|Break Role<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-31 |title=Rudran aka Shanavas Shanu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/11-years-of-kumkumapoovu-from-shelly-to-shanavas-shanu-heres-what-the-actors-are-doing-now/photostory/89256371.cms |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|''Innale''
|
|Surya TV
|
|-
|2012-2013
|''Nilapakshi''
|Harikrishnan
|Kairali TV
|
|-
|2013-2015
|''[[Amala (TV series)|Amala]] ''
|Arjun
|Mazhavil Manorama
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014-2015
|''Vadhu''
|Akhil/Nikhil
|Surya TV
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=25 September 2014 |title=Quick five: Garnering accolades on the small screen |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/quick-five-garnering-accolades-on-the-small-screen/article6441988.ece |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
|''Ente Pennu''
|Mukundhan
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|
|-
|2015
|''Ithal''
|
|Amrita TV
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sajan Surya gets busy - Times of India |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Sajan-Surya-gets-busy/articleshow/46581211.cms}}</ref>
|-
|2015-2016
|''Sthreedhanam''
|Film actor Kiran
| rowspan="2" |Asianet
|Extended Cameo
|-
|2016-2019
|''[[Bharya (TV series)|Bharya]]''
|Naren a.k.a Narendran
|
|-
|2016
|''Sagaram Sakshi''
|Kannan
|Surya TV
|
|-
|2017-2018
|''[[Mamangam (TV series)|Mamangam]]''
|Adv.Vishnu
|[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
|<ref>{{cite news |date=16 September 2017 |title=Mamankam, a new serial to be aired soon! |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mamankam-a-new-serial-to-be-aired-soon/articleshow/60711516.cms |accessdate=19 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2018-2019
|''[[Ilayaval Gayathri]]''
|Manu a.k.a Manoj
|Mazhavil Manorama
|<ref>{{cite news |date=13 February 2019 |title=Ilayaval Gayathri completes 100 episodes |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/ilayaval-gayathri-completes-100-episodes/articleshow/67976668.cms |accessdate=19 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''Police''
|Deepu
|ACV
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Sabarimala Swami Ayyappan]]''
|[[Harishchandra|Harichandra]]
| rowspan="3" |Asianet
|
|-
|''[[Kasthooriman (TV series)|Kasthooriman]]''
|Shankar
|Extended Cameo
|-
|2019-2020
|''Kerala Samajam''
|Manohar
|
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Jeevitha Nouka (TV series)|Jeevithanouka]]''
|Palackal Jayakrishnan
|Mazhavil Manorama
|<ref>{{Cite news |title='Jeevithanouka' marks Sajan Surya's comeback - Times of India |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/jeevithanouka-marks-sajan-suryas-comeback/articleshow/74756174.cms}}</ref>
|-
|2021-2022
|''[[Ente Maathavu]]''
|Murali
|Surya TV
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Koodevide (TV series)|Koodevide]]''
|Govind
| rowspan="2" |[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Guest appearance
|-
|2023-2025
|''[[Geeta Govindam]]''
|Arakkal Govind Madhav
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Sajan Surya's 'Geethagovindam' showcases the love of a 40-year-old businessman and a 23-year-old girl |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sajan-suryas-geethagovindam-showcases-the-love-of-a-40-year-old-businessman-and-a-23-year-old-girl/articleshow/97736537.cms |access-date=22 February 2023 |work=The Times of India|date=8 February 2023 }}</ref>
|}

===Other television shows===
*Aram+Aram=Kinnaram (2021) as team captain
*Let's rock and roll (2021) as Contestant
*Kutty Chef (2020) as Judge
*Thakarppan Comedy (2019) as Contestant
*Urvashi Theatre (2018) as himself in Promo
*[[Sell Me the Answer (Indian game show)|Sell Me the Answer]] as Contestant
*[[Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran]] as Contestant
*[[Onnum Onnum Moonu]] as Participant
*Munch Stars (2013) as Contestant

===Filmography===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year!! Film !!Notes
|-
|2005||''[[Bunglavil Outha]]''||as Krishnanunni (Debut as a lead actor)
|-
|2006||''Vrindavanam''||
|-
|2009||''Nayanam''||
|-
|2010||''[[Kaaryasthan]]''||
Cameo appearance in the song ''Mangalangal''
|-
|2013||''White Paper''||
|-
|2014||''Manam Thelinju''||
|-
|2015||''[[Thinkal Muthal Velli Vare]]''||Extended Cameo as himself
|-
|rowspan=2|2019|| ''A 4 Apple''||
|-
|''Fancy dress''||
|-
| 2025 ||''Moonnam Nombaram''||as [[Saint Joseph]]<ref>{{cite news |date=23 September 2025 |title='മൂന്നാം നൊമ്പരം' സെപ്റ്റംബർ 26ന് തിയറ്ററുകളിൽ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/09/23/moonnam-nombaram-movie-release.html |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=Manorama News Online}}</ref>
|}

===Music videos===
*Snehathepatty Onnum Parayaruthu
*Muhabathin Kaalathu
*Sree Mayadurga
*Ninnodithiri
*Oh Fathima
*Rosappoovin Niramanu
*Manasariyum Koottukari
*Gurudevan
*Sarana Veedhi
*Peralaserry Srimurugan
*Oru Naal
*Keralam Gathi Maatum

===Telefilms===
*Aa divasangalil Parayanirunnathu
*Nizhal Mathram
*Shankarananda
*Nizhal
*Thondimuthal
*Oru Yathrayude Anthyam

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surya, Sajan}}
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1978 births]]

M. Radhakrishna Pillai (scientist)

2026-02-08T11:59:35Z

SanglapGeographer: made entry

{{Short description|Indian cancer biologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = M. Radhakrishna Pillai
| image = MRPillai.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|8|18}}
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[oncology|Cancer biology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram|Regional Cancer Centre]] | [[Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Kerala]] | [[University of Arizona]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[papilloma]] viruses
| awards = {{ublist| 1991 [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] Raja Ravi Sher Singh Award | 2002 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] }}
}}
'''Madhavan Radhakrishna Pillai''' (born 18 August 1960) is an Indian cancer biologist and the former director of the [[Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology]]. Known for his studies on [[papilloma]] viruses, Pillai is an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], [[Royal College of Pathologists]] and the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]]. The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences in 2002.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-20 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Kerala University.jpg|thumb|left|University of Kerala]]
Born on 18 August 1960 in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Pillai,_Prof._Madhavan_Radhakrishna |title=Fellow profile |date=2017-11-12 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2017-11-12}}</ref> Radhakrishna Pillai earned a PhD in tumor immunology from the [[University of Kerala]]<ref name="Director profile">{{Cite web |url=http://rgcb.res.in/professor-m-radhakrishna-pillai.php |title=Director profile |date=2017-12-05 |website=Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology |access-date=2017-12-05 |archive-date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206005921/http://rgcb.res.in/professor-m-radhakrishna-pillai.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> and did his post-doctoral work in [[molecular biology]] and immunopharmacology at the [[University of Arizona]].<ref name="Radhakrishna Pillai new director of RGCB">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/02/18/stories/2005021809760400.htm |title=Radhakrishna Pillai new director of RGCB |date=18 February 2005 |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2017-12-05}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Returning to India, he joined the [[Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram]] in his home state where he served as the head of the Department of Molecular Medicine, Drug Development and Chemoinformatics.<ref name="New Director for RGCB">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/new-director-for-rgcb/article2169056.ece |title=New Director for RGCB |date=19 February 2005 |website=The Hindu - Business Line |access-date=2017-12-05}}</ref> In 2005, when he was appointed as the director of [[Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology]] (RGCB) at the age of 44, he became the youngest director of a national research institution in India, and he holds the post till date.<ref name="Author Profile">{{cite book|title=Author Profile|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1ovDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|accessdate=5 December 2017|date=1 August 2017|publisher=Springer|pages=1–|isbn = 9783319603247}}</ref><ref name="Growing on international collaborations">{{Cite web |url=https://www.biospectrumindia.com/article/pdf/1883 |title=Growing on international collaborations |date=2017-12-05 |website=Biospectrum India |access-date=2017-12-05}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:H&E 10x papilloma.jpg|thumb|235px|[[Intraductal papilloma]] of breast]]
Pillai chairs the Institutional Committee for Stem Cell Research of [[Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology]] and sits in the research advisory panels, scientific advisory councils or academic committees of the [[National Institute of Immunology, India]], [[National Centre for Cell Science]], Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology and [[Translational Health Science and Technology Institute]].<ref name="Director profile" /> He is an executive committee member of the [[Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment]], an autonomous body established to promote technological development n the state by the [[Government of Kerala]]. He is also associated with other state government bodies such as Kerala Biotechnology Commission, Kerala Biotechnology Board and Kerala State Innovation Council as a member<ref name="Members of the Council">{{Cite web |url=http://www.innovationcouncil.kerala.gov.in/index.php/2015-06-18-08-31-01 |title=Members of the Council |date=2017-12-05 |website=Kerala State Innovation Council |access-date=2017-12-05 |archive-date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074550/http://www.innovationcouncil.kerala.gov.in/index.php/2015-06-18-08-31-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and with the University of Kerala as a member of its Senate, nominated by the vice-chancellor.<ref name="Nine Members (To be nominated by the Chancellor)">{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralauniversity.ac.in/senate |title=Nine Members (To be nominated by the Chancellor) |date=2017-12-05 |website=University of Kerala |access-date=2017-12-05}}</ref>

Pillai, a former president of the Society of Biotechnologists, India (SBC), is known to have worked on human [[papillomavirus]] as well as [[cervical cancer]]<ref name="External Research Supervisor">{{Cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/centreforbioinformatics/profiles/m-radhakrishna-pillai |title=External Research Supervisor |date=2017-12-05 |website=Centre for Bioinformatics |access-date=2017-12-05 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and is the coordinator of two programs of the [[Department of Biotechnology]], namely ''National Cervical Cancer Control Program'' and ''Papillomavirus Vaccine Development Program''.<ref name="New Director for RGCB" /> As the head of RGCB, he coordinated with Emory Vaccine Center of [[Emory University]] on a program of drug development for [[Influenza A virus subtype H1N1]] and the initiative was successful in developing a [[peptide]] found in the skin mucus of [[Hydrophylax bahuvistara]], a species of a frog common in the [[Western Ghats]].<ref name="RGCB scientists help isolate H1 flu-slayer from frog skin">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/rgcb-scientists-help-isolate-h1-flu-slayer-from-frog-skin/articleshow/58290692.cms |title=RGCB scientists help isolate H1 flu-slayer from frog skin |date=21 April 2017 |website=Times of India |access-date=2017-12-05}}</ref> The program continues its research on drug development for viral infections such as [[dengue]] and [[chikungunya]]. He has been one of the principal investigators of a program of the Department of Biotechnology for developing a ''mouthwash for oral [[mucositis]] based on various plant extracts'' for which patent is pending.<ref name="Mouthwash for Oral Mucositis based on various Plant Extracts">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ccamp.res.in/mouthwash-oral-mucositis-based-various-plant-extracts-0 |title=Mouthwash for Oral Mucositis based on various Plant Extracts |date=2017-12-05 |website=C-Camp - Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-12-05}}</ref> He holds a patent for ''Novel porphyritic derivatives for photo dynamic therapy (PDT): A process for the preparation and thereof and their use as PDT agents and fluorescence probes for biological applications'', a process jointly developed along with his colleagues at RGCB.<ref name="Novel porphyritic derivatives for photo dynamic therapy (PDT): A process for the preparation and thereof and their use as PDT agents and fluorescence probes for biological applications">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rgcb.res.in/s-asha-nair.php |title=Novel porphyritic derivatives for photo dynamic therapy (PDT): A process for the preparation and thereof and their use as PDT agents and fluorescence probes for biological applications |date=2017-12-05 |website=Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology |access-date=2017-12-05 |archive-date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206011356/http://www.rgcb.res.in/s-asha-nair.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Diseases like [[Dysplasia|Oral dysplasia]], [[oral leukoplakia]], [[breast cancer]], [[Human papillomavirus infection]], [[Carcinoma|oral carcinomas]] and [[swine fever]] and drug discoveries against these diseases are some of his other research interests.<ref name="Investigator Page">{{Cite web |url=http://www.incredb.org/investigator.php?incredb_id=112 |title=Investigator Page |date=2017-12-05 |website=Indian Cancer Research Database |access-date=2017-12-05 |archive-date=16 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916113535/http://www.incredb.org/investigator.php?incredb_id=112 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/55857819_M_Radhakrishna_Pillai |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017-11-23 |access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref><ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=4bibCcQAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2017-11-23 |publisher=Google Scholar |access-date=2017-11-23 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and the online article repository of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] has listed 60 of them.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Pillai=3AMadhavan_Radhakrishna=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2017-11-21 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2017-11-21}}</ref> Besides, he has edited one book, ''Mechanisms of Vascular Defects in Diabetes Mellitus''<ref name="KarthaRamachandran2017">{{cite book|author1=C.C. Kartha|author2=Surya Ramachandran|author3=Radhakrishna M. Pillai|title=Mechanisms of Vascular Defects in Diabetes Mellitus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1ovDwAAQBAJ|date=1 August 2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-60324-7}}</ref> and has contributed chapters to books published by others.<ref name="Sudhakaran2013">{{cite book|author1=Perumana R. Sudhakaran (Ed.)|author2=T. R. Santhosh Kumar, M. Radhakrishna Pillai (Chapter authors)|title=Perspectives in Cancer Prevention-Translational Cancer Research|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUi4AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|date=25 October 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-81-322-1533-2|pages=9–|chapter=Tumour Stem Cell Enrichment by Anticancer Drugs: A Potential Mechanism of Tumour Recurrence}}</ref> He has also mentored several research scholars in their studies.<ref name="External Research Supervisor" />

== Awards and honors ==
Pillai received the Raja Ravi Sher Singh Award of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] in 1991 for the research work done in connection with his doctoral studies.<ref name="Director profile" /> The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2002.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development" /> Two years later, the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] elected him as a fellow (2004)<ref name="Fellow profile" /> and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] made him their fellow the following year (2005).<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=P |title=NASI fellows |date=2017-11-12 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2017-11-12 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044529/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=P |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is also a fellow of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]] and the [[Royal College of Pathologists]].<ref name="Author Profile" /> The award orations delivered by him include the 2000 edition of the Sandoz Oration of the Indian Council of Medical Research.<ref name="Sandoz Oration Award">{{Cite web |url=http://icmr.nic.in/annual/hqds2002/Awardsprizes.pdf |title=Sandoz Oration Award |date=2000 |website=Indian Council of Medical Research |access-date=2017-12-05 |archive-date=10 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410135621/http://www.icmr.nic.in/annual/hqds2002/Awardsprizes.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Books ===
* {{cite book|author1=C.C. Kartha|author2=Surya Ramachandran|author3=Radhakrishna M. Pillai|title=Mechanisms of Vascular Defects in Diabetes Mellitus|date=1 August 2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-60324-7}}

=== Chapters ===
* {{cite book|author1=Perumana R. Sudhakaran (Ed.)|author2=T. R. Santhosh Kumar, M. Radhakrishna Pillai (Chapter authors)|title=Perspectives in Cancer Prevention-Translational Cancer Research|date=25 October 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-81-322-1533-2|pages=9–|chapter=Tumour Stem Cell Enrichment by Anticancer Drugs: A Potential Mechanism of Tumour Recurrence}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last=M Radhakrishna Pillai |title=Establishing and maintaining biobanks: experience of Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, (RGCB) Trivandrum |journal=BMC Proceedings |year=2013 |publication-date=2013 |volume=7 (suppl 5) |issue=16 |pages=O16 |doi=10.1186/1753-6561-7-S5-O16|pmc=3892675 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Reshmi, G. |author2=Radhakrishna Pillai, M. |title=Beyond HPV: oncomirs as new players in cervical cancer |journal=FEBS Letters |year=2008 |publication-date=2008 |volume=582 |issue=30 |pages= 4113–4116 |doi=10.1016/j.febslet.2008.11.011|pmid=19032954 |s2cid=29106828 |doi-access= }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Hariharan, Ramkumar |author2=Radhakrishna Pillai, M. |title=Homology modeling of the DNA-binding domain of human Smad5: a molecular model for inhibitor design |journal=Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling |year=2006 |publication-date=2006 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=271–277 |doi=10.1016/j.jmgm.2005.09.009|pmid=16243555 }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Cancer immunology]]
* [[Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology]]
* [[Oncomir]]
* [[Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Biology|Medicine}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.rgcb.res.in/directors-desk.php |title=Message From Director |last=Pillai |first=M. Radhakrishna |date=2017-12-05 |website=Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology |access-date=2017-12-05}}

== External links ==
* {{cite book|author=Ethier, Stephen P. |title=Endocrine Oncology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgIyBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT318|date=18 June 2000|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-59259-223-4|pages=318–}}
* {{cite book|author=Pratyoosh Shukla|title=Recent advances in Applied Microbiology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8I9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41|accessdate=5 December 2017|date=7 November 2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-10-5275-0|pages=41–}}

{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, M. Radhakrishna}}
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Indian molecular biologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Indian virologists]]
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]
[[Category:University of Arizona alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Pathologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]

Jahanara Alam

2026-02-07T12:25:42Z

SanglapGeographer: updated details for accuracy for accuracy

{{Short description|Bangladeshi cricketer (born 1993)}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Jahanara Alam
| female = true
| image = Jahanara Alam.jpg
| country = Bangladesh
| fullname = Jahanara Alam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|04|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Khulna]], Bangladesh
| heightft = 
| heightinch =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium pace]]
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2011–present

| odidebutdate = 26 November
| odidebutyear = 2011
| odidebutagainst = Ireland
| odicap = 2
| lastodidate = 17 December
| lastodiyear = 2022
| lastodiagainst = New Zealand
| odishirt = 26

| T20Idebutdate = 28 August
| T20Idebutyear = 2012
| T20Idebutagainst = Ireland
| T20Icap = 2
| lastT20Idate = 21 February
| lastT20Iyear = 2023
| lastT20Iagainst = South Africa
| T20Ishirt = 26

| club1 = Khulna Division
| year1 = 2008/09
| club2 = Sylhet Division
| year2 = {{nowrap|2009/10–2017/18}}
| club3 = [[IPL Velocity|Velocity]]
| year3 = 2019–2020
| club4 = Northern Zone
| year4 = 2021/22–present

| columns = 2

| column1 = [[Women's One Day International|WODI]]
| matches1 = 49
| runs1 = 181
| bat avg1 = 7.54
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 23
| deliveries1 = 1,946
| wickets1 = 46
| bowl avg1 = 29.34
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 3/18
| catches/stumpings1 = 8/–

| column2 = [[Women's Twenty20 International|WT20I]]
| matches2 = 75
| runs2 = 167
| bat avg2 = 6.42
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 18[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 1,353
| wickets2 = 57
| bowl avg2 = 21.75
| fivefor2 = 1
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 5/28
| catches/stumpings2 = 12/–

| date = 21 February
| year = 2023
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/343649.html ESPNcricinfo
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry| {{BAN}}}}
{{MedalSport|Women's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]]|[[Cricket at the 2010 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]]|[[Cricket at the 2014 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu/Pokhara]]|[[Cricket at the 2019 South Asian Games – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[Women's Asia Cup|2018 Malaysia]]|}}
}}

'''Jahanara Alam''' ({{langx|bn|জাহানারা আলম}}; born 1 April 1993) is a [[Bangladeshi]] [[cricket]]er who plays for the [[Bangladesh women's national cricket team]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.risingbd.com/detailsnews.php?nssl=8411899c3d68aa07d7d142ed8e13833b&nttl=2014011809460434003#.UvnbXGKSw8o |script-title=bn:নারী বিশ্বকাপ ক্রিকেটারদের দল ঘোষণা|work=Risingbd.com |date= |language=bn |access-date=2014-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306214311/http://www.risingbd.com/detailsnews.php?nssl=8411899c3d68aa07d7d142ed8e13833b&nttl=2014011809460434003#.UvnbXGKSw8o |archive-date=2014-03-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/bd-womens-sa-camp-from-sunday/ |title=BD women's SA camp from Sunday |work=The Daily Star |date=2013-08-23 |access-date=2014-03-05 |archive-date=2014-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221221208/http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/bd-womens-sa-camp-from-sunday/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.samakal.net/2014/01/19/33630 |script-title=bn:নারী ক্রিকেটের প্রাথমিক দল ঘোষণা {{pipe}} খেলাধুলা |work=Samakal |date= |language=bn |access-date=2014-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221180514/http://www.samakal.net/2014/01/19/33630 |archive-date=2014-02-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sportbangla.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=713:2014-01-10-05-08-33&catid=34:cricket&Itemid=27 |script-title=bn:মহিলা ক্রিকেটারদের ক্যাম্প শুরু |publisher=Sportbangla.com |date=2014-01-10 |language=bn |access-date=2014-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222042848/http://sportbangla.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=713:2014-01-10-05-08-33&catid=34:cricket&Itemid=27 |archive-date=2014-02-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is a right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium pace]] [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]] and right-handed [[Batting (cricket)|batter]]. She was a member of the team that won a silver medal in cricket against [[China national women's cricket team|China]] at the [[2010 Asian Games]] in [[Guangzhou]], China.<ref>{{cite news |last=Deepto |first=Ahmed |date=6 September 2015 |title=Pushing boundaries |url=http://youth.newagebd.net/1087/pushing-boundaries/ |work=Youth |publisher=New Age |access-date=27 November 2017 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925193944/http://youth.newagebd.net/1087/pushing-boundaries/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Early life==
Alam was born and raised in [[Khulna]], where she attended Pioneer Girls High School. By 2007, the year she was in sixth standard, she was playing both [[handball]] and [[volleyball]] for her school. She lived some distance away, and travelled there by [[rickshaw]], a trip that would take about 40 to 50 minutes.<ref name="ct 2020-07-01">{{cite web |author1=Sabyasachi |title=CricTracker Exclusive- Mashrafe Mortaza is a living legend, my one and only idol: Jahanara Alam |url=https://www.crictracker.com/crictracker-exclusive-mashrafe-mortaza-is-a-living-legend-my-one-and-only-idol-jahanara-alam/ |website=CricTracker |access-date=16 May 2022 |language=en |date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

Alam's interest in sports then attracted the attention of [[Sheikh Salahuddin (cricketer)|Sheikh Salahuddin]], a player and coach of the [[Khulna Division cricket team|Khulna Division men's cricket team]], who lived opposite the school. Unlike the other school girls, who wore [[shalwar kameez]], Alam would make her rickshaw trip to school in sports attire. Salauddin spotted her on some of her rickshaw journeys, and eventually asked her whether she wanted to play cricket. She immediately agreed.<ref name="ct 2020-07-01"/><ref name="gc 2022-05-14">{{cite web |last1=Bishop |first1=Tony |title=Jahanara Alam - inspiring generations with thanks to beloved grandmother and Irish ice |url=https://www.guerillacricket.com/feature/3522,jahanara-alam-inspiring-generations-with-thanks-to-beloved-grandmother-and-irish-ice |website=Guerilla Cricket |access-date=16 May 2022 |language=en |date=14 May 2022}}</ref>

At that time, Alam was not a follower of cricket, and did not understand the rules. However, she was told that [[Bangladesh]] would soon have a national women's team, and that was an incentive for her to try out.<ref name="ct 2020-07-01"/>

Alam's parents were supportive.<ref name="ct 2020-07-01"/><ref name="gc 2022-05-14"/> "My father only told me to return home before the evening [[Azaan]] and not do anything that would bring shame to the family," she told ''CricTracker'' in 2020.<ref name="ct 2020-07-01"/> Even more supportive was her grandmother, who would take her to and from matches.<ref name="gc 2022-05-14"/>

In her initial cricket trials, Alam "failed miserably".<ref name="ct 2020-07-01"/> However, her coach had spotted that she had ample natural ability,<ref name="tc 2020-02-01">{{cite web |last1=Marshall |first1=Emily |title=Jahanara Alam. Bangladesh women's cricket player profile |url=https://www.thecricketer.com/Topics/women's_t20_world_cup_2020_player_profiles/jahanara_alam.html |website=[[The Cricketer]] |access-date=16 May 2022 |language=en |date=1 February 2020}}</ref> and she had always been fit.<ref name="ct 2020-07-01"/> After practising for a month, she became a fast bowler.<ref name="ct 2020-07-01"/><ref name="tc 2020-02-01"/> Shortly afterwards, she was the leading wicket-taker in a seven-team tournament, with 13 wickets, and was called up to the national camp.<ref name="ct 2020-07-01"/> Her prompt success at cricket caused some problems for her and her family:

{{Blockquote|"People around my locality ... told [my father] that I should continue with my studies and then get married. They were against me playing cricket, being a girl. My father defended me saying that I wasn't doing anything wrong and he supported me. In the current society, supporting each other is very crucial. Not only girls, but even boys have had to sacrifice their passion for sports to continue studying."<ref name="ct 2020-07-01"/>}}

Alam did not, and does not, have a role model. In the first two years she was playing cricket, she was not able to follow the game very much. Then, one of her coaches showed her some YouTube videos of [[Brett Lee]]. The coach suggested that she generate more pace and swing by following Lee's bowling action. From then onwards, she would identify and follow two or three players "from every nation", but her one and only cricketing idol is her compatriot [[Mashrafe Mortaza]].<ref name="ct 2020-07-01"/>

== Career ==
[[File:2020 ICC W T20 WC I v B 02-24 Jahanara Alam (09).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Alam bowling for Bangladesh during the [[2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup]]|alt=Alam bowling for Bangladesh during the 2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup]]

The first time Alam took the field for the national team was during a Hong Kong tour of Bangladesh in March 2008.<ref name="ct 2020-07-01"/><ref name="espn hk v b bowling">{{cite web |title=Hong Kong Women in Bangladesh unofficial ODI Series, 2007/08 Cricket Team Records & Stats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=4229;type=series |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref> "When I was selected for Bangladesh, I had to ask my father whether I should play or do my exams?" she has said.<ref name="gc 2022-05-14"/> His response was "... you may only have one chance to play for your country but you will have 3 chances to pass your exam".<ref name="gc 2022-05-14"/>

Alam therefore played in all four of the matches in the unofficial 50-over format series.<ref name="espn hk v b bowling"/> During the last one, at [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium|Mirpur Stadium]], she took a [[hat-trick]] with the only three balls she bowled,<ref>{{cite news |title=Full Scorecard of Bdesh Wmn vs HKG Women 4th Match 2007/08 - Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/hong-kong-women-tour-of-bangladesh-2007-08-342989/bangladesh-women-vs-hong-kong-women-4th-match-342994/full-scorecard |access-date=16 May 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name="tds 2008-03-30">{{cite news |author1=Sports Reporter |title=EBL Women's cricket series: Women's clean sweep |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-29832 |access-date=16 May 2022 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=30 March 2008 |language=en}}</ref> in the 47th over,<ref name="ct 2020-07-01"/><ref name="gc 2022-05-14"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Full Scorecard of Bdesh Wmn vs HKG Women 4th Match 2007/08 - Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/hong-kong-women-tour-of-bangladesh-2007-08-342989/bangladesh-women-vs-hong-kong-women-4th-match-342994/full-scorecard |access-date=16 May 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> a feat that caused quite a stir:

{{Blockquote|"... there was a lot of buzz around. My picture was there in the first page of the newspaper and from then onwards, people’s perception started changing. They called me the pride of Khulna, the pride of Bangladesh."<ref name="ct 2020-07-01"/>}}

Alam made her ODI debut against [[Ireland women's cricket team|Ireland]] on 26 November 2011. She made her T20I debut against [[India women's national cricket team|India]] on 28 August 2012. In June 2018, she was part of Bangladesh's squad that won their first ever [[Women's Asia Cup]] title, winning the [[2018 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup]] tournament.<ref name="BanSquad">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/695001 |title=Bangladesh name 15-player squad for Women's Asia Cup |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141126/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/695001 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BCB">{{cite web |url=http://www.tigercricket.com.bd/2018/06/10/bangladesh-women-clinch-historic-asia-cup-trophy/ |title=Bangladesh Women clinch historic Asia Cup Trophy |work=Bangladesh Cricket Board |access-date=11 June 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140646/http://www.tigercricket.com.bd/2018/06/10/bangladesh-women-clinch-historic-asia-cup-trophy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ICC">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/712190 |title=Bangladesh stun India in cliff-hanger to win title |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=11 June 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142212/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/712190 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later the same month, she was named in Bangladesh's squad for the [[2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20 Qualifier]] tournament.<ref name="WT20Squads">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/761671 |title=ICC announces umpire and referee appointments for ICC Women's World Twenty20 Qualifier 2018 |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=27 June 2018 |archive-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627202627/https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/761671 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 28 June 2018, she became the first bowler for Bangladesh to take a [[List of five-wicket hauls in women's Twenty20 International cricket|five-wicket haul]] in WT20Is, in a match [[Bangladesh women's cricket team in Ireland in 2018|against Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/764341 |title=Bangladesh pip Ireland in last-ball thriller |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=28 June 2018 |archive-date=28 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628233434/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/764341 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2018, she was named in Bangladesh's squad for the [[2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20]] tournament in the West Indies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tigercricket.com.bd/2018/10/09/media-release-icc-womens-world-t20-west-indies-2018-bangladesh-squad-announced/ |title=Media Release: ICC WOMEN'S WORLD T20 WEST INDIES 2018: Bangladesh Squad Announced |work=Bangladesh Cricket Board |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211520/http://www.tigercricket.com.bd/2018/10/09/media-release-icc-womens-world-t20-west-indies-2018-bangladesh-squad-announced/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/876996 |title=Bangladesh announce Women's World T20 squad |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211802/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/876996 |url-status=live }}</ref> She was the joint-leading wicket-taker for Bangladesh in the tournament, with six dismissals in four matches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12461;team=4240;type=tournament |title=ICC Women's World T20, 2018/19 - Bangladesh Women: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 November 2018 |archive-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119123449/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12461;team=4240;type=tournament |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the conclusion of the tournament, she was named as the standout player in the team by the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/915905 |title=#WT20 report card: Bangladesh |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=19 November 2018 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120220951/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/915905 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In August 2019, she was named in Bangladesh's squad for the [[2019 ICC Women's World Twenty20 Qualifier]] tournament in Scotland.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1307978 |title=Bangladesh name 14-member squad for ICC T20 World Cup Qualifier 2019 |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=11 August 2019 |archive-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811114643/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1307978 |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2019, she was named in Bangladesh's squad for the [[Cricket at the 2019 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|cricket tournament]] at the [[2019 South Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/111069/nazmul-hossain-to-lead-bangladesh-in-south-asian-games |title=Nazmul Hossain to lead Bangladesh in South Asian Games |work=CricBuzz |access-date=30 November 2019 |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206074322/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/111069/nazmul-hossain-to-lead-bangladesh-in-south-asian-games |url-status=live }}</ref> The Bangladesh team beat Sri Lanka by two runs in the final to win the gold medal.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/bangladesh-cricket/news/bangladesh-womens-cricket-team-take-gold-sa-games-1837444 |title=Bangladesh women's cricket team clinch gold in SA games |work=The Daily Star |access-date=8 December 2019 |archive-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208111057/https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/bangladesh-cricket/news/bangladesh-womens-cricket-team-take-gold-sa-games-1837444 |url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2020, she was named in Bangladesh's squad for the [[2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup]] in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/112045/rumana-ahmed-included-in-bangladesh-t20-world-cup-squad |title=Rumana Ahmed included in Bangladesh T20 WC squad |work=Cricbuzz |access-date=29 January 2020 |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129144738/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/112045/rumana-ahmed-included-in-bangladesh-t20-world-cup-squad |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2021, she was named in Bangladesh's team for the [[2021 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier]] tournament in Zimbabwe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tigercricket.com.bd/2021/11/04/media-release-icc-womens-world-cup-qualifier-2021-bangladesh-squad-announced/ |title=Media Release : ICC Women's World Cup Qualifier 2021: Bangladesh Squad announced |work=Bangladesh Cricket Board |access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref> In January 2022, she was named as one of three reserve players in Bangladesh's team for the [[2022 Commonwealth Games Cricket Qualifier]] tournament in Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/120579/bangladesh-drop-jahanara-for-cwc-qualifiers |title=Bangladesh drop Jahanara for CWC qualifiers |work=CricBuzz |access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref> Later the same month, she was named in Bangladesh's team for the [[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup]] in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bdcrictime.com/jahanara-returns-to-bangladesh-squad-for-world-cup |title=Jahanara returns to Bangladesh for World Cup |work=BD Crictime |access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref>

She was named in the Bangladesh squad for the [[2024 ICC Women's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tigercricket.com.bd/detail/bangladesh-squad-for-icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2024 |title=Bangladesh Squad for ICC Women's T20 World Cup 2024 |work=Bangladesh Cricket Board |date=18 September 2024 |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref>

In January 2025, she took an indefinite break from international cricket,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Only taking a break from Bangladesh national side, clarifies Jahanara Alam |author=Atif Azam |publisher=CricBuzz |date=8 January 2025 |access-date=5 November 2025 |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/133053/only-taking-a-break-from-bangladesh-national-side-clarifies-jahanara-alam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613042713/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/133053/only-taking-a-break-from-bangladesh-national-side-clarifies-jahanara-alam |archive-date=13 June 2025}}</ref> later attributing her decision to an abusive national team environment.<ref>{{Cite news |title=After the World Cup, I reached a point of no return mentally: Jahanara |author=Atif Azam |publisher=CricBuzz |date=July 2025 |access-date=5 November 2025 |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/134778/after-the-world-cup-i-reached-a-point-of-no-return-mentally-jahanara |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819051856/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/134778/after-the-world-cup-i-reached-a-point-of-no-return-mentally-jahanara |archive-date=19 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=মেয়েরা আবার থাপ্পড় খেতে চায়নি |language=bn |author=Masud Parvez |publisher=[[Kaler Kantho]] |date=4 November 2025 |access-date=5 November 2025 |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/sports/2025/11/04/1601116 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251105103628/https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/sports/2025/11/04/1601116 |archive-date=5 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bangladesh captain Nigar Sultana ‘beats up juniors a lot’: Veteran pacer raises serious allegations, BCB refutes claims |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=5 November 2025 |access-date=5 November 2025 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bangladesh-captain-nigar-sultana-beats-juniors-jahanar-alam-bcb-10346819 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251105104022/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bangladesh-captain-nigar-sultana-beats-juniors-jahanar-alam-bcb-10346819 |archive-date=5 November 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
* {{Cricinfo|id=343649}}
* {{cricketarchive|id=280308}}

{{Navboxes
|title= Bangladesh squads
|bg= #006A4E
|fg= white
|bordercolor=red
|list1=
{{Bangladesh Squad 2014 ICC Women's World Twenty20}}
{{Bangladesh Squad 2016 ICC Women's World Twenty20}}
{{Bangladesh Squad 2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20}}
{{Bangladesh Squad 2018 Women's Asia Cup}}
{{Bangladesh Squad 2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup}}
{{Bangladesh Squad 2022 Women's Cricket World Cup}}
{{Bangladesh Squad 2023 ICC Women's T20 World Cup}}
{{Bangladesh Squad 2024 ICC Women's T20 World Cup}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alam, Jahanara}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Khulna]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi women cricketers]]
[[Category:Bangladesh women One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Bangladesh women Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:Khulna Division women cricketers]]
[[Category:Sylhet Division women cricketers]]
[[Category:IPL Velocity cricketers]]
[[Category:Northern Zone women cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in cricket]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi women cricket captains]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Asian Games cricketers for Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for Bangladesh]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in cricket]]

Krishna Janmashtami

2026-02-01T22:14:58Z

SanglapGeographer: slightly fix page as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Short description|Hindu festival celebrating Krishna's birth anniversary}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Krishna Janmashtami
| type = Hindu
| image = Yesoda-krishna.jpg
| caption = [[Krishna]] with his foster mother [[Yashoda]]
| nickname = {{Plainlist|
* Krishnashtami
* Krishna Jayanti
* Gokulashtami
* Yadukulashtami
* Srikrishna Jayanti
* Ashtami Rohini
}}
| observedby = [[Hindus]]
| longtype = Religious (1–2 days), cultural
| significance = Commemorates the descension of Lord Krishna
| date = {{Hindu festival date}}
| date2020 = {{Nowrap|11, 12 August}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Portal of India|url=https://www.india.gov.in/calendar?date=2020-08|access-date=3 August 2020|website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref>
| date2021 = {{Nowrap|Monday, 30 August}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Portal of India|url=https://www.india.gov.in/calendar?date=2021-08|access-date=3 August 2020|website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref>
| date2023 = {{Nowrap|6–7
September}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Portal of India|url=https://www.india.gov.in/calendar?date=2022-08|access-date=3 August 2020|website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref>
| celebrations = [[Dahi Handi]]/[[Nandotsava]] (next day in the north), kite-flying, drawing footprints of infant Krishna, fasting, traditional sweet dishes, etc.
| observances = Dance-drama, puja, night vigil, fasting
| date2024 = {{Nowrap|26–27 August}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Portal of India|url=https://www.india.gov.in/calendar?date=2023-09|access-date=3 August 2020|website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref>
| date2025 = {{Nowrap|16–17 August}}
}}
{{Hindu festival date info}}
{{Hinduism}}
{{Vaishnavism}}

'''Krishna Janmashtami''' ({{Langx|sa|कृष्णजन्माष्टमी|translit=Kṛṣṇajanmāṣṭamī}}), also known simply as '''Krishnashtami''', '''Janmashtami''', or '''Gokulashtami''', is an annual [[Hindu]] festival that celebrates the birth of [[Krishna]], the eighth [[avatar]] of [[Lord Vishnu|Vishnu]]. In the prominent Hindu scriptures, such as the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', ''[[Gita Govinda]]'', etc. Krishna has been identified as the supreme God and the source of all avatars.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p314">{{Cite book |author=James G. Lochtefeld |url=https://ia802901.us.archive.org/15/items/JamesLochtefeldTheIllustratedEncyclopediaOfHinduism/James%20Lochtefeld%20The%20Illustrated%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Hinduism.pdf |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A–M |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |year=2002 |isbn=978-0823931798 |pages= |url-access=registration}}</ref> Krishna's birth is celebrated and observed on the eighth day ([[Ashtami]]) of the dark fortnight ([[Paksha#Krishna Paksha|Krishna Paksha]]) in [[Shravana]] [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar#chandramasa|Masa]] (according to the [[Hindu calendar#amanta|amanta]] tradition) or [[Bhadrapada]] Masa (according to the [[Hindu calendar#purnimanta|purnimanta]] tradition).

This overlaps with August or September of the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p314" />

It is an important festival, particularly in the [[Vaishnavism]] tradition of Hinduism.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |author=J. Gordon Melton |title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDU30Ae4S4cC&pg=PA396 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-205-0 |page=396}}</ref> The celebratory customs associated with Janmashtami include a celebration festival, reading and recitation of religious texts, dance and enactments of the life of Krishna according to the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', devotional singing till midnight (the time of Krishna's birth), and fasting (''upavasa''), amongst other things.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |author=Edwin Francis Bryant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C |title=Sri Krishna: A Sourcebook |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-803400-1 |pages=223–225}}</ref> Some break their day long fast at midnight with a feast.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Colleen Taylor |title=Feasts and Fasts: A History of Food in India |date=2014 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=London |page=105}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Patil |first1=Vimla |title=Celebrations : festive days of India |year=1994 |publisher=India Book House |location=Bombay |page=66}}</ref> Krishna Janmashtami is widely celebrated across India and abroad.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p314" /><ref name=":2" />

== Etymology ==
The meaning of the [[Sanskrit]] word Janmashtami can be understood by splitting it into the two words, "Janma" and "Ashtami." The word "Janma" means birth<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janma: English Translation of the Sanskrit word: Janma-- Sanskrit Dictionary |url=https://sanskritdictionary.org/janma |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=sanskritdictionary.org}}</ref> and the word "[[Ashtami]]" means eight; thus, Krishna Janmashtami is the celebration of Krishna's birth on the eighth day of the dark fortnight ([[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar#paksha|Krishna Paksha]]) in the month of [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadrapada]], also called Shravan, which falls in August–September of the Gregorian calendar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-16 |title=Happy Janmashtami 2022: History and significance behind Lord Krishna's birth anniversary explained |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/happy-janmashtami-2022-history-and-significance-behind-lord-krishnas-birth-anniversary-explained/articleshow/93585203.cms |access-date=2023-05-03 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Janmashtami {{!}} Celebration, Date, India, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Janmashtami |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|Birth of Krishna}}

Information about Krishna's life is noted in the [[Mahabharata]], the [[Puranas]], and [[Bhagavata Purana]]. [[Krishna]] is the eighth son of [[Devaki]] (mother) and [[Vasudeva Anakadundubhi|Vasudeva]] (father).<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p314" /> Surrounding the time of his birth, persecution was rampant, freedoms were being denied, and King [[Kamsa]]'s life was threatened.<ref name="Varma2009p7">{{Cite book |author=Pavan K. Varma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_anlsbp56aoC |title=The Book of Krishna |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-14-306763-4 |pages=7–11}}</ref> Krishna was born within a prison in [[Mathura]], India where his parents were constrained by his uncle, Kamsa.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p314" /> During Devaki's wedding, Kamsa was warned by a celestial voice that Devaki's eighth son would be the cause of his death.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p314" /> To thwart this prophecy, Kamsa imprisoned his sister Devaki and her husband, killing the first six of their newborns shortly after birth.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p314" /> The guards responsible for keeping watch over Devaki's cell fell asleep and the cell doors were miraculously opened at the time of Krishna's birth.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p314" /> These events allowed Vasudeva to send Krishna across the [[Yamuna]] River to his foster parents, Yashoda (mother) and Nanda (father).<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p314" /> This legend is celebrated on Janmashtami by people keeping fasts, singing devotional songs of love for Krishna, and keeping a vigil into the night.<ref name="Melton2011p459">{{Cite book |author=Constance A Jones |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&pg=PA459 |title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-59884-206-7 |editor=J. Gordon Melton |page=459}}</ref>

Throughout Krishna's childhood and young adult life, [[Balarama]], Krishna's half-brother, was a "constant companion" for him. Balarama joined Krishna in the major events that are celebrated in Vraja, Brindavan, Dravarka, and Mathura such as stealing butter, chasing calves, playing in the cow pens, and participating in wrestling matches.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vemsani |first=Lavanya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&q=Krishna+in+History,+Thought,+and+Culture:+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Hindu+Lord+of+Many+Names+and+within+it |title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names |date=2016-06-13 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-211-3 |language=en}}</ref>

==Observance and celebrations==
[[File:Indian School, late 18th century - Krishna as makhan chor (the butter thief). - RCIN 1005113.p - Royal Collection.jpg|thumb|Some communities celebrate Krishna's legends such as him as a ''Makkan chor'' (butter thief).]]
Krishna Janmashtami holds significant importance to Krishnaites as well as Hindus around the world, and it is celebrated in diverse forms depending on their regional and cultural customs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fenton |first=Stephanie |date=2022-08-15 |title=Krishna Janmashtami: Celebrating Lord Krishna around the world |url=https://readthespirit.com/religious-holidays-festivals/krishna-janmashtami-celebrating-lord-krishna-around-the-world/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Religious Holidays |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Hindus celebrate Janmashtami by fasting, singing, praying together, preparing and sharing special food, night vigils, and visiting Krishna or Vishnu temples. The places of Mathura and [[Vrindavan]] are visited by pilgrims.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin |title=Krishna A Sourcebook |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |pages=538–539}}</ref> Some mandirs organize recitation of ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' in the days leading up to Janmashtami.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Gibson|first1=Lynne |last2=Wootten|first2=Pat|title=Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnwffnGT0tEC&pg=PA40 |year=2002|publisher=Heinemann|isbn=978-0-435-33618-9|page=40}}</ref> Many northern Indian communities organize dance-drama events called ''Rasa Lila'' or ''Krishna Lila''.<ref name="Melton2011p459" /> The tradition of Rasa Lila is particularly popular in the [[Mathura district|Mathura]] region, in northeastern states of India such as Manipur and Assam, and in parts of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]]. It is acted out by numerous teams of amateur artists, cheered on by their local communities, and these drama-dance plays begin a few days before each Janmashtami.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Pavan K. Varma|title=The Book of Krishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_anlsbp56aoC |year=2009|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-306763-4|pages=160–162}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Edwin Francis Bryant|title=Krishna: A Sourcebook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C |year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803400-1|pages=449–457}}</ref> People decorate their houses with flowers and light.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2021|title=Janmashtami 2021: Date, history, significance and importance of Krishna Janmashtami|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/janmashtami-2021-date-history-significance-importance-of-krishna-janmashtami-101629180904514.html|access-date=31 August 2021|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> On this day, people chant "Hare Krishna hare Krishna, Krishna- Krishna Hare Hare". The Janmashtami celebration is followed by ''Dahi Handi'', which is celebrated the next day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 August 2021|title=Krishna Janmashtami 2021 Date, Puja Muhurat and Significance|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/festivals/krishna-janmashtami-2021-date-puja-muhurat-and-significance/articleshow/85424989.cms|access-date=31 August 2021|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Janmashtami 2021: Know The Date, Timing, Significance And Celebrations Of Krishna Janmashtami|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/janmashtami-2021-date-timing-significance-celebrations-and-all-you-need-to-know-about-krishna-janmashtami-2518394|access-date=31 August 2021|work=NDTV}}</ref>

After Krishna's midnight hour birth, forms of baby Krishna are bathed and clothed, then placed in a cradle. The devotees then break their fast by sharing food and sweets. Women draw tiny footprints outside their house doors and kitchen, walking towards their house, a symbolism for Krishna's journey into their homes.<ref name="Melton2011p459" />
[[File:Dahi Handi.JPG|thumb|right|Dahi Handi, a Janmashtami tradition, in progress in [[Mumbai]] India.]]

===Northern India===
[[File:ISKCON temple, Delhi at Janamashtami.jpg|thumb|Janmashtami at ISKCON temple, Delhi ]]
Janmashtami is the largest festival in the [[Braj]] region of north India, in cities such as [[Mathura]] where Krishna was born according to Krishnaism, and in Vrindavan where he grew up.<ref name="Melton2011p459" /> [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava communities]] in these cities in [[Uttar Pradesh]], as well as others in the state, as well as locations in Rajasthan, Delhi, Haryana, [[Uttarakhand]] and Himalayan north celebrate Janmashtami. Krishna temples are decorated and lighted up, they attract numerous visitors on the day, while Krishna devotees hold [[bhakti]] events and keep night vigil.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kishore |first=B. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3WzDipk9xwC&pg=PA118 |title=Hinduism |publisher=Diamond |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-7182-073-3 |page=118}}</ref>

The festival typically falls as the monsoons in north India have begun retreating, fields laden with crops and rural communities have time to play. In the northern states, Janmashtami is celebrated with the ''Raslila'' tradition, which literally means "play (Lila) of delight, essence (Rasa)". This is expressed as solo or group dance and drama events at Janmashtami, wherein Krishna related compositions are sung, music accompanies the performance, while actors and audience share and celebrate the performance by clapping hands to mark the beat.<ref name="Roy2005p213" /> The childhood pranks of Krishna and the love affairs of [[Radha Krishna|Radha-Krishna]] are particularly popular. According to Christian Roy and other scholars, these Radha-Krishna love stories are Hindu symbolism for the longing and love of the human soul for the divine or [[Brahman]].<ref name="bryant9">{{Cite book |author=Edwin Francis Bryant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C |title=Krishna: A Sourcebook |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-803400-1 |pages=9–10, 115–116, 265–267}}</ref><ref name="Roy2005p213" />

Poetry describing the feats of Krishna became popular in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries within the Braj region, and is written according to a vernacular called "[[Braj Bhasha|Braj basha]]" (present-day "[[Hindi]]"/dialect of "Hindi").<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hawley |first=John Stratton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UP9cCAAAQBAJ&q=surdas |title=The Memory of Love: Surdas Sings to Krishna |date=2009-04-07 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-045195-0 |pages=6 |language=en}}</ref> The Braj basha poems of [[Surdas]] (collectively known as the ''Sursagar'') are popularly recalled, some of which describe the birth and childhood of Krishna.<ref name=":4" />

=== Jammu Region ===
In [[Jammu region]], Janmashtami is popularly known by the name "''Thogre/Thakure da Vrat''"<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Medhavi |date=2020-08-14 |title=Janmashtami in Jammu, A Visual Treat |url=https://www.indica.today/quick-reads/janmashtami-in-jammu-a-visual-treat/ |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=Indic Today |language=en-US}}</ref> (meaning Vrat dedicated to Thakur i.e. Shri Krishna). Observing a ''Phalaahari Vrat'' for complete one day is the major ritual in the festival. The day is marked by numerous ''Phalaahari Dhaams'' or ''Bhandaras'' in the streets of Jammu region's prominent towns.

Janmashtami marks the beginning of the kite-flying season in the Jammu region whereby locals gather and fly decorated kites from their rooftops.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Festival of Kite Flying in Jammu |url=http://www.jammu.com/jammu/fairs/kite-flying.htm |access-date=10 August 2012}}</ref> While on the other hand, girls and women decorate their palms by applying ''Teera'', dye of an indigenous plant.<ref name=":0" />

Another ceremony associated with Janmashtami in Jammu region is "''Deyaa Parna"'' in which [[Dogras]] donate cereal grains in the name of their ancestors & ''Kuldevtas''. A holy tree called ''jand'' is worshipped by women on this day. Special rotis called ''draupads'' are prepared and offered to cows and deities.<ref name=":0" />

=== Kashmir ===
Janmashtami is celebrated as ''Zaram Satam'' (Janam Saptami) by the native [[Kashmiri Pandits]] of Kashmir. The festival is associated with observing a ''vrat'' the whole day and visiting the ''Thokur Kuth'' (Krishna Mandir) at midnight. At night, ''puja'' is performed in the temples which includes performing ''[[Abhisheka|abhishek]]'' (ritual bath) to the ''murti'' of Krishna, and singing ''bhajans'' (devotional songs). Food items appropriate for fasting, such as ''gaer'' or ''singhada lapsi'' (made from waterchestnut flour), fruits, and dried fruits are consumed on this day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zaram Satam – Bhad'ru'peth Gatt Pachh Satam {{!}} Kashmir As It Is |url=https://kashmirasitis.com/zaram-satam/ |access-date=2022-08-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Maharashtra===
{{Main|Dahi Handi}}

Janmashtami (popularly known as "Dahi Handii" in [[Maharashtra]]) is celebrated in cities such as [[Mumbai]], [[Latur]], [[Nagpur]] and [[Pune]].<ref name=":5" /> It is a celebration of joy and facilitator of social oneness.<ref name=":5" /> ''Dahi Handi'' is an enactment of how Krishna, during his childhood, would steal butter.<ref name=":3" /> This story is the theme of numerous reliefs on temples across India, as well as literature and dance-drama repertoire, symbolizing the joyful innocence of children, that love and life's play is the manifestation of god.<ref name="Hawley2014ix">{{Cite book |author=John Stratton Hawley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncb_AwAAQBAJ |title=Krishna, The Butter Thief |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4008-5540-7 |pages=ix–xi, 3–11, 89, 256, 313–319}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Edwin Francis Bryant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C |title=Krishna: A Sourcebook |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-803400-1 |pages=114–118}}</ref>

It is common practice for youth groups to celebrate the festival by participating in ''[[Dahi Handi]],'' which involves hanging a clay pot, filled with buttermilk, at a significant height.<ref name=":5" /> Once hung, several youth groups compete to reach the pot by creating a human pyramid and breaking it open.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2022-08-18 |title=Krishna Janmashtami 2022: When is Dahi Handi? Know all about its date, history, celebrations and significance |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/krishna-janmashtami-2022-when-is-dahi-handi-know-all-about-its-date-history-celebrations-and-significance-101660824785555.html |access-date=2023-04-04 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TOIMishra">{{Cite news |author1=Ambarish Mishra |author2=Nitin Yeshwantrao |author3=Bella Jaisinghani |date=11 August 2012 |title=Nine-tier handi breaks into Guinness Records |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Nine-tier-handi-breaks-into-Guinness-Records/articleshow/15441796.cms?referral=PM |access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2008 |title=Janmashtami celebrated with zeal, enthusiasm |work=Mid Day |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2008/aug/240808-janmashtami-celebrated.htm |access-date=12 August 2009}}</ref> The spilled contents are considered as ''prasada'' (celebratory offering). It is a public spectacle, cheered and welcomed as a community event.<ref name="Roy2005p213">{{Cite book |author=Christian Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA213 |title=Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-57607-089-5 |pages=213–215}}</ref><ref name="CNNDMello">{{Cite news |last1=DMello |first1=Daniel |date=4 October 2011 |title=8 incredible facts about Mumbai |work=CNN |url=http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/life/8-incredible-facts-about-Mumbai-082838 |access-date=23 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729030959/http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/life/8-incredible-facts-about-Mumbai-082838 |archive-date=29 July 2014}}</ref>

===Gujarat and Rajasthan===
In [[Dwarka]], Gujarat – where Krishna is believed to have established his kingdom – people celebrate the festival with a tradition similar to ''Dahi Handi'', called ''Makhan Handi'' (pot with freshly churned butter). Others perform folk dances such and ''[[Garba (dance)|garba]]'' and ''raas'', sing [[bhajan|''bhajans'']], and visit Krishna temples such as at the [[Dwarkadhish Temple]] or [[Nathdwara]]. In the [[Kutch district]] region, farmers decorate their bullock carts and take out Krishna processions, with group singing and dancing.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Anjali H. Desai|title=India Guide Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&pg=PA71|year=2007|publisher=India Guide|isbn=978-0-9789517-0-2|pages=71, 76}}</ref> The day is of special importance to followers of the [[Pushtimarg]] and the [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya|Swaminarayan movement]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basu |first=Helene |title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |editor-last=Knut A. |editor-first=Jacobsen |chapter=Gujarat |editor-last2=Basu |editor-first2=Helene |editor-last3=Malinar |editor-first3=Angelika |editor-last4=Narayanan |editor-first4=Vasudha}}</ref>

The works of Gujarati poets, [[Narsinh Mehta]] (1414–1480 c.e.), [[Dayaram]] (1777–1852) and Rajasthani poet [[Mirabai]] (c.1500), are popularly revisited and sung during Janmashtami. Their works are categorized as part of the ''bhakti'' tradition, or devotional poetry dedicated to Krishna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7XyeTFxY3wC |title=The Poetics of Devotion: The Gujarati Lyrics of Dayaram |date=2001 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-7007-1233-5 |pages=31–32 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

===South India===
In [[Kerala]], people celebrate in September, according to the [[Malayalam calendar]].
[[File:Uppu Seedai-Ashwin restaurant,Attur-Tamilnadu-IMG 20210317 193820.jpg|thumb|Seedai prepared specially on Krishna Janmashtami]]
In [[Tamil Nadu]], people decorate the floor with kolams (decorative pattern drawn with rice batter). Geetha Govindam and other such devotional songs are sung in praise of Krishna. Little footprints, representing Krishna as an infant, are drawn from the threshold of the house till the pooja (prayer) room, which depicts the arrival of Krishna into the house.<ref>{{Citation |last=Vaswani |first=Jashan P. |title=Hinduism: What You Would Like to Know About |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NVJORFklvLEC&pg=PA92 |page=92 |year=2004 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-1-904910-02-2}}</ref> Reciting from the ''Bhagavad Gita'' is also a popular practice. The offerings made to Krishna include fruits, betel and butter. Milk-based items, such as sweet ''seedai'' and ''verkadalai urundai'', are prepared.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Sengar |first=Resham|title=This is how the South India celebrates Krishna Janmashtami |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/this-is-how-the-south-india-celebrated-krishna-janmashtami/articleshow/70818421.cms |access-date=2023-05-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The festival is celebrated in the evening as Krishna was born at midnight. Most people observe a strict fast on this day.<ref name=":6" />

[[File:Krishnastami Toddler Dress Up 2.jpg.jpg|thumb|A toddler dressed like Krishna]]
In [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], recitation of shlokas and devotional songs are the characteristics of this festival. Another unique feature of this festival is that young boys are dressed up as Krishna and they visit neighbours and friends. The people of Andhra Pradesh observe a fast too. Various kinds of sweets such as [[chakodi]], [[murukku]], and '''seedai''' are offered to Krishna on this day.<ref name=":6"/> Joyful chanting of Krishna's name takes place in quite a few temples of the state. The number of temples dedicated to Krishna are few. The reason being that people have taken to worship him through paintings and not idols.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

Popular south Indian temples dedicated to Krishna are [[Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Mannargudi|Rajagopalaswamy Temple]] in [[Mannargudi]] in the [[Tiruvarur district]], Pandavadhoothar temple in [[Kanchipuram]], Sri Krishna temple at [[Udupi]], and the Krishna temple at [[Guruvayur]] are dedicated to the memory of Vishnu's incarnation as Krishna. It is believed that the ''[[murti]]'' (idol) of Krishna installed in Guruvayur is originally from his kingdom in Dwarka – which is believed to be submerged in the sea.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Manohar Laxman Varadpande |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaF603WEv4IC&pg=PA94 |title=Krishna Theatre in India |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1982 |isbn=978-81-7017-151-5 |page=94 |language=en}}</ref>

===Eastern and Northeastern India===
Janmashtami is widely celebrated by Krishnaite and Hindu Vaishnava communities of eastern and northeastern India. The widespread tradition of celebrating Krishna in these regions is credited to the efforts and teachings of 15th and 16th century [[Sankardev]]a and [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]. Sankardeva introduced the musical composition, ''[[Borgeet]]'', and dance-drama styles – ''[[Ankia Naat]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Banham |first=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ubr35UeE-UQC&dq=ankiya+nat&pg=PA13 |title=The Cambridge Paperback Guide to Theatre |date=1996-03-07 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-44654-9 |pages=13 |language=en}}</ref>'' and ''[[Sattriya]]'' - that is now popular in West Bengal and Assam. In Manipur state, a traditional dance - ''[[Manipuri Raas Leela|Raas Leela]]'' - inspired by the theme of love and devotion between Krishna, Radha and the gopis, is enacted using the Manipuri dance style.<ref name=lochtefeld420>{{Cite book |author=James G. Lochtefeld |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA376 |year=2002 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |pages=420–421}}</ref>{{Sfn|Reginald Massey|2004|p=177}}{{Sfn|Ragini Devi|1990|pp=175–180}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ |title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture |date=16 June 2019 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-0-359-72919-7 |pages=193 |language=en}}</ref> The contextual roots of these dance drama arts are found in the ancient text ''[[Natya Shastra]]'', but with influences from the culture fusion between India and southeast Asia.{{Sfn|Saryu Doshi|1989|pp=xv–xviii}}{{Sfn|Natalia Lidova|2014}}{{Sfn|Tarla Mehta|1995}}

[[File:Rasa Lila in Manipuri dance style.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|left|250px|''[[Rasa lila]]'' in [[Manipuri dance]] style]]
On Janmashtami, parents dress up their children as Krishna or the gopis. Temples and community centers are decorated with regional flowers and leaves, while groups recite or listen to the tenth chapter of the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', and the ''[[Bhagavata Gita]]''.<ref name="Roy2005p213"/>

Janmashtami is a major festival celebrated with fasts, vigil, recitation of scriptures and Krishna prayers in Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prakasan|first=Chethana|date=19 August 2016|title=Latest travel Articles & blogs|url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/janmashtami-celebration-in-india-how-janmashtami-is-celebrated-in-maharashtra-vrindavan-mathura-and-manipur-3232675/|access-date=10 August 2020|website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref> Dancers performing [[Raslila]] are a notable annual tradition during Janmashtami in Mathura and Vrindavan.<ref>{{Cite book |editor1=Vijaya Ghose |editor2=Jaya Ramanathan |editor3=Renuka N. Khandekar |year=1992 |title=Tirtha, A Treasury of Indian Expressions |location=New Delhi |publisher=CMC |page=184 |isbn=978-81-900267-0-3 |quote=Raslila plays are specially enacted during Janmashtami and Holi festivals at Mathura, Bridavan in the Braj region.}}</ref> Children play the ''Likol Sannaba'' game in the Meetei Krishnaite community.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Naorem Sanajaoba|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA284 |year=1988|publisher=Mittal |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|pages=284–285}}</ref>

The [[Shree Govindajee Temple]] and the ISKCON temples particularly mark the Janmashtami festival.<ref name=toiassammani>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Janmashtami-joy-in-Assam-Manipur/articleshow/53866640.cms Janmashtami joy in Assam and Manipur], The Times of India (26 August 2016)</ref> Janmashtami is celebrated in Assam at homes, in community centers called [[Namghar]]s (Assamese: নামঘৰ). According to the tradition, the devotees sing the ''Nam'', perform pujas and sharing food and ''Prasada''.<ref name=toiassammani />

====Odisha and West Bengal====
[[File:Janmashtami Puja.jpg|thumb|Janmashtami Puja in Odia family]]
In the eastern state of [[Odisha]], specifically the region around [[Puri]] and in [[Nabadwip]], [[West Bengal]], the festival is also referred to as ''Sri Krishna Jayanti'' or simply ''Sri Jayanti''.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Prabhat Mukherjee |title=The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LFzfbhmJcMC&pg=PA185 |year=1981 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0229-8 |page=185}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Bhakti Prajnan Yati Maharaj |year=1978 |title=Renaissance of Gaudiya Vaishnava Movement |publisher=Sree Gaudiya Math |page=260 |oclc=6199191 |quote="His Madras visit took place during the Sri Janmashtami (Sri Krishna's Advent day) ... they made an appeal to Srila Acharyadeva to visit Madras Math every year particularly during the Sri Jayanti (Janmastami)."}}</ref> People celebrate Janmashtami by fasting and worship until midnight. The ''Bhagavata Purana'' is recited from the 10th chapter, a section dedicated to the life of [[Krishna]]. The next day is called "Nanda Ucchhaba" or the joyous celebration of Krishna's foster parents [[Nanda (mythology)|Nanda]] and [[Yashoda]]. Devotees keep [[fasting]] during the entire day of Janmashtami. They bring water from [[Ganges|Ganga]] to bathe Radha Madhaba during their abhisheka ceremony. A grand abhisheka is performed at midnight for the small Radha Madha. In Odisha, the Jagannath Temple in Puri, best known for its grand [[Ratha Yatra (Puri)|''Ratha Yatra'']] celebrations, perform a ''Ratha Yatra'' during Janmashtami.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Badlani |first=Dr Hiro G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SFKDwAAQBAJ&dq=krishna+janmashtami+in+jagannath+temple&pg=PA323 |title=Hinduism: Path of the Ancient Wisdom |date=2008-09-30 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0-595-87961-8 |pages=323 |language=en}}</ref>

==Outside India==
===Nepal===
[[File:Patan-Krishna Mandir-02-Garudasaeule-Vishveshvara-Bhimsen-gje.jpg|thumb|[[Krishna Mandir, Patan|Krishna Mandir]] in Patan, Nepal.]]
About eighty percent of the population of [[Nepal]] identify themselves as Hindus and celebrate Krishna Janmashtami. They observe Janmashtami by fasting until midnight. It is a national holiday in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Krishna Janmashtami 2020: Puja Vrat Vidhi, Fasting and Significance|url=https://www.spotlightnepal.com/2020/08/10/krishna-janmashtami-2020-puja-vrat-vidhi-fasting-and-significance/|access-date=24 December 2020|website=SpotlightNepal|language=en}}</ref> The devotees recite the [[Bhagavad Gita]] and sing religious songs called bhajans and kirtans. The temples of Krishna are decorated. Shops, posters and houses carry Krishna motifs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Janmashtami in Nepal: Devotees throng magnificent Krishna Temple|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/janmashtami-in-nepal-devotees-throng-magnificent-krishna-temple20190823182855/|access-date=10 August 2020|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref>

===Bangladesh===
[[File:Street_Folk_Parade.jpg|thumb|Janmashtami celebrations in [[Dhaka]]]]
Janmashtami is a [[Public holidays in Bangladesh|national holiday in Bangladesh]].<ref name="grover">{{Citation |last=Grover |first=Verinder |title=Bangladesh: Government and Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1uTvbI84HIC&pg=PA8 |year=2000 |publisher=Deep and Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7100-928-2 |page=8}}</ref> On Janmashtami, a procession starts from [[Dhakeshwari Temple]] in [[Dhaka]], the National Temple of Bangladesh, and then proceeds through the streets of [[Old Dhaka]]. The procession dates back to 1902, but was stopped in 1948. The procession was resumed in 1989.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Bangladesh blessings |journal=Hinduism Today |date=February 1997 |url=http://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=4810}}</ref>

===Fiji===
At least a quarter of the population in [[Fiji]] practices Hinduism, and this holiday has been celebrated in Fiji since the first Indian indentured laborers landed there. Janmashtami in Fiji is known as "Krishna Ashtami". Most Hindus in Fiji have ancestors that originated from [[Uttar Pradesh]], Bihar, and [[Tamil Nadu]], making this an especially important festival for them. Fiji's Janmashtami celebrations are unique in that they last for eight days, leading up to the eighth day, the day Krishna was born. During these eight days, Hindus gather at homes and at temples with their 'mandalis,' or devotional groups at evenings and night, and recite the [[Bhagavat Purana]], sing devotional songs for Krishna, and distribute Prasadam.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mala |first=Shahani |date=6 September 2015 |title=Hindus Mark Birth of Lord Krishna |url=http://fijisun.com.fj/2015/09/06/hindus-mark-birth-of-lord-krishna |work=Fiji Sun}}</ref>

===Pakistan===
Janmashtami is celebrated by [[Hindus in Pakistan|Pakistani Hindus]] in the [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Karachi|Shri Swaminarayan Mandir]] in [[Karachi]] with the singing of [[bhajans]] and delivering of sermons on Krishna.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archives.dawn.com/archives/162125 |title=KARACHI: Janamashtami festival celebrated Jai Sri Krishna |work=Dawn |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> It is an optional holiday in Pakistan. Prior to the [[Partition of India]], [[Dera Ghazi Khan]] was the center of a Janmashtami fair at the thallā of Kevalarāma. This fair is now recreated in [[Inder Puri]], New Delhi.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Entwistle |first=Alan William |date= |title=The Rāsa Mana Ke Pada of Kevalarāma: A Medieval Hindi Text of the Eight Gaddī of the Vallabha Sect |url= |degree=PhD |chapter= |publisher=University of London |docket= |oclc= |access-date=|pages=81–82, 106}}</ref>

===Others===
In [[Arizona]], United States, Governor [[Janet Napolitano]] was the first American leader to greet a message on Janmashtami, while acknowledging [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]].<ref>[http://apps.azsos.gov/public_services/register/2008/33/governor.pdf Executive Orders, Proclamations of General Applicability, and Statements Issues by the Governor Pursuant to A.R.S. § 41-1013(B)(3)], Arizona State Government, USA (2008)</ref> The festival is also celebrated widely by Krishnaites in the [[Caribbean]] countries of [[Guyana]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Jamaica]] and [[Suriname]]. Many Hindus in these countries originate from Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar; descendants of indentured immigrants from Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal, and Orissa.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Hinduism}}
* [[Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex]]
* [[Radhashtami]]
* [[Jai Shri Krishna]]
* [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadrapad]]
* [[Radha Krishna]]
* [[Seventh of Adar]]
* [[Musi River (India)]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{Cite book |author=Saryu Doshi |title=Dances of Manipur: The Classical Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRbkAAAAMAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=Marg Publications |isbn=978-81-85026-09-1}}
* {{Cite book |author=Ragini Devi |title=Dance Dialects of India |url=https://archive.org/details/dancedialectsofi0000ragi |url-access=registration |year=1990 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0674-0}}
* {{Cite web |author=Natalia Lidova |year=2014 |title=Natyashastra |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0071.xml |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0071 }}
* {{Citation |author=Tarla Mehta |title=Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7naMj1UxIkC |year=1995 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1057-0}}
* {{Cite book |author=Reginald Massey |title=India's Dances: Their History, Technique, and Repertoire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6MJ8jbHqIwC |year=2004 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-434-9}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://traveltoggle.com/krishna-janmashtami-nepal/ |title=Krishna Janmashtami-celebrating the Birth of Lord Krishna – Traveltoggle |date=11 July 2021}}
*

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Krishna Janmashtami}}

{{Krishna}}
{{HinduFestivals}}
{{Sindhi festivals}}

[[Category:August observances]]
[[Category:September observances]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in India]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Hindu holy days]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Nepal]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in Nepal]]
[[Category:Krishna]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Human towers]]
[[Category:Birthdays by person]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in Fiji]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in the United States]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in Guyana]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in Jamaica]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in Suriname]]
[[Category:Festivals in Assam]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in Bangladesh]]

53rd National Film Awards

2026-01-26T19:23:36Z

SanglapGeographer:

{{Short description|2007 Indian film award}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number = 53
| award = National Film Awards
| image =
| alt =
| caption = 53rd National Film Awards
| awarded_for = Best of Indian cinema in 2005
| award_org = [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]
| presenting_org = [[Pratibha Patil]] {{small|([[President of India]])}}
| announced_date = 7 August 2007
| presented_date = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|09|14}}
| site = [[Vigyan Bhavan]], New Delhi
| host =
| website = {{URL|dff.nic.in}}
| lifetime_achievement = [[Shyam Benegal]]
| best_feature = ''[[Kaalpurush (2005 film)|Kaalpurush]]''
| best_non_feature = ''[[Riding Solo to the Top of the World]]''
| best_book = ''Kundan''
| best_critic = [[Baradwaj Rangan]]
| most_wins = ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' (4)
| last = 52nd
| next = 54th
}}

The '''53rd [[National Film Awards]]''', presented by [[Directorate of Film Festivals]], the organisation set up by [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India]] to felicitate the best of [[Cinema of India|Indian Cinema]] released in the year 2005.<ref name="53rdaward">{{cite web |title=53rd National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/49_53Nfacatalogue-%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725205618/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/49_53Nfacatalogue-%20.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2020 |access-date=2 September 2020 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>

The selection process of 53rd National Film Awards began with the constitution of three Juries for feature film, non-feature film and best writing on cinema sections, which were declared on 28 July 2006.<ref name="53rdawardjuries">{{cite web|url=http://www.sawfnews.com/bollywood/17006.aspx|title=Juries for 53rd National Film Awards formed|access-date=19 March 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202013816/http://www.sawfnews.com/bollywood/17006.aspx|archive-date=2 February 2013|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[B. Saroja Devi]], an yesteryear's actress, headed the feature film Jury, which had eleven other members. A documentary maker and Indian television personality [[Siddharth Kak]] headed the six-member non-feature film Jury. The Jury for best writing on cinema was headed by veteran film critic [[Khalid Mohamed]].

The final announcement of awards was much delayed due to various controversies associated with them. Actual announcement was done almost after the 14th months of its expected announcement, after [[Delhi High Court]] gave green signal to announce the awards in all categories. Awards were scheduled to be declared on 12 May 2006.<ref name="indexpnews">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hc-nod-for-presentation-of-national-film-awa/207928/|title=HC nod for presentation of National Film Awards|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=1 August 2007|access-date=5 February 2011|archive-date=3 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903175824/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/hc-nod-for-presentation-of-national-film-awa/207928|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hindunews1">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/02/stories/2007080256550300.htm|title=Stay on National Film Awards vacated|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 August 2007|access-date=5 February 2011|archive-date=14 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514092456/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/02/stories/2007080256550300.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Awards were announced by each committee chairpersons on 7 August 2007 and ceremony took place at [[Vigyan Bhavan]], New Delhi on 14 September 2007 and awards were given [[President of India]], [[Pratibha Patil]]. It was also announced that prize money would be increased by five times and more categories would be added from next year.<ref name="htnews">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Finally-the-award-goes-to/Article1-248018.aspx|title=Finally, the award goes to...|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=15 September 2007|access-date=5 February 2011|archive-date=3 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903175826/https://www.hindustantimes.com/archive-news/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="indexpnews2">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/more-funds-for-film-awards-next-year/217091/#|title=More funds for film awards next year|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=15 September 2007|access-date=5 February 2011|archive-date=3 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903175835/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/more-funds-for-film-awards-next-year/217091|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hindunews3">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2007/09/15/stories/2007091561441400.htm|title=Film industry must harness untapped potential: Pratibha|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 September 2007|access-date=5 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321030219/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2007/09/15/stories/2007091561441400.htm|archive-date=21 March 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Awards ==

Awards were divided into feature films, non-feature films and books written on Indian cinema.

=== Lifetime Achievement Award ===

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Image
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awarded As
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awards
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|[[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]]
|[[File:Shyam Benegal.jpg|75px]]
|[[Shyam Benegal]]<ref name="dadasahebarchive">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/PhalkeAward.aspx|title=Dadasaheb Phalke Award Past Recipients|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=3 September 2020|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718171203/http://dff.nic.in/PhalkeAward.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Film director|Director]]
|Swarna Kamal, {{INR}} 2,00,000 and a Shawl
|}

=== Feature films ===

Feature films were awarded at All India as well as regional level. For 53rd National Film Awards, a [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]], ''[[Kaalpurush (2005 film)|Kaalpurush]]'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]]; whereas a [[Bollywood|Hindi film]], ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'', won the maximum number of awards (4). Following were the awards given in each category:<ref name="53rdaward"/>

==== Juries ====

A committee headed by [[B. Saroja Devi]] was appointed to evaluate the feature films awards. Following were the jury members:<ref name="53rdaward"/><ref name="53rdjuries">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=19244|title=53rd National Film Awards - Juries|date=28 July 2006|access-date=3 February 2011|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075058/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=19244|url-status=live}}</ref>

* '''Jury Members'''
** [[B. Saroja Devi]] ([[Chairman|Chairperson]]){{•}}[[P. H. Vishwanath]]{{•}}Katte Ramachandra{{•}}[[B. S. Loknath]]{{•}}[[Seema Biswas]]{{•}}P. Sudershan
** [[Shyamaprasad]]{{•}}Shyamali Deb Banerjee{{•}}Meena Debbarma{{•}}[[Anwar Ali (actor)|Anwar Ali]]{{•}}Ina Puri{{•}}Ashok Saran

==== All India Award ====

Following were the awards given:<ref name="53rdaward"/>

===== Golden Lotus Award =====

Official Name: Swarna Kamal<ref name="53rdaward"/>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
|''[[Kaalpurush (2005 film)|Kaalpurush - Memories In The Mist]]''
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|[[Film producer|Producer]]: [[Jhamu Sughand]]<ref name=toi2008>{{cite news | title = Lagaan producer Jhamu Sughand passes away | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lagaan-producer-Jhamu-Sughand-passes-away/articleshow/3076751.cms | date = 27 May 2008 | access-date = 2 January 2016 | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | archive-date = 26 December 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141226212907/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lagaan-producer-Jhamu-Sughand-passes-away/articleshow/3076751.cms | url-status = live }}</ref> [[Film director|Director]]: [[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]]
|{{INR}} 50,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For a rare lyrical style and a unique cohesion of narrative structure and characters that allow it to flow on different planes.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|Best Debut Film of A Director]]
|''[[Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta]]''
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Producer: [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] Director: [[Pradeep Sarkar]]
|{{INR}} 25,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the competent directorial style to recreate a classic novel with modern cinematic sensibilities.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]
|''[[Rang De Basanti]]''
|Hindi
|Producer: [[UTV Software Communications|UTV Motion Pictures]] and Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra Pictures (P) Ltd. Director: [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]]
|{{INR}} 40,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For creating popular appeal that captures the angst of the younger generation with compassion and imagination.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]]
|''[[The Blue Umbrella (2005 film)|The Blue Umbrella]]''
|Hindi
|Producer: [[UTV Software Communications|UTV Motion Pictures]] Director: [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
|{{INR}} 30,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its poetic and visually stunning interpretation of a story highlighting the values of selflessness and compassion.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]
|''[[Parzania]]''
|[[English language|English]]
|[[Rahul Dholakia]]
|{{INR}} 50,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the compelling documentation of contemporary human lives trapped in difficult times of communal hatred and violence.''
|}

===== Silver Lotus Award =====

Official Name: Rajat Kamal<ref name="53rdaward"/>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|Best Feature Film on National Integration]]
|''[[Daivanamathil]]''
|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|Producer: [[Aryadan Shoukath]] Director: [[Jayaraj]]
|{{INR}} 30,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the powerful representation of a burning communal issue highlighting the plight of women in the times of religious intolerence.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare|Best Film on Family Welfare]]
|''[[Thavamai Thavamirundhu]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Producer: P. Shanmugam Director: [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]
|{{INR}} 30,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the evocative portrayal of a family caught in trials and tribulations in a simple narrative style.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues|Best Film on Other Social Issues]]
|''[[Iqbal (film)|Iqbal]]''
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Producer: [[Subhash Ghai]] Director: [[Nagesh Kukunoor]]
|{{INR}} 30,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its inspiring and cinematically energetic portrayal of a hearing impaired in his aspiration to become a champion cricketer.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation|Best Film on Environment / Conservation / Preservation]]
|''[[Thutturi]]''
|[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|Producer: [[Jaimala (actress)|Jaimala Ramchandra]] Director: [[P. Sheshadri]]
|{{INR}} 30,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its imaginative portrayal of a group of young children who fight to preserve a healthy urban environment.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]''
|{{•}}[[Hindi language|Hindi]] {{•}}[[English language|English]]
|[[Amitabh Bachchan]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his dramatic rendition of reformed alcoholic who struggles to give a physically handicapped child a new life.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|''[[Parzania]]''
|English
|[[Sarika]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For her rendition of a crusading mother who fights for justice against all a diversity in a communally charged environment.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|''[[Iqbal (film)|Iqbal]]''
|Hindi
|[[Naseeruddin Shah]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his competent depiction of an endearing man who finds it difficult to give up his addiction to alcohol but still emerges vicarious as his protégé the young village lad conquers his dream.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|''[[Achuvinte Amma]]''
|Malayalam
|[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the highly credible performance of a brave woman who pledges her life and love for an adopted child.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
|''[[Bommalata|Bommalata – A Bellyful of Dreams]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Sai Kumar
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his haunting performance as a child who realises his burning desire to access school education.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' {{small|("Roo Ba Roo")}}
|Hindi
|[[Naresh Iyer]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his melodious rendering of a lilting song that adds exuberance to the film.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|''[[Paheli (2005 film)|Paheli]]'' {{small|("Dheere Jalna")}}
|Hindi
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For her evocative rendition of a song that treads the fine balance between the classical and popular genre of Hindi film music.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|''[[Sringaram]]''
|Tamil
|[[Camera operator|Cameraman]]: [[Madhu Ambat]] [[Film laboratory|Laboratory Processing]]: Prasad Film Laboratories
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the technical brilliance which is evident in the framing, lighting and execution throughout the film.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|''[[Apaharan]]''
|Hindi
|{{*}}[[Prakash Jha]] {{*}}Shridhar Raghavan {{*}}[[Manoj Tyagi]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For creating a crisp screenplay that is riveting and renders pace to the entire film.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]]
|''[[Rang De Basanti]]''
|Hindi
|Nakul Kamte
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For creating a vibrant sound design that effectively supports the graph of the film.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
|''[[Rang De Basanti]]''
|Hindi
|P. S. Bharati
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For creating a commendable pace and multi-layered visual design that heightens the impact of the film.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]
|''[[Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story]]''
|Hindi
|C. B. More
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For effectively recreating the mughal period and rendering life to an era.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|''[[Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story]]''
|Hindi
|[[Anna Singh]]
|rowspan="4"|{{INR}} 5,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For creating costumes true to the spirit of a period film.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]''
|Hindi and English
|[[Sabyasachi Mukherjee]]
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For his imaginative creations that enhanced the mood and added to ambience of the film.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]]
|''[[Sringaram]]''
|Tamil
|[[Lalgudi Jayaraman]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For bringing alive an era of great musical and dance tradition through the deft use of Indian musical instruments.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyrics]]
|''Thaayi'' {{small|("Barutheve Naav Barutheve")}}
|Kannada
|[[Baraguru Ramachandrappa]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the lyric "Barutheve Naav Barutheve" in the Kannada film Thaayi which heightened the effect of the entire film.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
|''[[Anniyan]]''
|Tamil
|[[Tata Elxsi]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For highly imaginative and creative special effects that lift the style of the film.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|''[[Sringaram]]''
|Tamil
|[[Saroj Khan]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For authentic recreation of the devdasi tradition that has been brought out with immense grace and beauty.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|Special Jury Award]]
|''[[Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara]]''
|Hindi
|[[Anupam Kher]] ([[Actor]])
|{{INR}} 25,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For an outstanding performance in the film that brings alive the plight of an Alzheimer's patient who is alienated from the real world.''
|}

==== Regional Awards ====

The award is given to best film in the regional languages in India.<ref name="53rdaward"/>

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:23%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:33%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Assamese|Best Feature Film in Assamese]]
|''[[Kadamtole Krishna Nache]]''
|Producer: [[Suman Haripriya]] Director: Suman Haripriya
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its attempt at preserving the dying culture and traditions of Assam.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]]
|''[[Herbert (film)|Herbert]]''
|Producer: Kajal Bhattacharya and Abanti Chakraborty Director: [[Suman Mukhopadhyay]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For a refreshingly cinematic idiom as the protagonist of this urban existential tragicomedy veers between the real and the surreal.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
|''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]''
|Producer: Anshuman Swami and [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] Director: Sanjay Leela Bhansali
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For a stylised and visually vibrant tale of a physically challenged child who learns to live and become an achiever against insurmountable odds.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|Best Feature Film in Kannada]]
|''Thaayi''
|Producer: [[Pramila Joshai|Prameela Joshai]] Director: [[Baraguru Ramachandrappa]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its contemporary interpretation of Maxim Gorky's classic novel against injustice and oppression.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]
|''[[Thanmathra]]''
|Producer: Century Films Director: [[Blessy]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For the moving depiction of a middle – class family which struggles to lead a dignified life in the face of the house holder's gradual loss of memory.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|Best Feature Film in Marathi]]
|''[[Dombivali Fast]]''
|Producer: Ramakant Gaikwad Director: [[Nishikant Kamat]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its portrayal of an urban middle class man who breaks down under tremendous stress and pressures of life in a corrupt modern city.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Odia|Best Feature Film in Odia]]
|''[[Kathantara]]''
|Producer: [[Iti Samanta]] Director: Himanshu Khatua
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For seeking to re-establish Indian family values in the modern day situation.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Punjabi|Best Feature Film in Punjabi]]
|''Baghi''
|Producer: Gaj Deol Director: Sukhminder Dhanjal
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For graphically delineating the caste divide in modern day Punjab.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film in Tamil]]
|''[[Aadum Koothu]]''
|Producer: Light and Shadow Movie Makers Director: [[T. V. Chandran]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its imaginative portrayal of a young girl who travels between past and present time zones.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
|''[[Bommalata|Bommalata - A Bellyful Of Dreams]]''
|Producer: [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] [[Rana Daggubati]]
 Director: [[Prakash Kovelamudi]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For cinematically vibrant rendition of the story of an underprivileged through the medium of puppetry and magic.''
|}

'''Best Feature Film in Each of the Language Other Than Those Specified In the Schedule VIII of the Constitution'''

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:23%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:33%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#Best Bhojpuri Feature Film|Best Feature Film in Bhojpuri]]
|''Kab Hoi Gawna Hamar''
|Producer: Deepa Narayan Director: Anand D. Ghatraj
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For a family drama that harks back to traditional values and modern day sensibilities.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English|Best Feature Film in English]]
|''[[15 Park Avenue]]''
|Producer: Bipin Kumar Vohra Director: [[Aparna Sen]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its effective and intense portrayal of a schizophrenic girl who seeks a dream world that may or may not even exist.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#Best Monpa Feature Film|Best Feature Film in Monpa]]
|''Sonam''
|Producer: Garima Films Director: Ahsan Muzid
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For picturesque effective portrayal of the contemporary tribal life.''
|}

=== Non-Feature Films ===

Films made in any Indian language shot on 16 mm, 35 mm or in a wider gauge or digital format and released on either film format or video/digital but certified by the Central Board of Film Certification as a documentary/newsreel/fiction are eligible for non-feature film section.

==== Juries ====

A committee headed by [[Siddharth Kak]] was appointed to evaluate the non-feature films awards. Following were the jury members:<ref name="53rdaward"/><ref name="53rdjuries"/>

* '''Jury Members'''
** [[Siddharth Kak]] ([[Chairman|Chairperson]]){{•}}Chinmoya Nath{{•}}Sangeeta Tamuli{{•}}[[Kishore Dang]]{{•}}[[Kireet Khurana]]{{•}}A. B. Tripathi

==== Golden Lotus Award ====

Official Name: Swarna Kamal<ref name="53rdaward"/>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film|Best Non-Feature Film]]
|''[[Riding Solo to the Top of the World]]''
|[[English language|English]]
|Producer: Gaurav A. Jani and P. T. Giridhar Rao of M/s. Dirtrack Productions Director: Gaurav A. Jani
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''Made in the best tradition of Cinema verity, personal, vivid and natural. The film leads the viewer from revelation to revelation giving us an opportunity to come to love and know the "Changpas" and their unique lifestyle.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Direction|Best Non-Feature Film Direction]]
|''Voices Across the Oceans''
|English and [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Ganesh Shankar Gaikwad
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''This sensitive film uses simple, masterly non-linear storytelling to take us through a nostalgic journey of BBC's association with India's key defining moments in the nation's history.''
|}

==== Silver Lotus Award ====

Official Name: Rajat Kamal<ref name="53rdaward"/>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)' and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best First Non-Feature Film of a Director|Best First Non-Feature Film]]
|''John and Jane''
|[[English language|English]]
|Producer: [[Ashim Ahluwalia]] Director: Ashim Ahluwalia
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For an evocative film capturing the essence of call centres in urban India, its pressures and the dualities of life in this new reality.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Anthropological/Ethnographic Film|Best Anthropological / Ethnographic Film]]
|''Spirit Of The Graceful Lineage''
|English
|Producer: Bibi Devi Barbarooah Director: Prerana Barbarooah Sharma
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For an interesting documentation of the unique matrilineal society of the Khasis of Meghalaya.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Biographical Film|Best Biographical Film]] and [[National Film Award for Best Historical Reconstruction/Compilation Film|Best Historical Reconstruction / Compilation Film]] (Jointly given)
|''Hans Akela - Kumar Gandharva''
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Producer: [[Films Division of India|Films Division]] Director: [[Jabbar Patel]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For a film made with a deep sense of understanding of classical Music. This well researched film sensitively evokes the unique personality and contribution of Kumar Gandharva and shows the human face of his outstanding creativity.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film|Best Arts / Cultural Film]]
|''Naina Jogin''
|Hindi and [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
|Producer: Praveen Kumar Director: Praveen Kumar
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For a seamless film aesthetically blending fact, fiction and reconstruction with perceptive interviews bringing out the life of the Madhubani painters of Bihar.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Scientific Film|Best Scientific Film]] / [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Environment/Conservation/Preservation Film|Best Environment / Conservation / Preservation Film]]
|''Under This Sun''
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|Producer: Nilanjan Bhattacharya Director: Nilanjan Bhattacharya
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For a thought provoking film on environmental diversity with excellent Cinematography, Music, Editing and Sound Design.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Agriculture Film|Best Agriculture Film]]
|''Seed Keepers''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] and English
|Producer: [[Rajiv Mehrotra]] Director: Farida Pacha
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its simple, honest portrayal of the lives of the women farmers in Andhra Pradesh and their need for addressing pertinent issues through self-empowerment using media and Technology.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Social Issues|Best Film on Social Issues]]
|''Way To Dusty Death''
|Hindi and English
|Producer: [[Rajiv Mehrotra]] Director: Sayed Fayaz
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For a Film on a little known subject that stirs the conscience and emotionally involves the viewers in the lives of the workers.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Investigative Film|Best Investigative Film]]
|''The Whistle Blowers''
|English
|Producer: [[Rajiv Mehrotra]] Director: Umesh Aggarwal
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For a small film with a big impact! In the best traditions of Investigative reportage, the film highlights the burning issue of hazards to health and pollution norms.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Animation Film|Best Animation Film]]
|''Kachua Aur Khargosh''
|Hindi
|Producer: Ramesh Sharma and Uma Gajapati Raju Director: C. B. Arun [[Animator]]: Moving Picture Company Animation team
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its delightful adaptation and twist to the well-known Hare and Tortoise story using apt voices, lively dialogues and the latest 3D animation technique skilfully in an Indian setting.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Short Fiction Film|Best Short Fiction Film]]
|''Thackkayin Meedha Naangu Kangal''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Producer: [[Doordarshan]] and Ray Cinema Director: [[Vasanth]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its moving and realistic depiction of pride, deprivation and emotion in a small coastal village of Tamil Nadu.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|''Parsiwada, Tarapore Present Day''
|English and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|[[Camera operator|Cameraman]]: Paramvir Singh [[Film laboratory|Laboratory Processing]]: [[Reliance MediaWorks Ltd|Adlabs]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its visually poetic depiction of the decadent Parsi community, with imaginative use of great lighting and compositions.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Audiography|Best Audiography]]
|''Closer''
|
|Anmol Bhave
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its outstandingly imaginative use of sound design complementing an equally breath-taking visual wizardry. Closer leaves its audience with a sense of beauty and awe.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Editing|Best Editing]]
|''Naina Jogin''
|Hindi and Maithili
|Vibuti Nathjha
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its skilful editing. It is difficult to make out where one sequence ends and the other begins!''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Narration / Voice Over|Best Narration / Voice Over]]
|''Wapsi''
|English, Hindi, [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
|Ajay Raina
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''Spoken in the first person, the Director literally brings his personal voice into its making.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Non-Feature Film)|Special Jury Award]]
|''[[Final Solution (2003 film)|Final Solution]]''
|Hindi, Gujarati and English
|[[Rakesh Sharma (filmmaker)|Rakesh Sharma]] (Director)
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its powerful, hard-hitting documentation with a brutally honest approach lending incisive insights into the Godhra incident, its aftermath and the abetment of large-scale violence.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award – Special Mention (Non-Feature Film)|Special Mention]]
|''[[Chabiwali Pocket Watch]]''
|Hindi
|Vibhu Puri (Director)
|rowspan="4"|Certificate Only
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For a director's film with competent execution of a good concept with great art direction, cinematography and performances.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|''Bhraimoman Theatre''
|[[Assamese language|Assamese]]
|Bidyut Kotoky (Director)
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its fascinating picture of a cultural sub-world of Assam, capturing true moments of emotion and joy.''
|}

=== Best Writing on Cinema ===

The awards aim at encouraging study and appreciation of cinema as an art form and dissemination of information and critical appreciation of this art-form through publication of books, articles, reviews etc.

==== Juries ====

A committee headed by [[Khalid Mohamed]] was appointed to evaluate the writing on Indian cinema. Following were the jury members:<ref name="53rdaward"/><ref name="53rdjuries"/>

* '''Jury Members'''
** [[Khalid Mohamed]] ([[Chairman|Chairperson]]){{•}}Ratnottama Sengupta{{•}}Amitabh Parashar

==== Golden Lotus Award ====
Official Name: Swarna Kamal<ref name="53rdaward"/>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)' and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Book
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:35%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:15%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema|Best Book on Cinema]]
|''Kundan''
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|[[Publisher]]: Saransh Prakashan [[Author]]: Sharad Dutt
|{{INR}} 15,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its warm and insightful reconstruction of the life and art of the legendary singer-actor K. L. Saigal, as well as its significance as reference material which will be accessible to students and cineastes of Indian cinema history.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Film Critic|Best Film Critic]]
|
|
|[[Baradwaj Rangan]]
|{{INR}} 15,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For intelligent and reader-friendly reviews of popular cinema with a depth of understanding of the form, a discernible passion for the medium bulwarked consistently by a knowledge of the trends and touchstones of global cinema.''
|}

=== Awards not given ===

Following were the awards not given as no film was found to be suitable for the award:<ref name="53rdaward"/>

{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
* [[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare|Best Film on Family Welfare]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film on Family Welfare|Best Non-Feature Film on Family Welfare]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Music Direction|Best Non-Feature Film Music Direction]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Educational/Motivational/Instructional Film|Best Educational / Motivational / Instructional Film]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri|Best Feature Film in Manipuri]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Promotional Film|Best Promotional Film]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Exploration/Adventure Film|Best Exploration / Adventure Film]]
{{div col end}}

== Controversies ==

The awards were surrounded by couple of controversies related to it. This delayed the final announcement of the awards. The year was considered as a 'zero year' for the Film Awards.<ref name="ibnlivenews1">{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/national-film-awards-a-yr-late-big-b-best-actor--list/46383-8.html|title=National Film Awards a yr late, Big B best actor|publisher=[[CNN-IBN|IBN Live]]|date=7 August 2007|access-date=5 February 2011|archive-date=14 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014105908/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/national-film-awards-a-yr-late-big-b-best-actor--list/46383-8.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ibnlivenews2">{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/zero-year-for-national-film-awards/26706-8.html|title='Zero year' for national film awards|publisher=[[CNN-IBN|IBN Live]]|date=21 November 2006|access-date=5 February 2011|archive-date=14 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014105921/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/zero-year-for-national-film-awards/26706-8.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Bombay and Delhi High Court Judgements ===

As per the rule, award committee judges the films which have obtained the censorship certificate from [[Central Board of Film Certification]] in order to be eligible for entry. Noted film-makers [[Anand Patwardhan]], Gaurav Jani and Simantini Dhuru had filed a petition in the [[Bombay High Court]] asking for exemptions for their films from obtaining censor board certification. Based on this petition, the court had given judgments to consider the uncensored films as well for the awards. In spite of this judgment, juries went ahead with the existing rule and left out uncensored non-feature films.

On this judgment, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] decided to appeal in the [[Supreme Court of India]] against this verdict.

Justice B.D. Ahmed of Supreme Court then given a verdict putting aside the earlier verdict given by Bombay High Court and made compulsory for the films to have the censor board certificate.<ref name="hindunews1"/><ref name="indexpnews2"/><ref name="ibnlivenews1"/><ref name="ibnlivenews2"/><ref name="toinews">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/National-awards-Big-B-Sarika-win-top-honours/articleshow/2263775.cms|title=National awards: Big B, Sarika win top honours|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 August 2007|access-date=5 February 2011|archive-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222185956/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/National-awards-Big-B-Sarika-win-top-honours/articleshow/2263775.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hindunews2">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/15/stories/2006081514240900.htm|title=Results of national film awards kept in abeyance|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 August 2006|access-date=5 February 2011|archive-date=8 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108195534/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/15/stories/2006081514240900.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ibnlivenews3">{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/wait-over-for-national-awards/38430-8.html|title=National Awards finally? Govt knows!|publisher=[[CNN-IBN|IBN Live]]|date=13 April 2007|access-date=5 February 2011|archive-date=14 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014110005/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/wait-over-for-national-awards/38430-8.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ibnlivenews4">{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/film-awards-put-off-indefinitely/22462-3.html|title=Film Awards put off indefinitely|publisher=[[CNN-IBN|IBN Live]]|date=25 September 2006|access-date=5 February 2011|archive-date=14 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014110044/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/film-awards-put-off-indefinitely/22462-3.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Favoritism for the films ===

Kolkata based film critic and one of the jurors for 53rd National Film Awards, Shyamali Deb Banerjee, had filed a petition in the [[Delhi High Court]] against the favouritism in the selection of films for the awards in the five categories and levelling charges of corruption and fixing in deciding the 53rd Awards. She alleged that there is pressure on the members of the jury by the Directorate of the Film Festivals to decide in favour of particular films. According to her, awards have been 'High Jacked' and nexus between producers, distributors and directors.

To support her claim, she sent two letters to Directorate of the Film Festivals on 13 August and 4 September 2006, in which she questioned the selection process of the awards and also alleged that preliminary round drop-out films were then selected for the awards.

She had challenged the decision to give the awards to [[Black (2005 film)|Black]] for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Film in Hindi]] and [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]], [[Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta]] for [[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|Best Debut Director]], saying it is not an original work and is inspired with the movies released earlier on the same theme. [[Parzania]] winning the [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Director]] for [[Rahul Dholakia]] and [[Sarika]] for [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] was accused to mock the Indian democratic system. However, Hindi Film [[Apaharan]] and Tamil film [[Anniyan]] which won [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] and [[National Film Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]] respectively were accused of not even qualifying the preliminary rounds and then winning the awards.

However, the petition was dismissed by the court saying the petitioner had no case when the other members of the Jury had no objection to the selection of the films for the awards.<ref name="indexpnews"/><ref name="hindunews1"/><ref name="indexpnews2"/><ref name="ibnlivenews1"/><ref name="indexpnews3">{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=86222|title=Delhi HC stays National Films Awards|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=9 May 2007|access-date=5 February 2011|archive-date=11 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011161317/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=86222|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Awards for Black ===

[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s [[Black (2005 film)|Black]] also faced the heat of controversy when Shyamali Deb Banerjee, a juror for the 53rd National Film Awards, claimed that the film was ineligible for awards as it was an adaptation of the film [[The Miracle Worker (1962 film)|The Miracle Worker]] and according to the rules adaptations were ineligible for awards. She had also filed a petition in the court. Though the film finally won three national awards, for Best Actor, Best Costume Design and Best Feature Film in Hindi.
There was also a big discussion about the fact that [[Mohanlal]] was not awarded for his role in [[Thanmathra]], which was played in Malayalam.
<ref name="indexpnews"/><ref name="hindunews1"/><ref name="indexpnews2"/><ref name="ibnlivenews1"/><ref name="indexpnews3"/>

=== Awards for Parzania ===

Shyamali Deb Banerjee had also alleged [[Rahul Dholakia]]'s [[Parzania]] in her filed petition. It said that "film mocks the Indian democratic system and ends with just forming a human rights commission for a probe into the riots. This film has been banned in Gujarat and if the award for best director goes to this film, it might fan further controversy." Film won Rahul Dholakia, his first National Film Award for Best Direction and Sarika won Best Actress Award.<ref name="indexpnews"/><ref name="hindunews1"/><ref name="indexpnews2"/><ref name="ibnlivenews2"/>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [https://dff.nic.in/Archive.aspx National Film Awards Archives]
* [https://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]

{{National Film Awards}}

[[Category:National Film Awards (India) ceremonies]]
[[Category:2007 Indian film awards]]
[[Category:2007 awards in India]]

Khangchengyao

2026-01-26T11:49:36Z

SanglapGeographer: creating new data...

{{Short description|Mountain peak}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Khangchengyao
| photo = Mountain Range in Northern Sikkim.jpg
| photo_caption = Kangchengyao from south-west
| elevation_m = 6913
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m = 1490
| prominence_ref =
| listing =
| location = [[Sikkim]]
| map = India Sikkim#India
| map_caption = Location of Khangchengyao
| map_size = 270
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|27|59|9|N|88|39|17|E|type:mountain_region:IN-NA_scale:100000|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| range_coordinates =
| range_coordinates_ref =
| range =
| topo =
| type =
| first_ascent = 1912 - Alexander Mitchell Kellas and Sherpas
| easiest_route =
}}

'''Khangchengyao''' is a mountain peak located at {{cvt|6913|m}} north-west of Yumesodong, [[North Sikkim]] in the [[Eastern Himalayas]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khangchengyao |url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/khangchengyao.html |access-date=2 December 2021 |website=PeakVisor |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202131604/https://peakvisor.com/peak/khangchengyao.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Location ==
Khangchengyao is a revered peak among the locals. It is the 4th highest peak in [[Sikkim]] and 10th highest peak in India. As per folklore, Khangchengyao is known as the ''Male Deity''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2020 |title=Indian Army undertakes expedition to Mount Khangchengyao, 10th highest peak in country |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/indian-army-undertakes-expedition-to-mount-khangchengyao-10th-highest-peak-in-country-2313443.html |access-date=2 December 2021 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202131848/https://zeenews.india.com/india/indian-army-undertakes-expedition-to-mount-khangchengyao-10th-highest-peak-in-country-2313443.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mountains of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Six-thousanders of the Transhimalayas]]

{{Asia-mountain-stub}}
{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}

Rema Menon

2026-01-11T13:07:02Z

SanglapGeographer: creating info

{{Short description|Indian translator}}
{{Indian name|Rema|Menon}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Rema Menon
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1944|09|10}}
| birth_place = [[Kingdom of Cochin]] (present-day [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala]])
| death_place =
| death_date =
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Translator
| movement =
| notable_works =
| parents = {{ubl|[[Puthezhath Raman Menon]] (father)|Moothedath Janakiyamma (mother)}}<ref>{{cite news |title=പുത്തേഴത്ത് രാമൻ മേനോനും മലയാളഭാഷയും ഭാവനയും |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/features/puthezhath-raman-menon-49th-death-anniverasy-1.8925760 |work=Mathrubhumi |date=22 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=21 January 2024 |access-date=15 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121054626/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/features/puthezhath-raman-menon-49th-death-anniverasy-1.8925760 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| spouse = Narayana Menon
| children = 1
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation]] (2017)
| influences =
| signature =
}}
'''Rema Menon''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]] language writer and translator from Kerala. Her translation of [[The Alchemist (novel)|The Alchemist]] into Malayalam was the first translation of that book into any of the Indian languages. For the translation of [[Khaled Hosseini]]'s ''[[And the Mountains Echoed]]'', she won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation]] in 2017.

==Biography==
Rema Menon was born in present-day Thrissur district of Kerala on September 10, 1944.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rema Menon |url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/14632327.Rema_Menon |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=www.goodreads.com |archive-date=2025-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916033417/https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/14632327.Rema_Menon |url-status=live }}</ref> Rema is the daughter of noted writer and former Kerala Sahitya Akademi president [[Puthezhath Raman Menon]].<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam">{{Cite web |last=Chandra |first=Rekha |date=2019-06-28 |title=മൊഴിമാറ്റകലയിലെ ആല്‍ക്കെമിസ്റ്റ്: മുതിര്‍ന്ന വിവര്‍ത്തക രമാ മേനോന്റെ എഴുത്തും ജീവിതവും |url=https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/malayalam-vaarika/essays/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8-%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95-%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82-59673.html |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Samakalika Malayalam |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=ml}}</ref> Hails from Thrissur district of Kerala, she studied in a [[Malayalam]] medium school in Thrissur.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> Her father had a large collection of books. This led her to reading literary works at a very young age and then to writing. At first she wrote short stories.

Rema married textile engineer Narayana Menon and moved to Ahmedabad, Gujarat.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> She joined the school there as a teacher.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/>

When her husband retired, she quit her job and settled in her hometown Thrissur.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/>

==Literary career==
Rema became more active in writing when she was residing in Gujarat with her family.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> The short stories she wrote were published in publications like Grihalakshmi, Vanitha, and Kumkumam.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> In 1984, she won the first prize in a short story writing competition organized by Kumkumam.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> This gave her more confidence to write. Later the stories she wrote published as two collections of short stories, ''Smarakam'' and ''Paithrikam''.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/>

Rema entered literary translation at the age of fifty-six by translating [[The Alchemist (novel)|The Alchemist]] into Malayalam. She first heard about this book when her son Madhu, who had read The Alchemist, told her about it. Rema liked the plot and asked her son to bring her an English version of it. When she finished reading The Alchemist, which she received in this way, Rema felt that this was a book that would inspire any reader, and for a timepass, she took every line of it and wrote it down in Malayalam. Upon knowing this, her daughter-in-law Sabine sent an e-mail message to the author of the novel [[Paulo Coelho]] about it, and then Paulo Coelho called her on the phone and spoke to her.<ref name="Manorama">{{Cite web |title=പൗലോ കൊയ്‌ലോയും രമാ മേനോനും : വിവർത്തനത്തിന്റെ രണ്ടു പതിറ്റാണ്ടും |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/literaryworld/2021/10/06/rema-menon-opens-up-on-translating-works-of-paulo-coelho-to-malayalam.html |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Manoramaonline |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml |archive-date=2021-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201102740/https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/literaryworld/2021/10/06/rema-menon-opens-up-on-translating-works-of-paulo-coelho-to-malayalam.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

It was at that time that Rema Menon went to Thrissur to attend a program of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi. There, when she met Ravi DC, the editor of [[DC Books]], she told him about the translation she had done. Interested in the plot, Ravi agreed to publish the book and subsequently purchased the copyright of 'The Alchemist' and published Malayalam translation of the book in 2000.<ref name="Manorama"/> It was the first translation of that book into any Indian language.<ref name="Vanitha">{{cite web |title=‘പെട്ടെന്നൊരു ദിവസം ഭയങ്കരമായി കൂർക്കംവലി തുടങ്ങി, പരിശോധനയിൽ കണ്ടത് കാൻസർ’: എഴുത്തിനെ കരുത്താക്കിയ രമാ മേനോൻ |url=https://www.vanitha.in/news/justin/2024/08/22/rama-menon-writer-translator-literary-life-story.html |website=Vanitha.in |publisher=[[Vanitha]] |language=ml}}</ref> 48 editions of The Malayalam Alchemist have been released so far.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/>

When her son got a job transfer and was living in London, Coelho invited him to a book launch event in London, and gave him his novels ''[[The Fifth Mountain]]'' and ''Miss Prim and the Devil'', saying that they were his gift to his mother Rema.<ref name="Manorama"/> She read and loved these two novels and translated them into Malayalam as ''Fifth Mountain'' and ''Chekuthanum penkitavum''.<ref name="Manorama"/> They were also published by DC Books. As the number of Coelho fans in Kerala increased, DC commissioned her to translate two more books. That is how ''Accrayil Ninnum Kandedutha Likhithangal'' (translation of the ''Manuscript found in Accra'') and ''Alep'' (translation of ''[[Aleph (novel)|Alep]]'') were published.<ref name="Manorama"/> When she felt that the later works of Coelho were not as interesting as the books she had first read, she did not undertake any of Coelho's books for translation, even though she was asked to do so.<ref name="Manorama"/> Instead, Rema started translating other books.

Rema Menon has published Malayalam translations of over 60 notable English literary works.<ref name="Mat Eng">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-28 |title=A translator removes the boundaries of language : Rema Menon |url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/specials/world-translation-day-2021/remamenontranslatorkerala-eb1f1002 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=en}}</ref> Notable books among them include translations of Afghan-American writer [[Khaled Hosseini]]'s ''[[The Kite Runner]]'' (as ''Pattam Parathunnavar''), ''[[A Thousand Splendid Suns]]'' (as ''Thilakkamarnna Ayiram Sooryanmar'') and ''[[And the Mountains Echoed]]'' (as ''Parvathangalum Matolikollukunnu''), translations of works such as ''Flight'' and ''Runners'' by Polish writer [[Olga Tokarczuk]], who won the Nobel Prize in 2018, [[Mao's Last Dancer (book)|Mao's Last Dancer]] by Chinese writer [[Li Cunxin]], the Tibetan work Polo Mountain (Alay), ''[[Siddhartha (novel)|Siddhartha]]'' by [[Hermann Hesse]], ''[[A Passage to India]]'' by [[E. M. Foster]], [[Svetlana Alexievich]]'s ''War's Unwomanly Face'', [[Marieke Lucas Rijneveld]]'s ''The Discomfort of Evening'', Gandhiji's ''[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth]]'', and spiritual works by many people such as the [[Dalai Lama]], [[Swami Rama]], [[Jaggi Vasudev]], etc.<ref name="Manorama"/><ref name="Mat Eng"/><ref name="Vanitha"/>

She is currently translating the South Korean novel ''A River in Darkness''.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/>

==Awards and honors==
Rema Menon won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation]] in 2017 for her book ''Parvathangalum Matolikollukunnu'', the translation of Afghan-American novelist [[Khaled Hosseini]]'s ''[[And the Mountains Echoed]]''.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Rema}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Translators to Malayalam]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]

Jiva Goswami

2026-01-07T02:16:13Z

SanglapGeographer: minor changes

{{Short description|16th-century Indian philosopher}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| honorific-prefix = Srila
| name = Jiva Goswami
| honorific-suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Statue of Jiva Goswami in his tomb in Vrindavan.png
| alt =
| caption = [[Murti]] of Jiva Goswami at his [[Samadhi#Hinduism|samadhi]] in [[Radha Damodar Temple, Vrindavan]].
| title =
| other_names = 
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{circa}} {{birth date text|1513}}
| birth_place = Ramakeli, [[Maldah district|Malda]], [[Bengal Sultanate]], (present-day [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{circa}} {{Death year and age|1598|1513}}
| death_place =
| resting_place = Radha-Damodar temple, [[Vrindavan]], India
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| nationality = Indian
| spouse =
| children =
| mother =
| father = Anupama
| denomination = [[Vaishnavism]]
| school =
| lineage = [[Brahma Sampradaya|Brahma-Madhva-Gaudiya]]
| sect = [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]
| subsect =
| known_for = Codifying [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]
| notable_works = {{unbulleted list|''Gopala Champu''|''[[Sat Sandarbhas]]''}}
| relatives = [[Rupa Goswami]] (paternal uncle), [[Sanatana Goswami]] (paternal uncle)
| signature =
| institute =
| founder =
| philosophy = [[Achintya Bheda Abheda]]
| guru = [[Rupa Goswami]]
| location = [[Vrindavan]], India
| predecessor =
| successor =
| disciples =
| influenced = {{unbulleted list|[[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]]|[[Gaurakisora Dasa Babaji]]|[[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]]|[[A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami]]}}
| initiation = 
| initiation_date =
| initiation_place =
| initiator =
| ordination = 
| website =
| honors = [[Six Goswamis of Vrindavana]]
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
'''Jiva Goswami''' ({{langx|sa|जीव गोस्वामी|Jīva Gosvāmī}}; {{circa|1513|1598}}){{sfn|Rosen|1990|page=143|ps=: Jiva Goswami (1513-1598)}}<ref>[http://www.krishna.com/jiva-goswami] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323051437/http://krishna.com/jiva-goswami|date=23 March 2017}} "1513–1598 AD"</ref> was an Indian philosopher and [[saint]] from the [[Gaudiya Vaishnava]] school of [[Vedanta]] tradition, producing a great number of philosophical works on the theology and practice of [[Bhakti yoga]], Vaishnava Vedanta and associated disciplines. He is known as one of the [[Six Goswamis of Vrindavan]] and was the nephew of the two leading figures, [[Rupa Goswami]] and [[Sanatana Goswami]].

==Biography==
===Genealogy===

His family lineage can be traced to [[Indian State]] of [[Karnataka]] and [[Naihati]] in the district of [[North 24 Parganas]] in present-day [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The former generations according to ''Bhakti-ratnakara'':<ref>{{cite journal |author-first=Tamonashchandra Das |author-last=Gupta |year=1933 |title=Raja Ganesh |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.237259/page/n147/mode/1up |journal=University of Calcutta: Journal of the Department of Letters |publisher=Calcutta University Press |volume=XXIII |pages=2, 8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Cakravarti |author-first=Sri Narahari |year=2009 |translator=Kusakratha dasa |editor=Grahila dasa |title=Bhakti-ratnakara |location=India |pages=33–42}}</ref>

Sarvajna Jagatguru was a famous [[Brahmin|brahmana]], great scholar in all [[Vedas]], respected [[Yajurveda|Yajur]]-vedi of the Baradvaja caste, and king of [[Karnataka]] in [[South India]], adored by all other contemporary kings. Sarvajna's son, Aniruddha, was spirited, famous, a proficient scholar of the Vedas, and a favourite of the reigning kings at the time. Aniruddha's sons, Rupesvara (eldest) and Harihara, were well respected due to their virtuous qualities. Rupesvara was famed as a scholar of the scriptures, while Harihara became a master in the art and science of weapons. Both brothers inherited the administration of the state after their father died, but Harihara soon snatched all the power, causing Rupesvara and his wife to travel to Paulastha-desa, where Sikharesvara befriended him and convinced him to settle there.

Rupesvara's son, Padmanabha, was a genius and easily learned the four Vedas making him famous. He had impeccable character and was genuinely absorbed in love of [[Jagannath|Lord Jagannatha]]. He left Sikharabhumi and settled on the bank of the [[Ganges]] in the village Navahatta (present-day [[Naihati]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<ref name = "Mitra351">Mitra, Satishchandra (1914), ''Jashohar- Khulnar Itihas Vol.1'', p 351</ref>), where he had eighteen daughters and five sons. His five sons were Purusottama (eldest), Jagannatha, Narayana, Murari, and Mukunda (youngest), where Purusottama and Mukunda were the best in experience and character. Mukunda's son, Kumara, was a great brahmana and highly virtuous. He privately engaged in oblations and purificatory penances. Becoming very disturbed by family difficulties, he left the village Navahatta with his followers and settled in the village [[Chandradwip|Bakla Chandradvipa]] in [[East Bengal]] (now [[Bangladesh]]). He built a house in the village [[Faridpur District|Fateyabad]] in [[Jessore]] for the convenience of communications with devotees and travelling [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavas]].

Among Kumara's many sons, [[Sanatana Goswami|Sanatana]] (eldest), [[Rupa Goswami|Rupa]] (middle), and Vallabha (youngest) were the life of the Vaishnava community and great devotees, all three becoming well known for their academic genius and devotion, and eventually settling in the village Ramakeli in [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]] (present-day [[Maldah District|Maldah]], [[West Bengal]]<ref name = "Ray72">Ray, Shankarnath (1958), ''Bharater Sadhak Vol. 11'', p 72</ref>). The brothers were greatly inspired by [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], who lived in [[Nadia district|Nadia]] (a district of present-day [[West Bengal]], [[India]]) at the time. Sanatana and Rupa eventually resigned from their ministerial (royal) posts and retired to help Chaitanya in his mission, eventually relocating to [[Vrindavan]]a. Vallabha, who was always happy in service, was initiated by Chaitanya and given the name Anupama, and was known for his stoicism and neutrality in his detachment from worldly affairs.

Alternatively, it is said that his ancestors migrated from [[Karnataka]] to [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]] and lived in the village Ramkeli, near [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]] for generations.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Vallabha's son, Jiva Goswami, was very talented, completing his studies in ''[[Vyākaraṇa|vyakarana]]'' and other subjects within a very short time, grasping vast spiritual knowledge with a sincere and devotional endeavour. Jiva avoided activities that had no connection with Krishna. He never married and remained [[Celibacy|celibate]]. His pleased uncles treated him affectionately. Jiva, like his uncles, was greatly inspired by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and was attracted to Vrindavana and his uncles there, which caused Jiva to eventually renounce material life and join his uncles in their mission. On the way to join his uncles in Vrindavana, he first met with [[Nityananda|Nityananda Prabhu]] in [[Nabadwip]] for a few days, then studied from Madhusudana Vacaspati in [[Varanasi|Kasi]] and became expert in ''[[Nyaya|Nyaya Vedanta]]'' and other scriptures.

===Birth and early life===
There seems to be some controversy among biographers about Jiva Goswami's birth. Some opine that he lived from 1511 to 1596 CE, while others claim that he lived from 1533 to 1618 CE.

Not much is known about Jiva Goswami's childhood. He was born in Ramakeli in the district of [[Maldah District|Maldah]], [[West Bengal]] as the son of Srivallabha Mallika (also known as Anupama), the younger brother of Rupa and Sanatana; his mother's name is unknown. He had a strong affinity to the worship of [[Krishna]] even from his childhood and excelled in his education completing his studies in [[Sanskrit]] [[Vyakarana]] (grammar) and [[Kavya]] (poetics) within a very short period.

When Jiva was three or four years old, his uncles resigned from their ministerial posts at the court of Alauddin Hussein Shah (ruled 1493–1519 CE) after their initial meeting with [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] (1486–1534 CE) and they decided to join his ranks as mendicants. Jiva's father, Anupama, also met with Chaitanya at this time and followed in the footsteps of his elder brothers and proceeded to travel with Rupa to [[Vrindavana]].

===Jiva leaves home===
Hearing that his father and uncles had made their decision to work in the service of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, the young Jiva desired to join them also.<ref name="Narahari 2006">{{cite book|last=Das Thakur|first=Narahari|title=Bhakti Ratnakara|publisher=Ras Bihari Lal & Sons|isbn=9788184030006|date=1 January 2006}}</ref> According to the biographical work [[Bhakti Ratnakara]] of Narahari Chakravarti, Jiva had a dream of Chaitanya at this time. This gave him the impetus to leave home and join Rupa and Sanatana. It is unclear from his biographies whether or not Jiva actually ever met Chaitanya personally.

Jiva travelled to [[Navadvipa]] in West Bengal and met with [[Nityananda|Nityananda Rama]], one of the foremost associate of Chaitanya mahaprabhu. [[Nityananda]] took Jiva to all the holy places in Navadvipa and they circumambulated the entire area together. This marked the beginning of the Gaudiya tradition of Navadvipa parikrama (circumambulation of the nine sections of Navadvipa). After the pilgrimage, Nityananda gave his blessings for the young Jiva to proceed towards [[Vrindavana]].

===Vrindavana===
Jiva went on to [[Benares]] where he studied for some time under the tutelage of Madhusudana Vachaspati,<ref>{{cite web|last=Tripurari |first=Swami |title=The Life of Sri Jiva Goswami |url=http://harmonist.us/2009/12/the-life-of-sri-jiva-goswami/ |work=Harmonist |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324101939/http://harmonist.us/2009/12/the-life-of-sri-jiva-goswami/ |archive-date=24 March 2013 }}</ref> the disciple of the famous logician and Vedantist, [[Sarvabhauma Bhattacharya]]. Under Vachaspati, Jiva mastered the six systems of [[Hindu philosophy|Indian philosophy]] known as ''Sad Darsana''.

In 1535 Jiva arrived in Vrindavana where he remained under the tutelage of his uncles, Rupa and Sanatana (by this time his father Anupama had died). He accepted initiation from Rupa Goswami and was taught the [[esoteric]] principles of devotion to Krishna.<ref name="Narahari 2006"/> Jiva helped to edit the writings of Rupa and Sanatana and assisted them in their work in propagating Gaudiya Vaishnavism and excavating the lost holy places of Vrindavana.

===Literary contributions===
After the passing of Rupa and Sanatana, Jiva Goswami became the foremost authority in the Gaudiya Vaishnava line. In 1542 Jiva established one of the prominent and important temples in the Vrindavana area, the Radha Damodara mandir, installing deities of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] that had been personally carved by Rupa Goswami. At that time he also established the [[Vishva Vaishnava Raja Sabha]] (World Vaishnava Association) and the Rupanuga Vidyapitha, an educational facility for Gaudiya Vaishnavas to study the works of Rupa and Sanatana. His erudition and spirituality were so famous that the Moghul emperor [[Akbar]] became his ardent admirer and donated paper for his writing.

In 1558, Jiva instructed his students, [[Narottama Dasa]], [[Srinivasa Acarya]] and [[Shyamananda]], to go to [[Bengal]] and propagate the [[Gaudiya Vaishnava]] philosophy and to take with them the original manuscripts that had been written by Rupa and Sanatana.

One of Jiva's main theological contributions was to present Chaitanya's teachings as “the epitome of the [[Vedas]].” To do so, Jiva should claim that the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', which Chaitanya regarded as the key Hindu scripture, was indeed part of the Vedas, while it was not generally considered as “part of the canonical Veda” at that time. Jiva proceeded to “extend the scope of the Veda to include the epics and the Purānas,” and concluded that the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' was “scripture ''par excellence''”. In fact, he shifted “the locus of scriptural authority from the Veda to the ''Bhāgavata'',” which had important, if controversial, consequences for the subsequent development of Hindu theology.<ref>Aleksandar Uskokov, “The Long and Short of It: Mahā-vākya from Mīmāmsā to Jīva Gosvāmin, from the Veda to the Bhāgavata,” ''The Journal of Hindu Studies'' 11 (2018):38–52 (41–43).</ref>

===Death===
Jiva Goswami died in 1596 CE (or 1618 according to some biographies). His [[samādhi]] (tomb) is located in the precincts of the [[Radha Damodar Temple, Vrindavan|Radha-Damodara temple]] in Vrindavana.

According to followers of Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Jiva Goswami is considered to be the incarnation of Vilasa Manjari, an eternal maidservant of Radha.<ref>{{cite web|last=Narasingha|first=Swami B.G.|title=Sri Damodara Katha|url=http://gosai.com/sites/gosai/files/books/sri-damodara-katha-2009.pdf|work=Gosai.com|publisher=Gosai Publishers}}</ref>

==Achintya-bhedabheda philosophy==
{{Main|Achintya Bheda Abheda}}

It was in his Sarva-samvadini commentary to the [[Sat Sandarbhas]] of [[Hindu philosophy]] that Jiva Goswami first wrote of [[Achintya Bheda Abheda]], the philosophy of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bhaktitattva.com/2022/06/29/sri-jiva-goswami-coins-the-term-acintya-bheda-abheda/ |title=Śrī Jīva Goswami coins the term 'acintya bheda-abheda' |author=Krsna Dasa, T. |date=June 29, 2022 |website=The Krishna Bhakti site |publisher= |access-date=July 25, 2025 |quote=[Jiva Goswami in his] Sarva-samvadini [commenting] Anuccheda 77 and 78 of the Paramatma Sandarbha [states that]: 'It is well known that Gautama, Kaṇāda, Jaimini, Kapila and Patañjali, as well as śrī-rāmānuja and śrī-madhvācārya’s accept bheda alone. To us, acintya-bheda-abheda alone is acceptable, because the substantive is endowed with acintya śaktis'}}</ref> In essence, the philosophy of Achintya bheda abheda, or "inconceivable [[monism|oneness]] and [[dualism (Indian philosophy)|difference]]", avoids the extremes of [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]]'s monistic [[Advaita]] vedanta and [[Madhvacharya|Madhva's]] pure dualism ([[Dvaita]]) by interpreting the material and spiritual potencies of the Supreme Person ([[Bhagavan]]) as being simultaneously one and different with Him. Recent work in comparative philosophy "we should add the word mystery (which is from the Latin mysterium and the Greek mustērion) to the many ways acintya might be translated within the context of Jīva’s thought."<ref>Edelmann, Jonathan. Divine Relations: Jīva Gosvāmin and Thomas Aquinas on Acintya and Mystery. Sophia: International Journal of Philosophy and Traditions. Published 7 March 2024.</ref>

==Works==
There are at least 25 literary works attributed to Jiva Goswami,<ref>Gaudiya Touchstone magazine: [https://issuu.com/gaudiyatouchstone/docs/edition_6 Issue No. 6, pp. 125-127].</ref><ref name="Narahari 2006"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Das Adhikari|first=Puru|title=Srila Jiva Goswami|url=http://www.bvmlu.org/SJG/|work=Bhaktivedanta Memorial Library|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author-last=Rosen| author-first=Steven| author-link=Steven J. Rosen| year=1990| title=The Six Goswamis of Vrindavan| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLd-AAAAMAAJ |publisher=FOLK Books| isbn=0961976322| pages=161}}</ref> which can be classified into four types: treatises, commentaries, grammar and rhetoric, and poetry, with the best-known in each category being ''Sat-sandarbhas'', ''Durgama-sangamani'', ''Hari-namamrita-vyakarana'' and ''Gopalachampu'', respectively.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Gupta |author-first=Dr. Ravi M. |author-link=Radhika Ramana Dasa |year=2007 |editor-last=Flood |editor-first=Gavin |editor-link=Gavin Flood |title=The Caitanya Vaisnava Vedanta of Jiva Gosvami: When knowledge meets devotion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFH2nQEACAAJ |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=7–8 |isbn=978-0-203-50068-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vaishnava-news-network.org/vaisnava-news/jiva-goswami-biography-and-writings/|title=Jiva Goswami: Biography and Writings|author=Jagadananda Das|website=Vaishnava News Network|access-date=18 July 2020}}</ref>

{{Blockquote |text=Western philosophers are now studying the ''sandarbhas'' and are marveling at the depth of the wisdom contained therein. It is sometimes said that the six ''sandarbhas'' represent the perfection of ''[[Sambandha|sambandha-gyan]]'', ''[[Abhidheya|abhideya-gyan]]'', and ''[[Prayojana|prayojana-gyan]]''. Of these six, the first four ''sandarbhas'' are devoted to ''sambandha''; the fifth is devoted to ''abhideya''; and the sixth to ''prayojana''. Consequently, the ''Sat-sandarbha'' is considered the most important philosophical treatise in the history of [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Chaitanyite Vaishnavism]].{{sfn|Rosen|1990|page=166}}}}

===Treatises===
'''''[[Sat Sandarbhas|Sat-sandarbhas]]''''' {{Nowrap|(Six Sandarbhas)}}, '''''Bhagavata-sandarbha''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Bhāgavata-sandarbha}})}}: Sometimes called the ''Bhagavata-sandarbha'', not to be confused with the second treatise titled ''Bhagavat-sandarbha'', where "''sandarbha''" literally means "weaving" or "arranging". ''Sandarbhas'' are a thematic arrangement of the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' presenting [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Caitanya Vaishnavism]] in a systematic and comprehensive way.{{sfn|Gupta|2007|page=11 (Introduction)}} Intensely theological, this work is considered the most important among all his works.{{sfn|Rosen|1990|page=163}} According to Jiva Goswami, [[Gopala Bhatta Goswami]] completed the preliminary work, but couldn't finish it. Jiva Goswami expanded it into six books, wherein he systematically presents the philosophy of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] with scriptural evidences.
# '''''Tattva-Sandarbha''''': A treatise on the various types of evidences (''[[pramana]]s'') used in Vedic philosophy, concluding that ''[[shabda]]'' (divine sound in the form of the [[Hindu texts|Vedic scriptures]]) is the highest, and of all the scriptures, the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' is the highest pointing to the Absolute Truth.{{sfn|Rosen|1990|page=163}}
# '''''Bhagavat-sandarbha''''': Distinguishes the impersonal aspect of Godhead ([[Brahman]]), the localised form of God within the heart of each living being ([[Paramatman|Paramatma]]), and the highest personal aspect of Godhead ([[Krishna]] or [[Bhagavan]]). Describes the spiritual realm of Krishna, the modes of material nature, the mode of pure goodness (''visuddha-sattva''), the importance of worshiping the [[deity]] of Krishna, and the eternal nature and qualities of the deity.{{sfn|Rosen|1990|page=163}}
# '''''Paramatma-sandarbha''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Paramātma-sandarbha}})}}: Describes the characteristics of [[Paramatman|Paramatma]] (supersoul), and how he resides in all living entities in the universe. Discusses the nature of the materially conditioned living entities, the phenomenal material world, the illusory potency (''[[Maya (illusion)|maya]]''), the theory of transformation, the various ''[[avatar]]s'' of [[Krishna]], how Krishna reciprocates with his devotees, and how Krishna is characterised by six particular opulences.{{sfn|Rosen|1990|pages=163-164}}
# '''''Krishna-sandarbha''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Kṛṣṇa-sandarbha}})}}: Gives a number of quotes from various scriptures to prove that [[Krishna]] is the supreme god. Discusses the pastimes and qualities of Krishna as well as his ''[[avatar]]s'' and functionary expansions. There is a description of [[Goloka]], the planet of Krishna in relation to [[Vrindavan]]a in the material sphere, the eternal associates of Krishna and their expansions, and a description of the [[Gopis]] and the topmost position of [[Radha]] among them.{{sfn|Rosen|1990|page=164}}
# '''''Bhakti-sandarbha''''': Explains how devotion to [[Krishna]] is directly executed, how the self is manifest through ''[[bhakti]]'', the potency of imperfectly executed ''bhakti'', the differences between a great and ordinary devotee, spontaneous love of god (''raganuga-bhakti''), the specific purpose of becoming a devotee of Krishna, and other perfectional stages.{{sfn|Rosen|1990|pages=164-165}} Discusses ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varnashrama dharma]]'' (the socio-religious system established in scriptures), the superexcellent position of devotion to Krishna as compared to other conceptions such as ''[[yoga]]'', and the worship of minor deities of the [[Hindu]] pantheon as being futile in comparison to the worship of Krishna's devotees. Explains liberation of the soul, the position of [[Shiva]] as a devotee of Krishna, how unmotivated devotion to Krishna promotes a devotee to the highest spiritual position and numerous other points concerning the performance of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] devotion.
# '''''Priti-sandarbha''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Prīti-sandarbha}})}}: A treatise on divine love, the supreme object being [[Krishna]], where love for God (''[[Love#Hinduism|prema]]'') is considered the highest form of [[moksha|liberation]]. Presents a comparative study of other types of liberation, concluding ''[[Bhakti|prema bhakti]]'' as topmost. Discusses how to attain ''prema'', how to awaken it, and the symptoms of one who has attained it. Discusses the distinctions between mundane lust and divine love, the various mellows found among the associates of Krishna, the superexcellence of ''[[Bhakti#Bhavas|madhurya-rasa]]'' (divine conjugal love), the overlapping of different ''rasas'', and the glories of [[Radha]].{{sfn|Rosen|1990|page=165}}

'''''Radha-Krishna-archana-dipika''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa-arcana-dīpikā}})}}, '''''Radha-krishnarchana-dipika''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Rādhā-Kṛṣṇārcana-dīpikā}})}}, '''''Radha-krishnarchana-chandrika''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Rādhā-Kṛṣṇārcana-candrikā}})}}: Intensely theological work describing the process of worshiping [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] together in [[deity]] form, a significant contribution to the [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Chaitanyite ''sampradaya'']].{{sfn|Rosen|1990|page=162}}

===Commentaries===
'''''Krama-sandarbha''''', '''''Srimad-bhagavata-tika''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Śrīmad-bhāgavata-ṭīkā}})}}: A commentary on the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', often described as the "seventh" of the six ''Sandarbhas''.{{sfn|Rosen|1990|page=162}}

'''''Dig-darshani-tika''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Dig-darṣani-ṭīkā}})}}, '''''Brahmha-samhita-tika''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Brahmhā-saṁhitā-ṭīkā}})}}: A commentary on the ''[[Brahma Samhita]]'' ({{IAST|Brahmā-saṁhitā}}).

'''''Durgama-sangamani''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Durgama-saṅgamanī}})}}, '''''Bhakti-rasamrita-sesha''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Bhakti-rasāmṛta-śeṣa}})}}, '''''Bhakti-rasamrita-sindu-tika''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Bhakti-rasāmṛta-sindu-ṭīkā}})}}: A commentary on [[Rupa Goswami|Rupa Goswami's]] ''Bhakti-rasamrita-sindhu''.

'''''Lochana-rochani''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Locana-rocani}})}}, '''''Ujjvala-nilamani-tika''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Ujjvala-nīlamaṇi-ṭīkā}})}}: A commentary on [[Rupa Goswami|Rupa Goswami's]] ''Ujjvala-nilamani''.

'''''Sukha-bodhini''''', '''''Gopala-tapani-tika''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Gopāla-tāpanī-ṭīkā}})}}: A commentary on the ''[[Gopala Tapani Upanishad|Gopala-tapani Upanishad]]'' ({{IAST|Gopala-tapani Upaniṣad}}), which has importance in [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] as it provides [[Upanishads|Upanishadic]] backing for the notion that [[Krishna]] is the supreme deity.

'''''Gayatri-vyakhya-vivriti''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Gāyatrī-vyākhyā-vivṛti}})}}, '''''Agni-puranastha Gayatri-bhashya''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Gāyatrī-bhāṣya}})}}: A commentary on the [[Brahma]] [[Gayatri mantra]] as found in the ''[[Agni Purana]]'', chapters 216–217.

'''''Laghu-vaishnava-toshani''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Laghu-vaiṣṇava-toṣaṇī}})}}, '''''Laghu-toshani''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Laghu-toṣaṇī}})}}: A commentary on the 10th canto of the [[Bhagavata Purana]] based on [[Sanatana Goswami|Sanatana Goswami's]] ''Brihad-vaishnava-toshani'' ({{IAST|Brhad-vaiṣṇava-toṣaṇī}}) commentary.{{sfn|Rosen|1990|page=143b|ps=: ''Laghu-toshani'' is Jiva Goswami's commentary on Sanatan Goswami's larger work, ''Vaishnava-toshani''.}}

'''''Sarva-samvadini''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Sarva-saṁvādinī}})}}: An extensive auto-commentary on Jiva Goswami's own ''[[Sat Sandarbhas|Sat-sandarbhas]]''.

'''''Padma-puranastha Yogasara-stotra-tika''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Yogasāra-stotra-ṭīkā}})}}, '''''Yogasara-stavaka-tika''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Yogasāra-stavaka-ṭīkā}})}}

'''''Padma-puranokta Krishna-pada-padma-chihna''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Kṛṣṇa-pada-padma-cīhna}})}}: An elaborate description of the insignia found on Krishna's feet according to ''[[Padma Purana]]''.

'''''Radhika-kara-pada-sthita-chihna''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Rādhikā-kara-pada-sthita-cīhna}})}}: A description of the insignia found on [[Radha|Radhna's]] hands and feet.

===Grammar and rhetoric===
'''''[[Hari-namamrta-vyakarana|Hari-namamrita-vyakarana]]''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Hari-nāmāmṛta-vyākaraṇa}})}}, '''''Harinamamrita-vyakarana''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Harināmāmṛta-vyākaraṇa}})}}: A work on [[Sanskrit grammar]], wherein each and every word, syllable and grammatical rule is explained in relation to [[Krishna]] and his pastimes.{{sfn|Rosen|1990|page=162}}

'''''Sutra-malika''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Sūtra-mālikā}})}}: A grammatical work on derivations of [[Sanskrit]] words.

'''''Dhatu-sangraha''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Dhātu-saṅgraha}})}}: A work on the verb roots of [[Sanskrit]] words.

'''''Rasamrita-sesha''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Rasāmṛta-śeṣa}})}}: A work dealing with Sanskrit composition based on [[Viswanatha Kaviraja|Viswanatha Kaviraja's]] ''[[Viswanatha Kaviraja#Sahityadarpana|Sahityadarpana]]'', with many added examples from Jiva Goswami and the other [[Six Goswamis of Vrindavana|Goswamis]].

===Poetry===
'''''Madhava-mahotsava''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Mādhava-mahotsava}})}}: Descriptions of [[Radha|Radha's]] coronation ceremony as Queen of [[Vrindavan]]a.

'''''Gopala-virudavali''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Gopāla-virudāvalī}})}}: A short poem extolling the glories of [[Gopala]] ([[Krishna]]) in 38 verses.

'''''Gopala-champu''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Gopāla-campū}})}}, '''''Gopalachampu''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Gopālacampū}})}}: Intensely theological poetic work divided into two parts. '''Purva-champu''' ({{IAST|Pūrva-campū}}) has 33 chapters and elaborately describes [[Krishna|Krishna's]] activities in [[Vrindavan]]a. '''Uttara-champu''' ({{IAST|Uttara-campū}}) has 37 chapters and describes Krishna's activities in [[Mathura]] and [[Dwarka|Dvarka]] after leaving Vrindavana and the separation the residents of Vrindavana feel in his absence.{{sfn|Rosen|1990|page=162}}

'''''Sankalpa-kalpavriksha''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Saṅkalpa-kalpavṛkṣa}})}}, '''''Sankalpa-kalpadruma''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Saṅkalpa-kalpadruma}})}}: Explains the eight-fold daily pastimes of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] (''asta-kaliya-lila'') in prayer form.

'''''Bhavartha-suchaka-champu''''' {{Nowrap|({{IAST|Bhāvārtha-sūcaka-campū}})}}

==See also==
*[[Hare Krishna mantra]]
*[[Nityananda]]
*[[Gaudiya Math]]
*[[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]]
*[[Svayam bhagavan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''Six Goswamis of Vrindavan'', by Steven Rosen, Folk Books, 1991. {{ISBN|0-9619763-2-2}}
* ''Jiva Goswami's Tattva-Sandarbha: Sacred India's Philosophy of Ecstasy'', by Swami B.V. Tripurari
* Aleksandar Uskokov, “The Long and Short of It: Mahā-vākya from Mīmāmsā to Jīva Gosvāmin, from the Veda to the Bhāgavata,” ''The Journal of Hindu Studies'' 11 (2018):38–52.

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* [http://ebooks.iskcondesiretree.info/index.php?q=f&f=/pdf/Gaudiya_Books%20/Jiva_Goswami Works of Jiva Goswami] (iskcondesiretree.info)
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/a-history-of-indian-philosophy-volume-4/d/doc73877.html The Philosophy of Jiva Gosvāmī] by Surendranath Dasgupta
* [http://www.radhadamodarmandir.com/srilajivagoswami.htm Srila Jiva Goswami at Radha-Damodar Mandir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316055842/https://www.radhadamodarmandir.com/srilajivagoswami.htm |date=16 March 2022 }} (radhadamodarmandir.com)
* [http://www.krishna.com/node/712 Jiva Goswami (bio)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726185130/http://www.krishna.com/node/712 |date=26 July 2011 }} (krishna.com)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110715144610/http://www.radhakunda.com/personalities/jiva_gosvami.html Srila Jiva Goswami] (radhakunda.com)
* [http://www.jiva.org/ Jiva Institute of Vaishnava Studies] (dedicated to Translation and Dissemination of Jiva Goswami's works)
* [http://www.gopaljiu.org/tmp/ggmbackup/ Gaudiya Grantha Mandira]{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Sanskrit Texts)

{{Caitanya sampradaya}}
{{VaisnavaSampradayas}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goswami, Jiva}}
[[Category:1598 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali philosophers]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:16th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Devotees of Krishna]]
[[Category:Devotees of Jagannath]]
[[Category:16th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Kirtan performers]]
[[Category:Indian Vaishnavites]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:People from Malda district]]
[[Category:Gaudiya religious leaders]]
[[Category:Medieval Sanskrit grammarians]]
[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Scholars from West Bengal]]
[[Category:1513 births]]
[[Category:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]

Tomba Singh Wangkheirakpam

2025-12-20T01:05:00Z

SanglapGeographer: New first bio first draft

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 1982)}}
{{Western name order|Wangkheirakpam Tomba Singh}}
{{Meitei name|Wangkheirakpam|[[Tomba (given name)|Tomba]]|[[Singh]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Tomba Singh
| image =
| fullname = Tomba Singh Wangkheirakpam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|4|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], India
| height = {{convert|1.78|m|abbr=on}}
| currentclub = [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]] (assistant coach)
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]
| youthyears1 = 1998–1999
| youthclubs1 = USA Club Manipur
| years1 = 1999–2002
| clubs1 = [[Air India FC|Air India]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2002–2004
| clubs2 = [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
| caps2 = 35
| goals2 = 3
| years3 = 2004–2007
| clubs3 = [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2007–2008
| clubs4 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| years5 = 2011–2012
| clubs5 = [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
| caps5 =
| goals5 =
| years6 = 2012–2013
| clubs6 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| caps6 = 14
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2013–2014
| clubs7 = → [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied]] (on loan)
| caps7 = 15
| goals7 = 1
| years8 = 2014–2015
| clubs8 = [[Bharat FC|Bharat]]
| caps8 = 4
| goals8 = 0
| years9 = 2016
| clubs9 = [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]
| caps9 =
| goals9 =
| years10 = 2016–
| clubs10 = [[Southern Samity]]
| caps10 =
| goals10 =
| years11 = 2018
| clubs11 = [[TRAU F.C.|TRAU]]
| caps11 =
| goals11 =
| nationalyears1 = 2002
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2002–2004
| nationalteam2 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 12
| nationalgoals2 = 1
| pcupdate = 3 March 2018
| ntupdate =
| manageryears1 = 2020–
| managerclubs1 = [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]] (assistant coach)
}}

'''Tomba Singh Wangkheirakpam''' ({{langx|mni|Wangkheirakpam Tomba Singh}}, born 3 April 1982) is an Indian former footballer who played as a [[midfielder (association football)|midfielder]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Abhishek|last=Shukla|date=7 July 2018|url=http://www.indiafooty.com/table/2010-11-i-league-standing/|title=I-League 2010/11 final standings|publisher=Indian Footy|website=indianfooty.com|access-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918012237/http://www.indiafooty.com/table/2010-11-i-league-standing/|archive-date=18 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is the current assistant coach of the [[I-League]] club [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arunfoot.com/neroca-name-former-india-midfielder-w-tomba-singh-as-new-assistant-coach/|title=NEROCA name former India midfielder W. Tomba Singh as new assistant coach!|date=15 July 2020|access-date=26 October 2022|website=arunfoot.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810051830/http://www.arunfoot.com/neroca-name-former-india-midfielder-w-tomba-singh-as-new-assistant-coach/|archive-date=10 August 2020}}</ref>

==Career==
Tomba began his footballing career with YWC, Thambalkhong in the junior level before his steep climb to the senior division.
After donning colours of ESU, Wangkhei and USA, Khurai Tomba also played a major role in the State team lifting the Under-19 national Football championship held at Imphal where the hosts defeated [[Sikkim]] 4–1 in the final.

Catching the eye of talent hunters at the Under-19 championship Tomba started playing for [[Air India FC|Air India]] since 1998 before moving to [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=W Tomba voted footballer of the year|url=http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=1.10.110104.jan04|access-date=7 December 2014|date=10 January 2011|agency=The Sangai Express|website=e-pao.net|publisher=E-PAO|location=Imphal|archive-date=7 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107072727/http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=1.10.110104.jan04}}</ref>

==Career statistics==

===International===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align: center;"
|-
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan=7|'''[[India national football team|India]]'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/3125.html |title=Singh, Tomba |website=National-Football-Teams.com |access-date=27 March 2013}}</ref>
|2002||2||0
|-
|2003||5||0
|-
|2004||5||1
|-
!Total!!12!!1
|}

==Honours==

'''India U23'''
* [[LG Cup (association football)|LG Cup]]: 2002<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesh/hcmccup.html#02 |title=Ho Chi Minh City Cups |website=RSSSF |accessdate=19 September 2022 }}</ref>

'''India'''
* [[Afro-Asian Games]] silver medal: [[Football at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|2003]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asafrgam01.html|title=Afro-Asian Games 2003|access-date=20 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928130141/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asafrgam01.html|archive-date=28 September 2022|website=[[RSSSF]]|first1=Arunava|last1=Chaudhuri|first2=Karel|last2=Stokkermans|date=2001}}</ref>

'''Maharashtra'''
*[[Santosh Trophy]]: [[1999–2000 Santosh Trophy|1999–2000]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra snares Kerala in its den |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/maharashtra-snares-kerala-in-its-den/article28013093.ece |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=The Hindu |date=24 April 2000 }}</ref>

'''Manipur'''
*[[Santosh Trophy]]: [[2002–03 Santosh Trophy|2002–03]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Manipur is champion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/manipur-is-champion/article27879272.ece |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=The Hindu |last=Das Sharma |first=Amitabha |date=6 November 2002 }}</ref>

'''Individual'''
* [[AIFF Player of the Year Awards|AIFF Player of the Year]]: 2003<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/december_daily_news_2007.html.html|title=AIFF PLAYER OF THE YEAR — FROM STARTING |publisher=Kolkata Football|access-date=23 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823101258/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/december_daily_news_2007.html.html|archive-date=23 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="AIFF 2016">{{cite web |title=Jeje Lalpekhlua is 2016 AIFF Player of the Year |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=7722 |website=the-aiff.com |access-date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227132308/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=7722 |archive-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=All India Football Federation Awards: Sunil Chhetri and Bala Devi win Player of the Year Trophy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/all-india-football-federation-awards-sunil-chhetri-and-bala-devi-win-player-of-the-year-trophy-240310-2015-02-14 |access-date=26 September 2020 |newspaper=[[India Today]] |date=14 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926234124/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/all-india-football-federation-awards-sunil-chhetri-and-bala-devi-win-player-of-the-year-trophy-240310-2015-02-14 |archive-date=26 September 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Soccerway|wangkheirakpam-tomba-singh/100109}}
* [http://www.goal.com/en-india/people/india/37079/tomba-singh Profile] at Goal.com

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Tomba}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Imphal]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Air India FC players]]
[[Category:Salgaocar FC players]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:Churchill Brothers FC players]]
[[Category:Rangdajied United FC players]]
[[Category:Kalyani Bharat FC players]]
[[Category:Southern Samity players]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]

Golconda (1815 ship)

2025-12-15T01:53:59Z

SanglapGeographer: done

{{other ships|List of ships named Golconda}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image =
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header=
| country=United Kingdom
| flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
| name = ''Golconda''
| namesake = [[Golconda]]
| owner =
| operator =
| ordered =
| builder =Michael Smith, Howrah, [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=109}}
| original_cost =
| laid_down =
| launched =23 May 1815{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=109}}
| acquired =
| commissioned =
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| honours =
| honors =
| captured =
| fate = Foundered 24 September 1840
| notes =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class =
| tons_burthen=802,<ref>''East-India register and directory'' (1819), p.134.</ref> or 858,{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=109}} or 858{{small|{{frac|28|94}}}}{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=280}}([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
| length ={{cvt|140|ft|3|in|m|1|abbr=on}}{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=280}}
| beam ={{cvt|36|ft|6|in|m|1|abbr=on}}{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=280}}
| draught =
| draft =
| hold_depth =
| propulsion =
| sail_plan =
| complement =
| armament =
| notes =
}}
}}

'''''Golconda''''' was launched at Calcutta in 1815. She made one voyage for the British [[East India Company]] (EIC) from India to England in 1819. She spent the bulk of her career as a country ship, trading in the East Indies until she wrecked in September 1840 while carrying troops to Canton.

==Career==
'''EIC voyage (1819):''' Captain James Edwards was at [[Chennai|Madras]] on 20 April 1819. ''Golconda'' reached [[Simon's Bay]] on 6 July and [[Saint Helena]] on 10 August. She arrived at Greenhithe on 23 October.<ref>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001115066 British Library: ''Golconda''.]</ref> At the time her owner was F. J. I. Edwards & Co.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=280}}

''Golconda'' in the ''East India Registry and Directory'':

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Master
! Owner
! Registry
|-
| 1819
|
| Alexander & Co.
| Calcutta
|-
| 1824
| J.J. Edwards
| Alexander & Co.
| Calcutta
|-
| 1827
| R.L.Laws
| Alexander & Co.
| Calcutta
|-
| 1828
|
|
| Not listed
|-
| 1829
| C.C. Clarke
| Framjee Cowesjee
| Bombay
|-
|}

On 20 September 1835, ''Golconda'' sailed from Singapore for Canton in company with {{ship||David Clark|1816 ship|2}}, ''Sulimany'', ''Duke of Lancaster'', ''Mermaid'', and the Danish ship ''Matadore''. On 16 October during bad weather north of {{coord|19|0|N|117|20|E}}, ''Golconda'' ran into ''Matadore'' and almost cut her in half. ''Matadore'' sank after ''Golconda'' was able to rescue her crew.{{refn|''Matadore'', of about 500 tons (bm), was a relatively new ship, only on her second voyage. She was carrying rice, opium, and 30,000 [[Spanish dollars]].<ref name=SH310336/>|group=Note}} ''Golconda'' was herself badly damaged and her crew had to man her pumps and jettison 700 bales (of cotton) forward where she was leaking in order to lighten her. On 20 October ''Golconda'' reached [[Jiapeng Liedao|Asses Ears]] and [[Whampoa anchorage]] five days later.<ref name=SH310336>{{cite news |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/12854051 |title=Loss of the "Matadore", Danish Ship - Perilous situation of the "Golconda". |newspaper=The Sydney Herald |location=Sydney |date=31 March 1836 |page=3 }}</ref>

By 1840 or so, ''Golconda'' was still registered at Bombay, with Bell, master.{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=109}}

==Fate==
On 20 August 1840, the 37th Madras Native Infantry Regiment sailed from [[Chennai|Madras]] aboard ''Golconda'', ''Minerva'', ''Sophia'', and ''Thetis'', all bound for Canton, [[qing dynasty|China]]. The last three arrived safely. ''Golconda'' disappeared. She was the headquarters ship for the regiment and carried its commander, Lieutenant-Colonel William Isaacs, 13 other officers, and some 350 soldiers and camp followers.<ref>''The Pilot, or Sailors' magazine''. (1841; British and foreign sailors' society), pp.243-4.</ref>

''Thetis'' last saw ''Golconda'' on 13 September. ''Golconda'' had exited the strait and was entering the China Sea. ''Thomas King'', Rounce, master, coming from Manila, saw ''Golconda'' on 18 September at {{coord|13|4|N|112|58|E}}, "all well".<ref>''Canton Register'', 6 July 1841.</ref>

Between 22 and 24 September there was a major typhoon that peaked on the 24th. On 29 September 1841 the Government ruled that all aboard ''Golconda'' had perished with an effective date of 24 September 1840.<ref>''The Asiatic journal and monthly register for British and foreign India, China and Australasia'' (December 1841), Vol. 36, pp.378-9.</ref>

==Post script==
A program that aired on the BBC in 2000 described the fortuitous discovery of the wreck of ''Golconda'' on the Panagatan Cays ({{coord|11.835697|N|121.293557|E}}), south of the Penagatan Atoll) in the [[Spanish East Indies]]. The identification was based on a belt buckle that identified the unit as one of the EIC's Madras regiments. This, and a musket butt plate with an inscribed GR (Grenadiers), identified the unit as the 37th Madras Native Infantry.<ref>[https://adventuresinhistoryland.com/2014/05/17/the-golconda/ The Golconda.]</ref> (A British government document refers to the unit as the 27th Madras Native Infantry.)

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Rowan |year=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |ISBN=0-905617-96-7 }}
* {{cite book|last=Phipps|first=John, (of the Master Attendant's Office, Calcutta)|year=1840|title=A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India ...: Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships ... Built in India to the Present Time ...|publisher=Scott}}

{{1840 shipwrecks}}

[[Category:1815 ships]]
[[Category:British ships built in India]]
[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships of England]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in September 1840]]
[[Category:Missing ships]]
[[Category:Ships lost with all hands]]

Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayaya University of Health Sciences

2025-11-05T03:14:00Z

SanglapGeographer:

{{Short description|University teaching hospital in Haryana, India}}
{{distinguish|Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Memorial Health Sciences and Ayush University of Chhattisgarh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayaya University of Health Sciences, Karnal
| former_name = University of Health Sciences, Karnal (2016–2018)
| image =
| caption = We Dare To Care
| logo =
| motto = सर्वे भवन्तु सुखिनः । सर्वे सन्तु निरामयाः
| location = [[Karnal, Haryana]], India
| type = Teaching tertiary care general hospital
| affiliation =
| established = {{start date and age|2016}}
| endowment = {{INRConvert|11.24|b}} per annum
| staff =
| head_label = [[President (education)|President]]
| head = Minister for Health and Family Welfare, [[Government of Haryana]]
| chancellor = [[Governor of Haryana]]
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Vikas Bhatia
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| faculty =
| closed = 
| budget = ₹645.77 crore
| campus = {{cvt|100|acre}}
| academic_affiliations = [[National Medical Commission]]
| website =
| coordinates = {{coord|29.6185|77.0154|type:edu|format=dms|display = inline,title}}
}}

'''Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayaya University of Health Sciences, Karnal''' is a university specialised in health sciences in [[Karnal]], [[Haryana]], India. It was established by Haryana Act No. 27 of 2016 and named '''University of Health Sciences, Karnal''' which was changed into '''Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayaya University of Health Sciences, Karnal''' by an amendment act passed in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://prharyana.gov.in/en/haryana-chief-minister-mr-manohar-lal-will-inaugurate-the-kalpana-chawla-government-medical-0|title=Haryana Chief Minister, Mr Manohar Lal will inaugurate the Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College, Karnal on March 15, 2017. - Directorate of Information, Public Relations & Languages, Government of Haryana|website=Prharyana.gov.in|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-date=28 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028073746/https://prharyana.gov.in/en/haryana-chief-minister-mr-manohar-lal-will-inaugurate-the-kalpana-chawla-government-medical-0|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collegedekho.com/news/haryana-govt-approved-kalpana-chawla-university-of-health-sciences-5326/|title=Haryana Government Approved Kalpana Chawla University of Health Sciences|website=Collegedekho.com|access-date=18 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/Kalpana-Chawla-University-of-Health-Sciences-to-open-in-Karnals-Kutail-village/articleshow/52958489.cms|title=Kalpana Chawla University of Health Sciences to open in Karnal's Kutail village|newspaper=The Times of India|date=28 June 2016 |access-date=18 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiamedicaltimes.com/tag/kalpana-chawla-university-of-health-sciences/|title=Kalpana Chawla University of Health Sciences - India Medical Times|website=Indiamedicaltimes.com|access-date=18 November 2017}}</ref>

==History==
The concept of the University of Health Sciences at Kutail, [[Karnal]], [[Haryana]] was introduced in 2016. After the Department of Medical Education and Research, Haryana proposed the idea of university at Kutail, the university was approved by [[Manohar Lal Khattar]], the then [[Chief Minister of Haryana]] along with Haryana Cabinet. The announcement was made by Chief Minister while addressing the press at [[Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College]]. [[Government of Haryana]] sought help of [[Bloomberg School of Public Health]] at [[Johns Hopkins University]] in the United States to set up the University of Health Sciences in Kutail, [[Karnal]], [[Haryana]].
The [[Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College]] is thus the mother institution of University of Health Sciences.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/three-committees-constituted-for-monitoring-works-relating-to-kalpana-chawla-university/states/news/507984.html|title=Three committees constituted for monitoring works relating to Kalpana Chawla university|website=Uniindia.com|access-date=18 November 2017}}</ref>

==Campus==
The {{cvt|178|acre|adj=on}} campus near [[Grand Trunk Road]] is located on the 99 years long land leased by the Kutail village at the rate of Rs 1 per acre to the Medical Education and Research Department, Haryana.

==Admission==
The university commenced running classes for the 44 [[Bachelor of Science in Nursing|BSc Nursing]] and 30 [[Physical therapy education#India|BSc Physiotherapy]] students in November 2018, initially from the campus of the KCGMCH while the university buildings are being constructed.<ref name="trib1">{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=Parveen |date=November 28, 2018 |title=Sans buildings, physiotherapy, nursing classes to begin today |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryana/sans-buildings-physiotherapy-nursing-classes-to-begin-today-689874 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* Similar institutes
** [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]]
** [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi#Badsa|AIIMS, Badsa (Jhajjar)]]
** [[Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences|Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak]]
** [[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana]]
** [[List of medical colleges in India#Haryana|List of medical colleges in India]]
* Related health topics
** [[Healthcare in India]]
** [[Indian states ranking by institutional delivery]]
** [[List of hospitals in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Universities in Haryana}}

[[Category:Medical and health sciences universities in India]]
[[Category:Proposed organizations]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Haryana]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Haryana]]
[[Category:Teaching hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Education in Karnal]]
[[Category:Karnal]]
[[Category:Universities in Haryana]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2016]]

{{Haryana-university-stub}}

Vikram Singh Rao II Puar

2025-10-26T22:18:37Z

SanglapGeographer: minor fixed structure per standard format additionally and added references based on references

{{Short description|10th Maharaja of Dewas State}}
{{Original research|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
'''Vikram Singh Rao II Puar''' (born 3 May 1989), is the present titular and the 10th [[Maharaja]] of [[Dewas Senior]] . He is a descendant of the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] [[Pawar|Puar]] (Pawar) dynasty. He ascended the 'Gadi' of [[Dewas Senior]] as the [[Maharaja]], after the death of his father late HH Maharaja [[Tukojirao IV|Tukoji Rao IV Puar]] at the Anand Bhawan Palace, [[Dewas]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQdZlHJ2WTAC&dq=dewas+puar&pg=PA118 |title=Indian Princely Medals: A Record of the Orders, Decorations, and Medals of ... - Tony McClenaghan |isbn=9781897829196 |accessdate=2015-07-31|last1=McClenaghan |first1=Tony |year=1996 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EDZuAAAAMAAJ&q=dewas+puar+parmar |title=Glimpses of Bhāratiya history - Rajendra Singh Kushwaha |date=2008-09-02 |isbn=9788188322404 |accessdate=2015-07-31|last1=Kushwaha |first1=Rajendra Singh }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riBJH0J1FR0C&q=dewas+puar+parmar&pg=PA302 |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey - Somerset Playne, R. V. Solomon, J. W. Bond, Arnold Wright |isbn=9788120619654 |accessdate=2015-07-31|last1=Solomon |first1=R. V. |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |year=2006 }}</ref> His mother [[Gayatri Raje Pawar|Gayatri Raje Puar]] represents Dewas in Madhya Pradesh assembly, having won the election in 2018.

==See also==
*[[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]
*[[Maratha Empire]]
*[[Maratha]]
*[[Dhar State]]
*[[Dewas Junior]]
*[[Dewas Senior]]
*[[Dhar State]]

*[[Hemendra Singh Rao Pawar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puar, Vikram Singh Rao}}
[[Category:Indian maharajas]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:People from Dewas]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Daly College alumni]]