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Aayutha Ezhuthu

2026-05-05T15:33:46Z

Sandy Saha: Stub - done

{{Short description|2004 film by Mani Ratnam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Aayutha Ezhuthu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mani Ratnam]]
| producer = Mani Ratnam G. Srinivasan
| writer = '''Story''' & '''Screenplay''': Mani Ratnam '''Dialogues''': [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]]
| starring = [[Suriya]] [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] [[Meera Jasmine]] [[Esha Deol]]
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cinematography = [[Ravi K. Chandran]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = [[Madras Talkies]]
| released = {{Film date|2004|5|21||df=y}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Aayutha Ezhuthu''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[political fiction|political]] [[action film]] directed by [[Mani Ratnam]]. The film, loosely based on the life of [[George Reddy]], a scholar from [[Osmania University]] of [[Hyderabad]], stars [[Suriya]], [[R. Madhavan]], [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]], [[Meera Jasmine]], and [[Esha Deol]], with [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]], [[Janagaraj]] and [[Bharathiraja]] appear in pivotal roles. Notably, this film is the only Tamil film Deol has ever acted in. The film's title was taken from the name of the [[Tamil script|Tamil letter]] [[ஃ]] – three dots corresponding to the film's three different personalities from completely different strata of society.

The score and soundtrack were composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], while [[Ravi K. Chandran]] and [[Sreekar Prasad]] handled the cinematography and editing of the film. The film was simultaneously shot in Hindi as ''[[Yuva]]'' with an entirely different cast retaining Deol. ''Aayutha Ezhuthu'' was released on 21 May 2004, the same day as its Hindi version, and became a commercial success at the box office.

== Plot ==
The film opens with Inbasekar (“Inba”) shooting Michael “Mike” Vasanth while he is riding his motorcycle across the [[Napier Bridge]]. Michael falls into the [[Cooum River]], an incident witnessed by Arjun Balakrishnan. The narrative then shifts into a flashback, detailing the events leading up to the shooting.

Inba grows up to become a hired thug after being abandoned by his elder brother, Gunasekaran (“Guna”), and having limited means of livelihood. He marries Sashi, but their relationship is marked by [[domestic abuse]]. On Guna’s recommendation, Inba begins working as a [[contract killer]] and errand-runner for Selvanayagam, a powerful politician.

Michael is an influential student leader who actively opposes political interference in college elections, particularly from figures such as Selvanayagam. He is romantically involved with his neighbour Geetha, who lives with her aunt and uncle. Alarmed by the prospect of independent student candidates, Selvanayagam attempts to neutralise Michael by offering him a scholarship to study at a prestigious foreign university. When Michael rejects the offer, Selvanayagam orders Guna and Inba to intimidate the students. Although Inba assaults several students, he is met with strong resistance from Michael and his supporters. A direct confrontation follows between Michael, Inba, and Inba’s associate Dilli.

Arjun Balakrishnan is the carefree and privileged son of an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer, aspiring to settle in the United States. He falls in love with Meera shortly after meeting her. During a playful exchange, Meera challenges Arjun to prove his love, prompting him to hitch a ride with Michael, who is travelling in the same direction. While crossing the Napier Bridge, Michael is shot multiple times by Inba and falls into the river. Despite Arjun’s initial hesitation, Meera insists on rescuing him. Michael is critically injured but survives after being rushed to hospital.

Arjun later follows Inba after learning of Michael’s survival, but is severely beaten and left with a broken arm. During his recovery, Arjun undergoes a transformation and decides to support Michael by contesting in the student elections. Meanwhile, Inba kills Guna after discovering that Selvanayagam had ordered Guna to have him eliminated for leaving behind an eyewitness to the bridge shooting. Selvanayagam manipulates Inba into continuing to work for him and instructs him to kidnap Arjun, Suchi, and Trilok. They manage to escape with the help of Dilli, who has a change of heart after realising the destructive impact of their criminal activities on their personal lives.

Sashi, hoping for Inba’s reform, waits for him at a railway station, but leaves for her hometown when he fails to arrive. Dilli later attempts to help Arjun escape, but is killed by Inba. Arjun contacts Michael for help while fleeing, but Inba catches up with him and attacks him. Michael intervenes at the Napier Bridge, leading to a final confrontation. Michael ultimately overpowers Inba but spares his life, leaving him to be arrested by the police.

Inba is imprisoned, while Michael, Arjun, Suchi, and Trilok successfully win the four seats they contest, marking their entry into the legislature.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Suriya]] as Michael Vasanth
* [[R. Madhavan]] as Inbasekar
* [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] as Arjun Balakrishnan
* [[Meera Jasmine]] as Sashi
* [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] as Meera
* [[Esha Deol]] as Professor Geetanjali
* [[Bharathiraja]] as Selvanayagam
* [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as Dilli
* [[Janagaraj]] as Dr. Vishwanath
* [[Suchitra]] as Suchitra
* Praveen as Gunasekaran
* Kamala Krishnasamy as Leela
* [[Five Star Krishna|Krishna]] as Trilok
* Shankar Sundaram as [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] Avinash Balakrishnan
* [[Viji Chandrasekhar]] as Angamma
* [[R. S. Shivaji]] as Swaminathan
* [[Janaki Sabesh]] as Gowri
* [[P. Shwetha|Shwetha]] as Jo
* Raj as Raj
* Sai Prabhu as Sai
* Vishwa as Vishwa
* [[Shanthi Williams]] as Shenbagam
* [[Muthukaalai]] as a villager

;Uncredited appearances
* [[Karthi]] as Michael's friend<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajkumar |date=22 April 2020 |title=கார்த்தியை சூர்யாவின் இந்த படத்தில் கவனித்துள்ளீர்களா ? வைரல் புகைப்படம். |url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/actor-karthi-first-ever-movie-apperance-in-suryas-aaytha-ezhuthu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250308092818/https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/actor-karthi-first-ever-movie-apperance-in-suryas-aaytha-ezhuthu/ |archive-date=8 March 2025 |access-date=12 March 2025 |website=Behind Talkies |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[R. Sundaramoorthy]] as a press reporter<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MwCLUiO0FJw |title=ரஜினிக்கு எப்படி முடி போச்சுனு தெரியுமா? - மேக்கப் மேன் சுந்தரமூர்த்தி |language=ta |publisher=[[Cinema Vikatan]] |time=15:53 |access-date=12 March 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/cinema-vikatan-sundaramoorthy-interview |archive-date=13 March 2025 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* [[R. Kannan]] as a villager
* [[Cool Suresh]] as Inba's friend
* S. Ramana Girivasan as [[Inspector]]
* Prakash Chandra as Michael's friend
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
The film began pre-production in April 2003 in a typical manner adapted by the director, [[Mani Ratnam]], who keeps his projects under wraps until completion.<ref name="geocities.ws">{{Cite web |title=Interviews of Director Mani Ratnam |url=http://www.geocities.ws/dirmanirathnam/mrinterviews.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204055126/http://www.geocities.ws/dirmanirathnam/mrinterviews.htm |archive-date=4 February 2014 |access-date=4 August 2012 |website=Geocities.ws}}</ref> The director chose to make two different versions of the film as he did not want the film to be dubbed, explaining that the essence of the script would be lost if they had done so.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2004 |title=Double shooting |url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/01/02/stories/2004010200880200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219073756/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/01/02/stories/2004010200880200.htm |archive-date=19 December 2013 |access-date=30 March 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The project was named ''Aayutha Ezhuthu'' after the [[ஃ|last letter]] of the [[Tamil script]], which is denoted by three dots in a triangle and the director revealed that the film was about three individuals.<ref name="geocities.ws" /> Early reports indicated that the film would be based on the 2000 neorealist [[Mexico|Mexican]] film, ''[[Amores perros]]'' by [[Alejandro González Iñárritu]], but eventually only the idea of [[hyperlink cinema]] was common in both films.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. Shiva |date=5 October 2018 |title=Mani is the matter: on Chekka Chivantha Vaanam – The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mani-is-the-matter-on-chekka-chivantha-vaanam/article25130855.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200310041826/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mani-is-the-matter-on-chekka-chivantha-vaanam/article25130855.ece |archive-date=10 March 2020 |access-date=19 October 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |author-link=Subhash K. Jha |date=16 November 2013 |title=Was 'Nayakan' inspired by 'The Godfather'? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-was-nayakan-inspired-by-the-godfather-1920072 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020142154/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-was-nayakan-inspired-by-the-godfather-1920072 |archive-date=20 October 2019 |access-date=24 July 2022 |website=[[DNA India]]}}</ref> However, Ratnam revealed that the film was closer to [[Akira Kurosawa]]'s 1950 Japanese film ''[[Rashomon]]'' as both films dealt with a cause-effect and a third-view called [[Rashomon effect]].<ref name="geocities.ws" />

=== Casting ===
[[Suriya]], who made his debut in the 1997 Mani Ratnam production ''[[Nerrukku Ner]]'', revealed that he agreed "blindly" to star in the film without even listening to the story or his character. The actor revealed in an interview about Ratnam's choice that "when the master calls for the student you just say “yes”."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surya |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=6006638&cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050120065834/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=6006638&cid=2408 |archive-date=2005-01-20 |access-date=2012-08-04 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Suriya stated that his character was based on a real person [[George Reddy]] from [[Andhra Pradesh]] and to prepare, he read a lot of books and collected a lot of information before the shoot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Siddhu |date=May 19, 2004 |title=Why Surya wants to watch Ajay Devgan in Yuva |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/19surya.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116022737/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/19surya.htm |archive-date=16 January 2012 |access-date=2012-08-04 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> [[R. Madhavan]] was signed on to appear in Ratnam's fourth successive project after playing the lead roles in his ''[[Alai Payuthey]]'' (2000) and ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' (2002) as well as his 2001 production, ''[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]''. The actor bulked up and sported a shaven look for the first time in his career to resemble his character of a ruffian. For a third lead role, Mani Ratnam called [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] and requested him to audition for the project in December 2002. The actor had scored back-to-back successes in his first two films, ''[[Roja Kootam]]'' and ''[[April Maadhathil]]'', and was subsequently selected to be a part of the film. However, the actor soon after suffered an injury and was unable to commit to the dates Ratnam suggested.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=18 June 2011 |title=Three cheers |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2115546.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102084345/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2115546.ece |archive-date=2 November 2012 |access-date=30 March 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=2004-12-31 |title=Mani Ratnam signs upcoming hero Srikkant |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/11srikkant.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829124851/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/11srikkant.htm |archive-date=29 August 2011 |access-date=2012-08-04 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> [[Karthi]], the brother of Suriya, was then offered the role but declined the offer to make his debut and worked as an assistant director on the film because he wanted to become a film director and preferred directing to acting.<ref name="toiinterview">{{Cite news |last=Daithota |first=Madhu |date=23 July 2008 |title=I want to look nice shirtless: Karthi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-want-to-look-nice-shirtless-Karthi/articleshow/3264584.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811040837/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-23/news-interviews/27904044_1_paruthi-veeran-first-film-second-film |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 June 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], who had previously apprenticed as an assistant director under Mani Ratnam in ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' before his making his acting debut in [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]'s ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'', was subsequently signed on for the film. Prior to release, Siddharth felt he was cast as he "looked, talked and behaved like Arjun" and mentioned that the sync sound technique used worked in favour of him as he was an experienced theatre actor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Siddhu |date=20 May 2004 |title='Vivek and I have given our hearts to our roles' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/20sid.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116022741/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/20sid.htm |archive-date=16 January 2012 |access-date=4 August 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Kannada actor [[Sudeep]] was also initially slated to form a part of the cast after meeting Mani Ratnam for the script discussion, but was ultimately discarded from the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 March 2009 |title=Think time |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/03/27/stories/2009032750900200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927234943/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/03/27/stories/2009032750900200.htm |archive-date=27 September 2013 |access-date=30 March 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Malayalam actress [[Meera Jasmine]] was signed on to play a slum dweller in the film portraying Madhavan's wife and it was reported that she spent hours perfecting her Tamil for the film, trying to get rid of her native [[Malayalam]] accent to adapt to the sound sync technique used.<ref name="geocities.ws" /> Relatively newcomer [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] was also signed on to play a youngster in the film and dubbed for her own voice for the first time.<ref name="geocities.ws" /> Initially [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] was signed on to play the roles of Geetanjali in both versions, but opted out after she began to have problems speaking Tamil as the sound for the film was recorded live.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2003 |title=Bhoot, now in Tamil |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/29bhoot.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517172031/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/29bhoot.htm |archive-date=17 May 2013 |access-date=4 August 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2004 |title=What you should know about Mani Ratnam's latest film |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/mar/17sld8.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517155805/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/mar/17sld8.htm |archive-date=17 May 2013 |access-date=4 August 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> [[Esha Deol]], daughter of actress [[Hema Malini]], was then selected to play the role in the Tamil version of the film after [[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]] enquired whether she could speak Tamil. After finishing her work in ''Aaytha Ezhuthu'', Deol was signed on for the Hindi version of the film too after Simran also opted out of that role and thus Deol became the only common leading actor between the versions. To prepare for her role, Deol worked on certain pronunciations of Iyer Tamil with Mani Ratnam's assistant [[R. Kannan|Kannan]] mentoring her progress.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Syed Firdaus |date=19 May 2004 |title=I am today's woman: Esha Deol |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/19esha.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517163616/http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/19esha.htm |archive-date=17 May 2013 |access-date=4 August 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> It was also reported that actress [[Nadhiya]] had signed the film and would make a comeback to films after a ten-year sabbatical but did not eventually form a part of the final cast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rasika |date=29 January 2004 |title=Nadhiya back to acting |url=http://chennaionline.com/reeltalk/01reeltalk29th.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040702154359/http://chennaionline.com/reeltalk/01reeltalk29th.asp |archive-date=2 July 2004 |access-date=13 April 2014 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

The director initially opted against using songs in the film but wanted to create an album with [[A. R. Rahman]] for the project. However, after the songs were recorded, Mani Ratnam had a change of heart and chose to include them. For the art direction in the film, [[Sabu Cyril]] studied each character in-depth, giving them a distinct colour, mood, and background to suit their temperament. For Michael's house in the film, Cyril followed the arrangement in his own house and used some of his own photographs for decorations. He also expressed that he had great difficulty in re-creating the streets of [[Kolkata]] for the Hindi version of the film in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2004 |title=Sabu Cyril created cities for Mani Ratnam |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/19sabu.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517173450/http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/19sabu.htm |archive-date=17 May 2013 |access-date=4 August 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> G. Ramesh was selected to be the hairdresser for the three lead actors in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deepa |first=A. Chithraa |date=22 October 2003 |title=Head for style |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/10/22/stories/2003102200110200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040101085051/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/10/22/stories/2003102200110200.htm |archive-date=1 January 2004 |access-date=30 March 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The scene filmed at [[Napier Bridge]] in [[Chennai]] was canned in early December 2003, the same time during which Suriya changed his getup and started filming for his another 2004 release, ''[[Perazhagan]]'', but the schedule caused severe traffic and congestion in that area.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 2003 |title=Film shooting hits traffic on Kamarajar Salai |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/12/07/stories/2003120709260300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031230192132/http://www.hindu.com/2003/12/07/stories/2003120709260300.htm |archive-date=30 December 2003 |access-date=30 March 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Mani Ratnam began the Tamil version after [[Vivek Oberoi]] suffered an injury during the making of ''[[Yuva]]'', giving him time to extract more out his actors in the Tamil version.<ref name="geocities.ws" /> Production work for the film began in September 2003, with the technical crew who were mostly from the Tamil film industry including the production house were part of the Hindi version and were retained for the Tamil scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravi.K.Chandran, India's finest cameraman |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13233175&cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031024162622/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13233175&cid=2408 |archive-date=24 October 2003 |access-date=4 August 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The Tamil version finished subsequently much earlier than the Hindi version. Some scenes featuring Suriya were also shot at the [[University of Madras]], Mani Ratnam's [[alma mater]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2004 |title=Mani Ratnam's unique experiment: will it work? |url=https://www.glamsham.com/en/mani-ratnams-unique-experiment-will-it-work |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213111310/https://www.glamsham.com/en/mani-ratnams-unique-experiment-will-it-work |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=4 August 2012 |website=Glamsham |agency=[[Indo Asian News Service]]}}</ref> The scene where Suriya and Madhavan confront each other was shot at [[Broken Bridge, Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Mira S. |first=Sahana |date=21 August 2025 |title=Broken bridge in Chennai: A bridge with no destination, until Tamil cinema stepped in |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/broken-bridge-in-chennai-a-bridge-with-no-destination-until-tamil-cinema-stepped-in/article69946194.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250820065841/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-bridge-with-no-destination-until-cinema-stepped-in/article69946194.ece |archive-date=20 August 2025 |access-date=2 September 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]].{{cn|date=March 2025}}

{{track listing
| headline = Tamil Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Vairamuthu]], except where noted
| title1 = Hey Goodbye Nanba
| extra1 = [[Lucky Ali]], [[Sunitha Sarathy]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| lyrics1 =
| length1 = 5:02
| title2 = Sandakozhi
| extra2 = [[Madhushree]]
| note2 = lyrics by [[Mani Ratnam]]
| length2 = 4:50
| title3 = Nenjam Ellam
| extra3 = [[Adnan Sami]], [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[A. R. Rahman]]
| lyrics3 =
| length3 = 5:21
| title4 = Dol Dol
| extra4 = Blaaze, [[Shahin Badar]] (Ethnic Vocals)
| note4 = lyrics:[[Blaaze]]
| length4 = 3:55
| title5 = Yaakai Thiri
| extra5 = A. R. Rahman, Sunitha Sarathy, [[Pop Shalini]], [[Tanvi Shah]]
| length5 = 4:39
| title6 = Jana Gana Mana
| extra6 = A. R. Rahman, [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| lyrics6 =
| length6 = 4:56
| title7 = Nee Mazhai
| extra7 = Sunitha Sarathy, Karthik
| note7 = No lyrics, just score
| length7 = 1:09
| title8 = En Jeevane
| extra8 = [[Manicka Vinayagam]]
| note8 = No lyrics, just score
| length8 = 2:25
| total_length = 32:17
}}

{{tracklist
| headline = Telugu Track listing<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2004 |title=Yuva |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/yuva/-X8HqCDauoo_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008194834/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/yuva/-X8HqCDauoo_ |archive-date=8 October 2024 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]], except where noted
| title1 = Hey Goodbye Priya
| extra1 = [[Sunitha Sarathy]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Lucky Ali]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| lyrics1 =
| length1 = 5:01

| title2 = Sankurathri Kodi
| extra2 = [[Madhushree]], [[A. R. Rahman]]
| lyrics2 =
| length2 = 4:55

| title3 = Dol Dol
| extra3 = Blaaze, [[Shahin Badar]] (Ethnic Vocals)
| note3 = lyrics:[[Blaaze]]
| length3 = 4:01

| title4 = Vachinda Megham
| extra4 = [[Adnan Sami]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| lyrics4 =
| length4 = 5:24

| title5 = Deham Thiri
| extra5 = Sunitha Sarathy, A. R. Rahman, [[Tanvi Shah]]
| lyrics5 =
| length5 = 4:35

| title6 = Jana Gana Mana
| extra6 = A. R. Rahman, Karthik
| lyrics6 =
| length6 = 4:59
| total_length = 28:55
}}

== Release ==
''Aayutha Ezhuthu'' was released in theatres on 21 May 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aayutha Ezhuthu |url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=moviereview.php%3Fmovid%3D323 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030130714/http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=moviereview.php%3Fmovid%3D323 |archive-date=30 October 2017 |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=[[Ayngaran International]]}}</ref> It had its television premiere on 16 September 2007 on [[Kalaignar TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2007 |title=DMK-backed Kalaignar TV goes on air; news channel on the cards |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/TV/DMK-backed-Kalaignar-TV-goes-on-air;-news-channel-on-the-cards_27787.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421163240/https://www.exchange4media.com/TV/DMK-backed-Kalaignar-TV-goes-on-air;-news-channel-on-the-cards_27787.html |archive-date=21 April 2018 |access-date=21 April 2018 |website=Exchange4media}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
''[[Sify]]'' wrote "Aayitha Ezhuthu is a bold and daring move by Mani Ratnam to change the staid style of our commercial cinema."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aayitha Eluthu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aayitha-ezhuthu-review-tamil-13480221.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926184147/http://www.sify.com/movies/aayitha-ezhuthu-review-tamil-13480221.html |archive-date=26 September 2013 |access-date=4 August 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Every frame of Madras Talkies' "Aayudha Ezhuthu" bears the Mani Ratnam stamp and that's what matters. Tamil cinema is in dire need of more such makers as Mani Ratnam."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=28 May 2004 |title=Aayudha Eluthu |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/05/28/stories/2004052801670300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040622142208/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/05/28/stories/2004052801670300.htm |archive-date=22 June 2004 |access-date=15 May 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that the usual exuberance that permeates Mani Ratnam's films is also present in the film, but there is no intensity in the flood; only the murmur of the stream.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விஷுவல் |date=6 June 2004 |title=ஆய்த எழுத்து |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2004-06-06/page/n81/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230326121019/https://archive.org/details/kalki2004-06-06/page/n81/mode/2up |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=14 January 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=80 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> G. Ulaganathan of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "Mani etches his characters well and deglamourises his heroines all of whom resemble the girl next door. Though the screenplay is taut and slick with brilliant camera by Ravi K Chandran, the meticulously crafted sets of Sabu Cyril, background score of A R Rahman, a major part of the credit should go to two heroes — Madhavan and Surya. The overdose of politics in the climax is a handicap. Nevertheless, Ayutha Ezhuthu is a film worth going miles to watch".<ref>{{cite web|first=G.|last=Ulaganathan|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=21 March 2025|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may232004/mr2.asp|date=23 May 2004|title=Ayutha Ezhuthu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041226195824/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may232004/mr2.asp|archive-date=26 December 2004}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Madras Talkies}}
{{Mani Ratnam}}
{{A. R. Rahman}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Sujatha}}

[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s political action films]]
[[Category:2004 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films about contract killing in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mani Ratnam]]
[[Category:Films produced by Mani Ratnam]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pollachi]]
[[Category:Hyperlink films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Student politics in India]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language political films]]
[[Category:Madras Talkies films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language political thriller films]]

Saru (2025 TV series)

2026-05-05T07:29:40Z

Sandy Saha: done

{{Short description|2025 Indian Hindi television series}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = Romance Drama
| creator = Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal Shashi Mittal
| developer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plain list|
* Mohak Matkar
* [[Shagun Pandey]]
}}
| writer =
| director = Atif Khan
| creative_director =
| producer = Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal Shashi Mittal
| company = [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]]
| executive_producer =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| cinematography =
| editor = Rakesh Lal Das
| runtime = 22 minutes
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 355 
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|05|12|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| narrated =
| related =
}}

'''''Saru''''' is an Indian Hindi-language television drama series that premiered on 12 May 2025 on [[Zee TV]] and streams digitally on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=9 May 2025|title=Zee TV launches Saru starring Mohak Matkar, Shagun Pandey, Anushka Merchande|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/zee-tv-launches-saru-starring-mohak-matkar-shagun-pandey-anushka-merchande/|access-date=25 December 2025|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en}}</ref> It is produced by Shashi Sumeet Productions, and stars Mohak Matkar, and [[Shagun Pandey]].

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Mohak Matkar as ''Saru'' Saraswati Bajaj — Chandrakant and Saroja's daughter; Anika's step-sister; Ved financee(2025–present)
* [[Shagun Pandey]] as Ved Birla — Ramesh and Tara younger son; Rohit and Rachna's brother; Saru's financee (2025–present)

=== Recurring ===
* Anushka Merchande as Anika Bajaj (2025–present)
* [[Kamalika Guha Thakurta]] as Kamini (2025–present)
* [[Pankit Thakker]] as Chandrakant Bajaj (2025–present)
* [[Lagan Dhall]] as Jiya (2025-present)
* Paras Randhawa as Rohit Birla (2025–present)
* Shalu Shreya as Payal Birla: Rohit's wife (2025–present)
* Vibha Bhagat as Urmila Bajaj: Anika's mother (2025–present)
* [[Niilam Paanchal]] as Saroja: Saru's mother (2025–present)
* [[Swati Chitnis]] as Annapurna Indravadan Bajaj: Saru and Anika grandmother (2025–present)
* [[Vinod Kapoor]] as Indravadan Bajaj: Annapurna's husband; Chandrakant's father; Saru and Anika's grandfather (2025–present)
* Manu Malik as Rohit and Ved's father (2025–present)
* Sonica Handa as Tara Birla: Rohit and Ved's mother (2025–present)
* Diksha Tiwari as Rachna Birla: Rohit and Ved's sister (2025–present)
* Zeel Thakkar as Phulla: Saru's friend (2025–present)
* Ananya Chawla as Chanda (2025–present)
* [[Ayush Anand]] as Rajat: Saru's coach (2026-present)

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
Mohak Matkar was selected to portray Saru.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=11 April 2025|title=Mohak Matkar talks about playing the lead in Zee TV’s new show about education and determination; says, “Saru wants to be a self-made woman”|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/mohak-matkar-talks-playing-lead-zee-tvs-new-show-education-determination-says-saru-wants-self-made-woman/|access-date=25 December 2025|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en}}</ref> Shagun Pandey was chosen to play Ved.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=20 May 2025|title=Shagun Pandey on his relatable role as professor Ved Birla in Saru: 'A character close to my heart'|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/shagun-pandey-opens-up-on-his-journey-and-new-show-saru-23547570|access-date=25 December 2025|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref> Kamalika Guha Thakurta was cast as Kamini.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=23 May 2025|title=Kamalika Guha Thakurta on playing the role of Kamini Nani in Saru; says ‘I was instantly drawn to her unapologetic ambition’|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kamalika-guha-thakurta-on-playing-the-role-of-kamini-nani-in-saru-says-i-was-instantly-drawn-to-her-unapologetic-ambition/articleshow/121361437.cms|access-date=25 December 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Notes
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Mutyala Muggu'' ముత్యాల ముగ్గు
| 7 March 2016
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 22 August 2019
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magal]]'' அழகிய தமிழ் மகள்
| 28 August 2017
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 14 June 2019
| rowspan="4"| Remake
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Kamali (TV series)|Kamali]]'' ಕಮಲಿ
| 28 May 2018
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 7 October 2022
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Kabani (TV series)|Kabani]]'' കബനി
| 11 March 2019
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 27 March 2020
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''Saru'' सरू
| 12 May 2025
| [[Zee TV]]
| Ongoing
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt37150304}}
*[https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/saru/0-6-4z5727070 ''Saru''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:2020s Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Sarosi estate

2026-05-03T14:27:40Z

Sandy Saha: stub.

{{Short description|Taluqdari estate in Oudh (1540–1947)}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Sarosi Estate
| common_name = Sarosi
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| status = [[Taluqdari|Taluqdari estate]]
| event_start =
| date_start =
| event_end = Acceded to India
| p1 =
| s1 = Dominion of India
| year_start = 1540
| year_end = 1947
| flag_border = no
| flag_type =
| image_coat =
| image_map =
| image_map_caption =
| capital = Sarosi
| common_languages = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Hindi]]
| currency =
| title_leader = [[Chaudhri]] (Ruler or Chief)
| year_leader1 = 1540
| leader1 = Medni Mal ''(first)''
| year_leader2 = 1947
| leader2 = Chaudhri Kewal Singh ''(last)''
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| today = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Republic of India]]
| era = Early modern period
}}
[[File:Sarosi Rajbhawan.jpg|thumb|Sarosi Palace]]
'''Sarosi''' also spelled '''Sarausi''', formerly an estate ([[Taluqdar|Taluqdari]]) in [[Oudh State|Oudh]], [[British India]] which was ruled by the [[Parihar (clan)|Parihar]] clan of the [[Rajput]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Amar Singh Baghel |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08783/page/n47/mode/1up?q=Sarosi |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Unnao |date=1979 |publisher=Lucknow, Department of District Gazetteers |pages=36}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sykes |first=John Gaskell Walker |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=pBk3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA394&dq=sarosi+estate&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjCyIjXjuGTAxWnWHADHdyKG3gQ6wF6BAgPEAU#v=onepage&q=sarosi%20estate&f=false |title=A Compendium of the Law Specially Relating to the Taluqdars of Oudh: Being the Oudh Estates Act (I) of 1869, an Act to Amend the Oudh Estate Act, 1869, (Act X of 1885), the Oudh Sub-Settlement Act (XXVI) of 1866, the Oudh Taluqdars' Relief Act (XXIV) Fo 1870, and Parts of the Oudh Rent Act (XIX) of 1868, and the Oudh Land Revenue Act (XVII) of 1876 |date=1886 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |pages=394 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Oudh (India) |first=United Provinces of Agra and |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=ry1RAQAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Sarosi |title=The Taluqdari Law of Oudh: Being a Commentary on the Oudh Estates Act as Amended Up-to-date ... |last2=Lal |first2=Chhail Bihari |date=1921 |publisher=Pioneer Press |pages=566 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> Now it is part of [[Unnao district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.

== History ==
[[Sikandarpur, Sikandarpur Sarausi|Sikandarpur]] pargana is historically associated with the Parihar [[Thakur]]s, whose principal seat is at Sarosi. The [[pargana]] is said to have been formally constituted during the reign of [[Akbar]] (A.D. 1565). Its earlier name was Burhanpur; however, in A.D. 1297, Sikandar Khan, an agent under [[Alauddin Khalji]], renamed it Sikandarpur.
By 1535 A.D., the pargana was held by Harju Mal Dhobi. In the period of instability following the murder of Hanwant Singh by the [[Saiyid]]s of [[Unnao]], during the reign of [[Humayun]], control of the area passed to the [[Dhobi]] community, who received it as a [[jagir]] from the [[Delhi]] court. Subsequently, during the reign of [[Sher Shah Suri]], and while Humayun was in exile in [[Persia]], Harju Mal Dhobi was killed in 1540 A.D. by Medni Mal, a [[Parihar]] Thakur of Jigini, who is regarded as the ancestor of the present [[taluqdar]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

The history of this clan is thus described in [[Charles Alfred Elliott|Sir Charles Alfred Elliott's]] Chronicles of Unnao, pp. 58-60:—<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />

The Parihar community in the [[Unnao district]] is primarily settled in the pargana of Sarosi, which is also commonly referred to as Sikandarpur. They traditionally hold a group of 84 villages, a territorial unit known as a Chaurasi. According to local traditions, the Parihars trace their origin to a place called Jigini, or identified with [[Srinagar]], i.e., [[Kashmir]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

The settlement of the clan's ancestors at Sarosi is historically linked to the reign of [[Humayun]], the [[Emperor]] of [[Delhi]]. A matrimonial alliance took place between a Dikhit girl from Parenda and the son of the Parihar [[Raja]] of Jigini, located across the [[Yamuna]]. The wedding procession, accompanied by a substantial escort, passed through Sarosi. Inquiring about the nearby fort's rulers revealed that it was held by [[Dhobi]]s and other [[Shudra]]s who owned the surrounding land. Post the [[Holi]] festival, a party led by Bhagay Singh returned to Sarosi. During the festival's evening, they seized the [[fort]] when the guards were inebriated, securing control of both the fort and the adjacent territory.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Yjs5vwq6l1YC&dq=sarosi+estate&pg=PA336&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=sarosi%20estate&f=false |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=1881 |pages=335–337 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Crooke |first=William |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GJQn7XA6Cz4C&dq=sarosi+estate&pg=PA135&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=sarosi%20estate&f=false |title=The Tribes and Castes of the North-western Provinces and Oudh |date=1896 |publisher=Office of the superintendent of government printing |pages=135 |language=en}}</ref>

Following Bhagay Singh's passing, his estate, comprising eighty-four villages, was divided among his four sons. Asis and Salhu, the two eldest sons, inherited the majority of the estate. Asis received twenty villages, while Salhu obtained forty-two. The third son, Manik, embraced a life of devotion and refrained from involvement in worldly affairs. The youngest son, Bhuledhan, received a share determined by his older brothers, who treated him fairly. Bhuledhan took the share allocated by his siblings, and there is no indication that he was mistreated in the distribution.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Oudh |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=aiLngwwePlkC&dq=sarausi+estate&pg=PA335&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=sarausi%20estate&f=false |title=Gazetteer of the Province of Oudh...: N-Z |date=1878 |publisher=Printed at the Oudh government Press |pages=334–535 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=H.R. Nevill |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.2858/page/n245/mode/1up?q=Sarosi |title=Unnao: a Gazetteer being volume XXXVIII of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |date=1903 |publisher=Allahabad, Superintendent, Government Press |pages=241–243}}{{source-attribution}}</ref>

The family's inheritance practices did not follow the law of primogeniture, leading to a continual subdivision of the ancestral estate as each son claimed a separate share upon maturity and [[marriage]]. This trend persisted for six generations until the era of Hira Singh. During his time, the family's property had significantly diminished, and Hira Singh faced the task of dividing it among his five sons. Hira Singh also encountered legal troubles, leading to his [[imprisonment]] at [[Faizabad]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=William Wilson |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=RooIAAAAQAAJ&dq=sarosi+estate&pg=PA336&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=sarosi%20estate&f=false |title=Rangoon to Tappal |date=1881 |publisher=Trübner |pages=335–337 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Kr. Amit Singh and Pawan Bakshi |url=https://archive.org/details/fvwx_talluqdars-of-oudh-kr.-amit-singh-and-pawan-bakshi/page/191/mode/1up?q=Sarausi |title=Talluqdars Of Oudh Kr. Amit Singh And Pawan Bakshi |pages=191–193}}</ref>

Escaping from custody, Hira Singh sought refuge in Sarosi, prompting him to send his third son, Kalandar Singh, to join the company's army. Kalandar Singh's rise to [[Subedar-major]] in the [[49th Regiment]] of Native Infantry marked a turning point. Recognizing the vulnerability of the Parihar [[zamindar]]s to local authorities upon his eventual passing, Kalandar Singh devised a strategy. He convinced the brotherhood members descended from Asis to aggregate their individually divided holdings into a nominal large estate, with his nephew, Gulab Singh, serving as the representative taluqdar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Sherring |first=Matthew Atmore |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZJ73QEtUwMcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Hindu+Tribes+and+Castes&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Saros%C3%AE%20Parihar&f=false |title=Hindu Tribes and Castes: As Represented in Benares |date=1872 |publisher=Thacker |pages=152–155 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8" />

This arrangement, maintained from 1840 until British annexation, presented a unified front to potential oppressors, deterring unjust treatment of the Parihar zamindars. During this period, the estate was held solely in the name of Gulab Singh, offering protection against further oppressions by external authorities.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Elliott |first=Sir Charles Alfred |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ABcPAQAAIAAJ&q=Surosee&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Purihar&f=false |title=The Chronicles of Oonao: A District in Oudh |date=1862 |publisher=Printed at the Allahabad Mission Press |pages=58–60 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1840, during the reign of [[Muhammad Ali Shah]] (1837–42), Gulab Singh of Sarosi consolidated the possessions of various branches of the Parihar [[Rajput]]s into a substantial estate.<ref name=":0" /> Chaudhri Gulab Singh, the nominal head of the Parihars, oversaw this unification and was succeeded by his son, Chaudhri Fateh Bahadur Singh.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Ali |first=Darogah Haji Abbas |url=http://archive.org/details/illustratedhisto00alid/page/n63/mode/1up?q=Sarausi |title=An illustrated historical album of the Rajas and Taaluqdars of Oudh |date=1880 |publisher=Allahabad : North-Western Provinces and Oudh Government Press |others=Getty Research Institute |pages=63–64}}</ref> Subsequently, the estate came under the rule of Chaudhri Chandan Singh, succeeded by Chaudhri Kewal Singh.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UTg1AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Thacker's+Indian+Directory&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Chandan%20Singh%20Sarosi&f=false |title=Thacker's Indian Directory |date=1918 |pages=276–472 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Search By Taluqdars |url=http://britishindiaassociation.com/Search.php?c_page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510064113/http://britishindiaassociation.com/Search.php?c_page=2 |archive-date=2012-05-10 |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=britishindiaassociation.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Digital Library Of India |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.14611/page/n7/mode/1up?q=Keawal |title=List Of Taluqdars In Oudh |pages=6}}</ref>
[[File:Chaudhri Fateh Bahadur Singh of Sarosi.jpg|thumb|Chaudhri Fateh Bahadur Singh]]

Following India's independence on August 15, 1947, the Sarosi (Taluq) estate was integrated into the [[Dominion of India]] and later the [[Republic of India]]. Chaudhri Kewal Singh, the last ruler of Sarosi served as an [[State legislative councils of India|MLC]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last1=Reeves |first1=P. D. |url=https://ia902900.us.archive.org/16/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.118516/2015.118516.A-Handbook-To-Elections-In-Uttar-Pradesh-1920-1951_text.pdf |title=A Handbook of Elections in Uttar Pradesh 1920-1951 |last2=B. D. |first2=Graham |last3=J. M. |first3=Goodman |publisher=Manohar Book Service |year=1975 |location=New Delhi|pages=220}}</ref>

== List of rulers ==
The rulers of Sarosi bore the title of [[Chaudhri]]. The list of rulers is following as:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
*Medni Mal (around 1540)
*Chaudhri Bhagay Singh
*Chaudhri Asis Sah
*Chaudhri Sakat Singh
*Chaudhri Mangal Sah
*Chaudhri Dipchand Singh
*Chaudhri Zorawar Singh
*Chaudhri Jindh Sah
*Chaudhri Hira Singh
*Chaudhri Pancham Singh
*Chaudhri Gulab Singh
*Chaudhri Fateh Bahadur Singh
*Chaudhri Chandan Singh
*Chaudhri Kewal Singh

== See also ==
*[[Unnao]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sarosi Estate}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Princely states of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates]]
[[Category:Unnao]]
[[Category:Unnao district]]
[[Category:Rajput estates]]
[[Category:Rajput history]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1540]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1952]]
[[Category:1952 disestablishments in India]]

Jagannath Shah Deo

2026-05-02T04:45:14Z

Sandy Saha:

{{short description|Nagvanshi king}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Jagannath Shah Deo
| title = [[Maharaja]]
| image =
| caption =
| succession =
| reign = c. 1822 – 1869 CE
| predecessor = [[Govind Nath Shah]]
| successor = [[Udai Pratap Nath Shah Deo]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Palkot]]
| Coronation =
| death_date = 9 July 1869
| death_place = [[Bharno]]
| spouse = Luchun Kunwar
| issue =
| dynasty = [[Nagvanshi dynasty|Nagvanshi]]
| father =
| mother =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| regent =
| reg-type =
}}

'''Jagannath Shah Deo''' was a [[Nagvanshi dynasty|Nagvanshi]] king in the 19th century. He succeeded [[Govind Nath Shah]] and ruled from 1822 to 1869 CE.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT219|title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar|isbn=9781000651522|last1=Ansari|first1=Tahir Hussain|date=20 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="The Nagbanshis And The Cheros">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.119550/2015.119550.The-Nagbanshis-And-The-Cheros_djvu.txt|title=The Nagbanshis And The Cheros|website=archive.org}}</ref> During his reign, [[Kol uprising]] and [[Sepoy]] mutiny of 1857 happened. He was ally of [[East India Company|British East India company]]. During his reign, Beniram Mehta had written the book ''Nagvanshavali'', the genealogy of Nagvanshi kings in [[Nagpuri language]] which was published in 1876.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Nagvanshavali|title=The Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|publisher=Classical Publishing Company|author=Sudha Kumari Sinha|year=2001|page=14|isbn=978-8170543350}}</ref>

==Reign==
In July 1822, Govind Nath Shah died. He had three sons Jagannath Shah Deo, Shrinath Shah Deo and Mohan Nath Shah Deo. Jagannath Shah Deo succeeded the throne in 1822.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHzL_FFV6PcC|title=The Nagbanshis and the Cheros|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|year=1972|author=Balmukund Virottam|page=188}}</ref> Jagannath Shah Deo could not manage the economy. He incurred debts with Sikh horse traders and Muslim cloth merchant, so he leased villages to them to collect taxes.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6tyBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT34|title=HUL: Cry Rebel!|author=Sanjay Bahadur|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|page=34|isbn=9788174368904|year=2013}}</ref> These people were known as thekedars. They extorted villagers by violence and fraud. They wanted to squeeze taxes as much as possible from the villagers in the form of rents, abwabs and salamis etc. Thus the tribal face exploitation. Harinath Shahi, the younger brother of Jagannath Shah Deo, assigned some villages to some Sikh and Muslim thikedars in Sonepur. They deprived the Munda Mankis of their villages and seduced the sisters of the Mankis. The incidents resulted in the plundering of the houses and killings of Sikh and Muslims Thikedars by Manki Munda and their followers. The rebels forcefully took away 2000 cattles of Kuhang and Kumang village. They also attacked the other villages of Sonepur Pargana, plundered and burnt them down. Some joined the rebellion with the fear of a social boycott and others got the opportunity to plunder and loot. The majority of people joined as their leaders appealed to them. The Rebellion is known as [[Kol uprising]].<ref name="auto"/>

The rebels attacked the Bundu. They plundered and destroyed the houses of non-tribals. The rebels indulged in loot, plunder and killings of non-tribals in Panch Pargana region of Bundu, Tamar. Thomas Wilkinson suppressed the rebellion. The rebel leaders and their followers were killed while some were arrested.<ref name="auto"/> Then police station were established in Bundu, Tamar, Silli, Palkot, Barwe. In 1842, the administrative headquarters transferred from Lohardaga to Ranchi. The kings of Bundu, Tamar, Rahe, Sili, Barway were vassals of the Nagvanshi kings. The British government increased the rent on the region. The tribal people were forced to work on the land of the Jamindars. The Christian missionaries arrived in the region in 1845 and converted many tribes to Christianity.<ref name="auto"/>

In 1957, the Rebellion occurred under the leadership of [[Vishwanath Shahdeo]], [[Pandey Ganpat Rai]]. The Nagvanshi king stood with the British. Later, property of rebellion were confiscated by the British in December 1857. Vishwanath Shahdeo was caught with the assistance of Mahesh Narayan Shahi in Lohardaga and hanged with other rebels on 16 April 1858. The British thanked King Jagannath Shah Deo for his cooperation. After the Rebellion, the properties of rebels were confiscated.<ref name="auto"/> British gave pension to King of Pithuriya [[Jagatpal Singh]] for suppression of Rebellion. Britain directly took control of India after 1857 Rebellion.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sanjay Singh |title=PSC JHARKHAND LOK SEVA AYOG SAMANYA ADHYAYAN|date=19 January 2021 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZHBDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA5-PA23|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-9353228651|pages=23}}</ref>

== Descendants ==

King Jagannath Shah Deo had no sons. Lal Upendra Nath Shah Deo, the eldest son of Srinath Shah Deo, the brother of Jagannath Shah Deo, was looking after the affairs of Nagvanshi and expected to succeed him and tried to stop granting of villages to Brahmins and other needy people. In disgust, Jagannath Shah Deo left for Palkot in 1865. Then he returned to [[Nagfeni]], then to [[Bharno]], where he constructed a fort. Two sons were born from his two wives. The older boy was Pratap Udai Nath Shah Deo, whose mother was queen Luchun Kunwar. He could not succeed in appointing his son as the next king as he died on 9 July 1869. Then there was litigation by Lal Upendra Nath Shah Deo for the rightful owner of the throne. He claimed that Pratap Udai Nath Shah Deo was the adopted son of queen Luchun Kunwar. The judge, Colonel E.A. Rowlate, decided the case in favour of Lal Upendra Nath Shah Deo. The court of wards representing minors, Udai Pratap Nath Shah Deo, appealed to the privy council in London which decided the case in favour of minors. The Pratap Udai Nath Shah Deo was declared the king of Chotanagpur. The queen Luchun Kunwar shifted to [[Ratu, Ranchi|Ratu]] and a palace was created in 1975. The Nagvanshi Gond lineage is traditionally associated with the ancient Nagvanshi Kshatriya dynasty of Chotanagpur, whose legendary founder is regarded as Phani Mukut Rai. Historical references and inscriptions such as those found at the [[Bhoramdeo Temple]] and Mandwa Mahal of the Kawardha princely state refer to genealogical traditions connected with the Nagvanshi rulers.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

According to local genealogical traditions preserved in temple manuscripts (pothi-patri) maintained by priest Ramakant Pandey at Maa Mundeshwari Temple in Kaimur, the lineage is connected with the family of Jagannath Shah Deo (1822–1869) of the Nagvanshi dynasty of Chotanagpur. Jagroop Shah Deo, also remembered locally as Jagroop Gond, is described in these traditions as the stepbrother of Jagannath Shah Deo. He was born at Palkot in present-day Jharkhand around 1827 A.D.<ref>{{Cite web |title=नागवंश: मिथक, इतिहास और लोकसाहित्य- Naag Vansh (Myth, History and Folklore) {{!}} Exotic India Art |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/naag-vansh-myth-history-and-folklore-ubi590/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=www.exoticindiaart.com |language=en}}</ref>{{pn|date=March 2026}}

Family traditions state that Jagroop Shah Deo was appointed as the head of a clan and was later sent to the Kaimur range region of present-day Bihar, where he settled and established his lineage. In local traditions he became widely known as Jagroop Gond. His life is remembered to have spanned approximately between 1827 and 1870 A.D.<ref name=":0" />{{pn|date=March 2026}}

Genealogical traditions further record that Jagroop Shah Deo had four sons: Sagar Gond, Bindeshwari Gond, Naresh Gond and Shivgulam Gond. From this lineage, Shivgulam Gond had a son named Radheshyam Gond, who later had a son named Sadanand Gond. Sadanand Gond had two sons, Sachin Singh and Saurav Singh Naagvanshi, representing the present generation of the Nagvanshi Gond lineage in the Kaimur region of Bihar.<ref name="auto" />{{pn|date=March 2026}}

== References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah Deo, Jagannath}}
[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:People from Simdega district]]
[[Category:Nagpuria people]]

[[Category:1869 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

Farida Dadi

2026-04-25T12:10:01Z

Sandy Saha: put up new stub.

{{short description|Indian film and television actress (born 1950)}}
{{Distinguish|Farida Jalal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Farida Dadi
| image=
| caption =
| birth_name = Farida Dadi
| other_names = Baby Farida
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|06|08|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| occupation = Actress
| notable_works = ''[[Dosti (1964 film)|Dosti]]'', ''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]'', ''[[Uttaran]]'', ''[[3 Idiots]]'', ''[[Jalebi (2018 film)|Jalebi]]''
| spouse =
| children =
|website =
| years_active = 1959–present
}}

'''Farida Dadi''', (born 8 June 1950) also known as '''Baby Farida''', is an Indian actress in [[Hindi]]-language films and television serials.<ref>{{cite news |title=Farida Dadi: Kaushalya is the 'Sultan' of the family |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Farida-Dadi-Kaushalya-is-the-Sultan-of-the-family/articleshow/54407322.cms |website=The Times of India |date=20 September 2016 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd |access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gudiya is back |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/gudiya-is-back/articleshow/15739052.cms |website=Mumbai Mirror |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd |access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Farida Dadi to step into best friend Farida Jalal's shoes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/farida-dadi-to-step-into-best-friend-farida-jalals-shoes/articleshow/64001360.cms |website=The Times of India |date=3 May 2018 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd |access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref>

==Career==
She started her career as a child actor in films in the 60s and was the most sought-after child actress.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} She made her debut as Rama Chaudhary in the movie [[Sujata (1959 film)|Sujata]] (1959), when she was 8 years old. Her most remembered roles as a child artist were in [[Dosti (1964 film)|Dosti]], [[Ram Aur Shyam]], [[Brahmachari (1968 Hindi film)|Brahmachari]], [[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|Sangam]], [[Kabuliwala (1961 film)|Kabuliwalah]], [[Jab Jab Phool Khile]], [[Phool Aur Patthar]] and more with directors like [[Bimal Roy]], [[Raj Kapoor]], [[K Asif]], [[Mehboob Khan]] and [[Guru Dutt]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Baby Farida - Most popular child actress of 60s |url=https://in.style.yahoo.com/news/baby-farida-most-popular-child-actress-60s-083431462.html |website=Yahoo |access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref>

==Filmography==
Her films include:<ref>{{cite web |title=Baby Farida |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba74e4b5b |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722214322/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba74e4b5b |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 July 2023 |website=British Film Institute |access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !!Film !!Character/Role
|-
| 1959
| [[Sujata (1959 film)|''Sujata'']]
| Young Sujata
|-
| 1960
| ''Dili Ni Katha''
|
|-
| 1960
| ''[[Usne Kaha Tha]]''
| Young Farida
|-
| 1960
| ''[[Patang]]''
|
|-
| 1960
| ''Kalpana''
| Munni
|-
| 1961
| ''[[Aas Ka Panchhi]] (as Baby Fareeda)''
|
|-
| 1961
| [[Kabuliwala (1961 film)|''Kabuliwala'']]
| Amina A. Khan
|-
| 1961
| [[Chhaya (film)|''Chhaya'']]
| Young Sarita
|-
| 1961
| ''[[Batwara]]''
| Munni
|-
| 1962
| ''[[Hariyali Aur Rasta]]''
| Young Shobhna
|-
| 1962
| ''[[Man-Mauji]]''
| Advocate's Daughter
|-
| 1962
| ''[[Gyara Hazar Ladkian]] (as Baby Farida)''
|
|-
| 1963
| ''[[Yeh Rastey Hain Pyar Ke]]''
| Rita A. Sahni
|-
| 1964
| [[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|''Sangam'']]
| Young Radha
|-
| 1964
| [[Dosti (1964 film)|''Dosti'']]
| Manjula 'Manju'
|-
| 1964
| ''Beti Bete''
| Young Lakshmi
|-
| 1965
| [[Janwar (1965 film)|''Janwar'']]
|
|-
| 1965
| ''[[Jab Jab Phool Khile]]''
| Munni
|-
| 1966
| ''[[Phool Aur Patthar]]''
| Jumni
|-
| 1966
| ''[[Dil Diya Dard Liya]]''
|
|-
| 1966
| ''[[Devar]]''
| Munni M. Singh (as Baby Farida)
|-
| 1966
| ''[[Aasra]]''
| Somlata (Sona)
|-
| 1967
| ''[[Nasihat]]''
| Kamla
|-
| 1967
| ''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]''
| Kuku
|-
| 1967
| ''[[Raat Aur Din]]''
| Young Varuna
|-
| 1968
| [[Brahmachari (1968 Hindi film)|''Brahmachari'']]
| Chandni (Child Artist)
|-
| 1968
| ''[[Teen Bahuraniyan]]''
| Parvati's Daughter (as Farida)
|-
| 1968
| [[Payal Ki Jhankaar|''Payal Ki Jhankar'']]
| Pammi's Sister
|-
| 1969
| ''[[Badi Didi]]''
| Shobha
|-
| 1984
| ''[[Sohni Mahiwal (1984 film)|Sohni Mahiwal]] (as Farida)''
|
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Prem Pratigyaa]] (as Farida)''
|
|-
| 2006
| ''Jai Santoshi Maa''
|
|-
| 2006
| ''Ab To Banja Sajanwa Hamaar''
| Surajmukhi - Chandu's wife
|-
| 2007
| [[Dhol (film)|''Dhol'']]
| Mrs. Elizabeth Tripathi
|-
| 2007
| ''My Love''
| Khalajaan
|-
| 2007
| [[Bhool Bhulaiyaa|''Bhool Bhulaiyaa'']]
| Avni's Grandmother
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Pehli Nazar Ka Pyaar]]''
| Malati / Anju's mother
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Vaada Raha]]''
| Pooja's mom
|-
| 2009
| ''[[3 Idiots]]''
| Mrs. Qureshi
|-
| 2010
| ''Ashok Chakra: Tribute to Real Heroes''
| Mrs. Aatule
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Toofan (2010 film)|Toofan]]''
| Saavi
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Luv U Soniyo]]''
| Mark's Granny
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Gippi]]''
| Sister Maria
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Rahasya]]''
| Mrs. Noorani
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Madmast Barkhaa]]''
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Loveshhuda]]''
| Pooja's Grandmom
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Dil Jo Na Keh Saka]]''
| Biji / Bebe|
|-
| 2018
| [[Jalebi (film)|''Jalebi'']]
| Elderly passenger on train
|-
|2018
|''Satti Par Satto ([[Gujarati Language|Gujarati]])''
|Baa (दादी)
|-
|2022
|''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
|Aunty
|}

===Television===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !!Show !!Role
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Saara Akaash]]''
| General Durani's Mother
|-
|2003
| ''[[Miss India (TV series)|Miss India]]''
| Suhani's Mother
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Hey...Yehii To Haii Woh!|Hey... Yehii to Haii Woh!]]''
| Noorie
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyann]]''
| Radhaji
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]''
| Armaan's Bi
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
| Tai Doctor
|-
| 2008–2014
| ''[[Uttaran]]''
| Anjum Nani
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Best of Luck Nikki]]''
| Bua maa
|-
|2012
|''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|RajLaxmi, Mother-in-Law (Episode 1181/ Ratna Rastogi (Episode 2251)
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Jodha Akbar]]''
| Apoorva devi, Bharmal's mother; Jodha's grandmother
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016
| ''Khorshid''
|
|-
| ''[[Ichhapyaari Naagin]]''
| Kaushalya Pratap
|-
| 2017
| ''Chupke Chupke''
| Dadiya
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Namune]]''<ref>{{cite web |title='Namune' to bring writer P.l. Deshpande alive on small screen |url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/namune-to-bring-writer-p-l-deshpande-alive-on-small-screen |website=The Quint |date=14 July 2018 |access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref>
| Kaushalya Agnihotri
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Tantra (TV series)|Tantra]]''<ref>{{cite web |title='Tantra' TV show Launch event Juhi Parmar, Sargun Kaur, Manish Goel & more |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/zoom/episode-updates/tantra-tv-show-launch-event-juhi-parmar-sargun-kaur-manish-goel-more/16973 |website=TimesNow |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd |access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref>
| Mrs. Khanna (Dadi)
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Jijaji Chhat Per Hain]]''
| Amma
|-
| 2020–2021; 2023
| ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
| Baljeet Dadi
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Thapki Pyaar Ki 2]]''
| Jayanti Singhania
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Appnapan – Badalte Rishton Ka Bandhan]]''
| Mrs. Jaisingh
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Ali Baba: Dastaan-E-Kabul]]''
| Mariam's caretaker
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| Nilamma "Amma"
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Saubhagyavati Bhava: * Niyam Aur Shartein Laagu]]''
| Neela Sharma
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Krishna Mohini]]''
| Dayawanti Thakkar
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Doree (TV series)|Doree 2]]''
| Dadi
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Noyontara]]''
| Mrs. Basu
|}

===Web series===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year ||Title || Role || Platform ||Notes
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Haq Se]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Kanwaljit Singh, Raza Murad, Suhasini Mulay, among others question GR prohibiting actors over 65 years from shooting |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/kanwaljit-singh-raza-murad-suhasini-mulay-among-others-who-question-government-resolution-prohibiting-actors-over-65-years-from-shooting/articleshow/76881556.cms |website=Mumbai Mirror |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd |access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref>
| Shagufta
| [[ALT Balaji]]
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Dil Dosti Dilemma]]''
|Ghazala Aapa
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0045124}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dadi, Farida}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:1950 births]]

Thillu Mullu

2026-04-22T18:20:15Z

Sandy Saha:

{{short description|1981 film by K. Balachander}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thillu Mullu poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| screenplay = [[Visu]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Gol Maal]]''}}
| producer = {{plainlist|
*P. R. Govindarajan
*J. Duraisamy
}}
| starring = [[Rajinikanth]]
| cinematography = [[B. S. Lokanath]]
| editing = N. R. Kittu
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Kalakendra Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1981|5|1}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Thillu Mullu''''' ({{translation|Hanky-panky}}) is a 1981 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[K. Balachander]] and written by [[Visu]]. A remake of the 1979 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Gol Maal]]'', it stars [[Rajinikanth]], with [[Thengai Srinivasan]], [[Nagesh]], [[Poornam Viswanathan]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] and [[Viji Chandrasekhar]] in supporting roles. The film is about Chandran, who lies to his boss to get a leave but gets caught. To save his job, he is forced to pretend to his boss that he has a twin brother.

''Thillu Mullu'' was released on 1 May 1981. Critics particularly praised Rajinikanth's performance, as he was known for doing mainly action films until that point in his career. A remake [[Thillu Mullu (2013 film)|of the same name]], directed by [[Badri (director)|Badri]], was released in 2013.

== Plot ==
Aiyampettai Arivudainambi Kaliyaperumal Chandran is a graduate in search of his first job. He and his sister Uma have no relatives or acquaintances except their doctor/family friend. The doctor advises him to attend an interview for a job at his friend Sriramachandramurthy's import-export company. Sriramachandramurthy is a man of traditional values. He is a sports fan but thinks lowly of youngsters involved in sports. He believes that men without moustaches are characterless.

Chandran has a moustache; the doctor advises Chandran to take care of the other problems by acting in a manner Sriramachandramurthy appreciates: namely wearing a [[Nehru jacket]] for a usual dress given the poverty in the country, always telling his name in full, giving importance to his moustache, behaving decently, showing a lack of interest in sports and drama considering that they do not promote any wellbeing to the home or the country, respecting one's parents, and detesting the concept of having someone else recommend a person for jobs instead of recommending for oneself. He impresses Sriramachandramurthy who hires him immediately.

One day, Chandran and his friends decide to attend a football match and he wants to take leave by lying to their respective bosses. The next day, he gets a call in his office which his boss picks up, wherein he is informed that Chandran's mother, (who actually died many years ago, has fallen ill) instead of the lie that was planned to tell to his boss. Despite realising that his friend messed up, he goes to watch the [[association football|football]] match. Sriramachandramurthy, who attends the match as well, sees him there. The next day, Sriramachandramurthy queries Chandran about what he witnessed. To escape from the ire of his boss and being fired from his first job, he decides to lie. Remembering the plot of a film his friend, actor [[Nagesh]] is shooting, Chandran convinces Sriramachandramurthy that he had seen his moustache-less identical twin Indran at the stadium. Sriramachandramurthy buys his argument and feels bad about accusing him. He makes amends by hiring "Indran" to teach his daughter Sarojini music.

Chandran is forced to lead a dual life: as a sincere hardworking employee under his real name, and as Sarojini's music teacher Indran; subsequently, Sarojini and "Indran" fall in love. A boy named Kattabomman who works at Sriramachandramurthy's house knows about Chandran's secret and blackmails him regularly. Sriramachandramurthy later asks Chandran to meet his mother. Chandran, with Nagesh's help, requests a wealthy socialite, Meenakshi Duraiswamy, to pose as Chandran's widowed mother. Chandran ultimately tells Sarojini the truth. Sarojini's friend tells him to tell Sriramachandramurthy as well, but he is reluctant to do so. Chandran goes to Sriramachandramurthy with Sarojini, but when Chandran refuses to give Kattabomman {{INRConvert|5000|year=1981}}, Kattabomman tells Sriramachandramurthy about Chandran's false moustache, giving away the secret. Sriramachandramurthy however ends up thinking that Indran impersonated Chandran to marry Sarojini. He then chases Chandran, whom he thinks is Indran, across the city via car to kill him. Due to his rash driving, he seemingly cripples Uma during the chase.

Sriramachandramurthy is sued by lawyer Charuhasan on Chandran's behalf for injuring Uma. Sriramachandramurthy is, for the most part, scared during the lawyer's monologue, but eventually realises that he is being fooled again — this time by Charuhasan, who is actually an actor hired by Chandran, while Uma was not actually crippled in the chase. At this point, all the main characters approach Sriramachandramurthy and tell him the truth. A visibly confused and shaken Sriramachandramurthy locks himself in a room, and comes out with his moustache shaved off, feeling that he does not need something which caused so much trouble. Sriramachandramurthy then laments to a picture of [[Kartikeya|Muruga]] about his foolishness. As he does so, the picture of Muruga changes into that of [[Ganesha]]; the voice of Ganesha apologises to him as he was also involved in fooling him.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Aiyampettai Arivudainambi Kaliyaperumal Chandran / Indran{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=106}}
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Sriramachandramurthy{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=106}}
* [[Nagesh]] as himself<ref name="kamadenu">{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=7 July 2018 |title=தில்லுமுல்லு - அப்பவே அப்படி கதை! |url=https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/3923-thillumullu-appave-appdi-kadhai-2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181026062452/https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/3923-thillumullu-appave-appdi-kadhai.html |archive-date=26 October 2018 |access-date=26 October 2018 |work=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Poornam Viswanathan]] as the doctor{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=105}}
* [[Sowcar Janaki]] as Meenakshi Duraiswamy<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Maadhavi (actress)|Maadhavi]] as Sarojini<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Viji Chandrasekhar]] as Uma<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Gundu Kalyanam]] as one of Chandran's friends<ref name="kamadenu" />
* Master Chandrasekhar as Kattabomman<ref>{{Cite web |last=காயத்ரி |first=வெ வித்யா |date=27 December 2023 |title=நிறைவேறாத கடைசி ஆசை; `தில்லு முல்லு' பட நடிகர் மரணம்! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/thillu-mullu-movie-fame-master-chandrasekaran-passed-away |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322050757/https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/thillu-mullu-movie-fame-master-chandrasekaran-passed-away |archive-date=22 March 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* Jhansi as Sarojini's aunt, Rajam
* [[Sethu Vinayagam]] as one of Chandran's friends<ref name="kamadenu" />
}}

;Uncredited
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Charuhasan (cameo appearance)
* [[Visu]] (cameo appearance)
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] (cameo appearance)<ref name="41 years">{{Cite web |last=Sundaram |first=Nandhu |date=1 May 2022 |title=41 years of Thillu Mullu: This hilarious Rajinikanth film still entertains |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/41-years-thillu-mullu-hilarious-rajinikanth-film-still-entertains-163453 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501080230/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/41-years-thillu-mullu-hilarious-rajinikanth-film-still-entertains-163453 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |access-date=9 May 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
* [[Pratap Pothen]] (cameo appearance)<ref name="41 years" />


== Production ==
In 1979, [[K. Balachander]] began developing a Tamil remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Gol Maal]]'', released earlier the same year.<ref name="Casual Leave">{{Cite magazine |date=11 November 1979 |title=கோல்மாலில் ஒரு கோல்மால்? |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-11-11/page/n49/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230315134125/https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-11-11/page/n49/mode/2up |archive-date=15 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-15 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=49 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> By June 1980, [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] were confirmed to star in the still untitled remake.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Piousji |date=29 June 1980 |title=Khaas Baat |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12230/page/n48/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230406052940/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12230/page/n48/mode/2up |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=6 April 2023 |magazine=Sunday |page=47 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film, which would later be titled ''Thillu Mullu'', was Rajinikanth's first full-length [[comedy film]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sampath |first=Janani |date=27 August 2013 |title=The common man's film maker |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/aug/27/the-common-mans-film-maker-510849.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161103100657/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/aug/27/The-common-mans-film-maker-510849.html |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> He initially doubted whether he would be able to pull off a comedy film, and instead suggested that Balachander consider an established comedian like [[Nagesh]]; Balachander refused since he wanted a hero, not a comedian, and Balachander assured that he would guide him through the process.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=105}} Rajinikanth hoped that people, who considered him to be made for "rough roles", would change their perspective after seeing the film;<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Piousji |date=21 September 1980 |title=Khaas Baat |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12230/page/n503/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230406052735/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12230/page/n503/mode/2up |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=6 April 2023 |magazine=Sunday |page=39 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> he accepted the film due to Balachander's suggestion that he should do try to break the stereotyped [[action hero]] mould for which he was known at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2012 |title=Return of Rajinikanth |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/return-of-rajinikanth/article1-815331.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140210092421/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/return-of-rajinikanth/article1-815331.aspx |archive-date=10 February 2014 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Rajinikanth was initially reluctant to shave his moustache to portray his character, given the success he had with it but ultimately did so, making ''Thillu Mullu'' the first film which featured him without one.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=106}} It was also Rajinikanth and Balachander's last film together.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. Shiva |date=15 June 2018 |title=After 'Kaala' release, a look at the underside of Rajini's stardom |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/after-kaala-release-a-look-at-the-underside-of-rajinis-stardom/article24170885.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615132825/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/after-kaala-release-a-look-at-the-underside-of-rajinis-stardom/article24170885.ece |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=26 October 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

[[Thengai Srinivasan]] was recruited to play Sriramachandramurthy. Balachander recalled, "Normally I try to get all actors to modulate the dialogue in a particular manner but for this character I wanted Thengai to do it in his style, so instead of teaching him, I asked him how he would like to do the scene and then developed on it. I wanted him to play it as a character and not as a comedian for I felt that the humour would come out on its own through his unique body language and dialogue delivery".<ref name="MohanRamanThengai">{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=20 October 2012 |title=He walked tall in tinsel town |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/he-walked-tall-in-tinsel-town/article4016391.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103100859/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/he-walked-tall-in-tinsel-town/article4016391.ece |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Nagesh appeared as himself.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 September 2012 |title=Power Star in Nagesh's role! |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2012/09/10&ID=Ar03002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161028062518/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2012/09/10&ID=Ar03002 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Viji Chandrasekhar]] made her acting debut with this film, playing the sister of Chandran.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkadesan |first=S |date=13 August 2012 |title=Viji hopes for a dream run in films |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/aug/13/viji-hopes-for-a-dream-run-in-films-396748.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161103100800/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/aug/13/viji-hopes-for-a-dream-run-in-films-396748.html |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The character is a skater, and Balachander cast her as such after noticing her carrying roller skates.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=28 October 2016 |title=Once upon a film set... |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Once-upon-a-film-set.../article15835309.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106095605/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Once-upon-a-film-set.../article15835309.ece |archive-date=6 January 2017 |access-date=3 November 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> At Balachander's insistence,<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 July 2010 |title=The fire still burns bright |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/the-fire-still-burns-bright/articleshow/21838229.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218071636/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/the-fire-still-burns-bright/amp_articleshow/21838229.cms |archive-date=18 February 2017 |access-date=17 February 2017 |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> [[Kamal Haasan]] made a cameo appearance as Charuhasan, an actor posing as a lawyer in the climax of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivatsan |date=15 September 2016 |title=Rajinikanth's cameo in Neruppu Da: 5 actors whose cameos made more noise than films |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/neruppu-da-rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-vijay-ajith-kumar-dhanush-cameo-341199-2016-09-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103095622/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/neruppu-da-rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-vijay-ajith-kumar-dhanush-cameo/1/764860.html |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=27 October 2016 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> During the film's shooting, Rajinikanth met his future wife [[Latha Rajinikanth|Latha]], then a student of [[Ethiraj College for Women]], who went to interview him for her college magazine.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 November 2012 |title=காதலுக்கு அஸ்திவாரம் போட்ட 'தில்லுமுல்லு' படம் வெற்றி: நகைச்சுவையில் கொடிகட்டிப் பறந்தார் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/11/20224916/love-and-comedy-film-thillu-mu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402234630/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/11/20224916/love-and-comedy-film-thillu-mu.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> Some scenes were also shot at Janaki's house at [[Cenotaph Road]].<ref name="MohanRamanThengai" />{{sfn|Krissna|Rangarajan|2012|p=11}}

The screenplay was written by [[Visu]], with [[Ananthu (screenwriter)|Ananthu]] assisting.<ref name="41 years" /> [[B. S. Lokanath]] and N. R. Kittu served as cinematographer and editor respectively. The film was produced by P. R. Govindarajan and J. Duraisamy under Kalakendra Movies.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Thillu Mullu |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Kalakendra Movies |year=1981 |time=1:30 to 6:43 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>


== Themes and influences ==
Film critic [[Naman Ramachandran]] identifies one scene where Chandran pulls a prank on the doctor who then remarks that whatever else he accomplishes in life he will always be a good actor, as a "meta" moment.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|pp=105-106}} He also identified the name of Haasan's character Charuhasan as a reference to Haasan's [[Charuhasan|real-life brother]], and the scene where Charuhasan incites several legal points actually incorporate the titles of many hit films of Haasan.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=106}} R. Balu, teacher at Hindu Theological Higher Secondary School claimed the plot of ''Thillu Mullu'' and ''Gol Maal'' was taken from his stage play ''Casual Leave''.<ref name="Casual Leave" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thillu Mullu (1981) |url=http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/Thillu-Mullu-songs-T0000172 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402205457/http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/Thillu-Mullu-songs-T0000172 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=12 September 2015 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thillu Mullu Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/thillu-mullu-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406054143/https://mossymart.com/product/thillu-mullu-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Raagangal Pathinaaru" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Abheri]].{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=155}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=15 July 2015 |title=Mellisai Silenced.. |url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2015/07/15/mellisai-silenced/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406054629/https://www.musicaloud.com/2015/07/15/mellisai-silenced/ |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=Music Aloud}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 17:58
| title1 = Raagangal Pathinaaru
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 4:27
| title2 = Thillu Mullu
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length2 = 4:40
| title3 = Thangangale Thambigale
| extra3 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| length3 = 4:24
| title4 = Andhi Neram
| extra4 = [[Vani Jairam]]
| length4 = 4:27
}}

== Release and reception ==

''Thillu Mullu'' was released on 1 May 1981.<ref name="kamadenu" /> The review board of ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in a review dated 24 May 1981, gave the film a B rating, equal to 45 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vikatan Review Board |date=24 May 1981 |title=தில்லு முல்லு |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/37323--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200531184128/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/37323--2 |archive-date=31 May 2020 |access-date=3 November 2019 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Kutty Krishnan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Balachander for making a clean comedy film while also praising the performances of cast and technical crew and added that the film manages to sustain the interest of audiences.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=கிருஷ்ணன் |first=குட்டி |date=17 May 1981 |title=தில்லு முல்லு |url=https://ibb.co/PCJdHPD |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406051602/https://ibb.co/PCJdHPD |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=6 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=43 |language=ta}}</ref> ''Tribune'' stated in 1982, "It is not often that Producer/Director K. Balachandar launches out on films in lighter vein, and this film is one such all revealing exception, of his deft touch in this field too."<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=8 May 1982 |title=Thillu Mullu (Tamil) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NVAZAAAAIAAJ&q=thillu+mullu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509053754/https://books.google.com/books?id=NVAZAAAAIAAJ&q=thillu+mullu |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=16 August 2019 |magazine=Tribune |publisher=Ceylon News Service |pages=5–6 |volume=26 |issue=29–40}}</ref> Naagai Dharuman of ''Anna'' praised the acting of the cast, cinematography, music, dialogues and direction and appreciated Balachander for making a comedy film with believable funny scenes without making it boring and for making Rajinikanth do a full-length comedy role.<ref>{{cite news |last=தருமன் |first=நாகை |date=3 May 1981 |title=தில்லு முல்லு |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-5-67 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601133512/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_5_67/4.jp2/full/1000,1368/0/default.jpg |archive-date=1 June 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025 |newspaper=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
On the centenary of Indian cinema in April 2013, ''[[Forbes India]]'' included the performances of Rajinikanth and Thengai Sreenivasan in the film on its list, "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=Shishir |last2=Ramnath |first2=N. S. |last3=Mitter |first3=Sohini |date=27 April 2013 |title=25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141028052937/http://forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0 |archive-date=28 October 2014 |access-date=27 January 2015 |work=[[Forbes India]]}}</ref> On 1 July 2013, coinciding with International Joke Day, actors and writers of comedy were asked to name their favourite film. Comedian and film critic [[Bosskey]] named ''Thillu Mullu'' as his favourite comedy film, stating: "Thengaai Srinivasan is my all-time favourite. [..] and the interview scene in ''Thillu Mullu'' can enliven any boring day".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J |date=1 July 2013 |title=Laughter lines |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/laughter-lines/article4867674.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103102602/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/laughter-lines/article4867674.ece |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Remake ==
{{Further|Thillu Mullu (2013 film)}}
''Thillu Mullu'' was remade in 2013 with the same title, directed by [[Badri (director)|Badri]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=1 June 2013 |title=Classic gets a new twist |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-cinema/classic-gets-a-new-twist/article4772131.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103103006/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-cinema/classic-gets-a-new-twist/article4772131.ece |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It featured re-worked versions of the title song and "Raagangal Pathinaaru".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=20 April 2013 |title=Old meets new |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/old-meets-new/article4636656.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103103059/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/old-meets-new/article4636656.ece |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In an interview with ''IndiaGlitz'' in 2016, Visu expressed dissatisfaction with the remake.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2016 |title=Director Visu Interview : Censor asked me to make 87 cuts for my film |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/actor-script-writer-anchor-visu-interview-transcription-tamil-news-162536.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101045151/http://www.indiaglitz.com/actor-script-writer-anchor-visu-interview-transcription-tamil-news-162536.html |archive-date=1 January 2017 |access-date=1 January 2017 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-8475-796-5 |location=New Delhi |orig-date=2012}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Krissna |first1=Suresh |author-link=Suresh Krissna |title=My Days with Baasha |last2=Rangarajan |first2=Malathi |publisher=Westland Ltd. |year=2012 |isbn=978-93-8162-629-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |location=Chennai |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{K. Balachander}}

[[Category:1981 Indian films]]
[[Category:1981 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1981 comedy films]]
[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:Films about fraud]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Visu]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Bengali films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Shankar Ramani

2026-04-21T15:31:43Z

Sandy Saha: stub

{{Short description|Indian poet (1922–2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Shankar Ramani
| image = Shankar Ramani - Konkani Vishwakosh.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1922|6|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Verem, [[Bardez]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2003|11|28|1922|6|26|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Poet, administrative officer
| language = [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| notable_works = ''Nile Nile Brahma''
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1996)
}}
'''Shankar Ramani''' (26 June 1922 – 28 November 2003) was an eminent Indian poet from [[Goa]] who wrote in both [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]].<ref name="GTBirthCentenary">{{Cite web |last=Siqueira |first=Evelyn |date=2022-06-24 |title=Join the birth centenary celebrations of poet Shankar Ramani |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/things-to-do/join-the-birth-centenary-celebrations-of-poet-shankar-ramani |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Gomantak Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="HeraldTribute">{{Cite web |date=9 May 2023 |title=A tribute through a documentary to Shankar Ramani |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/cafe/a-tribute-through-a-documentary-to-shankar-ramani/256649/ |website=oHeraldo |language=en |access-date=2025-12-27}}</ref><ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Vishwakosh - Volume 4 Released.pdf/252 |type= |edition= |series= |pages=252 |volume=4 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref> He is regarded as an eclectic and significant figure in Konkani literature, particularly for his contributions to the development of the modern Konkani poem.<ref name="GTBirthCentenary" /><ref name="HeraldTribute" /><ref name="NTTribute22">{{cite news |last=Sardessai |first=Naguesh Rao |url=https://epaper.navhindtimes.in/PageImages/pdf/2022/06/28/28062022-md-ga-06.pdf |date=28 June 2022 |title=A tribute to Shankar Ramani |work=[[The Navhind Times]] |page=6 (NT Buzz) |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ramani was born on 26 June 1922 in Verem, [[Bardez]], [[Portuguese Goa]].<ref name="NTTribute22" /> He completed his early education in Marathi at [[Panaji]] and subsequently pursued Portuguese studies, completing his education at [[Liceu de Goa|Lyceum]]. He then attended St. Joseph's institution in [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]] for English-medium education, passing his Matriculation in 1945.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /><ref name="NTTribute22" />

While he spent a significant portion of his life in [[Belgaum]], he maintained a deep connection to the natural landscapes and culture of his native Goa, which frequently served as inspiration for his poetry.<ref name="GTBirthCentenary" /><ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /><ref name="NTTribute22" />

== Literary career ==
Ramani wrote poems on love, spirituality and nature.<ref name="HeraldTribute" /> His work indulged in the emotional and social aspects of human existence. His poetry mainly rhymes and is lyrical.<ref name="NTTribute22" />

He first started writing poems in 1937, while still in school, with his first work being a parody poem titled "Pakhara Yeshil Kadhi Partuni". His first published poem appeared in the weekly ''Prakash'' in 1939. He went on to contribute poetry to various magazines, including ''Nayan'', ''Zharapkar'', ''Kirloskar'', ''Swadesh'', ''Mahadwar'', and ''Dudhsagar''.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

== Works ==
Shankar Ramani authored five collections of Marathi poetry and three in Konkani.<ref name="NTTribute22" /> The following are his published works:

=== Marathi ===
* ''Suryaphul'' (1950) – A children's poetry collection.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* ''Katarvel'' (1959)<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* ''Abhaalvata'' (1967)<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* ''Palan'' (1979)<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* ''Garbhagar'' (2000)<ref name="HeraldTribute" />

=== Konkani ===
* ''Joglanche Jhaad'' (1987)<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* ''Nile Nile Brahma''<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* ''Niranjan''<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* ''Brahmakamal''<ref name="HeraldTribute" />

== Awards and honours ==
Ramani received several accolades for his literary contributions:
* Sahitya Akademi Award: He won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1996 for his Konkani poetry collection ''Nile Nile Brahma''.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* Gomant Sharada Award: In 2009, the [[Kala Academy]], Goa, posthumously selected him for the Gomant Sharada Award, the state's highest honor for Marathi and Konkani literature, in recognition of his lifetime contribution to the field.<ref name="TOISharadaAward">{{Cite news |date=2002-03-23 |title=Shankar Ramani selected for Gomant Sharada award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/shankar-ramani-selected-for-gomant-sharada-award/articleshow/4583115.cms |access-date=2025-12-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He had previously received a literary award from the Kala Academy in 1975.<ref name="NTTribute22" />
* Maharashtra Rajya Puraskar: His collection ''Abhalwata'' was awarded the Kavi Keshavsut Puraskar by the Government of Maharashtra in 1968.<ref name="NTTribute22" /> He was also a recipient of the Maharashtra Rajya Puraskar (Maharashtra State Award) for his Marathi poetry.<ref name="TOISharadaAward" />
* Other award-winning collections include ''Pallan'', ''Darpaniche Deep'', ''Garbhagarh'', and ''Brahmakamal''.<ref name="NTTribute22" />

==Personal life==
Professionally, Ramani worked for the river navigation department prior to the [[liberation of Goa]], eventually serving as an Administrative Officer in the River Navigation Department of the Government of Goa before his retirement in 1980.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /><ref name="NTTribute22" />

Ramani was initially married to Kamal, who died in 1973. He then married Leelabai.<ref name="HeraldTribute" />

==Death==
Ramani died on 28 November 2003.<ref name="HeraldTribute" />

== Legacy ==
Ramani's life and work were memorialized in a documentary film titled ''Zaad Nirakar'', directed by Dnyanesh Moghe.<ref name="HeraldTribute" />

In 2022, the Vengurlekar Fine Art Centre in [[Panaji]] organized ''Chitranjali'', an exhibition of paintings by 12 Goan artists based on Ramani's poems to commemorate his birth centenary. Participating artists included Sanjay Harmalkar, Laxman Chari, Deepak Chari, Shivprasad Kinalekar, Mahesh Vengurlekar, Siddharth Gaitonde, Kranti Chari, Sagar Naik Mule, Deepak Gad, Dilesh Hazare, and Nirupa Naik.<ref name="NTTribute22" /> In 2023, further celebrations were held across Goa and Maharashtra to commemorate the centenary of his birth, highlighting his enduring influence on Konkani and Marathi letters.<ref name="GTBirthCentenary" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramani, Shankar}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Konkani-language poets]]
[[Category:Marathi-language poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]
[[Category:Poets from Goa]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]

Chitu Khan

2026-04-19T02:43:57Z

Sandy Saha: put up a article.

{{Short description|Pindari Jat chief and general}}
{{One source|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chitu Khan
| office = [[Pindari|Pindari Chief and General]]
| image = [[File:Chetoo the Pindarry.png|250px]]
| 1blankname =
| 1namedata =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor = Doubla Khan
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = near [[Delhi]] {{small|(present-day [[India]])}}
| birth_name =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| allegiance =
| branch = [[Pindaris]]
| service_years =
| rank =
| battles = [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]
| awards =
| caption = Chitu Khan the Pindari Chief
}}

'''Chitu Khan''' was a [[Pindari]] [[Muslim Jat|Jat]] chief and general, officially in the service of the [[House of Scindia]]. He was an able chief, and led in several campaigns to plunder [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabadi]], [[Rajputana|Rajput]], [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]], and [[East India Company|British]] domains. In 1805, Chitu was granted the title of [[Nawab]] by Scindia. He would assume the name of ''Nawab Muhammad Kamal Khan Mustakeen Jung Bahadur''.{{sfn|Roy|1973|p=65-66}}

== Early life ==
Chitu Khan was born into a [[Jat]] family near [[Delhi]]. In his childhood, he was bought during a famine, and raised as a '[[Kunwar]]' (or son) of Doubla Mehar (or Doobla Khan), while he was out on an expedition with [[Mahadji Scindia]] to [[Gohad]]. Doabla would officially be succeeded by his sons, but Chitu would become the [[de-facto]] leader of his own ''durrah''.{{sfn|Roy|1973|p=65-66}}

== Career ==
Chitu's ''durrah'' maintained a force of 25,000 troops. In addition, he had 2,000 infantry to garrison forts, 6 elephants, 2 ''palkees'', a ''naubat'', 2 grand bazars, 2 flags, and 100 ''hircarras'' (scouts). His banner was of bhugwa (saffron) color, with a white snake in the center. The first banner was presented to him by the [[Bhonsle dynasty#Nagpur Branch|Bhonsla Raja of Nagpur]].{{sfn|Roy|1973|p=68}}

Chitu was granted the 'Panj Mahals' of Nimar, Rajgarh, Talien, Satwas, and Kilichpur from Scindia. Upon being recognized as an official chief, he was also granted Singpur Bari and Chipaner from Bhonsla, and Leileepur from Vazier Muhammad Khan. The [[jagir]] of Chitu (and Rajun) had an estimated worth of 5,87,000 rupees.{{sfn|Roy|1973|p=67}}

He was a competent and respected administrator, arguably the most powerful of his class.{{sfn|Roy|1973|p=69}} [[Sir John Malcolm]], who would later take possession of his lands, was impressed by his previous governance.{{sfn|Roy|1973|p=67: Sir John Malcolm, who later took possession of [Chitu's] lands, was deeply impressed with the 'indications of a regular form of government, as far as such a state of things could exist in Malwa'}} He was a liberal by nature, distributing land among his followers so they could maintain themselves without plunder. His word was honored among the Pindaris, while those of other chiefs could be disobeyed.{{sfn|Roy|1973|p=70}}

=== Relations with the Marathas ===
The [[Pindaris]] were officially in the service of the [[Maratha Confederacy]]. However, despite this arrangement, they would often take any opportunity to plunder their Maratha patrons. In Chitu's case, despite his allegiance to [[Scindia]], he had made himself virtually independent of him, and often ravaged his territories. In 1813, Chitu laid waste to the territories south of Narbada. Scindia was forced to send expeditions against him, but they ultimately failed to stop his predations.{{sfn|Roy|1973|p=66: In spite of his allegiance to Scindia, he had made himself virtually independent of him. Even his master's territories were not exempt from his depredations. No wonder that Scindia had been forced to send expeditions against Chitu, but none was successful in bringing him to book}}

The [[Peshwa]] was not safe from the Pindaris either. After having plundered Burhanpur, Adilabad, and Ajanta regions, Chitu and Karim led a party of 5,000 into the Peshwa's territory, crossing into the [[Western Ghats]] to sack and loot the region, reaching as far as Sanganer.{{sfn|Roy|1973|p=142}}

=== Invasions of Rajputana, Gujarat and the Western Ghats ===
In 1808-9, Chitu would lead a party of four to five thousand to plunder [[Surat]], entering [[Gujarat]] from [[Mewar]] and spreading out across the region. In 1812, the Pindaris returned to raid Surat again. Chitu would also lead a party of 14,000 into the [[Western Ghats]], where he plundered several towns; Moha, Soopa, Kalayanwari, Navsari, and Attavesy suffered immensely.{{sfn|Roy|1973|p=130}}

In 1815, Chitu followed other Pindari chiefs into [[Rajputana]]. He would gather a party of 9,000 and encamp near [[Neemuch]], from where he would begin his predations, marching towards [[Chitor]] and plundering villages along the way. He would remain at Chitor for a time, laying waste to the surrounding environs, before returning to his domain with the captured booty.{{sfn|Roy|1973|p=125}}

=== Invasions of the Hyderabad State ===
In 1815, the Pindaris looked to the wealthy [[Hyderabad State]] for a source of plunder. A party of 8,000 ventured south. They split into two parties to cover more ground. The raid was a monumental success, and the booty collected by them was greater than any previous expedition. Chitu's share alone had to be brought back on 4 elephants.{{sfn|Roy|1973|p=131: the booty collectd by them in their plundering expedition was greater than that of any previous expedition, in so much merchants were sent for from Oejein to purchase many of the valuables obtained, those of Neemawar not being sufficiently wealthy. Chitu was the greatest gainer. His share of plunder was brought on four elephants}}

=== Invasions of British domains ===
Emboldened by the fabulous success of the previous year, the Pindaris organized another campaign into the [[Deccan]], this time targeting British domains too. In 1816, Chitu led a party with the intention of attacking [[Madras]], but, due to the unexpected overflow of the [[Krishna River]], had to retreat. Later that year, another party from Chitu's ''durrah'' attempted to plunder the region, but suffered heavy losses from British forces; the Pindaris were only able to kill Captain Drake in retaliation.{{sfn|Roy|1973|p=139}}

In 1817, the Pindaris would take revenge of the previously failed invasions. They horribly ravaged British territories.{{sfn|Roy|1973|p=141}}

=== Pindari War (Third Anglo-Maratha War) ===
At last, the British resolved to end the Pindari threat. They assembled the largest military force in India thus far, and launched a campaign which would come to be known as the [[Pindari#Pindari War (1817-19)|Pindari War]], an extension of the larger [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]].<ref>McEldowney, Philip (1966). [https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/pindaris.html#rise Pindari Society and the Establishment of British Paramountcy in India]. University of Wisconsin.</ref>

Chitu sided with [[Scindia]] during the war. He was stationed with other Pindari chiefs north of the Narmada valley. He led 10,000 horsemen, most of which were only armed with spears.<ref>Naravane, M. S. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC&pg=PA79#v=onepage&q&f=false Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj]. APH Publishing. pp. 86-87. {{ISBN|978-81-313-0034-3}}.</ref> However, before the war properly began, the massive British force would induce Shinde into accepting a treaty, in which he would cede all his territories and forts.<ref>Burton, R.G. (1910). [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284400/mode/2up The Mahratta And Pindari War]. Simla: Government Press.</ref>

== Death ==
Despite Shinde's surrender, Chitu would continue his resistance against the [[British East India Company|British]] until the very end. He was known for his fiercely anti-British sentiments, promising to ''"ravage and destroy the country of the English"''. He was determined to continue the fight, even as fellow chiefs, such as [[Amir Khan (Tonk State)|Amir Khan]], accepted more favorable offers from the British.{{sfn|Gott|2011|p=220: ...Chitu had been taken in by Scinida's family, and his aim, he had once told Scinida, was to 'ravage and destroy the country of the English'}}<ref>Sinclair, David (1884), [https://books.google.com/books?id=I1gOAAAAQAAJ&q=history+of+india+david+sinclair#v=snippet&q=history%20of%20india%20david%20sinclair&f=false History of India], Madras: Christian Knowledge Society's Press. pp. 194–195.</ref>

Mahendra Roy wrote:
{{blockquote|"''It was [Chitu] who exhorted the Pindaris to carry on the struggle, when all of them wanted to give up... this may be animal courage, yet courage he had, courage to fight the mighty British... He was a man of extraordinary doggedness and tenacity. Once he had taken a decision, he would not flinch from it, whatever the obstacles. Having entered the fray with the English, he carried on the struggle single-handed, till the last moment.''"{{sfn|Roy|1973|p=70}}}}

Chitu was given no clemency. He was continuously tracked by British authorities, until he fell prey to a tiger.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5HPc_EgwUg8C&dq=chitu+khan+british&pg=PA25 |title=The Strangled Traveler |page=25 |author=Martine van Woerkens |year=2002 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226850856 }}</ref>{{sfn|Gott|2011|p=222: ...Chitu's remains were later found in the forest, eaten by tigers}}

== See also ==
* [[Jat Muslim]]
* [[Pindari]]
* [[Amir Khan (Tonk State)]]
* [[Maratha Empire]]
* [[British Empire]]

== References ==

{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Roy |first=Mahendra Prakesh |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.53026 |title=Origin, Growth, and Suppression of the Pindaris |date = 1973 |publisher=Sterling Publishers}}
* McEldowney, Philip (1966). [https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/pindaris.html Pindari Society and the Establishment of British Paramountcy in India]. University of Wisconsin.
* Naravane, M. S. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj]. APH Publishing. {{ISBN|978-81-313-0034-3}}.
* Burton, R.G. (1910). [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284400/mode/2up The Mahratta And Pindari War]. Simla: Government Press.
* {{cite book |last=Gott |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNoz_F_wQPkC |title= Britain's Empire: Resistance, Repression and Revolt |date=2011 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=9781844677382}}
* Sinclair, David (1884), [https://books.google.com/books?id=I1gOAAAAQAAJ&vq History of India], Madras: Christian Knowledge Society's Press.
* Martine van Woerkens (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=5HPc_EgwUg8C&dq The Strangled Traveler]. University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|9780226850856}}.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Chitu}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Scindia dynasty]]
[[Category:Jat]]
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]
[[Category:Nawabs of India]]

Agartala Sadar II Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:29:18Z

Sandy Saha: Data - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Tripura legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Agartala Sadar II
| type= SLA
| state = [[Tripura]]
| established = 1963
| abolished = 1967
| electors = 24,976
| mla = S. Singh
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Agartala Sadar II Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tripura]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || S. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
== Election results ==
=== 1967 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Agartala Sadar II<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006135955/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,445 |percentage=64.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. R. Chanda |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,837 |percentage=32.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. R. R. Chowdhury |party=Independent politician |votes=280 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. R. Paul |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=205 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,608 |percentage=31.56% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,767 |percentage=73.96% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,976 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord missing|Tripura}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Agartala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
{{Tripura-geo-stub}}

Madikeri Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:49:03Z

Sandy Saha: created a page initial version

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Madikeri
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 208
| map_image = 208-Madikeri constituency.svg
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency|Mysore]]
| established = 1956
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:232799}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = Mantar Gowda
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Appachu Ranjan]]
}}

'''Madikeri Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Kodagu district]] and is one among the two legislative assembly constituency from the district.

Madekeri [[Mantar Gowda]] who won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] is the current MLA from this constituency.

== Electorate ==
The constituency has 209,469 voters: 1.05 lakh women and 1.03 lakh men.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituencies {{!}} Kodagu District, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India |url=https://kodagu.nic.in/en/constituencies/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] constitute roughly 20.5% of the electorate and the electorate is 79.8% rural. The electorate is predominantly Hindu with [[Muslims]] and [[Christians]] constituting less than 16% of the voter base. The constituency has more number of [[Vokkaliga|Gowdas (Are Bhashe and others)]] than [[Kodava people|Kodavas]] in contrast to [[Virajpet Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Temple entry row: It is Kodavas vs Arebhashe Gowdas in Kodagu- The Week |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/statescan/2025/02/15/a-temple-entry-row-has-pitted-two-prominent-communities-in-kodagu-against-each-other.amp.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.theweek.in}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan="2" | K. Mallapa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || A. P. Appanna
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || A. M. Bellaippa
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="2" | [[M. C. Nanaiah]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="2" | D. A. Chinnappa
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Dambekodi Subbaya Madappa || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Mundanda M. Nanaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[K. G. Bopaiah]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="3" | [[Appachu Ranjan]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Mantar Gowda|Dr. Mantar Gowda]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Madikeri <ref name="Madikeri Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |title=Madikeri Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/madikeri-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99305522.cms |access-date=29 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250329055421/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/madikeri-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99305522.cms |archive-date=29 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Madikeri">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Madikeri |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10208.htm?ac=208 |access-date=29 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250329055828/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10208.htm?ac=208 |archive-date=29 March 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mantar Gowda|Dr. Mantar Gowda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 84,879 |percentage = 47.84% |change = {{increase}}25.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Appachu Ranjan]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 80,477 |percentage = 45.36% |change = {{increase}}3.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Napanda Muthappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,233 |percentage = 3.51% |change = {{decrease}}28.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,516 |percentage = 0.85% |change = {{decrease}}0.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ameen Mohisin |party = Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 1,436 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,402 |percentage = 2.48% |change = {{decrease}}6.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 177,447 |percentage = 76.22% |change = {{decrease}}1.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 177,416}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 232,799 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.09 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}6.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Madikeri <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Appachu Ranjan]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 70,631 |percentage = 41.68% |change = {{increase}}1.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. A. Jivijaya |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 54,616 |percentage = 32.23% |change = {{decrease}}4.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. P. Chandrakala |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,219 |percentage = 22.55% |change = {{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,615 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhargava. C. J |party = Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha |votes = 1,124 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,015 |percentage = 9.45% |change = {{increase}}6.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 169,469 |percentage = 77.96% |change = {{increase}}2.07 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 169,458}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 217,386 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}1.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Madikeri <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Appachu Ranjan]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 56,696 |percentage = 39.82% |change = {{decrease}}7.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. A. Jivijaya |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 52,067 |percentage = 36.57% |change = {{increase}}29.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Lokesh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,313 |percentage = 22.70% |change = {{decrease}}19.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. N. Shambhulingappa |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 5,714 |percentage = 4.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harish Puvaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,537 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. P. Mahadevappa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,294 |percentage = 0.91% |change = {{decrease}}0.25 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,629 |percentage = 3.25% |change = {{decrease}}1.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 153,934 |percentage = 75.89% |change = {{increase}}5.82 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 142,377}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 202,851 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}7.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Madikeri <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Appachu Ranjan]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 60,084 |percentage = 47.06% |change = {{increase}}9.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. A. Jivijaya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 53,499 |percentage = 41.90% |change = {{increase}}17.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. N. Vasanth |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 8,536 |percentage = 6.69% |change = {{decrease}}21.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Santhosh Kumar. M. V |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,632 |percentage = 1.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Vittala |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,483 |percentage = 1.16% |change = {{decrease}}3.90 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,585 |percentage = 5.16% |change = {{decrease}}4.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 127,683 |percentage = 70.07% |change = {{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 127,682}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 182,229 |ref = |change = {{increase}}46.23 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}9.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Madikeri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. G. Bopaiah]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 31,610 |percentage = 37.61% |change = {{increase}}14.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dambekodi Subbaya Madappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 23,446 |percentage = 27.90% |change = {{increase}}25.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mundanda M. Nanaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,159 |percentage = 23.99% |change = {{decrease}}10.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kunhi Abdulla. K. M |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,252 |percentage = 5.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanketh Poovaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,765 |percentage = 4.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Giri Uthappa |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 811 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,164 |percentage = 9.71% |change = {{increase}}3.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 84,101 |percentage = 67.49% |change = {{decrease}}2.50 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 84,043}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,616 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.25 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Madikeri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mundanda M. Nanaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,052 |percentage = 34.55% |change = {{increase}}17.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dambekodi Subbaya Madappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,432 |percentage = 28.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. G. Bopaiah]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 17,178 |percentage = 22.78% |change = {{decrease}}21.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. P. Ramesh |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,774 |percentage = 11.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Fiaz Ahamad |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,976 |percentage = 2.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,620 |percentage = 6.13% |change = {{decrease}}8.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,828 |percentage = 69.99% |change = {{increase}}1.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,412}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,398 |percentage = 5.51% |change = {{increase}}4.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,063 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.94 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}9.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Madikeri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dambekodi Subbaya Madappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 33,306 |percentage = 44.12% |change = {{increase}}11.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. P. Ramesh |party = Janata Dal |votes = 22,154 |percentage = 29.35% |change = {{increase}}12.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. A. Chinnappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,072 |percentage = 17.32% |change = {{decrease}}25.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. K. Subbaiah |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,997 |percentage = 7.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. J. Chinnappa (Sada) |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 694 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,152 |percentage = 14.77% |change = {{increase}}4.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,539 |percentage = 68.40% |change = {{increase}}1.26 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,491}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,048 |percentage = 1.37% |change = {{decrease}}3.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,895 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.34 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Madikeri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. A. Chinnappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,804 |percentage = 42.63% |change = {{decrease}}4.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dambekodi Subbaya Madappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 23,538 |percentage = 32.57% |change = {{increase}}25.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. P. Ramesh |party = Janata Dal |votes = 11,955 |percentage = 16.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kaliyanda. C. Nanaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,597 |percentage = 3.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. N. Subbaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,738 |percentage = 2.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baliyatanda. J. Chinnappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 890 |percentage = 1.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,266 |percentage = 10.06% |change = {{increase}}1.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,146 |percentage = 67.14% |change = {{decrease}}0.94 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,260}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,886 |percentage = 5.10% |change = {{increase}}3.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,413 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Madikeri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. A. Chinnappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,645 |percentage = 46.94% |change = {{increase}}6.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ajjikuttira. N. Somaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 23,523 |percentage = 38.54% |change = {{increase}}21.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dambekodi Subbaya Madappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,581 |percentage = 7.51% |change = {{decrease}}21.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Aboodacker |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,519 |percentage = 5.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,122 |percentage = 8.39% |change = {{decrease}}2.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,765 |percentage = 68.08% |change = {{increase}}4.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,031}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 734 |percentage = 1.19% |change = {{decrease}}0.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,725 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Madikeri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. C. Nanaiah]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,762 |percentage = 40.00% |change = {{increase}}36.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chengapa. M. M |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 15,030 |percentage = 28.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Merinda. C. Nanaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 8,648 |percentage = 16.66% |change = {{decrease}}22.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. A. Sumshuddin |party = All-India Muslim League |votes = 5,091 |percentage = 9.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ponnetty. K. Ponnappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,050 |percentage = 3.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dambekodi Subbaya Madappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 328 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,732 |percentage = 11.04% |change = {{increase}}6.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,797 |percentage = 63.91% |change = {{decrease}}12.13 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,909}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 888 |percentage = 1.68% |change = {{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,608 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.76 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}4.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Madikeri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. C. Nanaiah]] |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 25,327 |percentage = 44.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. K. Subbaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 22,453 |percentage = 39.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dembekodi Subraiah Madappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,488 |percentage = 7.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. Kuttappa |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 3,144 |percentage = 5.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. M. Bellaippa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,849 |percentage = 3.23% |change = {{decrease}}57.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,874 |percentage = 5.02% |change = {{decrease}}35.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,292 |percentage = 76.04% |change = {{increase}}21.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,261}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,031 |percentage = 1.77% |change = {{increase}}1.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,660 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.02 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}16.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Madikeri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. M. Bellaippa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,442 |percentage = 60.28% |change = {{increase}}20.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. A. Chinnappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 8,109 |percentage = 20.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pokkulanda Appaji |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,689 |percentage = 16.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. D. Kariappa |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 680 |percentage = 1.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. C. Rosy John |party = Independent politician |votes = 628 |percentage = 1.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,333 |percentage = 40.28% |change = {{increase}}21.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,189 |percentage = 55.02% |change = {{decrease}}12.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,548}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,674 |ref = |change = {{increase}}44.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}20.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Madikeri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. P. Appanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,977 |percentage = 39.88% |change = {{decrease}}9.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. C. Nanayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,766 |percentage = 20.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. T. Aiyappa |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 6,072 |percentage = 18.66% |change = {{decrease}}1.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. D. Appaya |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,603 |percentage = 14.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. P. Karu-baya |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 1,858 |percentage = 5.71% |change = {{increase}}4.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = F. M. Khan |party = Independent politician |votes = 267 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,211 |percentage = 19.09% |change = {{decrease}}5.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,772 |percentage = 67.23% |change = {{decrease}}1.92 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,543}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,212 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}14.95 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Madikeri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Mallapa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,914 |percentage = 49.15% |change = {{decrease}}2.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. D. Appaiah |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 9,969 |percentage = 24.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. Kuttappa |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 8,062 |percentage = 19.90% |change = {{decrease}}18.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. A. Ganapaiah |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,886 |percentage = 4.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Poduval |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 686 |percentage = 1.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,945 |percentage = 24.55% |change = {{increase}}11.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,264 |percentage = 69.15% |change = {{increase}}1.37 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,517}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,567 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Madikeri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Mallapa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,039 |percentage = 51.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. T. Aiyappa |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 14,947 |percentage = 38.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. S. Devashetty |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,772 |percentage = 9.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,092 |percentage = 13.14% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,758 |percentage = 67.78% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,758}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,178 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Kodagu district]]
* [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|12.43|75.73|display=title}}

[[Category:Kodagu district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Mysore State]]

Vikram Singh Jakhal

2026-04-13T22:29:35Z

Sandy Saha: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vikram Singh Jakhal
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Hi
| constituency = [[Nawalgarh Assembly constituency|Nawalgarh]]
| country =
| assembly = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = Rajkumar Sharma
| successor =
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| source =
| party = [[BJP|Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| birth_name =
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
}}

'''Vikram Singh Jakhal''' is an Indian [[politician]] who serves as a member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/nawalgarh-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687331.html|title=Nawalgarh Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Vikram Singh Jakhal of BJP|date=3 December 2023 |publisher=ndtv. com|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref> representing the [[Nawalgarh Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/nawalgarh-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830405-2023-12-03|title=Nawalgarh, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP defeats INC in Nawalgarh|date=3 December 2023 |publisher=indiatoday.in|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref>

Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S20.htm|title=General Elections to Assembly Constituencies:Trends & Results Dec-2023|publisher=results.eci.gov.in|access-date = 2023-12-04}}</ref> he was elected as an MLA from the Nawalgarh Assembly constituency, defeating [[Rajkumar Sharma (politician)|Rajkumar Sharma]], the candidate from the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), by a margin of 23,180 votes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nawalgarh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Vikram Singh Jakhal wins Nawalgarh with 112038 votes|date=3 December 2023 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/nawalgarh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470637-2023-12-03|publisher=indiatoday.in|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jakhal, Vikram Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

R. K. Tiwari

2026-04-11T20:10:26Z

Sandy Saha: creating the post needs work...

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R. K. Tiwari
| image = Shri Rajendra Kumar Tiwari.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Rajendra Kumar Tiwari
| office = [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| bodyclass =
| predecessor = [[Anup Chandra Pandey]]
| successor = [[Durga Shanker Mishra]]
| term_end = 30 December 2021
| term_start = 30 August 2019
| birth_name = Rajendra Kumar Tiwari
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|02|04|df=y}}<ref name=profile/>
| birth_place = [[Mahoba, Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]] [[University of Sussex]]
| occupation = [[IAS officer]], [[Civil servant]]
| relatives = [[D.K. Tiwari]] (brother)<ref>{{cite news |title=कार्यवाह मुख्य सचिव बने राजेंद्र तिवारी; गांव की रामलीला में निभाते थे लक्ष्मण का रोल, 2 भाई भी हैं आईएएस |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/uttar-pradesh/jhansi/news/up-news-lucknow-story-of-chief-secretory-rajendra-kumar-tiwari-01631555.html |publisher=[[Daily Bhaskar]] |date=September 1, 2019 |location=[[Mahoba]] |language=Hindi}}</ref>
| spouse = Dr. Archana Tiwari<ref>{{cite news |title=CS Tiwari takes covid vaccine, asks people to follow |url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/uttar-pradesh/Cs-tiwari-takes-covid-vaccine-asks-people-to-follow |publisher=[[First India News Rajasthan|First India]] |date=April 2, 2021}}</ref>
}}
'''Rajendra Kumar Tiwari''' (born February 4, 1963), commonly known as '''R. K. Tiwari''' is a retired Indian [[civil servant]] and [[Indian Administrative Services]] officer of [[Uttar Pradesh]] cadre from the 1985 batch.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Subhash |title=RK Tiwari's long tenure to dash dream |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/rk-tiwaris-long-tenure-to-dash-dreams-of-many/articleshow/74148511.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=February 15, 2020}}</ref> He served as the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] from 30 August 2019 to 30 December 2021, succeeding [[Anup Chandra Pandey]].<ref name=indiatoday>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Nilanshu |title=Rajendra Kumar Tiwari takes charge as acting UP chief secretary |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajendra-kumar-tiwari-takes-charge-acting-up-chief-secretary-1594026-2019-09-01 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=September 1, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Abhishek |title=इस एक परिवार के तीनों बेटे हैं अलग-अलग राज्यों में मुख्य सचिव, सीएम योगी ने दी इन्हें भी बड़ी जिम्मेदारी |url=https://www.patrika.com/mahoba-news/3-brothers-are-chief-secretary-of-different-states-cm-yogi-gives-post-5038362/ |publisher=[[Patrika.com]] |date=September 1, 2019 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Education ==
He did his primary education from Government Intermediate College Lalitpur, then completed his graduation in [[B.Tech]] from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]]. He also holds a [[master's degree]] in Arts from the [[United Kingdom|UK]].<ref name=profile>{{cite news |title=Rajendra Kumar Tiwari: IAS Posting Detail |url=http://niyuktionline.upsdc.gov.in/ias-posting-detail.htm?26 |work=Upsdc.gov.in |date=2021}}</ref>

== Career ==
Tiwari joined [[Indian Administrative Service]] as an officer in 1985. He has served in several bureaucratic positions for the [[Government of India]] and the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]], including [[Joint Secretary]] to the [[Government of India]] in the [[Department of Agriculture, Co-operation and Farmers' Welfare|Ministry of Agriculture And Co-operation]]. He has served previously in various departments in the [[Uttar Pradesh government]] like higher and secondary education, industrial development, agriculture, infrastructure, commercial tax, labour, IT and electronics etc.<ref name=profile/>

He was the additional [[Chief secretary (India)|chief secretary]] home in the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] and has also served as [[District Magistrate and Collector]] in [[Agra district|Agra]], [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]] and [[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]] in the past.<ref name=profile/>

In August 2019, he was appointed as 53rd [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of the [[Uttar Pradesh government]] by CM [[Yogi Adityanath]] and served the office till 30 December 2021.<ref name=indiatoday/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tiwari |first1=Harish |title=Why did Yogi Adityanath opt for RK Tiwari as chief secretary for Uttar Pradesh? |url=https://www.mynation.com/india-news/srinagar-drdo-builds-500-bed-hospital-in-just-17-days-qul2wc |publisher=My Nation |date=February 15, 2020}}</ref> Before his appointment as the CS, he was serving as the Commissioner (Agriculture Production) of [[Uttar Pradesh government|UP government]]. He also held the additional charge of UP chief secretary after the retirement of [[Anup Chandra Pandey]] in September 2019. He retired from the services in February 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Agriculture production commissioner Rajendra Kumar Tiwari gets additional charge of UP chief secretary |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/agriculture-production-commissioner-rajendra-kumar-tiwari-gets-additional-charge-of-up-chief-secretary/story-Ubco0Mc5Tn0khGQFx2GDNI.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=September 1, 2019}}</ref>

''[[The Print]]'' reports him to be one of the UP's powerful civil servants in CM [[Yogi Adityanath]]'s government.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhingra |first1=Sanya |title='Mini CM', 'super CM', troubleshooter IAS officer — the power centres in Yogi's UP |url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/mini-cm-super-cm-troubleshooter-ias-officer-the-power-centres-in-yogis-up/521284/ |publisher=[[The Print]] |date=October 12, 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, R. K.}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Sussex]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Chief secretaries of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]

Krrish (franchise)

2026-04-11T08:37:25Z

Sandy Saha: Started First Info Basic Info - done

{{Short description|Film franchise}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Infobox media franchise
| title = Krrish
| image = Krrish logo.png
| caption = Series logo
| creator = [[Rakesh Roshan]]
| origin = ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''
| books =
| novels =
| comics = ''Krrish: Menace of the Monkey Men''
| strips =
| magazines =
| films = {{ubl|''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''|''[[Krrish]]''|''[[Krrish 3]]''}}
| tv = ''[[J Bole Toh Jadoo]]''
| tv_films = {{ubl|''[[Kid Krrish]]''|''Kid Krrish: Mission Bhutan''|''Kid Krrish: Mystery in Mongolia''|''Kid Krrish: Shakalaka Africa''}}
| plays =
| musicals =
| games =
| rpgs =
| vgs = {{ubl|''Krrish: The Game''|''Krrish 3''}}
| radio =
| soundtracks = {{Plainlist|
*''[[Koi... Mil Gaya (soundtrack)|Koi Mil Gaya]]''
*''[[Krrish (soundtrack)|Krrish]]''
*''[[Krrish 3 (soundtrack)|Krrish 3]]''
}}
| music =
| toys =
| otherlabel1 = Budget
| otherlabel2 = Box office
| otherdata1 = {{INR|165}} crore (3 films)
| otherdata2 = {{INR|602.25}} crore (3 films)
| owner = FilmKraft Productions
| years = 2003{{endash}}present
}}
'''''Krrish''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[media franchise]] of [[superhero film|superhero]] [[action thriller film]]s, [[Television show|television series]], [[comics]] and [[video game]]s. The film series is directed, produced and written by [[Rakesh Roshan]]. ''Krrish'' is considered [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]]'s first such film series.<ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news|first=Anupama |last=Chopra |title=In ''Krrish'', Bollywood Gets a Superhero of Its Own |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=11 June 2006 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/11/movies/11chopr.html?ex=1307678400&en=53ef94c48a3b5ba2&ei=5088&partner=rss}}</ref> All three films star Rakesh's son [[Hrithik Roshan|Hrithik]]. The films are centred, initially, on a [[Intellectual disability|mentally disabled]] boy who has an encounter with an [[Extraterrestrials in fiction|extraterrestrial]] being, and later, his son, who grows up to be a reluctant superhero [[Krrish (character)|Krrish]].

In 2013, an animated television series based on this ''Krrish'' film series, and named ''[[Kid Krrish]]'', aired on [[Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)|Cartoon Network India]]. It also spawned a spin-off animated/live-action series titled ''[[J Bole Toh Jadoo]]'' that aired on [[Nickelodeon]] (India).<ref name="afaqs.com">{{cite web |title=Nick's Jadoo initiative is titled 'J Bole toh Jadoo' |url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/index.html?id=3268_Nicks%20Jadoo%20initiative%20is%20titled%20J%20Bole%20toh%20Jadoo |access-date=18 July 2016 |website=Afaqs |archive-date=25 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225103211/https://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/index.html?id=3268_Nicks%20Jadoo%20initiative%20is%20titled%20J%20Bole%20toh%20Jadoo |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Krrish'' is the tenth [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Highest-grossing franchises and film series|highest-grossing film series in India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://upcomingmoviesdate.com/highest-grossing-franchise-film-series/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520170736/http://upcomingmoviesdate.com/highest-grossing-franchise-film-series/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 May 2017|title=Highest Grossing Franchise and Film Series Of Bollywood - Upcoming Movies Release Date|last=Bohari|first=Murtaza|date=2017-05-18|work=Upcoming Movies Release Date|access-date=2017-05-19|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Theatrical films==
The film series covers the story of three generations of the Mehra family. It first begins with Dr. Sanjay Mehra ([[Rakesh Roshan]]) and his wife Sonia ([[Rekha]]) who are part of a car crash. Dr. Mehra has died while Sonia, who is pregnant, survives with injuries. This results in their son, Rohit Mehra ([[Hrithik Roshan]]), being born developmentally disabled. After receiving supernatural abilities from an alien he befriends, Rohit marries his best friend Nisha ([[Preity Zinta]]) by the end of the first film. Their son, Krishna Mehra (also Hrithik Roshan) is born with the same supernatural powers in the second film (Krrish) which he uses to help people, eventually turning into the superhero 'Krrish'. He is later romantically involved with city girl Priya ([[Priyanka Chopra]]). By the end of the second film, the characters Sonia, Rohit, Krishna, and Priya are the only members of the family that are still alive while Nisha died a few days after Krishna's birth. The third film shows the entry of Kaal ([[Vivek Oberoi]]) who was created by Dr. Siddharth Arya ([[Naseeruddin Shah]]) during an experiment on Rohit thus being Rohit's second son and the main antagonist of the film. Kaal apparently kills Krrish but he is saved by Rohit who dies while giving life to the dead Krrish through his solar experiment. Krishna finally kills Kaal and by the end of the third film, Krishna, Priya and their son, Rohit (named after his grandfather Rohit Mehra) are alive while Sonia died somewhere between the events of ''[[Krrish]]'' and ''[[Krrish 3]]'' and ''[[Krrish 4]]''.

===''Koi... Mil Gaya'' (2003)===
{{Main|Koi... Mil Gaya}}
Scientist Doctor Sanjay Mehra (Rakesh Roshan) creates a computer program from which he calls for extraterrestrial life. When he believes he has finally gotten a response, the scientific community mocks him. While driving home, an alien spacecraft appears overhead. Sanjay veers off the road and dies, but his pregnant wife Sonia ([[Rekha]]) survives and gives birth to their son Rohit (Hrithik Roshan), who is developmentally disabled as a result of the crash.

An older Rohit befriends a young woman named Nisha ([[Preity Zinta]]) and they find Sanjay's computer and summon the aliens by accident. The visiting aliens leave in haste, leaving one behind by accident. Rohit, Nisha and Rohit's friends find and befriend the alien, naming him Jadoo ("Magic") and discover his psychokinesis abilities. Jadoo discovers that Rohit is mentally abnormal and uses his powers to enhance the boy's mind. Rohit finds himself accepted by most of his peers. A bully, Raj, and his friends attempt to embarrass Rohit multiple times, only to be beaten in fights as well as in sport since Rohit's physical strength and agility are increased along with his mental abilities to the peak of human potential.

Eventually, the government gets suspicious of Rohit and suspects him of hiding Jadoo. A group of policemen manages to knock Rohit out and capture Jadoo, preparing to take him to America for testing. However, Rohit wakes up and summons the aliens to return for Jadoo. Using his enhanced abilities, Rohit arrives in time to rescue Jadoo and manages to send him in his species spaceship. As he leaves, Jadoo takes Rohit's powers and Rohit is mentally disabled again. However, this saves him from prosecution by the government and after everything dies down, Jadoo silently returns Rohit's new abilities permanently. Rohit and Nisha lead a happy life together from then on.

===''Krrish'' (2006)===
{{Main|Krrish}}

Five-year-old orphan Krishna Mehra is undergoing an intelligence quotient test by his professors, who suspect he has high IQ and physical abilities. His grandmother Sonia ([[Rekha]]) takes the young Krishna to a remote mountain village in northern India to conceal his unique abilities. Years later, Krishna (Hrithik Roshan) meets Priya ([[Priyanka Chopra]]) when she vacations in the country. Krishna and Priya grow close just before she departs for her home in Singapore.

To appease her boss, Priya calls Krishna to join her in Singapore, where she tries to get him to perform heroic acts. Krishna does not, as he had promised his grandmother that he would hide his abilities. Krishna learns that his father Rohit was hired to help design a machine to see the future by Dr. Siddhant Arya ([[Naseeruddin Shah]]). He further learned that Rohit had been killed by Dr. Siddhant when he tried to destroy the machine, after learning of Siddhant's evil intentions. This caused his mother, Nisha ([[Preity Zinta]]), to die of a broken heart.

Krishna later goes to a circus where an explosion occurs. He puts on a mask to hide his identity in order to save some trapped children, after which he is given the identity of superhero '''Krrish'''. Vikram Sinha ([[Sharat Saxena]]), who has been searching for Krishna for years, informs Krishna that his father Rohit is alive and Dr. Siddhant has been holding him captive. Krishna follows Siddhant to his island lair, where a huge fight ensues between Krrish and the doctor's thugs. Krrish eventually defeats them and saves Priya and Rohit. In the final scene, Krrish mortally wounds Siddhant. Before he dies, Siddhant asks Krrish who he is, and Krishna reveals himself. After revealing to Rohit that he is his son, Krishna takes Priya and Rohit back to India, reuniting him with Sonia. Rohit finds out his wife, Nisha, died after he disappeared. He mourns her, together with his son and mother, but still thanks Jadoo (who is somewhere between the stars) for giving his family this gift.

===''Krrish 3'' (2013)===
{{Main|Krrish 3}}

Rohit Mehra ([[Hrithik Roshan]]), who is a professional scientist now, is living a happy life in [[Mumbai]] along with his son Krishna (Hrithik Roshan) who is now married to Priya ([[Priyanka Chopra]]). While working in the laboratory, Rohit invents a device to bring back the life of dead tissue using solar energy through reflections but failed to complete it because of the high intensity of sun rays. Priya works as a journalist for Aaj Tak whereas Krishna is struggling hard to keep a steady job while helping the city with his superpowers as the superhero 'Krrish'.

Somewhere in an isolated area, the owner of Kaal laboratories, Kaal ([[Vivek Oberoi]]), who has extraordinary telepathic powers, is completely handicapped with his body except his brain and two fingers. He has been creating powerful human-animal mutants (or Maanvars he calls them) using his DNA, particularly the ruthless chameleon mutant Kaya ([[Kangana Ranaut]]) who can assume any form she wants. Kaal has been trying hard to cure himself but has been unsuccessful thus far. He dreams of making billions by first creating dangerous viruses using his DNA, spreading them in densely populated areas and then selling his own antidotes.

Kaal chooses India as his next target and with Kaya and other mutants' help, he spreads his newly created virus in Mumbai which creates havoc among the city. Rohit, Krishna, and Priya remain unaffected by the virus. Rohit manages to create an antidote using Krishna's blood and Krishna spreads it throughout the city via explosions for quick effect. For this, Kaal's mutants attack and thrash Rohit's laboratory but Rohit and Priya are saved by Krrish. Priya is injured and hospitalized while one of the mutants is also injured which is kept in scientific custody by Rohit and his team. To find out how an antidote was developed without using his own blood, Kaal kidnaps Priya who is pregnant with Krishna's child and Kaya takes Priya's form. Rohit and Krishna are informed that Priya has lost her child. Afterward, Kaya starts living as Priya with Krishna and seeks for the antidote formula. Rohit departs to Singapore to explore some answers after he finds out that the virus has a link with his own DNA and Kaal laboratories as well. Meanwhile, Kaya develops an attraction towards Krishna but he soon discovers her true identity and reveals himself as Krrish to her. Kaya decides to help Krishna and discloses that Priya and her child are still safe in Kaal's hideout.

In Singapore, Rohit is kidnapped by Kaal's men. Rohit unveils to Kaal that he was kidnapped by Dr. Siddhant Arya ([[Naseeruddin Shah]]) who tried to create a synonymous avatar of the former but got only a disabled child and donated him into an orphanage where the boy was adopted by a wealthy family, who eventually grows up to become Kaal. Kaal cures himself by using Rohit's body serum. Krishna saves Priya after killing the mutants and finally reaches the correct hideout with Kaya's help where Kaal kills both of them. Kaal then surrounds himself completely into a steel body due to his powerful magnetic powers and departs to Mumbai in search of Priya meanwhile causing destruction to the city.

Angered by Krishna's death, Rohit decides to bring Krrish back to life by using the device invented by him but sacrifices himself to absorb the high intensity of sunlight. Krrish, now thrice as powerful as before, comes after him and saves Priya. Krrish, unable to crush Kaal after brutally fighting with him, concludes that the latter could be demolished by melting his steel body. He quickly adjusts the mirrors for reflection and points Rohit's device towards Kaal whose steel body melts finally. The film ends with Priya delivering a baby which also shows signs of extraordinary power.

===''Krrish 4''===

[[Rakesh Roshan]] has revealed that he will soon start working for ''Krrish 4'' as he feels that the public wants it. "I will start working on the sequel soon. Due to public demand, we may include some sidekick characters as well," said Rakesh Roshan while celebrating the success of ''Krrish 3'', "I'm currently not working on a film outside the ''Krrish'' franchise with Hrithik Roshan, but I will do a film in the future. I would love to direct him in a fresh script as soon as I'm relieved with this franchise," Rakesh Roshan explained. He was accompanied by [[Hrithik Roshan]] at this event in Tamil Nadu on Monday, 12 November. Hrithik Roshan spoke about how he felt playing a superhero. "Being a superhero is like playing any one of us because we all have it inside us. It has been a great journey for me and I learned a lot by playing the character."<ref>{{cite web |date=12 November 2013 |title=Like It Or Not, There Will Be A Krrish 4! |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2013/rakesh-roshan-soon-work-krrish-3-sequel-124612.html |access-date=18 July 2016 |website=Filmibeat}}</ref>

In September 2016, Rakesh Roshan announced the fourth installment of the franchise. Rakesh Roshan said, “When my wife showed me a tweet with Bappa’s ([[Ganesha|Lord Ganesha]]) picture as Krrish, it reaffirmed my belief that Krrish is the original superhero we have. It boosted my confidence and inspired me to make the fourth installment.” The movie was supposed to be released during Christmas 2020, but the production got delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/on-hrithik-roshans-birthday-a-krrish-4-announcement-for-fans-1798378|title=On Hrithik Roshan's Birthday, A Krrish 4 Announcement For Fans|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-01-10}}</ref> As of 2024, it is still in production. Hrithik also tweeted about the film, sharing a photograph of Lord Ganesha dressed as Krrish.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hrithik Roshan on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/iHrithik/status/775910503516344320 |access-date=16 May 2018 |website=Twitter}}</ref>

In September 2017, it was reported that Hrithik Roshan would portray both the protagonist and the antagonist by playing a dual role.<ref>{{cite web |title=Krrish 4 May Star Hrithik Roshan X 2, As Both Hero And Villain |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/krrish-4-may-star-hrithik-roshan-x-2-as-both-hero-and-villain-1755707 |access-date=16 May 2018 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web |date=26 September 2017 |title=Hrithik Roshan to play hero and villain in Krrish 4? |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-to-play-hero-and-villain-in-krrish-4/story-U4vaSlO4Ci0jOXTSgSAxeP.html |access-date=16 May 2018 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Priyanka Chopra will also reprise her character of Priya Mehra in the film, as confirmed by Rakesh Roshan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Priyanka confirmed for Krrish 4, Rakesh never realised one day she'd go to Hollywood|url=http://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/070618/priyanka-confirmed-for-krrish-4-rakesh-never-realised-one-day-shed-go-to-hollywood.html|work=The Asian Age|date=7 June 2018|access-date=7 June 2018}}</ref>

On the completion of 15 years of ''[[Krrish]]'', Hrithik Roshan teased ''Krrish 4'' via his social media handles on June 23, 2021.<ref>{{cite news|title= Hrithik Roshan announces Krrish 4 with a new video: 'Let's see what the future brings'|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-announces-krrish-4-15-years-of-krrish-watch-video-7372518/ |work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=23 June 2021|access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref>

In March 2025, Rakesh Roshan announced that his son, Hrithik Roshan, would be making his directorial debut with ''[[Krrish 4]]''. The film is expected to begin shooting early next year after Hrithik completes [[War 2 (film)|''War 2.'']]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-28 |title=Hrithik Roshan to turn director with Krrish 4, father Rakesh Roshan announces |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/rakesh-roshan-confirms-hrithik-roshan-to-direct-krrish-4-yrf-to-produce-2700383-2025-03-28 |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2025, Rakesh Roshan announced that with the budget and story being locked, pre-production would begin by early 2026 and filming by mid-2026, aiming it for 2027 release.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Krrish 4': Rakesh Roshan gives MASSIVE update on Hrithik Roshan starrer, leaving fans excited for fourth installment|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/krrish-4-rakesh-roshan-gives-massive-update-on-hrithik-roshan-starrer-leaving-fans-excited-for-fourth-installment/articleshow/123763805.cms|access-date=2025-09-08|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rakesh Roshan shares MAJOR UPDATE on Hrithik Roshan starrer Krrish 4: 'We plan to release it in…'|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/rakesh-roshan-shares-major-update-on-hrithik-roshan-starrer-krrish-4-we-plan-to-releaser-it-in-1396566|access-date=2025-09-08|website=Pinkvilla|language=en}}</ref>

== Television series ==
{{main|J Bole Toh Jadoo}}

In 2004, owing to the popularity of ''Koi... Mil Gaya'', an animation-cum-live-action spinoff series built around the popular alien character [[Krrish (film series)#Jadoo|Jadoo]] from the film, called '''''J Bole to Jadoo''''' was launched on [[Nickelodeon (India)]].<ref name="afaqs.com"/> It was one of the first 3D live action animation shows to be made in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Graphiti looks to cast Jadoo over MIPCOM |work=AnimationXpress |url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/more/graphiti-looks-to-cast-jadoo-over-mipcom-2}}</ref>

The show focuses on Jadoo as a central character and his interplanetary adventures when he enters the lives of two kids on Earth, Nina and Chakki. Also on the show are Jadoo's friends Tona, Half-Time and Ki2 from his home planet '''Tarkopar'''.<ref>{{cite news |title=New characters introduced in Nick's 'Jadoo' show |work=Indiantelevision.org.in |url=http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k4/nov/nov258.htm |access-date=}}</ref> The show sketches Tarkopar as a colorful fantasy-land with rhythmic, organic and spiral structures and landscapes.<ref>{{cite news|title=J Bole Toh Jadoo|url=http://www.mandy.com/1/film3.cfm?id=7464|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134813/http://www.mandy.com/1/film3.cfm?id=7464|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>

==Television films==
{{Main|Kid Krrish (film series)}}

Cartoon Network launched '''''Kid Krrish''''' which is an Indian animated movies series created by Filmkraft Productions which partnered with [[Trivandrum]] based [[Toonz India Ltd|Toonz Animation India]] and [[Cartoon Network Asia]]. It is targeted at ages 8–12. The first of the 4 movies ''[[Kid Krrish]]'' aired on 2 October 2013 on [[Cartoon Network India]] channel. The run-time is about an hour and it aired in 4 languages - English, [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

[[Cartoon Network India]] aired the second movie in the ''Kid Krrish franchise'', ''Kid Krrish: Mission Bhutan'' on 19 July 2014.<ref name="Upcoming- new content from Pokémon">{{cite web|title=Upcoming new content from Pokémon|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/news-broadcasting/cartoon-network-brings-pokemon-latest-season-and-kid-krrish-movie-sequelthis-monsoon-140630|work=indiantelevision.com|date=30 June 2014|access-date=4 August 2016}}</ref> The third movie, ''Kid Krrish: Mystery in Mongolia'', was aired on 7 September 2014.<ref name="Kid Krrish 3">{{cite web|title=Kid Krrish 3|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/cartoon-network-brings-back-kid-krrish-in-a-brand-new-movie|work=indiantelevision.com|date=27 September 2014|access-date=4 August 2016}}</ref> And the fourth movie ''Kid Krrish: Shakalaka Africa'' was telecast on 25 April 2015.

==Comics==
===''Krrish: Menace of the Monkey Men''===
This was released as a comic book magazine available in stores in 2013 and also converted into an animated mobile comic to be released as weekly chapters through an exclusive ''Krrish Comics App'', which will be launched by [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama Digital]], [[Filmkraft Productions Pvt. Ltd|Filmkraft Productions (I) Pvt. Ltd]] digital partner for Krrish 3. Carving Dreams was responsible for securing the deal between Filmkraft Productions (I) Pvt. Ltd, Graphic India and Hungama Digital.<ref>[http://www.graphicindia.com/portfolio/krrish/ Official website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102111001/http://www.graphicindia.com/portfolio/krrish/ |date=2 January 2014 }}</ref>

Superstar actor and ''Krrish'' star Hrithik Roshan commented, “As we get ready for Krrish 3, I am pleased to announce this bonus never before seen Krrish story from Graphic India, the leader in Comics for India, and Hungama, the first name in digital mobile. We’re working with an international team of comic book superstars so you can experience Krrish in a whole new way.” “Rakesh and Hrithik Roshan have created a hero that has captured the imaginations of millions across India. We are thrilled to be partnering with Filmkraft Productions (I) Pvt. Ltd and Hungama to continue the exploits of Krrish, in the natural extension of comic books, which is a perfect fit for any superhero.” Graphic India co-founder and CEO Sharad Devarajan added, “Through digital comics Krrish can now fly straight from the big screen and into the small screen of mobile devices, reaching his millions of fans.” The comic is written by Tom DeFalco, illustrated by Sal Buscema, and animated by Ashish Avin and Dhanashekhar Mudaliar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/52859_graphic-india-filmkraft-productions-partner-to-launch-krrish-comics.html |title=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News ? Exchange4media |last=www.exchange4media.com |access-date=18 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006103700/http://www.exchange4media.com/52859_graphic-india-filmkraft-productions-partner-to-launch-krrish-comics.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/graphic-india-and-filmkraft-launch-krrish-comics-113092300363_1.html|title=Graphic India and Filmkraft launch Krrish comics|first=Urvi|last=Malvania|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=23 September 2013|access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref>

==Games==
===''Krrish: The Game''===
A ''Krrish'' game was made in 2006 by [[Indiagames]] after the release of ''Krrish''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2015 |title=Krish Game |url=https://www.pcgamefreetop.net/2015/07/krish-game.html |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=pcgamefreetop.net}}</ref>

===''Krrish 3''===
An official ''Krrish 3'' game was launched for Windows smartphones, tablets and PCs. The game was developed by [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment]] and Gameshastra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/krrish-3-game-announced-for-windows-smartphones-tablets-and-pcs-429973 |title=Krrish 3 game announced for Windows smartphones, tablets and PCs | NDTV Gadgets |publisher=Gadgets.ndtv.com |date=9 October 2013 |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>

==List of characters==
===Dr. Sanjay Mehra===
A scientist who invents a computer to summon aliens to Earth. He is the husband of Sonia, father of Rohit, father-in-law of Nisha, grandfather of Krishna, grandfather-in-law of Priya.

===Sonia Mehra===
Wife of Sanjay Mehra, mother of Rohit, mother-in-law of Nisha, grandmother of Krishna, grandmother-in-law of Priya.

===Dr. Rohit Mehra===
A disabled boy who meets an alien that gives him special abilities. He is the main protagonist in ''Koi Mil Gaya''. In ''Krrish 3'', he becomes a professional scientist working in a government organization. He is the son of Sanjay and Sonia, husband of Nisha, father of Krishna, father-in-law of Priya.

===Nisha Mehra===
Wife of Rohit Mehra, daughter-in-law of Sanjay Mehra and Sonia Mehra, mother of Krishna Mehra, mother-in-law of Priya Mehra.

===Jadoo===
The alien who is accidentally left on Earth for a while and befriends Rohit. He was the second protagonist of the first edition named ''Koi.. mil gaya''. He played a major role as he gave Rohit special abilities. He also gave his own superpowers to Rohit. Afterward, Rohit became a famous scientist.

===Krishna Mehra / "Krrish"===
The son of Rohit Mehra and Nisha Mehra, grandson of Sanjay Mehra and Sonia Mehra, husband of Priya Mehra. He inherited special abilities from his father and was taken to a remote village as a child by his grandmother to hide his growing powers. He eventually becomes the superhero Krrish, using powers of superintelligence and learning to quickly adopt new skills.

===Priya Mehra===
Wife of Krishna Mehra, daughter-in-law of Rohit Mehra and Nisha Mehra, granddaughter-in-law of Sanjay Mehra and Sonia Mehra.

===Raj Saxena===
The villain of ''Koi... Mil Gaya''. He loves Nisha, and understanding that Nisha loves Rohit, he constantly tries to humiliate him.

===Inspector Khurshid Khan===
Police inspector who tries to capture Jadoo in ''Koi... Mil Gaya''.

===Dr. Siddhant Arya===
The villain of ''Krrish'', who wants to use a future-seeing computer to rule the world.

===Kaal===
The villain of ''Krrish 3''. A handicapped evil genius who exhibits telekinetic powers, he is the founder of Kaal Laboratory and the creator of Maanvars, a team of mutants made by fusing the serum of humans and animals. He is Rohit's long-lost second son who was born through Dr. Arya's experiment.

===Kaya===
Kaal's female henchman in ''Krrish 3'', who is created by fusing the serum of a woman and a chameleon. She is instrumental in Kaal's scheme because of her ability to [[shape-shifting|shapeshift]] into anybody whenever she wishes. She later falls in love with Krishna after shape-shifting into Priya.

===Dr. Varun Shetty===
Rohit's scientist friend. He is a nuclear scientist as seen in ''Krrish 3''.

===Dr. Alok Sen===
A scientist seen in ''Krrish 3'' working at Kaal Laboratories. He tries to help with the antidote but gets killed in the process.

===Striker|Frogman===
A [[Mutant (fictional)|mutant]] created by Kaal through an experiment. Striker uses his tongue to kill the enemy. He is a derivative of a human and a frog and his tongue is his sharpest weapon. He is mischievous and that is indicated by his envious green eyes.

===Rhino Man===
A [[Mutant (fictional)|mutant]] created by Kaal through an experiment. A fusion of a human and a rhinoceros, he uses the deadly sharp horn on his head to kill his prey. His body is as heavy as that of a rhino and he uses his size to his advantage when fighting with the enemy.

===Ant Man===
A [[Mutant (fictional)|mutant]] ant human hybrid, Ant Man possesses the strength to lift objects up to 100 times his body weight. His character and personality betray the animal within.

===Cheetah Woman===
A [[Mutant (fictional)|mutant]] created by Kaal through an experiment. Half-human, half-cheetah, she is a deadly combination of speed and sharp claws. No human can match her in speed, and she teleports like a ghost. Feral yellow eyes indicate a voracious hunter and nothing escapes her eyes.

===Scorpion Woman===
A [[Mutant (fictional)|mutant]] created by Kaal through an experiment. Part-human, part-scorpion, she has claws as hands and a poisonous sting at the end of her long plait, with which she strikes. She shows her targets no mercy and can kill them in one stroke.

==Cast and characters==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" font-size:90%" width="85%"
! rowspan="2" width=110| Character
! colspan="4" | Film
! colspan="2" | TV series
! colspan="1" | Digital Comic
|-
! width=100| ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' (2003)
! width=100| ''[[Krrish]]'' (2006)
! width=100| ''[[Krrish 3]]'' (2013)
! width=100| ''[[Krrish 4]]'' (2027)
! width=100| ''[[J Bole Toh Jadoo]]'' (2004–2005)
! width=100| ''[[Kid Krrish]]'' (2013–2016)
! width=100| ''[[#Krrish: Menace of the Monkey Men|Krrish: Menace of the Monkey Men]]'' (2013)
|-
! Rohit Mehra
| colspan="4" | [[Hrithik Roshan]]
| style="background:#ffd;"|Hrithik Roshan (photo)
| style="background: #CCCCFF" | Animated {{small|(flashbacks)}}
| style="background:#89CFF0;" |Animated {{small|(voiced by Sumedh Shinde)}}
|-
! [[Krrish (character)|Krishna Mehra]] {{small|Krrish}}
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| colspan="3" | Hrithik Roshan
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| style="background:#89CFF0;" |Animated {{small|(voiced by Pooja Punjabi)}}
| style="background:#89CFF0;" |Animated {{small|(voiced by Sumedh Shinde)}}
|-
! Priya Mehra
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| colspan="2" | [[Priyanka Chopra]]
| {{TBA}}
| colspan="2" style=background:#d3d3d3;"|
| style="background:#89CFF0;" |Animated {{small|(voiced by [[Priya Raina]])}}
|-
! Sonia Mehra
| colspan="2" | [[Rekha]]
| style="background:#fdd;"|Rekha (photo, archived footage)
| {{TBA}}
| style="background:#ffd;"|Rekha (photo)
| style="background:#89CFF0;" |Animated {{small|(voiced by Snigdha Maheshwari)}}
| style="background:#89CFF0;" |Animated {{small|(voiced by Urmila Chatterjee)}}
|-
! Nisha Malhotra
| [[Preity Zinta]]
| style="background:#fcf;"|Preity Zinta {{small|(flashback cameo)}}
| style="background:#fdd;"|Preity Zinta (photo, archived footage)
| {{TBA}}
| style="background:#ffd;"|Preity Zinta (photo)
| style="background: #CCCCFF" | Animated {{small|(flashback cameo)}}
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Jadoo
| Indravadan Purohit {{small|(under the mask)}}
| colspan="2" style="background:#fdd;"|Indravadan Purohit (under the mask, archived footage)
| {{TBA}}
| style="background:#89CFF0;" |Animated {{small|(voiced by Saptrishi Ghosh)}}
| style="background:#89CFF0;" |Animated {{small|(voiced by Vaibhav Thakkar)}}
| colspan="2" style=background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Sanjay Mehra
| [[Rakesh Roshan]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#fdd;"|Rakesh Roshan (archived footage)
| colspan="4" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Rohit's friends {{small|Pandavas}}
| [[Anuj Pandit Sharma|Anuj Pandit]], Mohit Makkad, Jai Choksi, Omkar Purohit, [[Hansika Motwani]], Pranita Bishnoi
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| style="background:#ffd;"| Anuj Pandit, Mohit Makkad, Jai Choksi, Omkar Purohit (photo)
| style="background: #CCCCFF" | Animated {{small|(flashback cameo)}}
| colspan="1" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Father Rodericks
| colspan="2" | [[Akash Khurana]]
| colspan="5" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Dr. Siddhant Arya
| [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
| style="background:#fcf;"|Naseeruddin Shah {{small|(flashback cameo)}}
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| style="background: #CCCCFF" | Animated {{small|(flashback cameo)}}
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|}

==Reception==
<big>'''Box office performance'''</big>
{{hatnote|Each film is linked to the "Box office" section of its article.}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Film
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Release date
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Budget
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Box office revenue ({{Estimation}})
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | {{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | India (net)
! style="text-align:center;" | Outside India
! style="text-align:center;" | Worldwide (gross)
|-
| ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya#Box office|Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' || 8 August 2003 || {{INR|30 [[crore]]|link=yes}} ({{US$|{{#expr:300/46.58 round 1}} million|long=no}}) || {{INR|47.19 crore}} || {{US$|2.15 million|long=no|link=yes}} || {{INR|108.58 crore}} ({{US$|{{#expr:1085.8/46.58 round 0}} million|long=no}}) || <ref>{{cite web|title=Koi Mil Gaya|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/koi_mil_gaya#.VdCZ17Kqqkp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831172716/http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/koi_mil_gaya|archive-date=2015-08-31|url-status=dead|website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><ref name="currency">{{cite web |title=Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=2006&locations=IN&start=2003 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=16 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Krrish#Box office|Krrish]]'' || 23 June 2006 || {{INR|45 crore}} ({{US$|{{#expr:450/45.307 round 0}} million|long=no}}) || {{INR|72.15 crore}} || {{US$|4.32 million|long=no}} || {{INR|126.56 crore}} ({{US$|{{#expr:1265.6/45.307 round 0}} million|long=no}}) || <ref>{{cite web|title=Krrish|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/krrish#.VdCZz7Kqqkp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831172721/http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/krrish|archive-date=2015-08-31|url-status=dead|website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><ref name="currency" />
|-
| ''[[Krrish 3#Box office|Krrish 3]]'' || 1 November 2013 || {{INR|95 crore}} ({{US$|{{#expr:950/45.307 round 0}} million|long=no}}) ||{{INR|244 crore}} || {{US$|8.5 million|long=no}} || {{INR|393 crore}} ({{US$|{{To USD|2915.2|IND|year=2013|round=yes}} million|long=no}}) || <ref>{{cite web|title=Krrish 3|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/krrish_3#.VbDiPKSqqko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731020421/http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/krrish_3#.WTAr2GjyuUk|archive-date=31 July 2015|website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
! {{INR|170 crore}} ({{US$|{{#expr:6.4+10+21}} million|long=no}})
! {{INR|363.34 crore}}
! {{US$|15.3 million|long=no}}
! {{INR|{{#expr:108.58+126.56+393.52}} crore}} ({{US$|{{#expr:23+28+50}} million|long=no}})
!
|}
'''<big>Critical reception</big>'''
{{hatnote|Each film is linked to the "Critical response" section of its article.}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Film
! rowspan="2" |[[Rotten Tomatoes]]
|-
|-
|''[[Koi... Mil Gaya#Critical response|Koi... Mil Gaya]]''
|80% (5.4/10 average rating) (10 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koi ... Mil Gaya {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/koi-mil-gaya-i-found-someone |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Krrish#Critical response|Krrish]]''
|88% (7/10 average rating) (8 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krrish {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/krrish |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Krrish 3#Critical reception|Krrish 3]]''
|71% (5.8/10 average rating) (17 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defender {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/krrish_3 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[Science fiction films in India]]
*[[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films]]
*[[List of highest-grossing Indian films worldwide]]
*[[Bollywood 100 Crore Club]]
*[[List of most expensive non-English-language films]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|qid=Q1094839|title=Koi... Mil Gaya}}
*{{IMDb title|qid=Q1076823|title=Krrish}}
*{{IMDb title|qid=Q6439145|title=Krrish 3}}
*{{IMDb title|qid=Q122890913|title=Krrish 4}}

{{Krrish}}
{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krrish Series}}
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Action film franchises]]
[[Category:Science fiction film franchises]]
[[Category:Krrish| ]]
[[Category:Films adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Films adapted into comics]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]
[[Category:Indian films about extraterrestrial life]]

Arundhati Katju

2026-04-11T05:28:47Z

Sandy Saha:

{{Short description|Lawyer and advocate at the Supreme Court of India}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arundhati Katju
| image =
| caption = Arundhati Katju
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1982|08|19}}
| partner = [[Menaka Guruswamy]] (2018–present)
| relatives = [[Kailash Nath Katju]] (great grandfather)
| alma_mater = [[Columbia Law School]] [[National Law School of India University]]
| occupation = Advocate at the [[Supreme Court of India]]
}}
'''Arundhati Katju''' (born August 19, 1982) is a lawyer qualified to practice in India and New York. She has litigated many notable cases at the Supreme Court of India and the Delhi High Court, including the [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|Section 377 case]], the case of a [[trans man]] being illegally confined by his parents, the [[2013 Indian helicopter bribery scandal|Augusta Westland bribery case]], [[2G spectrum case|the 2G spectrum corruption case]] and the [[Murder of Jessica Lal|Jessica Lal murder case]]. Her law practice encompasses white-collar defence, general civil litigation, and public interest cases.

Katju obtained a B.A.LL.B. (Hons.) degree from the [[National Law School of India University|National Law School of India University, Bangalore (2005)]]. After practising at the Indian bar for 11 years, she enrolled in the LL.M. program (2017) at [[Columbia University|Columbia University, New York]], where she was a Human Rights Fellow, James Kent Scholar, and Public Interest Honoree.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.columbia.edu/admissions/graduate-legal-studies/profiles/arundhati-katju|title=Arundhati Katju '17 LL.M., J.S.D. Candidate}}</ref>

In the year 2019, in an interview with CNN Fareed Zakaria, Katju revealed that she was in a relationship with lawyer [[Menaka Guruswamy]], with whom she convinced the Supreme Court in 2018 to decriminalise Section 377.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/section-377-lawyers-menaka-guruswamy-and-arundhati-katju-come-out-as-a-couple-2237281.html|title=Section 377 Lawyers Menaka Guruswamy and Arundhati Katju Come Out as a Couple|date=21 July 2019 }}</ref>

== Career ==

In 2016, Katju drafted the lead petition<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orinam.net/377/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Johar-UoI-2016.pdf|title=Petition in Section 377 case, Orinam.net}}</ref> in Navtej Singh Johar and Others v. Union of India, the case that led the Indian Supreme Court to read down Section 377, the Indian [[sodomy]] law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/06/indian-supreme-court-decriminalises-homosexuality|title=Campaigners celebrate as India decriminalises homosexuality, The Guardian|website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=6 September 2018 }}</ref> She has also litigated other significant LGBTQ rights cases in India, including Suresh Kumar Koushal v Naz Foundation (where the Indian Supreme Court upheld the sodomy law, 2013) and Shivani Bhat v GNCT of Delhi (2015).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/everyone-has-a-fundamental-right-to-be-recognized-in-their-chosen-gender-delhi-hc/|title=Everyone has a fundamental right to be recognized in their chosen Gender: Delhi HC allows transgender student to return to US|date=7 October 2015 }}</ref>

=== Decriminalization of homosexuality ===
Katju represented the lead petitioners in [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)]] pertaining to the decriminalization of homosexuality in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://barandbench.com/arundhati-katju-interview-section-377-supreme-court/|title=It's Going to Have a Huge Impact on Foreign Jurisdictions}}</ref> In a landmark judgment,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45429664|title=India court legalises gay sex in landmark ruling|work=BBC News |date=6 September 2018 }}</ref> the 5-judge Constitutional bench of the Supreme Court<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/indias-supreme-court-decriminalizes-gay-sex-in-historic-ruling/2018/09/06/d15467b6-b111-11e8-8b53-50116768e499_story.html|title=India's Supreme Court decriminalizes gay sex in historic ruling|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> read down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 as not applicable to consenting adults.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/20/opinion/editorials/india-gay-rights-supreme-court.html|title=A Win for L.G.B.T. Rights in India, New York Times|newspaper=The New York Times |date=20 September 2018 }}</ref>

=== Illegal confinement case ===
In Shivani Bhat v. National Capital Territory of Delhi & Others,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lobis.nic.in/ddir/dhc/SID/judgement/05-10-2015/SID05102015CRLW21332015.pdf|title=Shivani Bhat v. National Capital Territory of Delhi and Others}}</ref> Katju represented Shivani Bhat, a 19-year-old trans man who was deceitfully brought from the United States to India by his parents. Katju filed a Writ Petition in the Delhi High Court on behalf of Bhat for protection from harassment and his right to return to the United States. The Delhi High Court ruled in favour of Shivani and ordered, ''inter alia,'' that Shivani's parents must return his travel documents so he could travel back to the US. The Court reaffirmed his right to [[self-determination]], travel and education.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/delhi-high-court-steps-in-to-protect-19-yr-old-transgender-from-california/|title=Delhi High Court steps in to protect 19-year-old transgender from California|date=23 September 2015 }}</ref>

=== August Westland VVIP Chopper Scam ===
In the Augusta Westland corruption case, where middlemen and Indian officials were alleged to have received kickbacks in a deal to purchase helicopters, Katju represented former Air Chief Marshal S.P. Tyagi. Tyagi was granted bail after his arrest by the Central Bureau of Investigation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/former-iaf-chief-s-p-tyagi-granted-bail-in-agustawestland-chopper-scam/articleshow/56178713.cms|title=CBI failed to state amount of money paid to former IAF Chief SP Tyagi in Agusta Westland case: court; grants him bail|newspaper=The Economic Times |last1=Gurung |first1=Shaurya Karanbir }}</ref>

== Honours ==
In 2016, Katju was awarded the Human Rights Fellowship by Columbia University, New York<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.columbia.edu/news/2018/09/india-supreme-court-lgbt-ruling|title=Columbia Lawyers Win Historic LGBT Rights Victory in India}}</ref> and the Women's International Leadership Program Fellowship at International House, New York. She was also awarded Columbia Law School's Herman N. Finkelstein Memorial Fellowship (2018–19). In 2018, she was a US-Italy Young Leaders Fellow. Katju was a [[TED (conference)#TEDx|TEDx]] Speaker at TEDxFerhadija’19<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/31178|title=TEDxFerhadija}}</ref> where she spoke about how ‘Stories can change the law’.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-KAKdpEWNo|title=Stories can change the law {{!}} Arundhati Katju {{!}} TEDxFerhadija|website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> In April 2019, she was included on the [[Time 100|''Time'' 100]], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''{{'}}s list of the 100 most influential people in the world, alongside [[Menaka Guruswamy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/5567711/arundhati-katju-menaka-guruswamy/|title=Arundhati Katju and Menaka Guruswamy, Time 100}}</ref>

In June 2019, to mark the [[Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019|50th anniversary]] of the [[Stonewall riots]], an event widely considered a watershed moment in the modern [[LGBT rights movement|LGBTQ rights movement]], ''[[Queerty]]'' named her one of the ''Pride50'' "trailblazing individuals who actively ensure society remains moving towards [[LGBT equality|equality]], acceptance and dignity for all [[queer]] people".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.queerty.com/pride50|title=Queerty Pride50 2019 Honorees|website=Queerty|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-18}}</ref>

== Publications ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title of Editorial
!Newspaper/Publisher
|-
|2019
|Guilty Till Proved Innocent<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/pocso-act-protection-of-children-from-sexual-offences-act-5520685/|title=Guilty Till Proved Innocent|date=3 January 2019 }}</ref>
|Indian Express
|-
|2018
|The gap in disaster management funding<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/pKD1VKn5nxntI88ZB7KGxK/The-gap-in-disaster-management-funding.html|title=Opinion {{!}} The gap in disaster management funding|date=5 September 2018 }}</ref>
|Mint
|-
|2018
|Opinion: 377 verdict is a new dawn not just for LGBTQ rights but for individual liberties in India<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/893472/opinion-377-verdict-is-a-new-dawn-not-just-for-lgbt-rights-but-for-individual-liberties-in-india|title=Opinion: 377 verdict is a new dawn not just for LGBT rights but for individual liberties in India}}</ref>
|Scroll.in
|-
|2018
|Rights Over Wrong<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/rights-over-wrong-section-377-homosexuality-5345713/|title=Right Over Wrong|date=8 September 2018 }}</ref>
|Indian Express
|-
|2018
|LGBTQ rights in India: The Doctrine of Constitutional Morality and Counter-Majoritarianism in the Context of Institutional Supremacy<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://constitutionnet.org/news/lgbt-rights-india-doctrine-constitutional-morality-and-counter-majoritarianism-context|title=LGBT rights in India: The Doctrine of Constitutional Morality and Counter-Majoritarianism in the Context of Institutional Supremacy}}</ref>
|ConstitutionNet
|-
|2018
|As US courts turn purist, SC is liberal mascot<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/as-us-courts-turn-purist-sc-is-liberal-mascot/articleshow/65713435.cms|title=As US Court turns purist, SC is liberal mascot|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|The Times Of India
|-
|2018
|Triple Talaq: Personal Law and Colonial Shadows in Contemporary India<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://constitutionnet.org/news/triple-talaq-personal-law-and-colonial-shadows-contemporary-india|title=Triple Talaq: Personal Law and Colonial Shadows in Contemporary India}}</ref>
|ConstitutionNet
|-
|2017
|Reading Inwards from the Margins: Indic Classical Thought in Nietzsche and Foucault<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.law.columbia.edu/nietzsche1313/arundhati-katju-reading-inwards-from-the-margins-indic-classical-thought-in-nietzsche-and-foucault/|title=ARUNDHATI KATJU {{!}} READING INWARDS FROM THE MARGINS: INDIC CLASSICAL THOUGHT IN NIETZSCHE AND FOUCAULT}}</ref>
|Nietzsche
|-
|2017
|Meditations on Breath and Sexual Difference<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.law.columbia.edu/nietzsche1313/arundhati-katju-meditations-on-breath-and-sexual-difference/|title=Meditations on Breath and Sexual Difference}}</ref>
|Nietzsche
|-
|2013
|Let's call it hate speech<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/let-s-call-it-hate-speech/1056421/|title=Let's Call It Hate Speech}}</ref>
|The Indian Express
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Katju, Arundhati}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Columbia Law School alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian lesbians]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]

Kazi family of Churulia

2026-04-08T19:50:24Z

Sandy Saha: Started The Stub Added Tags

{{Infobox family
| surname = Kazi family
| image = Nazrul Academy Churulia.jpg
| image_caption = Nazrul Academy, Churulia, where the Kazi family's house was formerly located
| native_name = কাজী পরিবার
| parent_family =
| motto =
| type = [[Family]]
| region = [[Bengal]]
| country = [[India]], [[Bangladesh]]
| titles =
| founded = {{circa}} 1800
| founder = [[Kazi Khebratullah]]
| origin = [[Churulia]]
| etymology =
| other_families =
| traditions = [[Sunni Islam]]
| current_head = [[Khilkhil Kazi]]
}}
'''Kazi family''' is a cultural family of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Originating from [[Churulia]] in present-day [[West Bengal]], [[India]], the history of this family spans approximately two hundred years. Many members of this family have been prominent figures in the fields of commerce, literature, and music.

== Origins ==
Around the 12th–13th centuries, a Sufi named Syed Mohammd Islam migrated from Baghdad of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] to Patna in the eastern region of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. He later moved to [[Churulia]] and settled there permanently. In the 17th century, the region became part of the [[Mughal Empire]]. When Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] sought to reward Qazi Ghulam Naqshband, a descendant of Syed Mohammad Islam, with immovable property in recognition of his knowledge and character, Naqshband refused to accept the grant without paying revenue. As a result, the emperor declared the property rent-free by incorporating it into an ayma taluk. Consequently, Naqshband’s descendant Kazi Khebratullah became a wealthy figure in Churulia. Khebratullah was a religious leader who was proficient in Arabic, Urdu, and Persian.<ref name=j/> According to historians, the Kazi family originated from him. Of his four sons, Kazi Ghulam Hossain had two sons. One of them, Kazi Aminullah,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://onushilon.org/corita/nazrul/1st-bairh-place.htm|title=নজরুলের বাস্তুভিটা ও পূর্ব-পুরুষের কথা|lang=bn|website=Onushilon}}</ref> managed the family property in Churulia. During the period of Company-ruled India, around 1847 CE, Aminullah's only son Kazi Fakir Ahmed was born; he was orphaned at an early age. After his father’s death, Fakir moved with his uncle Najibullah to the nearby [[Chaibasa]], his uncle's workplace. However, when his uncle also died soon afterward, Fakir returned to Churulia and was unable to continue his education. After the death of Fakir's first wife, he married Zahida Biwi of Bhuri village, with whom he had three children, including [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]]. Kazi Fakir Ahmed died in 1907.<ref name=j>{{cite news|url=https://backup.jobanmagazine.com/article/2018/11/09/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0/|title=চুরুলিয়া এবং কাজী পরিবারের আখ‍্যান|lang=bn|first=Munshi|last=Aftabuddin|date=9 November 2018|magazine=Joban}}</ref> Poet Kazi Nazrul Islam married Nargis Khanam of [[Comilla]] in 1921. However, when a condition of compulsory residence in Comilla was imposed, Nazrul left his first wife and departed. In 1924, he married Ashalata Sengupta of Comilla, who later became known as Pramila Kazi. The couple had four sons, two of whom died young.<ref name=n/> After Bangladesh gained independence from Pakistan in 1971, Kazi Nazrul Islam and his family were brought to Dhaka in 1972 at the initiative of the country's founding prime minister [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]<ref name=p/> Kazi Nazrul Islam died in Dhaka, Bangladesh, in 1976.<ref name=n>{{cite news|url=https://dailynayadiganta.com/printed-edition/86fXvDV6UwKw|title=জাতীয় কবির বংশধর|lang=bn|date=3 September 2025|newspaper=Naya Diganta}}</ref> Subsequently, the family of his son [[Kazi Sabyasachi]] remained in Dhaka. According to a 2016 report, this branch of the Kazi family has been residing in Dhaka for three generations.<ref name=p>{{cite news|url=https://www.protidinersangbad.com/art-literature/3791|title=ঢাকায় নজরুলের তিন প্রজন্ম|lang=bn|first=Taslima|last=Tamanna|date=25 May 2016|newspaper=Protidiner Sangbad}}</ref> Nazrul's son Kazi Aniruddha remained behind in Kolkata, India, where his family established permanent residence.<ref name=d>{{cite news|url=https://bn.thereport.live/arts/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F/33868|title=বিদ্রোহী কবি নজরুলের পরিবারের সদস্যরা কে কোথায়|lang=bn|date=12 May 2023|work=The Report}}</ref> Meanwhile, the family of Nazrul's younger brother Kazi Ali Hossain continues to reside in Churulia, India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.banglanews24.com/cat/news/bd/395597.details|title=কাজী পরিবারের সঙ্গে কিছুক্ষণ|lang=bn|first=Bhaskar|last=Sardar|date=24 May 2015|work=Banglanews24.com}}</ref>

== History ==
When the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] began in 1971, the [[government of Pakistan]] stopped Nazrul’s pension. At that time, the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]], formed in April with rebels from [[East Pakistan]], announced a pension for Nazrul. In September of the same year, when the government resumed the pension, Nazrul's family rejected it in protest against the [[Bangladesh genocide]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/nazruls-family-refuses-pension-pakistan-2167241|title=Nazrul’s family refuses pension from Pakistan|first=Shamsuzzoha|last=Sajen|date=3 September 2021|newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref> Disputes and divisions arose within the Kazi family regarding the final phase of Kazi Nazrul Islam's life. According to one faction of the family, Nazrul was neglected in Bangladesh, and despite the belief that he should have been sent to India to live peacefully in his final years, the Government of Bangladesh did not allow him to be sent there in order to claim him as a national asset. Another faction of the family, however, maintains that Nazrul was cared for and treated with dignity in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/lede/grave-schism-family-feud-bangladesh|title=Grave Schism: A cross-border family feud over Bangladesh’s national poet|language=en|first=Ella|last=Weissar|date=1 August 2016|work=The Caravan}}</ref> In 2011, after the [[Trinamool Congress]] state government came to power in West Bengal, India, an initiative was taken to establish a Nazrul Academy in Kolkata. However, the Kazi family expressed dissatisfaction over the political mudslinging that emerged around the initiative.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/political-mud-slinging-upsets-kazi-nazruls-family/articleshow/11383176.cms|title=Political mud-slinging upsets Kazi Nazrul's family|first=Shaibal|last=Sen|date=6 January 2012|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2020, the Kazi family expressed disappointment that, despite government announcements, Kazi Nazrul Islam had not been officially recognized as the National Poet of Bangladesh through a government gazette, and they called for such recognition via gazette notification.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/bangladesh/article1795111.bdnews|title=সরকারি গেজেটে জাতীয় কবির স্বীকৃতির দাবি নজরুল পরিবারের|lang=bn|date=27 August 2020|website=Bdnews24.com}}</ref> Four years later, Nazrul was officially recognized as the National Poet through a government gazette.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bssnews.net/bangla/news-flash/169870|title=অবশেষে কাজী নজরুল ইসলামকে ‌‘জাতীয় কবি’র রাষ্ট্রীয় স্বীকৃতি|lang=bn|date=2 January 2025|work=Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha}}</ref> In 2021, on the occasion of [[Nazrul Jayanti]], mobile service company [[Robi (company)|Robi]] posted a tribute on its Facebook page featuring an image of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]; the post was later removed. However, the post quickly went viral, after which [[Khilkhil Kazi]], representing the Kazi family, announced plans to file a lawsuit against the company. He also stated that legal action would be taken in the near future against the unauthorized commercial use of Nazrul Geeti.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/139151/family-of-poet-kazi-nazrul-islam-to-sue-robi|title=Family of poet Kazi Nazrul Islam to sue Robi|date=29 May 2021|newspaper=New Age}}</ref> In the Hindi film ''[[Pippa (film)|Pippa]]'', released in 2023, the song "[[Karar Oi Louho Kopat]]" by Kazi Nazrul Islam was included under the musical direction of [[A. R. Rahman]]. However, allegations arose that Rahman’s musical arrangement distorted the song. Family member Anirban Kazi stated that although his mother Kalyani Kazi had granted permission for the song's use, she had asked to hear the modified version before its release when the film team sought to recreate it. The team, however, did not play the song for her prior to release.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ajkerpatrika.com/entertainment/music/ajpiucjxuanjc|title=এ আর রহমানের ওপর ক্ষুব্ধ কাজী নজরুলের পরিবার|lang=bn|date=11 November 2023|newspaper=Ajker Patrika}}</ref> On the other hand, other members of the family accused Anirban of selling the song's rights without informing them and expressed anger over the matter, threatening legal action against both Anirban and the film team.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.somoynews.tv/news/2023-11-16/xsxKzZ14|title=বিদ্রোহী কবির পরিবারে শুরু সেই লড়াই|first=Subrata|last=Acharya|date=17 November 2023|work=Somoy TV}}</ref> In 2025, poet and political activist [[Osman Hadi]] was buried in Dhaka at the [[Mausoleum of Kazi Nazrul Islam]]. Members of the Kazi family residing in India described the selection of this site for Hadi's burial as unethical. They expressed concern that Nazrul's tomb might not remain there in the future.<ref>{{cite news|title=নজরুলের সমাধি থাকবে তো? পাশেই হাদিকে সমাধিস্থ করার পর আশঙ্কিত কাজী পরিবার! তাণ্ডব শেষ হওয়া নিয়েও সংশয়|lang=bn|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/will-kazi-nazrul-islams-tomb-remain-family-worried-after-osman-hadis-burial-next-to-it-dgtld/cid/1655685|date=20 December 2025|access-date=20 December 2025|newspaper=Anandabazar Patrika}}</ref>

== Members ==
=== Kazi Fakir Ahmad ===
Kazi Fakir Ahmad was born around 1847. He was the son of Kazi Aminullah. By profession, he was a deed writer. He was addicted to gambling, and as a result, he lost most of his property after being defeated by the merchant Mahananda Ash. He had two wives. From his first wife, Syeda Khatun, he had one daughter. From his second wife, Zaheda Khatun, he had three sons and one daughter. Fakir died in 1908.<ref name=jjd>{{cite news|url=https://www.jaijaidinbd.com/feature/literature/360731|title=বিদ্রোহী কবি নজরুলের মা|lang=bn|first=Jobayer Ali|last=Jewel|date=26 May 2023|newspaper=Jaijaidin}}</ref>

=== Kazi Nazrul Islam ===
{{See also|Kazi Nazrul Islam}}
Kazi Nazrul Islam joined the British Indian Army as a soldier in the [[Bengali Regiment|49th Bengali Regiment]] and rose to the rank of Havildar. Alongside this, he devoted himself to literary pursuits. His literary works were published in various newspapers in Kolkata. After the regiment was disbanded, he worked as a journalist. He gained prominence through the poem [[Bidrohi (poem)|Bidrohi]] (''The Rebel''). Later, he joined the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) and played a major role in establishing its affiliated organization, the Labour Swaraj Party. In 1926, he contested the Bengal Legislative Council election and was defeated. In 1940, he became the editor of the daily newspaper ''[[Nabajug]]''. From two years later until his death in 1976, he suffered from a neurological illness for the rest of his life. During the era of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], he disregarded Tagore's influence and created a distinct and independent stream in [[Bengali literature]].<ref>{{Book citation|title=সংসদ বাঙালী চরিতাভিধান|lang=bn|year=1976|pages=159–161|publisher=Sahitya Sangsad}}</ref>

=== Nargis Asar Khanam ===
Nargis Asar Khanam, birth name Syeda Khatun, is born in 1904<ref name=dt/> She was the niece of Ali Akbar Khan of Comilla. In 1921, Kazi Nazrul Islam came to stay at Ali Akbar Khan’s house. During this time, Nazrul fell in love with Nargis, who was living in the same household. When Nazrul proposed marriage to Nargis, Akbar accepted. However, although the marriage was formally completed, Nazrul left Akbar's house on the wedding night.<ref name=r>{{cite web|url=https://www.risingbd.com/art-literature/news/109122|title=প্রেমিক নজরুলের প্রেমিকারা |date=26 May 2015 |website=RisingBD.com|language=bn}}</ref> The couple were later divorced. Afterward, Nargis studied at [[Kamrunnessa Government Girls High School]] and became a novelist. In 1937, Nargis and Nazrul met for the last time. On that occasion, Nazrul assured her that he would discuss and resolve her problem related to their marital issues after returning to Dhaka, although he expressed his inability to accept her due to his wife and children. However, he ultimately failed to keep his promise. Nargis later married the poet Azizul Hakim and died in the United States in 1985.<ref name=dt>{{cite news|url=https://old.dhakatimes24.com/2015/04/29/64001 |title=কাজী নজরুল ইসলামের বিবাহ ও পারিবারিক জীবন|first=MM Khairul|last=Anam|date=29 April 2015|work=Dhaka Times|language=bn}}</ref>

=== Pramila Kazi ===
Pramila Kazi was born as Ashalata Sengupta. She was born in 1908 in Manikganj subdivision of Dacca district in the Bengal Presidency, British India, at the residence of Nayeb Basanta Kumar Sengupta of [[Tripura (princely state)|Tripura state]]. After the untimely death of Pramila’s father, her mother moved with her to Comilla in the 1920s, where her uncle Indra Kumar Sengupta was employed as an inspector of the Court of Wards. From 1921 onwards, Kazi Nazrul Islam visited Indra's house several times. During this period, Nazrul and Pramila fell in love with each other. In 1924, the two were married in Kolkata according to Muslim rites, although she remained Hindu. After being paralysed in 1938, Pramila died in 1962.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailysangram.com/?post=120510-প্রমীলা-নজরুল|title=প্রমীলা নজরুল|first=Muhammad |last=Asad |website=Daily Sangram |date=28 June 2013 |access-date=9 September 2019 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017115110/http://www.dailysangram.com/?post=120510-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2 |url-status=dead |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=dwn>{{cite news|url=https://www.thewall.in/magazine/nazrul-and-his-2-sons-all-married-to-hindu-women/tid/102309|title=প্রমীলা, উমা, কল্যাণী - কাজি নজরুল ইসলামের পরিবারে আলো জ্বেলেছিলেন তিন হিন্দু কন্যা|first=Shubhadip|last=Bandyopadhyay |date=14 March 2024 |work=The Wall News |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Kazi Sabyasachi ===
{{See also|Kazi Sabyasachi}}
Kazi Sabyasachi Islam, son of Kazi Nazrul Islam and Pramila Kazi, was born in Kolkata in 1929. He joined [[All India Radio]] as a programme announcer. He was a pioneer of commercial recitation as a profession in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://patradoot.net/2023/10/28/488197.html |title=আবৃত্তি সম্রাট কাজী সব্যসাচী ইসলাম |first=Sayed |last=Al Jaber |date=28 October 2023 |newspaper=Patradoot |language=bn}}</ref> He later became the chief officer of the programme announcer training centre of All India Radio. During the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] in 1971, he worked as a poetry reciter and news reader for the [[Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra]]. He died in Kolkata in 1979.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sokaler-alo.com/main/article/11978 |title=স্মরণ-কাজী সব্যসাচী স্মরণীয় বরণীয় |first=Mesba |last=Khan |date=2 March 2025 |newspaper=Sokaler Alo |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Kazi Aniruddha ===
Kazi Aniruddha, the youngest son of Kazi Nazrul Islam, was born in 1931. He was a musician and guitarist. Alongside his employment at All India Radio, he had been associated with several music schools since the 1950s.<ref name=jp/> He played an important role in preserving and recovering his father Nazrul's creative works. He also prepared musical notations for Nazrul Geeti.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://chandpurtimes.com/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7/ |title=কবি নজরুলের ছোট ছেলে কাজী অনিরুদ্ধ’র ২২ ফেব্রুয়ারি মৃত্যুবার্ষিকী |date=24 February 2025 |work=Chandpur Times |language=bn}}</ref> He died of a heart attack in Kolkata in 1974.<ref name=jp>{{cite news|title=পরলোকে কাজী অনিরুদ্ধ|page=1 |date=23 February 1974|newspaper=Jugantar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Others ===
* Zahida Khatun – Second wife of Kazi Fakir Ahmad. After her husband’s death, she married Fakir’s cousin. She died in 1928.<ref name=jjd/>
* Kazi Sahib Jaan – Eldest son of Kazi Fakir Ahmad. He initially worked as a deed writer and later took a job at a coal mine in [[Raniganj]].<ref name=jjd/>
* Kazi Ali Hossain – Youngest son of Kazi Fakir Ahmad. He was a deed writer and social worker. He was murdered in 1951.<ref name=jjd/>
* Uma Kazi – Born in 1940. She worked as a nurse in Kolkata and later married Kazi Sabyasachi. She devoted her life to caring for her ailing father-in-law, Nazrul. She died in Dhaka in 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://samakal.com/bangladesh/article/9834/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%82-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87
|title=কবি নজরুলের পুত্রবধূ উমা কাজী আর নেই |date=15 January 2020 |newspaper=Samakal |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=dwn/>
* Bidyut Kazi – Grandson of Kazi Ali Hossain. He died in Durgapur in 2021.<ref name=kg>{{cite news|url=https://khulnagazette.com/literature/94148/ |title=চুরুলিয়ার কাজী পরিবারের সদস্য বিদ্যুত কাজী প্রয়াত |date=15 June 2021 |work=Khulna Gazette |language=bn}}</ref>
* Lipi Kazi – Granddaughter of Kazi Ali Hossain. She died in 2023.<ref name=kg/>
* Kalyani Kazi – Born in 1936. She was a vocalist and the wife of Kazi Aniruddha. She was honored with the Sangeet Mahasamman by the Government of West Bengal. She died in Kolkata in 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/literature/news-477916 |title=জাতীয় কবির পুত্রবধূ কল্যাণী কাজী মারা গেছেন |date=12 May 2023 |newspaper=The Daily Star |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=dwn/>
* Anirban Kazi – Born in 1975. Son of Kazi Aniruddha. He died of a heart attack in Kolkata in 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/event/nazruls-grandson-anirban-kazi-passes-away/ |title=হৃদরোগে আক্রান্ত হয়ে প্রয়াত নজরুল ইসলামের নাতি কাজি অনির্বাণ |date=3 October 2024 |newspaper=Sangbad Pratidin |language=bn}}</ref>
* Babul Kazi – Son of Kazi Sabyasachi. Born in India in 1966. He studied at [[Dhaka Residential Model College]] and the [[University of Dhaka]]. He was a garment businessman by profession. He died in Dhaka in 2025 after being burned in a fire.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deshrupantor.com/567520/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF|title=বাথরুমে সিগারেট ধরাতে গিয়ে বিস্ফোরণে দগ্ধ হন কবি নজরুলের নাতি |date=18 January 2025 |newspaper=Desh Rupantor |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/bangladesh/eb804176afad|title=কাজী নজরুলের নাতি বাবুল কাজী আর নেই|date=19 January 2025|newspaper=bdnews24.com |language=bn}}</ref>
* [[Khilkhil Kazi]] – Born in 1962. Daughter of Kazi Sabyasachi. After her father’s death, she migrated to Dhaka in 1985. She is a professional vocalist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/bengali/in_depth/2010/05/100526_khilkhil_kazi |title=নজরুল দৌহিত্রী খিলখিল কাজী |lang=bn |website=BBC Bangla |date=26 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308220242/http://www.bbc.com/bengali/in_depth/2010/05/100526_khilkhil_kazi |archive-date=8 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deshebideshe.com/wiw/details/134 |title=খিলখিল কাজী |lang=bn |website=Deshe Bideshe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308220838/http://www.deshebideshe.com/wiw/details/134 |archive-date=8 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Anindita Kazi – Resides in Kolkata. Daughter of Aniruddha Kazi. She is a vocalist and studied music at the [[University of Allahabad]]. She is a former president of Tara TV.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/event/carrying-nazruls-legacy-forward-1228786 |title=Carrying Nazrul's legacy forward |first=Jahangir |last=Alam |date=25 May 2016 |newspaper=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

== Genealogy ==
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||KKH|KKH = Kazi Khebratullah}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||KGH||KAJ||KZA||KKU|KGH = Kazi Golam Hossain|KAJ = Kazi Abdul Jalil|KZA = Kazi Joynal Abedin|KKU = Kazi Kamruddin}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||)|-|-|-|-|-|.}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||KAM||||KNJ|||KAM = Kazi Aminullah|KNJ = Kazi Najibullah}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||!||||||!}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||!|||||KBK|~|JKH|KBK = Kazi Bazle Karim|JKH = Jaheda Khatun}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||!}}

{{Tree chart||||||||SKH|y|KFA|y|JKH|SKH = Sayyada Khatun|KFA = Kazi Fakir Ahmed|JKH = Jaheda Khatun}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||!||||!}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||!||||)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||SJN||KSJ||D01||D02||D03||KNI||UKL||KAH||SJN=Sajdonnessa|KSJ=Kazi Sahebjan|D01=Deceased|D02=Deceased|D03=Deceased|KNI=Kazi Nazrul Islam|UKL=Umme Kulsum|KAH=Kazi Ali Hossain}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||!||||||,|-|^|-|.}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||||PKZ|~|y|NKN||||KMH|||KRK|PKZ=Promila Kazi|NKN=Nargis Khanam|KMH=Kazi Mazahar Hossain|KRK=Kazi Rezaul Karim}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||,|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|'||||||||!}}

{{Tree chart||||||||KAK|||KAX|||KSI|||KAI||||||||||,|-|^|-|.|KAK=Kazi Azad Kamal|KAX=Kazi Arindam Khaled|KSI=Kazi Sabyasachi Islam|KAI=Kazi Aniruddha Islam}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||!|||||!||||||||||BTK||LPK|LPK=Lipi Kazi|BTK=Bidyut Kazi}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||UKZ|K|||||G2|KKI|UKZ=Uma Kazi|KKI=Kalyani Kazi}}

{{Tree chart|||||,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|(|||||`|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.}}

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{{Tree chart||||KKZ||||||MKZ||||BKZ||||||||||||ABK||||||ADK|||||ANK|MKZ=Misti Kazi|KKZ=Khilkhil Kazi|BKZ=Babul Kazi|ABK=Anirban Kazi|ADK=Arindam Kazi|ANK=Anindita Kazi}}

{{Tree chart|| |||!||||||||!||||||!||||||||||||||!||||||||!|||||||!}}

{{Tree chart||MKH|K|||||AAG|K|||RKZ |K|||||||||||SMK |K|||||SBH |K||||AMR |K|||MKH=Mosfek Khan|AAG=Arun Agarwal|RKZ=Runa Kazi|SMK=Soma Mukherjee|SBH=Suparna Bhowmick|AMR=Amit Roy}}

{{Tree chart|| |||!||||||||!||||||!||||||||||||||!||||||||!|||||||!}}

{{Tree chart|| |,|-|^|-|.||||,|-|^|-|.||||)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.||||,|-|^|-|.||||,|-|^|-|.|||,|-|^|-|.}}

{{Tree chart||ARK||AYK||SAG||AMG||B01 ||B02 ||G01||AKZ||AIK||APK||AUK||AWR ||B03 |ARK=Arien Khan|AYK=Ariat Khan|SAG=Sneha Agarwal|AMG=Amena Agarwal|B01=Son|B02=Son|G01=Daughter|AKZ=Ankan Kazi|AIK=Aishwarya Kazi|APK=Abhipsa Kazi|AUK=Anurag Kazi|AWR=Anwesha Roy|B03=Son}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kazi Nazrul Islam}}

[[Category:Bangladeshi families]]
[[Category:Indian families]]
[[Category:Bengali families]]
[[Category:Muslim families]]
[[Category:Kazi Nazrul Islam]]

Aduram Meghwal

2026-04-02T03:48:45Z

Sandy Saha: Adding

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Aduram Meghwal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| caption = Meghwal in 2024
| office = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Chohtan Assembly constituency|Chohtan]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Padma Ram]]
| successor =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| assembly = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| source =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| profession = [[Agriculture]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| children = 2
| website = [https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in/Containers/Members/MemberBioData.aspx official website]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|12|03|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chohtan]], [[Barmer district|Barmer]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| spouse = Meera Devi
| parents =
}}

'''Aduram Meghwal''' (3 December 1966) is an Indian [[Politician]] currently Serving as a [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|16th, Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Chohtan Assembly constituency|Chohtan]] in [[Barmer district]]. He is Member of the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-12-03 |title=Chohtan Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Adu Ram Meghwal Wins From Chohtan |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/chohtan-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-news-1647154 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Chohtan Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/chohtan-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687358.html |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S20.htm|title=General Elections to Assembly Constituencies:Trends & Results Dec-2023|publisher=results.eci.gov.in|access-date = 2023-12-04}}</ref> he was elected as an MLA from the Chohtan Assembly constituency, defeating Padmaram, the candidate from the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), by a margin of 14,28 votes.<ref>{{cite web|title= Chohtan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Adu Ram Meghwal with 103205 defeats INC's Padmaram|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/chohtan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470755-2023-12-03|publisher=indiatoday. in|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meghwal, Aduram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Barmer district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:1966 births]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Jacob Verghese

2026-03-30T00:33:54Z

Sandy Saha: Started A Article W/ Sources

{{Infobox person
| image =
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names = Jacob Varghese<ref name="Spelling"/>
| occupation = Director, producer, cinematographer
| years_active = 2009{{endash}}present
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[Savari (2009 film)|Savari]]'' (2009) ''[[Prithvi (2010 film)|Prithvi]]'' (2010)
}}
'''Jacob Verghese''' is an Indian film director, producer, and cinematogapher, who works in Kannada and Malayalam films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/Jun/11/rishis-next-with-jacob-verghese-titled-sakalakala-vallabha-12191.html|title=Rishi's next with Jacob Verghese titled Sakalakala Vallabha|date=11 June 2019|website=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-wont-be-able-to-make-the-film-with-a-different-actor-director-jacob-verghese/articleshow/87482420.cms|title=I won't be able to make the film with a different actor: Director Jacob Verghese|date=6 November 2021|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/when-filmmaker-jacob-verghese-referred-to-parvathamma-rajkumar-as-the-real-iron-lady-of-the-industry/articleshow/88120176.cms|title=When filmmaker Jacob Verghese referred to Parvathamma Rajkumar as the "real Iron Lady" of the industry|date=December 6, 2021|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Personal life==
His native is [[Puthuppally, Kottayam]] and he settled in [[Bengaluru]]. His brother Mathew Verghese co-produced ''[[Dribbling with their Future]]'' (2016) and ''[[Ayushman]]'' (2021) alongside journalist Dinesh Rajkumar N, who produced ''Andhyam''.<ref name="Awards1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/national-award-tale-of-football-kids-makes-kottayam-proud.html|title=Tale of football kids makes Kottayam proud|website=[[OnManorama]]|date=29 March 2016|access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="Awards2">{{Cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=69th National Film Awards for the year 2021 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1951758 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref name="Spelling">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1879035&reg=3&lang=2|title=Babu and Manik will keep on running till their last breath: Jacob Varghese, Director of IFFI 53 Film Ayushman, a real-life story on the greatest journey of hope|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=26 November 2022|access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref>

==Career==
After making his debut through ''Andhyam'', he directed the ''[[Savari (2009 film)|Savari]]'' film series (2009-2014) and ''[[Prithvi (2010 film)|Prithvi]]'' (2010).<ref name="Awards1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/Mar/14/running-positive-is-an-inspirational-docufilm-on-two-regular-boys-1581021.html|title=Running positive is an inspirational docufilm on two regular boys|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=14 March 2017|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref> He directed the sports documentaries ''[[Dribbling with their Future]]'' (2016; based on football) and ''[[Ayushman]] (Running Positive)'' (2019; based on running).<ref name="Awards1"/><ref name="Awards2"/> ''[[Chambal (film)|Chambal]]'' (2019) was based on the life [[D. K. Ravi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/jacob-verghese-chambal-is-inspired-by-many-ias-officers/articleshow/67990729.cms|title=Jacob Verghese: 'Chambal' is inspired by many IAS officers|date=14 February 2019|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Year
! Title
! Language
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2006 || ''Andhyam'' || [[Malayalam]] || Short film; [[National Film Award for Best Debut Film of a Director (non-feature film)]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kannada-films-win-big-at-the-63rd-national-awards/articleshow/51600027.cms|title=Kannada films win big at the 63rd National Awards|date=24 January 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|last=Suresh|first=Sunayana|access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
| || ''Putti'' || rowspan="7" |[[Kannada]]|| Short film ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/bengaluru-documentary-on-journey-of-underprivileged-footballlers-to-china/article8461495.ece|title=From Austin Town to China|date=11 April 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Savari (2009 film)|Savari]]'' || || rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/puneeth-rajkumar-to-reunite-with-prithvi-director-jacob-verghese/articleshow/87169146.cms|title=Puneeth Rajkumar to reunite with 'Prithvi' director Jacob Verghese?|date=21 October 2021|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Prithvi (2010 film)|Prithvi]]'' ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Savaari 2]]'' || Also producer
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Dribbling with their Future]]'' || [[National Film Award for Best Exploration/Adventure Film]] || <ref name="Awards1"/>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Chambal (film)|Chambal]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/Feb/13/jacob-verghese-clarifies-about-chambal-content-10109.html|title=Jacob Verghese clarifies about Chambal content|date=13 February 2019|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Ayushman]] (Running Positive)'' || Also cinematographer [[National Film Award for Best Exploration/Adventure Film]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/case-filed-against-director-jacob-varghese-accused-in-a-copyright-case-8657066.html|title=Case Filed Against Director Jacob Varghese Accused In A Copyright Case - News18|website=News18|date=10 November 2023}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2375612}}
{{Jacob Verghese}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verghese, Jacob}}
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]
[[Category:Kannada film cinematographers]]
[[Category:National Film Award (India) winners]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

John Dawson Mayne

2026-03-29T22:28:48Z

Sandy Saha: Started Some Bio Needs Work - done

{{Short description|British lawyer (1828–1917)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = John Dawson Mayne
| image = John Dawson Mayne.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| order1 = [[Advocate-General]] of [[Madras Presidency]]
| term_start1 = 1868
| term_end1 = 1872
| predecessor1 = [[John Bruce Norton]]
| successor1 = [[Sir H. S. Cunningham]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1828|10|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dublin]], Ireland
| death_date = 1917 (Aged 88)
| death_place = [[Berkshire]], England
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Trinity College Dublin]]
| occupation = [[Lawyer]]
| profession = [[Advocate-General]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''John Dawson Mayne''' (1828–1917) was a British lawyer and legal expert who served as acting [[Advocate-General of Madras|Advocate-General of the Madras Presidency]]. He is remembered as the author of ''Mayne's Hindu Law'' regarded as the most authoritative book on the [[Indian Penal Code]]. His married life was marred by a scandal, which prevented him from gaining a [[knighthood]].

==Family==
Born on 31 December 1828, to John Mayne (1793–1828), a [[Dublin]] lawyer who died before John Dawson was born. His mother, Anna (Graves) Johnson (1798–1864), had first married Edward Johnson (died 1818) J.P., of [http://www.lisburn.com/history/digger/Digger-2011/Digger-2011-images/ballymacash-house.jpg Ballymacash House], [[County Antrim]]. Mayne's middle name was for his great-grandfather's cousin and benefactor, [[Thomas Dawson, 1st Viscount Cremorne]].

He came from a well-known family and was a grandson of Judge [[Edward Mayne]] and Dean [[Richard Graves (clergyman)|Richard Graves]]. He was a nephew of Sir [[Richard Mayne]] and a first cousin of Admiral [[Richard Charles Mayne]], Chief Justice Sir [[William Collis Meredith]], [[Edmund Allen Meredith]], Sir [[Richard Graves MacDonnell]], Major-General [[Arthur Robert MacDonnell]] and [[Francis Brinkley]]. His sister married a son of [[Abraham Colles]], and through her, he was the uncle of Ladies [[Edward Gibson, 1st Baron Ashbourne|Ashbourne]] and [[Edmund Thomas Bewley|Bewley]].

==Career==

Mayne had his initial education in [[Dublin]] and graduated in law from [[Trinity College Dublin]]. He was called to the English bar in 1854, but practised in the [[United Kingdom]] from 1854 to 1856 before moving to [[Madras]], [[India]]. Mayne served as the Professor of law, logic and moral philosophy at the [[Presidency College, Madras]] from 1857 throughout the 1860s. He also served as Assistant Legal Secretary to the Madras government from 1860 to 1872 and as a Clerk of the Crown during the 1860s. He served as Advocate-General of Madras from 1862 to 1872. He left [[India]] in a cloud of scandal, running away from his wife with the wife of another man, Annie Craigie-Halkett.

In [[England]], despite the scandal, Mayne served as a Professor of Common Law at the Inns of Court from 1879 to 1883. In 1880, he unsuccessfully contested for the Parliamentary seat at [[Falmouth, Cornwall|Falmouth]]. He was an enthusiastic family historian, producing an impressively long 'pedigree' of the Maynes from 1900 back through some thirty generations to [[Normandy]], but beyond the 17th century, like so many family histories of the time, it was riddled with errors of assumption.

At [[Madras]], 1859, he married his first wife, Helen Sarah Hamilton (born 1841), daughter of Colonel Robert Hamilton of the Madras Staff Corps. She divorced Mayne in 1872 after he ran off with his soon-to-be second wife, Annie Craigie-Halkett (1833–1917). Annie's first husband's name is unknown, but she was the daughter of Charles Craigie-Halkett-Inglis of Hallhill, [[Fife]] and Cramond House, near [[Edinburgh]], by his wife Susan, the youngest daughter of Sir John Marjoribanks of Lees (1763–1833), 1st Bt., M.P., [[Lord Provost of Edinburgh]]. Annie and 'JD' (as he was known) divorced their respective spouses so they could marry in May 1873. Annie was reputed to be very beautiful despite her face being marred by a 'Port wine mark' ([[birth mark]]), which led her to favouring veils in later life.

In 1917, he and Annie died within six weeks of one another, at their home [http://s0.geograph.org.uk/photos/89/70/897099_65b0f6b4.jpg 'Goodrest'], also known as Shinfield Park, [[Berkshire]]. The gardens were so extensive at Goodrest that they required twenty gardeners to maintain its upkeep. Mayne left no children by either marriage, but took great joy in being both a financial and legal help to many of his relatives.

== References ==
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ABriefSketchOfTheLifeOfRajaDharmaPravinaT.R.A.ThumbooChetty|title=A Brief Sketch of the Life of T. R. A. Thumboo Chetty, C.I.E, Formerly Chief Judge and Officiating Dewan of Mysore.|last=Royaloo Chetty|first=T.|publisher=Hoe & Co.Madras|year=1909}}
* Sir [[T. R. A. Thumboo Chetty]], Raja Dharma Pravina, C.I.E. Chief Judge of the Chief Court of Mysore and the Offg. Dewan of Mysore.
* {{cite book|title=Dictionary of Indian Biography|author=C. E. Buckland|year=1999|pages=280|publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-7020-897-6}}
* {{cite book|title=Men-at-the-bar: a biographical hand-list of the members of the various Inns of court: including Her Majesty's judges, etc|author=Joseph Foster|year=1885|publisher=Reeves and Turner|pages=311}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mayne, John Dawson}}
[[Category:1828 births]]
[[Category:1917 deaths]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin]]
[[Category:Irish Anglicans]]
[[Category:British barristers]]
[[Category:Administrators in British India]]
[[Category:Advocates general for Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Members of the Madras Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Presidency College, Chennai]]

Manamadurai

2026-03-27T07:03:51Z

Sandy Saha:

{{Short description|Town in Sivagangai, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Manamadurai
| settlement_type = Municipality
| image_skyline = File:Manamadurai Anandhavalli temple.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Aanandhavalli Amman temple
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Mananadurai, Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|9.689000|N|78.458100|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|22px]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sivaganga district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1912
| founder =
| government_type = Second Grade Municipality
| governing_body = Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_total = 32,257 (2011 Population Census)
| population_density_km2 = 296
| elevation_m = 90
| population_blank2_title = Sister town
| population_blank2 = Thiruppuvanam
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official (Tamil, English)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 630 606 (Manamadurai Head post office)
| area_code = 04574
| area_code_type = Manamadurai Town Area code
| registration_plate = TN 63 (Sivagangai RTO)
| website = 
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| leader_party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] ''(DMK)''
| leader_title = Member of Legislative assembly (M.L.A)
| leader_name = [[A. Tamilarasi|A.Tamilarasi Ravikumar]]
| leader_title1 = Member of Parliament (M.P)
| leader_name1 = [[Karti Chidambaram]]
| blank_name_sec1 = Prime Minister
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Chief Minister
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[M.K.Stalin]]
| blank_name_sec2 = Governor
| blank_info_sec2 = [[R. N. Ravi]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = Collector
| blank1_info_sec2 = Mrs.Asha Ajith [[I.A.S]]
}}
'''Manamadurai''' is a Municipality Town<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ahead of polls to urban local bodies, TN to have six more corporations, 28 new municipalities|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/aug/24/ahead-of-polls-to-urban-local-bodies-tn-to-have-six-more-corporations-28-new-municipalities-2349214.html|access-date=2021-08-25|website=The New Indian Express|date=24 August 2021 }}</ref> in [[Sivaganga district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], Situated 58 kilometres away from the heart of [[Madurai]] on the [[Kochi|Cochin]] - [[Dhanushkodi]] National Highway. It is the 4th Largest Town in the Sivaganga district followed by [[Karaikudi]], [[Sivaganga]] and [[Devakottai]]. Manamadurai represents its seat in [[Manamadurai (state assembly constituency)|Manamadurai Legislative assembly constituency]]. It is a river-based settlement town developed on banks of [[Vaigai River|river Vaigai]] around 2 BCE. The River flows through the core of town dividing the town into Upper Western banks and lower eastern banks.

==Etymology==
[[File:Manamadurai name sculpture.jpg|thumb|Inscription dating to 1700 A.D.]] The Name ''Manamadurai'' is said to be derived from ''Vanara Veera Madurai.'' As mentioned in the epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', [[Rama|Lord Rama]], ''[[Hanuman]]'' and "[[Vanara|Vaanara Sena]]" - the Monkey Force which embarked on a search for [[Sita]], ended in the banks of the river [[Vaigai River|Vaigai]], hence all of them took a bath, slept a night here, and left. Hence the name was applied to this place, with the Sanskrit word ''[[Vanara|Vaanaram]],'' meaning "monkey" and v''eera,'' meaning "powerful". As centuries rolled, it became ''Vaana Vīra Madurai'', then ''Vaana Madurai'', and finally became Manamadurai. An inscription with a low relief was found at a site near the ''Thulukkanendhal'' village of Manamadurai Panchayat Union. It was inspected by the research personnels of ''The Pandiya Naadu Culture society'' and they carbon dated it to 1700 A.D.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DIN |date=2022-09-27 |title=மானாமதுரையின் பழமையான பெயர் இடம்பெற்ற கல்வெட்டு கண்டுபிடிப்பு! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2022/Sep/27/inscription-featuring-ancient-name-of-manamadurai-3923185.html |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref> The sculpture in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] read as ''/ʋaːn̪a ʋiːɾa maðɯɾaɪ̯ aɻaɡaɾ t̪iɾuʋiɖaɪ̯jaːʈʈam/'' which literally discusses about the land donation of someone to the Azhagar Temple in Manamadurai. ''Thiruvidaiyattam'' refers to a stone which sculpted on resemblance of Land donation. And the wheel like structure below the text is actually present in the coin<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-16 |title=My collection of South Indian Coins: Madurai Nayak coins |url=https://southindiancoins.blogspot.com/2009/10/madurai-nayak-coins.html?m=1 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=My collection of South Indian Coins}}</ref> of the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|''Madurai Nayaks'']] who ruled [[Madurai]] from 1529 to 1815.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madurai Nayak Dynasty {{!}} Shyamala Peetha Sarvajnapeetha |url=https://shyamalapeethasarvajnapeetham-kingdoms.kailasa.sk/about/regent-kings/madurai-nayak-dynasty/ |access-date=2025-02-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Upgradation of Manamadurai town Panchayat to municipality ==
The Tamil Nadu Government Department of Municipal Administration and Metro Water Supply Additional Chief Secretary ''Shiv das Meena'' issued an ordinance for the Promotion of Manamadurai Selection grade town Panchayat to Manamadurai Municipality on 16 October 2021.<ref>[https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2021/oct/16/கும்பகோணம்-மாநகராட்சியாகிறது-தமிழகத்தில்-புதிதாக-19-நகராட்சிகள்-உதயம்-3718324.html kumbakonam corporaon and 19 muniicipalites]</ref><ref>[https://www.maalaimalar.com/news/district/2021/10/16141653/3111935/Tamil-news-Announcement-of-19-new-municipalities-in.vpf தமிழ்நாட்டில் புதிய 19 நகராட்சிகள் அறிவிப்பு]</ref>

==Political administration==

Manamadurai falls under [[Manamadurai (State Assembly Constituency)|Manamadurai State assembly constituency]] and [[Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency|Sivaganga Loksabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-09-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304010951/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2009 }}</ref> For further details, see
*[[Manamadurai Assembly constituency|Manamadurai State assembly constituency]]
*[[Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency|Sivaganga Parliamentary Constituency]]

== Revenue administration ==
As per 2011 Census Data, 81 villages are in Manamadurai Taluk of Sivaganga, Tamil Nadu. They are the following;

{{Numbered list|Adikarai|Allinagaram|Ambalathadi|Annavasal|Arasanendal|Arimandapam|Chinnakannanur|D. Karisalkulam|Elunuthimangalam|Enathi|Erukkilaivellur|K. K. Pallam|Kaliyandur|Kalpiravu|Kalugerkadai|Kaluvangulam|Kanjirangulam|Kanoor|Kattikulam|Katturani|Keeladi|Keelapasalai|Kilangattur|Kirungakkottai|Kondagai|Kottangulam|Kuvalaiveli|Ladanendal|Madapuram|Malavarayanendal|Manalur|Manambakki|Mangulam|Mankudi|Maramvetti Karisalkulam|Maranadu|Melachorikulam|Melanettur|Melapidavoor|Melarangiam|Milaganoor|Mukkudi, Palaiyanur|Panaiyanendal|Pappagudi|Perumbacheri|Piramanur|Pottadi|Alangulam|Pottapalaiyam|Pudukkkulam|Puvandi|Rajagambiram|S. Karaikudi|S. Vagaikulam|Saluppanodai|Sayanapuram|Seikalathur|Semboor|Sengulam|Senthattiendal|Sirugudi|Soorakulam|Sottathatti|Sullangudi|T.Pudukottai|Thamaraikudi|Theethampettai|Theli|Therkkuchandanur|Thiruppachethi South|Thoothai|Tiruppachetti North|Vadakkuchandanur|Vagudi|Valaiyanendal|Vallarendal|Vediarendal|Veeranendal|Vellikurichi|Vellur|Vilathur}}

== Urban localities ==
Prominent Urban localities in the town are the areas situated around the three statues. Viz., [[Mahatma Gandhi]] Statue, [[C. N. Annadurai|Arignar Anna]] Statue, [[Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar|Muthu Ramalinga Devar]] Statue. Another prominent locality is the area around the Manamadurai Railway Junction which are The Railway Colony, Burma Colony, Krishnarajapuram Colony. The Area around SIPCOT too became prominent after many houses came around it. Other prominent localities are Sundharapuram Agraharam, Gundurayar street, Brindhavanam, Mettu street, Kannar street, Velaar street, Kulalar street, Old Mandapam road, Femina Nagar, Vasantha Nagar, Seeniappa Nagar, Moongiloorani

==Geography ==
Manamadurai is at {{Coord|9.7|N|78.48|E}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|121|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://veloroutes.org/elevation/?location=manamadurai&units=m|title=Elevation of manamadurai - veloroutes.org|website=Veloroutes.org|access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> The Vaigai river flows from north to south through Manamadurai and divides the town into Eastern bank and Western bank.

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 census of India]], Total number of households in Manamadurai is 52,131. Manamadurai has a total population of {{formatnum:207223}}. In which 50.39% (1,04,428) are Males and 49.61% (1,02,795) are Females. In which children below the age of 12 is 22,403. Literacy rate is 69.99% (1,45,052)<ref>{{Cite web |last=India Population census 2021 |first=Government of India |title=Indian population census 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/widgets/embed/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators |website=[[2011 census of India]]}}</ref>

{{bar box|title=Religion in Manamadurai (2011) |titlebar=#Fcd116|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=right|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Tamil Nadu|Hinduism]]|darkorange|60.17}}{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|Green|29.70}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christianity]]|purple|8.05}}{{bar percent|others|blue|02.08}}}}

{{bar box|title=Community Distribution (2011) |titlebar=#Fcd116|left1=Community|right1=Percent(%)|float=right|bars={{bar percent|[[Other Backward Class|Backward]] and [[Forward caste|General Classes]]|darkorange|77.775}}{{bar percent|[[Scheduled Castes]]|Green|22.224}}
{{bar percent|[[Scheduled Tribes]]|purple|0.001}}}}

==Geographical indication==

[[File:Manamadurai Certificate of GI.jpg|thumb|Certificate of Geographical Indications for Manamadurai Pottery|center]]
This town is famous for manufacturing [[Ghatam]] musical instruments, clay pots, clay horses, and other clay items.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/a-life-of-passion-and-humility/article31008674.ece|title = A life of passion and humility|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 7 March 2020|last1 = Chandrashekhar|first1 = Sumana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/long-reads/adventures-in-clay-how-the-ghatam-got-a-second-chance-to-survive-4806051.html|title=Adventures in clay: How the ghatam got a second chance to survive|date=24 July 2018 }}</ref> ''The Manamadurai Pottery Works Co-operative Society -'' a renowned local community of Artisans traditionally working on Mud crafts, applied for [[Geographical indication]] for Manamadurai Pottery on 28 July 2016. [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|The Geographical Indications Registry Of India]] under [[World Trade Organization]]s Act, issued the Certificate of Geographical Indication for Manamadurai Pottery officially on 31 March 2023 on the journal numbered 166 and certificate number 446.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/561 | title=Details | Geographical Indications | Intellectual Property India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 April 2023 |title=Tamil Nadu's Manamadurai pottery gets GI tag |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/manamadurai-pottery-gets-gi-tag/article66773064.ece |access-date=2024-07-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=1 April 2023 |title=11 more TN products to get geographical indication honour soon |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/Apr/01/11-more-tn-products-to-get-geographical-indication-honour-soon-2561524.html |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==The Chithirai Thiruvizha==
As Similar to [[Meenakshi Tirukalyanam|Madurai's Chithirai Thiruvizha]] and [[Meenakshi Tirukalyanam]], Manamadurai people too celebrate the ''Chithirai Thiruvizha'' and ''Aananthavalli Tirukkalyanam.''

The 'Chithirai Thiruvizha' festival is celebrated every year in the Tamil month of [[Chaitra|Chithirai]] (April–May) for 15 days. The festival commences by Hoisting the Holy flag in the Temple's sacred flagpole and this occasion is called Kodiyettram. This is a festival without caste and Religion Discrimination celebrated by all people in and around Manamadurai together in the riverbanks. As the thiruvizha begins, the Aananthavalli ascends the throne as Queen of Manamadurai in a Ritual called "Pattabishekam". After pattabishekam, she parades around the town in different ''Vahanams'' namely ''Simma Vaahanam, Mayil Vaahanam, Rishaba vaahanam, Garuda Vaahanam, Nandhi Vaahanam'' and finally ''Kamadhenu Vaahanam'' for 8 days. then, she marries her destinied Husband ''Somanatha''. Lord Shiva Incarnates as ''Somanatha'', a common man. Aananthavalli decides to marry him. they both get married in a marvelous manner. People call it "Sri Aananthavalli – Somanatha Tirukkalyanam" and the next day, they are paraded around the Car streets (Thēr Veedhis) in the huge Chariot hauled by local People with help of ropes tied to chariot. This occasion is called Thirutherottam. The festival crowd reaches the peak during the [[Alagar Kovil|Azhagar]] Uprising on the Vaigai River on the morning of first full moon day ([[Chitra Pournami (festival)|Chithra Pournami]]) of [[Chaitra|Chithirai]]. It happens to commemorate that, Veera Azhagar's Sister Aanandhavalli marries Somanatha without the presence of her brother Azhagar as he delayed to the marriage. He arrives lately and uprises into the Vaigai River in his golden horse on the dawn of first full moon ''day of [[Chaitra|Chithirai]]''. The Aananthavalli and Somanatha immediately rushes to riverbanks and get the praisings from Azhagar on the riverbanks. The next day, the slightly full moon of Chithirai, all the local people of Manamadurai and surrounding areas gather in the riverbanks at night to celebrate ''"Nila Chōru" – The moonlight feast.'' People believe that Newly married couples Aanandhavalli and Somanatha will need deep sleep in silence, hence people leave their house and spend the night on river banks, Even the temple is closed with both their Idols being kept on [[Garbhagriha|Palliyarai]] within the temple premises. People who cannot come to riverbanks celebrate it on their home terraces. The street food vendors in and around Manamadurai Gather here and make their stalls. Amusement Rides, Circus, Family Games, Bike Stunt Amusements, and fireworks display, and toy shops and fruit vendors make this festival unforgettable. The amusement rides were temporarily set up on the riverbanks. Temporary stalls were made, and taxes were collected from the vendors by contractors.

=== Vaigai flood threat ===
As the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu Government]] usually opens the [[Vaigai Dam]] located in [[Theni]] for the [[Meenakshi Tirukalyanam|Madurai's Chithirai Thiruvizha]], [[Sivaganga district]] collector usually issues an counter-ordinance to stop the water in Madurai itself as the Thiruvizha setup were made at Manamadurai riverbeds. And orders to close the [[Viraganoor dam|Viraganoor Barrage dam]], So the River water won't affect Manamadurai and the Thiruvizha won't be spoiled by river water. But during 2022 and 2023 festival, the Government failed to close the [[Viraganoor dam|Viraganoor Barrage dam]] and ruined the Manamadurai's Festival leaving the riverbanks messy and floody.

==Other festivals==
The annual urus (Santhanakoodu) festival marking the martyrdom day of the Panch shuhadas is commemorated on the 17th of the Islamic month of [[Jumada al-awwal|Jamadil Awwal]] every Hijri year.

Other prominent Hindu Festivals include The Dhayapuram Mariyamman Thiruvizha, Burma Colony Santhana Mariyamman Thiruvizha, A.Vilakulam Niraigulathu Ayyanar Thiruvizha, Thayamangalam Muthumaari Amman thiruvizha, Prathyangira Devi Sahasra Sandi Maha Yagnam, Sri Veera Azhagar Temple's Vaikuntha Ekadesi Sorga Vaasal Opening ceremony, Maha Shivaratri at
Aananthavalli Somanathar Temple, Vaikasi Visakam & Panguni Uthiram at Vazhividu Murugan Temple, Aadi Ammavasai Thiruvizha at Annavasal Somanathaswamy Temple are some of them.

==Transport & accessibilities==

{{Main|Transportation in Manamadurai}}

===Road===
{{Main|Manamadurai Bus Terminal}}

[[File:Manamadurai bus stand.jpg|thumb|Manamadurai Bus stand]]
The Manamadurai Integrated Bus terminus is situated at Western bank of the town on Cochin – Dhanushkodi interstate Highway (Asian Highway; AH-45). It was formerly a two-lane road. Later, during 2017, a new fourway road was built from Viraganoor Ring Road (Madurai) with bypasses for every town and truck lay-by for every 5 kilometers and a petrol bulk every 4 kilometers throughout the highway. Initially it would take two hours to go to Madurai from Manamadurai. Now, this road makes it possible in 30 minutes. There are many TNSTC and TNSETC buses operated from various cities to Manamadurai. Some major stops for town buses inside the town includes SIPCOT, Udaikulam, Union office, Gandhi Statue, Devar Statue, Anna Statue, Old bus stand, By-pass

===Railway===
{{Main|Manamadurai Junction railway station}}

The Manamadurai Junction railway station is situated in southern part of the town at the Western Bank at 500 metres from the bus terminus.
[[File:Manamadurai Junction railway station.jpg|thumb|Facade Entrance of Manamadurai Junction]]
It is a major stopping for all the trains running between Rameshwaram – Madurai, Rameswaram – Chennai and Virudhunagar – Karaikudi. The railway junction in manamadurai connects with [[Virudhunagar Junction railway station|Virudhunagar railway junction]] in south west, [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai railway junction]] in north west, and ''"the holy temple city" [[Rameswaram railway station|Rameswaram railway terminus]]'' in south east and [[Karaikkudi Junction railway station|Karaikudi railway junction]] in north east. The daily thrice operating Passenger train via Manamadurai connects the main cities of virudhunagar and Tiruchirapalli via Sivaganga, Kallal, karaikudi, Chettinad devakkottai road, Thirumayam, Pudukkottai, Vellanur, keeranur. A daily thrice passenger train runs between Madurai to Rameswaram via Tiruppuvanam, thiruppachethi, Manamadurai, paramakkudi, Ramanathapuram, Mandapam, pamban and also makes its way on our nation's one of the greatest heritage site [[Pamban Bridge|''The Pamban Railway Bridge''.]] The railway line between Manamadurai and Rameswaram became the country's first green train corridor.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indias-first-green-train-corridor-opened-between-Rameswaram-and-Manamadurai/articleshow/53363631.cms|title=Country's first green train corridor opened between Rameswaram and Manamadurai, Asia's second turning railway track is located in manamadurai|work=The Times of India|date=24 July 2016 |access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref>

Rameswaram – manamadurai – Madurai line and Virudhunagar – Manamadurai – Tiruchirapalli line's Electrification works are completed smoothly and trains are hauled by electric locomotives at an average speed of 110 km/h.

===Airports===

Manamadurai doesn't have its own Airport. Some of the airports near Manamadurai are

[[Madurai Airport|''Madurai International Airport (57 km )'']]

''[[Tiruchirappalli International Airport|Tiruchirapalli International airport(143 km.)]]'',

''[[Tuticorin Airport|Tuticorin Domestic Airport (160 km.)]]''

The Nearest Naval Air station is located in [[Uchipuli]] called as ''[[INS Parundu]]'' at a distance of 85 kilometres

=== Medical accessibilities ===

* The Manamadurai Government Hospital is situated on the eastern banks on Thayamangalam road. It serves 24/7 Emergency Aid equipped with ECG, X-Ray, Labor wards, Free-of-cost Pharmacy, 20 beded Multi speciality ward, out patient block, Siddha medical ward, Vaccine point, Blood pressure and Insulin testing, Blood testing, Urinal and faecal testing, and a Intensive care unit with 24 hours duty doctors and staff nurses present. Two 108 Ambulance for emergency and referral cases and a TN Govt.Mother-child welfare vehicle to pick up and drop the labored women and their baby in their homes.
* [[Government Sivagangai Medical College and Hospital|Government Sivaganga Medical College hospita]]l situated in Manamadurai-Sivaganga Main road about 18 kilometres from Manamadurai is the second and foremost important medical centre for People of Manamadurai
* Other prominent Hospitals include Nirubarajan Lifecare hospitals, The Tamil Nadu Leprosy Mission Hospital, Selva Hospital, Jayabal Nursing home and hospital, Unnamalai paediatric hospital

=== Safety accessibilities ===
The Tamil Nadu Government Fire Station is situated near SIPCOT Estate, Manamadurai take cares the fire safety for the whole Municipality

The Police station (law and order) present at Kannar street, All Women's police station near Panchayat Union office, Another police station (Law & order, Traffic) at SIPCOT Estate take measures to control the crime in the town

===Necessary accessibilities===

[[Aavin|The Sivaganga district Cooperative Milk producers Union]] have their Branch office in Sivaganga main road. Attached with Cow milk distribution booth during both morning and Evening.

The Cooperative weekly Vegetable cum fruits market is laid every Thursday on the Weekly Market Complex situated near ''Sonaiya Temple'' on Thayamangalam Main road.

''Cauvery-Vaigai-Gundar Tamil Nadu Government Joint venture project for uniting Rivers'' has been carried out and Daily Water is supplied to pipes at every house for 2 hours in Morning almost at all the areas coming under Manamadurai Municipality.

The Municipality Sanitation vehicles roam in each and every street to collect garbage, employed sweepers to sweep the roads and has a Recycling cum incinerating centre on riverbanks at Manamadurai-Tanjore Highway.

A new Sewage Treatment Plant is about to get established in the riverbanks to treat the sewage before letting it in river. ''The plant was proposed in TN 2022 annual Budget, Works are under progress.''

==Educational institutions==

===Colleges===
*TN Government Arts & Science College (Affiliated to [[Alagappa University]])
*M.A.Krishnaswamy College of Arts and Science for Women, N.Pudukottai., Manamadurai
*Matha School of Nursing, Annavasal post, Manamadurai
*Matha College of Arts and Science, Kilangattur, Manamadurai
*Matha College of Physiotherapy
*Government ITI
*Amirtha Nursing College<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://amirthanursingcollege.webs.com/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217005157/http://amirthanursingcollege.webs.com/ |url-status=dead |title=Amirtha Nursing College|archive-date=17 February 2013}}</ref>
* Matha College of Teacher Education<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mathabedcollege.org/index.html |title=Matha College of Teacher Education |access-date=15 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529205303/http://mathabedcollege.org/index.html |archive-date=29 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Seikalathur Kamatchi Amman Polytechnic College, Seikalathur, Manamadurai.
* K.L.N Polytechnic College, Muthanendhal, Manamadurai

===Computer institutions===
* Apollo Computer Education LTD, Gundurayar st.,
* CSC Computer Education LTD, near Ananthavalli Amman Kovil St.

===Schools===
* Baba Matriculation School, 1A, Mettu St.
* Baba Nursery & Primary school, 183-B, Adhanoor Road
* CSI Darling Selvabai David School for the Hearing impaired, near Gandhi silai
* CSI Govt aided High School, near Travellers Banglow
* Govt. Elementary school, Burma colony
* Good Will Matriculation School, Bye Pass Road
* Good will matriculation Higher Secondary school, M. Karisalkulam, Manamadurai
* Goodwill International Play School, near Old bus stand
* Govt. Girls Higher Secondary School, near Travellers Banglow, Anbu Nagar
* Kannar Theru Elementary School, Alagar kovil Theru
* Muthu Ameena Muslim (M.A.M) Nursery & Primary School, 113/7, Kannar Street
* O.V.C Nursery and Primary school
* O.V.C Higher Secondary School, Manamadurai
* R.C. St. Cesilia's middle school, near Old bus stand
* R.C High School, Near old bus stand
* Ralay Nursery and Primary school, Moongiloorani
* St. Mary's higher secondary school, RajaKambeeram
* Seventh Day Adventist Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Sipcot
* Seventh Day adventist Nursery and Primary School, Pappamadai, Muthanenthal post
* Venkateswara International school CBSE
* NPS Public School, Dhayapuram
* St. Joseph Nursery and primary school, Manamadurai.
* St. Joseph Matric Higher secondary School, Kilangattur, Manamadurai.
* Govt. Higher secondary school, Moongiloorani.
* Govt. High school, Melapasalai.

Manamadurai has its own Government Industrial training institute (ITI) and a Government arts & science college was proposed on the 2022 TN govt Financial Budget, and soon the location would be fixed and start the construction.

==Industrial Contributions==
Manamadurai has its [[State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu|SIPCOT Industrial Complex]] in Seikalathur, and has a [[Tamil Nadu Small Industries Development Corporation Limited|TANSIDCO Industrial Complex]] at Kirungakottai, a village near Muthanendhal. The Manamadurai Pottery Works is a leading pottery artisan Hub in India and owns a [[Geographical indication|GI TAG]] for Manamadurai Pottery. The [[Brick|Red brick]] Manufacturers contribute a huge Revenue to Manamadurai's Financial growth. Many Red Brick Manufacturers in and around Manamadurai make the Manamadurai as a leading Brick Manufacturing Hub in [[Sivaganga district]].
The dried Wigs of [[Neltuma juliflora|The Thorn trees (i.e., Neltuma Juliflora)]] which is called as Seemai Karuvelam which covers all the empty dry, agriculture and arid lands are used for [[Charcoal]] Industries. Manamadurai has almost 4 to 5 Charcoal manufacturing hub and they are exported to abroad and throughout India Through Goods Trains from [[Manamadurai Junction railway station|Manamadurai Junction.]] Thus Manamadurai is a leading [[Industrial suburb|industrial hub]] in the Sivaganga District.

==Places of Interest==
The tourism industry is one of the major revenue generators for Manamadurai. There are various places of interest.

===Anandavalli Samedha Somanadhaswamy Temple===

[[File:Manamadurai Anandhavalli temple.jpg|center|thumb|336x336px|Main Gopuram of Aanandhavalli Temple]]

Arulmigu Somanathar temple is an ancient Shiva temple consorted with Devi Anandavalli, which also houses the Maha Samadhi of the great saint [[Sadasiva Brahmendra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.columbuslost.com/2013/09/sri-sadasiva-brahmendra-great-indian.html |title=Sri Sadasiva Brahmendra Biography – the great Mystic |access-date=2015-06-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725110132/http://www.columbuslost.com/2013/09/sri-sadasiva-brahmendra-great-indian.html |archive-date=25 July 2015}}</ref> The temple is located on the west bank of the Vaigai river. This Temple is one among the major temples supervised under the Control and Maintenance of Sivagangai Samasthan Devasthan Board

Shri Aanandhavalli Thirukalayanam festival is celebrated every year in this temple. The festival resembles the celebration done in Madurai Meenakshi amman temple. But Thirukalyanam will take place in the early morning in Madurai and late morning in Manamadurai.the Chithirai Tiruvizha takes place as similar in Madurai

===Veera Azhagar Temple===

The Sundara raja perumal Temple (alias) Veera Alagar Temple is built in 13th century by Pandyan feudatories and is located in the eastern banks of Vaigai, situated diagonal to the Anandhavalli Somanathar Temple. This temple houses Lord Vishnu incarnated in the form of Sundhara raja perumal along with his consort Soundharavalli Thaayār. The guardian of this temple is Lord Padhinettam padi karuppasamy. His sannidhi is at front. Whoever come to worship Azhagar, should first worship Karuppasamy. The Veera Azhagar Edhirsevai happens during the 4th day of Chithirai Thiruvizha. The Sorga Vaasal (gateway to heaven) located here is only opened once in a year During Vaikuntha Ekadesi. A wondering fact here is, The Garland made of Vada is contributed to Lord Azhagar never spoils even after a month.

===[[Thayamangalam|Thayamangalam Muthumari Amman Temple]]===
[[File:"Thayamangalam_Muthumari_Amman_Temple".jpg|alt="Thayamangalam Muthumari Amman Temple"|293x293px|center|frameless|Front Gopuram of Thayamangalam Muthumaari Amman Temple]]
Thayamangalam is a village in [[Ilaiyangudi|Ilayayankudi]] Panchayat Union, [[Sivaganga]]i District, Tamil Nadu.The village is situated 68 km from [[Madurai]] and 18 kilometres from Manamadurai. The famous Muthumariamman Temple is located here . The town is known as Thayamangalam because of The word Amman literally means 'Mother' or 'Thaai' in Tamil and hence called Thayamangalam. In this temple, [[Phalguna|Panguni]] Thiruvizha is celebrated every year from the 15th day of the Tamil month of [[Phalguna|Panguni]], for 10 days. Chariot hauling (Thaerottam), Flower palanquin, and auspicious Pongal preparing ceremony are the most important event in this 10-day festival. People gather here in crowds and contribute hens and goat sheep to feed the god. People from all over India whose wishes were fulfilled by mother Muthumaari, provide contributions to god in return, donate gold and money for [[Annadaana|Annathanams]], Temple Hundiyals. Special buses are arranged from [[Madurai]], [[Paramakudi]], [[Sivaganga]]i, Manamadurai and [[Ramanathapuram]] during the festival. This Temple celebrated The Maha Kumbabishekam on 22 August 2024 after several patch works and construction of Main Gopuram.<ref>{{Cite web |title=தாயமங்கலம் முத்துமாரியம்மன் கோவிலில் ஆக.22ல் கும்பாபிஷேகம்; வரும் 7ல் முகூர்த்தக்கால் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/templenews/144748 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=temple.dinamalar.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Sacred Heart Shrine, Idaikattur===
{{Main|Sacred Heart Shrine, Idaikattur}}

[[File:Idaikattur_church_Front_view.jpg|center|500x500px]]

The [[Sacred Heart Shrine, Idaikattur|Sacred Heart shrine]] is located on the outskirts of Manamadurai at a village named Idaikattur. It was built in [[Gothic architecture|Gothic style]]. It was built in 1886. It was an actual replica of [[Reims Cathedral|Reims Cathedral, France.]]

===Prithyangira Devi Temple===
[[File:Prathyangira devi temple.jpg|Entrance Of Prithyangira Devi Temple|center|frameless]]

Sri Maha Panchamuka Prathyangira Devi Temple located in Panchabhutheswaram, also known as Vedhiyanendal vilakku, 5 km from Manamadurai, is on old ramanathapuram road, the route in which Lord Rama went to Sri Lanka to confront Ravanan. This temple houses the 11¼ feet high statue of lord Shakthi, an incarnation of Parvati in the form of Adarvana Pathrakali alias Prathyangira Devi. This place is known for its hard cut-rock (granite) temple dedicated to Shri Maha Panchamukha Prathyangira Devi. It houses the big deity of shri Maha Panchamukha Prathyangira Devi. There are two more sannidhies for Lakshmi Ganapathi and Sornagarshna Bhairavar. Kumbhabhishekham was performed on 24 June 2010. Sahasra Sandi Maha Yagnam was also performed from 25 June 2010 to 29 June 2010. It has come in a total area of about {{convert|5.5|acre|ha}}. Soon within the temple premises, ten more sannidhies are going to come for Dasamaha Vidya. Non-stop annadharmam right from 2000 since inception. Every Amavasai, people were various parts of Tamil Nadu and other states visit the temple.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atharvanabathrakalli.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817075754/http://atharvanabathrakalli.org/ |url-status=dead |title=Sri Maha Panchamukha Prathyangira Devi Temple, Vediarendal Vilakku, Manamadurai|archive-date=17 August 2010|website=www.atharvanabathrakalli.org}}</ref>

===The Holy Paanch peer (Anjanamar) Five Shuhadaas Dargah===
[[File:Panchpeer_Dargah.jpg|alt=Panchpeer Oliyullah Dargah|center|220x220px]]

The Holy Paanch peer (Anjanamar) Five Shuhadaas Dargah is located near Kannar street, Manamadurai in Sivaganga District. The Panchpeer durgah is at Kannar road, on the Manamadurai-Ilayangudi State Highway. The Graves of Five Martyrs who came with Badusha Sulthan Syed Ibrahim Shaheed of Ervadi is found here.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ervadi.com/related-dargahs/manamadurai|title=Manamadurai |newspaper=Ervadi Dargah |date=21 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310210832/http://www.ervadi.com/related-dargahs/manamadurai |archive-date=10 March 2011 }}</ref>

===Thallakulam Muneeswarar Temple===
[[File:Thallakulam Muneeswarar temple 1.jpg|thumb|Thallakulam Muneeswarar temple]]
[[File:Thallakulam Muneeswarar temple 2.jpg|thumb|Thallakulam Muneeswarar temple]]
This temple is situated in the middle of the two lanes of NH49 (Cochin-Dhanushkodi Highway) near Manamadurai By-pass. This temple takes its place under the shade of a huge 200 year old peepal tree. This temple entered into a highly controversial topic during the Expansion of two lane road into a fourway road. For the road extension, the Peepal tree was a great disturbance. So, NHAI officials ordered to cut the tree. A worker with an electric saw, approached the tree. Once, he started cutting, he started coughing with vomiting blood, and was sent to hospital. He was said to be died on the way. From that incident, the workers dropped down the idea of cutting it. NHAI sent another worker to cut the tree. The people say that the worker too lost his life in an accident. Due to such coincided deaths, NHAI dropped the idea of cutting the peepal tree and laid road leaving the temple in middle, undisturbed. The story has become an urban legend, with people firmly believing in the eternal presence of a god at the peepal tree. Finally the fate played its part. On 1 April 2025, The Peepal tree collapsed and withered on the Highway pavement. It was found that the tree was far old and died naturally which left all the residents of Manamadurai in tears.[https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/tamilnadu/a-200-year-old-banyan-tree-on-the-rameswaram-national-highway-in-manamadurai-suddenly-fell-131743475576828.html]

===Perilla Maram Tharma Muneeswarar Temple===
[[File:Perilla Maram temple.jpg|thumb|Perilla Maram Tharma Muneeswarar temple]]
This temple is situated in the outskirts of Manamadurai in a village named Nedunkulam that comes under Keelapasalai Panchayat. It houses the infamous [[Adansonia digitata|''African Baobab tree'']] which is rare in this region. It was very old and had fallen due to a strong breeze once a few decades ago. The tree was named "Perilla Maram" (transl:Nameless tree) by the local people as it doesn't look like any of the local species. Many botanical Researchers frequently visited the tree, and clarrified to the local people that, this ain't unlisted or unfounded species. Its African Baobab tree which is widespread found in Ramanathapuram. It could have grown here by someone who took the sapling from there and planted it here. But still, all the localites call this tree as Unnamed tree.

===Parthibanur Dam ===
[[File:Parthibanur Dam.jpg|Parthibanur Dam|center|frameless|293x293px]]
This dam was built across Vaigai River, located near Vediyanendhal in a village called Enathikottai which comes under Parthibanur panchayat of Ramanathapuram district but it is nearest to Manamadurai. And hence, treated as a tourist spot of Manamadurai. The annual tourist visit had a massive increase in recent years. It has 25 shutters, which is unde control and maintenance of Ramanathapuram Public works department. It becomes usually crowded whenever Tamil Nadu Government opens Vaigai River for Periodic irrigation. It seems to be best spot for photography and swimming.

===Panickanendhal Barrage Dam===
[[File:Panikanendhal bed dam.jpg|Panickanendhal bed dam|center|frameless|220x220px]]
This barrage dam was also built across Vaigai River but comes under the Sivaganga district. It is located in Aathanoor Village of Keelapasalai Panchayat. Whenever Tamil Nadu Government opens the Vaigai River for Periodic irrigation, the dam becomes well sourced for tourists and the local people who take bath and swim in the river.

==Also see this==
* [[Manamadurai block]]
* [[Manamadurai taluk]]
* [[Manamadurai (state assembly constituency)|Manamadurai Assembly]]
* [[Manamadurai Junction railway station|Manamadurai Railway Junction]]
* [[Madurai]]

==External links==
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=Manamadurai,+Sivaganga,+Tamil+Nadu,+India&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&ie=UTF8&hl=en&cd=1&geocode=FaSOkwAdoWStBA&split=0&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=23.875,57.630033&ll=9.75237,78.519287&spn=1.231608,1.779785&t=h&z=9 Google Map link]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sivaganga district]]
[[Category:Dargahs in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Erwadi-related dargahs]]
[[Category:Sufi shrines in India]]
[[Category:Ziyarat]]

Simrauta

2026-03-26T15:57:57Z

Sandy Saha: stub

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
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| name = Semrauta
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.455122|N|81.413675|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |title=GeoNames Search |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=geonames.nga.mil |access-date=26 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412035207/https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |archive-date=April 12, 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
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| footnotes =
}}
'''Semrauta''' is a village in [[Tiloi]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook – Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=142–58 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> It is located at the intersection of the [[Maharajganj, Raebareli|Maharajganj]]-[[Inhauna]] and [[Mohanganj]]-[[Haidargarh]] roads,<ref name="Gazetteer 1905">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Rai Bareli: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XXXIX Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1905 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=81–2, 86–7, 139–40, 226–8 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35020 |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> about 20 km from Maharajganj, the tehsil headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=52–3 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> Although now eclipsed by Maharajganj, Semrauta was historically a relatively important village that served as the headquarters of a [[pargana]] and the capital of a branch of the [[Kanhpuria]] Rajputs, who later became known as the Rajas of [[Chandapur]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> As of 2011, the population of Simrauta is 6,423, in 1,031 households.<ref name="Census 2011" />

Semrauta hosts a [[Dhanush Yagya]] festival annually on [[Agrahayana]] Sudi 15.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 – Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=166–7, 173, xxii-xxiii of section "Maharajganj Tahsil"|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> It is dedicated to worship of [[Rama]].<ref name="Census 1961" /> Vendors bring sweets, toys, and everyday items to sell at the fair.<ref name="Census 1961" /> Siemrauta also hosts a general market twice per week, on Wednesdays and Sundays.<ref name="Census 1961" />

== History ==
Semrauta was historically the seat of a [[pargana]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> At the time of [[Akbar]] in the late 1500s, the area that would later form the pargana was then split between the ''mahal''s of [[Jais]] (in the [[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]] of [[Manikpur, Uttar Pradesh|Manikpur]]) and [[Subeha]] (in the sarkar of [[Awadh]]).<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" />

Simrauta was also the seat of a [[taluqdar]]i estate held by a branch of the [[Kanhpuria]] Rajputs.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> According to tradition, five generations after the original Kanhpuria conquest of the region, the clan's territories were divided between three brothers: Janga Singh, the oldest, received [[Tiloi]]; Man Singh, the second-oldest, received [[Atheha, India|Atheha]] (in today's [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh district]]), and Madan Singh, the youngest, received Simrauta.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> For several generations, basically nothing is known about the Simrauta branch.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> The sixth-generation descendant, Jagat Singh, supposedly was in good standing with the Mughal emperor.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> The Simrauta estate was later divided between the brothers Mandhata Singh and Jaswant Singh, who were Jagat Singh's grandsons and contemporaries of [[Saadat Ali Khan I]], the first [[Nawab of Awadh]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Mandhata Singh received Simrauta, while his younger brother Jaswant Singh founded the [[Siwan, Raebareli|Siwan]] estate.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Mandhata Singh was in good standing with the Nawab, and was given a ''[[Mansabdar|mansab]]'' of 7,000.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> At some point, the Simrauta taluqdars shifted their main residence to [[Chandapur, Raebareli|Chandapur]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" />

At the turn of the 20th century, Simrauta was described as a mostly agricultural village with a small market.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Maharajganj had overtaken it by that point.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> It had a large primary school and belonged to the Raja of Chandapur, who had a residence on the east side of the village.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Simrauta's population in 1901 was 2,886 people, including a large proportion of [[Brahmin]]s.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" />

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Simrauta (under the spelling "Semrauta") as comprising 8 hamlets, with a total population of 2,573 people (1,297 male and 1,276 female), in 573 households and 565 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961" /> The area of the village was given as 1,560 [[acre]]s and it had a post office at the time.<ref name="Census 1961" /> Average attendance of the annual Dhanush Yagya festival was then about 1,000 people, while average attendance of the twice-weekly market was about 100.<ref name="Census 1961" />

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Simrauta (again as "Semrauta") as having a population of 2,897 people, in 706 households, and having an area of 631.31 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates in Uttar Pradesh]]

Odia film policy

2026-03-25T17:08:37Z

Sandy Saha: creating first details from scratch

{{Orphan|date=December 2024}}

In '''2019,''' the state government decided to subsidies up to [[Indian rupee|Rs]] 2.5 crore to filmmakers of [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]] or other language films that would promote [[Odisha]] and its [[Culture of Odisha|culture]], heritage and tourist destinations in their films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/feb/28/new-film-policy-to-promote-odia-cine-industry-1944756.html|title=New film policy to promote Odia cine industry|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> The decision was taken to encourage the filmmakers to shoot films in Odisha.<ref>{{cite web |title=To promote odia cinema |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odisha-cabinet-clears-film-policy-2019/articleshow/68174131.cms |date= 26 March 2019 |publisher=[[Times of india]] }}</ref> To enhance the ease of filming and facilitate the development of related institutions, the Odisha State Film Policy 2019, proposed to implement a single window approval process for shooting of films in the state. It was proposed that all proposals for film cities, multiplexes and cinema halls will be facilitated through the government's single window for investors facilitation and tracking portal.<ref>{{cite web |title=multiplexes and cinema halls will be facilitated |url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/odisha-cabinet-approves-state-film-policy-355237 |date=26 March 2019 |publisher=[[Odisha TV|OTv]] |access-date=26 March 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090641/https://odishatv.in/odisha/odisha-cabinet-approves-state-film-policy-355237 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Odia films which convey "Aesthetic Excellence, high technical standards and Social relevance" up to two additional eligible films by the same filmmakers will be provided with a higher subsidy up to Rs 4 crore.<ref>{{cite web |title=multiplexes and cinema halls will be facilitated |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/odisha-cabinet-approves-state-film-policy-2019-119022700097_1.html |date= 26 March 2019 |publisher=[[Business Standard]] }}</ref>

==Objectives==
The key objectives of Odisha State Film Policy are :<ref>{{cite web |title=Objevtive|url=https://investodisha.gov.in/policy-framework/sectoral-policies/state-film-policy/ |date= 26 March 2019 |publisher=[[Government of Odisha|Odisha Government]] }}</ref>

*To promote quality Odia films.
*To facilitate film tourism in the state.
*To bring Odisha as a destination for film shooting.

==Support==
*Single Window Approval Process for films shooting in Odisha will be provided.
*Investors will apply through GOSWIFT portal for approval and clearances.
*To encourage filmmakers to shoot in Odisha certain subsidy will be provided.

==Incentives==
The following incentives will be provided for development of Film Cities, Cinema Halls & Multiplexes in Odisha:

*Capital investment subsidy
*Land allotment
*Interest Subsidy
*Stamp duty exemption
*Reimbursement of Land Conversion charges
*Reimbursement of SGST
*Exemption on electricity duty
*Environmental protection infrastructure subsidy
*Up gradation of screening infrastructure

==Movies Under This Policy==
===By Year===
*[[List of Ollywood films of 2019|2019]]

== See also ==
* [[Make in Odisha]]
* [[Invest Odisha]]
*
[https://drive.google.com/file/d/15PqTEHqVZfprIRzr60TzLTkFYxkeMDSk/view]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cinema of Odisha]]

Bally Nischinda Chittaranjan Vidyalaya

2026-03-23T09:19:20Z

Sandy Saha: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of schools in Howrah]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to list entry}}
}}

Indian New Year's days

2026-03-21T19:58:58Z

Sandy Saha: expanded content

{{Short description|New Year's Days in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
There are numerous days throughout the year celebrated as '''New Year's Day''' in the different regions of the [[Republic of India]]. The observance is determined by whether the [[lunar calendar|lunar]], [[solar calendar|solar]] or [[lunisolar calendar]] is being followed. For those regions which follow the solar calendar, the new year falls as Chet in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Bohag Bihu]] in Assam, [[Puthandu]] in Tamil Nadu, [[Vishu]] in Kerala, [[Maha Bishuba Sankranti]] or Odia Nababarsa in Odisha, [[Pohela Boishakh|Poila Boishakh]] in Bengal and [[Jur Sital]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of Bihar in the [[Vaisakha|Vaishakha]] month of the calendar. Generally, this day falls during 14th or 15th of the month of April. Those following the lunar calendar consider the month of [[Chaitra]] (corresponding to March–April) as the first month of the year, so the new year is celebrated on the first day of this month like [[Ugadi]] in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, [[Karnataka]] and [[Gudi Padwa]] in Maharashtra. Similarly, some regions in India consider the period between consecutive [[Sankranti|Sankarantis]] as one month and others take the period between consecutive [[Purnima]]s as a month. In Gujarat the new year is celebrated as the day after [[Diwali]]. As per the Hindu Calendar, it falls on Shukla Paksha Pratipada in the Hindu month of Kartik. As per the Indian Calendar based on the lunar cycle, Kartik is the first month of the year and the New Year in Gujarat falls on the first bright day of Kartik (Ekam). In other parts of India, New Year celebrations begin in the [[Spring (season)|spring]].

==Details==
* Hindu religious festivals are based on [[Vikram Samvat]]. Not withstanding the [[Hindu calendar#Amānta and Purnimānta systems|Purnimanta]] scheme of months that is in use in North India which differs from [[Hindu calendar#Amānta and Purnimānta systems|amanta]] tradition by one fortnight (or [[Paksha]]), the New year in Vikram Samvat is based on ''amanta'' tradition and starts from the first day of Chaitra [[Shukla Paksha]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQ8iAVwA-yEC&q=purnimanta&pg=PA30|title = The Indian Calendar with Tables of the Conversion of Hindu and Muhammadan into A.D. Dates & Vice Versa|isbn = 9788120812079|last1 = Sewell|first1 = Robert|last2 = Dikshit|first2 = S. B.|date = 31 May 1995| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher }}</ref>
* In [[Gujarat]], the fourth day of [[Diwali]] is celebrated as the first day of the Vikram Samvat calendar month of [[Kartik (month)|Kartik]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQ8iAVwA-yEC&q=gujarat&pg=PA32|title = The Indian Calendar with Tables of the Conversion of Hindu and Muhammadan into A.D. Dates & Vice Versa|isbn = 9788120812079|last1 = Sewell|first1 = Robert|last2 = Dikshit|first2 = S. B.|date = 31 May 1995| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher }}</ref>
* Other festivals which are celebrated as new year in India are [[Baha parab]] (among [[Ho people|Ho]], [[Santal people]] and [[Munda people|Munda]]) and [[Sarhul]] (in Jharkhand).

==Calendar view==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Calendar !! Date !! Festival name !! Region / Communities / Religions<ref>{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA136|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|pages=136–137}}</ref>
|-
|| Solar || 1 Vaisakh (13/14 April) || [[Vaisakhi]]|| style="background: #ffad66;" | [[Jammu]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Haryana, [[Chandigarh]] and parts of Delhi
|-
|| Lunar || varies, Mar/Apr || [[Navaratri#Chaitra Navaratri|Chaitra Navaratri]] (Hindu Lunar New Year) || style="background: #ffad66;" | [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]] (except [[Marwar]] region), [[Bihar]] ([[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]], [[Magahi culture|Magadh]]), [[Uttar Pradesh]] ([[Awadh]], [[Braj]], [[Bagelkhand]], [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]]-[[Purvanchal]], [[Bundelkhand]], [[Kannauj district|Kannauj]], [[Rohilkhand]]), [[Madhya Pradesh]] ([[Bagelkhand]], [[Bundelkhand]], [[Malwa]], [[Mahakoshal]], [[Gird, India|Gird]]), [[Chhattisgarh]], Jharkhand, and parts of Delhi
|-
|| Lunar || varies, Mar/Apr || [[Ugadi]]||style="background: #ffad66;" | [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], Karnataka, parts of [[Goa]]
|-
|| Lunar || varies, Mar/Apr || [[Gudi Padwa]] || style="background: #ffad66;" | [[Maharashtra]], Goa ([[Konkan]])
|-
|| Lunar || varies, Mar/Apr || [[Navreh]] || style="background: #ffad66;" | [[Kashmir]]
|-
|| Lunar || varies, Jun/Jul || Ashadhi Bij || style="background: #ffad66;" | [[Kutch]]
|-
|| Lunar || varies, Oct/Nov || [[Sal Mubarak|Nutan Varsh]] || style="background: #ffad66;" | [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] ([[Marwar]] region)
|-
|| Lunar || varies, Mar/Apr || [[Cheti Chand]] || style="background: #ffad66;" | [[Sindh]], [[Sindhi Hindus]]
|-
|| Solar || fixed, 13/14/15 April || [[Mesha Sankranti]] (Hindu Solar New Year) || style="background: #ffad66;" | [[Uttarakhand]] ([[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] and [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]]), [[Nepalis]] (parts of [[Nepal]], Sikkim and [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration|Darjeeling]] of [[West Bengal]])
|-
|| Solar || fixed, 13/14/15 April || [[Puthandu]] || style="background: #ffad66;" | [[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |Solar || fixed, 13/14/15 April || [[Vishu]] (traditional) || rowspan="2" style="background: #ffad66;"| [[Kerala]]
|-
| | fixed, 17/18 August || [[Kerala New Year (Kollam era)|1st Chingam]] (Kollam era calendar)
|-
|| Solar || fixed, 14/15 April || [[Bisu Parba]] || style="background: #ffad66;" | [[Tulu Nadu]]
|-
|| Lunar || varies, Mar/Apr || [[Sajibu Nongma Panba|Sajibu Cheiraoba]]<ref>{{cite book|author1=Arambam Noni|author2=Kangujam Sanatomba|title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzjbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA249|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-27066-9|page=249}}</ref> || style="background: #ffad66;" | [[Manipur]]
|-
|| Solar || fixed, 14/15 Apr || [[Buisu]] ||style="background: #ffad66;" | [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]] of [[Tripura]]
|-
|| Solar || fixed, 13/14/15 Apr || [[Bwisagu]] ||style="background: #ffad66;" | [[Bodoland Territorial Region]] of [[Assam]]
|-
|| Solar || fixed, 13/14/15 April || [[Bohag Bihu]] ||style="background: #ffad66;" | [[Brahmaputra Valley]] of [[Assam]]
|-
|| Solar ||fixed, 13/14 April || [[Maha Bishuba Sankranti]] || style="background: #ffad66;" | [[Odisha]]
|-
|| Solar || fixed, 14/15 April || [[Pahela Baishakh]] || style="background: #ffad66;" | [[West Bengal]], parts of [[Tripura]] and [[Barak Valley]] of [[Assam]]
|-
|| Solar || fixed, 13/14/15 April || [[Jur Sital]] || style="background: #ffad66;" | [[Bihar]] ([[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region)
|-
|| Lunar || varies, Dec || [[Losoong Festival|Losoong]]/[[Losoong Festival|Namsoong]] || style="background:yellow;"| [[Sikkim]] ([[Bhutia]], [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]])
|-
|| Lunar ||varies, Feb || [[Losar]] || style="background:yellow;"| [[Ladakh]], Arunachal Pradesh ([[Monpa people|Monpa]])
|-
|| Lunar ||varies, Oct/Nov || [[Mha Puja]] || style="background:yellow;"| [[Sikkim]] ([[Newar people|Newar]])
|-
|| Lunar ||varies, Feb/Mar || [[Gyalpo Lhosar]] || style="background:yellow;"| [[Sikkim]] ([[Sherpa people|Sherpa]])
|-
|| Lunar ||varies, Dec/Jan || [[Tamu Lhosar]] || style="background:yellow;"| [[Sikkim]] ([[Gurung people|Gurung]])
|-
|| Lunar ||varies, Jan/Feb || [[Sonam Lhosar]] || style="background:yellow;"| [[Sikkim]] ([[Tamang people|Tamang]])
|-
|| Solar ||fixed, 13/14 Apr || [[Sangken]] || style="background:yellow;"| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] ([[Khamti people|Khamti]], [[Jingpo people#Singpho|Singpho]], [[Khamyang people|Khamyang]], [[Tangsa people|Tangsa]]), [[Assam]] ([[Tai Phake people|Tai Phake]], [[Tai Aiton people|Tai Aiton]], [[Turung people|Turung]])
|-
|| Solar ||fixed, 13/14 Apr || [[Bizhu]] || style="background:yellow;"| [[Chakma Autonomous District Council]] of [[Mizoram]], [[Tripura]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]] ([[Chakma people|Chakma]])
|-
|| Solar ||fixed, 13/14 Apr || [[Sangrai festival|Sangrai]] || style="background:yellow;"| [[Tripura]] ([[Marma people|Mogh]])
|-
|| Solar || varies, 17, 18, 19 Aug<ref name="news">{{cite web |url=http://newsworldindia.in/lifestyle/navroz-special-6-fascinating-facts-about-the-festival/108852/ |title=Navroz Mubarak: 6 Fascinating Facts About Parsi New Year! |date=20 March 2017 |website=newsworldindia.in |publisher=News World India |access-date=30 March 2017 |archive-date=31 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331131103/http://newsworldindia.in/lifestyle/navroz-special-6-fascinating-facts-about-the-festival/108852/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> || [[Pateti]] || style="background:lightpink;"| [[Parsi]]s
|-
|| Solar || fixed, 21 March || [[Nowruz]]<ref name="ToI">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/irani-new-year-to-be-celebrated-today-and-tomorrow/articleshow/57719657.cms |title=Irani New Year to be celebrated today and tomorrow |last=Jaisinghani |first=Bella |date=19 March 2017 |work=The Times of India |access-date=30 March 2017 |archive-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326025407/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/irani-new-year-to-be-celebrated-today-and-tomorrow/articleshow/57719657.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] records state that Nowruz was celebrated in the northwestern [[Indian subcontinent]], but inconsistently, with some Mughal emperors favoring its celebration while others not participating because it was not sanctioned by [[Sharia]]. [[Aurangzeb]] banned its celebration in 1659, calling it a "festival of fireworshippers" and its celebration a "stupid act".<ref>{{cite book|author=Stephen P. Blake|title=Time in Early Modern Islam: Calendar, Ceremony, and Chronology in the Safavid, Mughal and Ottoman Empires|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUB-FEpPHsoC&pg=PA91 |year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-03023-7|pages=89–91}}</ref>}} || style="background:lightpink;"| [[Zoroastrianism|Iranis/other Zoroastrians]]
|}

== See also ==
*[[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar]]
*[[Diwali in Gujarat]]
*[[Hindu units of time]]
*[[Hindu calendar]]
*[[Indian national calendar]]
*[[Lunar New Year]]
*[[Nyepi]], new year in [[Balinese Hinduism]]
*[[South and Southeast Asian solar New Year]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.north-east-india.com/assam/bihu-festival.html Bihu Festival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225024153/http://north-east-india.com/assam/bihu-festival.html |date=25 February 2020 }}
*[http://www.baisakhifestival.com/puthandu-in-tamil-nadu.html Puthandu at baisakhifestival.com]
*[http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Festival_of_Manipur.The_concept_of_Sajibu_Cheiraoba Cheiraoba]
*[http://www.koausa.org/Festivals/Navreh/article1.html Navreh – The new year day in Kashmir]

{{New Year by Calendar}}
{{HinduFestivals}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian New Year's Days}}
[[Category:Lists of festivals in India|New Year]]
[[Category:New Year in India| ]]

Clock Tower, Meerut

2026-03-20T04:31:48Z

Sandy Saha: put up new page

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Clock Tower, Meerut
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo =
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| image = Clock Tower, Meerut (2023) 1.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View from market
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
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| pushpin_relief =
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| coordinates = {{coord|28.97883|77.69852|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| former_names =
| alternate_names = Meerut Ghantaghar, Subhash Chandra Dwar
| etymology =
| status =
| cancelled =
| topped_out =
| building_type = [[Clock tower]]
| architectural_style =
| classification =
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| location_town = [[Meerut]]
| location_country = [[India]]
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| construction_start_date = 1913
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| completion_date = 1914
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| known_for = Landmark of Meerut
| ren_architect =
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}}
The '''clock tower''' at [[Meerut]], India, also known as the '''Meerut Ghantaghar''' and '''Subhash Chandra Dwar''', is a [[clock tower]] completed in 1914. It serves as a gateway between the market and [[Meerut City railway station]].<ref name=Singh2021>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Dr Yatindra Pal |title=Clock towers of India |date=2021 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |isbn=978-9-35427-256-1 |pages=98–99 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MI0TEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 |language=en |chapter=39. Meerut }}</ref><ref name=Bhatia2014>{{cite news |last1=Bhatia |first1=Ishita |title=Meerut's landmark towers have clocks that don't tick |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/meeruts-landmark-towers-have-clocks-that-dont-tick/articleshow/45707645.cms |access-date=19 April 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=31 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419033703/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/meeruts-landmark-towers-have-clocks-that-dont-tick/articleshow/45707645.cms |archive-date=19 April 2023 |language=English}}</ref>

==Origin==
The clock tower at Meerut was built on what was a gate named Kamboh Darwaza.<ref name=MOL>{{cite web |title=Ghantaghar in Meerut |url=https://www.meerutonline.in/city-guide/ghantaghar-in-meerut |website=www.meerutonline.in |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419035005/https://www.meerutonline.in/city-guide/ghantaghar-in-meerut |archive-date=19 April 2023}}</ref>{{efn|Kamboh gate was built by Abu Muhammad Khán Kamboh.<ref name="Atk1876">{{cite book |last1=Atkinson |first1=Edwin T. |title=Statistical, Descriptive and Historical Account of the North-Western Provinces of India: Meerut division. v.2:pt.1. Saháranpur District. v.2:pt.2. Aligarh District. v.3:pt.1. Bulandshahr District. v.3:pt.2. Meerut (Mirath) District. v.3:pt.3. Muzaffarnagar District |date=1876 |publisher=Printed at the North-western Provinces' Government Press |page=405 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ4IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA405 |language=en}}</ref>}} The conversion was intended to serve as a memorial to [[Edward VII|King Edward]].<ref name=Meerut1913>{{cite news |title=Meerut |work=Civil & Military Gazette |date=23 March 1913 |location=Lahore |page=8}}</ref> The foundation stone was laid by district magistrate and collector of Meerut, James Rae Pearson Esquire on 17 March 1913.<ref name=Singh2021/> The clock was previously at the [[Allahabad High Court]] after being imported from Germany.<ref name=MOL/> It was installed in the tower at Meerut in 1914.<ref name=Singh2021/>

==Design and structure==
The clock tower is built in [[masonry|brick masonry]].<ref name=Singh2021/>

==Location==
It serves as a gateway between the Valley market and [[Meerut City railway station]].<ref name=Singh2021/> Nearby is the town hall.<ref name=Singh2021/> Two other clock towers in Meerut are located at Budhana Gate, and at [[St. John's Church, Meerut|St. John's Church]].<ref name=Singh2021/>

==Society and culture==
In the 1930s, the tower served as the location for a meeting held by [[Subash Chandra Bose]].<ref name=Singh2021/> It was subsequently renamed Subhash Chandra Dwar.<ref name=MOL/>

In 1990, the brass parts of the clock were stolen.<ref name=Singh2021/>

A replica of the structure constructed in Mumbai, featured in [[Sharukh Khan]]'s 2018 film ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]''.<ref name="ToI2018">{{cite news |title=Aanand L Rai recreated Meerut's Ghanta Ghar in Film city for 'Zero' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aanand-l-rai-recreated-meeruts-ghanta-ghar-in-film-city-for-zero/articleshow/67103510.cms |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422060455/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aanand-l-rai-recreated-meeruts-ghanta-ghar-in-film-city-for-zero/articleshow/67103510.cms |archive-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clock Tower, Meerut}}
[[Category:Clock towers in India]]
[[Category:History of Meerut]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Meerut]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly

2026-03-19T18:37:45Z

Sandy Saha: improved article

{{Short description|Unicameral state legislature of Madhya Pradesh in India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly
| coa_pic =
| coa_res = 150px
| legislature = [[16th Madhya Pradesh Assembly]]
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_limits = 5 years
| leader1_type = [[Governor of Madhya Pradesh|Governor]]
| leader1 = [[Mangubhai C. Patel]]
| party1 =
| election1 = 6 July 2021
| leader2_type = [[List of speakers of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| leader2 = '''[[Narendra Singh Tomar]]'''
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election2 = 20 December 2023
| leader3_type = [[List of speakers of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]]
| leader3 =
| party3 =
| election3 =
| leader4_type = [[List of Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister]] (Leader of the House)
| leader4 = '''[[Mohan Yadav]]'''
| party4 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election4 = 13 December 2023
| leader5_type = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Deputy Chief Minister]] {{small|(Deputy Leader of the House)}}
| leader5 = '''[[Rajendra Shukla (politician)|Rajendra Shukla]]''', [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] '''[[Jagdish Devda]]'''
| party5 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election5 = 13 December 2023
| leader6_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader6 = '''[[Umang Singhar]]'''
| party6 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| election6 = 16 December 2023
| leader7_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Deputy Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader7 = '''[[Hemant Katare]]'''
| party7 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| election7 = 16 December 2023
| members = '''230'''
| structure1 = Bharat Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha 2024.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 = 
'''[[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Government]] (166)'''
:*{{color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (166)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-big-blow-for-congress-in-madhya-pradesh-6-time-mla-ramniwas-rawat-joins-bjp-5556522|title=In Big Blow For Congress In Madhya Pradesh, 6-Time MLA Joins BJP|work=NDTV|accessdate=30 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/madhya-pradesh/sagar/mp-news-another-blow-to-congress-in-madhya-pradesh-bina-mla-nirmala-sapre-joins-bjp-in-sagar-2024-05-05|title=MP News: Another blow to Congress in Madhya Pradesh, Bina MLA Nirmala joins BJP|work=Amar Ujala|accessdate=5 May 2024|language=hi}}</ref>
''' Opposition (64)'''
:*{{color box|#00BBFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (63)
:*{{color box|red}} [[Bharat Adivasi Party|BAP]] (1)
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|17 November 2023]]
| next_election1 = [[2028 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2028]]
| session_room = Madhyapradesh Legislative Assembly.jpg
| session_res = 300px
| meeting_place = Vidhan Bhavan, [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| website = {{url|https://mpvidhansabha.nic.in/}}
}}
[[File:2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election Result Map.svg|thumb|alt=|Madhya Pradesh assembly constituency map after the 2023 assembly elections]]

The '''Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha''', or the '''Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly''', is the [[unicameral]] state legislature of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in [[India]].

The seat of the [[Vidhan Sabha]] is at [[Bhopal]], the capital of the state. It is housed in the ''Vidhan Bhavan'', an imposing building located at the center of the Capital Complex in the Arera Hill locality of Bhopal city. The term of the Vidhan Sabha is five years unless dissolved earlier. Presently, it comprises 230 members who are directly elected from single-seat constituencies. 35
[[constituencies]] are reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled castes]] and 47 are reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled tribes]].

==History==
The history of the Madhya Pradesh legislature can be traced back to 1913, as the Central Provinces Legislative Council was formed on 8 November of this year. Later, the [[Government of India Act 1935]] provided for the elected Central Provinces Legislative assembly. The first elections to the Central Provinces Legislative Assembly were held in 1937.

After Indian independence in 1947, the erstwhile province of [[Central Provinces and Berar]], along with a number of [[princely states]] merged with the Indian Union, became a new state, [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The strength of the legislative assembly of this state was 184.

The present-day Madhya Pradesh state came into existence on 1 November 1956 following the reorganization of states. It was created by merging the erstwhile Madhya Pradesh (without the Marathi speaking areas, which were merged with [[Bombay state]]), [[Madhya Bharat]], [[Vindhya Pradesh]] and Bhopal states. The strengths of the legislative assemblies of Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh, and Bhopal were 79, 48, and 23, respectively. On 1 November 1956, the legislative assemblies of all four erstwhile states were also merged to form the reorganized Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha. The tenure of this first Vidhan Sabha was very short, and it was dissolved on 5 March 1957.

The first elections to the Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha were held in 1957, and the second Vidhan Sabha was constituted on 1 April 1957. Initially, the strength of the Vidhan Sabha was 288, which was later enhanced to 321, including one nominated member. On 1 November 2000, a new state, [[Chhattisgarh]], was carved out of Madhya Pradesh state. As a result, the strength of the Vidhan Sabha was reduced to 231, including a nominated member.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States/madhya%20pradesh/madhya-w.htm|title=Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|publisher=Legislative Bodies in India website|access-date=16 December 2009|archive-date=19 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919153740/http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States/madhya%20pradesh/madhya-w.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The present building was designed by [[Charles Correa]] in 1967, and it was the recipient of the [[Aga Khan Award for Architecture]] in 1998.<ref name=agha>[http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=1759 Vidhan Bhavan, (ArchNet)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208103213/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=1759 |date=8 February 2006 }}</ref>

On 4 December 2017, Madhya Pradesh Assembly unanimously passed a Bill awarding death to those found guilty of raping girls aged 12 and below.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{{transcluded section|source=16th Madhya Pradesh Assembly}}
{{trim|{{#Section-h:16th Madhya Pradesh Assembly|Members of Legislative Assembly}}}}

==See also==
* [[Elections in Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[List of constituencies of Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha website|url=http://www.mpvidhansabha.nic.in/ }}

{{State of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly| ]]
[[Category:State lower houses in India]]
[[Category:Unicameral legislatures of country subdivisions]]

Kailasa (band)

2026-03-17T16:18:39Z

Sandy Saha:

{{short description|Indian fusion band}}
{{Refimprove|date=October 2007}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Kailasa
| background = group_or_band
| origin = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| years_active = 2005–present
| genre = [[Sufi rock]], [[pop rock]], [[Fusion (music)|Fusion]]
| label = [[Sony BMG]], [[Sony Music]], [[Kailasa Records]]
| associated_acts = [[Kailash Kher]]
| current_members = [[Kailash Kher]] Paresh Kamath Naresh Kamath Kurt Peters Tapas Roy Jose Neil Gomes Sankalp Srivastava Vikram Biswakarma Manuj Dubey Jovian Soans Roosevelt Dsouza Prakash Ahuja Abhishek Roy Sanyal Satish Subramaniam Iyer
}}

'''Kailasa''' is an Indian rock band, founded by [[Kailash Kher]]. The name of the band is taken from an accented pronunciation of Kailash's own name as well as [[Mount Kailash]], the abode of [[Hindu]] God [[Shiva]]. Along with guitars, drums and keyboards, the band incorporates classical Indian instruments and sometimes traditional lyrics into their songs to infuse folk and a Sufi hue.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kailasa's Moonshine Tour – |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/kailasas-moonshine-tour/ |website=My Site |date=21 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Versatile Kailash Kher Celebrates 10 Years of His Band, 'Kailasa' |url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/versatile-kailash-kher-celebrates-years-of-his-band-kailasa/article_5e73e922-2aa0-11e7-8781-970fae3ea6a5.html |website=India West |language=en |access-date=2019-04-22 |archive-date=2019-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422091130/https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/versatile-kailash-kher-celebrates-years-of-his-band-kailasa/article_5e73e922-2aa0-11e7-8781-970fae3ea6a5.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Band members==
* [[Kailash Kher]] — [[lead vocals]]
* Paresh Kamath — [[lead guitar]], [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]], [[backing vocals]]
* Naresh Kamath — [[bass guitar]], [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]], [[backing vocals]]
* Kurt Peters — [[drums]]
* Manuj Dubey — Indian & Western [[percussions]], [[backing vocals]]
* Jose Neil Gomes – [[saxophone]], [[violin]], [[acoustic guitar]], [[flute]]
* Sankalp Srivastava – [[Keyboard instrument|keyboard]]
* Tapas Roy / Vikram Biswakarma – [[mandolin]], [[Hammered dulcimer|dulcimer]]
* Jovian Soans – [[Audio engineer]]
* Roosevelt Dsouza / Abhishek Roy Sanyal – [[architectural lighting design]], lighting engineer
* Prakash Ahuja – [[graphic designer]] or LED and graphics engineer
* Satish Subramaniam Iyer – [[manager]]

==Musical style==
Kailasa's music is a blend of medieval Indian music, Sufi and Western music. Lyrical themes though vary but the most distinct style of Kailash Kher is where he sings as through a female devotee/lover trying to persuade her deity/loved one. Fusion of love, worship and persuasion is inspired by the works of medieval [[Rajasthan]]i poet [[Meera]]bai. Such an influence can be observed in songs 'Teri Deewani' and 'Albela Saajan' from their eponymous debut album. Similar theme can be found in another of their song 'Babam Bam' from the album 'Jhoomo Re' where the singer is persuading Lord Shiva.

Due to the complex nature of musical arrangement in their songs, Kailasa involve artists other than band members in the recording process to play instruments like [[Pump organ|Harmonium]], [[Dholak]], [[Tabla]] [[Sarangi]], Iranian Setar, Ravanahatta, [[Rebab|Rabab]], [[Bağlama|Saz]], [[Oud]], [[Mandolin]], [[Santoor]], [[Sitar]], Mor Chang, [[Khartal]] etc. The artists are credited for their work in each of their album.

==Performances==
The band is renowned all over the world for being one of the only pure live Hindustani music bands and one of the most celebrated bands in India. What started off as a trio of Mr. Paresh Kamath, Mr. Naresh Kamath and Padma Shri [[Kailash Kher]] has now grown into a collective of some of the most talented musicians, instrumentalists and technical crew that the country has to offer.The Kailasa Band has taken the music of the country to multiple countries; United States of America, England, South Africa, Australia, Mauritius, to name a few, having performed in various prestigious venues and acclaimed music festivals across the world, in a career spanning nearly 2 decades and over 1500 concerts. Some of the venues and festivals that the Kailasa Band have performed include but are not limited to: The Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles, The Kennedy Center in Washington, the historical Fillmore Center in San Francisco, Royal Festival Hall in London, Symphony Hall in Birmingham, the Santa Monica Pier Music Festival, Stern Grove Music Festival, International Music Festival at Webster Hall, New York, to name a few. The band has performed in more than 500 cities worldwide including Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Singapore, Malaysia, Houston, San Francisco, London and New York.<ref>[http://www.kailashkher.com Official Website]</ref>

==Discography==
* ''[[Kailasa (album)|Kailasa]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Jhoomo Re]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Chaandan Mein]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Rangeele]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Ishq Anokha]]'' (2016)

==See also==
* [[Avial (band)|Avial]] – Previous band of bass player Naresh Kamath

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kailasa (Band)}}
[[Category:Indian musical groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2005]]

Nowroji Road

2026-03-15T03:35:34Z

Sandy Saha: added references

{{Short description|Road in Visakhapatnam, India}}
{{coord|17.713160|N|83.314840|E|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
[[File:Vizagcity.jpg|thumb|Nowroji Road Aerial View.]]
'''Nowroji Road''' is an important road located in the Indian city of [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Introductions|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/retail-chain-stores-to-deliver-groceries-at-home/article31193820.ece|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=28 March 2020}}</ref> This road links [[Beach Road, Visakhapatnam|Beach Road]] to [[Waltair Main Road]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Connecting|author=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/Visakhapatnam-gets-6-new-police-stations/articleshow/48120743.cms|publisher=[[Times of India]]|accessdate=18 July 2015}}</ref> Nowroji Road is in a very posh area in the city and contains many star hotels. Royal families [[Bobbili Estate|Bobbili]], [[Vizianagaram estate|Vizianagaram]], [[Kingdom of Jeypore|Jeypore]] and [[Kalahandi State|Kalahandi]] have large extents of land in the area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Royal Families|author=GV. PRASADA SARMA |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/its-posh-but-polluted/article5048722.ece|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=22 August 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Visakhapatnam}}

[[Category:Roads in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Shopping districts and streets in India]]

{{India-road-stub}}
{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Second Gonanda dynasty

2026-03-10T19:49:03Z

Sandy Saha: article.

{{Short description|C. 25 – 561 CE Hindu dynasty of Kashmir}}
{{for|former dynasties|Gonanda dynasty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Gonanda dynasty of [[Kashmir]]
| native_name = 𑆓𑆾𑆤𑆁𑆢: 𑆫𑆳𑆘𑆮𑆁𑆯 ([[Kashmiri language|Old Kashmiri]] and [[Sanskrit]])
| common_name = Gonanda dynasty
| era = [[Middle kingdoms of India|Pre Classical India]]
| status =
| event_start =
| year_start = c. 25 CE
| date_start =
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| event_end =
| year_end = c. 625 CE
| date_end =
| p1 = Kushan Empire
| p2 = Kidarites
| p3 = Alchon Huns
| s1 = Karkota Dynasty
| s2 =
| image_flag =
| flag_type =
| image_coat =
| image_map = {{South Asia in 600 CE|center|{{center|Heartland of the Gonanda Dynasty around [[Srinagara]], with neighbouring polities, circa 700 CE.<ref name="A Historical atlas of South Asia">{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=146, map XIV.2 (f) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224144259/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}|{{Annotation|102|37|[[File:Long Fine Rectangle (plain).png|35px]]}}||none}}
| map_caption =
| capital =
| common_languages = [[Sanskrit]] (official),[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] (common)
| religion = [[Hinduism in Kashmir|Shaivite Hinduism]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| leader1 =
| year_leader1 =
| leader2 =
| year_leader2 =
| leader3 =
| year_leader3 =
| title_leader =
| legislature =
}}
The '''Second Gonanda dynasty''' (or '''Restored Gonanda dynasty'''), was a [[Kashmiri Hindus|Kashmiri Hindu]] dynasty. According to [[Kalhana]], this dynasty ruled [[Kashmir]] just before the [[Karkota Dynasty|Karkotas]].<ref>S.R. Bakshi (1997), ''Kashmir: History and People'',p.63</ref><ref>Nagendra Kr Singh (2000), ''Buddhism in Kashmir'', p.115</ref>

== Sources ==
{{History of Kashmir}}
{{History of India}}
=== Literature ===
No contemporary literature exists.

The sole mentions are retrieved from the third book of ''[[Rajatarangini]]'', an 11th-century work by Kalhana, which aimed to sketch an outline of Kashmir's history since ancient times, and did discuss the Karkota dynasty in depth.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book|last=Siudmak|first=John|url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789004248328/B9789004248328_003.xml|title=1. Historical and Cultural Background of Kashmir Up to 1003 AD|date=2013-01-01|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-24832-8|pages=11, 16–19, 251, 262|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Zutshi|first=Chitralekha|title=Kashmir|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2019|location=Delhi|at=Especially Blessed Landscape/Peripheral Kingdom|chapter=Kashmir as Sacred Space}}</ref>{{Efn|At least three other Rajataranginis were composed in medieval Kashmir. They are since-lost.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}}} Kalhana claimed to have depended on a variety of sources — earlier historical works, dynastic genealogies, inscriptions, coins and Puranas.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=Witzel|first=Michael|date=1990|title=On Indian Historical Writing: The role of the Vamsavalis|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjasas1989/1990/2/1990_2_1/_article/-char/ja|journal=南アジア研究|publisher=Japanese Association for South Asian Studies|volume=2|pages=10–11, 30|doi=10.11384/jjasas1989.1990.1}}</ref>

=== Coinage ===
Several coins bearing names roughly consistent with the names of the Gonanda rulers — ''Śrī Meghamah'' (prob. king Meghavahana), ''Śrī Pravarasenah'' (King Pravarasena), ''Śrī Tuysīna'' (prob. King Tunjina), and ''Śrī Toramaņa'' (Toramana) — have been recently discovered.<ref name="JC">{{cite journal|last1=Cribb|first1=Joe|title=Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly|url=https://www.academia.edu/32663187|journal=Numismatic Digest |volume=40 |year=2016|language=en}}</ref> These coins are quite rare, made of copper, silver, or debased gold, and generally follow [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] and [[Kidarite]] designs.<ref name="JC" /><gallery widths="200px" heights="100px" perrow="4">
File:Post-Kushan Gandhara Kidara Shahis Sri Pravarasena Circa 6th-early 7th century CE.jpg|Coinage of [[Sri Pravarasena|Pravarasena]], supposed founder of [[Srinagar]]. ''Obverse:'' Standing [[Shiva]] with two figures seated below. Name "Pravarasena". ''Reverse:'' goddess seated on a lion. Legend "Kidāra". Circa 6th-early 7th century CE.<ref name="JC"/>
File:Sri Tujina. Circa 7th century CE, Kashmir.jpg|Coin in the name of ''Sri Tujina''. Circa 7th century CE, Kashmir.<ref name="JC"/> ''Obverse'': King in Kushan style, legend to left: "Sri Tu[jina]". ''Reverse'': goddess on a lotus, legend to left: "Jaya", to right: "Kidara".<ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |page=6 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Journal_of_the_Asiatic_Society_of_Bengal_%28IA_journalofasiatic6618asia%29.pdf}}</ref>
File:Alchon Huns Toramana II Circa AD 540-570.jpg|Coin in the name of ''Śrī Toramaņa'' (the Kashmir ruler named [[Toramana of Kashmir|Toramana]]).<ref name="JC"/>
</gallery>

They show on the obverse a standing [[Shiva]] figures, variously accompanied by animals or ''[[Gana]]'' attendants, with the name of the king in the [[Brahmi script]].<ref name="JC" /> On the reverse, the Goddess [[Ardoxsho]] or [[Sri Lakshmi]] appears seated, with a [[Kidara I|Kidara]] monogram to left, and ''Jaya'' in Brahmi to right.<ref name="JC" />

==Accuracy==
The third book of the ''[[Rajatarangini]]'', the last Gonanda dynasty of Kashmir ruled for about 590 years, until the establishment of the [[Karkota dynasty]].<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|last=Stein|first=Marc Aurel|title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir|publisher=[[Archibald Constable]]|year=1900|location=Westminster|pages=86–97, 136, 142 (Introduction), 120–185 (The Rajatarangini of Kalahana: Fourth Book)}}</ref> However the chronology is widely deemed to be faulty and on cross-vetting with coins and inscriptions from outside Kashmir, the names of some of the Gonanda rulers are found to roughly correspond with the [[Alchon Huns]], who ruled hundreds of years later than the time-frame assigned by Kalhana.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVft0FqSxc0C&q=karkota|title=The Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Ancient Kashmir and its Influences|isbn=978-9004248328|last1=Siudmak|first1=John|date=5 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cribb|first=Joe|date=2016|title=Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly|journal=Numismatic Digest|publisher=Numismatic Society of Bombay|volume=40|pages=98}}</ref> In Kalhana's narrative, names of some rulers are reshuffled and/or repeated multiple times across the first and third book, some stories are retrofitted and recycled, some reigns are impossibly long, and some rulers are telescoped into the past.<ref name=":25">{{Cite book|last=Dezső|first=Csaba|title=Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History|publisher=Barkhuis|year=2020|isbn=9789493194014|editor-last=Balogh|editor-first=Daniel|location=Groningen|pages=296–308|chapter=X.1.3: The Kashmir Secular Tradition}}</ref>[[File:Coin of Meghama(...). Circa 7th century CE, Kashmir.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Coinage of Meghavahana. '''Obverse''': ''[[Shiva]] Pashupati'' ("Lord of the Beasts"), making a mudra gesture with right hand and holding filleted trident; behind, a lioness or tiger. Trace of legend ''Meghana...'' in Brahmi. '''Reverse''': Goddess seated facing on lotus, holding lotus in both hand, [[Kidara]] monogram to left, ''Jaya'' in Brahmi to right. ]]

== Establishment ==
This dynasty was of Kashmiri origin, and around late 400 ce this dynasty was influenced by [[Kidarites|Kiderites]] and [[Alchon Huns|Alkhon]] Huns or Huna people,the Huna princes did marriages with members of this dynasty, that's how it was established.according to some theories their founder [[Meghavahana]] is a descendent of Great [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] king [[Kanishka]] from maternal line and Huna king [[Toramana]] from Paternal line.

== Rule ==
This sections gives a literal description of the content of the third book in Rajatarngini. Efforts by historians to probe into individual kings are mentioned.

=== [[Meghavahana]] ===

Meghavahana was the son of Yudhisthira I's great-grandson, who had been granted asylum by Gopaditya, the king of [[Gandhara]]. Kalhana assigns a regnal span of 34 years. Meghavahana had been selected the husband of a [[Vaishnavite]] princess at a [[Swayamvara]] in another kingdom. The ministers of Kashmir brought him to Kashmir after San dhimati proved to be an unwilling king. Meghavahana banned animal slaughter and compensated those who earned their living through hunting. He patronized Brahmins, and set up a monastery. His queens built Buddhist [[vihara]]s and monasteries. He subdued kings in regions as far as [[Sinhala Kingdom]], forcing them to abandon animal slaughter.

=== [[Shreshtasena]] (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II) ===
Son of Meghavahana. Kalhana assigns a regnal span of 30 years.

=== Hiranya ===
Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. Hiranya died childless. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. This king is identified by some with [[Hephthalite Empire|Huna]] ruler [[Toramana]], although his successor [[Mihirakula]] is placed much earlier by Kalhana.{{sfn|Stein|1979|pp=65}} Kalhana assigns a regnal span of about 30 years.

=== Toramana ===
Son of Pravarasena I, Vice-king of Hiranya.<ref name="JC" /> Kalhana assigns a regnal span of years.

=== Matrigupta ===
According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of [[Ujjayini]] defeated the [[Shakas]], and made his friend and poet Matrigupta the ruler of Kashmir. After Vikramaditya's death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary [[Vikramaditya]] of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor [[Harsha]] (c. 606-47 CE).<ref>{{cite book|author=D. C. Sircar|url=http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in:8080/handle/2015/131352|title=Ancient Malwa And The Vikramaditya Tradition|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|year=1969|isbn=978-8121503488|pages=111|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617064610/http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in:8080/handle/2015/131352|archive-date=2016-06-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> The latter is identified with [[Shiladitya]] mentioned in [[Xuanzang]]'s account. However, according to M. A. Stein, Kalhana's Vikramaditya is another Shiladitya mentioned in Xuanzang's account: a king of Malwa around 580 CE.{{sfn|Stein|1979|pp=66}} Kalhana assigns a regnal span of 4 years and 9 months.

=== Pravarasena II ===
Historical evidence suggests that a king named Pravarasena ruled Kashmir in the 6th century CE.{{sfn|Stein|1979|pp=65}} According to Kalhana, Pravarasena subdued many other kings, in lands as far as [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]. He restored the rule of Vikramaditya's son Pratapshila (alias Shiladitya), who had been expelled from Ujjain by his enemies. Pratapshila agreed to be a vassal of Pravarasena after initial resistance. He founded a city called Pravarapura, which is identified by later historians as the modern city of [[Srinagar]] on the basis topographical details.{{sfn|Stein|1989|pp=439-441}} Kalhana assigns a regnal span of 60 years.

=== Yudhisthira II ===
Son of Pravarasena II. Kalhana assigns a regnal span of 39 years and 8 months.

=== Narendraditya I ===
Son of Yudhishthira II and Padmavati. Kalhana assigns a regnal span of 13 years.

=== Ranaditya I (Tungina III) ===
Younger brother of Narendraditya. His queen Ranarambha was an [[avatar|incarnation]] of Bhramaravasini. The [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] king Ratisena had found her among the waves, during an ocean worship ritual. Kalhana assigns a regnal span of 300 years.

=== Vikramaditya ===
Son of Ranaditya. Kalhana assigns a regnal span of 42 years.

=== Baladitya ===
Younger brother of Vikramaditya. He subdued several enemies. Baladitya (apparently) had no male heir but a daughter Anaṅgalekhā and did not wish his territory to be annexed by in-laws.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Rangachari|first=Devika|date=2002-04-01|title=Kalhana's Rājataranginī: A Gender Perspective1|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/097194580200500103|journal=The Medieval History Journal|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=46, 48|doi=10.1177/097194580200500103|issn=0971-9458|s2cid=144377502|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":16" /> To avert such a possibility he married her to Durlabhavardhana, a low-caste employee having no royal lineage.<ref name=":16" /> However, after Baladitya's death, Durlabhavardhana ascended to the throne with help from a minister, and claimed descent from the mythical Naga king [[Karkotaka]], establishing the [[Karkota Dynasty]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=SEN|first=TANSEN|date=2004|title=Kaśmīr, Tang China, and Muktāpīḍa Lalitā-Ditya's Ascendancy over the Southern Hindukush Region|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41933381|journal=Journal of Asian History|volume=38|issue=2|pages=141–162|issn=0021-910X|jstor=41933381}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Zutshi|first=Chitralekha|title=Kashmir|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2019|location=Delhi|at=Aryavarta|chapter=Kashmir as Sacred Space}}</ref><ref name=":72">{{Citation|last=Pal|first=Sayantani|title=Karkota dynasty of Kashmir|date=2016|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe049|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Empire|pages=1–2|publisher=American Cancer Society|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe049|isbn=978-1-118-45507-4|access-date=2021-03-18|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Witzel|first=Michael|date=September 1991|title=THE BRAHMINS OF KASHMIR|url=https://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/KashmiriBrahmins.pdf|pages=24–28}}</ref><ref name=":16" />

This view is accepted by Witzel.<ref name=":24">{{Cite book|last=Witzel|first=Michael|title=Around Abhinavagupta: Aspects of the Intellectual History of Kashmir from the Ninth to the Eleventh Century|year=2016|isbn=978-3-643-90697-7|editor-last=Franco|editor-first=Eli|series=Leipziger Studien zu Kultur und Geschichte Süd- und Zentralasiens|location=Münster, Germany|publisher=LIT|pages=609–643|chapter=Kashmiri Brahmins under the Karkota, Utpala and Lohara Dynasties, 625-1101 CE|editor-last2=Ratié|editor-first2=Isabelle}}</ref> Kalhana assigns a regnal span of 36 years and 8 months.

==See also==
* [[Karkoṭa dynasty]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ImBDAAAAYAAJ |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmir |volume=1 |first=Marc Aurel |last=Stein |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |orig-year=1900 |year=1979 |chapter=Chronological and Dynastic Tables of Kalhana's Record of Kasmir Kings}}
* {{cite book |first=Marc Aurel |last=Stein |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0370-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzxTkI9iAxkC&pg=PA439}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gonanda}}
[[Category:Gonanda dynasty]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Kashmir]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 7th century]]

Geetanjali Mishra

2026-03-07T20:20:46Z

Sandy Saha:

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Geetanjali Mishra
| image = Geetanjali Mishra snapped at the YOLO Foundation Initiative event (cropped).jpg
| caption = Geetanjali Mishra in 2023
| occupation = Actress, social worker
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1986|11|6}}
| known_for = ''Virodh'' ''[[Ludo (film) | Ludo]]'' ''Kundali Bhagya'' ''Crime Patrol'' ''Rangrasiya'' ''Balika Vadhu''
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
}}
'''Geetanjali Mishra'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhasin |first=Shriya |date=5 October 2020 |title=TV actress Geetanjali Mishra joins cast of Anurag Basu's upcoming film 'Ludo' |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/tv-actress-geetanjali-mishra-joins-cast-of-anurag-basu-s-upcoming-film-ludo-654507 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> (born 6 November 1986) is an Indian actress who appears in [[Hindi]] television, Web series and films. She plays the main lead Rajesh (Rajjo) in And tv’s show ''Happu Ki Ultan Paltan''.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-geetanjali-mishra-talks-about-bringing-smiles-with-happu-ki-ultan-paltan/articleshow/106873681.cms ''Happu Ki Ultan Paltan'']</ref> She is known for her work in Mx Player's web series ''Virodh'',<ref name="tele1">{{Cite web |title=MX Player's new original series Virodh blends crime, sports and romance |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/mx-players-new-original-series-virodh-blends-crime-sports-and-romance/cid/1925847 |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> [[Crime Patrol (TV series)|''Crime Patrol'']],<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2020 |title=Crime Patrol में पिछले 10 सालों से कर रहीं निगेटिव रोल, जानिए कौन हैं गीतांजली मिश्रा |url=https://www.jansatta.com/photos/picture-gallery/crime-patrol-starcast-know-all-about-fees-income-salary-networth-and-personal-life-of-actress-gitanjali-mishra/1520506/ |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref> ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive: Geetanjali Mishra to replace Kasturi Banerjee aka Ramona Khanna in Kundali Bhagya; says 'Preeta's life will soon see a new villain' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-geetanjali-mishra-to-replace-kasturi-banerjee-aka-ramona-khanna-in-kundali-bhagya-says-preetas-life-will-soon-see-a-new-villain/articleshow/79005703.cms |access-date=27 January 2021 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en |first=Sukarna |last=Mondal |date=2 November 2020}}</ref> ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'',{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} [[Naagin (2015 TV series)|''Naagin'']], ''[[Rangrasiya]]'',<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=I am scared of my mother-in-law: Geetanjali Mishra - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Geetanjali-Mishra-says-she-is-scared-of-her-mother-in-law/articleshow/35198110.cms |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=The Times of India |date=16 May 2014 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Savdhaan India]]'',and [[Aghori (2019 TV series)|''Aghori'']]. In 2020, Mishra starred in [[Anurag Basu]]'s film [[Ludo (film)|''Ludo'']].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rolling the dice: 'Crime Patrol' girl Geetanjali Mishra, enters the big league with Ludo |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/nov/29/rolling-the-dice-crime-patrol-girl-geetanjali-mishra-enters-the-big-league-with-ludo-2228728.html |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The New Indian Express|date=28 November 2020 }}</ref>

In 2025, Mishra became the team owner of team Net Ninjas at Indian Pro Badminton League<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuva Badminton League unveils teams official jersey, trophy for inaugural season |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/yuva-badminton-league-unveils-teams-official-jersey-trophy-for-inaugural-season/amp |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Despite working in various television shows as important characters, Mishra rose to fame for her numerous characters in ''Crime Patrol''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2020 |title=Crime Patrol में निगेटिव रोल ने दिलाई शोहरत, बड़े पर्दे पर भी कमाल दिखा रही हैं गीतांजलि मिश्रा |url=https://www.jansatta.com/photos/picture-gallery/crime-patrol-fame-gitanjali-mishra-wiki-bio-age-family-networth-income-fees-now-actress-perform-in-ludo/1578380/ |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref>

In 2018, she played the roles of Rani Lakshmi in ''[[Prithvi Vallabh (TV series)|Prithvi Vallabh]]''{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} and Amrita in ''[[Naagin 3]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2020 |title=Crime Patrol फेम गीतांजलि मिश्रा ने कभी एक्ट्रेस बनने का सोचा भी नहीं था, यूं बदली किस्मत |url=https://www.jansatta.com/photos/picture-gallery/geetanjali-mishra-wiki-bio-age-husband-family-networth-income-fees-know-all-about-sony-tv-crime-patrol-actress/1587579/ |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref>

In 2019, she starred in ''Aghori''{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} as Dravya.

In 2020, she starred in [[Anurag Basu]]'s film [[Ludo (film)|''Ludo'']],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rolling the dice: 'Crime Patrol' girl Geetanjali Mishra, enters the big league with Ludo |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/nov/29/rolling-the-dice-crime-patrol-girl-geetanjali-mishra-enters-the-big-league-with-ludo-2228728.html |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=The New Indian Express|date=28 November 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhasin |first=Shriya |date=5 October 2020 |title=TV actress Geetanjali Mishra joins cast of Anurag Basu's upcoming film 'Ludo' |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/tv-actress-geetanjali-mishra-joins-cast-of-anurag-basu-s-upcoming-film-ludo-654507 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> and [[ZEE5]]'s [[Abhay (TV series)#Season 2 |''Abhay'' Season 2]]. She also made a cameo appearance in [[Kartik Purnima (TV series)|''Kartik Purnima'']], in the same year.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} She portrayed Mahira's mother, Ramona Khanna, in ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive: Geetanjali Mishra to replace Kasturi Banerjee aka Ramona Khanna in Kundali Bhagya; says 'Preeta's life will soon see a new villain' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-geetanjali-mishra-to-replace-kasturi-banerjee-aka-ramona-khanna-in-kundali-bhagya-says-preetas-life-will-soon-see-a-new-villain/articleshow/79005703.cms |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=2 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kundali Bhagya में होने जा रहा बड़ा बदलाव, कस्तूरी बनर्जी को रिप्लेस करेंगी 'लूडो' की ये एक्ट्रेस |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/tv-crime-patrol-actress-geetanjali-mishra-will-replace-kasturi-banerjee-in-famous-tv-serial-kundali-bhagya-21013489.html |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

In 2021, Mishra explored a new horizon in the form of a music video, "Dunaali", with MD Desi Rockstar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2021 |title=Geetanjali Mishra की 'दुनाली' के निशाने से घायल हुए MD Desi Rockstar, यूट्यूब पर वायरल हुआ नया गाना |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/haryanvi/video/video-geetanjali-mishra-and-md-desi-rockstar-song-dunaali-viral-celeb-connex-ak-jatti-new-haryanvi-song/372370 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=timesnowhindi.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India com Hindi News |title=Haryanavi Song: 'Jai Baba Ki' के अब बाद 'दुनाली' से धूम मचाएंगे MD Desi Rockstar, एक्ट्रेस गीतांजलि का मिलेगा साथ |url=https://www.india.com/hindi-news/entertainment-hindi/haryanavi-song-md-desi-rockstar-geetanjali-mishra-upcoming-song-dunali-after-jai-baba-ki-watch-video-5015253/ |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=india.com |language=hi}}</ref>

In 2022, she again featured as the main lead in another music video, "Jodi", with MD Desi Rockstar, which was produced by Celeb Connex.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2022 |title=Haryanvi Song Jodi: एमडी देसी रॉकस्‍टार और गीतांजलि मिश्रा का नया गाना जोड़ी, 'दुनाली' के बाद धूम मचाएंगे साथ |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/haryanvi/article/md-desi-rockstar-and-geetanjali-mishra-new-haryanvi-song-jodi-watch-video/397018 |access-date=24 May 2022 |website=timesnowhindi.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaiswal |first=Jyoti |date=6 April 2022 |title='देसी देसी ना बोल्या कर' फेम एमडी रॉक और गीतांजलि मिश्रा का गाना जोड़ी मचा रहा है धमाल, 24 घंटे में मिल गए इतने व्यूज |url=https://www.indiatv.in/entertainment/music/geetanjali-mishra-and-md-desi-rockstar-s-song-jodi-created-a-lot-got-so-many-views-in-24-hours-2022-04-06-843363 |access-date=24 May 2022 |website=India TV Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>

In 2023, Mishra joined as the main lead in &Tv’s show ''Happu Ki Ultan Paltan''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |title=Geetanjali Mishra Gets A Warm Welcome On The Sets Of 'Happu Ki Ultan Paltan' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/geetanjali-mishra-gets-a-warm-welcome-on-the-sets-of-happu-ki-ultan-paltan--news-308330 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Outlook India |date=5 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* Best actress for a short film - ''Living Idle''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gopal |first=B. Madhu |date=12 February 2018 |title=Accolades for Living Idle |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/accolades-for-living-idle/article22724457.ece |access-date=9 January 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2018 |title=A successful short |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/310118/a-successful-short.html |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

All projects are in Hindi, unless mentioned otherwise.

=== Drama TV series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Show
!Character
!Channel
!Ref
|-
|2006–08
|''Sangam''
| Sagar's sister
|[[Star Plus]]
|
|-
|2010–11
|''Maati ki Banno''
|Sunaina
|Colors TV
|{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
|-
|2011
|''Maayke Se Bandhi Dor''
|Anju
|Star Plus
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maayke Se Bandhi Dor {{!}} TV Guide |url=https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/maayke-se-bandhi-dor/cast/950005 |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=TV Guide |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''Rangrasiya''
|Maithili Ranavat
|Colors TV
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2015
|''Ek Lakshya''
|Sakshi
|[[Doordarshan]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravi |first=S. |date=3 September 2015 |title=Head held high |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/head-held-high/article7612038.ece |access-date=2 November 2020 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''
|Shilpi
|[[Star Plus]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Geetanjali Mishra to enter Diya Aur Baati Hum - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Geetanjali-Mishra-to-enter-Diya-Aur-Baati-Hum/articleshow/53296076.cms |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=The Times of India |date=20 July 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2016–17
|''[[Chandra Nandini|Chandranandini]]''
|Maharani Sunanda
|[[StarPlus|Star Plus]]
|{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}
|-
|2014–2015
|''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
|Sona
|[[Colors TV]]
|{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
|-
|2018
|''[[Naagin 3]]''
|Amrita
|Colors TV
|{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
|-
|2018
|''[[Prithvi Vallabh (TV series)|Prithvi Vallabh]]''
|Rani Lakshmi
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]
|{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
|-
|2019
|''Aghori''
|Dravya
|Zee TV
|{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
|-
|2020
|''Kartik Purnima''
|Beena
|[[Star Bharat]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=सौतेली मां और समाज के तानों से परेशान इस सांवले रंग की एक्ट्रेस के दीवाने हुए कार्तिक, शादी के बाद ऐसे फंसे |url=https://www.patrika.com/tv-news/star-bharat-launches-kartik-purnima-in-february-5714334/ |access-date=2 November 2020 |website=Patrika News |date=31 January 2020 |language=hindi}}</ref>
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
|Ramona Khanna
|[[Zee TV]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-geetanjali-mishra-to-replace-kasturi-banerjee-aka-ramona-khanna-in-kundali-bhagya-says-preetas-life-will-soon-see-a-new-villain/articleshow/79005703.cms |title=Exclusive: Geetanjali Mishra to replace Kasturi Banerjee aka Ramona Khanna in Kundali Bhagya; says 'Preeta's life will soon see a new villain' - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 November 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|2023- 2026
|''[[ Happu Ki Ultan Paltan]]''
|Rajesh Singh
|[[And TV]]
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-geetanjali-mishra-replaces-kamna-pathak-to-play-the-new-rajesh-in-happu-ki-ultan-paltan/articleshow/100766888.cms | title=Exclusive! Geetanjali Mishra replaces Kamna Pathak to play the new Rajesh in Happu Ki Ultan Paltan | newspaper=The Times of India | date=5 June 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Crime TV series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Show
!Character
!Channel
!Ref
|-
|2011–2021
|''Crime Patrol''
|Meenakshi (Concealed Truth Episode 872,873) / Sudha Malik (Hisaab 750,751)
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]
|
|-
|2014–2018
|''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|Dr. Rohini (Episode 76) / Karuna (Episode 525) / Nakshatra Pandey (Episode 1001) / Drishti (Episode 1135) / Rajni (Episode 1497) / Lata (1831)
|[[Life OK]]
|
|-
|}

=== Films and Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- align="center" bgcolor="#cccccc"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language
!Film/Web series
!Notes
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Nirdosh]]'' || Maid Laxmi Bai || Hindi
|Film
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Gitanjali Mishra Hit Movies List {{!}} Gitanjali Mishra Box Office Collection - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/gitanjali-mishra/box-office/ |access-date=2 November 2020 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]'' || Sambhavi || Hindi
|Film
|Netflix<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhasin |first=Shriya |date=5 October 2020 |title=TV actress Geetanjali Mishra joins cast of Anurag Basu's upcoming film 'Ludo' |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/tv-actress-geetanjali-mishra-joins-cast-of-anurag-basu-s-upcoming-film-ludo-654507 |access-date=2 November 2020 |website=indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || [[Abhay (TV series)#Season 2 2|''Abhay'' Season 2]] || Shalini || Hindi
|Web series
|[[List of ZEE5 original web series|ZEE5 original]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''Virodh''
|Hemlata
|Hindi/Haryanvi
|Web series
|[[MX Player]]<ref name="tele1"/>
|-
| ''[[Kafas (TV series)|Kafas]]''
| Priya
| Hindi
| Web series
| [[SonyLIV]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{imdb name|8490719}}
* {{facebook|GeetanjaliMishraOfficial}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Geetanjali}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:1986 births]]

Melukavu

2026-03-05T14:23:48Z

Sandy Saha: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = MELUKAVU (Melukavumattom)
| other_name = Melukavu
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|47|0|N|76|45|30|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9385
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 686652
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0482
| registration_plate = KL-35
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Thodupuzha]], [[Erattupetta]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Kottayam
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Palai]]
| website = {{URL|lsgkerala.in/melukavupanchayat}}
| footnotes =
}}

''' Melukavu (Melukavumattom) '''is a village in the eastern part of [[Meenachil]] Taluk in [[Kottayam|Kottayam district]] of [[Kerala]] state, India.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=10 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=8 December 2008 }}</ref>

==Tourism==
The place is a major tourist attraction for nature lovers with beautiful hills, streams and rubber plantations that form a green blanket over the place. The famous tourist spot is [[Ilaveezha Poonchira]].
[[Illickal Kallu]] is another major tourist attraction in Kottayam district. Even though it is in Moonnilavu panchayat, it is near to Melukavu.

==Film shooting venue==
The plot of the famous [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Katha Parayumpol]]'' (Year-2007,Starring:[[Mammootty]], [[Sreenivasan]]) was set in kurisinkal – the backdrop of Melukavu village.
The movie Parudeesa was shot in Erumapra and the movie Swapnam Kondu Thulabharam was set in the scenic beauty of the Melukavu.

==Geography==
Melukavu is in the eastern part of [[Kottayam]] district and borders with [[Idukki]] district on its North-East and North. It shares its borders with Kudayathoor Panchayat in North-East and [[Muttom, Thodupuzha|Muttom]] Panchayat in North (both are in [[Idukki]] district).
[[Bharananganam]] and Kadanadu Panchayats are in West and Moonnilavu Panchayat is in East. The Southern side borders with Thalappalam Panchayat.

Melukavu is at the fringe of the Western Ghats. The place is situated in an ecologically fragile hill terrain which is prone to landslides during monsoon. Melukavu was the epicentre of the earthquake that recorded 5 in Richter scale on 12 December 2000 at 06:53 AM local time resulting in some damage to properties in Kottayam and Idukki districts. There are many streams and brooks originating from Melukavu hills and flow southwards through Edamaruku to join [[Meenachil River]] at [[Erattupetta]].

==Transportation==
Melukavu is well connected by roads to nearby towns [[Erattupetta]](12 km), [[Palai]](16 km), [[Thodupuzha]](18 km).The state highway SH-44 connecting Pampa([[Sabarimala]]) to Neriyamangalam([[Thodupuzha]]) passes through Melukavu.

There are no railway line passing through Melukavu. The nearest major railway station is in [[Kottayam]] (50 km).

The nearest airport is Cochin International Airport at a distance of 70 kilometres.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Melukavu had a population of 9385 with 4623 males and 4762 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Melukavu Village Population - Meenachil - Kottayam, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/628119-melukavu-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" />

==Educational institutions==
{{columnslist|colwidth=22em|
* Henry Baker College- Government Aided College affiliated to [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]], [[Kottayam]]
* M.D.C.M.S High School
* CMS Higher Secondary School
* St.Paul’s LPS Vakakkadu
* CMS LPS Ellumpuram
* St.Antony’s UPS Edamaruku
* St.Pius X UPS, Piusmount, Konippadu
* St.Thomas UPS Melukavumattom
* Melukavu Panchayat LPS, Konippadu
}}

==Places of worship==
{{columnslist|colwidth=22em|
*ST.JAMES AND ST.PHILIPOSE CSI CHURCH KOLANI (peerakkadu,പീരക്കാട്)
* Sree Dharma Sastha Temple, Kalluvettam
* Ayyappa temple Kulathikandam
* C S I Christ Cathedral Church, Melukavu
* St.Luke's C S I Church, Caylei land
* St.Peter's C S I Church, Erumapra
* St.Thomas Catholic Church, Melukavumattom
* St.Andrew's C S I Church,Bakerdale, Chalamattom
* St.Pius X Catholic Church, Piusmount
* St.Antony's Catholic Church Edamaruku
* St.Mathiyas C S I Church Ellumpuram
* St.Paul's C S I Church Erumapramattom
* Church of God in India (Full Gospel)Church, Chalamattom, Near Village Office.
* Church of God ''(Full Gospel)'' in India, Kolani
* IPC Peniel Church, Erumapra (anchumala)
* IPC Church, Kanjiramkavala
* New India Church Melukavuu
* St.John's C S I Church chemmala
}}

==See also==
*[[Neeloor]]
*[[Muttom, Thodupuzha]]
*[[Kollappally]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Kottayam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kottayam district]]

Black Dalia

2026-03-03T21:30:54Z

Sandy Saha: small adjusted details as per guidelines and improved wording for consistency

{{for|the murder victim|Black Dahlia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Black Dalia
| image = Black Dalia.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]]
| producer = M. K. Muhammed
| writer = [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Vani Viswanath]] [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]]
| music = Sayan Anwar
| cinematography = P. Sukumar
| editing = Don Max
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2009|4|30}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Black Dalia''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Malayalam]] film directed by [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Vani Viswanath]] and Baburaj with Cherrie Minhas, Tami Dushyantha, Suja Naidu, Teena Ponnamma, Ruksha, Jisna Ali, Althara, Kavitha Nair, Pavithra and Thegika in other important roles. This film was dubbed in Telugu as ''Anthima Theerpu''.

In the film, Suresh Gopi's character is named after the character he played in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film ''[[Dheena]]'' (2001).

==Plot==
A student of Sacred Heart Medical College is found murdered in mysterious circumstances. Police begin the investigation but soon two more girls are found murdered in the college campus. [[Deputy Inspector General of Police#India|DIG]] Daisy Wilfred, IPS takes charge of the investigation.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Suresh Gopi]] as Dr. Aadikesavan (cameo appearance)
* [[Vani Viswanath]] as [[Deputy Inspector General of Police#India|DIG]] Daisy Wilfred [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as [[Circle Inspector#Kerala|CI]] Anwar Ali
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Sirajuddin
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as [[Inspector General of Police|IG]] Mathew K. John [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Raveendren
* [[Arun Cherukavil|Arun]] as Vivek Aravindakshan
* [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]]
* [[Kollam Thulasi]] as Kariyachan
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as James
* Saju Kodiyan
* [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
* [[Kalasala Babu]] as Sibi Kuruvila
* [[Urmila Unni]]
* [[Geetha Vijayan]]
* Mythili Roy as Dalia
* [[Anil Murali]] as Alex
* [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]] as Robert
* [[Parul Yadav|Pavithra]] as Linda Disuza
* [[Suja Varunee|Suja Naidu]] as Jessica
* Tami Dushyantha as Sameera Daniel
* Teena Ponnamma as Srada C.K.
* Ruksha as Maria Mary John
* Jisna Ali as Rashida
* Althara as Aathira Nair
* Kavitha Nair as Jasmine
* Thegika as Avanthika
* Cherrie Minhas as Samantha
* Gomathy Mahadevan as Dr.Sherly Thomas
* [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]]
* [[Chali Pala]] as DYSP Ramachandran Kurup
* [[Nishan K. P. Nanaiah]]
* [[Shritha Sivadas]]
{{colend}}

== Reception ==

Sify.com wrote "It may not have the kind of finesse or the brilliance that is seen in many of the well-taken mystery thrillers, but still this one can easily be classified as a watchable fare. Go without much expectation and chances are that you may find it enjoyable".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/black-daliya-review-malayalam-pclxdkghabihc.html|title= Review- Black Daliya|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=31 January 2022|archive-date=31 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131090804/https://www.sify.com/movies/black-daliya-review-malayalam-pclxdkghabihc.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Paresh C Palicha from [[Rediff.com]] wrote "Suresh Gopi appears sincere in the couple of scenes he is allotted, as if he is carrying the film on his shoulders. Vani Vishvanath gets a big chunk of screen-time and she devours it. Babu Raj is good as the bad guy, the subordinate of Vani Vishvanath. However, the final verdict is that this Black Dahlia withers away before it can even blossom".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/avoid-black-dahlia/20090511.htm|title= Avoid this Black Dahlia|website=Rediff.com|access-date=31 January 2022|archive-date=31 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131090930/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/avoid-black-dahlia/20090511.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1606181}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2009 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

En Rajangam

2026-03-03T04:54:36Z

Sandy Saha: Article updated with improved flow

{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = En Rajangam
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Siraj (director)|Siraj]]
| producer = Siraj
| writer = Siraj
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Anandaraj]]|Ramarjun|[[Vinodhini]]|[[Sreeja]]}}
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = K. B. Dhayalan
| editing = L. Kesavan
| distributor =
| studio = M. S. Film Circuit
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1994|03|18}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''En Rajangam''''' is a 1994 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[comedy drama]] film directed and produced by [[Siraj (director)|Siraj]]. The film stars [[Anandaraj]], Ramarjun, [[Vinodhini]] and [[Sreeja]], with [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], Eashwar, Shanmugasundaram, [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] and [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] playing supporting roles. It was released on 18 March 1994.<ref>{{cite web |title=en rajangam ( 1994 ) |url=http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=en%20rajangam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029135159/http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=en%20rajangam |archive-date=2006-10-29 |access-date=2015-04-10 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Gopalakrishnan is an honest and naive police constable who lives with his only sister Sugandhi. Sugandhi and her classmate Suresh (Ramarjun) quarrel over small matters. Meanwhile, Gopalakrishnan and Kalyani squabble whenever they meet. One day, Kalyani's mother dies and Gopalakrishnan brings her at his home. Later, Suresh and Sugandhi fall in love and they get married secretly. Suresh's mother is later killed and the innocent Gopalakrishnan is arrested. Suresh discovers that the murder was planned by the corrupt politician Kodandam. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==

{{cast listing|
*[[Anandaraj]] as Gopalakrishnan
*Ramarjun as Suresh
*[[Vinodhini]] as Sugandhi
*[[Sreeja]] as Kalyani
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Chief Minister
*[[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] as Kodandam
*Eashwar
*[[Shanmugasundaram]] as Shanmugam
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Mayilsamy
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]]
*Rocky
*[[Thalapathy Dinesh]] as DSP
*Babuji
*[[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeeta]] as Suresh's mother
*Sharmili
*Harini
*[[Loose Mohan]] as Sadagopan
*Thayir Vadai Desigan
*[[Kovai Senthil]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==

The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by Kalidasan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=En Rajangam (1992) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/en-rajangam-songs-T0003937 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226042805/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/En-Rajangam-T0003937 |archive-date=2024-02-26 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=En Rajangam (1992) |url=http://mio.to/album/En+Rajangam+%281992%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415173645/http://mio.to/album/En+Rajangam+(1992) |archive-date=15 April 2015 |access-date=2015-04-10 |website=MusicIndiaOnline}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Annanmaare Thambimaare" || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || 4:09
|-
| "Padikavandhadhu" (Men) || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 4:46
|-
| "Padikavandhadhu" (Lady) || [[Swarnalatha]] || 4:45
|-
| "Thaniyaana Raathiri" || Swarnalatha, Mano || 4:44
|-
| "Thathalangu Thalathalangu" || Mano, Swarnalatha || 4:01
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:1994 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Siraj (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

A Thursday

2026-03-02T05:24:46Z

Sandy Saha: added info

{{short description|Indian thriller film by Behzad Khambata}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = A Thursday
| image = A Thursday poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Behzad Khambata
| producer = [[Ronnie Screwvala]] Premnath Rajagopalan
| writer = Behzad Khambata
| story = Ashley Michael Lobo Behzad Khambata
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[Vijay Maurya]]}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Yami Gautam]]|[[Atul Kulkarni]]|[[Neha Dhupia]]|[[Dimple Kapadia]]|[[Karanvir Sharma]]}}
| music = Rooshin Dalal Kaizad Gherda
| cinematography = Anuj Rakesh Dhawan Siddharth Vasani
| editing = Sumeet Kotian
| studio = [[RSVP Movies]] Blue Monkey Films
| distributor = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| released = {{Film date|2022|2|17|df=y}}
| runtime = 129 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''A Thursday''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[psychological thriller]] film written and directed by Behzad Khambata.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2022 |title=Thursday trailer: Yami Gautam as a deadly kidnapper challenges PM Dimple Kapadia, Neha Dhupia is a pregnant cop |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/a-thursday-trailer-yami-gautam-as-a-deadly-kidnapper-challenges-pm-dimple-kapadia-neha-dhupia-is-a-pregnant-cop-watch-101644468139459.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/a-thursday-trailer-yami-gautam-as-a-deadly-kidnapper-challenges-pm-dimple-kapadia-neha-dhupia-is-a-pregnant-cop-watch-101644468139459.html |archive-date=11 February 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=11 February 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2022 |title=A Thursday trailer: Yami Gautam takes 16 kids hostage in tense thriller |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/a-thursday-trailer-yami-gautam-thriller-video-disney-plus-hotstar-7765328/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/a-thursday-trailer-yami-gautam-thriller-video-disney-plus-hotstar-7765328/ |archive-date=11 February 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=11 February 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film stars [[Yami Gautam]], [[Atul Kulkarni]], [[Neha Dhupia]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], and [[Karanvir Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2022 |title=A Thursday teaser out. Yami Gautam's hostage drama to release on Disney+ Hotstar soon |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/a-thursday-teaser-out-yami-gautam-s-hostage-drama-to-release-on-disney-hotstar-soon-1910690-2022-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209063552/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/binge-watch/story/a-thursday-teaser-out-yami-gautam-s-hostage-drama-to-release-on-disney-hotstar-soon-1910690-2022-02-09 |archive-date=9 February 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2022 |title=A Thursday teaser: Yami Gautam's scary stare sends chills down the spine, fan says 'oh bhai'. Watch |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/a-thursday-teaser-yami-gautam-s-scary-stare-sends-chills-down-the-spine-fan-says-oh-bhai-watch-101644388593479.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209075746/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/a-thursday-teaser-yami-gautam-s-scary-stare-sends-chills-down-the-spine-fan-says-oh-bhai-watch-101644388593479.html |archive-date=9 February 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2022 |title=Yami Gautam's grim look in A Thursday teaser is sure to send chills down your spine |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/yami-gautams-grim-look-in-a-thursday-teaser-is-sure-to-send-chills-down-your-spine-watch-here-10361291.html/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/yami-gautams-grim-look-in-a-thursday-teaser-is-sure-to-send-chills-down-your-spine-watch-here-10361291.html/ |archive-date=11 February 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=11 February 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> It premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 17 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2021 |title=Yami Gautam to star in A Thursday, film to release on digital |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/yami-gautam-star-thursday-film-release-digital/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/yami-gautam-star-thursday-film-release-digital/ |archive-date=11 February 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=11 February 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2022 |title=Yami Gautam as terrorist in A Thursday will hook you. Disney+ Hotstar film to release on Feb 17 |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in//movies/bollywood/story/yami-gautam-as-terrorist-in-a-thursday-will-hook-you-disney-hotstar-film-to-release-on-feb-17-1911117-2022-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210052347/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/yami-gautam-as-terrorist-in-a-thursday-will-hook-you-disney-hotstar-film-to-release-on-feb-17-1911117-2022-02-10 |archive-date=10 February 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> It received mixed reviews from critics, although Gautam's performance was praised. The story follows a mentally unstable woman who seizes sixteen children, triggering a tense hostage negotiation. As the standoff intensifies, two investigating officers uncover a disturbing truth: the woman knows them from a traumatic event in her past, and they may be directly tied to the situation.

At the [[2022 Filmfare OTT Awards]], ''A Thursday'' received 4 nominations – Best Web Original Film, Best Actress in a Web Original Film (Gautam), Best Supporting Actor in a Web Original Film (Kulkarni) and Best Supporting Actress in a Web Original Film (Dhupia).

== Plot ==
Naina Jaiswal, a teacher at the Little Tots [[Preschool|play school]] in [[Colaba]], [[Mumbai]], who had been on leave for three weeks, unexpectedly returns a week early. The school is located in front of the property owned by Rohit Mirchandani, Naina's fiancé, where Rohit & Naina live. Parents drop off their children, and Naina asks one of the female parent to send a cake for her daughter Niharika's birthday, delivered by the parent's driver. After setting up a cartoon for the kids to watch, Naina calls the police station and informs them that she has taken 16 children as hostages. Niharika's driver arrives with a cake and Savitri, the helper, returns to the school after forgetting her phone; both are taken hostages.

The police suspect it is a hoax, until Naina fires shots in the air. [[Assistant commissioner of police #India|ACP]] Catherine Alvarez contacts her, but Naina says that she will negotiate only with officer Javed Khan. Javed is brought to the scene, and she tells him that she will free one child for every demand he meets, or else she will kill each child in alphabetical order, starting with Aakash. Her first demand is for a transfer of {{INR|5}} [[crore]] to her bank account. Catherine and Javed, who shared a romantic history, are incompatible when working together. Catherine sends armed police inside, against Javed's will. Enraged, Naina kills Aakash while being live on national television. The [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]] places Javed in charge and assigns Catherine to research about Naina.

Naina's second demand is to speak to the Prime Minister, Maya Rajguru. Rajguru talks to Naina on the phone, but Naina urges her to meet her in person. Naina then tells Javed to find and bring Rakesh Mathur and Charan Kumar, from a school in [[Goregaon]]. The police capture Rakesh, but are unable to locate Charan.

During a background check, Catherine learns that Naina has been taking antidepressants and seeing a [[psychiatrist]], Dr. Juneja, since she was 16. She searches Naina's house and finds receipts for medication prescribed by Dr. Juneja. Catherine contacts her, and Javed gets hold of Naina's mother Kusum, whose revelation comes across as a brutal shock to Javed; Naina was raped when she was 16, and Javed and Catherine were then officers in charge of the case. They neglected Naina's case, since they were pursuing a high-profile case to gain recognition. After begging them to help for two years, Kusum became resigned to their indifference; in the present, she blames Javed for being the root cause of the drama due to his and Catherine's inaction.

Rajguru decides to meet Naina in person, accompanied by Javed, after Naina releases Savitri along with Aakash, whom she had spared. Naina brings up the [[Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses Act]], which protects children below the age of 18 from sexual offenses. Naina asks Rajguru why is there no protection for people over 18, and demands that her rapists face the death penalty. Rajguru tells her that legislation is a complex task that requires time, but her rapists are found and imprisoned.

It is revealed that the driver is actually Charan, who had raped Naina as a child, while Rakesh restrained her. Naina had plotted to kidnap him when he reveals that he is Niharika's driver while holding her hand, much to Naina's shock. She shoots him dead in the presence of Rajguru and Javed. Armed Commandos enter the school and arrest Naina. She is taken to prison, and later, is assigned a teacher for the female inmates, while Rajguru makes an announcement that the capital punishment for rapists will be a death penalty.

== Cast ==
* [[Yami Gautam]] as Naina Jaiswal
* [[Atul Kulkarni]] as Javed Khan
* [[Neha Dhupia]] as ACP Catherine "Cathy" Alvarez
* [[Dimple Kapadia]] as Prime Minister Maya Rajguru
* [[Karanvir Sharma]] as Rohit Mirchandani, Naina's fiancé
* Maya Sarao as Shalini Guha, Naina's friend Yash's mother
* Sukesh Anand as Lokhande
* Kalyanee Mulay as Savitri, Naina's maid
* [[Boloram Das]] as Charan Kumar, Naina's rapist and Niharika's family driver
* [[Shubhangi Latkar]] as Kusum Jaiswal, Naina's mother
* [[Adi Irani]] as Police Commissioner
* Divjyot Kaur as Renuka Dubey
* Micky Makhija as Rohit's father
* Sanjeev Jotangia as Malcolm
* Sulagna Chatterjee as Aakash's mom
* Bhavin Hirani as Aakash's dad
* Raj Kumar sharma as Home Minister
* Asim Sharma as PM PR REP
* Hardika Sharma as Niharika (play school student)
* Prachi Hada as journalist

== Production ==
[[Principal photography]] began on 12 March 2021,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/yami-gautam-and-neha-dhupia-start-shooting-for-a-thursday-1778505-2021-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312084108/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/yami-gautam-and-neha-dhupia-start-shooting-for-a-thursday-1778505-2021-03-12 |archive-date=12 March 2021 |url-status=live |title=Yami Gautam and Neha Dhupia start shooting for A Thursday |work=India Today |date=12 March 2021 |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/yami-gautam-begins-filming-for-thriller-a-thursday/articleshow/81468475.cms |title=Yami Gautam begins filming for thriller 'A Thursday' |date=12 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/yami-gautam-begins-filming-for-thriller-a-thursday-690534 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312095902/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/yami-gautam-begins-filming-for-thriller-a-thursday-690534 |archive-date=12 March 2021 |url-status=live |title=Yami Gautam begins filming for thriller 'A Thursday' |date=12 March 2021 |work=India TV News |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> and [[wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] in July of that year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yami Gautam announces official production wrap for 'A Thursday |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/yami-gautam-announces-official-production-wrap-for-a-thursday20211123203208/ |date=23 July 2021 |work=ANI News |access-date=11 February 2021 |archive-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123174552/https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/yami-gautam-announces-official-production-wrap-for-a-thursday20211123203208/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yami Gautam Wraps Up A Thursday Shoot With The "Best" Team And A Trunk Of Memories |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/yami-gautam-finishes-shoot-of-a-thursday-shares-special-post-for-best-of-teams-2497686/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729091416/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/yami-gautam-finishes-shoot-of-a-thursday-shares-special-post-for-best-of-teams-2497686 |archive-date=29 July 2021 |url-status=live |date=23 July 2021 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yami Gautam wraps up shoot of 'A Thursday' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/jul/29/yami-gautam-wraps-up-shoot-of-a-thursday-2337159.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729100750/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/jul/29/yami-gautam-wraps-up-shoot-of-a-thursday-2337159.html |archive-date=29 July 2021 |url-status=live |date=6 August 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref>

== Reception ==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|13|4.9|8|consensus=}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Thursday {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/a_thursday |access-date=6 February 2025 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |language=en}}</ref>

Cyril of ''[[India Today]]'' gave the film a rating of four out of five and wrote, "Yami Gautam's ''A Thursday'' is the kind of thriller that has been missing from Indian screens for a while."<ref>{{cite web |title=A Thursday Movie Review: Yami Gautam's film is one of the best thrillers in recent times |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/a-thursday-movie-review-yami-gautam-s-film-is-one-of-the-best-thrillers-in-recent-times-1914147-2022-02-17 |website=[[India Today]] |date=17 February 2022 |access-date=19 February 2022 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218171159/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/bollywood/story/a-thursday-movie-review-yami-gautam-s-film-is-one-of-the-best-thrillers-in-recent-times-1914147-2022-02-17 |url-status=live}}</ref> Renuka Vyavahare of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it three out of five and wrote, "Despite a rather predictable backstory, ''A Thursday'' redeems itself with its powerful emotional arc and social commentary in the latter half. It touches upon a relevant issue that will resonate with women across the globe."<ref>{{cite news |title=A Thursday Review: An intriguing hostage drama that's high on emotion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/a-thursday/ottmoviereview/89592049.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 February 2022 |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217202511/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/a-thursday/ottmoviereview/89592049.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

Pradeep Menon of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave the film a rating of 2.75 out of five and wrote, "''A Thursday'' strives to be urgent, relevant and cool, but succeeds only partially, because it stops to make a point far too often."<ref>{{cite web |title=A Thursday movie review: Yami Gautam Dhar's vigilante-hostage thriller is slick but uneven with a polarising message |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/a-thursday-movie-review-yami-gautam-dhars-vigilante-hostage-thriller-is-slick-but-uneven-with-a-polarising-message-10379661.html/amp |website=Firstpost |date=17 February 2022 |access-date=19 February 2022 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219155151/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/a-thursday-movie-review-yami-gautam-dhars-vigilante-hostage-thriller-is-slick-but-uneven-with-a-polarising-message-10379661.html/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 1.5 out of five and wrote, "The chief problem with Yami Gautam's film is that we do not take any of this seriously, whether it is Naina brandishing a gun, or snarling and cooing at her hostages."<ref>{{cite web |title=A Thursday movie review: Yami Gautam starrer deserves a series of eyerolls |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=16 February 2022 |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/a-thursday-movie-review-yami-gautam-7776720/lite/ |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301134622/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/a-thursday-movie-review-yami-gautam-7776720/lite/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award ceremony
!Category
!Nominee / work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[2022 Filmfare OTT Awards|2022]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Web Original Film
|''A Thursday''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2022 - Nominations |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2022/nominations |access-date=11 February 2024 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress in a Web Original Film
|[[Yami Gautam]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor in a Web Original Film
|[[Atul Kulkarni]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress in a Web Original Film
|[[Neha Dhupia]]
|{{won}}
|}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = A Thursday
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Rooshin Dalal and Kaizad Gherda
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 24 February 2022<ref name="jiosaavn">{{Cite web |date=27 February 2022 |title=A Thursday – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/a-thursday/IeJIafpr1-0_ |publisher=Jiosaavn}}</ref>
| recorded = 2021
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Feature-film [[soundtrack]]
| length = 42:51
| language = Hindi
| label = [[RSVP Movies]]
| producer = Rooshin Dalal, Kaizad Gherda
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
| type = soundtrack |{{YouTube|6VFXzs5x4BE|A Thursday - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The [[soundtrack]] to ''A Thursday'' contains twenty-one [[instrumental]] compositions used in the [[film score]], curated and composed by Rooshin Dalal and Kaizad Gherda.<ref name="jiosaavn"/>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 42:51
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Naina theme song
| length1 = 1:50
| title2 = The first call
| length2 = 1:37
| title3 = The Playschool
| length3 = 1:17
| title4 = The Quite
| length4 = 0:43
| title5 = Demand
| length5 = 1:06
| title6 = Wash your hands
| length6 = 0:58
| title7 = A for Akash
| length7 = 2:06
| title8 = Alvarez and Khan
| length8 = 0:53
| title9 = Back off Javed
| length9 = 2:10
| title10 = Naina's Mind
| length10 = 1:03
| title11 = Phir se bolna
| length11 = 0:56
| title12 = Maya Rajguru
| length12 = 1:38
| title13 = Rock a Bye Baby
| note13 = Sung by Deelraz Bunshah
| length13 = 3:47
| title14 = The interview
| length14 = 3:30
| title15 = Birthday Cake
| length15 = 2:07
| title16 = Case
| length16 = 2:04
| title17 = A Thursday
| length17 = 6:28
| title18 = Let go
| length18 = 2:34
| title19 = Do you know what it feels like
| length19 = 3:23
| title20 = Stand off
| length20 = 1:31
| title21 = The Last shot
| length21 = 1:10
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|13028258}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thursday, A}}
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2020 thriller films]]
[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original films]]

Ekta Nagar–Hazrat Nizamuddin Gujarat Sampark Kranti Express

2026-03-02T05:09:52Z

Sandy Saha: put up article

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = F22222
| name = Ekta Nagar–Hazrat Nizamuddin Gujarat Sampark Kranti Express
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Sampark Kranti Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2021|01|17}}
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Ekta Nagar}} (EKNR)
| stops = 9
| end = {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} (NZM)
| distance = {{convert|1069|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 14 hrs 15 mins
| frequency = Bi-Weekly
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 20945 / 20946
| speed = {{convert|75|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map_name = Gujarat Sampark Kranti Express (EKNR - NZM) Route map.jpg
| map = {{Ekta Nagar–Hazrat Nizamuddin Gujarat SK Express Route}}
| map_state =
}}

The 20945 / 20946 '''Ekta Nagar–Hazrat Nizamuddin Gujarat Sampark Kranti Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] train belonging to [[Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Ekta Nagar}} and {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} in India. It is currently being operated with 20945/20946 train numbers on bi-weekly basis.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/pm-narendra-modi-to-flag-off-trains-to-statue-of-unity-from-delhi-mumbai-ahmedabad-key-locations/2172142/| title=PM Narendra Modi to flag off trains to Statue of Unity from Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, key locations| website=Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-flags-off-8-trains-to-boost-connectivity-to-statue-of-unity-see-full-list-101610860931725.html| title=PM Modi flags off 8 trains to boost connectivity to Statue of Unity. See list| website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Coach composition==

The train has LHB rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 22 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 3 AC III Tier
* 12 Sleeper coaches
* 4 General Unreserved
* 1 Pantry Car
* 1 EOG cum Luggage Rake

==Service==

20945/Ekta Nagar - Hazrat Nizamuddin Gujarat Sampark Kranti Express has an average speed of 74 km/h and covers 1069 km in 14 hrs 25 mins.

20946/Hazrat Nizamuddin - Ekta Nagar Gujarat Sampark Kranti Express has an average speed of 77 km/h and covers 1069 km in 13 hrs 55 mins.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Ekta Nagar}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Godhra Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dahod}}
* {{stnlnk|Ratlam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kota Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Mathura Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}}'''

==Traction==

earlier was [[WAP-5]]. Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] (HOG)-equipped locomotive from Ekta Nagar to Hazrat Nizamuddin and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 12917/12918 [[Gujarat Sampark Kranti Express|Ahmedabad-Hazrat Nizamuddin Gujarat Sampark Kranti Express]].

== See also ==

* [[Ekta Nagar railway station]]
* [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/160778 20945/Ekta Nagar - Hazrat Nizamuddin Gujarat Sampark Kranti Express] India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/160779 20946/Hazrat Nizamuddin - Ekta Nagar Gujarat Sampark Kranti Express] India Rail Info

{{Sampark Kranti Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ekta Nagar-Hazrat Nizamuddin Gujarat Sampark Kranti Express}}
[[Category:Sampark Kranti Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2021]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Mannan Magal (TV series)

2026-03-01T13:42:54Z

Sandy Saha: updated details for consistency and corrected details

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name = மன்னன் மகள்
| image = Mannan Magal serial logo.png
| caption =
| genre = Soap opera [[Psychological thriller|Thriller]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = Manikandan
| screenplay = Shanmugam
| creative_director =
| director = Yogam Ravi
| starring = [[Madhumitha]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/18895/cinema/Kollywood/Acting-in-serial-as-happy-says-Madhumita.htm| title= Kollywood/Acting-in-serial-as-happy-says-Madhumita| publisher= Dinamalar Cinema | date=21 May 2014| access-date=}}</ref> [[Sarath Babu]] [[Yuvarani]] Udhay
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 253
| list_episodes =
| producer = R. Sathish Kumar
| company = Citram Screens
| theme_music_composer = Hari
| opentheme =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 20-22 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Jaya TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2014|2|17}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2015|02|17}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Tamil}}

'''''Mannan Magal''''' ({{langx|ta|மன்னன் மகள்}}) is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Psychological thriller|thriller]] soap opera aired on [[Jaya TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Mysterious-Mannan-Magal/articleshow/35209807.cms| title= Mysterious Mannan Magal| work= The Times of India| publisher= Timesofindia.indiatimes.com | date=16 May 2014| accessdate=}}</ref> The show premiered on 17 February 2014 and aired Monday through Friday at 8:30 pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]. A new show named [[Akka (TV series)|Akka]] replaced this show at 8:30PM and pushed this serial to 9:30PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] instead since 15 September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/17799/cinema/Kollywood/Madhumitha-comes-to-T.V.-Serial.htm| title= Madhumitha comes to TV.-Serial| publisher= Dinamalar Cinema | date=26 March 2014| access-date=}}</ref> The show stars [[Madhumitha]], Chitra, [[Sarath Babu]] and [[Yuvarani]]. The show was ended on 17 February 2015 and with 253 episodes.

==Plot==
This is a story of Vishali ([[Madhumitha]]), a Chennai girl, and the problems she faces in her family and office. Her boss believes that Vishali is in disguise and is not just a working-Chennai girl, but the princess of Paandiyaapuram!
Thaayamma, the princess of Paandiyaapuram, is very kind hearted, yet brave woman, who cares about the welfare of people of Paandiyaapuram. Her father is ([[Sarath Babu]]) Andavaar, the Zamindar of Paandiyaapuram, he is a wise man, he considers the welfare of the people and helps the necessitous. His second wife ([[Yuvarani]]) is a greedy woman; she doesn't like him wasting his wealth in such ways, and she has a servant who helps her in the plotting against her enemies.

==Cast==
* [[Madhumitha]]/ [[V. J. Chitra|Chitra Kamaraj]] as Vishali
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Andavaar
* [[Yuvarani]]
* [[Jeeva Ravi|R. Ravi]]
* Udhay
* [[Yuvanraj Nethrun]]
* [[K. S. Jayalakshmi]]
* Mahalakshmi
* Azhagu
* [[Sonia (actress)|Sonia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://jayatvnetwork.com/default.aspx official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521072322/http://jayatvnetwork.com/default.aspx |date=21 May 2016 }}
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCK-VqZSMAUhgkMnZADVBGaA Jaya TV on Youtube]
*[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLljM0HW-KjfoXsrLioEKAPn9ogkd_qoXl Mannan Magal TV on Youtube]

[[Category:Jaya TV television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller television series]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Rampachodavaram

2026-02-22T16:15:57Z

Sandy Saha:

{{About||the upcoming film|Rampachodavaram (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rampachodavaram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_skyline = Bhupatipalem reservoir, Rampachodavaram.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Bhupathipalem Reservoir, Rampachodavaram
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.4500|N|81.7667|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Polavaram district|Polavaram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web
|title=District Census Handbook - East Godavari |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2814_PART_B_DCHB_EAST%20GODAVARI.pdf |website=Census of India|access-date=18 January 2015|pages=16–18, 54–55|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.99
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 162
| population_total = 9952
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP05 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New ‘AP 39’ code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203234146/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = Miriyala Sirisha Devi
}}

'''Rampachodavaram''' is headquarters of [[Polavaram district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in Rampachodavaram mandal of [[Rampachodavaram revenue division]].<ref name=census /> Rampachodavaram is known for its dense jungle and waterfalls which can be accessed by road transport only.

== Geography ==
Chodavaram is located at {{Coord|17.4500|N|81.7667|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Chodavaram2.html Chodavaram at Fallingrain.com]</ref> It has an average elevation of 162 metres (534 ft).

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Rampachodavaram had a population of 9,952 with 2,485 households. The total population constitute, 5,242 males and 4,710 females —a sex ratio of 899 females per 1000 males. 943 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 458 are boys and 485 are girls, —a ratio of 1059 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 84.50% with 7,613 literates, significantly higher than the state average of 67.41%.<ref name=census /><ref>{{cite web|title=Literacy of AP (Census 2011)|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf|publisher=Official Portal of Andhra Pradesh Government|access-date=5 September 2014|page=43|format=PDF|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213923/http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Transport ==
State run [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]] runs bus services from [[Rajahmundry|Rajamahendravaram]] to Rampachodavarm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apsrtc.gov.in/T_East%20Godavari.aspx|title=Tourist Services in East Godavari Region|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=13 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113181428/http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/T_East%20Godavari.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
It is 40km from [[Rajahmundry Airport|Rajamahendravaram Airport]]

== See also ==
*[[List of census towns in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Polavaram district}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Polavaram district]]
[[Category:District headquarters of Andhra Pradesh]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Mour Dhwaj Superfast Express

2026-02-22T10:04:26Z

Sandy Saha:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|date=December 2014}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2014}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Mour Dhwaj Superfast Express
| logo =
| image = Maur dwaj 3xp.jpg
| caption = Mour Dhwaj Superfast Express at [[Ambala Cantonment Junction railway station|Ambala Cantt.]]
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2007|02|20}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}} (JAT)
| stops = 20
| end = {{stnlnk|Barauni Junction}} (BJU)
| distance = {{convert|1612|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 29 hours 10 minutes
| frequency = Weekly.
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 12492 / 12491
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|56|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 12492 / 12491 '''Mour Dhwaj Superfast Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[Northern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}} and {{stnlnk|Barauni Junction}} in India.

It operates as train number 12492 from Jammu Tawi to Barauni Junction and as train number 12491 in the reverse direction, serving the 6 states of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.holidayiq.com/railways/maur-dhwaj-express-12492-train.html |title=Maur Dhwaj Express 12492, Jammu Tawi to Muzaffarpur Junction, Time Table, Train Route Map |website=www.holidayiq.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602131836/http://www.holidayiq.com/railways/maur-dhwaj-express-12492-train.html |archive-date=2013-06-02}}</ref>

==Routeing==

The 12492/12491 Maur Dhawaj Superfast Express runs from Jammu Tawi via {{stnlnk|Ludhiana Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ambala Cantonment Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Saharanpur}}, {{stnlnk|Laksar Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Moradabad}}, {{stnlnk|Bareilly}}, [[Shahjahanpur railway station|Shahjahanpur]], [[Sitapur Cantonment railway station|Sitapur Cantt.]], [[Gonda Junction railway station|Gonda Junction]], {{stnlnk|Gorakhpur Junction}}, [[Siwan Junction railway station|Siwan Junction]], [[Chhapra Junction railway station|Chhapra Junction]], {{stnlnk|Hajipur Junction}} to Barauni Junction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.holidayiq.com/railways/maur-dhwaj-express-12492-train.html |title=Maur Dhwaj Express 12492, Jammu Tawi to Muzaffarpur Junction, Time Table, Train Route Map |website=www.holidayiq.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602131836/http://www.holidayiq.com/railways/maur-dhwaj-express-12492-train.html |archive-date=2013-06-02}}</ref>

==Traction==

As the route is electrified, a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive powers the train for its entire journey.

== See also ==

* [[Jammu Tawi railway station]]
* [[Kanpur Central–Jammu Tawi Superfast Express]]
* [[Muri Express]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* http://www.holidayiq.com/railways/maur-dhwaj-express-12492-train.html

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |access-date=2014-04-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archive-date=8 April 2014 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=2014-04-05}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maur Dhawaj Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Muzaffarpur]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Transport in Jammu]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Barauni]]

Robert Vane Russell

2026-02-10T03:06:25Z

Sandy Saha: fix layout further and corrected details per sources

{{Short description|British civil servant and ethnographer (1873–1915)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
|name =
|image=Robert Vane Russell (1873-1915).png
|caption =Robert Vane Russell at school
|birth_date={{Birth date|1873|8|8}}
|death_date={{Death date and age|1915|12|30|1873|8|8}}
|father=Charles Robert Tilden Russell
|mother=
| education =
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
*[[Trinity College, Cambridge]]
*[[Winchester College]]}}
| occupation =
| known_for = Ethnography and Census Operations of British India
}}

'''Robert Vane Russell''' (8 August 1873 – 30 December 1915) was a British civil servant, known for his role as Superintendent of Ethnography for what was then the [[Central Provinces]] of [[British India]], coordinating the production of publications detailing the peoples of the region. Russell served as Superintendent of Census Operations for the [[1901 Census of India]].<ref name="Scholberg1970">{{cite book|author=Henry Scholberg|author-link=Henry Scholberg|title=The district gazetteers of British India: A bibliography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYsZAAAAMAAJ|access-date=15 September 2011|year=1970|publisher=[Poststr. 4,] Inter Documentation|isbn=9780800212650}}</ref>

Russell's father, Charles Robert Tilden Russell, was an officer in the [[Royal Navy]]. He was educated at [[Winchester College]] before attending [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] and then, in 1893, joining the [[Indian Civil Service]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Winchester College |title=Russell, Robert Vane |url=https://www.winchestercollegeatwar.com/archive/robert-vane-russell/ |access-date=2019-09-13}}</ref>

Together with an amateur archaeologist, Rai Bahadur Hira Lal, Russell compiled ''The Castes and Tribes of the Central Provinces'', published in 1916.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hartland|first=E. Sidney|title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India by R. V. Russell, Rai Bahadur Hira Lāl|journal=Folklore|date=30 September 1916|volume=27|issue=3|pages=317–322|doi=10.1080/0015587X.1916.9718937|jstor=1255146}}</ref> This work was a product of the Ethnographic Survey of India that had been established in 1901, although it differed somewhat from earlier publications of similar origin because it relied more on [[Vedic]] literature than on the [[anthropometry|anthropometric]] methods and theories of [[Herbert Hope Risley]] and his sympathisers as a mechanism for investigation of the racial origins of caste.<ref name=Bates1995pp240-242>{{cite book |title=The Concept of Race in South Asia |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |year=1995 |editor-first=Peter |editor-last=Robb |first=Crispin |last=Bates |chapter=Race, Caste and Tribe in Central India: the early origins of Indian anthropometry |isbn=978-0-19-563767-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwNkQgAACAAJ |pages=240–242 |access-date=9 December 2011}}</ref> According to Crispin Bates, this "highly anecdotal book" was influenced by [[Émile Senart]]'s ''Les Castes dans L'Inde'' and {{blockquote|From this source Russell and Hira Lal reasoned that the tribals could probably be identified as the Rakshasas (or devils) described in the Mahabharata, and were therefore an entirely distinct community, the Brahmins, Kshatriyas and Vaishyas were Aryan invaders, and the Sudras were the original inhabitants of South Asia, reduced by them to a subordinate role. Thus although occupational descriptions were used, particularly in distinguishing the different ranks of Aryans, the hierarchy remained extreme (and definitively racial) in a form that was still probably unrecognisable to most participants in the social system itself at this time. In this way, although Risley's anthropometry had become unfashionable his views persisted.<ref name=Bates1995pp240-242 />}}

Russell died when the ''[[SS Persia (1900)|SS Persia]]'' was torpedoed and sank off the coast of [[Crete]] on 30 December 1915.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Nature |issue=2435 |page=363 |date=29 June 1916 |title=The Ethnography of Central India |volume=97 |doi=10.1038/097363a0|bibcode=1916Natur..97..363. |s2cid=3987749 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Works==
[[File:The tribes and castes of the Central Provinces of India (1916) (14577097260).jpg|thumb|[[Kunbi|Kunbi people]] throwing stilts into the water at the [[Pola (festival)|Pola festival]] as depicted in ''Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India'']]

*{{cite book |title=Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India |volume=1 |location=London |publisher=Macmillan & Co. |first1=Robert Vane |last1=Russell |others=Lal, Rai Bahadur Hira |url=https://archive.org/details/tribescastesofce01russ |year=1916}}
*{{cite book |title=Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India |volume=2 |location=London |publisher=Macmillan & Co. |first1=Robert Vane |last1=Russell |others=Lal, Rai Bahadur Hira |url=https://archive.org/details/tribescastesofce02russ |year=1916}}
*{{cite book |title=Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India |volume=3 |location=London |publisher=Macmillan & Co. |first1=Robert Vane |last1=Russell |others=Lal, Rai Bahadur Hira |url=https://archive.org/details/tribescastesofce03russ |year=1916}}
*{{cite book |title=Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India |volume=4 |location=London |publisher=Macmillan & Co. |first1=Robert Vane |last1=Russell |others=Lal, Rai Bahadur Hira |url=https://archive.org/details/tribescastesofce04russ |year=1916}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=no | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=Author:Robert Vane Russell | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=no}}

* {{Gutenberg author | id=9405| name=Robert Vane Russell}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Robert Vane Russell |sopt=t}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Russell, Robert Vane}}
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:British demographers]]
[[Category:People from the Central Provinces]]
[[Category:1873 births]]
[[Category:1915 deaths]]
[[Category:British ethnographers]]
[[Category:British anthropologists]]
[[Category:19th-century British scientists]]
[[Category:Civilians killed in World War I]]
[[Category:People educated at Winchester College]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]

Vinod Sagar

2026-02-08T00:31:05Z

Sandy Saha: added

{{Short description|Indian actor and dubbing actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vinod Sagar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation =Actor
| yearsactive = 2012–present
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| education =
| known for =
}}

'''Vinod Sagar''' is an Indian actor working in [[Cinema of Tamil Nadu|Tamil]], [[Cinema of Kerala|Malayalam]], and [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu]] cinema, playing mostly supporting and antagonistic roles. He made his debut with ''[[Idhayam Thiraiarangam]]'' (2012) and played small roles before getting noticed in ''[[Pichaikkaran]]'' (2016) and ''[[Ratsasan]]'' (2018).<ref>{{cite news |title=എന്നെ ആ കഥാപാത്രം ഏല്‍പ്പിക്കാന്‍ സംവിധായകന് ഒട്ടും താത്പര്യമുണ്ടായിരുന്നില്ല! |url=https://www.rashtradeepika.com/vinod-sagar-rachasan/ |access-date=19 August 2022 |publisher=[[Rashtra Deepika]] |date=23 November 2018 |language=ml}}</ref>

==Career==
Vinod Sagar, a B.A. Corporate secretaryship graduate, has also worked as a [[radio jockey]] for Radio Asia, Dubai (2005)<ref>{{cite news |last1=அசோக் |first1=ஜி |title=கைக்கு எட்டும் தூரத்தில் எல்லாம்! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2022/sep/25/everything-within-reach-3921799.html |access-date=25 September 2022 |publisher=[[Dinamani]] |date=25 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vijayan |first1=Lakshmi |title=ഇമ്പരാജ്: പേടിച്ചുവിറപ്പിച്ച ആ 'രാക്ഷസൻ', മലയാളി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2018/11/22/ratsasan-actor-vinod-sagar-malayalali-about-his-experience.html# |access-date=19 August 2022 |publisher=[[Manoramaonline.com]] |date=20 November 2018 |language=ml}}</ref> and later enrolled with Theatre Lab, a theatre group, before appearing in small roles in films.<ref name=raj/>

Sagar's notable performance came with the [[psychological thriller]] ''[[Ratsasan]]'' (2018), where he played a pedophile. He played the same role in ''[[Rakshasudu (2019 film)|Rakshasudu]]'' (2019), its Telugu remake.<ref>{{cite news |title=Director Ramkumar opens up about paedophile character Inbaraj in Ratsasan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-ramkumar-opens-up-about-paedophile-character-inbaraj-in-ratsasan/articleshow/83029785.cms |access-date=18 August 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=People think Raatchasan is my first film: Vinod Sagar |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2020/10/15/people-think-raatchasan-is-my-first-film-vinod-sagar |access-date=18 August 2022 |publisher=[[DT Next]] |date=16 October 2020}}</ref><ref name=raj>{{cite news |last1=Vijayan |first1=Lekshmi |title=The loathsome Imbaraj from Raatchasan; is a Mallu |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2018/11/24/raatchasan-tamil-movie-imbaraj-actor-vinod.html |access-date=18 August 2022 |publisher=[[Manoramaonline.com]] |date=24 November 2018}}</ref>

Sagar has also done prominent roles in the Tamil film ''[[Champion (2019 film)|Champion]]'' (2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=Lack of releases since Ratsasan affected my career: Vinod Sagar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/dec/12/lack-of-releases-since-ratsasan-affected-my-career-vinod-sagar-2074778.html |access-date=18 August 2022 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=12 December 2019}}</ref> and the Malayalam films ''[[Nayattu (2021 film)|Nayattu]]'' (2021) and ''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]'' (2022).<ref>{{cite news |title=சவால் மிகுந்த கதாபாத்திரங்களுக்காகக் காத்திருக்கிறேன்: வினோத் சாகர் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/590412-vinod-sagar-interview-1.html |access-date=18 August 2022 |publisher=[[The Hindu Tamil]] |date=13 October 2020 |language=ta |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118225820/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/590412-vinod-sagar-interview-1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ആ തെറിവിളിയും ആക്രോശവും ചോദിച്ചുവാങ്ങിയത്; വെറുപ്പും കോപവും അവാര്‍ഡ്; 'രാക്ഷസ'നായ 'അധ്യാപകന്‍' പറയുന്നു |url=https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/chalachithram-film/2018/nov/26/%E0%B4%86-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D--%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D--%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF-%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B1-39919.html |access-date=19 August 2022 |publisher=[[Samakalika Malayalam Vaarika]] |date=26 November 2018 |language=ml}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Tamil films===
{{Colbegin}}
*''[[Idhayam Thiraiarangam]]'' (2012)
*''[[Naan (2012 film)|Naan]]'' (2012)
*''[[Haridas (2013 film)|Haridas]]'' (2013)
*''[[Mundasupatti]]'' (2014)
*''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'' (2014)
*''[[Kaththi]]'' (2014)
*''[[Patra (film)|Patra]]'' (2015)
*''[[Kirumi]]'' (2015)
*''[[Andhadhi (film)|Andhadhi]]'' (2015)
*''[[Urumeen]]'' (2015)
*''[[Pichaikkaran]]'' (2016)
*''[[Maanagaram]]'' (2017)
*''[[Gulaebaghavali]]'' (2017)
*''[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam]]'' (2018)
*''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]'' (2018)
*''[[Ratsasan]]'' (2018)
*''[[Sagaa]]'' (2019)
*''[[Airaa]]'' (2019)
*''[[Champion (2019 film)|Champion]]'' (2019)
*''[[Blood Money (2021 film)|Blood Money]]'' (2021)
*''[[Anbarivu]]'' (2022)
*''[[Carbon (2022 Indian film)|Carbon]]'' (2022)
*''[[Ward 126]]'' (2022)
*''[[Kuruthi Aattam]]'' (2022)
*''[[Tamil Rockerz]]'' (2022)
*''[[Cadaver (2022 film)|Cadaver]]'' (2022)
*''[[Laththi]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Parundhaaguthu Oor Kuruvi]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Infinity (2023 film)|Infinity]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Red Sandalwood (film)|Red Sandalwood]]'' (2023)
* ''[[The Road (2023 film)|The Road]]'' (2023)
* ''[[80s Buildup]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Por (film)|Por]]'' (2024)
*''[[Maharaja (2024 film)|Maharaja]]'' (2024)
*''[[Bayamariya Brammai]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Indian 2]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Vettaiyan]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Maargan]]'' (2025)
*''[[Kumaara Sambavam]]'' (2025)
*''[[Others (film)|Others]]'' (2025)
*''[[Thalaivan Thalaivii]]'' (2025){{colend}}

===Malayalam films===
*''[[Nayattu (2021 film)|Nayattu]]'' (2021)
*''[[Salute (2022 Indian film)|Salute]]'' (2022)
*''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]'' (2022)
*''[[Saudi Vellakka]]'' (2022)
*''Kakkipada'' (2022)

===Telugu films===
*''[[Rakshasudu (2019 film)|Rakshasudu]]'' (2019)
*''[[Operation Raavan]]'' (2024)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|10653793|name=Vinod Sagar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sagar, Vinod}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actors in Telugu cinema]]

List of chief ministers from the Communist Party of India (Marxist)

2026-02-04T02:41:38Z

Sandy Saha: cleaned up citations additionally and updated info for accuracy

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (abbreviated as CPI(M) or CPM) is a [[List of communist parties in India|communist political party in India]] that formed as the result of [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India|a split in the Communist Party of India (CPI) in 1964]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/722209/as-cpi-and-cpi-m-mull-merger-a-short-history-of-how-they-split-up-in-the-first-place|title=As CPI and CPI-M mull merger, a short history of how they split up in the first place|website=Scroll.in|date=26 April 2015|last=Daniyal|first=Shoaib|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref> It has the status of a "[[List of political parties in India#National parties|national party]]" in India and has headed state governments in three of the [[States and union territories of India|states in the country]].

A [[Chief minister (India)|chief minister]] is the [[head of government]] of each of the [[States and union territories of India|twenty-eight states and three union territories]] (Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir and Puducherry). In accordance with the [[Constitution of India]], the [[Governor (India)|governor]] is a state's ''[[de jure]]'' head, but ''[[de facto]]'' executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|state legislative assembly]], the state's governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose [[Cabinet (government)|council of ministers]] are [[Cabinet collective responsibility|collectively responsible]] to the assembly. Given the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Basu|first=Durga Das|author-link=Durga Das Basu|title=Introduction to the Constitution of India|orig-year=1st pub. 1960|edition=20th|year=2011|pages=241–245|publisher=LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur|isbn=978-81-8038-559-9}} Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Chhattisgarh as well.</ref>

{{as of|2020|3}}, nine people from the CPI(M) have held the position of a chief minister — four in Kerala, three in Tripura, and two in West Bengal, out of which only one — [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] is incumbent.

==Kerala==
{{Main|List of chief ministers of Kerala|Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala}}
*{{legend inline|1 = #faecc8|text = {{asterisk}}}} – Incumbent chief minister

{| class="plainrowheaders wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|- align=center
!scope=col | Name
!scope=col | Portrait
!scope=col | Term(s)
!scope=col | Tenure(s){{efn|Sources:{{ubl|Kerala: Official website of Kerala Legislature<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_5.htm|title=Chief Ministers|website=Kerala Legislature|access-date=8 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808131008/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_5.htm|archive-date=8 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>|West Bengal: Official website of West Bengal Legislative Assembly<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wbassembly.gov.in/html/permiChMin.html|title=Premiers and Chief Ministers of West Bengal|website=West Bengal Legislative Assembly|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312211800/http://wbassembly.gov.in/html/permiChMin.html|archive-date=12 March 2016|access-date=24 August 2018}} Note: The website link may not work as it has few glitches; only the archive link works. Also, the source has few errors regarding the tenure of Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee; the correct dates are provided in the "Origin and Growth" section of the given website.</ref>|Tripura: Legislative Bodies in India (an Indian government website) page on Tripura Legislative Assembly<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/tripura.html|title=Tripura Legislative Assembly|website=Legislative Bodies in India|access-date=28 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127084001/https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/tripura.html|archive-date=27 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and a news article for the date of end of Manik Sarkar's term.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/biplab-kumar-deb-takes-oath-as-tripura-cm/article22992682.ece|title=Biplab Kumar Deb takes oath as Tripura CM|date=9 March 2018|access-date=8 August 2019|website=[[Business Line]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809004415/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/biplab-kumar-deb-takes-oath-as-tripura-cm/article22992682.ece|archive-date=9 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>}}}}
|-
!scope=row|{{sortname|E. M. S.|Namboodiripad}}
|[[File:E._M._S._Namboodiripad.jpg|100px|alt=A portrait of E.M.S. Namboodiripad]]
|2{{efn|Namboodiripad has served two terms as a chief minister; the first in 1957 as a CPI leader and second in 1967 as a CPI(M) leader.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1507/15070040.htm|title=Farewell to EMS|website=Frontline|first=R.|last=Krishnakumar|location=Thiruvananthapuram|volume=15|issue=7|access-date=11 August 2019|date=4 April 1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806010612/https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1507/15070040.htm|archive-date=6 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|1967|3|6}}-{{dts|format=dmy|1969|11|1}} {{small|({{age in years and days|1967|3|6|1969|11|1|}})}}
|-
!scope=row|{{sortname|E. K.|Nayanar}}
|[[File:Ek_nayanar.jpeg|100px|A photograph of E.K. Nayanar]]
|3
|{{dts|format=dmy|1980|1|25|}}–{{dts|format=dmy|1981|10|20}} {{small|({{age in years and days|1980|1|25|1981|10|20}} )}} {{dts|format=dmy|1987|3|26}} – {{dts|format=dmy|1991|6|17}} {{small|({{age in years and days|1987|3|26|1991|6|17}})}} {{dts|format=dmy|1996|5|20}} – {{dts|format=dmy|2001|5|13}} {{small|({{age in years and days|1996|5|20|2001|5|13}})}}
|-
!scope=row|{{sortname|V. S.|Achuthanandan}}
|[[File:Vs_achutanandann.jpg|100px|A photograph of V.S. Achutanandan]]
|1
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|5|18}} – {{dts|format=dmy|2011|5|14}} {{small|({{age in years and days|2006|5|18|2011|5|14}})}}
|-
!scope=row style="background:#faecc8|{{sortname|Pinarayi|Vijayan}}*
|[[File:Pinarayi_Vijayan_1.jpg|100px]]
|2
|{{dts|format=dmy|2016|5|25}} – ''Incumbent''
{{small|({{age in years and days|2016|5|25}})}}
|}

==Tripura==
{{Main|List of chief ministers of Tripura|Communist Party of India (Marxist), Tripura}}
{| class="plainrowheaders wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|- align=center
!scope=col | Name
!scope=col | Portrait
!scope=col | Term(s)
!scope=col | Tenure(s)
|-
!scope=row|{{sortname|Nripen|Chakraborty}}
|[[File:Nripen_Chakraborty.jpg|100px]]
|2
|{{dts|format=dmy|1978|1|5}} – {{dts|format=dmy|1988|2|5}} {{small|({{age in years and days|1978|1|5|1988|2|5}})}}
|-
!scope=row|{{sortname|Dasarath|Deb}}
|[[File:Dasarath_Deb1946.jpg|100px]]
|1
|{{dts|format=dmy|1993|4|10}} – {{dts|format=dmy|1998|3|11}} {{small|({{age in years and days|1993|4|10|1998|3|11}})}}
|-
!scope=row|{{sortname|Manik|Sarkar}}
|[[File:Manik Sarkar Official Portrait.jpg|100px|alt=A photograph of Manik Sarkar]]
|4
|{{dts|format=dmy|1998|3|11}} – {{dts|format=dmy|2018|3|9}} {{small|({{age in years and days|1998|3|11|2018|3|9}})}}
|}

==West Bengal==
{{Main|List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Communist Party of India (Marxist), West Bengal}}
{| class="plainrowheaders wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|- align=center
!scope=col | Name
!scope=col | Portrait
!scope=col | Term(s)
!scope=col | Tenure(s)
|-
|-
!scope=row|{{sortname|Jyoti|Basu}}
|[[File:Jyoti_Basu_-_Calcutta_1996-12-21_089_Cropped.png|100px|alt=A portrait of Jyoti Basu]]
|5
|{{dts|format=dmy|1977|6|21}} – {{dts|format=dmy|2000|11|5}} {{small|({{age in years and days|1977|6|21|2000|11|5}})}}
|-
!scope=row|{{sortname|Buddhadeb|Bhattacharjee}}
|[[File:Buddhadev Bhattacharjee.jpg|100px|alt=A portrait of Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]]
|2
|{{dts|format=dmy|2000|11|6}} – {{dts|format=dmy|2011|5|20}} {{small|({{age in years and days|2000|11|6|2011|5|20}})}}
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of current Indian chief ministers]]
*[[List of current Indian deputy chief ministers]]
*[[List of longest-serving Indian chief ministers]]
*[[List of female chief ministers in India]]
*[[List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*[[List of chief ministers from the Indian National Congress]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

===References===
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://cpim.org/|name=Official website of the CPI(M)}}

{{Portal|Communism|India|Politics}}
{{Communist Party of India (Marxist) chief ministers}}
{{Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
{{Current Indian chief ministers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Communist Party of India Marxist chief ministers}}
[[Category:Chief ministers from Communist Party of India (Marxist)|*]]
[[Category:Lists of chief ministers of Indian states|*]]

Vishwadev Rachakonda

2026-01-30T10:22:56Z

Sandy Saha:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{family name hatnote|Rachakonda|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vishwadev Rachakonda
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| nationality =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2016{{ndash}}present
| relatives = [[Rachakonda Viswanatha Sastry]] (grandfather)
}}

'''Vishwadev Rachakonda''' is an Indian actor who appears in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rachavelpula |first=Kausalya |date=2025-01-09 |title='Neeli Megha Shyama' is like Having Warm Soup in Chill Winters: Vishwadev Rachakonda |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/neeli-megha-shyama-is-like-having-warm-soup-in-chill-winters-vishwadev-rachakonda-935924 |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He has debuted with ''[[Pittagoda]]'' (2016) and got his breakthrough with ''[[35 Chinna Katha Kaadu]]'' (2024).

== Early life and career ==
Vishwadev Rachakonda was born in [[Visakhapatnam]], India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-02-06 |title='I was in awe of the entire filming experience' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/i-was-in-awe-of-the-entire-filming-experience/articleshow/56988683.cms |access-date=2025-01-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is the grandson of popular writer [[Rachakonda Viswanatha Sastry]]. He had graduated in [[mechanical engineering]] and later worked in [[Pune]]. After attending the audition, he was selected for working in ''[[Pittagoda]]'' (2016), his debut production. During an interview with ''[[Cinema Express]]'', Vishwadev told that alongside acting, he was also involved in production, scripting and others. He has debuted as producer with ''[[Pareshan]]'' (2023), along with his Siddharth Rallapalli of Waltair Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cherukuri |first=Abhilasha |date=2024-01-29 |title=Vishwadev Rachakonda: Compared to directors, actors make better producers |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jan/29/vishwadev-rachakondacompared-to-directors-actors-make-better-producers-51605.html |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> His breakthrough film was ''[[35 Chinna Katha Kaadu]]'' (2024), in which his performance was praised and received widespread acclaim from the audience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2024-09-07 |title='35' movie review: A heartfelt love letter to childhood curiosity |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Sep/07/35-movie-review-a-heartfelt-love-letter-to-childhood-curiosity |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2024-09-06 |title='35: Chinna Katha Kaadu' movie review: Nivetha Thomas and a bunch of children in an uplifting tale of triumph |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/35-chinna-katha-kaadu-movie-review-telugu-film-led-by-nivetha-thomas-is-a-tale-of-triumph/article68609164.ece |access-date=2024-11-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

* ''All films are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted.''

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|2016
|''[[Pittagoda]]''
|Tippu
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pittagoda Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/pittagoda/movie-review/56155762.cms |access-date=2025-01-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''Chalthe Chalthe''
|Santosh
|
|
|-
|2021
|[[Net (film)|''Net'']]
|Ranjith
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2021-09-10 |title='NET' movie review: Rahul Ramakrishna, Praneeta Patnaik and Avika Gor shine in this story of privacy breach |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/net-movie-review-a-telling-tale-of-online-voyeurism/article36394012.ece |access-date=2025-01-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|[[Kismat (2024 film)|''Kismat'']]
|Kiran
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-02 |title=Kismat Movie Review: Srinath Badineni's Film Is A Comic Tale Of Destiny And Dreams |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/kismat-movie-review-srinath-badinenis-film-is-a-comic-tale-of-destiny-and-dreams-review-107328335 |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[35 Chinna Katha Kaadu]]''
|Prasad
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2024-09-06 |title=“35 – Chinna Katha Kaadu” Movie Review: Definitely not a small story |url=https://telanganatoday.com/35-chinna-katha-kaadu-movie-review-definitely-not-a-small-story |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mechanic Rocky]]''
|Sekhar
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2024-11-23 |title='Mechanic Rocky' movie review: A calculated cinematic gamble |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Nov/23/mechanic-rocky-movie-review-a-calculated-cinematic-gamble |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Neeli Megha Shyama]]''
|Shyam
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neeli Megha Shyama locks OTT platform: Where to watch the Vishwadev Rachakonda film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/neeli-megha-shyama-locks-ott-platform-where-to-watch-the-vishwadev-rachakonda-film/6538974d9f895 |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bison Kaalamaadan]]''
|Dharan
|[[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Cheekatilo]]''
|Amar
|
|
|-
|{{TableTBA}}
|{{pending film|Dark Chocolate}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=2025-01-04 |title=Rana Daggubati Unveils Intriguing New Film Dark Chocolate |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/rana-daggubati-unveils-intriguing-new-film-dark-chocolate-1851811 |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== As producer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
|-
|2023
|''[[Pareshan]]''
|-
|2024
|''[[Double Engine (2024 film)|Double Engine]]''
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=8745995}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rachakonda Vishwadev}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Maldevta

2026-01-26T18:47:38Z

Sandy Saha: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Dehradun]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Nirmal district

2026-01-24T20:05:57Z

Sandy Saha: creating first place nd citations...

{{About|the district|its eponymous |Nirmal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nirmal district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Telangana|District]] of [[Telangana]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Basar Temple view 02.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Gnana Saraswati Temple, Basar|Gnana Saraswati Temple]] in [[Basar, Telangana|Basar]]
| image_map = Nirmal in Telangana (India).svg
| image_map1 = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=225 |frame-height=225 |frame-align=center
|text= '''Nirmal district'''
|type=shape |id=Q28169750
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title= Nirmal district of Telangana
|type2=line|id2=Q677037|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Telangana
}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Telangana
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Nirmal
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Nirmal]]
| parts_type = [[List of mandals in Telangana|Mandalas]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 19
| area_total_km2 = 3845
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 709,418
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 57.77 %
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 =
| leader_title = [[District collector]]
| leader_name = Abhlasha Abhinav, IAS
| leader_title1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Telangana (17)|Parliament Constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Adilabad]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the Telangana Legislative Assembly|Assembly constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Nirmal (Assembly constituency)|Nirmal]],[[Khanapur, Telangana Assembly constituency|Khanapur]],[[Mudhole Assembly constituency|Mudhole]]
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| leader_name3 = [[Godam Nagesh]] ([[BJP]])
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = TG–18<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana New Districts Names 2016 Pdf TS 31 Districts List|url=https://timesalert.com/telangana-new-districts-list/21462/|access-date=11 October 2016|work=Timesalert.com|date=11 October 2016|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011142157/https://timesalert.com/telangana-new-districts-list/21462/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 434 km
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|http://nirmal.telangana.gov.in/}}
}}
'''Nirmal district''' is a [[district]] located in the northern region of the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]].<ref name="district">{{cite web|title=Nirmal district|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1471856933317Final%20Adilabad.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|access-date=22 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909190828/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1471856933317Final%20Adilabad.pdf|archive-date=9 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New districts map|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/template1-assets/downloads/map.jpg|website=newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in|access-date=22 August 2016}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The district headquarters is located in the town of [[Nirmal]]. It borders the Telangana districts of [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]], [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]], [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]], [[Komaram Bheem district|Asifabad]], [[Jagitial district|Jagtial]] districts as well as [[Nanded district|Nanded]] district of the state [[Maharashtra]].

==Geography==
The district is situated on the [[Deccan Plateau]] comprising fertile lands drained by the [[Godavari River]], that flows along its southern boundary. The district is spread over an area of {{convert|3845|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="newdist">{{cite news|title=New districts|url=http://www.andhrajyothy.com/artical?SID=320397|access-date=8 October 2016|work=Andhra Jyothy.com|date=8 October 2016|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225064351/http://www.andhrajyothy.com/artical?SID=320397|url-status=dead}}</ref> The district is landlocked; It shares boundaries with [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]] to the north, [[Komaram Bheem district|Komaram Bheem]] to the northeast, [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]] to the east, [[Jagtial district|Jagityal]] and [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]] (along with the [[Godavari River|Godavari]]) to the south and [[Nanded District]] of Maharashtra to the west.

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Nirmal district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religious Community: Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website = censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#fcd116
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Telangana|Hinduism]]|darkorange|84.21}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|14.04}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|0.82}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.93}}
}}

{{As of|2011}} [[2011 census of India|Census of India]], the district had a population of 709,418. The district has the highest female to male ratio in Telangana, with 1046 females to 1000 males. Nirmal district has a literacy rate of 57.77%. 66,206 (9.33%) were under 6 years of age. There are 376,760 labourers and 126,363 farmers. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 108,085 (15.24%) and 80,576 (11.36%) of the population respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Know your district Plan your district - Nirmal |url=http://www.trac.telangana.gov.in/trac/New_Districts/districts/19-Nirmal.pdf |website=trac.telangana.gov.in |publisher=Telangana State Remote Sensing Applications Centre}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Demography {{!}} Nirmal District {{!}} India|url=https://nirmal.telangana.gov.in/demography/|access-date=2021-06-04|language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Nirmal district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]|value1 = 65.52 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]]|value2 = 13.54 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]|value3 = 10.88 |color3 = red
|label4 = [[Lambadi]] |value4 = 6.43 |color4 = khaki
|label5 = [[Gondi language|Gondi]] |value5 = 1.52 |color5 = darkturquoise
|label6 = Others |value6 = 2.11 |color6 = grey
|thumb=left
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 65.52% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 13.54% [[Urdu]], 10.88% [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 6.43% [[Lambadi]] and 1.52% [[Gondi language|Gondi]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Administration==
[[File:Nirmal District Revenue divisions.png|thumb|280px|Nirmal District Revenue divisions]]The district has two [[List of revenue divisions in Telangana|revenue divisions]] of [[Nirmal]] and [[Bhainsa]], which are in-turn sub-divided into 19 [[mandal]]s. The district has 3 municipalities and 400 gram panchayats.

The District Collector is Smt Abhilasha Abhinav, IAS. The Additional Collector (Local Bodies) is Shri Faizan Ahmed, IAS and the Additional Collector (Revenue) is Shri L. Kishore Kumar. Sub- Collector Bhainsa & SDM Bhainsa is Shri Ajmera Sanketh Kumar, IAS and Revenue Divisional Officer, Nirmal & SDM Nirmal is Smt Ratnakalyani.

The district has two police subdivisions, Nirmal and Bhainsa. Superintendent of Police (SP) is Dr. G. Janaki Sharmila, IPS. The ASP Bhainsa subdivision is Shri Rajesh Meena, IPS and the ASP Nirmal subdivision is Shri P. Saikiran, IPS.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Nirmal revenue division
!Bhainsa revenue division
|-
|1
|[[Nirmal Rural]]
|[[Kubeer]]
|-
|2
|[[Soan, Nirmal district|Soan]]
|[[Kuntala Mandal|Kuntala]]
|-
|3
|[[Dilwarpur]]
|[[Bhainsa]]
|-
|4
|[[Narsapur G, Nirmal district|Narsapur G]]
|[[Mudhole]]
|-
|5
|[[Kaddam, Adilabad district|Kaddam]]
|[[Basara, Telangana|Basar]]
|-
|6
|[[Dasturabad]]
|[[Lokeswaram]]
|-
|7
|[[Khanapur, Adilabad|Khanapur]]
|[[Tanoor, Adilabad district|Tanoor]]
|-
|8
|[[Mamda]]
|[[Malegaon, Nirmal district|Malegaon]]
|-
|9
|[[Pembi]]
|[[Beltaroda]]
|-
|10
|[[Laxmanchanda]]
|
|-
|11
|[[Sarangapur, Nirmal district|Sarangapur]]
|
|-
|12
|[[Ponkal]]
|
|-
|13
|[[Beeravalli, Nirmal district|Beeravalli]]
|
|}

==Tourism and culture==
Sri Ram Sagar Project is located at the border of the Nirmal and Nizamabad districts. It is the center of attraction for tourists.

Kadem Project, Saraswati Temple Basar, Kawal Tiger Reserve Kadem, Sadarmat are all major tourist destinations in Nirmal.<ref name="newdist" /><ref name="mandals">{{cite web|title=Clipping of Andhra Jyothy Telugu Daily – Hyderabad|url=http://epaper.andhrajyothy.com/c/13774805|website=Andhra Jyothy|access-date=8 October 2016|archive-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009185052/http://epaper.andhrajyothy.com/c/13774805|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=K Chandrasekhar Rao appoints collectors for new districts|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/111016/k-chandrasekhar-rao-appoints-collectors-for-new-districts.html|access-date=13 October 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=11 October 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of districts in Telangana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Nirmal district
|North = [[Adilabad district]]
|Northeast = [[Komaram Bheem district]]
|East = [[Komaram Bheem district]]
|Southeast = [[Jagtial district]]
|South = [[Nizamabad district]]
|West = [[Nanded district]]
}}

{{Nirmal district}}
{{Telangana}}

[[Category:Nirmal district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Telangana]]

Chander Parkash Rahi

2026-01-11T01:29:24Z

Sandy Saha: put up new info.

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2018}}'''Chander Parkash Rahi''' is a [[Punjabis|Punjabi writer]] who writes in [[English language|English]].
[[File:Chander parkash rahi.jpg|thumb|Chander Parkash Rahi]]

==Life==
The native town of Chander Parkash Rahi is [[Khanna, Ludhiana|Khanna]], Punjab, India. At the time of [[partition of India]] in 1947, he was 13 ½ years old.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/spectrum/books/when-humanity-took-a-blow/213712.html|title=When humanity took a blow|author=Tribune News Service|accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref> After completing his studies he became a school teacher and taught English for 35 years in rural, semi-urban, and urban areas.<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110731/spectrum/book4.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Books|work=tribuneindia.com|accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref> He later settled in [[Patiala]].

==Books==
*''Wounds of Partition — The Mourning and Other Stories''
*''The Journey of A School Teacher''
*''Tenses and Grammatical Concepts in English''<ref name="tribuneindia.com"/>
*''Punjab's Turbulant Times''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahi, Chander Parkash}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]

Raghunath Panigrahi

2026-01-08T00:47:20Z

Sandy Saha: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Raghunath Panigrahi
| death_place = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| native_name = ରଘୁନାଥ ପାଣିଗ୍ରାହୀ
| honorific_prefix = Suramani Pandit
| associated_acts =
| label =
| years_active = 1956-2013
| occupation = [[Odissi music]] Guru, singer, composer
| genre = [[Odissi music]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2013|08|25|1932|08|10}}
| image = Odissi music Guru Pt Raghunath Panigrahi.jpg
| birth_place = [[Gunupur]], [[Odisha]], India
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1932|08|10}}
| website =
| birth_name =
| caption =
| alt =
| landscape = 
| image_size =
| native_name_lang = or
}}
''<nowiki/>'Suramani' Pandit'' '''Raghunath Panigrahi''' ({{Langx|or|ରଘୁନାଥ ପାଣିଗ୍ରାହୀ|translit=Raghunātha Pāṇigrāhi}}; (10 August 1932 – 25 August 2013) was an [[Odissi music]] Guru, vocalist, composer and music director.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/odisha/Pandit-Raghunath-Panigrahi-dead/Article1-1112970.aspx |title=Pandit Raghunath Panigrahi dead |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=26 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829190318/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/odisha/Pandit-Raghunath-Panigrahi-dead/Article1-1112970.aspx |archive-date=29 August 2013 }}</ref> He is most known for his renditions of Jayadeva's [[Gita Govinda]] and his vocal support for his wife, the Odissi danseuse [[Sanjukta Panigrahi]]. Raghunath belonged to a family associated with Odissi music for centuries, members of which were 19th-century Odissi poet-composer ''Sadhaka Kabi'' [[Gourahari Parichha]] and ''Gayaka Siromani'' [[Apanna Panigrahi]] who was the royal musician (''raja-sangitagya'') of Paralakhemundi.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Sambardhita Silpi Parichaya (1992-2018) |publisher=Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi |year=2021 |location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha |pages=51 |language=or |script-title=or:ସମ୍ବର୍ଦ୍ଧିତ ଶିଳ୍ପୀ ପରିଚୟ (୧୯୯୨-୨୦୧୮) |trans-title=Biography of awarded artists (1992-2018)}}</ref> He started his musical training from his father Pt Neelamani Panigrahi, who had been collecting traditional Odissi melodies of the Gita Govinda from the Jagannatha Temple of Puri.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Panigrahi |first1=Raghunath |title=Sri Jayadeba Kruta Gitagobinda Swaralipi : Musical Notes of Geeta Govinda |last2=Patra |first2=Ramarao |publisher=Sanjukta Panigrahi Memorial Trust |year=2005 |location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India |pages=1–2 |language=en |script-title=or:ଶ୍ରୀ ଜୟଦେବ କୃତ ଗୀତଗୋବିନ୍ଦର ସ୍ୱରଲିପି |quote=My father Pandit Neelamani Panigrahi was a great scholar in Sanskrit, music & philosophy and was also a freedom fighter of his time. During 1936, he was encouraged to collect detailed information about singers of Gitagovinda of different states. He used to visit Shri Jagannath Temple, Puri for rendering Ashtapadis before Lord Jagannath. In 1942, my father started teaching me Gitagovinda. I took eight years to complete the twenty four devotional verses. Since then I started singing these heartfelt compositions in music conferences and in front of Lord Jagannath consistently. With the blessings of Lord Jagannath, my father made an effort to globalise Gitagovinda through me and succeeded when he got an invitation to attend the silver jubilee music conference at Madras. There he was asked to express his views about the great poet Jayadeva. He demonstrated all the verses in different styles through my blessed vocal talent. These styles were collected from Jagannath Temples, Puri & Amlapuram. These styles of presenting the verses not only captivated the people of Madras but also each and every part of the country & abroad. The immense love and appreciation from the people led me to many invitations from various temples and music festivals, flooding my music carrier. |author-link=Raghunath Panigrahi |author-link2=Ramarao Patra}}</ref> Later, Raghunath continued learning Odissi music under Pt Narasingha Nandasarma and Pt Biswanatha Das.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Panigrahi|first=Raghunath|date=November 2019|orig-date=July 2007 - republished in 2019|editor-last=Samanta|editor-first=Iti|editor-link=Iti Rani Samanta|title=Sangitara Siromani : Pandit Suramani|script-title=or:ସଙ୍ଗୀତର ଶିରୋମଣି : ପଣ୍ଡିତ ସୁରମଣି|trans-title=Crest-jewel of music : Pandit Suramani|journal=Kadambini|type=Interview|language=Odia|publication-place=Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India|issue=November 2019|issn=2277-1131}}</ref> He was widely known as 'Gitagobinda Panigrahi'.

He also sang in popular [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] movies. Raghunath left a promising career in film music in [[Chennai]] to provide vocal support to his wife, [[Sanjukta Panigrahi]], a legendary Odissi performer and composer.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070521205425/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/05/13/stories/2007051350770500.htm Odissi at the crossroads] ''[[The Hindu]]'', 13 May 2007.</ref> He made a lifetime contribution of promoting, propagating and popularizing the life and works of [[Jayadeva]] and the cult of [[Lord Jagannatha]]. Sanjukta-Raghunath played for many years from the 1960s until the 1990s.

After the death of Sanjukta in 1997, he was associated with the [[Nrityagram]] and gave music for many of their productions.<ref name=is>{{cite web|url=http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=3233|title=Nrityagram and the Passion for Dance|last=Venkataraman|first=Leela|date=30 July 2010|publisher=The Island}}</ref> He formed the 'Sanjukta Panigrahi Memorial Trust', in 1999, to promote the cause of Odishi dance. Since 2001, every year on her birth anniversary, the trust has been giving away scholarships to budding dancers, and awards excellence in the field of Orissi dance.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121018162613/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-08-25/news-interviews/27219859_1_odissi-sanjukta-panigrahi-dancer First Sanjukta Panigrahi award] ''[[The Times of India]]'', 25 August 2001.</ref><ref>[http://narthaki.com/info/hl/hl05.html Sanjukta Panigrahi Awards] ''narthaki.com''.</ref>

==Personal life==
Raghunath Panigrahi was born on 10 August 1932 in [[Gunupur]], Rayagada, [[Odisha]]. He started his musical training first under his father, Sri Nilamani Panigrahi, who later put him under the tutelage of Odissi music exponent Pt Narasingha Nandasarma of Puri. He met his future wife dancer [[Padma Shri]] [[Sanjukta Panigrahi]] at [[Kalakshetra]] dance school, subsequently they married in 1960<ref>{{cite book|last=Publications |first=Europa |title=The International Who's Who 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=neKm1X6YPY0C&q=Raghunath+Panigrahi&pg=PA1281|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-85743-217-7|page=1281}}</ref> and had two sons.<ref name=ny>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E7D81E30F935A35754C0A961958260 Sanjukta Panigrahi, Indian Dancer, 65] ''[[The New York Times]]'', 6 July 1997.</ref> He died on 25 August 2013 in Bhubaneswar at the age of 82.

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Movie !! Language !! Year !! Role
|-
| ''[[Ilavelpu]]'' || Telugu || 1956 || Playback singer
|-
| ''[[Jayabheri]]'' || Telugu || 1959 || Playback singer
|-
| ''[[Aval Yaar]]'' || Tamil || 1959 || Playback singer
|-
| ''[[Shri Shri Patitapabana]]'' || Odia || 1963 || Playback singer
|-
| ''[[Chinnada Gombe]]'' || Kannada || 1964 || Playback singer
|-
| ''[[Abhinetri (1965 film)|Abhinetri]]'' || - || 1965 || Choreographer
|-
| ''[[Sindura Bindu]]'' || Odia || 1976 || Playback singer
|-
| ''[[Mukti (1977 film)|Mukti]]'' || Odia || 1977 || Playback singer
|-
| ''[[Ahalya]]'' || Odia || 1998 || Music director
|-
| ''[[Nabajanma]]'' || Odia || - || Playback singer
|-
| ''[[Kaa]]'' || Odia || - || Playback singer
|}

==Awards==
* Title of Sur Mani<ref name=":0" /> 1968
* He received an award from the government of France in the 1980s.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title = He shaped Odissi' renaissance|date = 29 August 2013|url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/he-shaped-odissi-renaissance/1161402/0|first = Madhavi |last=Mudgal|newspaper = The Indian Express|access-date = 29 August 2013}}</ref>
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]],1976
* [[State Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], 1993
* [[Padma Shri]], 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowOriyaOrbit.asp?id=16450 |title=Padma Shri award to Orissa's Pandit Raghunath Panigrahi, Mayadhar Raut, Ignace Tirkey, Oriya Orbit |publisher=Orissadiary.com |date=25 January 2010 |access-date=4 March 2012}}</ref>
* [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
* Jayadeva Samman- 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowOriyaOrbit.asp?id=8989 |title=Pt. Raghunath Panigrahi receives the First Jaydev Samman, Oriya Orbit |publisher=Orissadiary.com |date=5 November 2008 |access-date=4 March 2012}}</ref>
* Lifetime Achievement award of [[Banichitra Awards]], 2008<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/banichitra-awards-presented/article1234345.ece | title=Banichitra awards presented | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=7 April 2008 |place=Bhubaneshwar | access-date=16 January 2014}}</ref>
* Degree, [[Doctor of Literature]], [[Ravenshaw University]], Odisha, August 2013
* Degree, [[Doctor of Literature]], [[Utkal University]], Odisha, 2011
* Degree, [[Doctor of Literature]], [[Berhampur University]], Odisha, 2010

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0659515}}
* {{YouTube|g0Kgtft46RQ|Naan Thedumpodhu}} - A song by R. Panigrahi in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] from [[Aval Yaar]]

{{Odissi music}}{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Padma Award winners of Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panigrahi, Raghunath}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Odissi]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:People from Rayagada district]]
[[Category:Indian classical composers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odissi music]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi award]]

T. Sreenidhi

2026-01-08T00:35:05Z

Sandy Saha: entry.

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sreenidhi Tirumala
| birth_name = Tirumala Sreenidhi
| image = SreenidhiAtBaahubaliPreRelease.jpg
| caption = Sreenidhi at Baahubali Pre-Release in 2017
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|1|26}}
| birth_place = [[Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh|Anantapur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| spouse = Venkatesh Bhaskar
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Carnatic music]]
* [[Indian classical music|Classical music]]
* [[Playback Singer]]
}}
| occupation = Singer, Carnatic Vocalist
| years_active = 2012–present
| website = {{URL|sreenidhimusic.com}}
}}
}}

'''Sreenidhi Tirumala''' (born 26 January 1990) is an Indian singer. Trained under vocal coach [[Nedunuri Krishnamurthy]], she has received many accolades and honors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-24 |title=Tribute to Nedunuri |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/t-srinidhi-demonstrated-her-experience-in-a-concert-dedicated-to-nedunuri-krishnamurthy/article8025591.ece |access-date=2024-11-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Song !! Film !! Language !! Music director !! Year
|-
|Kathaa Naayaka(Female)
|[[N.T.R: Kathanayakudu|NTR Biopic]]
|Telugu
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|2018
|-
|Bhantureethi Koluvu
|[[N.T.R: Kathanayakudu|NTR Biopic]]
|Telugu
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|2018
|-
|Rajarshi
|[[N.T.R: Kathanayakudu|NTR Biopic]]
|Telugu
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|2018
|-
|Dulhara Thumara
|Kavacham
|Telugu
|[[S. Thaman]]
|2018
|-
|Okkarante Okkaru
|[[Savyasachi (2018 film)|Savyasachi]]
|Telugu
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|2018
|-
| Ardham Leni Navvu || [[Chal Mohan Ranga]] || Telugu || [[S. Thaman]] || 2018
|-
| Kannaa Nidurinchara || [[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]] || Telugu || [[M. M. Keeravani]] || 2017
|-
| Akhilanda Koti || [[Om Namo Venkatesaya]] || Telugu || [[M. M. Keeravani]] || 2017
|-
| Kaliyuga Vaikuntapuri || [[Om Namo Venkatesaya]] || Telugu || [[M. M. Keeravani]] || 2017
|-
| Brahmothsava || [[Om Namo Venkatesaya]] || Telugu || [[M. M. Keeravani]] || 2017
|-
| Govindha Hari Govindha || [[Om Namo Venkatesaya]] || Telugu || [[M. M. Keeravani]] ||
| Sarala Virala || [[Shivam (2015 Kannada film)|Shivam]] || Kannada || [[Mani Sharma]] || 2015
|-
| Chinnamatedo || Tippu || Telugu || [[Mani Sharma]] || 2015
|-
| Gunnamamidi || Idi mamulu prema katha kadu || Telugu || Quddus || 2012
|-
| Telugamaye || Telugamaye || Telugu || [[Vandemataram Srinivas]] || 2012
|-
|Evaro Neevevaro
|Maa Abbayi Engineering Student
|Telugu
|Chinni Charan
|2012
|}

== Compositions ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Song !! Ragam !! Album !! Year
!Remarks
|-
|Panchendriyamulala Panchaboothamulala||||Annamayya Pataku Pattabhishekam||2016
|
|-
|Oyamma||||Annamayya Pataku Pattabhishekam||2016
|
|-
|Balalaku Bala ||||Manidweepam
||2016
|
|-
|Bhagavathi Bhavatarini||Atana||Manidweepam
||2016
|
|-
|Raga Ranjitham
|
|Manidweepam
|2016
|
|-
|Manidweepam
|
|Manidweepam
|2016
|
|-
|Brahmandanayaki
|
|Manidweepam
|2016
|
|-
|Sowbhagya lakshmi
|
|Manidweepam
|2016
|
|-
|Bhoopala Bhuvaneswari
|
|Manidweepam
|2016
|
|-
|Amba Parameswari
|
|Manidweepam
|2016
|
|-
|Maatanga Kanyakaku
|
|Manidweepam
|2016
|
|-
|Vasudevuda
|
|Annamayya Pataku Pattabhishekam
|2016
|
|-
|Yetuvanti Mohamo
|
|Annamayya Pataku Pattabhishekam
|2016
|
|-
|Annitiki Nodayadavaina
|
|Annamayya Pataku Pattabhishekam
|2016
|
|-
|Kaivalyamuna kante
|
|Annamayya Pataku Pattabhishekam
|2016
|
|-
|Shobana Pademu
|
|Annamayya Pataku Pattabhishekam
|2016
|
|-
|Yele Jaanathanala
|
|Annamayya Pataku Pattabhishekam
|2016
|
|-
|Deva Neeve
|
|Annamayya Pataku Pattabhishekam
|2016
|
|-
|Komma Kadu Javarala
|
|Annamayya Pataku Pattabhishekam
|2016
|
|-
|Satata Virathudu
|
|Annamayya Pataku Pattabhishekam
|2016
|
|-
|Magaroopunu aadaroopunu
|
|Annamayya Pataku Pattabhishekam
|2016
|
|-
|Vaagadeeswari Sarade
|Vaagadeeswari
|
|2013
|
|}

==Competitions==
* Raga Ranjani, the team formed and led by Sreenidhi, won the title of the prestigious Bhajan Samraat Season-2, a unique talent show on Nama sankeerthanam conducted by [[SriSankara|Sri Sankara TV]]
* Title winner of [[Idea Super Singer|Idea Super Singer - 1]] and Idea Super Singer -3 series, Paadalani Undhi conducted by [[MAA TV]]
* Won the prestigious Dikshithar Tambura prize in Kalasagaram for the year 2011
* Sreenidhi's talent has been recorded in "Guinness Book Of World Records" at a very young age of 3 years
* Sri Akkineni Nageswara Rao had presented the LIimca Award in Sri Thyagaraja Gana Sabha in Hyderabad, when her talent was recorded in the Limca book of records on 16-09-1992.
* Madras Telugu academy felicitated Sreenidhi by giving UGADI PURASKAR awarded on 21-3-1993.
* On the children's day on 14-11-1992 she had been awarded with BALA RATHNA and was presented with GOLD MEDAL by the honorable chief minister of Andhra Pradesh.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*http://m.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/t-srinidhi-demonstrated-her-experience-in-a-concert-dedicated-to-nedunuri-krishnamurthy/article8025591.ece
*https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDcykIxXVO0gOlIMXzJvJFA/feed
*http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-winning-tune/article5527423.ece
*http://www.sreenidhimusic.com/
*http://www.medhanet.com/tfas/srinidhi.html
*http://www.cutmirchi.com/view/detail/47799/Singer-Srinidhi-Engagement-Stills
*[https://www.indiaglitz.com/the-music-of-love--srinidhi-and-venkatesh-valentines-day-special-interview-telugu-videos-57696.html]
*http://m.raaga.com/telugu/album/Tippu-songs-A0003493
*http://www.cineradham.com/newsongs/song.php?movieid=3022
*http://m.raaga.com/telugu/album/Idi-Mamulu-Prema-Katha-Kadu-A0002923
*http://m.raaga.com/telugu/album/Telugammye-songs-A0002774

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreenidhi, T}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]

Pakistani Instrument of Surrender

2025-12-22T04:51:49Z

Sandy Saha: enhance information and fixed typos

{{Short description|Written agreement of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}{{Infobox document
|document_name = Instrument of Surrender of Pakistan
|image = 1971 Instrument of Surrender WaPo.jpg
|image_size =
|image_alt =
|caption = Lt. Gen. [[A. A. K. Niazi]] of the [[Pakistan Army]] signing the Instrument of Surrender under the direction of Lt. Gen. [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]] of the [[Indian Army]] and [[Mukti Bahini|Bangladesh Forces]]<ref name="ny" />
|date_created =
|date_ratified =16 December 1971
|location_of_document =[[Dhaka|Dacca]], [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]])
|signers = {{flagdeco|Pakistan|army}} {{nowrap|[[A. A. K. Niazi]]}} {{flagdeco|India|army}} {{nowrap|[[Jagjit Singh Aurora]]}}
|purpose = Ending the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
|subject=Surrender of the [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan|Pakistan Armed Forces Eastern Command]]}}
The '''Pakistani Instrument of Surrender''' ({{langx|bn|পাকিস্তানের আত্মসমর্পণের দলিল|translit=Pākistānēr Ātmôsômôrpôṇēr Dôlil}}) was a legal document signed between [[India]] (alongside the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]]) and [[Pakistan]] to end the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burke |first=S. M. |title=Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani foreign policies |date=1974 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-6172-5 |location=Minneapolis |oclc=234380949 |quote=...continuing deadlock over the release of some 93,000 Pakistani prisoners of war, including 15,000 civilian men, women and children, captured in East Pakistan (the few hundred prisoners captured by each side on the Western front were exchanged on December 1, 1972). |page=216}}</ref><ref name="nyt2">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/17/archives/dacca-captured-guns-quiet-in-bengali-area-but-war-goes-on-at.html | title=Dacca Captured | work=The New York Times | date=17 December 1971 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/an-unprecedented-surrender-and-the-birth-of-a-nation-101671215066742.html | title=An unprecedented surrender, and the birth of a nation | date=16 December 2022 }}</ref> Per the trilateral agreement, the Pakistani government surrendered the [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan|Armed Forces Eastern Command]],<ref name="ny">{{cite news |title=The Surrender Document |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/17/archives/the-surrender-document.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=17 December 1971 |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216212222/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/17/archives/the-surrender-document.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite Banglapedia| article = Prisoners_of_War,_Trial_of}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Flashback: From behind the barbed wire |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/771713/flashback-from-behind-the-barbed-wire |work=Dawn |access-date=16 December 2021 |language=en |date=16 December 2012 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216211433/https://www.dawn.com/news/771713/flashback-from-behind-the-barbed-wire |url-status=live }}</ref> thereby enabling the establishment of the [[Bangladesh|People's Republic of Bangladesh]] over the territory of [[East Pakistan]]. The document was signed by India's Lt. Gen [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]] and Pakistan's [[A. A. K. Niazi]], and led to the surrender of 93,000 Pakistanis — the world's largest surrender in terms of number of personnel since [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Koul|first=Bill K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CW78DwAAQBAJ&dq=largest+pow+after+ww2+1971&pg=PA254|title=The Exiled Pandits of Kashmir: Will They Ever Return Home?|date=2020|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-981-15-6537-3|pages=254|language=en|quote=More than 90,000...., the largest ever since World War 2.|access-date=20 January 2022|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727160759/https://books.google.com/books?id=CW78DwAAQBAJ&dq=largest+pow+after+ww2+1971&pg=PA254|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2021 |title=Country marks 50 years of 1971 war|language=en-IN |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-hails-indias-armed-forces-bangladeshi-freedom-fighters-on-vijay-diwas/article37966588.ece|access-date=2022-01-26|issn=0971-751X|quote=It was the largest military surrender after the Second World War and the Indian armed forces, along with Mukti Bahini, liberated Bangladesh in a span of just 13 days and also the surrender of 93,000 Pakistani soldiers, the largest surrender of armed forces post Second World War. |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126060442/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-hails-indias-armed-forces-bangladeshi-freedom-fighters-on-vijay-diwas/article37966588.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite the agreement, Pakistan did not formally [[International recognition of Bangladesh#Pakistan|recognize Bangladeshi sovereignty]] until February 1974.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/23/archives/pakistan-admits-that-bangladesh-exists-as-nation-prime-minister.html | title=Pakistan Admits That Bangladesh Exists as Nation | work=The New York Times | date=23 February 1974 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/news/recognition-equals-1881703 | title=Recognition, as equals | date=17 March 2020 }}</ref>

The ratification of the agreement by all sides also marked the end of the [[Bangladesh genocide]], perpetrated by Pakistan during the conflict. Bangladesh and the [[Indian Armed Forces]] celebrate Pakistan's 1971 defeat and surrender on an annual basis, observing 16 December as [[Victory Day (Bangladesh)|Victory Day]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/vijay-diwas-23-how-indian-army-made-pakistani-counterpart-surrender-in-just-13-days-liberated-bangladesh/articleshow/106045731.cms | title=Vijay Diwas '23: How Indian Army made Pakistani counterpart surrender in just 13 days & liberated Bangladesh | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=16 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/victory-day-celebrated-552862 | title=Victory Day celebrated | date=16 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/25/archives/birth-of-a-nation.html | title=Birth of a Nation | work=The New York Times | date=25 December 1971 }}</ref>

==Surrender ceremony==
[[File:1. স্বাধীনতা স্তম্ভ.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Swadhinata Stambha]] ({{Literal translation|Independence Monument}}) in [[Suhrawardy Udyan]] (formerly known as the Ramna Race Course), which stands at the place where the Pakistani Instrument of Surrender was signed in 1971.]]

The surrender ceremony took place at the [[Suhrawardy Udyan|Ramna Race Course]] in [[Dhaka|Dacca]], [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]), on 16 December 1971: [[A. A. K. Niazi]] of the [[Pakistan Army]] formally surrendered to [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]], an [[Indian Army]] officer and joint commander of the [[Mukti Bahini|Bangladesh Forces]]. [[A. K. Khandker]], Deputy Chief of Staff of the Bangladesh Forces, represented the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]] at the ceremony.<ref name="Levie1974"/>

Also present from the Pakistani Eastern Command were [[Mohammad Shariff]] of the [[Pakistan Navy]] and [[Patrick Desmond Callaghan]] of the [[Pakistan Air Force]], both of whom signed the agreement alongside Niazi.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/718001/a-leaf-from-history-the-fall-and-surrender | title=A leaf from history: The fall and surrender | date=13 May 2012 }}</ref> [[Sagat Singh]], Commander of the [[IV Corps (India)|Indian IV Corps]]; [[Hari Chand Dewan]], Commander of the [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Indian Eastern Air Command]]; and [[J. F. R. Jacob]], Chief of Staff of the [[Eastern Command (India)|Indian Eastern Command]];<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/victory-day/witnessing-surrender-pakistan-172432 | title=Witnessing the surrender of Pakistan | date=16 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/victory-day/how-lt-general-jfr-jacob-secured-pakistans-surrender-1971-172402 | title=How Lt General JFR Jacob secured Pakistan's surrender in 1971 | date=16 December 2020 }}</ref> all acted as witnesses on behalf of [[India]].

Niazi accepted the surrender while the crowd on the race course promptly erupted in celebrations.<ref name="Nayar1998"/>

==Text of the instrument==
[[File:Pakistani Instrument of Surrender 1971.jpg|alt=The Instrument of Surrender|thumb|Scanned copy of the 1971 Pakistani Instrument of Surrender, [[Ministry of Liberation War Affairs (Bangladesh)|Bangladesh Ministry of Liberation War Affairs]]]]
The document is now public property under the governments of India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, and can be seen on display at the [[National Museum, New Delhi|National Museum]] in the Indian capital of [[New Delhi]]. The text of the Instrument of Surrender is as follows:<ref name="Virtual"/><ref name="SoP"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 88%;"
| colspan="2" | INSTRUMENT OF SURRENDER
The PAKISTAN Eastern Command agree to surrender all PAKISTAN Armed Forces in BANGLA DESH to Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA, General Officer Commanding in Chief of the Indian and BANGLA DESH forces in the Eastern Theatre. This surrender includes all PAKISTAN land, air and naval forces as also all para-military forces and civil armed forces. These forces will lay down their arms and surrender at the places where they are currently located to the nearest regular troops under the command of Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA.

The PAKISTAN Eastern Command shall come under the orders of Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA as soon as this instrument has been signed. Disobedience of orders will be regarded as a breach of the surrender terms and will be dealt with in accordance with the accepted laws and usages of war. The decision of Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA will be final, should any doubt arise as to the meaning or interpretation of the surrender terms.

Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA gives a solemn assurance that personnel who surrender shall be treated with dignity and respect that soldiers are entitled to in accordance with the provisions of the GENEVA Convention and guarantees the safety and well-being of all PAKISTAN military and para-military forces who surrender. Protection will be provided to foreign nationals, ethnic minorities and personnel of WEST PAKISTAN origin by the forces under the command of Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA.
|-
| align="center" | <signed> || align="center" | <signed>
|-
| align="center" | <poem>(JAGJIT SINGH AURORA)
Lieutenant-General
General Officer Commanding in Chief
Indian and BANGLA DESH Forces in the
Eastern Theatre
16 December 1971</poem>
| align="center" | <poem>(AMIR ABDULLAH KHAN NIAZI)
Lieutenant-General
Martial Law Administrator Zone B and
Commander Eastern Command (PAKISTAN)
16 December 1971</poem>
|}
{{Clear}}

==Sources==
* [http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5312/Instrument+of+Surrender+of+Pakistan+forces+in+Dacca "Instrument of Surrender of Pakistani forces in Dacca", Hosted by Ministry of External Affairs, India]
* [http://storyofpakistan.com/the-separation-of-east-pakistan/ "The Separation of East Pakistan"]

==References==
<references>
<ref name="Levie1974">{{cite journal |author=Howard S. Levie |date=January 1974 |title=The Indo-Pakistani Agreement of August 28, 1973 |journal=American Journal of International Law |publisher=American Society of International Law |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=95–97 |doi=10.2307/2198806 |jstor=2198806|s2cid=246007433 }}</ref>
<ref name="Nayar1998">{{cite news |author=Kuldip Nayar |date=1998-02-03 |title=Of betrayal and bungling |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980203/03450744.html |access-date=2014-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517162600/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980203/03450744.html |archive-date=2014-05-17}}</ref>
<ref name="SoP">{{cite web |title=The Separation of East Pakistan |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/the-separation-of-east-pakistan/ |publisher=Story of Pakistan |access-date=2020-07-28 |date=2003-06-01 |archive-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002090348/http://storyofpakistan.com/the-separation-of-east-pakistan |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Virtual">{{cite web |url=http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/the-basics/history-of-bangladesh/independence/the-instrument-of-surrender/ |title=The Instrument of Surrender |website=Virtual Bangladesh |date=2015 |access-date=9 December 2016 |archive-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317113356/http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/the-basics/history-of-bangladesh/independence/the-instrument-of-surrender/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
* {{Wikisource-inline|Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|single=true}}
* {{commons-inline}}

{{Bangladesh liberation}}
{{1971 Indo-Pakistan War}}

[[Category:Dhaka in the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Military history of Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi documents]]
[[Category:Indian documents]]
[[Category:Government documents of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of Pakistan]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan military relations]]
[[Category:1971 documents]]
[[Category:1971 in Dhaka]]
[[Category:1971 in India]]
[[Category:1971 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of India]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1971]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1971]]
[[Category:Instrument of Surrender]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan treaties]]
[[Category:December 1971 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Trilateral relations]]

Howrah–Mathura Chambal Express

2025-12-07T03:29:37Z

Sandy Saha:

{{short description|Passenger train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Howrah–Mathura Chambal Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1996|03|07}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Howrah}} (HWH)
| stops = 32
| end = {{stnlnk|Mathura}} (MTJ)
| distance = {{convert|1460|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 26 hours 55 minutes
| frequency = Bi-weekly
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = E-catering
| observation = Rake sharing with 12175/12176 [[Howrah–Gwalior Chambal Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage = Below the seats
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12177 / 12178
| speed = {{cvt|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average with halts.
| map = [[File:Chambal Express (Mathura - Howrah) and (Gwalior - Howrah) Route map.png|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12177 / 12178 '''Howrah–Mathura Chambal Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train of the Indian Railways connecting {{stnlnk|Howrah}} in [[West Bengal]] and {{stnlnk|Mathura Junction}} of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is currently being operated with 12175/12176 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Onboard-housekeeping-service-in-trains-to-improve-cleanliness/articleshow/48740642.cms Onboard housekeeping service in trains to improve cleanliness]</ref><ref>[http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=2003&id=0,4,268 Temporary augmentation of trains]</ref>

== Service==
The 12177/Howrah–Mathura Chambal Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 1460 km in 26 hrs 55 mins. 12178/Mathura–Howrah Chambal Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 1294 km in 26 hrs 20 mins.

==Route & halts==

The important halts of the train are:
* '''{{stnlnk|Howrah}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Barddhaman Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Durgapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Asansol Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dhanbad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh}}
* {{stnlnk|Parasnath}}
* {{stnlnk|Koderma Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Gaya Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dehri-on-Sone}}
* {{stnlnk|Sasaram Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhabua Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Mughalsarai Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Chunar}}
* {{stnlnk|Mirzapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Vindhyachal}}
* {{stnlnk|Cheoki Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Manikpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Banda}}
* {{stnlnk|Mahoba Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kulpahar}}
* {{stnlnk|Harpalpur}}
* {{stnlnk|Jhansi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Datia}}
* {{stnlnk|Dabra}}
* {{stnlnk|Gwalior Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Morena}}
* {{stnlnk|Agra Cantonment}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Mathura Junction}}'''

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 20 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 2 AC III Tier
* 10 sleeper coaches
* 5 general
* 2 second-class luggage/parcel vans

==Traction==

As the route is fully electrified, it is hauled by [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive on its entire journey.

== Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 12175/12176 [[Howrah–Gwalior Chambal Express]].

== See also ==
* [[Howrah railway station]]
* [[Mathura Junction railway station]]
* [[Chambal Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/259 12177/Howrah - Mathura Chambal Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/chambal-superfast-express-12178/260/249/1 12178/Mathura - Howrah Chambal Express] India Rail Info
* {{Official website|http://www.indianrail.gov.in/|Indian Railways}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah-Mathura Chambal Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Transport in Mathura]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Damaji Thorat

2025-11-27T13:40:31Z

Sandy Saha: put up data.

{{Short description|18th-century Maratha chief}}
{{Use dmy dates | date = October 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Damaji Thorat
| image =
| succession = [[Saranjamdar]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]
| reign =
| reign-type =
| predecessor = Khandoji Thorat
| regent =
| reg-type =
| successor = ''Saranjam abolished''
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1728<ref name="RajawadeVolumeII">{{cite book |last=Rajawade |first=V. K. |title=Marāṭhyāñcyā Itihāsācī Sādhane, Volume II (1714-1761) |url=https://samagrarajwade.com/marathyanchya-itihasachi-sadhane-khand-1/marathyanchya-itihasachi-sadhane-khand-2/item/249-khand2-12}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Purandar fort|Purandar]], [[Maratha Empire]] {{small|(present-day [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])}}
| spouse = Radhabai<ref>{{cite book |title=Historical Genealogies |author=Govind Sakharam Sardesai, V. S. Chitale |year=1959 |publisher=Government Central Press, State Board for Historical Records and Ancient Monuments |page=59 |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoricalGeneologies/page/n79/mode/2up}}</ref>
| issue = Ransing Bhansing Khandoji Chandrabhan
| father = Khandoji
| mother =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| royal house = Thorat
| title = Rustumrao<ref name="Duff1971" />
}}
'''Damaji Thorat''' ({{IPA|mr|d̪əmaːd͡ʒi t̪ʰoːɾaːt̪}}; was a [[Maratha]] chief who rose to prominence during the reign of [[Tarabai]] in the early [[18th century]]. He joined [[Dhanaji Jadhav]] in his campaign across [[Khandesh]], [[Baglan taluka|Baglan]], and [[Gujarat]] from 1704 to 1708.<ref name="Bendrey1967">{{cite book |last=Bendrey |first=Vasudeo Sitaram |title=Mahārashṭretihāsācī sādhanē, Volume I |year=1967 |publisher=Mumbaī Marāṭhī Granthasaṃgrahālaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LWcRAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> When [[Shahu I]] arrived in the [[Deccan]] to assert his claim to the throne, Damaji supported Tarabai against Shahu. In 1711, he defeated and captured [[Balaji Vishwanath]] and Shahu's [[Pant Sachiv]], later releasing them for a substantial ransom.<ref name="Duff1971">{{cite book |title=History of the Mahrattas |author=James Grant Duff |year=1971 |publisher=Associated Publishing House, New Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.6809}}</ref> After this incident, in 1713, Shahu, with the assistance of the [[Sayyid brothers]], sent his [[Heavy cavalry|Huzurat cavalry]] under the command of Balaji Vishwanath & [[Purandare|Ambaji Purandare]] to defeat Damaji. Balaji besieged the [[fortress]] of Hingangaon and captured Damaji. The fortress was subsequently destroyed. Later, Damaji entered into the service of Shahu.<ref name="Rajawade">{{cite book |last=Rajawade |first=V. K. |title=Marāṭhyāñcyā Itihāsācī Sādhane, Volume III (1700-1760) |page=166 |url=https://samagrarajwade.com/marathyanchya-itihasachi-sadhane-khand-1/marathyanchya-itihasachi-sadhane-khand-3/item/647-khand3-21}}</ref>

He inherited the hereditary title of ''Rustumrao'' from his father, Khandoji.<ref name="Pawar1969">{{cite book |title=Tarabaikalin Kagadpatre, Volume I |author=Appasaheb Ganapatrao Pawar |year=1969 |publisher=Śivājī Vidyāpīṭha |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dgxXB-Xv5IC&q=%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4}}</ref> The title combines ''[[Rustam]]'', symbolizing strength and heroism in [[Persian language|Persian]], with ''Rao'', a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] honorific for leaders or [[nobles]].

==Background==
Damaji Thorat was the son of Khandoji Thorat, a general and [[saranjamdar]] under [[Rajaram I]]. Khandoji held the titles of ''Rustumrao'' and ''Bara Hazari'', which denote a person in command of twelve thousand cavalry.<ref name="Pawar1969" /> Although little is known about Damaji's early life, it is presumed that he accompanied his father in his campaigns, where he began to develop his military and administrative skills.

===Origins===
It is said that Damaji had [[Dhangar]] origins. However, his actions provide insight into his character. During a confrontation with [[Balaji Vishwanath]], Damaji reportedly took an oath of Bel-Bhandara, a sacred vow among the Dhangars. He later dismissed its significance by saying, 'For me, bel is a leaf and bhandara is turmeric; I eat this every day; what is the significance?' This casual dismissal of the sacred oath was surprising.<ref name="Rajawade1969">{{cite book |last=Rajawade |first=V. K. |title=Marāṭhyāñcyā Itihāsācī Sādhane, Volume II (1714-1761) |year=1969 |url=https://samagrarajwade.com/marathyanchya-itihasachi-sadhane-khand-1/marathyanchya-itihasachi-sadhane-khand-2/item/172-khand2-12}}</ref>

==Early military career==
In the early stages of his military career, it is believed that Damaji, along with his father Khandoji, was present to assist [[Rajaram I]] during the [[siege of Jinji]].

==Rustumrao==
Damaji Thorat lived at [[Hingangaon|Hingangao]] near [[Purandar fort|Purandar]]. His family also had [[Patil (title)|patilki]] of Hingangao village, where he had built a strong fortress. Thorat came to power during the reign of Rajaram. Ramchandra Pant granted him Patas kasba as Jahagir. After Rajaram's death, he showed great bravery against the [[Mughals]]. For his bravery he was given the title 'Rustumrao'. He had support from [[Ramchandra Pant Amatya|Ramchandra Pant]]. [[Rajaram I]] sent Thorat, Pawar and Atole to make their established collections the chauth and sardeshmukhi, as they were termed, from the Mughal territory, and under the encouragement of success his officers added a third contribution for themselves under the head of "''ghasdana''" or forage money.<ref>Mahendra Pal Singh: "Ghasdana - An Exaction Levied and Collected by Marathas" in ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'', Vol. 32, vol. I (1970), pp. 423–429 ([https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141090 online at JSTOR])</ref> In this manner a new army was raised whose leaders were Thorat, Pawar and Athavale. Rajaram I gave them honorary presents and rewards; the title of Vishwasrao was conferred on Pawar, of Dinkarrao on Thorat and of Shamsher Bahadur on Atole.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moghal 1686-1720 |url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Satara%20District/histroy_musalmans.html#4 |publisher=The Gazetteers Department |accessdate=15 August 2018}}</ref>

== After Rajaram's Death ==
When Shahu arrived in the Swarajya territory he tried to win Thorat to his side but Thorat did not join Shahu. In 1708 Dhanaji Jadhav went to Khandesh. He brought Thorat and Dabhade with him to meet Shahu. In July 1709 meeting between Shahu, Sambhaji and Damaji Thorat and others proved unsuccessful. In July 1711 Chandrasen revolted against Shahu. Thorat also joined [[Tarabai]]. Tarabai welcomed with joy their move. When Angre was very aggressive against Shahu, Thorat brothers created considerable trouble for Shahu in the territory around Poona. After the deposition of Tarabai and her son, Damaji Thorat became the supporter of Sambhaji and sought Nizam’s protection, Damaji Thorat also went over to Nizam’s side and afterwards to Husain Ali. In 1716 Damaji was very active against Shahu. In one letter written by Balaji Vishwanath to Shahu it was stated, that Thorat brothers had created much trouble in the territory around Miraj. In fact when Balaji had concluded treaty with Angre he had assured that he would not take any step against Damaji. However, as they had created a lot of trouble for Shahu with the support of Sambhaji of Kolhapur conflict between the two sides became inevitable.

== Clash with Balaji Vishwanath Bhat==
[[Balaji Vishwanath Bhat]] introduced gradually some strength into his councils, and started to take lead in public affairs. Balaji proposed to reduce Damaji Thorat in 1711, and then set out with an army for that purpose.<ref name="Loch1989">{{cite book |author1=W.W.Loch |title=Dakhan History Musalman and Maratha (A.D.1300 to 1818) |date=1989 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi, India |page=599}}</ref> Balaji was seized and thrown into the confinement with Dewaan Ambaji Purandhare, his two young sons [[Bajirao I|Baji Rao I]] and [[Chimaji Appa|Chimnaji Appa]], and many of their immediate officers.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

== Clash with Sachiv==
Shahu who now applied to the Sachiv to suppress Thorat. The Sachiv and his manager advanced against Thorat, but they too were defeated and thrown into confinement. Damaji Thorat had seized the young Sachiv, and an expedition was again planned against him. Balaji managed first to effect the Sachiv's release and in return received the Sachiv's rights in the Poona district and the fort of Purandhar, and Damaji was soon defeated and taken prisoner.<ref name="Loch1989" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]

Gue, Himachal Pradesh

2025-11-23T20:45:02Z

Sandy Saha: put up a post

{{Short description|Village in Lahul and Spiti District, Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gue
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Gipu
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Gue Village Monastery.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Gue Monastery
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|32.1311|78.5697|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lahul and Spiti district|Lahul and Spiti]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = Spiti
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 185.16
| elevation_m = 3620
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 223
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{citation |title=District Census Handbook – Lahul & Spiti |publisher=Director of Census Operations, Himachal Pradesh |year=2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/479/download/1564/DH_2011_0203_PART_B_DCHB_LAHUL_SPITI.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114075305/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/479/download/1564/DH_2011_0203_PART_B_DCHB_LAHUL_SPITI.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2024 |page=110}} (The population is marked against "Gipu", which appears to be a variant form of the name.)</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 11
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}

'''Gue''' or '''Gyu'''{{efn|The Chinese spelling is {{zh|t=巨哇|p=Jù wa}}. It was transliterated as "Chuva" in 1960.{{sfnp|Report of the Officials|1962|pp=4, 25–26}}}} is a village in the [[Lahul and Spiti district]] of the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]] in India. It is claimed by [[China]] as part of [[Tsamda County]] in [[Ngari Prefecture]] in [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]. The village is about 40 km from the [[Tabo Monastery]], at latitude 31.11 and longitude 77.16. The village is 10,000 feet above sea level and 500 km away from the state capital, between the towns of [[Sumdo, Himachal Pradesh|Sumdo]] and [[Tabo, Himachal Pradesh|Tabo]].

== Geography ==
Gue is close to the [[India-China border]], in the valley of the Gue stream, which joins the [[Spiti River]] roughly 10 km downstream near the [[Sumdo, Himachal Pradesh|Sumdo]] village.

== Demographics ==
Per the 2011 census, Gue has a population of 223 people, 132 male and 91 female.<ref name="census"/>

== Buddhist monastery ==
[[File:Sangha Tenzin Monk Mummy.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Mummy of Sangha Tenzin]]
The village has a Buddhist monastery, where a 500-year-old mummy of a late medieval [[Buddhist monasticism|Buddhist monk]], Sangha Tenzin, is stored. The mummy is said to have been formed by a natural mummification process through austerities during the final stages of the monk's life.<ref>{{Cite news |author=S. Venkatraman |title=Go away to Gue |work=The Hindu |date=2013-03-29 |issn=0971-751X |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/go-away-to-gue/article4561440.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513162516/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/go-away-to-gue/article4561440.ece |archive-date=13 May 2025}}</ref>

== Sino-Indian border dispute ==
In 1847, when the British border commission headed by [[Alexander Cunningham]] went to the Indo-Tibetan border in the area, the commissioners were unobustructed till reaching [[Kaurik]], but were prohibited from going beyond. They faced the emissaries of the governor of [[Gartok]] sent there for the purpose of pointing out the "ancient boundary between Ladakh and the Chinese territory". ([[Spiti]] was traditionally part of Ladakh.){{sfnp|Cunningham, Correspondence of the Commissioners|1848|pp=89–90}}{{sfnp|Kaul, India China Boundary|2003|loc=pp. 55–56: "Thus in Spiti, it is clear, that the boundary ran along the villages of Khyuri [Kaurik], Shaktolb and Chooret."}}

In December 1957, seven years after the [[Chinese annexation of Tibet]], Chinese forces were said to have intruded at Kaurik, for which India lodged a protest. In 1959, after the [[Kongka La incident]], China raised a number of disputes regarding the mutual border, including near Kaurik.{{sfnp|Verghese, A Reassessment of Indian Policy in Asia|2016|pp=104–105}} The claims include the Gue village and valley.

During the 1990s, a joint working group of India and China held multiple meetings and exchaned maps of the "middle sector" of the border in 2000. Kaurik was identified as one of the locations where the claims of the two countries overlapped, and the disputed territory was estimated to be {{convert|250|km2}}.{{sfnp|Gupta, The Himalayan Face-off|2014|p=106}}<ref>Sushant Singh, [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-china-ladakh-border-lac-galwan-6441494/ De-escalation process underway: 2 LAC flashpoints are not in list of identified areas still contested], The Indian Express, 4 June 2020.</ref>

== Transportation ==
Gue is connected to Sumdo via a road, and from Sumdo, through two national highways—the [[National Highway 5 (India)|NH 5]] Sumdo-[[Nako, Himachal Pradesh|Nako]]-[[Shimla]] Highway through [[Kinnaur district]] and the [[National Highway 505 (India)|NH 505]] Sumdo-[[Kaza, Himachal Pradesh|Kaza]]-Gramphu-[[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] highway through the [[Spiti River]] valley. The latter remains closed for 7 months due to winter snows on the [[Kunzum Pass]] (4,551 m or 14,931 ft).<ref name="kaur1">[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/bro-restores-sumdho-gramphu-road-after-seven-months-258395 BRO restores Sumdho-Gramphu road after seven months], The Tribune, 26 May 2021.</ref> A dual-use airstrip, 100 km to the west, is under construction, scheduled to be completed in 2024.<ref name="ranga1">[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/to-counter-china-nyoma-airfield-in-ladakh-to-be-full-fledged-base-in-2-yrs-467406 To counter China, Nyoma airfield in Ladakh to be full-fledged base in 2 years], The Tribune, 5 Jan 2023.</ref>

==Nearby villages==
Nearby villages include
* [[Kaurik]]
* [[Tabo, Himachal Pradesh|Tabo (Spiti)]]
* [[Dhankar Village|Dhankar]]
* [[Kaza, Himachal Pradesh|Kaza (Spiti)]]
* [[Kibber]]
* [[Nako, Himachal Pradesh|Nako]]
* [[Korzok]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Lahaul and Spiti district]]