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PSLV-C62

2026-05-07T14:05:56Z

Samrick21: put up first data first draft!

{{Short description|Failed 2026 Indian satellite launch}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox rocket launch
| name = PSLV-C62
| image = File:PSLVC62 launch trenches.webp
| rocket = PSLV-DL
| caption = PSLV-C62 at the FLP before Liftoff
| launch = 12 January 2026; 10:17 [[ante meridiem|AM]] [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC]] +5:30) <ref>{{cite news|title=ISRO to launch PSLV-C62/EOS-N1 Mission on January 12 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-to-kick-off-2026-with-pslv-c62-launch-on-january-12/article70481555.ece |website=thehindu.com|date=January 7, 2026|access-date=February 19, 2026}}</ref>
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| pad = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#First Launch Pad|Satish Dhawan FLP]]
| payload = * {{Flagicon|India}} [[EOS-N1]]
* {{Flagicon|India}} [[AayulSAT]]
* {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[KID (spacecraft)|KID]]
* 17 other payloads
| succession = [[List of PSLV launches|PSLV launches]]
| previous = [[PSLV-C61]]
| next = [[PSLV-N1]]
}}

The '''PSLV-C62''' was the 64th flight of the [[ISRO]]'s [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]] and its return to flight mission following [[PSLV-C61]]. The mission was launched on 12 January 2026 with multiple payloads for customers<ref>[https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2198757&reg=3&lang=2 Press Release:Press Information Bureau]</ref> but failed to reach orbit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasudev |first=Amit |date=2026-01-12 |title=Two consecutive PSLV failures in a year raise concerns over ISRO’s 'workhorse' rocket |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/news/two-consecutive-pslv-failures-in-a-year-raise-concerns-over-isros-workhorse-rocket/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=The South First {{!}} News, Politics, Sports, Entertainment & Live Updates |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-12 |title=‘Deviation seen in third-stage': Isro’s PSLV-C62 mission fails |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-first-space-mission-of-2026-isro-launches-pslv-c62-14-other-satellites-from-sriharikota/articleshow/126474769.cms |access-date=2026-01-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-11 |title=Indian PSLV rocket apparently fails for 2nd launch in a row (video) |url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/india-eos-n1-military-satellite-15-payloads-pslv-launch |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Space |language=en}}</ref>

== Mission overview ==
* '''Mass''':
** ''Payload weight:'' 1710 kg total
* '''Overall height''': {{cvt|44.4|m}}
* '''Propellant''':
** ''Boosters (PSOM-XL):'' [[Solid-fuel rocket|Composite Solid]] (Solid Stage)
** ''Stage 1 (S-139) :'' [[Solid-fuel rocket|Composite Solid]] (Solid Stage)
** ''Stage 2 (PL-40HP) :'' [[Liquid fuel rocket|Earth Storable Liquid]] (Liquid Stage)
** ''Stage 3 (HPS-3):'' [[Solid-fuel rocket|Composite Solid]] (Solid Stage)
** ''Stage 4 (L-2.5(AI)) :'' [[Liquid fuel rocket|Earth Storable Liquid]] (Liquid Stage)
* '''Propellant mass''':
** ''Boosters'': {{cvt|12000|kg}}
** ''Stage 1:'' {{cvt|139000|kg}}
** ''Stage 2:'' {{cvt|41000|kg}}
** ''Stage 3:'' {{cvt|7650|kg}}
** ''Stage 4:'' {{cvt|1600|kg}}
* '''Altitude''':505.291 km<ref name=":0">[https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/PSLVC62/PSLV_C62_Brochure080126.pdf PSLV_C62_Brochure080126.pdf]

</ref>
* '''Semi Major Axis:''' 6883.428 ± 10 km<ref name=":0" />
* '''Inclination''': 97.5 ± 0.12'''°'''<ref name=":0" />
* '''Azimuth''': 140'''°'''<ref name=":0" />

== Payload ==
The primary payload of the mission was the [[EOS-N1]] imaging satellite built for strategic purposes by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-08 |title=Isro will usher in NY with PSLV C62 mission on Monday; will launch surveillance sat EOS-N1, 18 payloads |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-will-usher-in-ny-with-pslv-c62-mission-on-monday-will-launch-surveillance-sat-eos-n1-18-payloads/articleshow/126405810.cms |access-date=2026-01-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A small 25 kg football-sized [[space capsule]] developed by the Spain-based startup Orbital Paradigm called Kestrel Initial Demonstrator ([[KID (spacecraft)|KID]]) flew on the PS-4 stage. [[Bengaluru]]-based space company OrbitAID Aerospace expected to perform an [[Orbital propellant depot|on-orbit satellite refuelling]] experiment with AayulSAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-07 |title=Isro to launch startup's satellite refuelling mission with PSLV-C62: What is it? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-to-launch-orbitaid-aerospace-satellite-refuelling-mission-aayulsat-with-pslv-c62-what-is-it-2847925-2026-01-07 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Twelve other commercial payloads totalling about 200 kg from companies and research institutions from India, Brazil, Nepal, Thailand, Spain, France, and the United Kingdom were also manifested for this flight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Anvesha? All about India's new hyperspectral eye to be launched by PSLV-C62 |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/defence/2025/12/08/what-is-anvesha-all-about-india-s-new-hyperspectral-eye-to-be-launched-by-pslv-c62.html |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madanapalle |first=Aditya |date=2025-12-14 |title=ISRO to launch LVM3 on 21 Dec, PSLV on 31 Dec |url=https://www.news9live.com/science/isro-to-launch-lvm3-on-21-dec-pslv-on-31-dec-2911744 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/techandscience/isro-to-launch-orbital-paradigm-s-kestrel-cargo-capsule-demonstrator-on-31-dec/ar-AA1SjPox?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=fe9993a270f64483fa6fcbee1e685295&ei=19 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> The PS-4 was planned to make an orbital re-entry with the KID payload attached following primary payload injection. This was ISRO's first launch attempt of 2026.<ref name=":0" />

== Flight ==
The rocket lifted off at 10:18:30 AM IST. The first and second stages performed normally during the course of flight. However, near the end of the third stage's operation, a deviation was observed in the flight controls related to its roll-rates just prior to stage separation, resulting in flight failure.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-13 |title=Setback for ISRO: PSLV mission fails again, deviates from path |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/isro-launches-pslv-c62-kicks-off-indias-first-space-mission-of-2026-10468502/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-12 |title=ISRO PSLV-C62 mission Live Updates: ‘Encountered an anomaly’: ISRO’s PSLV-C62 rocket deviates from flight path; detailed analysis initiated |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-pslv-c62-mission-launch-live-updates-drdo-anvesha-satellite-sriharikota/liveblog/126474913.cms |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2026-01-12 |title=Why ISRO’s PSLV-C62 failed months after the C61 setback? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/why-isros-pslv-c62-failed-months-after-the-c61-setback/articleshow/126480412.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgYh2Vv87ik |title=PSLV-C62 / EOS-N1 Mission {{!}} Live Launch Coverage |date=2026-01-11 |last=ISRO Official |access-date=2026-01-13 |via=YouTube}}</ref> The Spanish re-entry space capsule [[KID (spacecraft)|KID]] was the only survivor of the launch failure, as it managed to separate from the rocket and transmitted flight data for three minutes with a peak of 28 [[G-force|g]] during its non-nominal descent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gorman |first=Douglas |date=2026-01-13 |title=Exclusive: Orbital Paradigm Emerges as the Lone Survivor of Failed PSLV Launch |url=https://payloadspace.com/exclusive-orbital-paradigm-emerges-as-the-lone-survivor-of-failed-pslv-launch/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Payload |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukunth |first=Hemanth C. S. & Vasudevan |date=2026-01-12 |title=PSLV-C62 strays from flight path, fails to launch satellite |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-satish-dhawan-space-centre-in-sriharikota-eos-n1-earth-observation-satellite-pslv-c62-eos-n1-satellite-14-co-passenger-satellites/article70500149.ece |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Science Desk |first=India Today |date=2026-01-13 |title=Lone Spanish satellite survives PSLV-C62's failure, sends data from space |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/satellite-survives-pslv-c62s-failure-company-says-it-sent-data-from-space-2851250-2026-01-13 |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> It has been presumed that the vehicle achieved a suborbital trajectory of approximately -3800 x 390 km with a 98-degree inclination before plummeting roughly near 75°E, 18°S over the [[Southern Indian Ocean|Southern Indian Ocean.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Science Desk |first=India Today |date=2026-01-13 |title=PSLV-C62 fell in the Indian Ocean, satellites likely burned in the atmosphere |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/pslv-c62-fell-in-the-indian-ocean-satellites-likely-burned-in-the-atmosphere-2851349-2026-01-13 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Failure analysis ==
[[Chairperson of ISRO|ISRO Chairman]] [[V. Narayanan (engineer)|V. Narayanan]] indicated that detailed analysis for the flight's failure has been initiated by ISRO, refusing additional media statements. It was also noted that a similar failure was the cause for the unsuccessful [[PSLV-C61|C-61]] flight eight months prior.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />NSA director [[Ajit Doval]] visited VSSC facilities following the flight failure due to the presence of national security payload on-board,where he was given an appraisal of events by VSSC director A.Rangarajan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-03 |title=PSLV failures: Ajit Doval visits VSSC, holds meeting with Director |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pslv-failures-ajit-doval-visits-vssc/article70588269.ece |access-date=2026-02-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=A. |date=2026-02-04 |title=NSA Ajit Doval Reviews PSLV Failures After Back-to-Back Mission Losses |url=https://www.thedefensenews.com/news-details/NSA-Ajit-Doval-Reviews-PSLV-Failures-After-Back-to-Back-Mission-Losses/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=The Defense News |language=en}}</ref>ISRO has also consulted an external agency under K Vijay Raghavan Committe<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO eyes May launch; Artemis-II will be a success, says Chairman V Narayanan - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/science/isro-eyes-may-launch-artemis-ii-will-be-a-success-says-chairman-v-narayanan/amp_articleshow/130023065.cms |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref> in addition to its own Failure Anaylsis Commite,chaired by former chairman [[K. Sivan|K.Sivan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/world/pslv-to-be-reviewed-by-third-party-outside-isro-could-launch-by-june/ar-AA1VDEB1?uxmode=ruby&ocid=edgdhpruby&pc=U531&cvid=6984c92161014980961988be0782cbb7&ei=4 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref name=":4" />The FAC is to submit its report to the PMO by June, with the next return to flight launch for the PSLV rocket scheduled for late-June 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |date=2026-02-02 |title=Investigation into PSLV failures ‘ongoing’, next launch date in June: Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/investigation-into-pslv-failures-ongoing-next-launch-date-in-june-minister/article70583617.ece |access-date=2026-02-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of PSLV launches]]
*[[2026 in spaceflight]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal bar|India|Rocketry|Spaceflight}}
{{PSLV}}
{{Indian space programme}}
{{Orbital launches in 2026}}

[[Category:Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]
[[Category:Rocket launches in 2026]]
[[Category:January 2026 in India]]
[[Category:Space accidents and incidents in India]]
[[Category:Satellite launch failures]]
[[Category:Space missions that ended in failure]]
[[Category:Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
[[Category:2020s in Andhra Pradesh]]

Kochi Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T11:35:28Z

Samrick21: created

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kochi
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 80
| state = Kerala
| map_image = Prestige Apartments Marine Drive View DSW.jpg
| map_caption = [[Marine Drive, Kochi]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,71,380 (2016)
| mla = [[Mohammad Shiyas]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress |INC]]
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
}}
'''Kochi State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://ernakulam.nic.in/legislative-assembly
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Ernakulam district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[Mohammad Shiyas]] of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].

This Constituency Is Dominated By [[Latin Catholics of Malabar|Latin Catholics.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beyond vote banks: How Kerala’s political parties are navigating religious, social divides |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/statescan/2026/04/04/beyond-vote-banks-how-keralas-political-parties-are-navigating-religious-social-divides.html |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>Prior To 2008 Delimitation, It Was Known As Mattanchery Assembly Constituency.

==Local self-governed segments==
Kochi Assembly constituency is composed of the following 20 wards of the [[Kochi Municipal Corporation]] ([[Fort Kochi]] zone and [[Mattancherry]] zone), and two [[Gram Panchayat]]s in [[Kochi]] [[Tehsil|taluk]]:<ref name="ekm">{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/ernakulam.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Ernakulam district, Kerala.
|access-date = 6 October 2019
|archive-date = 14 March 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110314055251/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/ernakulam.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|+ '''Wards of [[Kochi Municipal Corporation]] in Kochi Assembly constituency'''
!width="20px" |Ward no.
!width="75px" |Name
!width="20px" |Ward no.
!width="75px" |Name
!width="20px" |Ward no.
!width="75px" |Name
|-
|1
|[[Fort Kochi]]
|2
|Kalvathy
|3
|Earavely
|-
|4
|Karippalam
|5
|[[Mattancherry]]
|6
|[[Kochangadi]]
|-
|7
|Cheralayi
|8
|[[Panayapilly]]
|9
|Chakkamadom
|-
|10
|Karuvelippady
|11
|[[Thoppumpady]]
|12
|Tharebhagam
|-
|21
|Pullardesam
|22
|[[Mundamveli]]
|23
|Manassery
|-
|24
|[[Mulamkuzhi]]
|25
|Chullikkal
|26
|Nazareth
|-
|27
|[[Fort Kochi]] Veli
|28
|Amaravathy
|
|
|}
{{notelist}}All of the above 20 wards are included in [[Kochi]] taluk.
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|+'''Other Local Bodies in Kochi Assembly constituency'''
|-
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Local Body Type
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Kumbalangi]]
|[[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]
|[[Kochi]]
|-
|2
|[[Chellanam]]
|[[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]
|[[Kochi]]
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Kochi Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/kochi-assembly-constituency-map.html
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Kochi
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama
Sabha
!Name
! colspan=2|Party
!Tenure
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| [[Dominic Presentation]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
| rowspan="2" | [[K. J. Maxi]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 2016 - 2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
| 2021 - 2026
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|16th
|Mohammed Shiyas
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|''Incumbent''
|-
|}

==Election results==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kochi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |party=Indian National Congress |candidate=Mohammed Shiyas|votes=64,318 |percentage=47.87 |change={{increase}}16.32}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=CPI(M)|candidate=[[K. J. Maxi]]|votes=56,130 |percentage=41.78 |change={{decrease}}1.28}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Twenty20 Party|candidate=Adv. Xavier Joolappan|votes=11,854 |percentage=8.82 |change={{decrease}}15.63}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above (India) |candidate=None of the above |votes=926 |percentage=0.69 |change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes= 134,349 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = CPI(M)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021===
There were 1,81,842 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2021, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2021|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kochi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[K. J. Maxi]]|votes=54,632|percentage=42.45|change=+3.75}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Tony Chammany|votes=40,553|percentage=31.51|change=-6.31}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Twenty20 Party |candidate=Shiny Antony|votes=19,676|percentage=15.29|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=C. G. Rajagopal|votes=10,991|percentage=8.54|change=-3.73}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=474|percentage=0.37|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 14,079
|percentage = 10.94
|change =+10.06
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,28,703|percentage=70.78|change=-1.55}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = +3.75
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
There were 1,71,356 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kochi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[K. J. Maxi]]|votes=47,967|percentage=38.70%|change={{increase}}0.96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Dominic Presentation]]|votes=46,881|percentage=37.82%|change={{decrease}}15.57}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Praveen Damodara Prabhu|votes=15,212|percentage=12.27%|change={{increase}}7.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=K. J. Leenus|votes=7,588|percentage=6.12%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=A. S. Muhammed|votes=2,357|percentage=1.90%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Sulfikar Ali|votes=2,108|percentage=1.70%|change={{decrease}}0.19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,002|percentage=0.81%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=T. P. Antony|votes=386|percentage=0.31%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Johney Stephen|votes=180|percentage=0.15%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=K. S. Jayaraj|votes=172|percentage=0.14%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Abdul Samad|votes=101|percentage=0.08%|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,086
|percentage = 0.88%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,23,954|percentage=72.33%|change={{increase}}5.73}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,58,548 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kochi]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Dominic Presentation]]|votes=56,352|percentage=53.37%|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=M. C. Josephine|votes=39,849|percentage=37.74%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. Sasidharan|votes=5,480|percentage=5.19%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Yoosuf Mufti|votes=1,992|percentage=1.89%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Dominic C. J.|votes=590|percentage=0.56%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Kamarudeen T. A.|votes=482|percentage=0.46%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=A. P. Ibrahimkutty|votes=394|percentage=0.37%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Jacob Pulikkan|votes=258|percentage=0.24%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=T. A. Krishnan Kutty|votes=195|percentage=0.18%|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 16,863
|percentage = 15.63%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,05,592|percentage=66.60%|change=}}

{{Election box new seat win|winner=Indian National Congress}}{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kochi]]
* [[Ernakulam district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[2019 Kerala Legislative Assembly by-elections]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Kochi, Kerala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Chankigarh

2026-05-06T17:07:06Z

Samrick21: Created basic stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|Archeological site in Bihar}}{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Chankigarh
| native_name = चानकीगढ़
| native_name_lang = Mai
| other_name = Janakigarh
| image = Chanki garh, West Champaran.jpg
| caption = View of the mound at Chankigarh
| coordinates = {{Coord|27.1382139|N|84.4228506|E}}
| location = Chanki village, Narkatiaganj block, West Champaran
| region = Mithila
| condition = Ruins
}}
'''Chankigarh''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: चानकीगढ़) also locally known as '''''Janakigarh''''' is an archeological site in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of [[Bihar]] in [[India]]. It is located at [[Chanki, Bihar|Chanki]] village of the [[Narkatiaganj]] block in the [[West Champaran district]] of Bihar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Yadav |first=Suresh Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Settlement_Dispersion.html?id=BvHsAAAAMAAJ#Chankigarh |title=Settlement Dispersion: A Quantitative Analysis |date=1993 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=978-81-210-0307-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bengal (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Bengal_District_Gazetteers.html?id=Dg8mAQAAIAAJ#v=onepage&q=Chankigarh&f=false |title=Bengal District Gazetteers |date=1907 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Book Departmentôt |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rijal |first=Babu Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/100_Years_of_Archaeological_Research_in.html?id=6DluAAAAMAAJ#Chankigarh |title=100 Years of Archaeological Research in Lumbini, Kapilavastu & Devadaha |last2=Mukherji |first2=Poorno Chander |date=1996 |publisher=S.K. International Publishing House |language=en}}</ref> There is a high mound with ruins of a fortress at the site. According to the local legends, the ruins of fortress is believed to be either of [[Janaka|King Janaka]] in [[Videha|Mithila]] or of the prominent Indian strategist [[Chanakya|Acharya Chanakya]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Monuments_of_Bihar.html?id=B1cdp3hsUXgC#Chankigarh |title=Monuments of Bihar |date=2011 |publisher=Department of Art, Culture & Youth, Government of Bihar |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Bihar_and_Orissa_District_Gazeteers_Cham.html?id=zMMVAQAAIAAJ#Chankigarh |title=Bihar and Orissa District Gazeteers: Champaran (1938) |date=1938 |publisher=Superintendent, Government Printing |language=en}}</ref> It is also known as ''Janki Kot''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bihar (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Bihar_District_Gazetteers_Muzaffarpur.html?id=2aUbAAAAIAAJ#Chankigarh |title=Bihar District Gazetteers: Muzaffarpur |last2=Choudhury |first2=Pranab Chandra Roy |date=1960 |publisher=Superintendant, Secretariat Press, Bihar |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{Archaeology-stub}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Bihar]]
[[Category:West Champaran district]]

Hiralal Sen

2026-05-04T17:04:28Z

Samrick21: new!

{{Short description|Bengali filmmaker and photographer (1868–1917)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hiralal Sen
| image = Hiralal Sen.jpg
| caption = Hiralal Sen, {{circa|1900}}
| birth_date = 2 August 1868
| birth_place = [[Manikganj]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (present day [[Bangladesh]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1917|10|26|1868|08|02|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], Bengal Presidency, British India
| occupation = Photographer, filmmaker
| spouse = Hemangini Devi
| mother = Bidhumukhi Sen
| father = Chandramohan Sen
}}
[[File:HiralalSen FlowerofPersia DancingScene.jpg|thumb|Hiralal Sen, performing the ''Flower of Persia'' at the [[Star Theatre, Kolkata]].]]
'''Hiralal Sen''' ({{langx|bn|হীরালাল সেন}}, ''Hiralal Shen''; 2 August 1868 – 26 October 1917<ref>{{cite web
| last = Bandyopadhyay
| first = Alexander
| date = 2017-10-23
| url = http://www.bongodorshon.com/home/story_detail/hiralal-sen-the-pioneer-of-bengali-cinema
| title = Pioneer of Bengali Cinema Hiralal Sen (in Bengali)
| access-date = 24 October 2017
| archive-date = 25 October 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171025022250/http://www.bongodorshon.com/home/story_detail/hiralal-sen-the-pioneer-of-bengali-cinema
| url-status = live
}}</ref>) is generally considered one of [[India]]'s first [[filmmaker]]s. In 1903, he filmed the popular ''Alibaba and Forty Thieves'', the first full-length Indian film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2021 |title=Kinjal Nanda: I'm Lucky to play Hiralal Sen on screen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kinjal-nanda-im-lucky-to-play-hiralal-sen-on-screen/articleshow/81147006.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204035638/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kinjal-nanda-im-lucky-to-play-hiralal-sen-on-screen/articleshow/81147006.cms |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=1 April 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A noted photographer, he is also credited with creating India's first [[advertising]] [[film]]s and quite possibly India's first political film. A fire in 1917 destroyed all of his films.

==Early life==
Hiralal Sen's native home was in ''Bagjuri'', a village in [[Manikganj District|Manikganj]], approximately 80 km from [[Dhaka]], the present-day capital of [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Hiralal1">{{cite web
|last = Teachers’ Medicare Benevolent Fund
|date = 2005-12-31
|url = http://www.abasar.net/filmhiralal.htm
|title = Hiralal Sen (in Bengali)
|accessdate = 2006-11-01
|archive-date = 6 December 2006
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061206074536/http://www.abasar.net/filmhiralal.htm
|url-status = live
}}</ref> Although he was the son of a successful lawyer of a [[Baidya]] ''[[zamindar]]'' <ref>{{Cite book|last=Mukharji|first=Projit Bihari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uGgpDQAAQBAJ&q=hiralal+sen+baidya|title=Doctoring Traditions: Ayurveda, Small Technologies, and Braided Sciences|date=2016-10-14|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-38313-2|language=en|access-date=5 February 2022|archive-date=20 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820075354/https://books.google.com/books?id=uGgpDQAAQBAJ&q=hiralal+sen+baidya|url-status=live}}</ref> family of that region, he grew up in [[Calcutta]].<ref name="Hiralal1"/> In 1898, a film troupe en route to [[Paris]] screened a certain Professor Stevenson's short film along with the stage show, ''The Flower of Persia'' at the [[Star Theatre, Calcutta|Star Theatre]] in Calcutta.<ref name="Hiralal2">{{cite web
|last = McKernan
|first = Luke
|date = 1996-12-31
|url = http://www.victorian-cinema.net/sen.htm
|title = Hiralal Sen (copyright British Film Institute)
|accessdate = 2006-11-01
|archive-date = 23 May 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120523154503/http://www.victorian-cinema.net/sen.htm
|url-status = live
}}</ref> Borrowing Stevenson's camera, Sen made his first film, "A Dancing Scene" from the opera ''The Flower of Persia''.<ref name="Hiralal2"/> With assistance from his brother, Motilal Sen, he bought an [[Urban Bioscope]] from [[Charles Urban]]'s [[Warwick Trading Company]] in [[London]].<ref name="Hiralal2"/> In the following year, with his brother, he formed the [[Royal Bioscope]] company.<ref name="Hiralal2"/>

== Filmmaking career ==
In 1898, Hiralal was in Kolkata star Theatre, West Bengal (earlier known as Calcutta)and was watching "flower of Persia". That theatre play had interval were some short film was played and that was the moment he had an idea. He borrowed a camera from the plays director and recorded the whole Flower of Persia play. Furthermore, with added funds by his father he got his first cinematograph camera, and started India's first movie enterprise named - "Royal Bioscope film company" in 1898 itself. In a creative career that extended up to 1913, Hiralal Sen made over forty short films.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay1990">{{cite book |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Samik |author-link=Samik Bandyopadhyay |chapter=The Early Years of Calcutta Cinema |year=1990 |editor-last=Chaudhuri |editor-first=Sukanta |editor-link=Sukanta Chaudhuri |title=Calcutta: The Living City |volume=II: The Present and Future |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=293–294 |isbn=978-0-19-563697-0}}</ref> Most of the films he made depicted scenes from theatrical productions played at Amarendra Dutta's Classic Theatre in Calcutta. At that time raw [[photographic film|film]] was imported into the country.<ref name="Hiralal2"/> Between 1901 and 1904, he produced many films for Classic Theatre including ''Bhramar'', ''Hariraj'', and ''Buddhadev''.<ref name="Hiralal2"/> His longest film, produced in 1903 and titled ''Alibaba and the Forty Thieves'', was also based on an original Classic Theatre performance.<ref name="Hiralal1"/><ref name="Hiralal2"/> However, not much is known about this [[feature film]] since it was never screened.<ref name="Hiralal1"/> He also produced a number of advertising films and newsfilms taking commissions.<ref name="Hiralal2"/> Having made two films advertising Jabakusum Hair Oil and Edwards Tonic, he became the first Indian to use film for advertising purposes.<ref name="Hiralal1"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengal's Jabakusum Hair Oil - First Asian brand advertised in The Bengal Gazette|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/bengals-jabakusum-hair-oil-first-asian-brand-advertised-in-the-bengal-gazette|access-date=2021-12-14|website=Get Bengal|language=en|archive-date=14 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214225051/https://www.getbengal.com/details/bengals-jabakusum-hair-oil-first-asian-brand-advertised-in-the-bengal-gazette|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1905, Sen advertised a "genuine Swadeshi film of our own make". Documenting the "Anti-[[1905 Partition of Bengal|Partition]] Demonstration and [[Swadeshi movement]] at the Town Hall, Calcutta, on the 22nd September 1905", it is, according to critic [[Samik Bandyopadhyay]], India's first political film.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay1990" />

[[Royal Bioscope]] made its last film in 1913.<ref name="Hiralal2" />

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
|-
|1903
|''Alibaba and the Forty Thieves''
|-
|between 1901 and 1904
|''Bhramar''
|-
|between 1901 and 1904
|''Hariraj''
|-
|between 1901 and 1904
|''Buddhadev''
|-
|1905
|''Anti-[[1905 Partition of Bengal|Partition]] Demonstration and [[Swadeshi movement]] at the Town Hall, Calcutta, on the 22nd September 1905''
|}

== Later years ==
Hiralal Sen's later years were filled with disappointment and economic hardship.<ref name="Hiralal1"/> [[Jamshedji Framji Madan]] of the [[Elphinstone Bioscope Company]] had long surpassed him in terms of success.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay1990" /> To compound his misery, he was also suffering from [[cancer]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} A few days before his death in 1917, a fire broke out destroying every film he ever made.<ref name="Hiralal1"/><ref name="Hiralal2"/>

== In popular culture ==
In 2021, a film named ''[[Hiralal (film)|Hiralal]]'' was made on his life starring Kinjal Nanda.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Hiralal' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/previews/hiralal/articleshow/81154201.cms|access-date=2021-03-07|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=24 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424105854/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/previews/hiralal/articleshow/81154201.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Raju |first=Zakir Hossain |author-link=Zakir Hossain Raju |year=2014 |title=Bangladesh Cinema and National Identity: In Search of the Modern? |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1-317-60181-4}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name |0784006}}
* [http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=58106 "Remembering Hiralal Sen"]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Hiralal}}
[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:1917 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Manikganj District]]
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:Bengali film producers]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian silent film producers]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]

Curdi

2026-05-02T16:09:10Z

Samrick21: Created basic pg more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Curdi
| native_name = Kurdi
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Curdi Goa, India.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Curdi village
| pushpin_map = India Goa#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Goa, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15|09|N|74|11|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Goa]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kushavati district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kurdi''' or '''Curdi''' is a [[village]] in [[Sanguem]] taluka of [[Goa]]. The village was submerged in the 1980s by the reservoir of the [[Salaulim Dam]]. Every year, at the peak of summer during April–May, parts of the submerged village rise above the water level for around one month.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48523964 |title=The underwater Indian village that emerges once a year |last=Vohara |first=Supriya|work=BBC News |date=9 June 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019}}</ref> During this period, the original villagers come back to relive their memories and gather around their respective places of worship.<ref name="DHLandMemories">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/573156/a-land-full-memories.html|title=A land full of memories|date=29 September 2016|website=Deccan Herald|last=Vasudev|first=Chetana|access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> Most of the villagers were rehabilitated to the nearby villages of Valkinim and Vaddem, and have since spread across Goa and beyond.<ref name="GoaStreetsLourenco" /><ref name="ToIMendisVadem">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/vadem-giving-the-displaced-a-new-life/articleshow/60996121.cms|title=Vadem in Sanguem: Vadem - Giving the displaced a new life|last=Mendis|first=Isidore |date=8 October 2017|website=The Times of India|access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref>

==Location==
The village is located in Sanguem taluka, and is accessible by bike via the Curchorem-Ponda road. It is located approximately {{convert|5|km|mi}} from Salaulim Dam's catchment area and has become a tourist destination when it resurfaces from under the water in May.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tourists-throng-goas-curdi-village-that-remains-submerged-for-11-months-in-a-year/article27956345.ece|title=Tourists throng Goa's Curdi village that remains submerged for 11 months in a year|date=16 June 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=17 June 2019|agency=PTI|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Curdi village, before being abandoned due to Selaulim Dam, Early 1920s.jpg|thumb|left|Curdi village in the early 1920s]]
Kurdi was a prosperous agricultural village with a population of approximately 3,000. It had a main Hindu temple, smaller temples, a Christian chapel, and a Muslim shrine.<ref name=BBC />

In the 1960s, [[Dayanand Bandodkar]], the then [[Chief Minister]] of Goa, decided to build the Salaulim dam to supply water to a large part of the state. Understanding that the villages of Curdi and Kurpem would be submerged by the reservoir, he offered the villagers rehabilitation in the nearby villages of Valkinim and Vaddem. The families were compensated with {{convert|10000|sqm|sqft|comma=}} of agricultural land by the government. With all plans in place, the people of Curdi began moving out by 1971, making way for the construction of the dam by 1975.<ref name="NTTale2016">{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/a-tale-of-two-submerged-villages/|title=A tale of two submerged villages|work=[[The Navhind Times]]|date=19 May 2016|last=Naik|first=Sachi|access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref>

The reservoir submergence involved 20 villages which were partially or fully submerged. 3000 people (over 450 families) were displaced and resettled.<ref name="Sinha2003">{{cite book|author=B.R. Sinha|title=Encyclopedia of Professional Education Volume 7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdjGoXN3y1AC&pg=PA268|year=2003|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-410-6|page=268}}</ref> The {{Convert|2.5|m}} tall figure of Mother Goddess (dated to 5th century BC), a 16 tonne image, in the village was relocated to [[Verna, Goa|Verna]].<ref name="Bradnock2002">{{cite book|author1=Robert Bradnock|author2=Roma Bradnock|title=Footprint Goa Handbook: The Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWAnvOJD1qwC&pg=PA171|date=May 2002|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-903471-22-7|page=171}}</ref> Another temple (dedicated to [[Shiva|Mahadev]]), archaeologically dated to the 10th–11th century of the [[Kadambas of Goa|Kadamba period]], at Curdi, Angod, was also relocated to a site {{Convert|17|km}} away. The relocation was done by dismantling of the original temple and then reassembling it at the new location after methodically numbering each stone, over a period of 11 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.exoticgoa.co.in/mahadeva-temple-Kurdi-angod-goa.php|title=The Mahadeva Temple, Kurdi – Goa|accessdate=8 February 2011|publisher=Exoticgoa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129084954/http://www.exoticgoa.co.in/mahadeva-temple-Kurdi-angod-goa.php|archive-date=29 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The village also has a {{Convert|10|km}} long irrigation canal that was cut through laterite stone and is more than {{Convert|10|m}} deep at most parts and winds its way through the religious structures. The canal's water was diverted by [[bunding]] it annually, until a man named Bosle built the permanent Bosle bund 150 years ago.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Curdi-amcho-ganv-An-emotional-return-to-their-true-home/146985.html|title=Curdi amcho ganv An emotional return to their true home|first=Abel|last=Barretto|date=2 June 2019|website=oHeraldo|access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref>

Devabhag, Stristal, Karemal, Unan, Akrimal, Dhapode, Talsai and Kaman, among others, were the various smaller colonies of the village. Of these, Talsai and about half of Kurpem were not submerged by the reservoir.<ref name="NTTale2016" />

In 2017, the remains of a temple dedicated to [[Ganesha]] were discovered about {{Convert|500|m}} away from the Shree Someshwar Temple. The temple's existence was not known as it was covered with thick vegetation before the submergence of the village.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/submerged-for-a-century-a-lost-temple-rises-in-kurdi/articleshow/58618171.cms|title=Submerged for a century, a lost temple rises in Kurdi |date=11 May 2017|first=Govind |last=Kamat Maad |website=The Times of India|access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
In the initial days of relocation, the original inhabitants of Curdi village had to survive in rehabilitation homes provided by the government in the town of Vaddem. To date, they face problems with drinking water, irrigation, healthcare, employment, network coverage and electricity. This is partly due to the fact that the village does not receive water from the Salaulim Dam project.<ref name="ToIMendisVadem" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/displaced-by-selaulim-dam-locals-thirst-for-water/articleshow/63141403.cms|title=Displaced by Selaulim dam, locals thirst for water |date=3 March 2018|first=Johnny |last=M. |website=The Times of India|access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref>

==Annual gathering==
When parts of the submerged village appear above the water level during May, the original inhabitants go back with their families to picnic at the various standing structures of the village. They celebrate the feast of a chapel, which lies just above the water line on a hillock.<ref name="GoaStreetsLourenco">{{Cite web|url=https://goastreets.com/curdi-a-goan-atlantis/|title=Curdi – A Goan Atlantis|last=Lourenco|first=Jose|date=2 May 2013|website=GoaStreets.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515121023/https://goastreets.com/curdi-a-goan-atlantis/|archive-date=15 May 2019|url-status=dead|access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref> The original villagers also celebrate the ''[[utsava]]'' of the Someshwar Temple in this village.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goa365.tv/general/E/curdi-villagers-reunite-at-their-submerge-village…/00480.html|title=Curdi villagers reunite, at their submerge village…|date=29 May 2017|website=Goa365|access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref> A Muslim shrine is also present here.<ref name="DHLandMemories" />

==Documentary==
In 2016, young filmmaker Saumyananda Sahi chose to make a documentary about the village, after reading the thesis on the village written by Venisha Fernandes, whose family originally hails from the village. Fernandes chose her ancestral village as the subject for her dissertation as part of her Masters in Sociology at [[Goa University]]. Titled ''Remembering Kurdi'', it is produced by the [[Films Division of India]] and has interviews of the original inhabitants interspersed with the scenery of the village when it is above the water level in May.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/817405/houses-fields-and-a-way-of-life-lost-forever-come-alive-in-a-documentary-on-a-goan-ghost-town|title=Houses, fields and a way of life lost forever come alive in a documentary on a Goan ghost town|last=D'souza|first=Nupur|website=Scroll.in|date=25 September 2016|access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/A-river-through-reality/article15472409.ece|title=A river through reality|last=Nathan|first=Archana|date=6 October 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=16 May 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It also has excerpts from a film shot at the village in 1977 by Vinay Dhumale, titled ''Gana Tapaswini''. It features the Someshwar temple, the house of Mogubai Kurdikar, and village plantations. Sahi also organised a screening of the film for the original inhabitants living at Vaddem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Once-upon-a-time-a-village/articleshow/53790906.cms|title=Once upon a time, a village |date=24 August 2016|first=Lisa |last=Monteiro|website=The Times of India|access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref>

==Notable individuals==
* [[Mogubai Kurdikar]]
* [[Kishori Amonkar]]

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" caption="Glimpses of Curdi" widths="150" heights="150" perrow="4">
File:Island in the Salaulim reservoir , Goa.jpg|Someshwar Temple seen submerged
File:Someshwar Temple, Curdi.jpg|Someshwar Temple as seen today
File:Someshwar Temple, Curdi, from 1984.jpg|Someshwar Temple as seen in 1984
File:Never Ending Journey.jpg|Path to the Someshwar Temple seen in summer
File:Mahadev Temple at Kurdi, Goa (Front View).jpg|Mahadev Temple at Kurdi. The temple was translocated brick by brick when the locals learned that the village would be submerged.
File:Curdi, a village in Goa which was submerged by the (Salaulim) dam, resurfaces in summer when the dam waters are low.jpg|Remains of a structure
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Salaulim Dam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Curdi}}
* {{Vimeo|170348198|Remembering Kurdi - Official Trailer}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/under-water-for-11-months-a-year-goa-village-questions-sacrifice-for-dam/articleshow/69794562.cms|title=Under water for 11 months a year, Goa village questions 'sacrifice' for dam|website=The Times of India|last=Maad|first=Govind|date=15 June 2019}}

[[Category:Villages in South Goa district]]
[[Category:Submerged places]]

Dion Gowda

2026-05-01T23:17:09Z

Samrick21: Created new pg needs work

{{Short description|Indian racing driver (born 2007)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dion Gowda
| native_name = {{nobold|ಡಿಯೋನ್ ಗೌಡ}}
| native_name_lang = kn
| image = File:FRECA 2025 Mogyoród Gowda.jpg
| caption = Gowda in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2007|11|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| module = {{Infobox racing driver|embed=yes
| nationality = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|IND}} Indian
* {{flagicon|GBR}} British{{efn|Gowda is Indian but competes [[Motorsport UK|under a British licence]].}}
}}
| current_series = [[Formula Regional European Championship]]
| first_year = [[2025 Formula Regional European Championship|2025]]
| current_team = [[Van Amersfoort Racing]]
| wins = 0
| podiums = 0
| starts = 23
| poles = 0
| fastest_laps = 1
| updated = 2 May 2026
| best_finish = 12th
| year = [[2025 Formula Regional European Championship|2025]]
}}
| module2 = {{Infobox racing driver|embed=yes
| current_series = [[GB3 Championship]]
| first_year = [[2025 GB3 Championship|2025]]
| current_team = Xcel Motorsport
| car_number = 19
| former_teams = Chris Dittmann Racing
| starts = 6
| championships = 0
| wins = 0
| podiums = 0
| poles = 0
| fastest_laps = 0
| updated =
| best_finish = 25th
| year = [[2025 GB3 Championship|2025]]
}}
| module3 = {{Infobox racing driver|embed=yes
| prev_series = {{plainlist|
* [[Euro 4 Championship|Euro 4]]
* [[Italian F4]]
* [[F4 UAE]]
* [[F4 British]]
* [[F4 Indian]]
}}
| prev_series_years = {{plainlist|
* [[2024 Euro 4 Championship|2024]]
* [[2024 Italian F4 Championship|2024]]
* [[2023 Formula 4 UAE Championship|2023]]–[[2024 Formula 4 UAE Championship|2024]]
* [[2023 F4 British Championship|2023]]
* [[2023 F4 Indian Championship|2023]]
}}
| titles =
| title_years =
| awards =
| award_years =
}}
}}

'''Dion Gowda''' ({{langx|kn|ಡಿಯೋನ್ ಗೌಡ}}; born 30 November 2007) is an Indian [[racing driver]] who competes [[Motorsport UK|under the British flag]] in the [[Formula Regional European Championship]] for [[Van Amersfoort Racing]]. Born and raised in [[Bangalore]], Gowda previously competed in the [[2024 Italian F4 Championship]] with [[Prema Racing]], finishing eleventh.

== Career ==

=== Karting (2015–2022) ===
Gowda had a mixed karting career, after starting in the sport at the age of eight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dion Gowda |url=https://premaracing.com/en/driver/50-dion-gowda |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Prema Racing |language=en}}</ref> He started karting in Europe in 2018, where he finished 37th in the [[WSK Final Cup]], in the 60 Mini category.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-21 |title=WSK – Final Cup |url=https://www.kartcom.com/en/competitions/2018/4986-wsk-8211-final-cup/championship/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Kartcom |language=en-US}}</ref> He continued in the category for 2019, where he finished seventh in the South Garda Winter Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-17 |title=Winter Cup |url=https://www.kartcom.com/en/competitions/2019/1407918-winter-cup/results/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Kartcom |language=en-US}}</ref> Later in the year, Gowda stepped up to the [[OKJ (karting)|OKJ]] category, in which he would compete in for 2020. His best result over the course of 2020 was an eighth place in the [[WSK Champions Cup]] at the start of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-26 |title=WSK – Champions Cup |url=https://www.kartcom.com/en/competitions/2020/1407995-wsk-8211-champions-cup/results/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Kartcom |language=en-US}}</ref> Gowda remained in the category for 2021, as well as taking part in the [[Karting Academy Trophy]], where he finished a career-high fifth in the standings, after taking his first podium at the event in [[Wackersdorf]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-20 |title=Academy Trophy |url=https://www.kartcom.com/en/competitions/2021/1531492-academy-trophy/championship/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Kartcom |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-20 |title=Academy Trophy |url=https://www.kartcom.com/en/competitions/2021/1531492-academy-trophy/results/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Kartcom |language=en-US}}</ref> For 2022, Gowda stepped up to [[OK (Karting)|OK]] karting, where he struggled and only managed to take a best result of 29th place in the championship, achieved in the [[WSK Super Master Series]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-30 |title=WSK – Super Master Series |url=https://www.kartcom.com/en/competitions/2022/1563874-wsk-8211-super-master-series/championship/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Kartcom |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Formula 4 (2023–2024) ===
==== 2023 ====
Gowda was announced to be moving to cars for the 2023 season, by joining the grid for the [[2023 Formula 4 UAE Championship]]. He had a tough season driving for [[Rodin Motorsport|Carlin]], but he showed promise by finishing in the points on two occasions and ending the season in 25th in the standings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Championships {{!}} Driver Database |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/formula-4-uae/2023 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=www.driverdb.com}}</ref>

For the remainder of the 2023 season, Gowda joined [[Rodin Motorsport|Rodin Carlin]] for a full season of the [[2023 F4 British Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ROKiT FIA British Formula F4 {{!}} Carlin kick off 2023 driver line-up with Dion Gowda |url=https://fiaformula4.com/carlin-kick-off-2023-driver-line-up-with-dion-gowda/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |language=en}}</ref> He had a strong season in the championship, showing his capabilities as a racing driver by finishing in fourth place in the championship, taking four wins and six podiums on his way to a points tally of 226.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Championships {{!}} Driver Database |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/msa-formula/2023 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=www.driverdb.com}}</ref>

==== 2024 ====
Gowda would rejoin the championship in 2024, as he joined reigning champions [[Mumbai Falcons]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=2024-01-08 |title=Prema reveals it and Mumbai Falcons' line-ups for FRME and F4 UAE |url=https://formulascout.com/prema-reveals-it-and-mumbai-falcons-line-ups-for-frme-and-f4-uae/114757 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> Gowda had a more impressive and consistent season than his previous season, and he scored a podium over the course of the fifteen races. He finished 11th in the standings with 65 points to his name at season's end.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Championships {{!}} Driver Database |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/formula-4-uae/2024 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=www.driverdb.com}}</ref>

After his encouraging campaign in the [[F4 British Championship]] the previous year, [[Prema Racing]] signed Gowda for a full [[2024 Italian F4 Championship|Italian F4]] and [[2024 Euro 4 Championship|Euro 4]] campaign in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=2024-01-12 |title=Dion Gowda joins Prema, Alvise Rodella to VAR for Euro 4 and Italian F4 |url=https://formulascout.com/dion-gowda-joins-prema-alvise-rodella-to-var-for-euro-4-and-italian-f4/114870 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> He made a decent start to his [[Italian F4 Championship|Italian F4]] season, with two podiums at [[Imola Circuit|Imola]], but ended the championship in 11th place after low scoring rounds for the rest of the season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Formula4 Italian Championship - Certified by FIA WSK Promotion Official Site - Standings |url=https://www.f4championship.com/STANDINGS/DRIVERS_ABSOLUTE#DRIVERS_ABSOLUTE |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=www.f4championship.com}}</ref> Gowda also finished 14th in [[Euro 4 Championship|Euro 4]] campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Euro4 Championship - WSK Promotion Official Site - Standings |url=https://www.euro4championship.com/STANDINGS/DRIVERS_ABSOLUTE#DRIVERS_ABSOLUTE|access-date=2025-04-02}}</ref>

=== Formula Regional (2025–present) ===
==== 2025 ====
[[File:FRECA 2025 Mogyoród Nr. 55 Gowda.jpg|thumb|left|Gowda driving at the [[Hungaroring]] during the [[2025 Formula Regional European Championship]]]]
Gowda stepped up to the [[2025 Formula Regional European Championship|Formula Regional European Championship]] with [[Van Amersfoort Racing]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dion Gowda joins Van Amersfoort Racing for the 2025 FRECA Season|date=21 November 2024|url=https://www.vanamersfoortracing.nl/news/2024/dion-gowda-joins-van-amersfoort-racing-for-the-2025-freca-season/|access-date=21 November 2024|website=[[Van Amersfoort Racing]]|language=en}}</ref>

That year, Gowda also competed in the [[2025 GB3 Championship|GB3 Championship]] for Xcel Motorsport alongside his main Formula Regional campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dion Gowda joins Xcel Motorsport for partial GB3 campaign|url=https://www.gb-3.net/news/2025/mar/27/dion-gowda-joins-xcel-motorsport-for-partial-gb3-campaign-|access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref>

==== 2026 ====
Gowda started the year by competing in the winter [[2026 Formula Regional Middle East Trophy|Formula Regional Middle East Trophy]] with [[Van Amersfoort Racing]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Formula Regional Middle East Trophy: 2026 season guide|date=14 January 2026|url=https://feederseries.net/2026/01/14/formula-regional-middle-east-trophy-2026-season-guide/|access-date=15 January 2026|website=Feeder Series|language=en}}</ref>

For his main season, Gowda was retained by Van Amersfoort to compete in the [[2026 Formula Regional European Championship|Formula Regional European Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dion Gowda continues with Van Amersfoort Racing in Formula Regional|date=9 January 2026|url=https://www.vanamersfoortracing.nl/news/2025/dion-gowda-continues-with-van-amersfoort-racing-in-formula-regional/|access-date=10 January 2026|website=[[Van Amersfoort Racing]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Karting record ==
=== Karting career summary ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center"
!Season
!Series
!Team
!Position
|-
! rowspan="4" |2018
| align="left" |[[WSK Final Cup]] - 60 Mini
| rowspan="3" align="left" |BabyRace Driver Academy
|37th
|-
| align="left" |ROK Cup International Final - Mini ROK
|11th
|-
| align="left" |Macau International Kart Grand Prix - Mini ROK
|10th
|-
| align="left" |ROK Cup Asia - Mini ROK
| align="left" |Eugene - GP Racing
|7th
|-
! rowspan="8" |2019
| align="left" |[[WSK Champions Cup]] - 60 Mini
| rowspan="4" align="left" |BabyRace Driver Academy
|15th
|-
| align="left" |[[WSK Super Master Series]] - 60 Mini
|48th
|-
| align="left" |South Garda Winter Cup - Mini ROK
|7th
|-
| align="left" |[[WSK Euro Series]] - 60 Mini
|34th
|-
| align="left" |WSK Open Cup - [[OKJ (karting)|OKJ]]
| rowspan="3" align="left" |Ricky Flynn Motorsport
|47th
|-
| align="left" |[[WSK Final Cup]] - [[OKJ (karting)|OKJ]]
|NC
|-
| align="left" |[[German Karting Championship|Deutsche Kart Meisterschaft]] - [[OKJ (karting)|OKJ]]
|NC
|-
| align="left" | IAME Asia Cup - Cadet
| align="left" | Eugene Motorsports
| 12th
|-
! rowspan="8" |2020
| align="left" |[[WSK Champions Cup]] - [[OKJ (karting)|OKJ]]
| rowspan="8" align="left" |Ricky Flynn Motorsport
|8th
|-
| align="left" |[[WSK Super Master Series]] - [[OKJ (karting)|OKJ]]
|20th
|-
| align="left" |South Garda Winter Cup - [[OKJ (karting)|OKJ]]
|24th
|-
| align="left" |[[WSK Euro Series]] - [[OKJ (karting)|OKJ]]
|15th
|-
| align="left" |[[Champions of the Future]] - [[OKJ (karting)|OKJ]]
|28th
|-
| align="left" |[[CIK-FIA Karting European Championship|CIK-FIA European Championship]] - [[OKJ (karting)|OKJ]]
|24th
|-
| align="left" |[[Karting World Championship|CIK-FIA World Championship]] - [[OKJ (karting)|OKJ]]
|34th
|-
| align="left" |WSK Open Cup - [[OKJ (karting)|OKJ]]
|13th
|-
! rowspan="10" |2021
| align="left" |[[WSK Champions Cup]] - [[OKJ (karting)|OKJ]]
| rowspan="5" align="left" |Ricky Flynn Motorsport
|34th
|-
| align="left" |[[WSK Super Master Series]] - [[OKJ (karting)|OKJ]]
|21st
|-
| align="left" |[[WSK Euro Series]] - [[OKJ (karting)|OKJ]]
|17th
|-
| align="left" |[[Champions of the Future]] - [[OKJ (karting)|OKJ]]
|8th
|-
| align="left" |[[CIK-FIA Karting European Championship|CIK-FIA European Championship]] - [[OKJ (karting)|OKJ]]
|23rd
|-
| align="left" |[[Karting Academy Trophy|CIK-FIA Academy Trophy]]
|
|5th
|-
| align="left" |WSK Open Cup - [[OKJ (karting)|OKJ]]
| rowspan="4" align="left" |Ricky Flynn Motorsport
|13th
|-
| align="left" |[[Karting World Championship|CIK-FIA World Championship]] - [[OKJ (karting)|OKJ]]
|9th
|-
| align="left" |South Garda Winter Cup - [[OKJ (karting)|OKJ]]
|29th
|-
| align="left" |[[WSK Final Cup]] - [[OKJ (karting)|OKJ]]
|21st
|-
! rowspan="4" |2022
| align="left" |[[WSK Super Master Series]] - [[OK (Karting)|OK]]
| rowspan="4" align="left" |Ricky Flynn Motorsport
|29th
|-
| align="left" |[[Champions of the Future Winter Series]] - [[OK (Karting)|OK]]
|NC
|-
| align="left" |[[Champions of the Future]] - [[OK (Karting)|OK]]
|42nd
|-
| align="left" |[[CIK-FIA Karting European Championship|CIK-FIA European Championship]] - [[OK (Karting)|OK]]
|39th
|-
! colspan="4" |Sources:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Driver: Dion Gowda {{!}} Driver Database |url=https://www.driverdb.com/drivers/dion-gowda |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=www.driverdb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gowda Dion |url=https://www.kartcom.com/en/pilot/gowda-dion/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Kartcom |date=21 June 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="IAME">{{cite web |title=Past Results |url=https://www.iameseriesasia.com/past-results |publisher=IAME Series Asia |access-date=10 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520192133/https://www.iameseriesasia.com/past-results |archive-date=20 May 2025}}</ref>
|}

=== Complete Macao International Kart Grand Prix results ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
! Year
! Series
!Team
! Class
! Pre-Final
! Final
|-
!2018
| align="left" | Asian Karting Open Championship
| align="left" | Baby Race Driver Academy
| align="left" | Mini ROK
| ?
| 16th
|-
! colspan="6" |Sources:<ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 Macao International Kart Grand Prix - AKOC Entry List |url=http://202.175.161.7/aamc/webfile//upload/2020/01-20/01-05-4406921001640768.pdf |website=Automobile General Association Macao-China}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 Macao International Kart Grand Prix - Mini ROK results |url=http://202.175.161.7/aamc/webfile//upload/2020/01-20/01-13-070168-1628913236.pdf |website=Automobile General Association Macao-China}}</ref>
|}

== Racing record ==

=== Racing career summary ===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center"
! Season
! Series
! Team
! Races
! Wins
! Poles
! F/Laps
! Podiums
! Points
! Position
|-
! rowspan="4" | 2023
|align="left"| [[2023 Formula 4 UAE Championship|Formula 4 UAE Championship]]
|align="left"|[[Rodin Motorsport|Carlin]]
| 15
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 5
| 25th
|-
| align="left" |[[2023 F4 British Championship|F4 British Championship]]
| align="left" |[[Rodin Motorsport|Rodin Carlin]]
| 29
| 4
| 4
| 1
| 6
| 226
| 4th
|-
|align=left| [[2023 F4 Indian Championship|F4 Indian Championship]]
|align=left| [[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
|3
|1
|0
|1
|1
|24.5
|11th
|-
|align="left"nowrap| [[2024 Formula 4 UAE Championship|Formula 4 UAE Championship - Trophy Round]]
|align="left"|Xcel Motorsport
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| N/A
| NC
|-
! rowspan="3" | 2024
|align="left"| [[2024 Formula 4 UAE Championship|Formula 4 UAE Championship]]
|align="left"nowrap|[[Mumbai Falcons|Mumbai Falcons Racing Limited]]
| 15
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 65
| 11th
|-
|align="left"| [[2024 Italian F4 Championship|Italian F4 Championship]]
| rowspan="2" align="left"|[[Prema Racing]]
| 21
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 2
| 62
| 11th
|-
|align="left"| [[2024 Euro 4 Championship|Euro 4 Championship]]
| 9
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 16
| 14th
|-
! rowspan="2"| 2025
|align=left| [[2025 Formula Regional European Championship|Formula Regional European Championship]]
|align=left| [[Van Amersfoort Racing]]
| 20
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 38
| 12th
|-
| align=left| [[2025 GB3 Championship|GB3 Championship]]
| align=left| Xcel Motorsport
| 6
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 40
| 25th
|-
! rowspan="2" |2026
| align="left" |[[2026 Formula Regional Middle East Trophy|Formula Regional Middle East Trophy]]
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Van Amersfoort Racing]]
| 10
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 24th
|-
| align="left" |[[2026 Formula Regional European Championship|Formula Regional European Championship]]
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 16*
| 7th*
|}

=== Complete Formula 4 UAE Championship results ===
([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Team
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! DC
! Points
|-
| [[2023 Formula 4 UAE Championship|2023]]
!nowrap| [[Rodin Motorsport|Carlin]]
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Dubai Autodrome|DUB1 1]] {{small|14}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Dubai Autodrome|DUB1 2]] {{small|10}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Dubai Autodrome|DUB1 3]] {{small|20}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" |[[Kuwait Motor Town|KMT1 1]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Kuwait Motor Town|KMT1 2]] {{small|22}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Kuwait Motor Town|KMT1 3]] {{small|12}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Kuwait Motor Town|KMT2 1]] {{small|13}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Kuwait Motor Town|KMT2 2]] {{small|15}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Kuwait Motor Town|KMT2 3]] {{small|8}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Dubai Autodrome|DUB2 1]] {{small|11}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Dubai Autodrome|DUB2 2]] {{small|33}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Dubai Autodrome|DUB2 3]] {{small|13}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC 1]] {{small|16}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC 2]] {{small|20}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC 3]] {{small|26}}
! 25th
! 5
|-
| [[2024 Formula 4 UAE Championship|2024]]
!nowrap| [[Mumbai Falcons|Mumbai Falcons Racing Limited]]
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC1 1]] {{small|6}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" |[[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC1 2]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" |[[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC1 3]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC2 1]] {{small|11}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" |[[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC2 2]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" |[[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC2 3]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#FFDF9F;" |[[Dubai Autodrome|DUB1 1]] {{small|3}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Dubai Autodrome|DUB1 2]] {{small|4}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Dubai Autodrome|DUB1 3]] {{small|11}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC3 1]] {{small|6}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC3 2]] {{small|26†}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC3 3]] {{small|5}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Dubai Autodrome|DUB2 1]] {{small|14}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Dubai Autodrome|DUB2 2]] {{small|12}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Dubai Autodrome|DUB2 3]] {{small|4}}
! 11th
! 65
|}

=== Complete F4 British Championship results ===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
|-
! Year
! Team
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! 19
! 20
! 21
! 22
! 23
! 24
! 25
! 26
! 27
! 28
! 29
! 30
! 31
! DC
! Points
|-
| [[2023 F4 British Championship|2023]]
! nowrap| [[Rodin Carlin]]
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Donington Park|DPN 1]] {{small|4}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Donington Park|DPN 2]] {{small|810}}
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" |[[Donington Park|DPN 3]] {{small|2}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Brands Hatch|BHI 1]] {{small|9}}
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" |[[Brands Hatch|BHI 2]] {{small|11}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Brands Hatch|BHI 3]] {{small|10}}
| style="background:#FFFFFF;" |'''[[Snetterton Circuit|SNE 1]]''' {{small|C}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Snetterton Circuit|SNE 2]] {{small|1010}}
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" |'''[[Snetterton Circuit|SNE 3]]''' {{small|1}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Thruxton Circuit|THR 1]] {{small|7}}
| style="background:#FFDF9F;" |''[[Thruxton Circuit|THR 2]]'' {{small|38}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" |[[Thruxton Circuit|THR 3]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Oulton Park Circuit|OUL 1]] {{small|5}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Oulton Park Circuit|OUL 2]] {{small|182}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Oulton Park Circuit|OUL 3]] {{small|5}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL 1]] {{small|11}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL 2]] {{small|510}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL 3]] {{small|5}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Croft Circuit|CRO 1]] {{small|6}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Croft Circuit|CRO 2]] {{small|95}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Croft Circuit|CRO 3]] {{small|4}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Knockhill|KNO 1]] {{small|13}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" |[[Knockhill|KNO 2]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" |'''[[Knockhill|KNO 3]]''' {{small|1}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" |[[Donington Park|DPGP 1]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" |'''[[Donington Park|DPGP 2]]''' {{small|1}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Donington Park|DPGP 3]] {{small|95}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Donington Park|DPGP 4]] {{small|17}}
| style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Brands Hatch|BHGP 1]] {{small|EX}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Brands Hatch|BHGP 2]] {{small|123}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Brands Hatch|BHGP 3]] {{small|9}}
! 4th
! 226
|}

=== Complete F4 Indian Championship results ===
([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Entrant
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! Pos
! Points
|-
| [[2023 F4 Indian Championship|2023]]
! nowrap| [[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
| style="background:#;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC1 1]]
| style="background:#;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC1 2]]
| style="background:#;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC1 3]]
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | ''[[Madras International Circuit|MIC2 1]]'' {{small|4}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC2 2]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC2 3]] {{small|1}}
| style="background:#;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC3 1]]
| style="background:#;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC3 2]]
| style="background:#;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC3 3]]
| style="background:#;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC3 4]]
| style="background:#;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC3 5]]
| style="background:#;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC4 1]]
| style="background:#;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC4 2]]
| style="background:#;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC4 3]]
| style="background:#;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC4 4]]
!style="background:#"|11th
!style="background:#"|24.5
|}

=== Complete Italian F4 Championship results ===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
|-
! Year
! Team
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! 19
! 20
! 21
! DC
! Points
|-
| [[2024 Italian F4 Championship|2024]]
! nowrap| [[Prema Racing]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF" |[[Misano World Circuit|MIS 1]] {{small|11}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF" |[[Misano World Circuit|MIS 2]] {{small|7}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF" |[[Misano World Circuit|MIS 3]] {{small|9}}
|style="background:#FFDF9F" |[[Imola Circuit|IMO 1]] {{small|3}}
|style="background:#FFDF9F" |[[Imola Circuit|IMO 2]] {{small|3}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF" |[[Imola Circuit|IMO 3]] {{small|10}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF" |[[Vallelunga Circuit|VLL 1]] {{small|20}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF" |[[Vallelunga Circuit|VLL 2]] {{small|9}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF" |[[Vallelunga Circuit|VLL 3]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF" |[[Mugello Circuit|MUG 1]] {{small|15}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF" |[[Mugello Circuit|MUG 2]] {{small|11}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF" |[[Mugello Circuit|MUG 3]] {{small|10}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF" |[[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 1]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF" |[[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 2]] {{small|11}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF" |[[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 3]] {{small|7}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF" |[[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT 1]] {{small|7}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF" |[[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT 2]] {{small|17}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF" |[[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT 3]] {{small|16}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF" |[[Monza Circuit|MNZ 1]] {{small|18}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF" |[[Monza Circuit|MNZ 2]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF" |[[Monza Circuit|MNZ 3]] {{small|8}}
! style="background:#"| 11th
! style="background:#"| 62
|}

=== Complete Euro 4 Championship results ===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
|-
! Year
! Team
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! DC
! Points
|-
|[[2024 Euro 4 Championship|2024]]
! nowrap| [[Prema Racing]]
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | ''[[Mugello Circuit|MUG 1]]'' {{small|6}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[Mugello Circuit|MUG 2]] {{small|15}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Mugello Circuit|MUG 3]] {{small|7}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 1]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 2]] {{small|16}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 3]] {{small|9}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[Monza Circuit|MNZ 1]] {{small|15}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[Monza Circuit|MNZ 2]] {{small|11}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[Monza Circuit|MNZ 3]] {{small|16}}
! style="background:#;" | 14th
! style="background:#;" | 16
|}

=== Complete Formula Regional European Championship results ===
([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Team
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! 19
! 20
! DC
! Points
|-
| [[2025 Formula Regional European Championship|2025]]
!nowrap| [[Van Amersfoort Racing]]
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Misano World Circuit Marco Simoncelli|MIS 1]] {{small|17}}
| style="background:#efcfff;" | [[Misano World Circuit Marco Simoncelli|MIS 2]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 1]] {{small|14}}
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 2]] {{small|5}}
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 1]] {{small|10}}
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 2]] {{small|7}}
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | [[Hungaroring|HUN 1]] {{small|10}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Hungaroring|HUN 2]] {{small|15}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 1]] {{small|16}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 2]] {{small|16}}
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | [[Imola Circuit|IMO 1]] {{small|8}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Imola Circuit|IMO 2]] {{small|15}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 1]] {{small|13}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 2]] {{small|13}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT 1]] {{small|13}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT 2]] {{small|13}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Hockenheimring|HOC 1]] {{small|17}}
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | [[Hockenheimring|HOC 2]] {{small|5}}
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | [[Monza Circuit|MNZ 1]] {{small|7}}
| style="background:#efcfff;" | [[Monza Circuit|MNZ 2]] {{small|Ret}}
! 12th
! 38
|-
| [[2026 Formula Regional European Championship|2026]]
!nowrap| [[Van Amersfoort Racing]]
|style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 1]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 2]] {{small|''4''}}
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 3]] {{small|6}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 1]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 2]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 1]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 2]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 3]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Monza Circuit|MNZ 1]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Monza Circuit|MNZ 2]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Monza Circuit|MNZ 3]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Hungaroring|HUN 1]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Hungaroring|HUN 2]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 1]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 2]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Imola Circuit|IMO 1]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Imola Circuit|IMO 2]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Imola Circuit|IMO 3]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 1]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 2]]
! 7th*
! 16*
|}
{{asterisk}} Season still in progress.

=== Complete GB3 Championship results ===
([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Team
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! 19
! 20
! 21
! 22
! 23
! 24
! DC
! Points
|-
| [[2025 GB3 Championship|2025]]
!nowrap| Xcel Motorsport
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL1 1]] {{small|10}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" |[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL1 2]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" |[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL1 3]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 1]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 2]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 3]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 1]] {{small|14}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 2]] {{small|9}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 3]] {{small|6}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Hungaroring|HUN 1]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Hungaroring|HUN 2]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Hungaroring|HUN 3]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL2 1]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL2 2]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL2 3]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Brands Hatch|BRH 1]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Brands Hatch|BRH 2]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Brands Hatch|BRH 3]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Donington Park|DON 1]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Donington Park|DON 2]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Donington Park|DON 3]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Monza Circuit|MNZ 1]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Monza Circuit|MNZ 2]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Monza Circuit|MNZ 3]] {{small|}}
! 25th
! 40
|}

=== Complete Formula Regional Middle East Trophy results ===
([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Entrant
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! DC
! Points
|-
| [[2026 Formula Regional Middle East Trophy|2026]]
!nowrap| [[Van Amersfoort Racing]]
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC1 1]] {{small|23}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC1 2]] {{small|12}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC1 3]] {{small|11}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC2 1]] {{small|22}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC2 2]] {{small|17}}
| style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC2 3]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB 1]] {{small|15}}
| style="background:#;"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB 2]] {{small|DNS}}
| style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB 3]] {{small|10}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Losail International Circuit|LUS 1]] {{small|23}}
| style="background:#FFFFFF;"| [[Losail International Circuit|LUS 2]] {{small|C}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Losail International Circuit|LUS 3]] {{small|17}}
! 24th
! 1
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{DriverDB|dion-gowda}}

{{Van Amersfoort Racing}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gowda, Dion}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2007 births]]
[[Category:Indian racing drivers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Karting World Championship drivers]]
[[Category:UAE F4 Championship drivers]]
[[Category:British F4 Championship drivers]]
[[Category:Italian F4 Championship drivers]]
[[Category:Formula Regional European Championship drivers]]
[[Category:Carlin racing drivers]]
[[Category:Rodin Motorsport drivers]]
[[Category:Prema Powerteam drivers]]
[[Category:Mumbai Falcons drivers]]
[[Category:Van Amersfoort Racing drivers]]
[[Category:Indian F4 Championship drivers]]
[[Category:MP Motorsport drivers]]
[[Category:BRDC British Formula 3 Championship drivers]]
[[Category:Formula Regional Middle East Championship drivers]]
[[Category:Euro 4 Championship drivers]]

Aadukalam (TV series)

2026-05-01T18:55:22Z

Samrick21: Creating First Data Added Tags

{{Short description|2025 Indian drama TV series}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| alt_name = ஆடுகளம்
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Revenge]]
* [[Drama]]
}}
| writer = Pirasanna
| screenplay = V.Padmavathy
| director = Radha Krishanan (RK)
| executive_producer =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Delna Davis]]
* Salmanul Faris
}}
| theme_music_composer = Dharan
| composer = Dharan
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 300+<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sunnxt.com/suntv-tamil-serial-aadukalam-Apr07-2025/detail/218413/0| title=Watch Aadukalam (Episode ) Tamil serial online for Free in India | Sun NXT }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-delna-devis-aadukalam-completes-50-episodes/articleshow/121437359.cms|title=Actress Delna Devis' 'Aadukalam' completes 50 episodes|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 May 2024|language=en}}</ref>
| list_episodes =
| producer = [[B. R. Vijayalakshmi]]
| company =
*[[Sun Network|Sun Entertainment]]
*[[Saregama]]
| open_theme = {{Plainlist|
* "Kummi Adi Penne Kummi Adi" Meenakshi Ilayaraja (Vocals) [[Subramania Bharati]] (Lyrics) }}
| cinematography = Akilan
| editor = Vinoth Robart
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx.20–22 minutes per episode
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|04|07|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| network = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]

}}

'''''Aadukalam''''' ({{Translation| ''Playground''}}) is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Revenge]] [[Tamil television drama|drama]] television series, which is airing on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]. This series stars [[Delna Davis]] and Salmanul Faris. <ref name="dinamani.com">{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Mar/31/aadukalam-new-serial|title=டெல்னா டேவிஸின் ஆடுகளம் தொடர்! ஒளிபரப்பு தேதி அறிவிப்பு!|website=[[Dinamani]]|date=31 March 2025|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/aadukalam-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-gripping-family-drama-starring-delna-davis-gayatri-jayaraman-and-salmanul-faris/articleshow/123140777.cms|title=All you need to know about the gripping family drama starring Delna Davis, Gayatri Jayaraman, and Salmanul Faris
|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 August 2025|language=en}}</ref> This show is being produced by [[SUN Group#Television Production Company|Sun Entertainment]] and [[Saregama]] and directed by Radha Krishnan (RK). It premiered on 7 April 2025 and digitally streams on [[Sun NXT]].<ref name="dinamani.com"/><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Apr/02/delna-davis-aadukalam-serial-telecast-7-days-of-week-sun-tv|title=வாரத்தின் 7 நாள்களும் ஒளிபரப்பாகும் புதிய தொடர்!|website=[[Dinamani]]|date=2 April 2025|language=ta}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sathya loves her sister like a second mother & believes compassion outweighs all riches. But, Selvanayagi, a woman of pride & privilege, worships money & social status. When their worlds collide, what trials will Sathya face in her fight for justice and her sister?

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
*[[Delna Davis]]<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-aadukalam-actress-delna-davis-acted-with-vidharth-in-kurangu-bommai/articleshow/121490057.cms|title=Did you know Aadukalam actress Delna Davis acted with Vidharth in Kurangu Bommai?|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 May 2024|language=en}}</ref> as Sathyapriya alias Sathya Arjun
*Salmanul Faris as Arjun Rajasekar : Sathya's husband; Rajasekar and Selvanayagi’s second son

=== Recurring ===
*[[Gayatri Jayaraman]] as Selvanayagi Rajasekar: Abhi and Arjun's mother
*VJ Akshaya as Devipriya Abhimanyu alias Devi: Sathya’s elder sister and Abi’s wife
*Deepa Babu as Subathra: Sethu’s wife
*Lakshmiraj as Sethu: Selvanayagi’s younger brother
*VJ Ayub as Abimanyu Rajasekar alias Abi: Selvanayagi’s elder son and Devi’s husband
*Sivanya Priyanka / Hemadayal as Shruthi Sethuraman: Sethu and Subathra's daughter
*Sidharth Kapilavayi as Sanjay: Kamakshi's brother and Sathya's arch enemy
*Satheesh Kumar / Super Good Kannan as Rajasekar: Selvanayagi’s husband
*Ravi Prakash as Nalan Narayanamoorthy @ Nalan: Sathya's acting father; Aarthi's father
*Atchiya Bharathi as Kalyani: Sathya's friend
*[[Srilekha Parthasarathy]] / Padmini Chandrasekaran as Kamakshi Nalan: Aarthi's mother
*Sountharya / Sameena as Aarthi: Nalan's daughter
*Bharathi as Sengamalam: Sathya's mother
*Rajendran as Chairman Varadharajan alias Varadhan: Sathya's father
*[[Sachu]] as Bakiyam: Sathya's Grandmother
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] / [[Kathadi Ramamurthy]] as Maniyarasan alias Maniyarasu: Sathya's Grandfather.
*Mithun as Muthupandi: Sathya and Devi's Cousin
*Rajesh as Sundarapandi: Muthupandi's father
*A.Ravivarma as Kamalakannan: Pooja's father
*Suchi as Pooja: Abhi's ex-fiancée
*Dhachani Santha Soruban as Yamini
*[[Poovilangu Mohan]] as Govindan: Nalan's friend
* Janaki Suresh as Sundari: Govindan's wife

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The series was announced as a part of [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]s future slate of content in April 2024.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/delna-devis-to-play-the-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-aadukalam/articleshow/109285902.cms|title=Delna Devis to play the titular role in upcoming show 'Aadukalam'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> On November 20, 2024, was the first promo release. However, the serial was postponed. After four months, On 24 March 2025 the series Promo was relaunched on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Mar/24/aadukalam-serial|title=நீண்டநாள் காத்திருப்புக்குப் பிறகு ஒளிபரப்பாகும் புதிய தொடர்!|website=[[Dinamani]]|date=24 March 2025|language=ta}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Actress [[Delna Davis]] was cast as the female lead Sathya.<ref name="Cast">{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/delna-devis-set-to-play-the-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-aadukalam/articleshow/119526204.cms|title=Delna Devis set to play the titular role in upcoming show 'Aadukalam'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 March 2025|language=en}}</ref> This marks Delna Davis's return to Tamil television after ''[[Anbe Vaa (2020 TV series)|Anbe Vaa]]''. [[Gayatri Jayaraman]] was cast as Selvanayagi. Salmanul Faris was cast as the male lead Arjun, marking his return after ''[[Mouna Raagam 2]]''.<ref name="Cast" />

Veteran actor [[Delhi Ganesh]] played the important role, and also his last series before his death and was later replaced by [[Kathadi Ramamurthy]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-late-veteran-actor-delhi-ganesh-had-acted-in-the-popular-serial-aadukalam/articleshow/120088616.cms|title=Did you know late veteran actor Delhi Ganesh had acted in the popular serial 'Aadukalam'?|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 April 2025|language=en}}</ref> [[Sachu]], Akshaya, Ayub and Mithun will also be playing a prominent role in the project.<ref name="Cast" />

=== Release ===
The first promo was re-released on 24 March 2025,<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/sun-tv-aadukalam-new-serial-promo-1742871129|title=சன் டிவியில் புதியதாக களமிறங்கும் ஆடுகளம் சீரியல்.. வெளிவந்த கலக்கல் புரொமோ |website=cineulagam.com|date=20 March 2025|language=ta}}</ref> featuring which gave a brief insight in Sathya's Introduction and her family. The second promo was unveiled on 27 March 2025, featuring Selvanayagi and her son Arjun Introduction.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/sun-tv-aadukalam-serial-new-promo-1743130769|title=சன் டிவியின் புதிய சீரியலின் ஆடுகளம், நாயகன் இன்ட்ரோவுடன் வந்த புரொமோ.. இதோ|website=cineulagam.com|date=31 March 2025|language=ta}}</ref> The serial will released on 7 April 2025,<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/sun-tv-new-serial-aadukalam-promo-1743636537|title=சன் டிவியில் அடுத்த வாரம் தொடங்கும் புது சீரியல் "ஆடுகளம்".. ப்ரோமோ இதோ|website=cineulagam.com|date=31 March 2025|language=ta}}</ref> replacing ''Ranjani'' in its 22:00 slot on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/jeevitha-and-santhosh-starrer-ranjani-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/119743648.cms|title=Jeevitha and Santhosh starrer 'Ranjani' to go off-air soon|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 March 2024|language=en}}</ref>

== Broadcast history ==
It began airing on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] on 7 April 2025 from Monday to Sunday at 22:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]). Starting on 16 February 2026, Later, a serial named ''[[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal Thodargirathu]]''<ref name="இரவு 10 மணிக்கு ஒளிபரப்பாகும் எதிர்">{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2026/Feb/04/the-ethir-neechal-serial-telecast-time|title=இரவு 10 மணிக்கு ஒளிபரப்பாகும் எதிர்நீச்சல் - 2 தொடர்!|website=[[Dinamani]]|access-date=4 February 2026|language=ta}}</ref> it shifted to the afternoon slot at 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref name="இரவு 10 மணிக்கு ஒளிபரப்பாகும் எதிர்"/> Later, a serial named [[Thanga Meengal|Chellame Chellame]] replaced this show at 15:00 and pushed this serial to 13:30 IST on 11 May 2026.

== Reception ==
=== TRP ratings ===
The show got a TVR of 4.68 on its initial week.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-17 |title=Aadukalam - Tamil TV Serials TRP Ratings this week – April 2025 {{!}}{{!}} Top 20 Tamil Serials List with TRP Rating - Cinebuds |url=https://cinebuds.com/tamil-tv-serials-trp-ratings-this-week/ |access-date=2025-04-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===2025===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |Week
! rowspan="2" |Year
! colspan="2" |[[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] viewership
|-
![[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
!Rank
|-
|Week 22
|2025
|5.00
|14<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-12|title=Tamil TV Serials TRP Ratings this week – June 2025 {{!}}{{!}} Top 20 Tamil Serials List with TRP Rating - Cinebuds |url=https://cinebuds.com/tamil-tv-serials-trp-ratings-this-week/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:black"
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Notes
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Ref.
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''Aadukalam'' ஆடுகளம்
| 7 April 2025
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Ongoing
| Original
|.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Apr/02/delna-davis-aadukalam-serial-telecast-7-days-of-week-sun-tv|title=வாரத்தின் 7 நாள்களும் ஒளிபரப்பாகும் புதிய தொடர்!|website=[[Dinamani]]|date=2 April 2025|language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| ''Sindhu Bhairavi'' ಸಿಂಧು ಭೈರವಿ
| 7 April 2025
| [[Udaya TV]]
| rowspan="2" | Ongoing
| Remake
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/tv/udaya-tv-sindhubhairavi-new-kannada-serial-on-air-from-next-week-097649.html|title=ಉದಯ ಟಿವಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊಸ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿಯೊಂದು ಪ್ರಸಾರಕ್ಕೆ ಸಜ್ಜಾಗಿದೆ. ಅದಾಗಲೇ 'ಸಿಂಧು ಭೈರವಿ' ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ ಪ್ರೊಮೋಗಳನ್ನು ಎಲ್ಲರೂ ನೋಡಿದ್ದೀರಾ|website=Filmibeat|date=2 April 2025|language=kannada}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| ''Satyaa Sachee'' सत्या साची
| 10 November 2025
| [[Sun Neo]]
| Remake
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/satyaa-sachees-bhagyashree-mishra-and-anandita-sahoo-on-the-their-bond-share-it-shows-how-far-two-sisters-can-go-to-protect-and-stand-by-each-other/articleshow/125159099.cms|title=Satyaa Sachee’s Bhagyashree Mishra and Anandita Sahoo on the their bond; share ‘It shows how far two sisters can go to protect and stand by each other’|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 November 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Sun TV shows}}{{Works by Saregama}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television series by Sun Entertainment]]
[[Category:Television series about families]]

Ongallur Gram Panchayat

2026-05-01T16:19:39Z

Samrick21: put up a details more to come!

{{Short description|Town in Kerala, India}}
{{Other uses|Ongallur (disambiguation){{!}}Ongallur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Shoranur Railway Gate.jpg|thumbnail|Vadanamkurishy Railway Gate]]
'''Ongallur''' is a small town, [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Palakkad district]], state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is a local government organisation serving the villages of [[Ongallur-I]] and [[Ongallur-II]] Ongallur Gramapanchayath have 2 village one is Vadanamkurussi P.O and two is Maruthur P.O Vadanamkurussi Pin code is 679121, Maruthur Pincode is 679306.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224747&rlbtype=V |access-date=31 December 2013 |archive-date=1 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101140148/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224747&rlbtype=V |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Palakkad district]]

{{Palakkad-geo-stub}}

Abhishek Yadav (table tennis)

2026-04-24T12:13:35Z

Samrick21: Creating New Stub First Draft...

{{Short description|Indian table tennis player (born 1996)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Abhishek Yadav
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Abhishek Yadav
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|07|09}}
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| height =
| weight =
| residence =
| event = Men's Singles
| highest_ranking =
| date_of_highest_ranking =
| current_ranking =
| date_of_current_ranking =
| country = {{IND}}
| coach = Avinash Kumar Yadav & Yin Wei
| handedness =
| best_result =
| medal_templates =

}}

'''Abhishek Yadav''' (born 9 July 1996) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Table Tennis]] player. He trains at the Petroleum Sports Promotion Board Academy in [[Ajmer]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Delhi]]. Abhishek has been sponsored by Stag International since 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sportsbeatsindia.com/player/abhishek-yadav/|title = ABHISHEK YADAV | Sportsbeatsindia|date = 29 November 2017}}</ref> After graduating Abhishek's talent was spotted by the GoSports Foundation, [[Bangalore]] and was part of their scholarship programme from 2012 to 2014. Abhishek did his schooling from Guru Har Rai Academy, Kanpur.

==Career==

=== 2010 ===

* Abhishek won bronze medal in Cadet Boys Doubles and Cadet Boys Team event at Nikon Hongkong Junior and Cadet Open held at Hongkong from 4–8 August 2010

===2012===

* Abhishek won the singles, doubles and team event in the U-18 category at the 2012 South Asian Championships in Shillong.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/abhishek-and-reeth-bag-double-crowns-each/article3548501.ece Abhishek bags singles and doubles crown]</ref><ref>[http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2012/06/19/indian-paddlers-book-asian-juniors-berth/ Abhishek Yadav wins team event]</ref>

===2013===

* In 2013, Abhishek won the bronze medal at the Asian Youth Games in Nanjing, China losing to then world junior no 1 and top seed [[Fan Zhendong]] in the semis.<ref>[http://sports.ndtv.com/table-tennis/news/212645-abhishek-yadav-settles-for-bronze-in-asian-youth-games-table-tennis Abhishek Yadav settles for bronze in Asian Youth Games table tennis]</ref> He followed that up by winning the junior national table tennis championship in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]].<ref>[http://www.ttfi.org/events/newsdetail/201/Manika%20wins%20maiden%20Youth%20national%20crown 75th junior national table tennis championship]</ref>
* Won Gold medal in Junior boys doubles and silver medal in Junior boys Team event at ITTF Global Junior Circuit Sloval Junior Open held in May-Jun 2013 at Slovek Senek, Slovakia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=AGA Website – Abhishek's Achievements on TTFI Letterpad|url=https://agatabletennis.com/player/abhishek-yadav/|url-status=live|website=agatabletennis.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731090051/https://agatabletennis.com/player/abhishek-yadav/ |archive-date=31 July 2021 }}</ref>

===2014===

* Abhishek participated in the men's singles and mixed international event at the [[2014 Summer Youth Olympics]] in [[Nanjing]], [[China]]. He reached the final of the consolation round in singles and the consolation round semis in the mixed team discipline.<ref>[http://www.nanjing2014.org/en/en_sports/GamestimeResults.htm Abhishek Yadav, Nanjing 2014]</ref>

===2015===

* Bronze Medal in Men's doubles in Commonwealth Championship held at Surat, Gujrat<ref name=":0" />
* Participated for India in ITTF World Tour Austrian Open held at Wels, Austria from 2–6 September 2015 and ITTF World Tour Belgium Open held at De Haan Belgium from 8–12 September 2015<ref name=":0" />
* Abhishek won the gold medal at the Senior National in men's doubles at [[Hyderabad]]. He also went on to win the bronze medal in men's doubles at the Commonwealth Championship in Surat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ttfi.org/app/webroot/eventquaImage/vxb_13.MEN'S%20DOUBLES.pdf|title=Welcome to TTFI}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ittf.com/competitions/PDF_Upload/pictures/PDF33376.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 August 2016 |archive-date=28 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828171749/http://www.ittf.com/competitions/PDF_Upload/pictures/PDF33376.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== 2018 ===

* Bronze Medal in Men's doubles in Challenge Master Nigeria open held at Lagos, Nigeria in 2018<ref name=":0" />

==Personal==

Abhishek hails from a modest family in [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. His father runs a small bookstall and is the sole earning member in a family of five. Abhishek was introduced to the game by his elder brother and sister. After demonstrating exceptional natural skill and ability at a young age, his first coach, Late Ms. Indu Mandra, convinced his father to allow him to take up the sport seriously.

Abhishek's talent was spotted by the GoSports Foundation, Bangalore in 2012, and after tracking his performance over the year, he was part of GoSports Foundation's Athlete Scholarship programme. Abhishek plans to participate in a number of international events in the 2016–17 season.

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* http://yuva.epfl.ch/cms/lang/en/pid/111760

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Abhishek}}
[[Category:Indian male table tennis players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Table tennis players at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Gurmeet Singh (race walker)

2026-04-24T12:01:34Z

Samrick21: Created basic bio and citations

{{Short description|Indian racewalker (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox athlete
| name = Gurmeet Singh
| height = 1.72 m
| sport = [[Sport of athletics|Athletics]]
| event = [[20 km race walk]]
| pb = 1:20:29 ([[Nomi, Ishikawa|Nomi]], 2016)
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}[[File:Athletics pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Race Walking Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|2016 Nomi|20km walk}}
{{MedalSilver|2012 Nomi|20km walk}}
{{MedalBronze|2013 Nomi|20km walk}}
{{MedalBronze|2014 Nomi|20km walk}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|7|1}}<ref name=IAAFProfile>{{cite web | url=http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/biographies/country=ind/athcode=221714/index.html | title=Gurmeet Singh IAAF profile | publisher=iaaf.org. [[IAAF]] | accessdate=26 June 2012}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
}}

'''Gurmeet Singh''' (born 1 July 1985) is an Indian former [[Sport of athletics|athlete]] who specialized in the [[20 kilometres race walk|20 km race walk]] event. Singh has represented India in the 20 km race walk event at the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012]] and [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Olympic Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olympedia – Gurmeet Singh |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/121468 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=www.olympedia.org}}</ref> He currently serves as a coach at the [[Sports Authority of India]], [[Bengaluru]].
==Early and personal life==
Singh was born in a small village in the [[Udham Singh Nagar district]] in [[Uttarakhand]]. He considers his cousin Surjit Singh, who was a discus thrower, his inspiration for choosing athletics.

Singh is married to Deepmala Devi, also a 20 km race walker.<ref name="hindu12" />

== Career ==
Singh won a silver in the National Junior Championships in 2000. He finished fifth in the [[2001 Asian Junior Athletics Championships]] in [[Brunei]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://conclave.intoday.in/article/gurmeet-singh-athletics/3247/38.html | title=Gurmeet Singh | date=16 March 2012 | publisher=intoday.in [[India Today]] | accessdate=26 June 2012}}</ref>

His career turned around in late 2010, when he started training at [[Sports Authority of India]], [[Bengaluru]] centre under the coach Ramakrishnan Gandhi.

In March 2012, he walked a time of 1:21:31 at the [[Asian Race Walking Championships]] in [[Nomi, Ishikawa|Nomi]], [[Japan]].<ref name="hindu12">{{cite news |title=The loneliness of the long-distance walkers |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/magazine/article3613051.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date= 7 July 2012}}</ref> He was one of the three Indian athletes who [[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Qualification|qualified]] for the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London Olympics]] in 20 km race walk event with an 'A' qualification standard (1:22:30).<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/article2988634.ece | title=Berth for Baljinder, silver for Gurmeet | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | publisher=thehindu.com | date=13 March 2012 | accessdate=26 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=31 March 2012 |title=10 Mittal Champions qualify for London Olympics Games 2012 |url=http://mittalchampionstrust.com/wordpress/?p=1906 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614002756/http://mittalchampionstrust.com/wordpress/?p=1906 |archive-date=14 June 2012 |accessdate=26 June 2012 |publisher=mittalchampionstrust.com. Mittal Champions Trust}}</ref> He achieved this berth in the 18th Dublin International Grand Prix in [[Ireland]] after finishing sixth with a time of 1:22:05.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iaaf.org/WRC11/news/newsid=60413.html | title=Victories go to China and Finland in Dublin | publisher=iaaf.org. [[IAAF]] | date=27 June 2011 | accessdate=26 June 2012}}</ref>

In March 2016, he clinched a gold medal in the [[Asian Race Walking Championships]] finishing in 1:20:29. He also participated in the 20 km race walk event at the [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio Olympics]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{World Athletics||name=Gurmeet Singh}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Gurmeet}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Athletes from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian men race walkers]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Edward Parry (Royal Navy officer, born 1893)

2026-04-06T05:06:20Z

Samrick21: Created the article needs work

{{Short description|Royal Navy Admiral (1893–1972)}}
{{for|the earlier admiral|William Edward Parry}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]]
| name = Sir Edward Parry
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCB}}
| office2 = 1st [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Commander-in-Chief, Indian Navy (later CNS)]]
| president2 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| prime_minister2 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| term_start2 = 26 January 1950
| term_end2 = 13 October 1951
| predecessor2 = ''Office Established''
| successor2 = [[Mark Pizey]]
| office3 = 2nd [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Royal Indian Navy]]
| monarch3 = [[George VI]]
| governor_general3 = [[C. Rajagopalachari]]
| prime_minister3 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| term_start3 = 14 August 1948
| term_end3 = 25 January 1950
| predecessor3 = [[John Talbot Savignac Hall]]
| successor3 = ''Office Abolished''
| image = Edward Parry of HMS Achilles.jpg
| alt = 215px
| caption =
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1893|4|8}}
| birth_place = [[London]], England<ref name="Officers of the Royal Navy">{{cite web|url=https://www.unithistories.com/officers/RN_officersP.html#Parry_WE|title=Royal Navy officer histories|publisher=Unit Histories|access-date=2022-05-14}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1972|8|21|1893|4|8}}
| death_place = London, England
| placeofburial =
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[Royal Navy]]
| service_years = 1905–1951
| rank = [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]]
| unit =
| commands = [[New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy|New Zealand Division]] {{HMS|Renown|1916|6}} [[Royal Indian Navy]]
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[First World War]]
* [[Second World War]]
** [[Battle of the River Plate]]
** [[Normandy landings]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards = [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] [[Legion of Merit|Commander of the Legion of Merit]] (United States) [[Officer of the Legion of Honour]] (France)
| relations =
| laterwork =
}}
[[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]] '''Sir William Edward Parry''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCB}} (8 April 1893 – 21 August 1972) was an officer of the [[Royal Navy]].

==Naval career==
Parry joined the Royal Navy 1905 and served in the [[First World War]].<ref name=lh>[http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/locreg/PARRY3.shtml Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives]</ref>
[[File:Winston Churchill and General Sir Alan Brooke, Chief of the Imperial General Staff, on the bridge of HMS KELVIN during a visit to Normandy, 12 June 1944. A24024.jpg|thumb|left|Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] and Field Marshal [[Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke|Sir Alan Brooke]] on the bridge of [[HMS Kelvin (F37)|HMS ''Kelvin'']] during a visit to France shortly after the [[Normandy landings]], 12 June 1944. Parry is standing behind Churchill.]]

His appointments from 1936 were:
* January–February 1936 Senior Officers' Technical Course, Portsmouth
* 14.04.1936 - 1937 Captain Anti-Submarine & Commanding Officer, [[HMS Osprey]] (Anti-Submarine School, Portland);<ref name=lh/>
* 1938 Imperial Defence Course, [[Imperial Defence College]] [HMS President];<ref name="Officers of the Royal Navy" />
* 27.01.1939 - 30.04.1940 Commanding Officer, {{HMNZS|Achilles|70|6}}, New Zealand Division. The [[Second World War]] broke out from September 1939. Commanded ship at [[Battle of the River Plate]] in December 1939. He was wounded in the legs when shrapnel hit the bridge;
* Commanding Officer HMNZS Achilles & from 05.01.1940 to 28.01.1940 as Flag Captain & Chief Staff Officer to Rear-Admiral [Harwood?], Commanding South America Division
* 01.05.1940 - 15.10.1940 First Naval Member of New Zealand Naval Board (Navy Office, Wellington)
* 16.10.1940 - 30.06.1942 Chief of Naval Staff of New Zealand Naval Board (Navy Office, Wellington)
* 01.07.1942 - 18.08.1942 [[HMS Victory]] (additional; for passage to UK & foreign service leave)
* 19.08.1942 - 27.08.1942 HMS President (additional; for duty inside Admiralty with Operations Division)
* 28.08.1942 - 20.10.1942 HMS Cormorant (RN base, Gibraltar) (additional; for special duty on staff of Flag Officer Commanding North Atlantic (FOCNA))
* 21.10.1942 - 31.10.1942 HMS President (additional; for duty outside Admiralty as Commodore Naval Expeditionary Force (NXF))
* November 1942 - 18.12.1942 HMS Excellent II (for HMS Evolution; as Commodore Naval Expeditionary Force (NXF))

He assumed command of {{HMS|Renown|1916|6}} in 1943.<ref name=lh/> He took part in the [[Normandy landings]] and served on the staff of Allied Naval Commander-in-Chief of the Expeditionary Force in 1944.<ref name=lh/> After the war he became Deputy Head of the Naval Division at the [[Allied Commission|Allied Control Commission]] in Germany.<ref name=lh/> Parry became [[Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)|Director of Naval Intelligence]] in July 1946 and [[Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy|Chief of Naval Staff]] (Commander-in-Chief) of the [[Royal Indian Navy]] in August 1948.<ref name=lh/> He was advanced to [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] in the 1950 [[New Year Honours]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=38799|supp=y|page=39|date=30 December 1949}}</ref> before retiring in 1951.<ref name=lh/>

In the 1956 film [[The Battle of the River Plate (film)|''The Battle of the River Plate'']], Parry was played by [[Jack Gwillim]].

==References==
{{Portal|Biography}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RN_officersP.html#Parry_WE Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939–1945]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Henry Horan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy|Commander-in-Chief, New Zealand Division]]|years=1940–1941}}
{{s-non|reason=Post discontinued}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Edmund Rushbrooke]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)|Director of Naval Intelligence]]|years=1946–1948}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Eric Longley-Cook]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[John Talbot Savignac Hall]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Indian Navy]]|years=1948–1951}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Eric Longley-Cook]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Chief of Defence Staff (India)}}
{{Chief of the Naval Staff (India)}}
{{Directors of Naval Intelligence}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parry, Edward}}
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies]]
[[Category:Chiefs of the Naval Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:People educated at Summer Fields School]]
[[Category:Military personnel from London]]
[[Category:People from Marylebone]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Legion of Merit]]
[[Category:Officers of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Royal Navy admirals]]
[[Category:Royal Indian Navy admirals]]
[[Category:Royal New Zealand Navy admirals]]
[[Category:New Zealand military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Navy officers of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Navy officers of World War I]]
[[Category:Directors of Naval Intelligence]]

{{NewZealand-mil-bio-stub}}

Mount Zion Silver Jubilee Matriculation Higher Secondary School

2026-04-06T02:54:59Z

Samrick21: Creating New Entry And Citations

{{more citations needed|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Mount Zion Silver Jubilee School
| image =
| image_size = 180
| motto = To Make Man Whole
| established = 2015
| location = Athikaram PO, Thenkarai
| city = Thirupatthur, [[Sivagangai District]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| postal_code = 630207
| country = [[India]]
| founder = Jayabarathan Chelliah
| principal =
| affiliations = Government of Tamil Nadu & CBSE, New Delhi
| grades = PreKG - 12
| type = Private
| campus = 8 acres
| website = [http://www.mountzion.school www.mountzion.school]
}}

'''Mount Zion Silver Jubilee Matriculation Higher Secondary School''' (MZSJHSS) was established in the year 2015 at [[Sivagangai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is being run by the Mount Zion Christian Educational Research and Charitable Trust.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mountzion.school/about.html|title=Mount Zion Silver Jubilee School|website=mountzion.school|access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref>

From 2022 onwards, it is affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi. It is a Senior Secondary School which offers classes from Kindergarten to 12th Standard.

==Recognition==

The school is recognized by the Government of Tamil Nadu and is affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://mountzion.school/ Mount Zion Silver Jubilee School] Official

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mount Zion Silver Jubilee Matriculation School}}
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Anuradha Chavan

2026-04-04T03:23:22Z

Samrick21: Creating Initial Post Initial Version...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anuradha Chavan
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = November 2024
| constituency = [[Phulambri Assembly constituency|Phulambri]]
| predecessor = [[Haribhau Bagade]]
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| website =
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession =
| alma_mater =
| date =
| year =
| signature =
| bodyclass =
}}
'''Anuradha Atul Chavan''' (born 1972)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Anuradha Atul Chavan(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- PHOLAMBARI(AURANGABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/maharashtra2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=1095 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. She was elected to the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Phulambri Assembly constituency|Phulambri]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="m674">{{cite web | last=| first= | title=BJP candidate Anuradha Chavan defeats Congress candidate Vilas Autade by 32K votes | website=Lokmat Times | date=23 November 2024 | url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/aurangabad/bjp-candidate-anuradha-chavan-defeats-congress-candidate-vilas-autade-by-32k-votes/ | access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="h043">{{cite web | last= | first= | title=Maharashtra polls: 21 women among 288 winning candidates, only 1 in Oppn | website=Business Standard | date=23 November 2024 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/maharashtra-elections/maharashtra-polls-21-women-among-288-winning-candidates-only-1-in-oppn-124112301164_1.html | access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="l041">{{cite web | last=C | first=S | title=Phulambri Election Result 2024 LIVE: Anuradha Atul Chavan of BJP wins | website=News18 | date=23 November 2024 | url=https://www.news18.com/elections/phulambri-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130051.html | access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Anuradha is from [[Phulambri|Phulambari]], Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar District, Maharashtra. She married Atul Chavan, an employee of public works department in Pune division.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-22 |title=Phulambri BJP candidate Anuradha faces challenges from within party |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/114438536.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2024-11-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She completed her bachelor of arts in 1995 at [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathawada University]], Aurangabad.<ref name=":0" /> She used to run a beauty parlour.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Anuradha won from [[Phulambri Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]]. She polled 135,046 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Autade Vilas Keshavrao of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 32,501 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Phulambri, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Anuradha Atul Chavan wins Phulambri with 135046 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/phulambri-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638214-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Phulambri Election Result 2024 LIVE: Anuradha Atul Chavan of BJP wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/phulambri-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130051.html |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chavan, Anuradha}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Aurangabad district, Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]

Balagalittu Olage Baa

2026-03-30T00:44:11Z

Samrick21: Creating Some Bio Initial Version...

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language comedy drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Balagalittu Olage Baa
| image = Balagalittu Olage Baa.jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| native_name = 
| director = [[Dinesh Baboo]]
| writer = Dinesh Baboo
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = A S Balu
| starring = [[S. Narayan]] [[Chaya Singh]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = P K H Das
| editing = B S Kemparaj
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| studio = Ambale Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2002|07|12|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Balagalittu Olage Baa''''' ({{Translation|Enter with your right foot}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy drama film]] directed by [[Dinesh Baboo]] and starring
[[S. Narayan]] and [[Chaya Singh]].

==Plot==
Madhan goes to a student's house not realizing that there is a long time feud between the ancestors of both families. He manages to stay alive by making use of their tradition of treating guests well.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[S. Narayan]]
*[[Chaya Singh]]
*[[Mukhyamantri Chandru]]
*[[Ramesh Bhat]]
*[[Ramakrishna (actor)|Ramakrishna]]
*[[M. S. Umesh]]
*[[Bank Janardhan]]
*[[Karibasavaiah]]
*[[Chitra Shenoy]]
*[[B. Jayashree]]
*[[Sathyapriya]]
}}

== Production ==
The film was reported to be a family story and was shot at the [[Jayalakshmi Vilas]] mansion in the [[Manasagangotri]] campus of the [[University of Mysore]]. As of April 2002, filming took place for a month with shoots spanning from morning to evening, and [[Hamsalekha]] had composed five of the songs. The filming was to be completed by 1 May.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/jayashri-raj-weds-atlanta-engineer/articleshow/8000800.cms|title=''Balagalittu ''|date=26 April 2002|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 July 2025|archive-date=29 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729044054/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Jayashri-Raj-weds-Atlanta-engineer/articleshow/8000800.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> As the makers of the film kept the fact that it was a remake of the American film ''[[Our Hospitality]]'' (1923) under wraps, the film was still given a subsidy by the state government along with other non-remake films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2013/11/18/balagalittu-olage-baa-2002/|title=Balagalittu Olage Baa – ಬಲಗಾಲಿಟ್ಟು ಒಳಗೆ ಬಾ (2002/೨೦೦೨)|work=Kannada Movies Info|date=18 November 2013|accessdate=29 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_subsidy_2003_2004.asp|title=Films for 2003-04 subsidies|website=[[Viggy]]|accessdate=29 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_subsidy_2005.asp|title=20 Kannada films with quality tag to receive Rs. 10 Lakh subsidy each|website=[[Viggy]]|accessdate=29 July 2025}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Balagalittu Olage Baa
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Hamsalekha]]
| released = 2002
| recorded =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 27:34
| language = Kannada
| label = Ashwini Recording Company
| producer =
| chronology = [[Hamsalekha]]
| prev_title = Cheluve Ondu Heltheeni
| prev_year = 2002
| next_title = Roja
| next_year = 2002
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|sS2EteFe1H4|''Balagalittu Olage Baa'' – Jukebox}}}}
}}
[[Hamsalekha]] composed the music and penned the lyrics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Balagalittu Olage Baa Songs |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/balagalittu-olage-baa/uGXQeGaZk-Y_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=25 August 2002|accessdate=29 July 2025}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Hey Rame Rama
| length1 = 5:22
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Archana Udupa]]
| title2 = Hadendare
| note2 = version 1
| length2 = 3:39
| extra2 = [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]], [[B. Jayashree]]
| title3 = Nadeyo Ninna
| length3 = 1:37
| extra3 = Shankar Shanbag
| title4 = Shloka
| note4 = Prathamam
| length4 = 2:43
| extra4 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| title5 = Balagalittu Olage Baa
| length5 = 4:55
| extra5 = Hemanth
| title6 = Hutti Bande
| length6 = 3:42
| extra6 = Hemanth, B. Jayashree
| title7 = Hadendare
| note7 = version 2
| length7 = 5:36
| extra7 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| total_length = 27:34
}}

== Release ==
Despite releasing to high expectations, the film was unexpectedly a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/2002_review.asp|title=Kannada Film Industry in 2002 - a glance|work=[[Viggy]]|access-date=31 July 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|9130076}}

{{Dinesh Baboo}}

[[Category:2002 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dinesh Baboo]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]

Shankar Melkote

2026-03-22T17:10:45Z

Samrick21:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{family name hatnote|Melkote|lang=Telugu}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shankar Melkote
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1938|9|14}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Hyderabad State]] (now in [[Telangana]], [[India]])
| spouse = Rama Melkote
| occupation = Actor, Comedian, CEO
}}
'''Shankar Melkote''' is an Indian comedian, supporting actor who appears in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films and CEO of a marketing company in Hyderabad. He started his film career with [[Jandhyala]]'s ''[[Srivariki Premalekha]]''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shankar|first1=Melkote|title=Film Acting Is Just A Hobby For Melkote|url=http://www.cinegoer.net/telugu-cinema/news-archives/april-2011/film-acting-is-just-a-hobby-for-melkote-240411.html|website=cinegoer.net|accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Vani|first1=S|title=2 lives CEO & ACTOR|url=http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=2718&index1=0|website=harmonyindia.org|accessdate=24 April 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025300/http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=2718&index1=0|url-status=dead}}</ref> and went on to appear in 180 films. He is one of the speakers and writers at the [[Hyderabad Literary Festival]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} Melkote received the 17th Yudhvir Memorial Award in 2008 for outstanding contribution.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/yudhvir-award-for-shankar-s-melkote/article1249736.ece|title=Yudhvir award for Shankar S. Melkote|newspaper=The Hindu|date=May 2008}}</ref> He is the father-in-law of [[M V Sridhar|M.V.Sridhar]], well noted Hyderabad ranji player and Former BCCI General Manager.

==Filmography==
===Telugu===
{{incomplete list|date=October 2017}}
{{colbegin}}
* ''[[Srivariki Premalekha]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Karu Diddina Kapuram]]'' (1986)
* ''Premayanam'' (1988)
* ''Paila Pachessu'' (1989)
* ''[[Ashwini (film)|Ashwini]]'' (1991)
* ''Srimaan Brahmachari'' (1992)
* ''[[Mechanic Mavayya]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Nuvve Kavali]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Anandam]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Akasa Veedhilo]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Ishtam (2001 Malayalam film)|Ishtam]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Santosham (2002 film)|Santosham]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Manmadhudu]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Oka Raju Oka Rani]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Donga Ramudu and Party]]'' (2003) as Ravi K. Rao from Washington
* ''[[Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnula Pelli]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Nenu (film)|Nenu]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Dost (2004 film)|Dost]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Anand (2004 film)|Anand]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Anandamanandamaye]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Balu ABCDEFG]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Modati Cinema]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Party (2006 film)|Party]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Gopi – Goda Meeda Pilli]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Desamuduru]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule]]'' (2007)
* ''Veduka'' (2007)
* ''[[Allare Allari]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Bhookailas (2007 film)|Bhookailas]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Bahumati]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Lakshyam (2007 film)|Lakshyam]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Athidhi (2007 film)|Athidhi]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Anasuya (film)|Anasuya]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Yogi]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Swagatam]]'' (2008)
* ''[[John Appa Rao 40 Plus]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Black & White (2008 Telugu film)|Black & White]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Blade Babji]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Dongala Bandi]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Deepavali (2008 film)|Deepavali]]'' (2008) as Melkote
* ''[[Malli Malli]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Punnami Naagu (2009 film)|Punnami Naagu]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Current (2009 film)|Current]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Bumper Offer]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Sambho Siva Sambho]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Sneha Geetham]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Broker]]'' (2010)
* ''Pappu'' (2010)
* ''Udatha Udatha Ooch'' (2010)
* ''[[Happy Happy Ga]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Gaganam]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Teen Maar]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Dookudu]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Pilla Zamindar]]'' (2011)
* ''Vara Prasad And Potti Prasad'' (2011)
*''Shaitan'' (2011)
* ''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Endhukante Premanta]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Sudigadu]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Vennela 1½]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Love Cycle]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Athadu Aame O Scooter]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Bunny n Cherry]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Power (2014 Telugu film)|Power]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Karthikeya (film)|Karthikeya]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Noothi Lo Kappalu]]'' (2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://businessoftollywood.com/2015/04/noothilo-kappalu-movie-release-announced/ |title=Noothilo Kappalu Movie Release Announced |accessdate=2015-04-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413235218/http://businessoftollywood.com/2015/04/noothilo-kappalu-movie-release-announced/ |archivedate=13 April 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* ''O Manasa'' (2015)
* ''[[Where Is Vidya Balan]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Mantra 2]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Cinema Choopistha Mava]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Akhil]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Kerintha]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Supreme (film)|Supreme]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Manamantha]]'' (2016)
* ''Head Constable Venkatramaiah'' (2017)
* ''[[Hyderabad Love Story]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]'' (2018)
*''[[Silly Fellows]]'' (2018)
*''[[Zombie Reddy]]'' (2021)
*''[[FCUK: Father Chitti Umaa Kaarthik]]'' (2021)
{{colend}}

===Kannada===

{{colbegin}}
* ''[[Anthu Inthu Preethi Banthu]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Nannavanu]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Ninnindale]]'' (2014)

===Tamil===

* ''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Payanam]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Virattu]]'' (2014)

===Hindi===
* ''[[Thoda Tum Badlo Thoda Hum]]'' (2004)

{{colend}}
===TV Serials===
* ''[[Amrutham (TV series)|Amrutham]]''
* ''[[Radha Madhu]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Melkote, Shankar}}
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]

Jyotirmayee Gangopadhyay

2026-03-15T15:34:28Z

Samrick21: cleanup

{{short description|Bengali educationist, feminist, and freedom fighter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jyotirmayee Gangopadhyay
| native_name = জ্যোতির্ময়ী গঙ্গোপাধ্যায়
| image = Jyotirmoyi_Ganguli.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1889|1|25}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1945|11|22|1889|1|25}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| alma_mater = [[Bethune College|Bethune School]]
| parents = [[Dwarkanath Ganguly]] (father), [[Kadambini Ganguly]] (mother)
| spouse =
| children =
| known_for =
| movement = [[Indian Independence Movement]]
| occupation = Social activist, politician
}}

'''Jyotirmayee Gangopadhyay''' (1889–1945) was a Bengali educationist, feminist, and a member of the [[Brahmo Samaj]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32IFAQAAIAAJ&q=Jyotirmayee+Gangopadhyay|title=From the Seams of History: Essays on Indian Women|last=Ray|first=Bharati|year=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=94|isbn=978-0-19-563226-2|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Jyotirmayee was born on 25 January 1889 in [[Kolkata]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj]]. Her father [[Dwarkanath Ganguly]] was a social reformer, a leader of the Brahmo Samaj and an Indian Nationalist and her mother [[Kadambini Ganguly|Kadambini Devi]] was the first female student from University of Kolkata to graduate in a medical field.<ref name="gjb">{{cite web|last1=Mohanta|first1=Sambaru Chandra|title=Gangopadhyay, Jyotirmayee|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Gangopadhyay,_Jyotirmayee|website=Banglapedia|access-date=12 November 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
Jyotirmayee graduated from [[Brahmo Balika Shikshalaya|Brahmo Balika Shikshalaya (Brahmo Girls' School)]] and completed her B.A. in the [[Bethune College]] of Kolkata. In 1908 she completed her M.A. in philosophy from the [[University of Kolkata]]. She taught at the Bethune Collegiate School and after that in the [[Ravenshaw College]] in [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]]. She moved to Sri Lanka to join the [[Ladies' College (Sri Lanka)|Women's College]] as its principal. In 1920 she served as the principal of Jullundur Kanya Mahavidyalay In 1925 she served as the principal of Brahmo Girls' School and the next year in Vidyasagar Bani Bhavan. She joined the Buddhist College, Ceylon in 1929. She joined the [[Non-Cooperation movement]] in the early 1920s.<ref name="gjb" />

Jyotirmayee raised a female volunteer corp for the [[Indian National Congress]]. In 1926 she started the Students' Association for Social Service. She joined the Bengal Provincial Congress Committee and the Satyagraha movement. She served as the vice-president of the Women's Satyagraha Committee. In 1930 and 1932 she was jailed for her involvement in the [[Satyagraha|Satyagraha movement]]. She was a founding member of the Aryasthan Insurance Company. She was elected city councilor to the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]. In 1942 she was arrested for her role in the Quit India Movement.<ref name="gjb" />

==Death==
Jyotirmayee was killed by police firing on 22 November 1945 while with a procession of students that was protesting the death of [[Rameshwar Banerjee]].<ref name="gjb" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gangopadhyay, Jyotirmayee}}
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (Organisation) politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Women educators from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]

Sachin Pilot

2026-03-06T05:51:21Z

Samrick21: Content refined and expanded

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Captain]]
| name = Sachin Pilot
| image =Sachin Pilot at the India Economic Summit 2010 cropped.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Pilot in 2024
| birth_name = Sachin Rajesh Pilot
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|09|07|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Saharanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 17 December 2018
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Ajit Singh Mehta]]
| constituency = [[Tonk (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Tonk]]
| office1 = General Secretary of [[All India Congress Committee|Indian National Congress]] for [[Chhattisgarh]]
| term_start1 = 23 December 2023
| president1 = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
| predecessor1 = [[Kumari Selja]]
| office2 = 4th [[List of Deputy Chief Ministers of Rajasthan|Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan]]
| term_start2 = 17 December 2018
| term_end2 = 14 July 2020
| successor2 = [[Diya Kumari]] [[Prem Chand Bairwa]]
| governor2 = [[Kalyan Singh]] [[Kalraj Mishra]]
| 1blankname2 = [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Ashok Gehlot]]
| 2blankname2 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata2 = * Public Works Department
* Rural Development & Panchayati Raj
* Science & Technology
* Statistic
| office3 = President of the [[Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| term_start3 = 13 January 2014
| term_end3 = 14 July 2020
| 1blankname3 = National President
| 1namedata3 = [[Sonia Gandhi]] [[Rahul Gandhi]]
| predecessor3 = [[C. P. Joshi]]
| successor3 = [[Govind Singh Dotasra]]
| office4 = [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Corporate Affairs]]
| primeminister4 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| term_start4 = 29 October 2012
| term_end4 = 24 May 2014
| predecessor4 = [[Veerappa Moily]]
| successor4 = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| office5 = [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Union Minister of State for Communications and Information Technology]]
| primeminister5 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| term_start5 = 28 May 2009
| term_end5 = 28 October 2012
| office6 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency6 = [[Ajmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ajmer, Rajasthan]]
| predecessor6 = [[Rasa Singh Rawat]]
| successor6 = [[Sanwar Lal Jat]]
| term_start6 = 16 May 2009
| term_end6 = 16 May 2014
| constituency7 = [[Dausa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dausa, Rajasthan]]
| predecessor7 = [[Rama Pilot]]
| successor7 = [[Kirodi Lal Meena]]
| term_start7 = 17 May 2004
| term_end7 = 16 May 2009
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| nationality =
| spouse = {{marriage|Sara Abdullah|2004|2023|reason=divorce}}
| parents = [[Rajesh Pilot]] (father) [[Rama Pilot]] (mother)
| children = 2 (Ahaan , Vehaan Pilot)
| profession = Indian Politician
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad|I.M.T. Ghaziabad]] ([[PGDM]]) [[University of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania University]] ([[MBA]])
| office 4 =
| allegiance = {{flagu|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 2011–present
| rank = [[File: Captain of the Indian Army.svg|21px]] [[Captain]]
| unit = {{flagicon image|Territorial Army (Flag).svg}} [[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]]
}}
[[Captain]] '''Sachin Rajesh Pilot ''' (born 7 September 1977) is an Indian politician. A member of the [[Indian National Congress]], he has been serving as [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tonk Assembly constituency|Tonk]] since [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]. He has previously served as [[Minister of State (Independent Charge)]] of [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Corporate Affairs]] and [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Communication and IT]] in the [[Government of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cabinet reshuffle: Ministers take charge - Pawan Kumar Bansal the new Railways Minister|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/cabinet-reshuffle-ministers-take-charge/sachin-pilot-takes-charge-as-mos-independent-charge-for-corporate-affairs/slideshow/17006992.cms|access-date=2021-10-06|website=The Economic Times}}</ref> under [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref name="7bBzl">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/congress-sacks-sachin-pilot-as-rajasthan-deputy-cm-pcc-chief/articleshow/76956728.cms | title=Congress sacks Sachin Pilot as Rajasthan deputy CM, PCC chief | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=14 July 2020 | access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="JIRzN">{{cite news|url= https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajasthan-crisis-second-congress-crisis-meet-today-no-rsvp-from-sachin-pilot-10-points-2262280 |title= The End Nears. Sachin Pilot Is Now Ex Deputy Chief Minister|website=NDTV}}</ref> Additionally he served as the [[Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan]] from 2018 to 2020 under [[Ashok Gehlot]]. Pilot became the youngest citizen of India to become [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] at the age of 26.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=1 November 2018|title=Who is Sachin Pilot? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/who-is-sachin-pilot-/articleshow/66465086.cms|access-date=2021-09-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Pilot was born to late Congress leader [[Rajesh Pilot]] and [[Rama Pilot]]. He was previously a member of the [[Lok Sabha|Indian Parliament]] for [[Ajmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ajmer]] in 2009 and [[Dausa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dausa]] constituencies of Rajasthan, becoming the youngest member of parliament when he was elected from the latter seat in 2004, aged 26. He was unseated from the Lok Sabha during the 2014 election from [[Ajmer Lok Sabha constituency|Ajmer constituency.]]<ref name="5Qqpp">{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan Election Result 2018 Highlights: Ashok Gehlot Named Chief Minister, Sachin Pilot Will Be Deputy CM|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/rajasthan-election-result-2018-highlights-ashok-gehlot-named-chief-minister-sachin-pilot-will-be-deputy-cm-3272111.html|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Moneycontrol|date=14 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> He served as the [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs (India)|Minister of Corporate Affairs]] in the UPA-2 government tenure (2012–2014).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-07 |title=Sachin Pilot |url=https://casi.sas.upenn.edu/visiting/sachinpilot |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=Center for the Advanced Study of India (CASI) |language=en}}</ref>

He studied at [[Air Force Bal Bharati School]], New Delhi, and holds a B.A. from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephens College]], University of Delhi, a diploma in marketing from [[Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad|I.M.T. Ghaziabad]] and an MBA from the [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania]], Philadelphia, USA.<ref name="L19J1">{{cite web | url=http://myneta.info/ls2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=5847 | title=Lok Sabha 2009 Winner - Ajmer (Rajasthan): Sachin Pilot | publisher=myneta.info | access-date=1 December 2013}}</ref> He was employed with the Delhi Bureau of the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]], and then with American multinational corporation [[General Motors]] for two years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Detailed professional background before entering politics |url=https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/sachin-pilot.html |website=Elections.in}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Pilot was born to late Congress leader [[Rajesh Pilot]] and [[Rama Pilot]]. His father was a Union minister of India. His ancestral village is Vaidpura in [[Greater Noida]] (West), [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="76M5F">{{cite web |title=Sachin Pilot |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/sachin-pilot-appointed-rajasthan-congress-chief/20140113.html |access-date=2019-11-05 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:The_President_of_Republic_of_Malawi,_Ngwazi_Prof._Bingu_wa_Mutharika_being_received_by_the_Minister_of_State_for_Communications_and_Information_Technology,_Shri_Sachin_Pilot,_at_Air_Force_Station,_Palam,_in_New_Delhi.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Pilot receives the [[President of Malawi]] [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] in New Delhi, {{Circa|2010}}.]]

In the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 Lok Sabha elections]], Pilot was elected from the [[Dausa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dausa]] constituency. At the age of 26, he became the youngest MP in India.<ref name="IjnBrew" />

In the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 Lok Sabha elections]], he defeated the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s [[Kiran Maheshwari]] by a margin of 76,596 votes and won the seat of [[Ajmer]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes.com {{!}} Lok Sabha / 2009 / Rajasthan / Ajmer |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/2009/rajasthan/ajmer/7504/14/15 |website=Indiavotes.com}}</ref>

Pilot was a member of the [[Lok Sabha]]'s Standing Committee on Home Affairs and member of the Consultative Committee in the Ministry of Civil Aviation.
In 2012, he became the [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Minister of Corporate Affairs]] in the [[second Manmohan Singh ministry]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SACHIN PILOT |url=https://londonspeakerbureau.com/speaker-profile/sachin-pilot/ |website=londonspeakerbureau.com}}</ref>

In the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, he was again nominated from the [[Ajmer]] constituency and was defeated by a margin of 1,71,983 votes by [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s sitting MLA [[Sanwar Lal Jat|Sanwarlal Jat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sachin Pilot loses Ajmer seat to BJP candidate |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections-2014/sachin-pilot-loses-ajmer-seat-to-bjp-candidate-114051601221_1.html |website=Business Standard|date=16 May 2014 }}</ref>

In 2014, he was appointed the President of the [[Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref name="IjnBrew">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/sachin-the-pilot-who-helped-drive-cong-to-victory-in-rajasthan/article25718675.ece|title=Sachin: The pilot who helped drive Cong to victory in Rajasthan|date=December 11, 2018|website=The Hindu Business Line|language=en|access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref>

== Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan ==

=== Early times ===
In the [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018 Legislative Assembly]] elections, Pilot won from the [[Tonk (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Tonk]] seat, after defeating [[Yunus Khan (politician)|Yunus Khan]] by a margin of 54,179 votes.<ref name="jIk9L">{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/12/11/rajasthan-elections-sachin-pilot-wins-tonk-by-over-54-000-votes_a_23615020/|title=Rajasthan Elections: Sachin Pilot Wins Tonk By Over 54,000 Votes|date=11 December 2018|publisher=Huffington Post|access-date=12 December 2018}}</ref> It was speculated that Pilot, who was considered instrumental in the Congress's victory in the state,<ref name="IjnBrew" /> would be given the post of chief minister.<ref name="2vWEZ">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan-assembly-elections/congress-picks-ashok-gehlot-as-rajasthan-cm-sachin-pilot-as-deputy-cm/articleshow/67060422.cms|title=Congress picks Ashok Gehlot as Rajasthan CM, Sachin Pilot as Deputy CM|date=2018-12-15|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref><ref name="D6Kko">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/ashok-gehlot-rajasthan-cm-sachin-pilot-1409472-2018-12-14|title=Good evening, Rajasthan. This is your pilot Ashok Gehlot. With me is my co-pilot Sachin |date=15 December 2018|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref> On 17 December 2018, he was sworn in as [[List of deputy chief ministers of Rajasthan|Deputy chief Minister of Rajasthan]] under [[Ashok Gehlot]].<ref name="xZF8P">{{cite web |title=Ashok Gehlot sworn in as Rajasthan chief minister, Sachin Pilot as deputy CM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ashok-gehlot-sworn-in-as-rajasthan-chief-minister-sachin-pilot-as-deputy-cm/articleshow/67123915.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 March 2020 |date=17 December 2018}}</ref>

=== 2020 political crisis ===
{{see also|2020 Rajasthan political crisis}}

On 13 July 2020, Pilot's office issued a statement saying that the government of chief minister [[Ashok Gehlot]] was in a minority.<ref name="231SF">{{cite news |title=Sachin Pilot revolts, says Gehlot govt in minority; Dy CM claims support of 30 MLAs|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/desert-storm-sachin-pilot-revolts-says-gehlot-govt-in-minority-dy-cm-claims-support-of-30-mlas/articleshow/76930275.cms|work=Times of India |date=13 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> An aide of Pilot's indicated that he would not be joining the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="I5qtc">{{cite news |title=Sachin Pilot not joining BJP, says his aide amid turmoil in Rajasthan Congress |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sachin-pilot-not-joining-bjp-says-his-aide-amid-turmoil-in-rajasthan-congress/story-SonvuUZQWKNraaRKNfIchL.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

On 14 July 2020, the [[Indian National Congress]] sacked Pilot as the [[List of deputy chief ministers of Rajasthan|Deputy Chief Minister]] and [[Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee|Rajasthan Congress]] President for his revolt against the party and its leadership.<ref name="lJUTX">{{cite news|url= https://www.news18.com/news/politics/rajasthan-crisis-live-updates-sachin-pilot-likely-to-skip-another-meet-today-releases-video-of-16-mlas-in-support-2714827.html |title= Sachin Pilot Sacked as Deputy CM, State Congress Chief After Revolt; Ashok Gehlot Meets Governor|website=News18}}</ref>

After his revolt there was speculation that he would join the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], like his former colleague [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]], but on 15 July 2020 he rejected the rumours and stated: "I am still a member of the Congress party".<ref name="UjkEF">{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sachin-pilot-to-ndtv-i-am-not-joining-bjp-have-to-decide-on-future-course-of-action-2262944 |title="Not Joining BJP, Attempt To Malign Me Before Gandhis": Sachin Pilot |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

The Rajasthan Speaker, [[C.P. Joshi]], issued notices to 19 dissident [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] MLAs including Pilot on 14 July 2020 after the [[Rajasthan Congress]] passed a resolution that they be disqualified from the state Assembly as they had defied a party whip to attend two Congress Legislature Party meetings.<ref name="G62y7">{{cite news|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/rajasthan-ashok-gehlot-disqualification-sachin-pilot-dissent-congress-1701491-2020-07-17|title= Gehlot guns for disqualification, Pilot says dissent: A look at precedence|website=India Today}}</ref><ref name="4mO6H">{{cite news|url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/170720/rajasthan-political-crisis-sachin-pilot-takes-congress-to-court-over-d.html |title= Rajasthan political crisis:Sachin Pilot takes Congress to court over disqualification}}</ref> Pilot challenged this notice in the [[Rajasthan High Court]] on 17 July 2020. The High Court asked the Speaker to defer action on disqualification notices till 21 July 2020.<ref name="tPdiG">{{cite news |title=High Court asks Speaker to defer action on disqualification notices till July 21 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rajasthan-hc-asks-speaker-to-defer-action-on-disqualification-notices-till-july-21/article32114656.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The High Court ordered "status quo" to be maintained, essentially putting the disqualification procedure on hold, on 24 July 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Iqbal |first=Mohammed |date=2020-07-24 |title=Relief to Sachin Pilot, 18 MLAs as High Court orders status quo on disqualification notices |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rajasthan-political-crisis-hc-accepts-sachin-pilots-plea-to-make-centre-a-party/article32179496.ece |access-date=2024-07-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Post 2020 ==
In 2023, before the [[2024 Lok Sabha Elections|2024 Indian general elections]] Pilot was appointed the general secretary for the [[Chhattisgarh]] Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 23, 2023 |title=Sachin Pilot gets Chhattisgarh in Congress reshuffle, Priyanka Gandhi sans portfolio |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/priyanka-gandhi-without-portfolio-pilot-chhattisgarh-general-secretary-in-cong-reshuffle-101703340869010.html |access-date=July 2, 2024}}</ref>

== Electoral history ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan = "6" | Electoral History
|-
! Election
! colspan = "2" |Party
! House
! Constituency
! Status
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan = "3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan = "3" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan = "3" |[[Lok Sabha]]
| rowspan = "1" |[[Dausa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dausa]]
| rowspan = "1" |'''{{color|green|Won}}'''
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan = "2" |[[Ajmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ajmer]]
| rowspan = "1" |'''{{color|green|Won}}'''
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|'''{{color|red|Lost}}'''
|-
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| [[Tonk (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Tonk]]
| '''{{color|green|Won}}'''
|-
| [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| [[Tonk (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Tonk]]
| '''{{color|green|Won}}'''
|}

== Personal life ==
Pilot married Sara Abdullah on 15 January 2004. She is the daughter of [[Farooq Abdullah]], president of [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] and ex-[[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="0q7Jd">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-i-don-t-take-advantage-of-my-surname-sara-pilot-1414232|title=I don't take advantage of my surname: Sara Pilot|author=Ismat Tahseen|date=25 July 2010|publisher=DNAindia.com|access-date=3 March 2014}}</ref> Together they have two sons. Later Sachin Pilot and Sara Abdullah have separated after nearly two decades of marriage, according to his poll affidavit for Rajasthan Assembly Election 2023.<ref name="NXKz9">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Sachin-Pilot-shows-assets-worth-Rs-45-crore/articleshow/4407426.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208132359/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-16/jaipur/28022235_1_sachin-pilot-bank-accounts-wife-and-son|url-status=live|archive-date=8 December 2013|website=[[The Times of India]]|title=Sachin Pilot shows assets worth Rs 4.5 crore|date=16 April 2009 |access-date=8 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="5aPOl">{{cite web|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/delhi/a-football-match-by-cequin/articleshow/10869309.cms|title=A Football match by Cequin|website=photogallery.IndiaTimes.com|access-date=8 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="Gy145">[http://specials.rediff.com/getahead/2008/nov/06slide5.htm Sarah Abdullah and Sachin Pilot] .(2008-11-06). Retrieved on 5 April 2012.</ref>

His father, [[Rajesh Pilot]], was also member of parliament and was also union minister.<ref>{{Cite web|title=As A Boy, He Delivered Milk To A Bungalow. As A Minister, Rajesh Pilot Lived There|url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/the-extraordinary-journey-of-rajesh-pilot-from-milkman-to-minister-2244568|website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kharge, Sachin Pilot pay tribute to former Union Minister Rajesh Pilot on his birth anniversary |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/kharge-sachin-pilot-pay-tribute-to-former-union-minister-rajesh-pilot-on-his-birth-anniversary20230210103712 |website=ANI news}}</ref> The [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] nomination paper filed by Pilot revealed that he is divorced from his wife.<ref>{{Cite news|title=हलफनामे में सचिन पायलट ने खुद को बताया 'Divorced', 64.3 लाख रुपए की है आय|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/assembly-elections/tonk-mla-sachin-pilot-affidavit-declared-himself-divorced-and-assets-worth-of-rs/1938348|language=hi|website=Zee News|date=31 October 2023}}</ref>

==Army service==
On 6 September 2012, Pilot became the first Union minister of India to be commissioned as an officer in the [[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]], fulfilling his desire to follow his father's footsteps to be in the armed forces. He is known as Captain Pilot for being an officer in the Territorial Army.<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_sachin-pilot-commissioned-as-territorial-army-officer_1737552|title=Sachin Pilot commissioned as Territorial Army officer |date=6 September 2012|website=DNAIndia.com|access-date=8 July 2017}}</ref> After being commissioned he said, "This has been my desire to join the army for very long as I wanted to have my links with the armed forces, like my father and grandfather. I am honored to be part of this family."<ref name="dnaindia.com" />
==Books published==
* ''Rajesh Pilot: In Spirit Forever'', co-authored with sister Sarika Pilot.<ref name="TsjHF">{{Cite web|date=January 18, 2003|title=Pilot takes off |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pilot-takes-off/articleshow/34775445.cms|access-date=2021-02-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Portal|Biography|Politics|India
}}
* [http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4058&lastls=15] profile on [[Lok Sabha]] site
* {{Facebook|SachinPilot|Sachin Pilot}}
* {{Instagram|SachinPilot|Sachin Pilot}}
* {{Twitter|SachinPilot|Sachin Pilot}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Veerappa Moily]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Minister of Corporate Affairs]] Minister of State (Independent charge)
| years = 29 October 2012 to 26 May 2014
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Arun Jaitley]]
}}
|-
{{s-bef
| before = [[Veerappa Moily]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]] Minister of State
| years = 28 May 2009 to 28 October 2012
}}
{{s-aft
| after =
}}
|-
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Rasa Singh Rawat]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Member of Parliament for [[Ajmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ajmer]]
| years = 16 May 2009 to 16 May 2014
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Sanwar Lal Jat]]
}}
|-
{{s-bef
| before = [[Rama Pilot]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Member of Parliament for [[Dausa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dausa]]
| years = 17 May 2004 to 16 May 2009
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Kirodi Lal Meena]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Cabinet of Manmohan Singh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pilot, Sachin}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad alumni]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:Wharton School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Union ministers of state of India with independent charge]]
[[Category:United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:People from Saharanpur]]
[[Category:People from Dausa district]]
[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Ministers for corporate affairs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People named in the Paradise Papers]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Presidents of Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee]]

List of talukas of Maharashtra

2026-03-02T17:13:11Z

Samrick21: Creating First Stub And Citations

{{short description|None}}

{{One source|date=September 2021}}
The table below lists all the [[taluka]]s (tahsils/tehsils) of all the thirty-six districts in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]], along with district-subdivision and urban status information of headquarters villages/towns, as all talukas are intermediate level panchayats between the [[District Councils of India|zilla parishad]] (district councils) at the district level and [[gram panchayat]]s (village councils) at the lower level.<ref>[https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/1128/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87 Official Maharashtra government website]</ref>

==Table==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|--
! District
! District subdivision
! Taluka
! Headquarters type
|--
| [[Sindhudurg district]] || [[Kankavli]]|| [[Kankavli taluka|Kankavli]]||
|--
| || || [[Vaibhavwadi taluka|Vaibhavwadi]] ||
|--
| || || [[Devgad taluka|Devgad]]||
|--
| || || [[Malvan taluka|Malwan]]||
|--
| || [[Sawantwadi]]|| [[Sawantwadi taluka|Sawantwadi]]||
|--
| || || [[Kudal taluka|Kudal]]||
|--
| || || [[Vengurla taluka|Vengurla]] ||
|--
| || || [[Dodamarg taluka|Dodamarg]]||
|--
| [[Ratnagiri district]] || [[Ratnagiri]] || [[Ratnagiri taluka|Ratnagiri]] ||
|--
| || || [[Sangameshwar]]||
|--
| || || [[Lanja taluka|Lanja]]||
|--
| || || [[Rajapur taluka|Rajapur]]||
|--
| || [[Chiplun]] || [[Chiplun taluka|Chiplun]] ||
|--
| || || [[Guhagar taluka|Guhagar]]||
|--
| || || [[Dapoli taluka|Dapoli]]||
|--
| || || [[Mandangad taluka|Mandangad]]||
|--
| || || [[Khed taluka, Ratnagiri|Khed]]||
|--
| [[Raigad district]] || [[Alibaug]] || [[Pen, India|Pen]]||
|--
| || || [[Alibag taluka|Alibag]]||
|--
| || || [[Murud taluka|Murud]]||
|--
| || [[Panvel]] || [[Panvel taluka|Panvel]]|| [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || || [[Uran taluka|Uran]] ||
|--
| || [[Karjat]]|| [[Karjat taluka, Raigad|Karjat]]||
|--
| || || [[Khalapur taluka|Khalapur]]||
|--
| || [[Mangaon]]|| [[Mangaon taluka|Mangaon]]||
|--
| || || [[Tala taluka|Tala]]||
|--
| || || [[Roha taluka|Roha]]||
|--
| || || [[Sudhagad - Pali taluka|Sudhagad-Pali]]||
|--
| || [[Mahad]]|| [[Mahad taluka|Mahad]]||
|--
| || || [[Poladpur taluka|Poladpur]]||
|--
| || || [[Shrivardhan taluka|Shrivardhan]]||
|--
| || || [[Mhasala taluka|Mhasala]]||
|--
| [[Mumbai City District]] || || ||
|--
| [[Mumbai Suburban District]] || [[Bandra]] || [[Kurla]]||
|--
| || || [[Andheri]]||
|--
| || || [[Borivali]]||
|--
| [[Thane district]] || Thane || [[Thane taluka|Thane]]|| [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || || [[Kalyan taluka|Kalyan]]|| [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || || [[Murbad taluka|Murbad]] ||
|--
| || [[Bhiwandi]]|| [[Bhiwandi taluka|Bhiwandi]]|| [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || || [[Shahapur taluka|Shahapur]]||
|--
| || [[Ulhasnagar]]|| [[Ulhasnagar taluka|Ulhasnagar]]|| [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || || [[Ambarnath taluka|Ambarnath]]||
|--
| [[Palghar district]]|| [[Palghar]]|| [[Palghar taluka|Palghar]]||
|--
| || || [[Vasai taluka|Vasai]]|| [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || || [[Dahanu taluka|Dahanu]]||
|--
| || || [[Talasari taluka|Talasari]]||
|--
| || [[Jawhar]]|| [[Jawahar taluka|Jawhar]]||
|--
| || || [[Mokhada taluka|Mokhada]]||
|--
| || || [[Vada, Palghar|Vada]]||
|--
| || || [[Vikramgad taluka|Vikramgad]]||
|--
| [[Nashik District]] || [[Nashik]] || [[Nashik]]|| [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || || [[Igatpuri]]||
|--
| || || [[Dindori, Maharashtra|Dindori]]||
|--
| || || [[Peint|Peth]]||
|--
| || || [[Trimbakeshwar tehsil|Trimbakeshwar]]||
|--
| || [[Kalwan]] || [[Kalwan taluka|Kalwan]]||
|--
| || || [[Deola]]||
|--
| || || [[Surgana]]||
|--
| || || [[Baglan taluka|Baglan]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || Malegaon || [[Malegaon]]|| [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || || [[Nandgaon, Maharashtra|Nandgaon]]||
|--
| || || [[Chandwad]]||
|--
| || Niphad || [[Niphad]]||
|--
| || || [[Sinnar taluka|Sinnar]]||
|--
| || || [[Yeola]]||
|--
| [[Nandurbar district]] || [[Nandurbar]] || [[Nandurbar taluk|Nandurbar]]|| [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || || [[Navapur taluka|Navapur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Shahada taluk|Shahada]]||[[Municipal council]]
|--
| || Talode || [[Talode taluk|Talode]]||
|--
| || || [[Akkalkuwa taluk|Akkalkuwa]]||
|--
| || || [[Dhadgaon taluk|Dhadgaon]]||
|--
| [[Dhule district]]|| [[Dhule]]|| [[Dhule taluk|Dhule]]|| [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || || align="LEFT" | [[Sakri Taluka|Sakri]]||
|--
| || Sindkheda || [[Sindkheda]] ||
|--
| || || [[Shirpur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| [[Jalgaon district]]|| [[Jalgaon]]|| [[Jalgaon taluk|Jalgaon]]|| [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || || [[Jamner]]||
|--
| || || [[Erandol]]||
|--
| || || [[Dharangaon]] ||
|--
| || [[Bhusawal]]|| [[Bhusawal]]||
|--
| || || [[Raver, Maharashtra|Raver]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Muktainagar]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Bodwad]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Yawal taluk|Yawal]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Amalner]]|| [[Amalner]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Parola, Maharashtra|Parola]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Chopda]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Pachora]]|| [[Pachora]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Bhadgaon, Maharashtra|Bhadgaon]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Chalisgaon]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| [[Buldhana district]]|| [[Buldhana]]|| [[Buldhana]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Chikhli, Maharashtra|Chikhli]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Deulgaon Raja]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Jalgaon Jamod]] || [[Jalgaon Jamod]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Sangrampur, Maharashtra|Sangrampur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Malkapur, Buldhana|Malkapur]] || [[Malkapur, Buldhana district|Malkapur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Motala, Buldhana|Motala]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Nandura]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Khamgaon]] || [[Khamgaon]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Shegaon]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Mehkar]] || [[Mehkar]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Sindkhed Raja]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Lonar]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| [[Akola district]] || [[Akola city|Akola]] || [[Akola taluk|Akola]]|| [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || [[Akot]] || [[Akot taluk|Akot]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Telhara taluk|Telhara]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Balapur, Akola district|Balapur]] || [[Balapur taluk|Balapur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Patur taluk|Patur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Murtajapur]] || [[Murtajapur taluk|Murtajapur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Barshitakli taluk|Barshitakli]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| [[Washim district]]|| [[Washim]] || [[Washim taluk|Washim]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Malegaon taluk, Washim district|Malegaon]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Risod taluk|Risod]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Mangrulpir]] || [[Mangrulpir taluk|Mangrulpir]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Karanja taluk|Karanja]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Manora taluk|Manora]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| [[Amravati district]] || [[Amravati]] || [[Amravati]]|| [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || || [[Bhatkuli]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Nandgaon Khandeshwar]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Dharni, Amravati|Dharni]] || [[Dharni taluka|Dharni]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Chikhaldara]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Achalpur]] || [[Achalpur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Chandurbazar]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Morshi]] || [[Morshi]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Warud]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Daryapur]] || [[Daryapur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Anjangaon|Anjangaon-Surji]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Chandur, Maharashtra|Chandur]] || [[Chandur, Maharashtra|Chandur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Dattapur Dhamangaon|Dhamangaon]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Tiosa]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| [[Wardha district]] || [[Wardha]] || [[Wardha]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Deoli, Maharashtra|Deoli]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Seloo]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Arvi, Wardha|Arvi]] || [[Arvi, Wardha|Arvi]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Ashti, Wardha|Ashti]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Karanja, Wardha|Karanja]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Hinganghat]] || [[Hinganghat]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Samudrapur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| [[Nagpur district]] || [[Nagpur]] || [[Nagpur Urban taluk|Nagpur Urban]]|| [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || || [[Nagpur Rural]]|| [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || || [[Kamptee taluka|Kamptee]] ||
|--
| || || [[Hingna]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Katol]] || [[Katol taluka|Katol]]||
|--
| || || [[Narkhed taluka|Narkhed]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Savner]] || [[Saoner|Savner]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Kalameshwar]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Ramtek]] || [[Ramtek]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Mauda|Mouda]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Parseoni]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Umred]] || [[Umred]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Kuhi]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Bhiwapur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| [[Bhandara district]]|| [[Bhandara (city)|Bhandara]] || [[Bhandara taluka|Bhandara]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Tumsar taluka|Tumsar]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Pauni taluka|Pauni]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Mohadi taluka|Mohadi]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Sakoli]] || [[Sakoli taluka|Sakoli]]|| [[Sakoli Municipal Council|Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Lakhani taluka|Lakhani]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Lakhandur taluka|Lakhandur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| [[Gondia district]] || [[Gondia]] || [[Gondia taluka|Gondia]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Goregaon taluka|Goregaon]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Salekasa taluka|Salekasa]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Tiroda]]|| [[Tiroda taluka|Tiroda]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Deori, Gondia|Deori]]|| [[Amgaon taluka|Amgaon]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Deori, Gondia|Deori]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Arjuni Morgaon]]|| [[Arjuni-Morgaon taluka|Arjuni-Morgaon]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Sadak-Arjuni taluka|Sadak-Arjuni]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| [[Gadchiroli district]]|| [[Gadchiroli]] || [[Gadchiroli]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Dhanora taluka|Dhanora]]||
|--
| || || [[Chamorshi]]||
|--
| || || [[Mulchera]]||
|--
| || [[Desaiganj]] || [[Desaiganj taluka|Desaiganj]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Armori taluka|Armori]]|| [[Armori Municipal Council|Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Kurkheda]]||
|--
| || || [[Korchi]]||
|--
| || [[Aheri, Gadchiroli|Aheri]] || [[Aheri taluka|Aheri]]||
|-
|
|
|[[Etapalli]]
|
|--
| || || [[Bhamragad]]||
|--
| || || [[Sironcha taluka|Sironcha]]||
|--
| [[Chandrapur district]] || [[Chandrapur]] || [[Chandrapur taluka|Chandrapur]]|| [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || || [[Saoli]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Mul, India|Mul]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Ballarpur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Pombhurna]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Gondpipari|Gondpimpri]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Warora]] || [[Warora]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Chimur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Bhadravati, Maharashtra|Bhadravati]] || [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Bramhapuri]] || [[Bramhapuri]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Nagbhid]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Sindewahi]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Rajura]] || [[Rajura]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Korpana]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Jiwati]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| [[Yavatmal district]] || [[Yavatmal]] || [[Yavatmal taluka|Yavatmal]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Arni taluk|Arni]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Babhulgaon taluk|Babhulgaon]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Kalamb, Yavatmal|Kalamb]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Darwha]] || [[Darwha]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Digras]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Ner, Yavatmal|Ner]] || [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Pusad]] || [[Pusad taluka|Pusad]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Umarkhed taluka|Umarkhed]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Mahagaon, Yavatmal|Mahagaon]] || [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Kelapur]] || [[Kelapur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Ralegaon]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Ghatanji]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Wani, Maharashtra|Wani]] || [[Wani, Yavatmal|Wani]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Maregaon]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Zari Jamani]] || [[Municipal council]]
|--
| [[Nanded district]] || [[Nanded]] || [[Nanded taluka|Nanded]]|| [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || || [[Ardhapur taluka|Ardhapur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Mudkhed taluka|Mudkhed]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Bhokar taluka|Bhokar]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Umri taluka|Umri]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Loha taluka|Loha]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Kandhar taluka|Kandhar]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Kinwat]] || [[Kinwat taluka|Kinwat]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Himayatnagar taluka|Himayatnagar]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Hadgaon taluka|Hadgaon]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Mahur taluka|Mahur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Deglur]] || [[Deglur taluka|Deglur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Mukhed taluka|Mukhed]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Dharmabad taluka|Dharmabad]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Biloli taluka|Biloli]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Naigaon taluka|Naigaon]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| [[Hingoli district]] || [[Hingoli]] || [[Hingoli taluka|Hingoli]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Sengaon]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Kalamnuri]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Basmath]] || [[Basmath]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Aundha Nagnath]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| [[Parbhani district]] || [[Parbhani]] || [[Parbhani taluka|Parbhani]]|| [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || || [[Sonpeth]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Gangakhed]] || [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Palam, Parbhani|Palam]] || [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Purna taluka|Purna]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Sailu]] || [[Sailu taluka|Sailu]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Jintur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Manwath]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Pathri taluka|Pathri]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| [[Jalna district]] || [[Jalna (city)|Jalna]] || [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Bhokardan]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Jafrabad, Jalna|Jafrabad]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Badnapur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Partur]] || [[Ambad]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Ghansawangi]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Partur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Mantha, Jalna|Mantha]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad district]]|| [[Aurangabad]]|| [[Aurangabad]]|| [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || || [[Kannad]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Soegaon]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Sillod]] || [[Sillod]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Phulambri]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Khuldabad]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Vaijapur]] || [[Vaijapur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Gangapur, Maharashtra|Gangapur]] || [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Paithan]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| [[Beed district]] || [[Beed]] || [[Beed]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Georai]] || [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Patoda]]|| [[Patoda]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Shirur Kasar|Shirur-Kasar]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Ashti, Beed|Ashti]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Ambejogai]] || [[Majalgaon]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Wadwani]] || [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Kaij]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Dharur, Beed|Dharur]] || [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Parli Vaijnath|Parli]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Ambajogai]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| [[Latur district]] || [[Latur]] || [[Latur Taluka|Latur]]|| [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || Ausa-Renapur || [[Renapur]]|| [[Village Panchayat]]
|--
| || || [[Ausa Taluka|Ausa]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Ahmedpur, Latur|Ahmedpur]]|| [[Ahmedpur, Latur|Ahmedpur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Jalkot Taluka|Jalkot]]|| [[Village Panchayat]]
|--
| || || [[Chakur Taluka|Chakur]]|| [[Village Panchayat]]
|--
| || || [[Shirur Anantpal Taluka|Shirur Anantpal]]|| [[Village Panchayat]]
|--
| || [[Nilanga]] || [[Nilanga Taluka|Nilanga]] || [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Deoni Taluka|Deoni]] || [[Village Panchayat]]
|--
||| [[Udgir]] || [[Udgir Taluka|Udgir]] || [[Municipal council]]
|--
| [[Osmanabad]] || [[Osmanabad]] || [[Osmanabad Tahsil|Osmanabad]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Tuljapur Tahsil|Tuljapur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Bhum]] || [[Bhoom Tahsil|Bhum]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Paranda Tahsil|Paranda]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Kalamb, Osmanabad|Kalamb]] || [[Washi Tahsil|Washi]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Kalamb Tahsil|Kalamb]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Umarga]] || [[Lohara Tahsil|Lohara]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Umarga Taluka|Umarga]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| [[Solapur district]] || [[Solapur North]] || [[North Solapur|Solapur North]]|| [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || || [[Barshi Taluka|Barshi]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Solapur South]] || [[Solapur South]] || [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || || [[Akkalkot Taluka|Akkalkot]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Kurduvadi|Kurduwadi]]|| [[Madha Taluka|Madha]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Karmala Taluka|Karmala]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Pandharpur]] || [[Pandharpur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Mohol]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Malshiras]] || [[Malshiras]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Mangalvedhe]] || [[Sangole]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Mangalwedha|Mangalvedhe]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| [[Ahmednagar district|Ahilyanagar district]]|| [[Ahmednagar|Ahilyanagar]] || [[Nagar taluka|Nagar]]|| [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || || [[Shevgaon taluka|Shevgaon]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Pathardi taluka|Pathardi]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Parner taluka|Parner]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Sangamner]] || [[Sangamner taluka|Sangamner]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Kopargaon taluka|Kopargaon]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Akole taluka|Akole]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Shrirampur]] || [[Shrirampur taluka|Shrirampur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Nevasa taluka|Nevasa]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Rahata taluka|Rahata]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Rahuri tehsil|Rahuri]] || [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Karjat]] || [[Shrigonda taluka|Shrigonda]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Karjat taluka|Karjat]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Jamkhed taluka|Jamkhed]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| [[Pune district]] || [[Haveli, Pune|Haveli]] || [[Pune City taluka|Pune City]]|| [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || || [[Haveli taluka|Haveli]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Khed Taluka|Khed]]|| [[Khed taluka|Khed]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Junnar taluka|Junnar]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Ambegaon taluka|Ambegaon]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Maval]]|| [[Maval taluka|Maval]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Mulshi taluka|Mulshi]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Shirur taluka|Shirur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Bhor]]|| [[Purandar taluka|Purandhar (Saswad)]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Velhe taluka|Velhe]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Bhor taluk|Bhor]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Baramati]]|| [[Baramati taluka|Baramati]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Indapur taluka|Indapur]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Daund taluka|Daund]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| [[Satara district]]|| [[Satara (city)|Satara]]|| [[Satara (city)|Satara]]
|[[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Jaoli]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Koregaon Taluka|Koregaon]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]]|| [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Mahabaleshwar]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Khandala, Satara|Khandala]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Phaltan]]|| [[Phaltan]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Maan, Maharashtra|Maan]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Khatav]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Karad]] || [[Patan, Maharashtra|Patan]] || [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Karad]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| [[Sangli district]] || [[Miraj]] ||[[Miraj]]|| [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || || [[Kavathe-Mahankal|Kavathemahankal]]|| [[Town council]]
|--
| || || [[Tasgaon]]|| [[Town council]]
|--
| || || [[Jat, Sangli|Jat]] || [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Walwa, Sangli|Walwa]] || [[Walwa, Sangli|Walwa]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Shirala]]|| [[Town council]]
|--
| || [[Khanapur (Vita)|Khanapur]] || [[Khanapur (Vita)]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Atpadi Taluka|Atpadi]]|| [[Town council]]
|--
| || || [[Palus, Maharashtra|Palus]]|| [[Town council]]
|--
| || || [[Kadegaon]]|| [[Town council]]
|--
| [[Kolhapur district]] || [[Karvir, Kolhapur|Karvir subdivision]] || [[Karvir, Kolhapur|Karvir]] || [[Municipal corporation]]
|--
| || || [[Panhala]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Shahuwadi]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Kagal]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Ichalkaranji|Ichalkaranji subdivision]] || [[Hatkanangale]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Shirol]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || [[Radhanagari|Radhanagari subdivision]] || [[Radhanagari]]|| [[Town council]]
|--
| || || [[Gaganbawada]]|| [[Town council]]
|--
| || || [[Bhudargad]]|| [[Town council]]
|--
| || [[Gadhinglaj|Gadhinglaj subdivision]] || [[Gadhinglaj Taluka|Gadhinglaj]]|| [[Municipal council]]
|--
| || || [[Chandgad]]|| [[Town council]]
|--
| || || [[Ajara (India)|Ajra]]|| [[Town council]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080221194339/http://districts.nic.in/ Districts of India]

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra| ]]
[[Category:Maharashtra-related lists|Talukas]]
[[Category:Lists of subdistricts in India|Maharashtra]]

Institutionalized riot systems

2026-02-25T13:03:17Z

Samrick21:

{{Multiple issues|
{{no footnotes|date=March 2016}}
{{third-party|date=March 2016}}
}}
'''Institutionalized riot systems''' ('''IRS''') is a term invented by professor [[Paul Brass]] in 2004 in his book ''[[The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India]]'' with regards to [[Indian politics]]. This term describes the dramatic production of riots, which Brass has divided into three phases: preparation, activation and explanation.

Preparation: This phase is a continuous activity. The most important people in this phase are "fire tenders", who keep Hindu-Muslim tensions alive through various inflammatory and inciting acts.

Activation: This phase is a phase of violence. In this phase another group of people come forward, who lead and address mobs of potential rioters and give a signal to indicate if and when violence should start. These leaders are called "conversion specialists". They usually lead the mob of criminals from poor background, who were recruited and rewarded for practicing the violence.

Explanation: In this phase explanations for the cause of violence are controlled. Politicians and vernacular media plays a major role in this phase. Violence is presented as spontaneous, religious, mass-based, unpredictable and impossible to prevent. Social scientists start the process of blame displacement to save those who are most responsible for the production of violence, and instead diffuses blame widely. This contributes to the perpetuation of violent productions in future, as well as the order that sustains them.

Brass explains that it is because of this system that Hindu-Muslim riots in India often turned into pogroms and massacres of Muslims, in which few Hindus are killed. Most often, the principal beneficiaries of this process are the government and its political leaders.

==References==
* http://www.paulbrass.com/the_production_of_hindu_muslim_violence_in_contemporary_india_16681.htm

{{morecat|date=August 2025}}
[[Category:Neologisms]]
[[Category:Religiously motivated violence in India]]

Mookee pigeon

2026-02-23T01:48:37Z

Samrick21: Creating The Stub V1

{{Short description|Breed of fancy pigeon}}
{{Infobox pigeon breed
| name = Mookee pigeon
| image = Mookee(black).jpg
| imagecaption = An andalusian mookee pigeon.
| status = Not Evaluated
| altname = Indian Trembler
| nickname = Mookee
| country = India
| usgroup = Tumblers, Rollers, and Highflyers
| eegroup = Tumblers and Highflyers (EE0800 N/L0820)
}}

The '''Mookee Pigeon''', '''Indian Mookee Pigeon''', '''Indian Trembler''', or simply just '''Mookee''' is a [[List of pigeon breeds|breed]] of [[Fancy pigeon|fancy pigeon]] created through [[selective breeding]] and originating in [[India]]. It is recognised as being part of the Tumblers and Highflyers breed group (EE0800 or N/L0820) by the European Standard Committee for Pigeons. It is recognised under the Flyers breed group by the US National Pigeon Association. Mookee pigeons are characterised by erect 'S'-like posture, where the neck is thick and long and the breast is arched outwards.<ref name="AMA">{{cite web |title=Standard of Perfection and Colours |url=https://www.americanmookeeassociation.com/id4.htm |website=American Mookee Association |publisher=American Mookee Association |access-date=10 December 2025 |date=February 2004}}</ref> Mookee pigeons walk with their chest pressed outwards and leading them. The plumage varies between individuals and many colours exist,<ref name="James">{{cite journal |last1=Lyell |first1=James C. |title=Fancy Pigeons |journal=Fancy Pigeons |date=1887 |issue=3 |pages=123-125, 339 |url=https://ia600203.us.archive.org/30/items/fancypigeonscont00lyelrich/fancypigeonscont00lyelrich.pdf |access-date=10 December 2025 |publisher=Gill |location=London |id=146403}}</ref> such as blacks, blues, duns (a deep grey-brown), yellows and ash reds.<ref name="AMA">{{cite web |title=Standard of Perfection and Colours |url=https://www.americanmookeeassociation.com/id4.htm |website=American Mookee Association |publisher=American Mookee Association |access-date=10 December 2025 |date=February 2004}}</ref><ref name="James">{{cite journal |last1=Lyell |first1=James C. |title=Fancy Pigeons |journal=Fancy Pigeons |date=1887 |issue=3 |pages=123-125, 339 |url=https://ia600203.us.archive.org/30/items/fancypigeonscont00lyelrich/fancypigeonscont00lyelrich.pdf |access-date=10 December 2025 |publisher=Gill |location=London |id=146403}}</ref> The colouration can be exhibited in multiple areas on the pigeon's body depending on the individual. Some individuals have fully coloured bodies, while others have colour localised totally to the neck, where the body possesses the more typical grey with coloured variants of the bar-winged plumage of [[Rock dove|rock]] and [[Hill pigeon|hill doves]]. The head of the mookee is notably white, with a clear demarcation made between it and the colours of the neck plumage beneath the lower eye rim.<ref name="AMA">{{cite web |title=Standard of Perfection and Colours |url=https://www.americanmookeeassociation.com/id4.htm |website=American Mookee Association |publisher=American Mookee Association |access-date=10 December 2025 |date=February 2004}}</ref> The beak is proportional to the head and usually a pale pink colour with some accepted variation.<ref name="AMA">{{cite web |title=Standard of Perfection and Colours |url=https://www.americanmookeeassociation.com/id4.htm |website=American Mookee Association |publisher=American Mookee Association |access-date=10 December 2025 |date=February 2004}}</ref> The feathers on the neck of the mookee often form manes of varying refinement.<ref name="AMA">{{cite web |title=Standard of Perfection and Colours |url=https://www.americanmookeeassociation.com/id4.htm |website=American Mookee Association |publisher=American Mookee Association |access-date=10 December 2025 |date=February 2004}}</ref><ref name="James">{{cite journal |last1=Lyell |first1=James C. |title=Fancy Pigeons |journal=Fancy Pigeons |date=1887 |issue=3 |pages=123-125, 339 |url=https://ia600203.us.archive.org/30/items/fancypigeonscont00lyelrich/fancypigeonscont00lyelrich.pdf |access-date=10 December 2025 |publisher=Gill |location=London |id=146403}}</ref> Some mookees may have more developed manes than others dependent on their pedigrees. The mookee typically has twelve tail feathers that are held closely together in posture and form a narrow tail.<ref name="James">{{cite journal |last1=Lyell |first1=James C. |title=Fancy Pigeons |journal=Fancy Pigeons |date=1887 |issue=3 |pages=123-125, 339 |url=https://ia600203.us.archive.org/30/items/fancypigeonscont00lyelrich/fancypigeonscont00lyelrich.pdf |access-date=10 December 2025 |publisher=Gill |location=London |id=146403}}</ref>

== History ==
The mookee, like all fancy pigeons, is a descendent of the rock dove (''Columbia livia''), an incredibly phenotypically diverse bird species that was first [[Domestication|domesticated]] in the [[Middle East and North Africa|Middle East and Mediterranean regions]] around 5,000 years ago.<ref name="NLM">{{cite web |last1=Domyan |first1=Eric T. |last2=Shapiro|first2=Michael D.|title=Pigeonetics takes flight: evolution, development, and genetics of intraspecific variation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012160616306005 |website=Science Direct |publisher=Science Direct |access-date=10 December 2025 |doi=10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.11.008 |date=12 November 2016}}</ref> The mookee belongs specifically to the tumblers and highflyers breed group, a nearly completely [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] breed group aside from the mookee itself, which belongs to an outgroup that is much more genetically similar to the fantailed breeds in structure.<ref name="Darwin">{{cite journal |last1=Pacheco |first1=George|last2=Grouw|first2=Hein van|last3=Shapiro|first3=Michael D.|last4=Gilbert|first4=Marcus Thomas P.|last5=Viera|first5=Phillip Garrett |editor1-last=Storz |editor1-first=Jay |title=Darwin’s Fancy Revised: An Updated Understanding of the Genomic Constitution of Pigeon Breeds |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |date=March 2020 |volume=12 |issue=3 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evaa027 |pmid=32053199 |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/12/3/136/5735467 |access-date=10 December 2025|pmc=7144551 }}</ref> When the mookee was first described in 1676, the breed was coined the "narrow-tailed shaker"<ref name="James">{{cite journal |last1=Lyell |first1=James C. |title=Fancy Pigeons |journal=Fancy Pigeons |date=1887 |issue=3 |pages=123-125, 339 |url=https://ia600203.us.archive.org/30/items/fancypigeonscont00lyelrich/fancypigeonscont00lyelrich.pdf |access-date=10 December 2025 |publisher=Gill |location=London |id=146403}}</ref><ref name="Darwin">{{cite journal |last1=Pacheco |first1=George|last2=Grouw|first2=Hein van|last3=Shapiro|first3=Michael D.|last4=Gilbert|first4=Marcus Thomas P.|last5=Viera|first5=Phillip Garrett |editor1-last=Storz |editor1-first=Jay |title=Darwin’s Fancy Revised: An Updated Understanding of the Genomic Constitution of Pigeon Breeds |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |date=March 2020 |volume=12 |issue=3 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evaa027 |pmid=32053199 |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/12/3/136/5735467 |access-date=10 December 2025|pmc=7144551 }}</ref><ref name="LEVI">{{cite book |last1=Levi |first1=Wendell M. |title=The Pigeon |date=1977 |publisher=Levi Publishing Co., Inc., Sumer, S. C. |isbn=0-85390-013-2|pages=128-129}}</ref> and was believed to be closely related to fantailed breeds (at the time known as broad-tailed shakers) by ornithologist [[Francis Willughby|Francis Willoughby]] (1633-1672) in his book ''Ornithology''.<ref name="James">{{cite journal |last1=Lyell |first1=James C. |title=Fancy Pigeons |journal=Fancy Pigeons |date=1887 |issue=3 |pages=123-125, 339 |url=https://ia600203.us.archive.org/30/items/fancypigeonscont00lyelrich/fancypigeonscont00lyelrich.pdf |access-date=10 December 2025 |publisher=Gill |location=London |id=146403}}</ref> It is possible that [[United Kingdom|Britain]] became familiarised with the breed through trading with the [[Dutch East Indies|Dutch East Indes]] in the 18th and 19th centuries however, the breed may have existed in England as far back as the date of Willoughby's initial description.<ref name="James">{{cite journal |last1=Lyell |first1=James C. |title=Fancy Pigeons |journal=Fancy Pigeons |date=1887 |issue=3 |pages=123-125, 339 |url=https://ia600203.us.archive.org/30/items/fancypigeonscont00lyelrich/fancypigeonscont00lyelrich.pdf |access-date=10 December 2025 |publisher=Gill |location=London |id=146403}}</ref> In ''The Pigeon'', by breeder Wendell M. Levi, the author notes that the breed first gained a foothold in [[California]] in 1941-42, where the first imported mookees were being transported on Indian vessels as a source of food for both passengers on board, and for the animals of the [[San Diego Zoo]].<ref name="LEVI">{{cite book |last1=Levi |first1=Wendell M. |title=The Pigeon |date=1977 |publisher=Levi Publishing Co., Inc., Sumer, S. C. |isbn=0-85390-013-2|pages=128-129}}</ref> A Californian club for the mookee was formed in 1948, shortly after its introduction however, it did not persist.<ref name="LEVI">{{cite book |last1=Levi |first1=Wendell M. |title=The Pigeon |date=1977 |publisher=Levi Publishing Co., Inc., Sumer, S. C. |isbn=0-85390-013-2|pages=128-129}}</ref> It was initially suspected that the mookee was a bastard fantail breed (a population developed by the [[Hybrid (biology)|interbreeding]] of two existing breeds) however, the [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] of its tail feathers differentiates it from related breeds and cements it as a unique and distinct breed of fancy pigeon.<ref name="James">{{cite journal |last1=Lyell |first1=James C. |title=Fancy Pigeons |journal=Fancy Pigeons |date=1887 |issue=3 |pages=123-125, 339 |url=https://ia600203.us.archive.org/30/items/fancypigeonscont00lyelrich/fancypigeonscont00lyelrich.pdf |access-date=10 December 2025 |publisher=Gill |location=London |id=146403}}</ref>

== Morphological standard ==
The mookee is subject to a variety of standards in exhibitions and shows with common points of anatomy subjected to scrutiny being the body and carriage, plumage and colouration, the mane, legs, tail, and the beak and wattle.<ref name="AMA">{{cite web |title=Standard of Perfection and Colours |url=https://www.americanmookeeassociation.com/id4.htm |website=American Mookee Association |publisher=American Mookee Association |access-date=10 December 2025 |date=February 2004}}</ref>[[File:Mookee (Illustration 1897).jpg|thumb|An illustration of a mookee from the January 3rd, 1897 edition of L'Éleveur: weekly illustrated journal of applied zoology.]]

Mookees should have rounded arching breasts that curve prominently when viewed from a side profile, the body is cobby and the wing butts (anterior corner of a bird's folded wing) should be concealed.<ref name="AMA">{{cite web |title=Standard of Perfection and Colours |url=https://www.americanmookeeassociation.com/id4.htm |website=American Mookee Association |publisher=American Mookee Association |access-date=10 December 2025 |date=February 2004}}</ref> The carriage should be sprightly and jaunty, carried upright with the neck in an arched position, in such a way that the line of the back creates a 35%-45% degree angle with the ground when standing.<ref name="AMA">{{cite web |title=Standard of Perfection and Colours |url=https://www.americanmookeeassociation.com/id4.htm |website=American Mookee Association |publisher=American Mookee Association |access-date=10 December 2025 |date=February 2004}}</ref> A smaller breed, the average mookee cock should weigh a maximum of 13-14oz (369-397g) and the hen a maximum of 12-13oz (340-369g) in order to comply with standards.<ref name="AMA">{{cite web |title=Standard of Perfection and Colours |url=https://www.americanmookeeassociation.com/id4.htm |website=American Mookee Association |publisher=American Mookee Association |access-date=10 December 2025 |date=February 2004}}</ref> The mookee can be bred to be as small as the [[Chinese Owl pigeon|Chinese owl]] and Levi states it could be bred to be even more diminutive.<ref name="LEVI">{{cite book |last1=Levi |first1=Wendell M. |title=The Pigeon |date=1977 |publisher=Levi Publishing Co., Inc., Sumer, S. C. |isbn=0-85390-013-2|pages=128-129}}</ref> The legs of the mookee are bare and unfeathered (clean) and a red or hot pink colour. They should walk on their toes rather than on the soles of their feet to comply with standards.<ref name="AMA">{{cite web |title=Standard of Perfection and Colours |url=https://www.americanmookeeassociation.com/id4.htm |website=American Mookee Association |publisher=American Mookee Association |access-date=10 December 2025 |date=February 2004}}</ref> The mookee has a small but discernable wattle that should be small, neat, smooth, and close fitting.<ref name="AMA">{{cite web |title=Standard of Perfection and Colours |url=https://www.americanmookeeassociation.com/id4.htm |website=American Mookee Association |publisher=American Mookee Association |access-date=10 December 2025 |date=February 2004}}</ref> The cere ([[Operculum (bird)|operculum]]) should be as small as possible and untextured.<ref name="AMA">{{cite web |title=Standard of Perfection and Colours |url=https://www.americanmookeeassociation.com/id4.htm |website=American Mookee Association |publisher=American Mookee Association |access-date=10 December 2025 |date=February 2004}}</ref>

The beak itself is typically a pale pink, though the [[Mandible|lower mandible]] allowed to be coloured in black, blue, and ash red coloured individuals.<ref name="AMA">{{cite web |title=Standard of Perfection and Colours |url=https://www.americanmookeeassociation.com/id4.htm |website=American Mookee Association |publisher=American Mookee Association |access-date=10 December 2025 |date=February 2004}}</ref><ref name="LEVI">{{cite book |last1=Levi |first1=Wendell M. |title=The Pigeon |date=1977 |publisher=Levi Publishing Co., Inc., Sumer, S. C. |isbn=0-85390-013-2|pages=128-129}}</ref> A mookee possesses twelve tail feathers,<ref name="LEVI">{{cite book |last1=Levi |first1=Wendell M. |title=The Pigeon |date=1977 |publisher=Levi Publishing Co., Inc., Sumer, S. C. |isbn=0-85390-013-2|pages=128-129}}</ref> which are held closely together in a narrow arrangement about half an inch (1.3cm) off the ground. The [[Flight feather|primaries]] (wing tips) should be held the same length from the end of the tail.<ref name="AMA">{{cite web |title=Standard of Perfection and Colours |url=https://www.americanmookeeassociation.com/id4.htm |website=American Mookee Association |publisher=American Mookee Association |access-date=10 December 2025 |date=February 2004}}</ref><ref name="LEVI">{{cite book |last1=Levi |first1=Wendell M. |title=The Pigeon |date=1977 |publisher=Levi Publishing Co., Inc., Sumer, S. C. |isbn=0-85390-013-2|pages=128-129}}</ref>

Mookees are characterised by the mane of feathers around their thick necks. The mane should begin just beneath the point of the beak and extend to the base of the neck.<ref name="AMA">{{cite web |title=Standard of Perfection and Colours |url=https://www.americanmookeeassociation.com/id4.htm |website=American Mookee Association |publisher=American Mookee Association |access-date=10 December 2025 |date=February 2004}}</ref> The neck feathers should meet behind the base of the neck and make a "V".<ref name="AMA">{{cite web |title=Standard of Perfection and Colours |url=https://www.americanmookeeassociation.com/id4.htm |website=American Mookee Association |publisher=American Mookee Association |access-date=10 December 2025 |date=February 2004}}</ref> A rounded mane is discouraged as its typically an indicative feature of trimming or shaping the mane to be more idyllic, a disqualifiable offence.<ref name="AMA">{{cite web |title=Standard of Perfection and Colours |url=https://www.americanmookeeassociation.com/id4.htm |website=American Mookee Association |publisher=American Mookee Association |access-date=10 December 2025 |date=February 2004}}</ref> The neck feathers should also form a discernable centered peak behind the back of the head that is prominent and as pointed as possible, though it should not create a shell crest (grow over the head)<ref name="AMA">{{cite web |title=Standard of Perfection and Colours |url=https://www.americanmookeeassociation.com/id4.htm |website=American Mookee Association |publisher=American Mookee Association |access-date=10 December 2025 |date=February 2004}}</ref>

=== Mookee plumage ===
The American Mookee Association, which dictates the breed's standard in the [[United States]], lists twenty-eight different colour variants for the standard mookee.<ref name="AMA">{{cite web |title=Standard of Perfection and Colours |url=https://www.americanmookeeassociation.com/id4.htm |website=American Mookee Association |publisher=American Mookee Association |access-date=10 December 2025 |date=February 2004}}</ref> Various colours are exhibited amongst mookees, including blues, duns, browns, yellows, and reds. The body of the mookee is characteristically entirely coloured, while white is reserved for the head and wing tips. It has been noted that the white of the white of the wing tips can be on occasion, a difficult trait to produce and that crossbreeding with standard individuals should be considered in the case of a mookee with coloured wing tips.<ref name="LEVI">{{cite book |last1=Levi |first1=Wendell M. |title=The Pigeon |date=1977 |publisher=Levi Publishing Co., Inc., Sumer, S. C. |isbn=0-85390-013-2|pages=128-129}}</ref> An overabundance of white plumage in the wing tips has also been noted, where the 3rd and 4th primaries are also uncoloured as opposed to the standardised 1st and 2nd.<ref name="LEVI">{{cite book |last1=Levi |first1=Wendell M. |title=The Pigeon |date=1977 |publisher=Levi Publishing Co., Inc., Sumer, S. C. |isbn=0-85390-013-2|pages=128-129}}</ref> This trait is also linked to a white chin, which in mookees, is against standard.<ref name="LEVI">{{cite book |last1=Levi |first1=Wendell M. |title=The Pigeon |date=1977 |publisher=Levi Publishing Co., Inc., Sumer, S. C. |isbn=0-85390-013-2|pages=128-129}}</ref> All white mookees and mookees with fawn (tan) coloured rumps should be [[Culling|culled]] when breeding for standard colouration.<ref name="LEVI">{{cite book |last1=Levi |first1=Wendell M. |title=The Pigeon |date=1977 |publisher=Levi Publishing Co., Inc., Sumer, S. C. |isbn=0-85390-013-2|pages=128-129}}</ref> The wing shield can be patterned, and check, T-check, barred, etc. patterns are exhibited throughout the breed in a variety of colours.<ref name="AMA">{{cite web |title=Standard of Perfection and Colours |url=https://www.americanmookeeassociation.com/id4.htm |website=American Mookee Association |publisher=American Mookee Association |access-date=10 December 2025 |date=February 2004}}</ref><ref name="LEVI">{{cite book |last1=Levi |first1=Wendell M. |title=The Pigeon |date=1977 |publisher=Levi Publishing Co., Inc., Sumer, S. C. |isbn=0-85390-013-2|pages=128-129}}</ref>

== Behaviour and breeding ==
The mookee is characterised by its jittery shaking,<ref name="AMA">{{cite web |title=Standard of Perfection and Colours |url=https://www.americanmookeeassociation.com/id4.htm |website=American Mookee Association |publisher=American Mookee Association |access-date=10 December 2025 |date=February 2004}}</ref><ref name="James">{{cite journal |last1=Lyell |first1=James C. |title=Fancy Pigeons |journal=Fancy Pigeons |date=1887 |issue=3 |pages=123-125, 339 |url=https://ia600203.us.archive.org/30/items/fancypigeonscont00lyelrich/fancypigeonscont00lyelrich.pdf |access-date=10 December 2025 |publisher=Gill |location=London |id=146403}}</ref><ref name="LEVI">{{cite book |last1=Levi |first1=Wendell M. |title=The Pigeon |date=1977 |publisher=Levi Publishing Co., Inc., Sumer, S. C. |isbn=0-85390-013-2|pages=128-129}}</ref> a distinctive feature of fantailed pigeon breeds that led to the breed group initially being coined "shakers".<ref name="James">{{cite journal |last1=Lyell |first1=James C. |title=Fancy Pigeons |journal=Fancy Pigeons |date=1887 |issue=3 |pages=123-125, 339 |url=https://ia600203.us.archive.org/30/items/fancypigeonscont00lyelrich/fancypigeonscont00lyelrich.pdf |access-date=10 December 2025 |publisher=Gill |location=London |id=146403}}</ref> The tremours that mookees experience have been a point of concern for some breeders because it inhibits some basic behaviours.<ref name="Bangladesh">{{cite journal |last1=Ashraful |first1=Kabir |last2=Hawkeswood |first2=T. J. |editor1-last=Hawkeswood |editor1-first=T. J. |title=Selective barriers in Fancy Pigeons |journal=Selective barriers in Fancy Pigeons |date=6 November 2021 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356419757_Selective_barriers_in_fancy_pigeons |access-date=12 December 2025 |publisher=Calodema |location=Nilphamari, Bangladesh |language=English}}</ref> Most concerningly, it makes feeding its young hazardous and cumbersome, as well as inhibiting self-care.<ref name="Bangladesh">{{cite journal |last1=Ashraful |first1=Kabir |last2=Hawkeswood |first2=T. J. |editor1-last=Hawkeswood |editor1-first=T. J. |title=Selective barriers in Fancy Pigeons |journal=Selective barriers in Fancy Pigeons |date=6 November 2021 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356419757_Selective_barriers_in_fancy_pigeons |access-date=12 December 2025 |publisher=Calodema |location=Nilphamari, Bangladesh |language=English}}</ref>

The mookee is a good breeder<ref name="James">{{cite journal |last1=Lyell |first1=James C. |title=Fancy Pigeons |journal=Fancy Pigeons |date=1887 |issue=3 |pages=123-125, 339 |url=https://ia600203.us.archive.org/30/items/fancypigeonscont00lyelrich/fancypigeonscont00lyelrich.pdf |access-date=10 December 2025 |publisher=Gill |location=London |id=146403}}</ref><ref name="MookeeHome">{{cite web |title=Welcome to the American Mookee Association |url=https://www.americanmookeeassociation.com/index.htm |website=American Mookee Association |publisher=American Mookee Association |access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref> that breeds prolifically during season.<ref name="MookeeHome">{{cite web |title=Welcome to the American Mookee Association |url=https://www.americanmookeeassociation.com/index.htm |website=American Mookee Association |publisher=American Mookee Association |access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref> It has been noted that the mookee is "unusually" friendly and confident in their breeder by Levi.<ref name="LEVI">{{cite book |last1=Levi |first1=Wendell M. |title=The Pigeon |date=1977 |publisher=Levi Publishing Co., Inc., Sumer, S. C. |isbn=0-85390-013-2|pages=128-129}}</ref> Levi also noted that the mookee exhibits strange behaviours unseen in other breeds such as tugging at each other's cuffs and chasing [[Mouse|mice]].<ref name="LEVI">{{cite book |last1=Levi |first1=Wendell M. |title=The Pigeon |date=1977 |publisher=Levi Publishing Co., Inc., Sumer, S. C. |isbn=0-85390-013-2|pages=128-129}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Mookee_pigeon_dusky_blue_bar_NPA_National_2026_01_23.png
Mookee_pigeon_black_white_hed_NPA_National_2026_01_23.png
Mookee_pigeon_blue_bar_2_NPA_National_2026_01_23.png
Mookee_pigeon_blue_bar_NPA_National_2026_01_23.png
Mookee_pigeon_brown_bar_NPA_National_2026_01_23.png
Mookee_pigeon_brown_NPA_National_2026_01_23.png
</gallery>
== See also ==
*[https://www.americanmookeeassociation.com/id4.htm American Mookee Association - Rare Colours]
*[[Pigeon_keeping#Pigeon_Diet | Pigeon Diet]]
*[[Pigeon_keeping#Pigeon_housing | Pigeon Housing]]
*[[List of Pigeon Breeds]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130415154727/http://www.entente-ee.com/deutsch/sparten/tauben/Dateien/2012/ELRT%2011-06-2012.pdf EE List of Fancy Pigeon Breeds]
* [https://www.scribd.com/document/428397152/Pigeon-Breeds-All-List-NPA US List of Fancy Pigeon Breeds]

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=University of Utah}}

[[Category:Pigeon breeds originating in India]]

Asaduddin Owaisi

2026-02-04T20:48:04Z

Samrick21: cleanup

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1969)}}
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{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
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{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Asaduddin Owaisi
| image = Asaduddin.jpg
| caption = Owaisi in 2020
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|5|13|df=y}}<ref name="Lok Sabha profile">{{cite news|title=Lok Sabha profile|publisher=Lok Sabha website|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4091|access-date=18 March 2016|archive-date=18 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218145623/https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4091|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| residence = 36–149, Hyderguda, Hyderabad, [[Telangana]] 34, Ashoka Road, [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]<ref name="Lok Sabha profile" />
| nickname = {{hlist|Naqeeb-e-Millat| Qaid| and commonly known as Asad Bhai}}
| alma_mater = [[Osmania University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Lincoln's Inn]] ([[Barrister-at-Law]])
| office = 3rd [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|President of the All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
| term_start = 29 September 2008
| predecessor = [[Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency2 = [[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
| term_start2 = 17 May 2004
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi]]
| office3 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 1 December 1994
| term_end3 = 26 April 2004
| predecessor3 = [[Mohammed Vizarat Rasool Khan|Virasat Rasool Khan]]
| successor3 = [[Syed Ahmed Pasha Quadri]]
| constituency3 = [[Charminar Assembly constituency|Charminar]]
| party = [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]<ref name="Lok Sabha profile" />
| profession = [[Advocate]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Farheen Owaisi|1996}}
| children = 6
| website = https://www.aimim.org/
| relations = [[Akbaruddin Owaisi]] (brother)
| footnotes =
| source =
| father = [[Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi]]
| mother = Najamunnisa
| signature =
| awards = {{hlist|Sansad Ratna 2014|Excellent MP 2022}}
| honorific_prefix = [[Barrister]]
}}

'''Asaduddin Owaisi''' (born 13 May 1969) is an Indian politician who is serving as the third and current president of the [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM) since 2008. He is a five time [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] representing the [[Hyderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hyderabad constituency]] in [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]].

Born to the Owaisi family in [[Hyderabad]], Andhra Pradesh, Asaduddin Owaisi was trained as a [[barrister]] at Lincoln's Inn in London, England. He assumed leadership of the AIMIM upon the death of his father [[Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi]] in 2008. He has been regularly listed by [[Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre|Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre (RISSC)]], among ''[[the 500 Most Influential Muslims]]'' of the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.themuslim500.com/profiles/owaisi-mp-janab-asaduddin/|title=The Muslim 500: Janab Asaduddin Owaisi|date=28 May 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/22-Indians-among-worlds-influential-Muslims/articleshow/49315830.cms|title=Times of India on 22 most influential Muslims in India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 October 2015 |language=en-US|access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>

==Early life and background==
Owaisi was born to [[Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi]] and Najmunnisa Begum<ref>{{cite web|title=Asaduddin Owaisi Biography|url=http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/asaduddin-owaisi.html|publisher=Elections|access-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> on 13 May 1969. He comes from a political family of [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22744797/azharuddin-presence-iftaar-rakes-controversy|title=Azharuddin's presence at Iftaar rakes up controversy|date=25 December 2000|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref> His grandfather Abdul Wahed Owaisi relaunched the political party [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] as All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen 18 September 1957. He also succeeded [[Qasim Razvi]] as the party president after he was released from prison.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hate speech not new for Owaisi clan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Hate-speech-not-new-for-Owaisi-clan/articleshow/17963124.cms|newspaper=Times of India|date=10 January 2013 |access-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> His father Sultan Salahuddin was elected to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in 1962.<ref>{{cite news|title=MIM, the game changer in 2014 elections?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/MIM-the-game-changer-in-2014-elections/articleshow/12385758.cms|newspaper=Times of India|date=24 March 2012 |access-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> [[Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi]] was elected to the [[Indian Parliament]] from the [[Hyderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hyderabad constituency]] for the first time in 1984 and continued winning the elections till 2004, when he stepped down in favour of Asaduddin. He died in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title=Asad turns his Maharashtra dreams into a reality|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/specials/assembly-elections-2014/maharashtra-news/Asad-turns-his-Maharashtra-dreams-into-a-reality/articleshow/44882111.cms|newspaper=Times of India|date=20 October 2014 |access-date=18 September 2017}}</ref>

Owaisi did his schooling from [[The Hyderabad Public School, Begumpet]].<ref>{{cite news |title=This Hyderabad school has produced stars like Satya Nadella, Jagan Mohan, Syed Akbaruddin and many more |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/hyderabad-public-school-proud-of-his-alumni-syed-akbaruddin/story-ocQf6tZwmhPT0t861s2qWK.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> He then attended the [[St. Mary's College, Hyderabad|St Mary's Junior College]], [[Hyderabad]]<ref name="National Portal">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/asaduddin-owaisi|title=Asaduddin Owaisi|publisher=National Portal of India}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=|title=Asaduddin Owaisi|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/panache/panache-people-101/asaduddin-owaisi/profileshow/86585117.cms|newspaper=Times of India| access-date= 10 September 2022}}</ref> before going on to do his graduation in [[Bachelor of Arts]] from [[Nizam College]] ([[Osmania University]]) in Hyderabad.<ref name="NEM">{{cite web|title=About Asaduddin Owaisi|url=http://www.myaimim.in/about-asaduddin-owaisi/|publisher=My AIMIM|access-date=23 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/present-generation-is-lucky-to-see-this-indian-team-with-three-good-pacers-5739334/|title=Present generation is lucky to see this Indian team with three good pacers|date=21 May 2019|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref> He represented the [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone inter-university U-25s cricket team]] as fast bowler in the Vizzy Trophy in 1994 and later got selected in [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone university team]]. He is a barrister by profession and studied at [[Lincoln's Inn]] in [[London]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Asaduddin Owaisi taps the pan-India opportunity to consolidate the Muslim vote bank|date=5 December 2014 |url=http://indiatoday.in/story/asaduddin-owaisi-muslims-muslim-vote-bank/1/405381.html|publisher=India Today|access-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> His brother [[Akbaruddin Owaisi]] is a [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Member of Telangana Legislative Assembly]] and heads the party in it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Owaisi brothers eyeing Muslims beyond Andhra Pradesh for their political gain|date=30 November 1999 |url=http://indiatoday.in/story/hyderabad-akhbaruddin-owaisi-brothers-muslims-beyond-andhra-pradesh/1/241843.html|publisher=India Today|access-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> His youngest brother Burhanuddin Owaisi is the editor of ''[[Indian Etemaad|Etemaad]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Owaisi brothers seek 13 acres from Andhra Pradesh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Owaisi-brothers-seek-13-acres-from-Andhra-Pradesh/articleshow/16496783.cms|newspaper=Times of India|date=22 September 2012 |access-date=18 September 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Owaisi married Farheen Owaisi on 11 December 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4091|title=Detailed Profile: Shri Asaduddin Owaisi|access-date=31 March 2018|archive-date=18 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218145623/https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4091|url-status=dead}}</ref> The couple has six children which includes five daughters- Khudsia Owaisi, Yasmeen Owaisi, Ameena Owaisi, Maheen Owaisi and Atika Owaisi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceotelangana.nic.in/GE_2009/PC_Affidavits_GE_2009/PC_Affidavits_GE_2009_Upto%208.10.09/09-Hyderabad/09_05_Asaduddin_Owaisi.pdf|title=2009 Owaisi poll affidavit}}</ref><ref name=French>{{cite web |author=Patrick French | title=Opportunist or rockstar? Owaisi recasting Muslim politics in India | website=Hindustan Times | date=13 October 2015 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/opportunist-or-rockstar-owaisi-recasting-muslim-politics-in-india/story-b01NPeoH46yXRfUq5UOUSO.html | access-date=17 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Asaduddin Owaisi files nomination papers for Hyderabad Lok Sabha seat|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Asaduddin-Owaisi-files-nomination-papers-for-Hyderabad-Lok-Sabha-seat/articleshow/33203210.cms|newspaper=Times of India|date=4 April 2014 |access-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> and one son, Sultanuddin Owaisi (born 2010). His mother is Nazima Begum.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/mother-and-wife-meet-akbaruddin-in-jail/article4359172.ece|title=Mother and wife meet Akbaruddin in jail|date=30 January 2013|access-date=22 December 2019|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> He lives in [[Kings Colony, Shastripuram|Shastripuram]], Mailardevpally, Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/asaduddin-owaisi-sets-value-of-house-at-rs-15-crore-built-mostly-with-loans/articleshow/68477236.cms|title=Asaduddin Owaisi sets value of house at Rs 15 crore, built mostly with loans|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/asaduddin-has-no-vehicles-in-his-name/article26572458.ece|title=Asaduddin has no vehicles in his name|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 March 2019 |last1=Mohammed |first1=Syed }}</ref> His eldest daughter Khudsia Owaisi was engaged to Barkat Alam Khan, grandson of Nawab Shah Alam Khan (paternal) and Moinuddin Khan Sandozai (maternal) on 24 March 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/asaduddin-owaisis-daughter-to-wed-shah-alams-grandson/articleshow/67138226.cms|title=Asaduddin Owaisi's daughter to wed Shah Alam's grandson | Hyderabad News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=18 December 2018 |access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2018-03-27/Asads-lavish-do-outrages-social-activists-detractors/369721|title=Asad's lavish do outrages social activists, detractors|first=The Hans|last=India|date=27 March 2018|website=thehansindia.com|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/asaduddin-owaisi-hosts-extravagant-engagement-ceremony-of-daughter-draws-flak-2967696/|title=Asaduddin Owaisi Slammed For Hosting Extravagant Engagement Ceremony of Daughter|first=India com News|last=Desk|date=28 March 2018|website=India.com|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref> His second daughter, Yasmeen Owaisi was married to Abid Ali Khan, son of physician Mazharuddin Ali Khan, cousin of [[Zahid Ali Khan]], editor of ''[[The Siasat Daily]]'', in September 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-civic-staff-busy-in-mp-asaduddin-owaisis-daughters-marriage-646597|title=Hyderabad: Civic staff busy in MP Asaduddin Owaisi's daughter's marriage|date=20 September 2020 }}</ref> His third daughter Ameena Owaisi was married to Fahad Beg on 22 December 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/cm-k-chandra-shekhar-rao-attended-marriage-of-asaduddin-owaisi-daughter-in-hyderabad-2288903|title=Hyderabad: असदुद्दीन ओवैसी की बेटी की शादी में पहुंचे CM केसीआर, दूल्हा-दुल्हन को दिया आशीर्वाद|date=22 December 2022 }}</ref> He is hailed by his supporters as ''Naqeeb-e-Millat'' (Leader of the Community).<ref name="NEM"/> He is fluent in [[Urdu]] / [[Hindi]] and English. He wears a long ''[[sherwani]]'', an Islamic cap and sports a clipped beard.<ref name=French/>

==Political career==
Asaduddin is the third national president of the [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|All-India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM) Muslim minority rights party in India, previously his father and grandfather.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Sobhana K. |date=15 November 2020 |title=Asaddudin Owaisi {{!}} The champion of identity politics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/asaddudin-owaisi-the-champion-of-identity-politics/article33100558.ece |access-date=15 November 2020 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Asaduddin made his political debut in 1994 in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] election. Contesting from the [[Charminar (Assembly constituency)|Charminar constituency]] which his party has been winning since 1967, he defeated his nearest rival a breakaway party [[Majlis Bachao Tehreek]]'s candidate by a margin of 40 thousand votes. He succeeded Virasat Rasool Khan as the elected representative from the constituency. In the 1999 election, he defeated his nearest rival [[Telugu Desam Party]] candidate Syed Shah Noorul Haq Quadri by 93 thousand votes. Owaisi was polled 126 thousand votes in the election. In 2004 election, he was succeeded by [[Syed Ahmed Pasha Quadri]] as the member of the Assembly from the constituency.<ref>{{cite news|title=Charminar always plumped for MIM candidates|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Charminar-always-plumped-for-MIM-candidates/articleshow/1875015714.cms|newspaper=Times of India|date=12 January 2002 |access-date=21 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=MIM's dream run in Charminar|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/mims-dream-run-in-charminar/article5876970.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=21 September 2017|date=5 April 2014|last1=Khan|first1=Asif Yar}}</ref>

In 2004, Owaisi's father [[Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi]] who had been representing the [[Hyderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hyderabad constituency]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house of Indian parliament) refused to contest further citing poor health. The constituency has 70% Muslim population.<ref name="Zahid">{{cite news|title=Asaduddin Owaisi sitting pretty|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/asaduddin-owaisi-sitting-pretty/article5806766.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=22 September 2017|date=20 March 2014|last1=Ifthekhar|first1=J. S.}}</ref> He was polled 38% votes compared to his nearest rival Subhas Chanderji's 28%.<ref>{{cite web|title=30 - HYDERABAD Parliamentary Constituency|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/electionanalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S01/partycomp30.htm|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=22 September 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Asaduddin Owaisi (24 December 2006).jpg|thumb|280px|Asaduddin Owaisi in 2006]]
In 2008, the Left Front (which consisted of Communist Parties) withdrew their support to the central government of India which was led by the [[United Progressive Alliance]]. This was done in response to [[Indo-US nuclear deal]] signed by Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] and US President [[George W. Bush]] which allowed India to keep nuclear bombs but in return had to allow international inspection. The Communist parties felt that by this deal, India would become a pawn of the United States. Due to the Left Front withdrawing support, a vote of confidence was held in [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament.]]<ref>{{cite news|title=India's government survives vote of confidence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/22/india.nuclear1|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=23 September 2017|date=22 July 2008|last1=Ramesh|first1=Randeep}}</ref> When [[Uttar Pradesh]] chief minister [[Mayawati]] said that Muslims of India opposed the deal, Owaisi said that it was an attempt to give a communal angle to the deal. Owaisi announced his support for the United Progressive Alliance in the vote of confidence. He said that his top priority was to prevent the opposition right wing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] to ascend to power and to prevent [[Lal Krishna Advani]] from becoming the country's Prime Minister.<ref name="VOC">{{cite web|title=AIMIM's MP Owaisi to support UPA|url=https://rediff.com/news/2008/jul/20upavote3.htm|publisher=Rediff|access-date=23 September 2017}}</ref> He further stated: <blockquote>We will express our reservations on the foreign policy impact but at no cost would we like to see the BJP coming in to power, at no cost we would like to see Mr Advani, who is an accused in [[Babri Masjid demolition]] case becoming the prime minister of this great nation, thereby destroying the future of Muslims and weakening the secularism.<ref name="VOC"/></blockquote>

In the [[2009 Indian general election]], [[Zahid Ali Khan]], the editor-in-chief of an Urdu daily ''[[The Siasat Daily]]'' was pitted against Owaisi. He was supported by rival [[Telugu Desam Party]], [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]], [[Communist Party of India]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{cite web|title="My goal is to uplift Muslims of Hyderabad": Zahid Ali Khan|date=10 March 2009 |url=http://twocircles.net/2009mar09/my_goal_uplift_muslims_hyderabad_zahid_ali_khan.html|publisher=Two Circles|access-date=22 September 2017}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote that the AIMIM party faced "tough challenge" in the Hyderabad constituency.<ref>{{cite web|title=MIM faces tough challenge in Hyderabad Lok Sabha seat|url=http://hindustantimes.com/india/mim-faces-tough-challenge-in-hyderabad-lok-sabha-seat/story-6KWtdvsV2SMYnDeUKp06hN.html|publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=22 September 2017|date=9 April 2009}}</ref> However, Owaisi emerged victorious and defeated Ali Khan by a margin by 110 thousand votes. He increased the winning margin by 10 thousand votes as compared to 2004 election.<ref>{{cite news|title=Record win for Asaduddin|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Record-win-for-Asaduddin/article16598062.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=23 September 2017|date=17 May 2009}}</ref>

Owaisi was awarded the 2014 Sansad Ratna award (Gem of parliamentarians) October 2013 for his performance in the [[15th Lok Sabha|15th session of Indian parliament]]. During this period, he asked 1080 questions in the Parliament compared to the national average of 292. His attendance is at 70%. {{citation needed|date=July 2020}} ''[[The Milli Gazette]]'' wrote that he "has gained wide respect nationally among Indian Muslims for his bold speeches in Lok Sabha (lower house of Indian parliament)". He took up issues in the Parliament which pertained to the interests of the minority community. Also when he raised the issue of ''[[waqf]]'' properties in the parliament, the then Rural Development Minister [[Jairam Ramesh]] confessed that it was a fault of his ministry in not recognising ''waqf'' as a serious matter.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asaduddin Owaisi bags Sansad Award 2014|date=24 December 2013 |url=http://twocircles.net/2013dec24/asaduddin_owaisi_bags_sansad_award_2014.html|publisher=Two Circles|access-date=29 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Of Hyderabad's 'Sansad Ratna' and his peers|date=22 March 2014 |url=http://www.indiatogether.org/know-the-mps-from-hyderabad-government|publisher=India Together|access-date=29 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Asaduddin Owaisi|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/10074-asaduddin-owaisi|publisher=The Milli Gazette|access-date=29 September 2017|date=11 August 2014}}</ref>

In April 2014, Owaisi filed his nomination for the Hyderabad constituency in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]]. He declared movable assets worth 2.7 million rupees (around $42,000) and immovable assets worth 30 million rupees (around $463,000).<ref>{{cite news|title=Asad declares assets|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/asad-declares-assets/article5872618.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=22 September 2017|date=5 April 2014}}</ref> He was elected from the constituency once again by defeating his nearest rival [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s Bhagvanth Rao by a margin of 197 thousand votes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asaduddin Owaisi wins from Hyderabad by a margin of 1,97,000 votes|url=http://www.ummid.com/news/2014/May/16.05.2014/asad%20owaisi-wins.html|publisher=Ummid|access-date=22 September 2017}}</ref>

Owaisi announced that his party AIMIM would contest the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from mainly from the Muslim dominated area of [[Seemanchal]] region of the state. ''[[News18 India]]'' wrote that the party candidates would divide votes and the voters suspected him of being an agent of the Hindu nationalist [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bihar elections: Asaduddin Owaisi's AIMIM not a major player in Seemanchal, voters give the party a cold response|date=2 November 2015|url=http://www.news18.com/news/politics/bihar-elections-asaduddin-owaisis-aimim-not-a-major-player-in-seemanchal-voters-give-the-party-a-cold-response-1159747.html|publisher=News18|access-date=29 September 2017}}</ref> He said that he was realistic about their chances of winning. He also said that the Seemanchal region was underdeveloped and he blamed Bihar's Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]], [[Indian National Congress]] party and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] for it. He said that his aim was to pressurise the government to create a regional developmental council for the region.<ref>{{cite news|title=MIM to contest Bihar polls from Seemanchal: Owaisi|url=http://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar2015/mim-to-contest-bihar-elections-from-seemanchal-owaisi/article7645920.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=29 September 2017|date=12 September 2015}}</ref> Although the party contested from six constituencies of Seemanchal region, it failed to win any seat.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bihar election result: Asaduddin Owaisi's right-wing pitch falls flat in Bihar|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.com/elections/bihar-elections-2015/news/Bihar-election-result-Asaduddin-Owaisis-right-wing-pitch-falls-flat-in-Bihar/articleshow/49713570.cms|access-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930035857/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//elections/bihar-elections-2015/news/Bihar-election-result-Asaduddin-Owaisis-right-wing-pitch-falls-flat-in-Bihar/articleshow/49713570.cms|archive-date=30 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Owaisi, who filed his nomination for Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency for 4th time declared assets worth over Rs 13 crore but claims to own no vehicle.<ref>{{cite news |title=Asaduddin Owaisi has assets worth over Rs 13 crore, no car |url=https://indtoday.com/asaduddin-owaisi-has-assets-worth-over-rs-13-crore-no-car/ |access-date=21 November 2019 |work=INDToday |date=19 March 2019}}</ref>

==Awards==
===Sansad Ratna Awardees 2014===
Asaduddin, was honored with the ''Sansad Ratna Award'' in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=25 December 2013|title=Asaduddin Owaisi bags Sansad Award 2014|language=en-IN|work=Two Circle|url=https://twocircles.net/2013dec24/asaduddin_owaisi_bags_sansad_award_2014.html|access-date=24 December 2013}}</ref> In 2014, he was among the three new entrants to receive this prestigious award. Owaisi, along with the other awardees, was invited to Chennai for the award ceremony. His consistent involvement in debates and his active participation in raising important questions have distinguished him as a leading figure among Muslim MPs. This recognition further underscores Owaisi's dedication to effective parliamentary representation.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Alam|first=Mumtaz|date=25 December 2013|title=Sansad Ratna Award goes to 8 top performing MPs|language=en-IN|work=India Tomorrow|url=https://old.indiatomorrow.net/eng/sansad-ratna-award-goes-to-8-top-performing-mps-|access-date=25 December 2013}}</ref>

===Lokmat Parliamentary Award 2022===
Asaduddin, the Hyderabad MP and AIMIM president, was honored with the prestigious 'Best Parliamentarian of 2022 - Lok Sabha' award. The award was presented by former President [[Ram Nath Kovind]] during the ''[[Lokmat]] Parliamentary Awards'' ceremony held in New Delhi on 14 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lokmat English Desk|date=14 March 2023|title=Lokmat Parliamentary Awards 2022:Complete Winner List|language=en-IN|work=Lokmat Times|url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/lokmat-parliamentary-awards-2022-complete-winners-list-a475/#:~:text=Next-,The%20Lokmat%20Parliamentary%20Awards%20are%20given%20to%20outstanding%20Parliamentarians%20%E2%80%94%20four,contribution%20in%20eight%20different%20categories.|access-date=14 March 2023}}</ref> he has previously been honored with the same distinction in 2013, 2014, 2019, and 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|last=News Desk|date=16 March 2022|title=Asaduddin Owaisi awarded the 'Parliamentarian of the year 2021'|url=https://www.siasat.com/asaduddin-owaisi-awarded-the-parliamentarian-of-the-year-2291538/|access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news|last=News Desk|date=14 March 2023|title=Hyderabad: Owaisi wins Parliamentarian of the Year award, He was conferred the same honour in 2013, 2014, 2019, and 2022 as well.|language=en-IN|work=Siasat|url=https://www.siasat.com/hyderabad-owaisi-wins-parliamentarian-of-the-year-award-2547282/|access-date=14 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mastoor|first=Ayesha|date=15 March 2023|title=Asaduddin Owaisi wins Best parliamentarian of the year award|language=en-IN|work=Hindustan Gazette|url=https://thehindustangazette.com/latest-news/asaduddin-owaisi-wins-best-parliamentarian-of-the-year-award-12935|access-date=15 March 2023}}</ref> This consistent recognition underscores Owaisi's exceptional contributions and sustained dedication to his role as a parliamentarian. His continued success reaffirms his commitment to serving the people and making a significant impact within the legislative sphere. This recognition highlights Owaisi's outstanding contributions and exemplary performance as a parliamentarian.<ref>{{Cite news|last=DC |first=Correspondent|date=15 March 2023|title=Asad receives outstanding Parliamentarian award|language=en-IN|work=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/150323/asad-receives-outstanding-parliamentarian-award.html|access-date=15 March 2023|issn=2319-1422}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1-link=AIMIM |title=Asad Owaisi has been awarded Best Parliamentarian of the Year - Lok Sabha |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-2ilSuz5YM |website=youtube.com |publisher=[[AIMIM]] |language=en |format=video |date=14 March 2023}}</ref>

==Political views==
[[File:Asaduddin Owaisi (right) with Sachin Pilot.jpg|thumb|Asaduddin Owaisi (right) with [[Sachin Pilot]] during the book launch of [[Rajdeep Sardesai]]'s book Newsman]]
Owaisi has strongly opposed [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah|Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]'s [[Two-nation theory (Pakistan)|two-nation theory]]. According to Patrick French, Owaisi appeals to "non-sectarian Muslim identity", though not to the Muslim faith, in a way similar to Jinnah's bid to be the sole spokesman of the Muslim community.<ref name=French/> His brand of Islamism with nationalism thrives in [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|Hyderabad Old City]].

Owaisi dismisses the comparison with Jinnah citing the fact that his fight is within the framework of the Indian constitution. He says that the secular parties of India have not been able to transfer their votes to Muslim candidates. Of the 23 Muslim MPs elected in 2014, 18 or 19 were from constituencies with 30% Muslim voters. While the parties claim not to discriminate against Muslims, they in practice leave the Muslims in a "ghettoized position". Hence, Muslims must develop their own political force, similar to OBCs, Dalits and Yadavs.<ref name=French/>

In the aftermath of [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], Owaisi demanded action against [[Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi]] and [[Hafiz Muhammad Saeed|Hafiz Saeed]] for killing innocent people. He said that the enemies of the country were enemies of Muslims.<ref name="India Today">{{cite news|title=Embracing Islam will be real home coming: Asaduddin Owaisi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/asaduddin-owaisi-mim-ghar-wapsi-milad-un-nabi-bjp-rss-234046-2015-01-04|publisher=India Today|date=4 January 2015}}</ref>

Owaisi supports reservation for backward Muslims in government jobs and education institutes. He states he is a critic of the [[Hindutva]] ideology, not against [[Hindu]]s.<ref>{{cite news|title=AIMIM chief Owaisi demands quota for backward Muslims in Maharashtra|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/aimim-chief-owaisi-demands-quota-for-backward-muslims-in-maharashtra/|newspaper=Indian Express|date=2 March 2015}}</ref>

Owaisi argues for the abolition of the [[Haj subsidy]] given to the Indian Muslims for travelling to Mecca on religious pilgrimage and utilising the money for the education of Muslim women instead.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/11575-abolish-haj-subsidy-use-it-for-education-of-muslims-owaisi|title=Abolish Haj subsidy, use it for education of Muslims: Owaisi|newspaper=The Mili Gazette |date=5 January 2015}}</ref>

In July 2016, Owaisi was praised for his speech in which stated that the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIS) is a problem among Muslims and called them ''dogs of hell''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Asaduddin-Owaisi-denounces-IS-as-dogs-of-hell/articleshow/53136872.cms|title=Asaduddin Owaisi denounces IS as 'dogs of hell' |work=Times of India|date=10 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/why-i-declared-isis-the-dogs-of-hell-1430891|title=Opinion: ISIS Video Calls Me Agent Of A Hindu Nation|website=NDTV.com|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/do-not-follow-dogs-of-hell-is-owaisi-exhorts-muslim-youth-2904257/|title=Do not follow 'dogs of hell' IS, Owaisi exhorts Muslim youth|date=10 July 2016|website=indianexpress.com}}</ref> Owaisi said in his speech, which was delivered after [[2016 Saudi Arabia bombings]] to monitor what is being said from some mosques, what and who is injecting radical venom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/blog/owaisis-speech-shows-he-can-be-a-good-leader-1430414|title=Blog: Owaisi Surprised Many With His Remarks, Zakir Naik Hasn't|website=NDTV.com|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref>

In August 2016, Asaduddin Owaisi expressed his displeasure at the centre for inclusion of the [[Ahmadiyya]] community as a sect of Islam in [[2011 Census of India]], in a series of tweets.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Protest-against-inclusion-of-Ahmediyyas-in-Muslim-census/articleshow/53645457.cms|title=Protest against inclusion of Ahmediyyas in Muslim census | Hyderabad News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=11 August 2016 |access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ahmadiyyas-islam-sects-islam-ahmadiyyas-sect-ahmadiyyas-islam-islamic-sects-islam-india-ahmadiyya-legal-status-2011-census-india-population-india-news-2952701/|title=Ahmadiyyas find place as Islam sect in census|date=4 August 2016|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user=asadowaisi |number=761194022375264256 |date=4 August 2016 |title=This inclusion was done during Cong /BJP Question t both party Muslims members what is yr opinion about Prophethood}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user= asadowaisi|number=761192395878694912 |date=4 August 2016 |title=Ahmadiyyas find place as Islam sect in census Qadiyanis r NOT Muslims accepted Sunnis Shias }}</ref>

In April 2017, on the issue of ban on cow slaughter, Owaisi criticised BJP for being hypocritical in treating cow as holy in Uttar Pradesh and North Indian states, but un-holy in the Northeast, Goa and Kerala."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/57959553.cms|title=BJP's 'yummy mummy problem', according to Asaduddin Owaisi|author=Shailaja Neelakantan|date=1 April 2017|newspaper=Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjps-yummy-mummy-problem-according-to-asaduddin-owaisi/articleshow/57958978.cms|title=BJP's 'yummy mummy problem', according to Asaduddin Owaisi|author=Shailaja Neelakantan|date=1 April 2017|work=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/833168/beef-and-the-bjp-what-happens-to-hindutva-in-the-states-of-the-north-east|title=Beef and the BJP: What happens to Hindutva in the states of the North East?|date=30 March 2017|author=Ipsita Chakravarty}}</ref>

Owaisi said that Muslim men divorcing their wife through instant triple talaq without reasons, must be socially boycotted, but said that the practice still exists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-interviews-blog/muslim-man-divorcing-wife-without-reason-must-be-socially-boycotted-triple-talaq-is-not-the-best-way-but-it-happens/|title=Muslim man divorcing wife without reason, must be socially boycotted … Triple talaq is not the best way but it happens|date=12 April 2017 |author=Rohit E David|work=Times of India Interviews Blog}}</ref> In December 2018, Owaisi told Pakistan Prime Minister [[Imran Khan]] to learn inclusive politics of India, when Pakistan can't even have a non-Muslim President.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/intolerance-row-owaisi-hits-back-at-imran-khan-says-he-should-learn-inclusive-politics-from-india-1415874-2018-12-23|title=Intolerance row: Owaisi hits back at Imran Khan, says he should learn inclusive politics from India|website=India Today|date=23 December 2018 |access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref>

After BJP's massive victory in [[2019 Indian general election]], Owaisi said the [[Electronic voting in India|EVM]]s are not rigged, instead Hindu minds have been rigged.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019/news/not-evm-but-hindu-minds-have-been-rigged-says-asaduddin-owaisi/story/349630.html|title='Not EVM, but Hindu minds have been rigged,' says Asaduddin Owaisi|website=businesstoday.in|date=23 May 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref> In June 2019, Owaisi said that [[Rahul Gandhi]] won from [[Wayanad (Lok Sabha constituency)]] due to 40% Muslim population.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/asaduddin-owaisi-rahul-gandhi-muslims-wayanad-1545700-2019-06-10|title=Rahul Gandhi won in Wayanad due to 40% Muslim population: Owaisi|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref>

On 17 November 2021 Owaisi filed a complaint against former chairman of the Shia Central Waqf Board of Uttar Pradesh, [[Syed Waseem Rizvi]] over a book written by the latter that he said had objectionable statements on Muhammad.<ref>{{cite news |last1=ANI |title=Asaduddin Owaisi's Complaint Against Ex-Chief Of UP Muslim Body Over Book |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/asaduddin-owaisis-complaint-against-ex-chief-of-up-muslim-body-wasim-rizvi-over-book-2614523 |access-date=15 February 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=17 November 2021}}</ref>

Following the [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], which resulted in the aftermath of the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam attack]], Owaisi, as a part of all-party delegation to Bahrain, commented using profanities and insults that Pakistan is a failed state, and that the [[International Monetary Fund]] bailout only funds their "terrorist intentions".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.msn.com/en-xl/news/other/asaduddin-owaisi-calls-pakistan-a-failed-state-during-interaction-in-bahrain/ar-AA1FpMJv|title= Asaduddin Owaisi calls Pakistan a failed state during interaction in Bahrain|website= [[MSN]]}}</ref> Owaisi also mocked Pakistan by calling them "stupid jokers" who want to compete with India, besides labelling them official beggars and stating that Pakistan should be put on FATF grey list.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.livemint.com/news/india/asaduddin-owaisi-mocks-pakistan-over-fake-op-bunyan-photo-frame-stupid-jokers-want-to-compete-with-india-asim-munir-11748324558575.html|title= Owaisi mocks Pak over 'fake' Op Bunyan photo frame: 'Stupid jokers want to compete with India'|date= 27 May 2025}}</ref> For exposing Pakistan and supporting India, Owaisi received praise from Union Minister and BJP leader [[Kiren Rijiju]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://ianslive.in/kiren-rijiju-praises-asaduddin-owaisi-for-exposing-pakistan-in-kuwait--20250527121804|title= Kiren Rijiju praises Asaduddin Owaisi for exposing Pakistan in Kuwait|date= 27 May 2025}}</ref>

==Criticism and controversies ==
Owaisi has been in controversies and news due to his politics primarily centered around minorities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/711643/keen-to-expand-his-national-footprint-owaisi-says-hes-not-an-rss-agent|title=Keen to expand his national footprint, Owaisi says he's not an RSS agent|first=Supriya|last=Sharma|website=Scroll.in|date=15 March 2015 |access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/an-enemy-of-muslims-and-hindus/283484|title=An Enemy Of Muslims (And Hindus)|website=Outlook (India)|date=5 January 2013 |access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Mohammad Adeeb|title=Need Gandhi, Not Jinnah|url=http://www.tehelka.com/owaisi-and-the-politics-of-communalism/|newspaper=Tehelka|date=8 January 2013|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112431/http://www.tehelka.com/owaisi-and-the-politics-of-communalism/|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Owaisi's political opponents in the BJP have linked the leader with a proliferation of terrorist activity in Hyderabad. In 2019, India's Minister of State for Home Affairs [[G. Kishan Reddy]] said that most of the country's terrorist incidents can be traced back to Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite news|title=MoS Home Kishan Reddy's 'Hyderabad Safe Zone For Terror' Statement Shows Hatred For Telangana: Asaduddin Owaisi|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/mos-home-kishan-reddys-hyderabad-safe-zone-for-terror-statement-shows-hatred-for-telangana-asaduddin-owaisi-3677385/|last=Sharma|first=Rini|date=1 June 2019|access-date=28 November 2021|work=india.com}}</ref> In 2016, Owaisi was arrested for sedition after providing legal aid to five members of a so-called [[Islamic State]] terrorist cell. The complaint, filed to the Eleventh Metropolitan Magistrate court accused Owaisi of, "directly or indirectly helping the ISIS".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Asaduddin Owaisi booked for sedition over extending legal aid to alleged ISIS members|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/asaduddin-owaisi-sedition-islamic-state-module-hyderabad-2916611/|date=15 July 2016|access-date=28 November 2021|work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> BJP MLA for the Goshamahal assembly constituency in Hyderabad [[T. Raja Singh]] also stated that as per the Haren Pandya case of Gujarat, the accused were from Hyderabad consistency and 12 ISIS terrorists have also been caught from his (Owaisi's) constituency; Singh also accused Owaisi of financially supporting terrorists in the region.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Asaduddin Owaisi supports terrorists financially, claims Telangana BJP leader T Raja Singh|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/asaduddin-owaisi-supports-terrorists-financially-claims-telangana-bjp-leader-t-raja-singh/430110|date=3 June 2019|access-date=28 November 2021|work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>

Owaisi filed a First Information Report (FIR) against the former politician turned writer [[Syed Waseem Rizvi]] for allegedly offending Muslim religious sentiments following the publication of Rizvi's book, ''Muhammad''.<ref name="Muhammad">{{Cite news|title=Row over book: Rizvi slams Owaisi, says he should have read it first|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/row-over-book-rizvi-slams-owaisi-says-he-should-have-read-it-first-101637407524897.html|date=20 November 2021|access-date=28 November 2021|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Owaisi said "The book, written in Hindi, vilifies Prophet Mohammed and uses objectionable language against the Prophet, the religion of Islam and its followers."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Asaduddin Owaisi's Complaint Against Ex-Chief Of UP Muslim Body Over Book|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/asaduddin-owaisis-complaint-against-ex-chief-of-up-muslim-body-wasim-rizvi-over-book-2614523|date=17 November 2021|access-date=28 November 2021|work=[[NDTV India]]}}</ref> Rizvi responded by stating that his book was based on "hidden facts" and that Owaisi should have read the text before reacting to it. In the same statement Rizvi accused Owaisi of [[Radicalization|radicalising]] Muslim youths saying, "Through his party, Owaisi is trying to mislead Muslim youths and pushing them further towards terrorism. He is hatching a conspiracy against the non-Muslim community and is planning a bloodshed".<ref name="Muhammad"/>
Following Owaisi's complaint, some members of the Muslim community in Telangana, Hyderabad hung and burned an [[effigy]] of Waseem in protest.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Muslim community in Hyderabad protest against Wasim Rizwi for objectionable remarks against Prophet Mohammed in his book|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/muslim-community-in-hyderabad-protest-against-wasim-rizwi-for-objectionable-remarks-against-prophet-mohammed-in-his-book20211124032544/|date=24 November 2021|access-date=28 November 2021|work=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref>

In 2013, he reiterated this threat, stating "Why do they hate Akbaruddin Owaisi? They haven't yet recovered from the '15 minute' blow yet".<ref>{{cite news |title = Akbaruddin Owaisi reiterates his '15 minutes' dare after return from hospital, blames RSS for lynchings |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/akbaruddin-owaisi-reiterates-his-15-minutes-dare-after-return-from-hospital-blames-rss-for-lynchings/1654941/}}</ref>

In March 2016, while addressing a public rally in Maharashtra, Owaisi said that he would never say the slogan ''[[Bharat Mata]] Ki Jai'' (Hail mother India) in response to [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] chief [[Mohan Bhagwat]]'s comment that the new generation needs to be taught to chant slogans hailing mother India; the comment was a reference to the [[2016 JNU sedition controversy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/i-wont-say-bharat-mata-ki-jai-owaisi-to-bhagwat-1287037|title=I Won't Say 'Bharat Mata Ki Jai': Asaduddin Owaisi To Mohan Bhagwat|author=Agencies|date=14 March 2016|work=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bjp-leaders-burn-effigies-of-asaduddin-owaisi/article8356581.ece|title=BJP leaders burn effigies of Asaduddin Owaisi|author=B.V.S. Bhaskar|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/805291/pathan-suspension-why-the-mim-shouldnt-expect-much-sympathy-from-the-muslim-community|title='Owaisi should have ignored RSS remarks': Muslims slam MIM leader for 'Bharat Mata ki Jai' controversy|first=Jyoti|last=Punwani|website=Scroll.in|date=18 March 2016 |access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref> Owaisi said, "Whom is he (Bhagwat) trying to frighten? He can't force his ideology on others. Nowhere in the Constitution it says that one should say: 'Bharat Mata ki Jai'."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-slams-asaduddin-owaisi-s-anti-india-rant-2189281|title=BJP slams Asaduddin Owaisi's 'anti-India' rant|date=14 March 2016|work=dna}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/wont-say-bharat-mata-ki-jai-asaduddin-owaisi-to-rss-chief-mohan-bhagwat-2674106.html|title=Even with knife to my throat, won't say Bharat Mata ki jai: Asaduddin Owaisi reacts to RSS chief Bhagwat's suggestion - Firstpost|author=Firstpost|date=14 March 2016|work=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/owaisi-to-bhagwat-i-will-not-chant-bharat-mata-ki-jai/|title=Won't chant 'Bharat Mata ki Jai', Owaisi tells Bhagwat; Shiv Sena says go to Pakistan|date=14 March 2016|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref> Later he clarified that he had no issues with slogan 'Bharat Mata ki Jai', but he had objection to RSS forcing people to chant the slogan as a test of patriotism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/805382/why-are-you-bracketing-me-as-a-muslim-asaduddin-owaisi-on-why-he-wont-say-bharat-mata-ki-jai|title='Why are you bracketing me as a Muslim?: Asaduddin Owaisi on why he won't say 'Bharat Mata ki Jai'|work=scroll.in|date=20 March 2016 }}</ref>

===Legal issues and assault case===
Owaisi, along with his younger brother Akbaruddin, was booked for charges related to manhandling the Medak district collector in 2005.<ref name="MIM President Asaduddin Owaisi Placed in Judicial Custody for 2005 Medak Abuse Case">[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/426114/20130121/mim-president-asaduddin-owaisi-surrenders-judicial-custody.htm MIM President Asaduddin Owaisi Placed in Judicial Custody for 2005 Medak Abuse Case]. International Business Times (21 Jan 2013)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130123/news-politics/article/syed-ahmed-pasha-quadri-takes-command-mim|title=Syed Ahmed Pasha Quadri takes command of MIM|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623141656/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130123/news-politics/article/syed-ahmed-pasha-quadri-takes-command-mim|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> On 20 January 2013, he was remanded to judicial custody for 14 days, and later shifted to Sangareddy jail. The case related to an MIM protest on 16 April 2005 against the demolition of a mosque for a road-widening project in [[Medak district]]; police booked him under various charges including criminal intimidation, rioting, and promoting enmity between religious groups.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/426114/20130121/mim-president-asaduddin-owaisi-surrenders-judicial-custody.htm MIM President Asaduddin Owaisi Placed in Judicial Custody for 2005 Medak Abuse Case]. International Business Times (21 January 2013)</ref>

In 2009, a case was registered against Owaisi on the order of Election Commission of India for chasing and beating up Syed Saleemuddin, a polling agent of the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) in the Moghalpura area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/poll-panel-for-stern-action-against-owaisi/90547-37.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422191421/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/poll-panel-for-stern-action-against-owaisi/90547-37.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2009|title=Poll panel for stern action against Owaisi|work=IBNLive|access-date=21 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/case-of-rioting-filed-against-mim-leader-owaisi/90483-37.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420135308/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/case-of-rioting-filed-against-mim-leader-owaisi/90483-37.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 April 2009|title=Rioting case filed against MIM leader Owaisi|work=IBNLive|access-date=21 November 2014}}</ref> In March 2013, he was detained for organising a rally without permission and carrying a gun without a licence in Bidar, Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/karnataka-asaduddin-owaisi-detained-for-organising-rally-without-permission-carrying-gun-without-license/376222-37-64.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305171645/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/karnataka-asaduddin-owaisi-detained-for-organising-rally-without-permission-carrying-gun-without-license/376222-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2013|title=Karnataka: Asaduddin Owaisi detained for organising rally without permission, carrying gun without license|work=IBNLive|access-date=21 November 2014}}</ref> In June 2014, Owaisi is said to have delivered hate speech against [[Prime Minister]] Narendra Modi in seeking the Muslim community's support for his party.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/hate-speech-against-modi-asaduddin-owaisi-s-video-goes-viral-1459617.html|title=Hate speech against Modi: Asaduddin Owaisi's video goes viral|author=Aswathy Gopala Krishnan|date=5 June 2014|work=Oneindia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-will-do-everything-to-prevent-narendra-modi-from-becoming-pm-assaduddin-owaisi-1978303|title=Will do everything to prevent Narendra Modi from becoming PM: Assaduddin Owaisi|date=15 April 2014|work=dna}}</ref> In January 2015, Owaisi said that every child in the world is born as a Muslim, and his parents and society convert him to other religions. He also said Islam is the real home of all religions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/every-child-is-born-a-muslim-asaduddin-owaisi/articleshow/45773364.cms?from=mdr|title=Every child is born a muslim: Asaduddin Owaisi|date=6 January 2015|access-date=22 December 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/everyone-is-born-muslim-asaduddin-owaisis-remark-sparks-row/20150105.htm|title=Everyone is born Muslim: Asaduddin Owaisi's remark sparks row|website=Rediff|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref>

On 7 February 2016, Owaisi surrendered before Hyderabad police and was later granted bail<ref name="India 2016">{{cite web | author=India | title=Owaisi surrenders in assault case, gets bail | website=The Indian Express | date=8 February 2016 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/owaisi-surrenders-in-assault-case-gets-bail/ | access-date=17 March 2016}}</ref> for an assault by a mob that he allegedly led, carried out against Telangana [[Indian National Congress]] legislators. His close aide and AIMIM Party social media head, Syed Abdahu Kashaf, assaulted the congress MLC and leader of the opposition [[Mohammed Ali Shabbir|Shabbir Ali]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Hyderabad-MP-Asaduddin-Owaisi-surrenders-before-police/articleshow/50898374.cms|title=Hyderabad MP Asaduddin Owaisi surrenders before police|work=The Times of India|date=8 February 2016 }}</ref>

==Positions held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! #
! From
! To
! Position
! Party
|-
|-
| 1.
| 1994
| 1999
| [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (1st term) from [[Charminar Assembly constituency|Charminar]]
| rowspan="7" | [[All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|-
| 2.
| 1999
| 2003
| [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (2nd term) from [[Charminar Assembly constituency|Charminar]]
|-
| 3.
| 2004
| 2009
| [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (1st term) in [[14th Lok Sabha]] from [[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
|-
| 4.
| 2009
| 2014
| [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (2nd term) in [[15th Lok Sabha]] from [[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
|-
| 5.
| 2014
| 2019
| [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (3rd term) in [[16th Lok Sabha]] from [[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
|-
| 6.
| 2019
| 2024
| [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (4th term) in [[17th Lok Sabha]] from [[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
|-
| 7.
| 2024
| Present
| [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (5th term) in [[18th Lok Sabha]] from [[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Jamia Nizamia]]
* [[Obaidullah Khan Azmi]]
* [[Ittehad-e-Millat Council]]
* [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
* [[Deccan College of Medical Sciences]]
* [[Deccan College of Engineering and Technology]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite book |last1=Swami |first1=Praveen |author1-link=Praveen Swami |editor1-last=Warikoo |editor1-first=K. |title=Religion and Security in South and Central Asia |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-89019-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgzJBQAAQBAJ |chapter=Roads to perdition? The politics and practice of Islamist terrorism in India}}
* {{cite news |author=Bappa Majumdar |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/MIM-must-grow-beyond-Owaisis/articleshow/48737236.cms |title=MIM must grow beyond Owaisis |newspaper=The Times of India |date=31 August 2015}}
* {{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/aimim-need-to-work-to-remove-muslim-only-party-image-asaduddin-owaisi/articleshow/48487331.cms |title=AIMIM need to work to remove Muslim only party image: Asaduddin Owaisi |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=14 August 2015}}
* {{cite news |author=Kingshuk Nag |author-link=Kingshuk Nag |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/The-new-star-in-Muslim-politics/articleshow/48938999.cms |title=The new star in Muslim politics |newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 September 2015}}
* {{cite news |author=Rama Lakshmi |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/why-a-rising-star-of-muslim-politics-in-india-stirs-hope-and-fear/2015/08/16/1a81275c-3d21-11e5-a312-1a6452ac77d2_story.html |title=Why a rising star of Muslim politics in India stirs hope and fear |newspaper=Washington Post |date=17 August 2015}}
* {{cite news |author=Swapan Dasgupta |author-link=Swapan Dasgupta |url=http://www.swapan55.com/2015/09/what-is-muslim-alternative-being.html |title=What is the Muslim alternative being offered by Owaisi's MIM? |newspaper=Asian Age |date=18 September 2015}}
* {{cite news|author=Rajdeep Sardesai |author-link=Rajdeep Sardesai |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/rajdeepsardesai/why-asaduddin-owaisi-has-suddenly-become-an-attractive-option-for-some/article1-1357604.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612022940/http://www.hindustantimes.com/rajdeepsardesai/why-asaduddin-owaisi-has-suddenly-become-an-attractive-option-for-some/article1-1357604.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 June 2015|title=Why Owaisi has suddenly become an attractive option for some|newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=12 June 2015}}
* {{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Five-Vote-splitters-of-Bihar/articleshow/49031440.cms |title=Five Vote-splitters of Bihar |newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 September 2015}}
* {{cite news |author=Abhijit Majumder |url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/all-india-majlis-e-ittehadul-muslimeen-asaduddin-owaisi-communalism-muslims-hindutva-bjp-nda/story/1/5221.html |title=Why Owaisi is BJP's biggest ally and a cat among 'secular' pigeons |newspaper=Daily O |date=26 July 2015}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.asadowaisi.com}}
* [http://www.pharosmedia.com/india-books-bookstore/Book_Representing_Indian_Muslims_Selected_Parliamentary_Speeches_Asaduddin_Owaisi.htm Book on Selected Parliamentary Speeches of Asaduddin Owaisi]

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Member of Parliament#India|Member of Parliament]] from [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] | years = 2004–present}}
{{s-inc | }}
{{end}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|President of All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]|years=2008–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{16th LS members from Telangana}}
{{17th LS members from Telangana}}
{{All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Owaisi, Asaduddin}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Telangana]]
[[Category:All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Indian barristers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]

Caste system in Kerala

2026-01-22T17:20:55Z

Samrick21: expand section for accuracy

{{Short description|none}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
The '''caste system in [[Kerala]]''' differed from that found in the rest of India. While the [[Indian caste system]] generally modeled the four-fold division of society into [[Brahmin]]s, [[Kshatriya]]s, [[Vaishya]]s and [[Shudra]]s, in Kerala, the [[Nambudiri]] Brahmins formed the priestly class and only rarely recognized anyone else as being other than Shudra or [[Untouchability|untouchables]], the latter being outside the caste system entirely. Thus, the Kerala caste system was ritualized but it was not the ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]'' model found elsewhere. In Southern India, only in Kerala did there appear warrior lineages approximate to the Kshatriya model.These warriors never lost their identity as sudras.<ref>{{cite book|title= The Cambridge economic history of India |first= Dharma |last=Kumar |publisher= Cambridge University |year=1982 |page=32 |isbn= 9780521226929 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Cambridge_Economic_History_of_India/L-s8AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Nayar}}</ref>

==Origin of the caste system==
One theory that explains the origins of the caste system in the Kerala region – which prior to the [[independence of India]] comprised the three areas known as [[Malabar District]], [[Travancore]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]]<ref>Fuller (1976), p. 53.</ref> – is based on the actions of Aryan [[Jain]]s introducing such distinctions prior to the 8th century CE. This argues that the Jains needed protection when they arrived in the area and recruited a group of local sympathizers to provide it. These people were then distinguished from others in the local population by their occupation as protectors, with the others all being classed as out-caste. [[Cyriac Pullapilly]], a Professor of History, describes that this meant they "... were given ''[[Kshatriya]]'' functions, but only ''Shudra'' status."<ref name=Pullapilly1976pp26-30>Pullapily (1976), pp. 26–30.</ref>

An alternative theory, also explained by Pullapilly, states that the system was introduced by Nambudiri Brahmins themselves. Although Brahmin influences had existed in the area since at least the 1st century CE, there was a large influx of these people from around the 8th century when they acted as priests, counsellors and ministers to invading Aryan princes. At the time of their arrival, the non-aboriginal local population had been converted to Buddhism by missionaries who had come from the north of India and from Ceylon. The Brahmins used their symbiotic relationship with the invading forces to assert their beliefs and position. Buddhist temples and monasteries were either destroyed or taken over for use in Hindu practices, thus undermining the ability of the Buddhists to propagate their beliefs. The Brahmins treated almost all of those who acceded to their priestly status as Shudra, permitting only a small number to be recognised as Kshatriya, these being some of the local rulers{{Which|date=July 2020}} who co-operated with them. By the 11th century, this combination of association with kings and invaders, and with the destruction or take-over of Buddhist temples, made the Brahmins by far the largest land-owning group in the region and they remained so until very recent times. The origins of [[Malayalam]] as a language is also speculated to be Nambudiri Brahmin's mixing of [[Sanskrit]] and the local [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language. Their dominating influence was to be found in all matters: religion, politics, society, economics and culture.<ref name=Pullapilly1976pp26-30/>

A theory presented by Pullapilly and also by Rene Barendse, who {{as of|2012|lc=yes}} is a Fellow of the [[International Institute for Asian Studies]], claims that the caste system established by Nambudiri Brahmins of Kerala was in accordance with the will of [[Parasurama]], an [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]. The [[Nambudiris]] had control of 64 villages and asserted that they had powers given to them by the gods, so much so that they considered even other Brahmin groups to be outside the caste hierarchy. Both writers consider this to be the traditional Nambudiri myth of origin.<ref name=Pullapilly1976pp26-30/><ref name=Barendse2009p640>Barendse (2009), p. 640.</ref> The Nambudiri Brahmins were at the top of the ritual caste hierarchy, outranking even the kings. Anyone who was not a Nambudiri was treated by them as an untouchable.<ref name="SchneiderGoughp306">Gough (1961), p. 306.</ref>

==Ritual pollution==
The entire Malabar region had strict pollution rules that were considered by the observers to be the most extreme in all of India. Lower caste people could use only separate paths and their houses were in places where they could not be seen. Lower castes can pollute a Brahmin or Nair, not by mere touch but also coming within certain feet from them. [[Nair]] warriors could kill a lower caste [[Pulayar]] on sight if they met with one of them on the highway.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Collins|first=Randall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v39x_fKR-ykC&pg=PA301|title=Weberian Sociological Theory|date=1986-02-28|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-31426-8|pages=300,301|language=en}}</ref>{{better source|date=June 2020}} The [[Nambudiri|Nambudhri]] Brahmins were top of the caste hierarchy and the Pulayar were at the lowest.<ref name="NT11">{{harv|Fuller C|1976|p=11}}</ref> According to most travelers, the Nairs were placed below the kings and the Brahmins in Caste hierarchy. The Ambalavasis were kept between the Brahmins and the Nairs.<ref name="NT13">{{harv|Fuller C|1976|p=13}}</ref> The [[Lower Caste|lower castes]] were known as ''tintal jati,'' i.e. castes which pollutes at a distance.<ref name="NT12">{{harv|Fuller C|1976|p=12}}</ref> The food of the [[Upper Castes|upper castes]] were referred to as "''Amruthathu"'' ([[Elixir of life|elixir]]) and the food of the lower castes was called "''karikadi"'' (black brew), similarly the, dwelling places of the higher castes and the thatched huts of the lower castes were called the "''royal abode''" and "''the field of rubbish''" respectively.<ref>{{harv|Nair|1986|p=37}}</ref>

The lower castes, particularly the Pulayars were not even allowed to breathe the same air as the other castes or use a public pathway.<ref name="NT12" /> A lower caste person could pollute a higher caste person by merely coming within a certain distance from him or in extreme cases the pollution is transmitted even by simply seeing a lower caste person.<ref name="NT11" /> If by accident he was there and he sees an approaching Nair or a Brahmin, he must make a loud howling sound to warn the upper castes from getting near until he went away or climbed up a tree. If a Nair meets a Pulayar on the highway by accident, he cuts him down like a others cut an unpleasant animal. The Nair's right to kill any Pulayar imminently he met on the pathway is confirmed by almost all visitors to Kerala. Even the other lower castes had no communication with the Pulayar. According to [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Buchanan]], the Nairs killed not only the Pulayars but any member of the other lower polluting castes, including the [[Ezhava]]s.<ref name="NT12" /> Pollution rules were also observed in touching and sexual intercourse with the lower castes. Casting out the person from the caste was the punishment for disobeying the caste rules regarding pollution and in some cases sold into slavery and even death. If a Nambudhiri Brahmin woman is accused of [[Extramarital sex|illegitimate sexual relations]], she is kept in a separate hut as her presence could pollute other members of her family before being [[Interrogation|interrogated]] by a caste court, the system is known as ''smarttivicaram.''<ref name="NT13" /> Pollution by approaching a [[Muslims|Muslim]], Christian, or a [[Jews|Jew]] is not observed but their touch is considered polluting. The custom for removing pollution is a [[Bathing|bath]] by complete immersion in water.<ref name="NA38">{{harv|Nair|1986|p=38}}</ref>

The Nambudiris had varying rules regarding the degrees of ritual pollution while interacting with people of different castes. In return, most castes practiced the principles of untouchability in their relationship with the other regional castes.<ref name="Jeffrey1976pp9-10">Jeffrey (1976), pp. 9–10.</ref> Untouchability in Kerala is not restricted to Hindus, and George Mathew says that, "Technically, the Christians were outside the caste hierarchy, but in practice, a system of inclusion and exclusion was developed ...".<ref>Mathew (1989), p. 22.</ref> Among Christians, the established [[Saint Thomas Christians|Saint Thomas Syrian Christians]] also practiced the rules of untouchability. In the colonial period, many lower castes were converted to Christianity by the European Missionaries but the new converts were not allowed to join the [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] community and they continued to be considered as untouchables even by the Syrian Christians. Syrian Christians derive status within the caste system from the tradition that they were elites, who were [[Evangelism|evangelized]] by [[Thomas the Apostle]].<ref name="Fuller1976p55">Fuller (1976), pp. 55-56.</ref><ref name="Fuller, C.J 1977 pp. 528-529">Fuller, C.J. "Indian Christians: Pollution and Origins." ''[[Man (journal)|Man]]''. New Series, Vol. 12, No. 3/4. (Dec. 1977), pp. 528–529.</ref><ref>Amaladass (1993), pp. 15-19.</ref> Anand Amaladass says that "The Syrian Christians had inserted themselves within the Indian caste society for centuries and were regarded by the Hindus as a caste occupying a high place within their caste hierarchy."<ref>Amaladass (1993), p. 18.</ref> Syrian Christians followed the same rules of caste and pollution as that of Hindus and they were considered as pollution neutralizers.<ref name="Fuller1976p55" /><ref name="Benedict325">Vadakkekara, Benedict (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=pAncGlpGW8wC&pg=PA91 ''Origin of Christianity in India: a Historiographical Critique''], pp. 325–330. Media House Delhi.</ref> Rajendra Prasad, an Indian historian, said that the Syrian Christians took ritual baths after physical contact with lower castes .<ref>{{cite book |last=Prasad |first=Rajendra |title=A Historical Developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals |year=2009 |volume=12 |publisher=Concept Publishing |isbn=978-8-18069-595-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gtxVmUr1ygC&pg=PA484}}</ref>

The rules of untouchability were severe to begin with, and they were very strictly enforced among Hindu communities by the time of the arrival of the [[Dutch East India Company]] in the 17th century.<ref name=Barendse2009p640/> [[Robin Jeffrey]], who is a professor specialising in the modern history and politics of India, quotes the wife of a Christian missionary, who wrote in 1860 that: {{quote|... a Nair can approach but not touch a Namboodiri Brahmin: a Ezhava must remain thirty-six paces off, and a Pulayan slave ninety-six steps distant. A Ezhava must remain twelve steps away from a Nair, and a Pulayan sixty-six steps off, and a Parayan some distance farther still ... Pulayans and Parayars, who are the lowest of all, can approach but not touch, much less may they eat with each other.<ref name=Jeffrey1976pp9-10/>}}

Nonetheless, higher ranked communities did have some social responsibility for those perceived to be their inferiors: for example, they could demand forced labor but had to provide food for such laborers, and they had responsibilities in times of famine to provide their tenants both with food and with the seeds to grow it. There were also responsibilities to protect such people from the dangers of attack and other threats to their livelihood, and so it has been described by Barendse as "an intricate dialectic of rights and duties".<ref>Barendse (2009), pp. 641-642.</ref>

=== Ritual pollution during slavery ===
According to an estimate by Dr. Francis Buchanan in 1801 AD, 41,367 persons out of the 292,366 populations were slaves in the south, central and Northern divisions of the Malabar.<ref>{{harv|Nair|1986|p=40}}</ref> In the census of 1836, 164,864 people out of the 1,280,668 were slaves in Travancore.<ref>{{harv|Nair|1986|p=41}}</ref> There was an estimated 4.25 lakh slaves in Kerala during the middle of the 19th century.<ref name="NA43">{{harv|Nair|1986|p=43}}</ref>

The slaves belonged to the lower castes and were employed only for feudal work, and the stigma that they should be kept away from their masters was strictly followed. Samuel Mateer, noted that even in the working fields the slaves were supervised from a distance.<ref name="NA38" />

Based on the 1881 census an estimated 40,000 slaves converted to Islam from 1871 to 1881. Many slaves also converted to [[Christianity]] in [[Cochin]] and [[Travancore]] during this period. During the 1882 Christian Mission Conference, it was reported that the population of [[Malabar Muslims|Muslim Mapillas]] were increasing rapidly due to the conversion from the lower strata of the Hindu society, and in such a phase, the entire west coast could become Muslim.<ref name="NA43" />

==Caste system in colonial Kerala==
By the late 19th century, the caste system of Kerala had evolved to be the most complex to be found anywhere in India,<ref name="Nossiter1982pp25-27"/> and the exploitation of it had become considerable. Barendse explains this development: {{quote|... it turned to gross unrequited exploitation only in the nineteenth century when the British colonial pacification removed the threat of the peasant harvests being ravaged by armies or robbers and their huts being burned to the ground.<ref>Barendse (2009), p. 643.</ref>}}

By this time there were over 500 groups represented in an elaborate structure of relationships and the concept of ritual pollution extended not merely to untouchability but even further, to un-approachability and even un-seeability. The system was gradually reformed to some degree, with one of those reformers, [[Swami Vivekananda]], having observed that it represented a "mad house" of castes. The usual four-tier Hindu caste system, involving the ''varnas'' of Brahmin (priest), Kshatriya (warrior), Vaishya (business person, involved in trading, entrepreneurship and finance) and Shudra (service person), did not exist. Kshatriyas were rare and the only Vaishyas were not present. The roles left empty by the absence of these ritual ranks were taken to some extent by Nairs, [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]] Muslims and Syrian Christians.<ref name="Nossiter1982pp25-27">Nossiter (1982), pp.25–27.</ref>

==Caste in the modern era==
The process of amelioration of caste distinctions by various social reform movements were overtaken by the events of 1947. With [[Partition of India|independence]] from Britain came the [[Indian constitution]], and Article 15 of that document outlawed discrimination on the grounds of caste and race.<ref>Constitution.</ref> [[Myron Weiner]] has said that the ideological basis for caste "... may be (almost, but not quite) moribund"<ref name=Weiner2001p195>Weiner (2001), p. 195.</ref> and that: {{quote|No political parties, and no political leaders, no intellectuals support the idea that caste is part of a natural moral order based on hierarchy, ... that caste is occupationally linked and hereditary, that each caste (''jati'') embodies its own code of conduct (''dharma''), and that low-caste membership is the consequence of transgressions in one's previous life.<ref>Weiner (2001), p. 193.</ref>}}

Weiner points out that despite the ideological demise: {{quote|... as a lived-in social reality, it is very much alive. The demise of orthodoxy, right beliefs, has not meant the demise of orthopraxy, right practice. Caste remains endogamous. Lower castes, especially members of scheduled castes, remain badly treated by those of higher castes. But the gap between beliefs and practices is the source of tension and change. The lower castes no longer accept their position in the social hierarchy, and no longer assume that their lower economic status and the lack of respect from members of the higher castes are a "given" in their social existence. But the movement for change is not a struggle to end caste; it is to use caste as an instrument for social change. Caste is not disappearing, nor is "casteism" - the political use of caste — for what is emerging in India is a social and political system which institutionalizes and transforms but does not abolish caste.<ref name=Weiner2001p195/>}}

Despite being outlawed, the Indian governments – both at national and at regional level – do still recognise distinctions between the various communities but this recognition is for the purpose of [[positive discrimination]]. Throughout post-independence India, including in Kerala, there exists a framework of [[Reservation in India|reservation]] which is fluid in nature and attempts to recognise the socio-economic disparities between various castes. Depending both on local circumstances and on the changing modern socio-economic environment, castes are classified as [[Forward caste|Forward Classes]] (or ''General''), [[Other backward caste|Other Backward Classes]], [[Scheduled castes|Scheduled Castes]], and the [[Scheduled tribes|Scheduled Tribes]]. These classifications determine what - if any - assistance a caste community receives in any given area. Formal classification lists are compiled for the latter three groups; any community which is not listed in any of those categories is, by default, a Forward Class.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}

Writing in the context of violence against [[Dalit]]s (untouchables) elsewhere in India, ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'' magazine said in 2006 that: {{quote|Successive governments have brought in legislation and programmes to protect the rights of Dalit communities. The safeguards enshrined in the Constitution stipulate that governments should take special care to advance the educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, that untouchability is unacceptable and that all Dalit communities should have unrestricted entry in Hindu temples and other religious institutions. There are political safeguards in the form of reserved seats in State legislatures and in Parliament ... But prejudices die hard.<ref>Viswanathanin & Shramakrishnan (2006), p. 6.</ref>}} However, ''Frontline'' goes on to note that the situation in Kerala now, is not as severe, to the extent that those seeking to research: {{quote|... continuing inequality and deprivation among traditionally disadvantaged groups in Kerala do not include Dalits any longer in their list of communities that still represent "distinct pockets of deprivation". The list includes only the traditional coastal fishing communities, the S.T.s [Scheduled Tribes] of North Kerala, and the new underclass of Tamil migrant workers ...<ref>Krishnakumar (2006), p. 24.</ref>}}

==Demographics==
Around 2003, the Government of Kerala recognised 53 Scheduled Castes, 35 Scheduled Tribes and 80 Other Backwards Classes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Official website of Kerala government |url=http://www.keralapsc.org/scstobc.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215234049/http://www.keralapsc.org/scstobc.htm |archive-date=15 February 2008 }}</ref> The 2001 [[Census of India]] recognised 68 Scheduled Castes, who comprised 9.8% of the population. They were 99.9% Hindu, with a negligible number of Sikhs and Buddhists.<ref>{{cite web |title=Data Highlights: The Scheduled Castes |publisher=Census of India 2001 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_kerala.pdf |date=27 March 2007 |access-date=8 November 2011}}
</ref> The Census recognised 35 Scheduled Tribes, comprising 1.14% of the population and with 93.7% being Hindus. A further 5.8% were Christian, and the remainder Muslim or "not stated".<ref>{{cite web |title=Data Highlights: The Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census of India 2001 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_kerala.pdf |date=27 March 2007 |access-date=8 November 2011}}
</ref>

==See also==
*[[Caste system among South Asian Christians]]
* [[Upper cloth revolt]]
* [[Sambandam]]

==References==
'''Citations'''
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran |first=VP|edition=Malayalam}}
{{refend}}

'''Bibliography'''

*{{cite book |editor-first=Harold |editor-last=Coward |editor-link=Harold Coward |title=Hindu-Christian dialogue: perspectives and encounters |chapter=Dialogue between Hindus and the St. Thomas Christians |first=Anand |last=Amaladass |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6eHgNyNimoAC |pages=15–19 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |edition=Indian |year=1993 |orig-year=1989 (New York: Orbis Books) |isbn=81-208-1158-5|ref=none}}
*{{cite book |title=Arabian Seas 1700-1763: The Western Indian Ocean in the eighteenth century |volume=1 |series=Arabian Seas 1700-1763 |first=Rene J. |last=Barendse |publisher=BRILL |location=Leiden |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17661-4 |page=640 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WyBZ7wVBdtoC |access-date=14 November 2011|ref=none}}
*{{cite web |title=Excerpts from The Constitution of India |publisher=Left Justified |year = 1997 |url=http://www.leftjustified.com/leftjust/lib/sc/ht/wtp/india.html |access-date=8 November 2011|ref=none}}
*{{cite journal |title=Kerala Christians and the Caste System |first=C. J. |last=Fuller |journal=Man |series=New Series |volume=11 |issue=1 |date=March 1976 |pages=53–70 |publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |jstor=2800388 |doi=10.2307/2800388 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |title=Matrilineal Kinship |editor1-first=David Murray |editor1-last=Schneider |editor2-first=E. Kathleen |editor2-last=Gough |chapter=Nayars: Central Kerala |first=E. Kathleen |last=Gough |year=1974 |orig-date=1961 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-02529-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfdvTbfilYAC |author-link=Kathleen Gough |access-date=9 June 2011|ref=Gough1961}}
*{{cite book |title=The Decline of Nayar Dominance: Society and Politics in Travancore 1847–1908 |first=Robin |last=Jeffrey |author-link=Robin Jeffrey |year=1976 |publisher=Sussex University Press| isbn=0-85621-054-4 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |title=The Labor of Development: Workers and the Transformation of Capitalism in Kerala, India |first=Patrick |last=Heller |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8014-8624-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2sBzup4yR8C |access-date=4 May 2012|ref=none}}
*{{cite news |title=Kerala Contrast |first=R. |last=Krishnakumar |newspaper=Frontline |date=29 December 2006 |url=http://pay.hindu.com/ebook%20-%20ebfl20061229part1.pdf |access-date=8 November 2011|ref=none}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TuPeXFP0WgC |title=Communal Road To A Secular Kerala |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |first=George |last=Mathew |year=1989 | isbn=978-81-7022-282-8|ref=none}}
*{{cite book |title=Communism in Kerala: a study in political adaptation |first=Thomas Johnson |last=Nossiter |publisher=University of California Press |year=1982 |chapter=Kerala's identity: unity and diversity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CSQUxVjjWQC |isbn=978-0-520-04667-2 |author-link=Thomas Nossiter |access-date=9 June 2011|ref=Nossiter1982}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC |title=Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia |volume=22 |series=International studies in sociology and social anthropology |editor-first=Bardwell L. |editor-last=Smith |publisher=E. J. Brill |first=Cyriac K. |last=Pullapilly |author-link=Cyriac Pullapilly |chapter=The Izhavas of Kerala and their Historic Struggle for Acceptance in the Hindu Society|location=Netherlands |year=1976 |access-date=9 June 2011 | isbn=978-90-04-04510-1|ref=none}}
*{{cite book |chapter=Interaction between Classical Indian Ethics and Christian Ethics |first=C. D. |last=Sebastian |editor-first=Rajendra |editor-last=Prasad |title=A Historical-Developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals |series=History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilisation, Vol. XII, Part 2 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=Delhi |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-8069-595-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gtxVmUr1ygC |access-date=3 May 2012|ref=none}}
*{{cite news |title=At a Crossroads |first1=S . |last1=Viswanathanin |first2=Venkite |last2=Shramakrishnan |newspaper=Frontline |date=29 December 2006 |url=http://pay.hindu.com/ebook%20-%20ebfl20061229part1.pdf |access-date=8 November 2011|ref=none}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Io0NsnlRT6sC |chapter=The struggle for equality: caste in Indian politics |title=The Success of India's Democracy |volume=6 |series=Contemporary South Asia |editor-first=Atul |editor-last=Kohil |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |first=Myron |last=Weiner |author-link=Myron Weiner |year=2001 |access-date=8 November 2011 | isbn=978-0-521-80530-8|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Nayars today|last=Fuller C|first=J|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1976|isbn=978-0-521-21301-1|location=Cambridge; New York|language=en|oclc=2238183}}
* {{Cite book|title=Slavery in Kerala|last=Nair|first=Adoor Ramachandran|publisher=Mittal Publications : Distributed by Mittal Publishers' Distributors|year=1986|isbn=9780836419146|location=Delhi|language=en|oclc=14819318}}
{{Kerala}}
{{Kerala topics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Caste System In Kerala}}
[[Category:Caste system in India|Kerala]]
[[Category:Society of Kerala]]

Sanjay Goradia

2026-01-22T13:40:58Z

Samrick21: creating a article needs work.

{{Short description|Indian actor, director and producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sanjay Goradia
| nickname =
| image = Sanjay Goradia at Kehvatlal Parivar premiere.jpg
| image_caption = Sanjay Goradia in 2022
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1959|9|17}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], India
| yearsactive =
| spouse = Chandrabhaga Goradia
| children = 1
| occupation = Actor, director, producer
}}

'''Sanjay Goradia''' is an Indian actor, director and producer. He has produced more than hundred Gujarati plays and acted in quarter of them. He has acted in several Hindi and Gujarati [[Gujarati cinema|film]]s and has produced television shows.

== Biography ==
Sanjay Goradia started his theatre career on backstage in 1979 for ''Pagla Ghoda'', a play directed by Latesh Shah.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Jahnavi |title=Interview With Sanjay Goradia |url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/interviews/sanjay-goradia-interview-with-jahnavi-pal.asp# |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=MumbaiTheatreGuide}}</ref>

Some of his well known plays include ''Pappu Paas Thayi Gayo'', ''Aa Namo Bahu Nade Chhe'', ''Chup Raho Khush Raho'', ''De Taali Kona Baap Ni Diwali'', ''Sunder Be Baydiwalo'' and ''Bairaono Bahubali''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=My shows reflect our society: Sanjay Goradia - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/gujarati/his-shows-reflect-our-society-says-sanjay-goradia/articleshow/51979063.cms |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=The Times of India |date=25 April 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=I am able to enjoy some quality time with family due to lockdown : Sanjay Goradia - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/theatre/i-am-able-to-enjoy-some-quality-time-with-family-due-to-lockdown-sanjay-goradia/articleshow/74935387.cms |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=The Times of India |date=April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> He produced several Hindi plays including ''Maa Retire Hoti Hai'' starring [[Jaya Bachchan]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanger |first=Vasundhara |date=2006-11-18 |title=ABCL's foray into theatre |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/abcls-foray-into-theatre/articleshow/463164.cms |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> ''Pati-Patni aur Mein'' starring [[Shatrughan Sinha]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shatrughan Sinha makes dramatic debut - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shatrughan-sinha-makes-dramatic-debut/articleshow/315709573.cms |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=The Times of India |date=4 October 2001 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Outlook">{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/pati-patni-aur-main/212154|title=Pati Patni Aur Main|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=3 February 2022}}</ref> ''Chupkay Chupkay'' starring [[Zeenat Aman]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zeenat Aman to make stage debut - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/zeenat-aman-to-make-stage-debut/articleshow/17251841.cms |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=The Times of India |date=27 July 2002 |language=en}}</ref> and ''Lali Leela''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-14 |title=how did ab corp and sanjay goradia productions become partners {{!}} એબી કૉર્પ અને સંજય ગોરડિયા પ્રોડક્શન્સ કેવી રીતે પાર્ટનર બન્યાં? |url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/columns/article/how-did-ab-corp-and-sanjay-goradia-productions-become-partners-163456 |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=www.gujaratimidday.com |language=gu}}</ref>

He produced several Gujarati television shows including ''Tari Ankhno Afini,'' ''[[Aa Family Comedy Che]]'' (2014),{{cn|date=September 2022}} ''[[Kumkum Na Pagla Padya]]'' (2015), ''Shukra Mangal<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Two daily soaps to air from Monday on Colors Gujarati - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/gujarati/two-daily-soaps-to-air-from-monday-on-colors-gujarati/articleshow/46969463.cms |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=The Times of India |date=18 April 2015 |language=en}}</ref>'' and ''Sukh Mare Angane'' which were aired on for ''[[Colors Gujarati]]'' as well as Marathi television shows ''Madhu Ithe An Chandra Tithe'' (2011) and ''Azunahi Chaand Raat Ahe'' (2012) on [[Zee Marathi]].{{cn|date=September 2022}}


== Theatre ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Play
!Language
!Actor
!Director
!Producer
!Writer/Adaptation
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="24" |1994
|''Apnu To Bhai Avun''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Pagla Ghoda''
|Hindi
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Tofani Tapudo''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Bharat Hamari Mata Baap Hamara Hijda''
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Chal Mere Kaddu Thummak Thum''
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Chor Chor Pakdo Pakdo''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Chhel Ane Chhabo''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Chitkar''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Himkavach''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Kanch Na Sambandh''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Devki''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Ankh Minchi Ne Bolo Jaihind''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Sangath''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Bairi Sher Saali Sava Sher''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Fatehchand Nun Phulekun''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Satodio Harshad''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Prit Piyu Ne Paneter''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Bhai''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Aabhas''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Hands Up''
|
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Baa Retire Thai Chhe''
|Gujarati
|
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baa Retire Thaay Che Gujarati Play/Drama |url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/gujarati/21-gujarati-play-preview-baa-retire-thaay-che.asp |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=www.mumbaitheatreguide.com}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
|-
|''Karo Kanku Na''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Vibhakar |first=Devang |date=2010-09-17 |title=Interview of theatre artist Sanjay Goradia |url=https://www.speakbindas.com/sanjay-goradia/ |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=SpeakBindas |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''Chakraverty''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Jama Udhaar''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|
|''Carry on Professor''
|
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|1995
|''Ekko Raja Rani''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|1996
|''Derani Jethani''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|
|''Sharda''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|
|''A Guide to the Married Man''
|
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|
|''Pati Yane Patangiyun''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1998
|''Mr.Adhikari''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|''Shukan Sava Rupiyo''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|
|''Koi Dil Khele Koi Daav''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|1999
|''Maa Retire Hoti Hai''
|Hindi
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|2000
|''Dr.Mukta''
|
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|2001
|''Jalsa Karo Jayantilal''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2001
|''Pati,-Patni Aur Mein''
|Hindi
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name="Outlook" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|2002
|''Shodh Pratishodh''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|2002
|''Chhanu Ne Chhapnu Kai Thai Nai''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|2002
|''Ame Lai Gaya Tame Rahi Gaya''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name="India Today">{{cite news |date=14 June 2004 |title=Gujarati play 'AmeLai Gaya, Tame Rahi Gaya' completes 300 shows |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20040614-gujarati-comedy-play-sanjay-goradia-productions-ame-lai-gaya-tame-rahi-gaya-directed-by-vipul-mehta-celebrates-300-shows-789919-2004-06-14}}</ref>
|-
|
|''Mrs.Manjula Marfatia, B.A. with Gujarati''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|
|''Masala Mami''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
| rowspan="4" |2003
|''Chupkay Chupkay''
|Hindi
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|''Chal Chandu Parni Jayae''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Life Partner''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Pallavi Bani Parvati''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|2005
|''Lali Lila''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name="TOI:2">{{cite news |date=24 August 2005 |title=Take a bow! |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/lucknow-times/take-a-bow/articleshow/1209987.cms}}</ref>
|-
|
|''Hum Le Gaye Tum Rahe Gaye''
|Hindi
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name="Mumbai Theatre Guide">{{cite news |date= |title=Hum Le Gaye Tum Rahe Gaye |work=[[Mumbai Theatre Guide]] |url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/hindi/26hlgtrg.asp}}</ref>
|-
|
|''Parani Ne Pastayaa''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|
|''Chokat Rani Chaar Gulam''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|
|''Chagan Magan Tara Chhapre Lagan''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{cite news |date= |title=Chagan Magan Tara Chapre Lagan |work=[[Mumbai Theatre Guide]] |url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/gujarati/cmtcl.asp}}</ref>
|-
|
|''Tako Mundo Taon Taon''
|Gujarati
|
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2006
|''Ba Ae Mari Boundary''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''Mummy Vees Ni Dikri Chalis Ni''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''Jadoo Teri Nazar''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''Pappu Pass Thai Gayo''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''Lali Lila''
|Hindi
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="60" |2007
|''Chhel Chhabilo Gujarati''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-11 |title=and by this sanjay goradia became kakaji {{!}} ...અને ફાઇનલી હું બન્યો કાકાજી |url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/columns/article/and-by-this-sanjay-goradia-became-kakaji-165532 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=www.gujaratimidday.com |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date= |title=Chel Chabilo Gujarati |work=[[Mumbai Theatre Guide]] |url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/gujarati/chel_chabilo_gujarati.asp}}</ref>
|-
|''Buddha Ae Mari Sixer''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Jantar Mantar''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Parnela Chho To Himmat Rakho''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Ek Moorakh Ne Evi Tev''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Prem Karta Puncture Padyu''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Ba Ne Gher Babo Avyo''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Chini Mini''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/gujarati-plays-lift-veil-off-ivf-surrogacy/articleshow/4846348.cms|title=Gujarati plays lift veil off IVF, surrogacy|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 August 2009}}</ref>

|-
|''Miss Ful Gulabi''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Paranya Toye Punchhadi Vanki''
|Gujarati
|
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Aa Kokila Nu Kaieeenk Karo''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Bhabhu Retire Thai Chhe''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Harakhpadudi Hansa''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Sakhna Re To Sasu Nahin''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Haath Na Karya Haiye Vagya''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Aa Family Fantastic Chhe''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Zero Bani Gayo Hero''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Bablabhai Ke Babliben''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Sansaar Ni Semi-Final''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Sukh Ne Save Karo Dukh Ne Delete Karo''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Ek Sawario Bijo Bawario''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Ba Retire Thai Chhe''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Chup Raho Khush Raho''
|Gujarati
|
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Em Puchhine Thai Nahi Prem''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Rupiya Ni Rani Ne Dolario Raja''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Are Vahu Have Thayu Bahu''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Mari Shun Bhool''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Five Star Aunty Hello Pakistani Hun Gujarati''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Aa NaMo Bahu Nade Chhe''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Garvi Gujratane Rang Rakhyo''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Damodar Diwano Thayo''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Maharaj''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Aa Family Komedy Chhe''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Parka Toy Potana''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Pikchur Haji Baki Chhe Dost''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Jaishree Krishna Darling''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Mari Wife Marrykom''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Swajan Re Jhooth Mat Bolo''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Ek Vaanki Chuki Love Story''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Ba Tane Kyan Rakhu''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Kitta Buchcha''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Ek Anokho Karar''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Ek Selfie Sajode''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Adrashyam''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Ame Darling Ek Bijana''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Joke Samrat''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Prem Nu Paytm''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Ladies Special''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Apnu Badhu Kaydesar Chhe''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Mummy Mari Mind Blowing''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Googli''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Sunder Be Baydiwalo''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title='Sunder Be Baaydiwalo' will be staged this weekend - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/ahmedabad/sunder-be-baaydiwalo-will-be-staged-this-weekend/articleshow/64633560.cms |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=The Times of India |date=18 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Buddho Bado Bajigar Chhe''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Pappa Amara Prime Minister''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-15 |title=Exclusive! Hiten Kumar opens up celebrating Raksha Bandhan and Independence Day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/exclusive-hiten-kumar-opens-up-celebrating-raksha-bandhan-and-independence-day/articleshow/70678672.cms |access-date=2026-01-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''Bhartiben Bhula Padya''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Tame Ghanu Jeevo''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Bairaono Bahubali''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Nokrani''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Bandh Honth Ni Vaat''
|Gujarati
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''De Taali Kona Baap Ni Diwali''
|Gujarati
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|
|}

== Television ==

=== Television (as a producer) ===
*"Madhu Ithe An Chandra Tithe"
*"Azunahi Chaand Raat Ahe on Zee Marathi"
*"Tari ankh No Afini"
*"[[Aa Family Comedy Che]]"
*"Kumkum Na Pagla Padya"
*"Sukh Mare Angane on [[Colors Gujarati]]"

=== Television (as an actor) ===
*"[[Shrimaan Shrimati (TV Series)]]"
*"Filmi Chakker"
*"Teri Bi Chup Meri Bi Chup"
*"Kabhi Yeh Kabhi Woh"
*"[[Naya Nukkad]]"
*"[[Hum Paanch (TV series)|Hum Paanch]]"
*"Nirma Ahaa"
*"Bhago Dukh Aaya"
*"[[Papad Pol – Shahabuddin Rathod Ki Rangeen Duniya]]"
*"[[Maniben.com]]"
*"[[Thodi Khushi Thode Gham]]"
*"[[Partners (2017 TV series)|Partners]]"

== Filmography ==
Goradia has acted in several Hindi and Gujarati films.

* ''[[Ram Lakhan]]'' (Hindi, 1989)
* ''[[Khal Nayak]]'' (Hindi, 1993)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-05 |title='Hello Sanjay!' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hello-sanjay/articleshow/2255499.cms |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=The Times of India |language=}}</ref>
* ''[[Rangeela (1995 film)|Rangeela]]'' (Hindi, 1995)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Gaurang |date=2019-08-28 |title='છેલછબીલા ગુજરાતી' સંજય ગોરડિયાનું બ્રિટિશ પાર્લામેન્ટમાં થશે સન્માન |url=https://www.iamgujarat.com/entertainment/gujarati-movies/sanjay-goradia-will-be-awarded-by-the-british-parliament/articleshow/73980529.cms |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=I am Gujarat |language=gu}}</ref>
* ''[[Is Raat Ki Subah Nahin]]'' (Hindi, 1996)
* ''[[Ishq (1997 film)|Ishq]]'' (Hindi, 1997)<ref name=":4" />
* ''[[Mann (1999 film)|Mann]]'' (Hindi, 1999)
* ''[[Safari (1999 film)|Safari]]'' (Hindi, 1999)<ref name=":4" />
* ''[[Khoobsurat (1999 film)|Khoobsurat]]'' (Hindi, 1999)<ref name=":4" />
* ''[[Kachche Dhaage]]'' (Hindi, 1999)
* ''[[Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaaye]]'' (Hindi, 2000)
* ''[[Ventilator (2018 film)|Ventilator]]'' (Gujarati, 2018)
* ''[[Made in China (2019 film)|Made In China]]'' (Hindi, 2019)
* ''[[Chhichhore]]'' (Hindi, 2019)<ref name=":4" />
* ''Baap No Bagicho'' (Gujarati, 2022)<ref>{{Citation |title=Baap No Bagicho Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/baap-no-bagicho/movieshow/89644252.cms |access-date=2023-05-05}}</ref>
* ''[[Kehvatlal Parivar]]'' (Gujarati, 2022)
* ''[[Vaahlam Jaao Ne]]'' (Gujarati, 2022)<ref>{{Citation |title=Vaahlam Jaao Ne|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/vaahlam-jaao-ne/movieshow/79362878.cms |access-date=2022-09-13}}</ref>
* ''[[Char Fera nu Chakdol]]'' (Gujarati, 2023)
* ''[[Kamthaan]]'' (Gujarati, 2024)
* ''31st December'' (Gujarati, 2024)<ref>{{Cite news |title=31st December |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/31st-december/movieshow/109215063.cms |access-date=2024-04-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* ''[[Maharaj (film)|Maharaj]]'' (Hindi, 2024)
* ''[[Jhamkudi]]'' (Gujarati, 2024)
* ''[[Maharani (2025 film) | Maharani]]'' (Gujarati, 2025)

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goradia, Sanjay}}

[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

John Colapinto

2026-01-04T06:23:12Z

Samrick21: small cleanup lead for accuracy also and added references to improve readability

{{Short description|Canadian journalist and writer}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2011}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = John Colapinto
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1958}}
| birth_place = [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canada
| genre = [[Fiction]], [[journalism]]
| occupation = Journalist, author, novelist, staff writer
| notable_works = ''[[As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl]]''
| spouse = Donna Mehalko
| children = 1 son
}}

'''John Colapinto''' (born in 1958) is a Canadian journalist, author and novelist and a staff writer at ''[[The New Yorker]]''. In 2000, he wrote the ''[[New York Times]]'' bestseller ''[[As Nature Made Him|As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl]]'', which exposed the details of the [[David Reimer]] case, a boy who had undergone a sex change in infancy—a medical experiment long heralded as a success, but which was, in fact, a failure.

==Career==

Before working on staff at ''The New Yorker'', Colapinto's articles appeared in ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'', ''[[Mademoiselle (magazine)|Mademoiselle]]'', ''[[Us (magazine)|Us]]'', ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' and ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'', and in 1995 he became a contributing editor at ''[[Rolling Stone]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |author= |title=John Colapinto |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/contributor/john-colapinto |access-date=September 29, 2014 |magazine=Rolling Stone |archive-date=October 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022075932/http://www.rollingstone.com/contributor/john-colapinto |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |title=Biography John Colapinto |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/authors/john-colapinto |access-date=September 29, 2014 |website=Book Reporter |publisher=Real Talk publishing}}</ref>

He also wrote the screenplay for the 1990 Canadian short film ''[[The Star Turn]]''.

==Writing==
For ''Rolling Stone'', Colapinto wrote feature stories on a variety of subjects including AIDS, kids and guns, heroin in the music business, and ''Penthouse'' magazine creator, [[Bob Guccione]].

In 1998, Colapinto published a 20,000 word feature story in ''Rolling Stone'' titled "The True Story of John/Joan", an account of [[David Reimer]], who had undergone a sex change in infancy following a botched [[circumcision]] in which he lost his penis. The medical experiment had been long heralded as a success, but was, in fact, a failure. The story, which detailed not only Reimer's tortured life, but the medical scandal surrounding its cover-up, won the ASME Award for reporting. In 2000, Colapinto published a book-length account of the case, ''As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl''. The book was a ''New York Times'' bestseller and the film rights were bought by director [[Peter Jackson]]. Reimer took his life in 2004.

Colapinto also wrote a novel, ''About the Author'', a tale of literary envy and theft. It was published in August 2001 and was a number six pick on the [[Book Sense]] 76 list of best novels of the season; it was a nominee for the [[International Dublin Literary Award]] and for a number of years was under option by [[DreamWorks Pictures|DreamWorks]] where playwright [[Patrick Marber]] wrote a screen adaptation. The film rights to the novel were acquired by producer [[Scott Rudin]] but a shootable screenplay failed to materialize and Rudin allowed his option to lapse. In the spring of 2023, the novel was optioned by Tr-Star Pictures and is, as of 2024, in development at that studio.

Colapinto's second novel, ''Undone'', a satire hingeing on faux-incest, was published by HarperCollins Canada in April 2015. It was rejected by 41 US publishers and every publisher in Europe on grounds that it was too challenging in its subject matter. A newspaper feature story in ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' gave an account of the novel's universal rejection in Colapinto's adopted country.<ref>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/why-wont-american-publishers-touch-john-colapintos-new-novel/article24216965/ "Why won't American publishers touch John Colapinto's new novel?"]. ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', May 1, 2015.</ref> A highly positive review in the ''[[Toronto Star]]'' called ''Undone'' "an equally inventive but bolder novel" than Colapinto's debut; [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/book-reviews/john-colapintos-controversial-new-novel-undone-enthralls-and-horrifies-simultaneously/article24336018/ a review in the Globe and Mail] called the novel "a noir that, like Francine Prose's ''Blue Angel'' and Philip Roth's ''American Pastoral'', details the unravelling of the moral American man and his world."

In June 2015, Colapinto spoke about the novel, and its difficult publishing history, on [http://www.cbc.ca/radio/q/schedule-for-friday-june-12-2015-1.3109909/why-was-john-colapinto-s-undone-rejected-by-40-publishers-1.3109971|on the CBC Radio program "q"]:

The novel was eventually acquired by independent publisher, Soft Skull Press, a division of Counterpoint Press, based in Berkeley, California. ''Undone'' was published in April 2016 in the United States. Trade magazine ''[[Booklist]]'' gave the novel a starred review that said: "Cannily over the top in its comic depravity and magnetizing in its sympathy, Colapinto's battle royal of innocence and evil, blindness and illumination, betrayal and love will thrill those who enjoy subversively erotic and suspenseful fiction of the finest execution and most cutting implications."

In April 2016, ''The New York Times'' published an article, "Colapinto's Complaint," that described the novel as reviving the "male-centric literary sex novel."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kurutz |first1=Steven |title=John Colapinto Revives the Male-Centric Literary Sex Novel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/08/fashion/mens-style/john-colapinto-literary-sex-novel-undone.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=May 9, 2020 |date=April 7, 2016}}</ref> The article sparked a two-day tweet storm in which Colapinto was excoriated for resurrecting the "male gaze" in fiction.

As a staff writer for ''The New Yorker'', Colapinto has written about subjects as diverse as [[medicinal leeches]]; [[Sotheby's]] auctioneer [[Tobias Meyer]]; fashion designers [[Karl Lagerfeld]] and [[Rick Owens]]; the [[Pirahã language|linguistic oddities]] of the [[Pirahã people]] (an Amazonian tribe); and [[Paul McCartney]].<ref>{{cite magazine| last=Colapinto| first=John| title=When I'm Sixty-Four| magazine=The New Yorker| date=June 4, 2007| url=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/06/04/070604fa_fact_colapinto| access-date=February 24, 2012| archive-date=October 2, 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002085120/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/06/04/070604fa_fact_colapinto| url-status=dead}}{{subscription required}}</ref> His piece on the Pirahã was anthologized in ''The Best American Science and Nature Writing'' (2008); his ''New Yorker'' story about [[retail loss prevention]] was included in ''The Best American Crime Reporting'' (2009);<ref name="ToobinPenzler2009">{{cite book |last1=Toobin |first1=Jeffrey |author-link=Jeffrey Toobin |last2=Penzler |first2=Otto |last3=Cook|first3=Thomas H. |title=The Best American Crime Reporting 2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUfaUWV1XpIC&pg=PA275 |access-date=April 8, 2011|date=September 2, 2009 |publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-149084-2|pages=275–}}</ref> and his ''New Yorker'' profile of neuroscientist [[Vilayanur S. Ramachandran|V.S. Ramachandran]] was selected by [[Freeman Dyson]] for inclusion in ''The Best American Science and Nature Writing''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Colapinto |first1=John |date=2010 |title=The Best American Science and Nature Writing 2010 |editor1-last=Dyson |editor1-first=Freeman |editor1-link=Freeman Dyson |editor2-last=Folger |editor2-first=Tim |editor2-link=Tim Folger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aN6SxmXodLkC |location=Boston, Mass. |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |page=108 |series=The best American series |chapter=Brain Games |isbn=9780547327846 |access-date=September 27, 2014}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
Colapinto won the [[Canadian National Magazine Award]] for "All the Right Moves" (about chess prodigy Jeff Sarwer and his unconventional upbringing): "Saturday Night Magazine," 1987.

He received an [[National Magazine Awards|ASME Award]] for reporting "The True Story of John/Joan" in <nowiki>''</nowiki>''Rolling Stone''.

''As Nature Made Him'' was a finalist for the 2001 [[Lambda Literary Award for Transgender Literature]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=July 10, 2001 |title=13th Annual Lambda Literary Awards |url=https://lambdaliterary.org/2001/07/lambda-literary-awards-2000/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Lambda Literary |language=en-US}}</ref>

Colapinto's Guccione story for ''Rolling Stone'' was a finalist for the ASME Award in profile writing in 2004.

==Personal life==
Colapinto lives in New York City's [[Upper East Side]]. He is married to Donna Mehalko, fashion illustrator, artist, and author of "Mr Wrong, a Users Guide", a humorous take on dating that recommends ways to use Mr Wrong for maximum benefit while waiting for Mr Right;<ref>{{Cite book|isbn = 0688170250|url-access = registration|url = https://archive.org/details/mrwrongusersguid00walk |title=Mr. Wrong: A User's Guide |author=Cindy Walker |year = 2000| publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> they have one son.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bookreporter.com/authors/john-colapinto|title=John Colapinto | Bookreporter.com|website=www.bookreporter.com|accessdate=July 3, 2023}}</ref>

He plays keyboards and sings with the Sequoias, a band made up mostly of New York magazine journalists.

==Bibliography==

===Books===
*{{cite book |last=Colapinto |first=John |title=As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl |url=https://archive.org/details/asnaturemadehim00john |url-access=registration |year=2000|publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=9780060929596 }}
*{{cite book |last=Colapinto |first=John |author-mask=1 |title=About the Author: A Novel |url=https://archive.org/details/aboutauthornovel00cola_2 |url-access=registration |year=2001|publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=9780060194178 }}
*{{cite book |last=Colapinto |first=John |author-mask=1 |title=Undone: A Novel |year=2016|title-link=Undone (Colapinto novel) }}
*{{cite book |last=Colapinto |first=John| isbn=978-1982128746|publisher=Simon & Schuster|title=This is the Voice|year=2021}}

===Essays and reporting===
*{{cite magazine |last=Colapinto |first=John |date=March 15, 2010 |title=New note |department=Profiles |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=32–39|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/03/15/new-note |access-date=March 19, 2015}} Profile of [[Esperanza Spalding]].
*{{cite magazine |last=Colapinto |first=John |author-mask=1 |date=March 4, 2013 |title=Giving voice: a surgeon pioneers methods to help singers sing again |department=Dept. of Arts and Sciences |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=48–57 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/03/04/giving-voice |access-date=May 8, 2015}}
*{{cite magazine |last=Colapinto |first=John |author-mask=1 |date=December 22–29, 2014 |title=Material question: graphene may be the most remarkable substance ever discovered. But what's it for? |department=Annals of Innovation |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |volume=90 |issue=41 |pages=50–63 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/12/22/material-question |access-date=March 19, 2015}}
*{{cite magazine |author=Colapinto, John |author-mask=1 |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Lighting the brain: Karl Deisseroth and the optogenetics breakthrough |department=Profiles |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |volume=91 |issue=13 |pages=74–83 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/05/18/lighting-the-brain |access-date=August 5, 2015}}

===Critical studies and reviews===
*{{cite news |last=Medley |first=Mark |title=Why won't American publishers touch John Colapinto's new novel? |work=The Globe and Mail |date=May 1, 2015 |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/why-wont-american-publishers-touch-john-colapintos-new-novel/article24216965/ |access-date=August 5, 2015}} Review of ''Undone''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/bios/john_colapinto/search?contributorName=john%20colapinto Portrait photo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719034721/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/bios/john_colapinto/search?contributorName=john%20colapinto |date=July 19, 2014 }} in ''[[The New Yorker]]'''s contributor's profile
* [https://www.newyorker.com/contributors/john-colapinto/all Colapinto staff articles] in ''The New Yorker''

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Colapinto, John}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian novelists]]
[[Category:Canadian male novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Journalists from Toronto]]
[[Category:The New Yorker people]]
[[Category:The New Yorker staff writers]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Toronto]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian male writers]]
[[Category:Canadian male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Upper Canada College alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian male journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Canadian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Novelists from Toronto]]

Ramkripa Ananthan

2026-01-01T08:36:53Z

Samrick21:

{{Short description|Indian car designer}}
'''Ramkripa Ananthan''' (born 1971) is an Indian car designer, and is head of design at [[Ola Electric]].
'''Ram Kripa Ananthan''' was born to Ms. Ananthan, a respected educationist known for her dedicated service in the field of school education. She worked for many years at Jeevana School, one of the leading educational institutions in Madurai, where she played a significant role in shaping academic policies and nurturing young minds.

==Career==
Ananthan studied Mechanical Engineering at [[BITS Pilani]] and is a graduate from [[IDC School of Design]] and [[IIT Bombay]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Taking forward the design story with Ramkripa Ananthan |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/feature/taking-forward-the-design-story-with%C2%A0ramkripa-ananthan-55803 |website=Autocar Professional |access-date=8 March 2021 |date=7 March 2020}}</ref> She joined Mahindra & Mahindra as an interior designer in 1997, working on the interiors of the Bolero, Scorpio and the Xylo cars.<ref name="ET 2011">{{cite web |title=Ramkripa Ananthan: Ruggedness of M&M's SUV XUV500 has feminine dash |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ramkripa-ananthan-ruggedness-of-mms-suv-xuv500-has-feminine-dash/articleshow/10190873.cms?from=mdr |website=Economic Times |access-date=8 March 2021 |date=2 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2022 she left Mahindra & Mahindra to set up her own company Krux Studio and worked for [[Ola Electric]] as head of design.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Ramkripa Ananthan, The Woman Designer Behind Men’s Favourite Mahindra Thar, XUV 700, Scorpio & More |url=https://www.india.com/business/who-is-ramkripa-ananthan-success-story-mahindra-and-mahindra-woman-designer-behind-mahindra-thar-xuv-700-scorpio-6127583/ |website=India.com |access-date=5 March 2024 |date=23 June 2023}}</ref>

==Notable designs==
Ananthan has led the teams on the designs for a number of Mahindra vehicles including:
* [[Mahindra TUV300]]
* [[Mahindra XUV500]]<ref name="ET 2011">{{cite web |title=Ramkripa Ananthan: Ruggedness of M&M's SUV XUV500 has feminine dash |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ramkripa-ananthan-ruggedness-of-mms-suv-xuv500-has-feminine-dash/articleshow/10190873.cms?from=mdr |website=Economic Times |access-date=8 March 2021 |date=2 October 2011}}</ref>
* [[Mahindra XUV300]]
* [[Mahindra Marazzo]]
* [[Mahindra KUV100]]
* [[Mahindra XUV700]]
* [[Mahindra Thar]]
* Mahindra Thar Roxx

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Design-bio-stub}}

[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]

Chopra (surname)

2025-12-28T06:31:40Z

Samrick21: Created initial info initial version

{{short description|None}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{infobox caste
| caste_name = Chopra
| caste_name_in_local =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| abbreviation =
| varna =
| jati = [[Khatri]]
| gotra =
| religions =[[File:Om.svg|18px]] [[Hinduism]], [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]] [[Sikhism]]
| languages = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]]
| ethnicity =
| India_migration =
| population =
| family_names =
| feudal_title =
| heraldic_title = [[Singh]], [[Sardar]], [[Rao (title)|Rao]]
| lineage =
| subdivisions =
| related =
}}

'''Chopra''' ({{ipa|hi|tʃoːpɽaː|ipa}}) is a surname of the [[Khatri]] community mainly based in [[Haryana]] and [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koul |first=Ram Krishan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U1lmAAAAMAAJ&q=Chopra++Khatri+surname |title=Sociology of Names and Nicknames of India: With Special Reference to Kashmir |date=1982 |publisher=Utpal Publications |pages=62 |language=en |quote='''Khatri Khatri surnames''' like Bhatia, Bhandari, Chopra, Chowdhri, Dhawan, Kakar, Kapoor, Khanna, Kochhar, Mahendru, Sami, Sahni, Sethi, Tandan, Uppal, Vohra etc.}}</ref> Chopra Khatris belonged to the Bahri family-group, which also includes the subclans [[Dhawan]], [[Kakkar]], [[Kapoor]], [[Khanna (name)|Khanna]], [[Mehra]], [[Malhotra]], [[Sehgal]], [[Seth (surname)|Seth]], [[Tandon]], [[Talwar (surname)|Talwar]], and [[Vohra]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hanks |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Hanks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vG7MZ9J6dAgC&pg=PR97 |title=Dictionary of American Family Names: 3-Volume Set |date=2003-05-08 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-508137-4 |language=en}}</ref>

The surname is also found among the [[Ramgarhia]] Sikhs and the [[Ror]]s.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2023 |title=Olympic Gold Medallist Neeraj Chopra's Success ''Outlook India'' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-olympic-gold-medallist-neeraj-chopras-success-lies-in-his-genes-scientists/394608 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701015156/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-olympic-gold-medallist-neeraj-chopras-success-lies-in-his-genes-scientists/394608 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=2 July 2023}}</ref>

==Origin==
The Chopras claims to originate from one man called "Chaupat Rai" who was killed in a battle with [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Sultan Mahmud]] of [[Ghazni]]. His descendants who were born before his death took the name of their forefather and hence came to be known as Chopra.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Dogra|first1=R. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=upLXAAAAMAAJ&q=chopra+khatri|title=Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and Culture|last2=Mansukhani|first2=Gobind Singh|date=1995|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|isbn=978-0-7069-8368-5|language=en}}</ref> Most Chopras are Hindu, with a minority also being Sikh.

==History==
[[Todar Mal]] was Chopra. [[Diwan Mulraj Chopra|Diwan Mulraj]] and [[Diwan Sawan Mal Chopra|Diwan Sawan Mal]] were from Chopra Khatri families and served as [[army general]]s under [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] of the [[Sikh Empire]]. Sawan Mal Chopra was renowned for capturing [[Multan]] from the rule of [[Afghans]], while Mulraj was known to have rebelled against the [[British Empire|British]] which led to the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War|2nd Anglo-Sikh war]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |author-link=Hari Ram Gupta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1huAAAAMAAJ&q=chopra+khatri |title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Lion of Lahore, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799-1839 |date=1978 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0515-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bansal2015">Bobby Singh Bansal, Remnants of the Sikh Empire: Historical Sikh Monuments in India & Pakistan, Hay House, Inc, 1 Dec 2015</ref> The ancestors of the Chopras were expert [[Gambling|gamblers]], so much so that they were called the incarnation of [[Nala|Maharaja Nala]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Gc6AQAAIAAJ&q=chopra+khatri|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|date=April 1971|publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Sawan Mal.jpg|thumb|Diwan Sawan Mal Chopra, governor of Lahore and Multan]]
They were concentrated in the [[Majha]] region of [[Punjab]] in the modern-day countries of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] which includes [[Gujranwala]], [[Amritsar]], [[Lahore]] etc.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipski|first=Alexander|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTxtAAAAMAAJ&q=chopra+khatri|title=South Asia Series Occasional Paper|date=1969|publisher=Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gauba|first=Anand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXoiAAAAMAAJ&q=chopra+khatri|title=Amritsar, a Study in Urban History, 1840-1947|date=1988|publisher=ABS Publications|isbn=978-81-7072-015-7|language=en}}</ref> [[Satyapal|Dr. Satyapal]], a prominent freedom fighter from Gujranwala who was arrested by the British along with [[Saifuddin Kitchlew]] was a Chopra Khatri.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Fauja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKEBAAAAMAAJ&q=chopra+khatri |title=Eminent Freedom Fighters of Punjab |date=1972 |publisher=Punjabi University, Department of Punjab Historical Studies |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Goyal|first=Shailja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HCduAAAAMAAJ&q=chopra+khatri|title=Dr. Satyapal, the Hero of Freedom Movement in the Punjab|date=2004|publisher=PBG Publications|language=en}}</ref> Kavi Tahikan was a soldier by profession who also served as one of the 52 poets/writers of [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. He belonged to a Chopra family from [[Jalalpur Jattan|Jalalpur]] town of [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]] district.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Commission|first=Indian Historical Records|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfcdAQAAIAAJ&q=chopra+khatri|title=Proceedings of the ... Session|date=1960|publisher=The Commission|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |author-link=Harbans Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XhXYAAAAMAAJ&q=chopra+khatri |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: S-Z |date=1992 |publisher=Punjabi University |isbn=978-81-7380-530-1 |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
People listed may or may not be affiliated to the clans or the religions, include:

=== Athletes ===

* [[Aakash Chopra]] (born 1977), Indian cricketer who played for the Indian cricket team from late 2003 until late 2004
* [[Agni Chopra]] (born 1998), Indian cricketer
* [[Ajmer Singh Chopra]] (born 1953), Indian Olympic basketball player
* [[Anjum Chopra]] (born 1977), former captain of India national women's cricket team
* [[Aryan Chopra]] (born 2001), Indian chess prodigy who became a grandmaster in 2016, at the age of 14
* [[Daniel Chopra]] (born 1973), Swedish professional golfer with highest International ranking of 60
* [[Keshav Chopra]] (born 2001), American tennis player who won the IMG Academy 2019 Student Male Athlete of the Year Award
* [[Michael Chopra]] (born 1983), English footballer who played for Sunderland FC, Cardiff City & Ipswich Town
*[[Nikhil Chopra]] (born 1973), Indian cricketer and cricket analyst
*[[Neeraj Chopra]] (born 1997), Indian Olympic javelin thrower
*[[Pranav Chopra]] (born 1992), Indian badminton player with highest international ranking in Mixed Doubles being 13
*[[Prashant Chopra]] (born 1992), Indian cricketer
*[[Rahul Chopra]] (born 1994), Emirati cricketer
*[[Rajneesh Chopra]] (born 1974), Indian cricketer
*[[Rishi Chopra]] (born 1995), Irish cricketer
*[[Somnath Chopra]] (1915–1988), Indian hammer throw athlete
*[[Varun Chopra]] (born 1987), English cricketer, captained the English U-19 cricket team
*[[Varun Chopra (Irish cricketer)|Varun Chopra]] (born 2000), Irish cricketer
*[[Vijay Chopra]] (born 1948), Indian cricketer

=== Authors ===

* [[Ashok Chopra]] (born 1949), Indian author
* [[Chandmal Chopra]], Indian author
* [[Deepak Chopra]] (born 1946), Indian medical doctor, public speaker, and writer on subjects such as spirituality and Ayurveda
* [[Gotham Chopra]] (born 1975), American author and entertainment/media entrepreneur
* [[Mohan Chopra]] (1921–1969), Indian Hindi intellectual and author
* [[Mallika Chopra]] (born 1972), Indian American author and businesswoman
* [[Pushpinder Singh Chopra]] (1943–2021), Indian military historian and the author of several books, chiefly on military aviation
* [[Saloni Chopra]], Indian-Australian actress, model and author
* [[Shaili Chopra]] (born 1981), Indian business journalist, author and entrepreneur, founder of SheThePeople
* [[Zuni Chopra]], Indian author best known for her novel The House That Spoke

=== Directors ===

* [[Aditya Chopra]] (born 1971), Indian film producer, screenwriter and director
* [[Baldev Raj Chopra]] (1914–2008), Indian director and producer of Bollywood movies and television serials
* [[Jagmohan Chopra]] (1935–2013), Indian printmaker, painter and photographer who promoted printmaking in India
* [[Jaideep Chopra]] (born 1971), Indian film director, producer and writer
* [[Joyce Chopra]] (born 1936), American director and writer of feature films and television
* [[Pamela Chopra]] (1948–2023), Indian film producer, playback singer and writer
* [[Ramanand Sagar]] (1917–2005), birth name Chandramauli Chopra, Indian filmmaker
* [[Ravi Chopra]] (born 1946), Indian movie producer and director
* [[Tanuj Chopra]], American filmmaker
* [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] (born 1952), Indian director and producer
* [[Vikram Chopra]], Indian film director, screenwriter, and actor
*[[Yash Chopra]] (1932–2012), Indian filmmaker, film director, screenwriter, and Bollywood producer

=== Executives ===

* [[Amarjit Chopra]], Indian chartered accountant who served as the president of Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI)
* [[Aneesh Chopra]] (born 1972), the first Federal Chief Technology Officer of the United States (CTO)
*[[Rohit Chopra]] (born 1982), American consumer advocate who is the 3rd director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
*[[Sanjeev Chopra]] (born 1961), ex-Indian Civil Servant, former director at [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration|LBSNAA]]

===Actors===
* [[Akshat Chopra]], Indian child film actor, model, dancer, anchor
* [[Deeya Chopra]] (born 1985), Indian television actor
* [[Gaurav Chopra]] (born 1979), Indian television and theatre actor
* [[Harshad Chopda]] (born 1983), Indian television actor
* [[Mannara Chopra]] (born 1991), Indian film actress who predominantly works in Telugu, Tamil, Hindi and Kannada films
* [[Meera Chopra]] (born 1983), Indian film actress who appears in Telugu and Tamil films
* [[Parineeti Chopra]] (born 1988), Indian actress
* [[Pawan Chopra]], Indian actor
* [[Pransh Chopra]] (born 1984), Indian film actor who appears in Bollywood films
*[[Prem Chopra]] (born 1935), actor in Hindi and Punjabi films
*[[Priyanka Chopra]] (born 1982), Indian actress and former Miss World
*[[Roshni Chopra]] (born 1980), Indian actress, television presenter and the winner of NDTV Imagine's reality show, ''Dil Jeetegi Desi Girl''
*[[Tisca Chopra]] (born 1973), Indian film actress, most known for her role in ''Taare Zameen Par'' (2007)
*[[Uday Chopra]] (born 1973), Bollywood actor, producer, and assistant director
*[[Ujjwal Chopra]], Indian actor

=== Journalists ===

* [[Anupama Chopra]] (born 1967), Indian author, journalist and film critic
* [[Ashwini Kumar Chopra]] (1956–2020), Indian journalist and resident editor of the Punjab Kesari
* [[Lala Jagat Narain]] (1899–1981), Indian journalist
* [[Shaili Chopra]] (born 1981), Indian journalist, lead female anchor at ET Now, the ''Economic Times''{{'}} business news channel
* [[Pran Chopra]] (1921–2013), Indian journalist, political analyst and newspaper editor
* [[Vijay Kumar Chopra]] (born 1932), Indian journalist, editor-in-chief of Punjab Kesari and the second son of Lala Jagat Narain

=== Models ===

* [[Gurleen Chopra|Gurleen Kaur Chopra]], Indian model and actress
* [[Pooja Chopra]] (born 1986), Indian actress and model who won the title of Femina Miss India World 2009
* [[Sherlyn Chopra]] (born 1984), Indian model, singer, actress and model

=== Military officers ===

* [[Anil Chopra (air marshal)]], Air Marshal in Indian Air Force
* [[Anil Chopra (admiral)]], Vice Admiral in Indian Navy
* [[Mohindar Singh Chopra]] (1907–1990), Indian army officer and ambassador

=== Politicians ===

* [[Subhash Chopra]] (born 1947), Indian politician from Delhi
* [[Suneet Chopra]] (1941–2023), Indian politician and trade unionist

=== Scientists and academics ===

* [[Anil K. Chopra]] (born 1941), Indian-American civil engineer and professor
* [[Bashambhar Nath Chopra]] (1898–1966), Indian zoologist
* [[G. P. Chopra]] (1920–2011), Indian educationist, credited with the establishment of several educational institutions in India
* [[Jagjit Singh Chopra]] (1935–2019), Indian neurologist, medical writer and an Emeritus Professor at PGIMER
* [[Kasturi Lal Chopra]] (1933–2021), Indian materials physicist and a former director of the IIT Kharagpur
* [[Ram Nath Chopra]] (1882–1973), Indian Medical Service officer, considered the "Father of Indian Pharmacology" for his work on pharmaceuticals
* [[Renu Khanna Chopra]] (born 1949), Indian scientist
* [[Sanjiv Chopra]] (born 1949), American medical academic, Professor of Medicine and Faculty Dean for Continuing Medical Education at Harvard Medical School
*[[Shiv Chopra]] (1933–2018), Canadian microbiologist and human rights activist
*[[Virender Lal Chopra]] (1936–2020), Indian biotechnologist and director-general of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research with contributions in improving the wheat production of India
*[[Vineet Chopra]], Indian–American medical doctor, chair of the Department of Medicine at the University of Colorado School of Medicine

=== Others ===

* [[Aisha Ali Chopra]] (born 1989), Indian singer, songwriter and contemporary dancer

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{surname}}

[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Khatri clans]]
[[Category:Khatri surnames]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]

[[sv:Jater#C]]

1967 Indian general election in Madras State

2025-12-23T18:58:57Z

Samrick21: added stub

{{Short description|none}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{For|State Assembly election|1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Indian general election in Madras, 1967
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = Indian general election in Madras, 1962
| previous_year = 1962
| next_election = Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1971
| next_year = 1971
| election_date = February 1967
| seats_for_election = 39 (of 520) seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| registered=20,796,700
| turnout=15,922,449 (76.56%) {{increase}} 7.79%

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=CN_Annadurai.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=02}}
| leader1 = [[C.N. Annadurai]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madras South]]
| party1 = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| seats1 = '''36'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 29
| popular_vote1 = '''8,176,656'''
| percentage1 = '''52.96%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 22.48%

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=M Bhaktavatsalam 2008 stamp of India.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=02}}
| leader2 = [[M. Bhaktavatsalam]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leaders_seat2 = ''Did not contest''
| seats2 = 3
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 28
| popular_vote2 = 6,436,710
| percentage2 = 41.69%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 3.57%

| map_image = Tamil Nadu in India.png
| map_size = 200px
| map_caption = [[Tamil Nadu]]

| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
}}
The [[1967 Indian general election]] polls in [[Tamil Nadu]] were held for 39 seats in the state. The result was a huge victory for [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], led by [[C.N. Annadurai]] and its ally [[Swatantra Party]], led by [[C. Rajagopalachari]]. Madras was the first and one of few states, where a non-Congress Party won more seats than Congress in a state. A huge wave of anti-incumbency against the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] was present in Madras, 1967, which led to the defeat of the popular leader [[K. Kamaraj]] and his party in both the state and national elections, won by DMK and its allies. After this election, the DMK supported the Congress party under [[Indira Gandhi]].

==Seat Allotment==
===United Front===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:40px;"| No. 
! scope="col" style="width:300px;"colspan="2"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|1. || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || style="text-align:center;"|
[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|50x50px]]
|| [[C. N. Annadurai]] || style="text-align:center;"|25
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|2. || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Swatantra Party symbol.png|50x50px]] || [[C. Rajagopalachari]] || style="text-align:center;"|7
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|3.
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50x50px]]|| [[M. R. Venkataraman]]
| style="text-align:center;"|6
|-style="height: 55px;"
| colspan = "5" align = "center" |Unrecognized parties, whose candidates ran as an independent supported by DMK
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|4. || {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:No flag.svg|50x50px]] || [[Muhammed Ismail]] || style="text-align:center;"|1
|}

===Congress===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:40px;"| No. 
! scope="col" style="width:300px;"colspan="2"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|1. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Congress Party old symbol.png|75x75px]] || [[K. Kamaraj]] || style="text-align:center;"|39
|}

==Voting and results==

{|class='wikitable'
!colspan="2" align=centre|Alliance
!colspan="2" align=centre|Party
!align=centre|Popular Vote
!align=centre|Percentage
!align=centre|Swing
!align=centre|Seats won
!align=centre|Seat Change
|-
|rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{Party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
!rowspan="5"|[[DMK-led Alliance|United Front]]
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|align=right|5,524,514
|align=right|35.78%
|align=right|{{increase}}17.14%
|align=right|25
|align=right|{{increase}}18
|-
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Swatantra Party}}"|
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|align=right|1,414,208
|align=right|9.16%
|align=right|{{decrease}}1.31%
|align=right|6
|align=right|{{increase}}6
|-
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|align=right|1,057,542
|align=right|6.85%
|align=right|''new party''
|align=right|4
|align=right|''new party''
|-
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"|
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|Independent]]
|align=right|180,392
|1.17%
|align=right|{{decrease}}0.20%
|align=right|1
|align=right|{{increase}}1
|-
|style="background:#FF9494"|
|style="background:#FF9494" align=left|'''Total'''
|style="background:#FF9494" align=right|'''8,176,656'''
|style="background:#FF9494" align=right|'''52.96%'''
|style="background:#FF9494" align=right|{{increase}}'''22.48%'''
|style="background:#FF9494" align=right|'''36'''
|style="background:#FF9494" align=right|{{increase}}'''29'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}|
!colspan="3" align=left|[[Indian National Congress]]
|align=right|6,436,710
|align=right|41.69%
|align=right|{{decrease}}3.57%
|align=right|3
|align=right|{{decrease}}28
|-
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
!colspan="3" align=left|[[Communist Party of India]]
|align=right|299,841
|align=right|1.69%
|align=right|{{decrease}}8.55%
|align=right|0
|align=right|{{decrease}}2
|-
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}"|
!colspan="3" align=left|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|align=right|33,626
|align=right|0.22%
|align=right|{{increase}}0.18%
|align=right|0
|align=right|{{nochange}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Republican Party of India}}"|
!colspan="3" align=left|[[Republican Party of India]]
|align=right|31,451
|align=right|0.20%
|align=right|{{decrease}}1.54%
|align=right|0
|align=right|{{nochange}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Praja Socialist Party}}"|
!colspan="3" align=left|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|align=right|12,162
|align=right|0.08%
|align=right|{{decrease}}1.60%
|align=right|0
|align=right|{{nochange}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Independent politician}}"|
!colspan="3" align=left|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|align=right|448,648
|align=right|3.16%
|align=right|{{decrease}}4.35%
|align=right|0
|align=right|{{nochange}}
|-
|colspan="4" align=left|'''Total'''
|align=right|'''15,439,094'''
|align=right|'''100.00%'''
|align=right|{{nochange}}
|align=right|'''39'''
|align=right|{{decrease}}'''2'''
|-
|colspan="4" align=left|Valid Votes
|align=right|15,439,094
|colspan="4" align=right|96.96%
|-
|colspan="4" align=left|Invalid Votes
|align=right|483,355
|colspan="4" align=right|3.04%
|-
|colspan="4" align=left|'''Total Votes'''
|align=right|'''15,922,449'''
|colspan="4" align=right|'''100.00%'''
|-
|colspan="4" align=left|Registered Voters/Turnout
|align=right|20,796,700
|align=right|76.56%
|colspan="3" align="right"|{{increase}}7.79%
|}

== List of Elected MPs ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Madras North]]
|K. Manoharan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|227,783
|56.32
|S. C. C. A. Pillai
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|166,449
|41.15
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|61,334
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15.17
|-

!2
|[[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Madras South]]
|C. N. Annadurai
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|248,099
|59.38
|K. Gurumurti
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|166,121
|39.76
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|81,978
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.62
|-

!3
|[[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency|Sriperumbudur]] (SC)
|P. Sivasankaran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|271,528
|60.61
|K. Sambandan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|169,763
|37.89
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|101,765
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.72
|-

!4
|[[Chengalpattu Lok Sabha constituency|Chingleput]]
|C. C. Babu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|255,845
|61.32
|D. V. Alagesan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|150,114
|35.98
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|105,731
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.34
|-

!5
|Tiruttani
|S. K. Sambandhan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|225,229
|55.61
|A. Krishnaswamy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|149,680
|36.96
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|75,549
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.65
|-

!6
|[[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency|Vellore]] (SC)
|Kuchelar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|203,887
|55.83
|A. Jayaraman
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|134,155
|36.74
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|69,732
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.09
|-

!7
|[[Tirupattur Lok Sabha constituency|Tirupattur]]
|R. M. Gounder
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|188,309
|54.21
|T. A. Wahid
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|159,078
|45.79
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,231
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|8.42
|-

!8
|Wandiwash
|G. Viswanathan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|213,537
|55.26
|M. K. Gounder
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|132,878
|34.39
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|80,659
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.87
|-

!9
|[[Tindivanam Lok Sabha constituency|Tindivanam]]
|T. D. R. Naidu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|201,009
|49.54
|Lakshminarayanan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|168,939
|41.64
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32,070
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7.90
|-

!10
|[[Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency|Cuddalore]]
|V. K. Gounder
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|225,571
|55.95
|S. Radhakrishnan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|177,598
|44.05
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|47,973
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|11.90
|-

!11
|[[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency|Chidambaram]] (SC)
|V. Mayavan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|205,193
|52.22
|L. Elayaperumal
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|187,764
|47.78
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17,429
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|4.44
|-

!12
|[[Kallakurichi Lok Sabha constituency|Kallakurichi]]
|M. Deiveekan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|193,043
|52.81
|K. Parthasarathy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|166,520
|45.55
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26,523
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7.26
|-

!13
|[[Krishnagiri Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnagiri]]
|M. Kamalanathan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|165,079
|50.78
|T. S. Pattabiraman
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|146,785
|45.15
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18,294
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|5.63
|-

!14
|[[Salem Lok Sabha constituency|Salem]]
|K. Rajaram
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|219,380
|57.07
|R. Ramakrishnan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|155,871
|40.55
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|63,509
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16.52
|-

!15
|Mettur
|S. Kandappan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|184,004
|53.14
|G. Venkatraman
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|127,159
|36.72
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|56,845
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16.42
|-

!16
|[[Tiruchengode Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchengode]]
|K. Anbazhagan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|232,365
|55.29
|T. M. Kaliannan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|184,114
|43.81
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|48,251
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|11.48
|-

!17
|[[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris]]
|M. K. N. Gowder
|{{Party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Swatantra Party|SWA]]
|167,712
|48.06
|A. Devi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|148,010
|42.41
|style="background:{{party color|Swatantra Party}} ; color:white;"|19,702
|style="background:{{party color|Swatantra Party}} ; color:white;"|5.65
|-

!18
|[[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]]
|K. Ramani
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|240,856
|57.93
|N. Mahalingam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|174,935
|42.07
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|65,921
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|15.86
|-

!19
|[[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi]]
|Narayanan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|237,035
|58.56
|S. K. Paramasivam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|155,281
|38.36
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|81,754
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.20
|-

!20
|[[Dharapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Dharapuram]] (SC)
|C. T. Dhandapani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|259,768
|62.39
|S. R. Arumugham
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|148,902
|35.77
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|110,866
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26.62
|-

!21
|[[Gobichettipalayam Lok Sabha constituency|Gobichettipalayam]]
|P. A. Saminathan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|203,798
|54.51
|C. Subramaniam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|154,853
|41.42
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|48,945
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13.09
|-

!22
|[[Periyakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Periyakulam]]
|H. Ajmalkhan
|{{Party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Swatantra Party|SWA]]
|183,593
|45.34
|M. Ibrahim
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|155,972
|38.52
|style="background:{{party color|Swatantra Party}} ; color:white;"|27,621
|style="background:{{party color|Swatantra Party}} ; color:white;"|6.82
|-

!23
|[[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency|Dindigul]]
|N. Anbuchezhian
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|260,065
|62.40
|T. S. S. Ramachndran
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|156,719
|37.60
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|103,346
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24.80
|-

!24
|[[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency|Madurai]]
|P. Ramamurti
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|261,390
|60.18
|S. C. Thevar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|155,922
|35.90
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|105,468
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|24.28
|-

!25
|[[Karur Lok Sabha constituency|Karur]]
|M. Gounder
|{{Party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Swatantra Party|SWA]]
|209,380
|53.00
|R. Chettiar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|185,662
|47.00
|style="background:{{party color|Swatantra Party}} ; color:white;"|23,718
|style="background:{{party color|Swatantra Party}} ; color:white;"|6.00
|-

!26
|[[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchirapalli]]
|K. A. Nambiar
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|202,879
|50.32
|V. A. Muthiah
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|200,334
|49.68
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|2,545
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|0.64
|-

!27
|[[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]] (SC)
|A. Durairasu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|229,941
|53.97
|P. K. Ramaswamy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|196,113
|46.03
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33,828
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7.94
|-

!28
|[[Pudukkottai Lok Sabha constituency|Pudukkottai]]
|R. Umanath
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|199,469
|48.25
|A. N. Chettiar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|190,087
|45.98
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|9,382
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|2.27
|-

!29
|[[Kumbakonam Lok Sabha constituency|Kumbakonam]]
|S. Era
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|213,866
|50.19
|C. R. P. Raman
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|193,827
|45.49
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20,039
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|4.70
|-

!30
|[[Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency|Mayuram]] (SC)
|K. Subravelu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|209,660
|57.09
|M. Chandrasekhar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|157,616
|42.91
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|52,044
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|14.18
|-

!31
|[[Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency|Nagapattinam]]
|V. Sambasivam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|164,167
|41.78
|V. P. Chintan
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|152,948
|38.93
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11,219
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|2.85
|-

!32
|[[Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency|Thanjavur]]
|D. S. Gopalar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|225,414
|52.64
|R. Venkataraman
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|202,840
|47.36
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22,574
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|5.28
|-

!33
|[[Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency|Sivaganga]]
|Kiruttinan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|225,106
|53.17
|Subramanian
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|166,889
|39.42
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|58,217
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13.75
|-

!34
|[[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
|M. Sheriff
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|180,392
|47.23
|S. Balakrishnan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|148,367
|38.84
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;"|32,025
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;"|8.39
|-

!35
|[[Sivakasi Lok Sabha constituency|Sivakasi]]
|P. Ramamoorthy
|{{Party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Swatantra Party|SWA]]
|194,364
|47.08
|P. A. Nadar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|162,692
|39.41
|style="background:{{party color|Swatantra Party}} ; color:white;"|31,672
|style="background:{{party color|Swatantra Party}} ; color:white;"|7.67
|-

!36
|[[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency|Tirunelveli]]
|S. Xavier
|{{Party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Swatantra Party|SWA]]
|186,864
|48.12
|A. P. C. Veerabahu
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|144,873
|37.31
|style="background:{{party color|Swatantra Party}} ; color:white;"|41,991
|style="background:{{party color|Swatantra Party}} ; color:white;"|10.81
|-

!37
|[[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency|Tenkasi]] (SC)
|R. S. Arumugam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|166,737
|41.52
|Velu
|{{Party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party|SWA]]
|160,991
|40.09
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5,746
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1.43
|-

!38
|[[Tiruchendur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchendur]]
|Santosham
|{{Party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Swatantra Party|SWA]]
|183,053
|46.90
|K. T. Kosalram
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|182,659
|46.79
|style="background:{{party color|Swatantra Party}} ; color:white;"|394
|style="background:{{party color|Swatantra Party}} ; color:white;"|0.11
|-

!39
|[[Nagercoil Lok Sabha constituency|Nagercoil]]
|A. Nesamony
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|180,265
|53.38
|M. Mathias
|{{Party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party|SWA]]
|128,251
|37.98
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|52,014
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|15.40
|-

|}

== See also ==
*[[Elections in Tamil Nadu]]

== Bibliography ==
[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf Volume I, 1967 Indian general election, 4th Lok Sabha]

==External links==
* [http://eci.nic.in/ Website of Election Commission of India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090303040541/http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/stats.php CNN-IBN Lok Sabha Election History]

{{Tamil Nadu general elections|state=expanded}}

[[Category:1967 Indian general election by state or union territory|Madras]]
[[Category:1967 Indian general election|M]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Tamil Nadu]]

2nd Pondicherry Representative Assembly

2025-12-15T18:44:03Z

Samrick21: Creating Some Pg W/ Sources...

{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 2nd Representative Assembly of Pondicherry
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Assembly Building, rue Victor Simonel, [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]], [[India]]
| body = [[Pondicherry Representative Assembly]]
| election = [[1959 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election]]
| before = ''[[1st Pondicherry Representative Assembly]]''
| after = ''[[First Assembly of Pondicherry|1st Assembly of Pondicherry]]''
| government = [[Indian National Congress]]
| opposition = People's Front
| term_start = {{Start date|1959|09|09|df=y}}
| term_end = {{End date|1963|06|30|df=y}}
| membership1 = 39
}}
The '''Second Representative Assembly of Pondicherry''' ''Deuxième Assemblée Représentative de Pondichéry'' (9 September 1959 - 30 June 1963)<ref name="ref2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ|title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature|author= G. C. Malhotra|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|year=2004|isbn=9788120004009}}</ref> succeeded the [[First Representative Assembly of Pondicherry]] and was constituted after the victory of [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) and its ally in the [[1959 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election|1959 assembly election]] held between 11 and 14 August 1959.<ref name="ElectionResultsNews1956">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100486|title=India, A Reference Annual 1956|page=494|publisher= Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|department=Publications Division|year=1956}}</ref>

==Background==
The ''First Representative Assembly of Pondicherry'' which was constituted in 1955 after [[1955 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election]]. However, that government was not stable as the ruling party was ridden with personal strifes and factions. The [[Government of India]] had to intervene finally by dissolving the Assembly following the instability caused by the change of party affiliation of members. Then, the [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|Chief Commissioner]] took over the administration in October 1958. Later, after nine months, second general elections were held to the Pondicherry Representative Assembly in [[1955 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election|1959]].<ref>{{cite news |last= K. K. |first=Rajagopalan |date= September 12, 1959|title= Pondicherry Assembly Elections An Analysis |url=https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1959_11/37/pondicherry_assembly_electionsan_analysis.pdf |publisher= The Economic Weekly|access-date=10 June 2020 }}</ref>

==Important members==
* '''[[Speaker (politics)|President]]:'''{{refn|group=note|Equivalent to Speaker in contemporary Indian assemblies}}
**A.S. Gangeyan from September 1959 to 30 June 1963<ref name="reference1960">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7We3DQAAQBAJ|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1960: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations|author=S. Steinberg|publisher=MACMILLAN&Co.LTD, London|year=1960|isbn=9780230270893}}</ref>{{rp|197}}
* '''Leader of the House:'''
** [[V. Venkatasubba Reddiar]] from 9 September 1959<ref name="ref2004"/>{{rp|978}} to 30 June 1963
* '''[[Leader of opposition]]:'''
** [[V. Subbiah]] from September 1959 to 30 June 1963

==Members of the 2nd Pondicherry Representative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable Sortable" border="2"
|- valign="top"
!||Party Name
! Members
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|  || style="text-align:left;"|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| align="right"|21
|-
| style="background-color:#FF0000"|  || style="text-align:left;"|People's Front (P.F.)
| align="right"|13
|-
| style="background-color:#FFF000"|  || style="text-align:left;"|[[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]
| align="right"| 1
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}"|  || style="text-align:left;"|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
| align="right"| 4
|}
'''Keys:'''
{{legend2|#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] (21) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF0000|People's Front (P.F.) (13) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFF000|Praja Socialist Party (P.S.P.) (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#D3D3D3|[[Independent politician|Independent]] (4) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Members of the 2nd Pondicherry Representative Assembly
|-
!S. No!!Name !!Constituency!!Region!!Party
|-
|1
| [[Kamichetty Savithri]]
|Anakalapettai{{refn|group=note|i.e. Kanakalapeta constituency}}
|Yanam
|bgcolor=#D3D3D3|Ind.
|-
|2
|[[K.S.V. Prasadarao Naidu]]
|Andhrapettai{{refn|group=note|i.e. Adi Andhrapeta constituency}}
|Yanam
|bgcolor=#D3D3D3|Ind.
|-
|3
|P.C. Purushottam Rettiar
|Archivak–Tavalacoupom
|Pondicherry
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
|-
|4
|K.Ramanujam
|Ariankuppam
|Pondicherry
|bgcolor=#FF0000|P.F.
|-
|5
|K. Subrahmania Padayachi
|Bahour
|Pondicherry
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|Congress
|-
|6
|M.M.Hussein
|Bussy Street
|Pondicherry
|bgcolor=#FF0000|P.F.
|-
|7
| Annamalai Naicker
|Embaralam-Kalamandapam
|Pondicherry
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|Congress
|-
|8
|S. Somasundara Chettiar
|Kalapet
|Pondicherry
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|Congress
|-
|9
|Mohamed Ismail Maricar
|Karikal North
|Karikal
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|Congress
|-
|10
|K.E.M. Mohamed Ibrahim Maricar
|Karikal Central
|Karikal
|bgcolor=#D3D3D3|Ind.
|-
|11
|K.V. Prosper
|Karikal South
|Karikal
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|Congress
|-
|12
| K.S.Govindaraj
|Karaikovil Pathu
|Karikal
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|Congress
|-
|13
|Smt. Saraswathi Subbiah
|Kasikaddai
|Pondicherry
|bgcolor=#FF0000|P.F.
|-
|14
|P.C. Murugaswamy Clemenceau
|Kurichikuppam
|Pondicherry
|bgcolor=#FF0000|P.F.
|-
|15
|R.L. Purushottam Reddiar
|Kuruvinattam-Kariambuttur
|Pondicherry
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|Congress
|-
|16
| V.Ramaswamy Pillai
| Madhakovil
|Karikal
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|Congress
|-
|17
|C. E. Barathan
|Mahe Town
|Mahe
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|Congress
|-
|18
|[[Édouard Goubert]]
|Mannadipet
|Pondicherry
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|Congress `
|-
|19
|[[V.Subbaiah]]
|Murungapakkam-Nainar Mandapam
|Pondicherry
|bgcolor=#FF0000|P.F.
|-
|20
|P. Abraham
|Muthialpet
|Pondicherry
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|Congress
|-
|21
|P. Shanmugam
|Nedungadu
|Karikal
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|Congress
|-
|22
|N. Govindaraju
|Nellitope Town
|Pondicherry
|bgcolor=#FF0000|P.F.
|-
|23
|D. Rathinasabapathy Pillai
|Neravy
|Karikal
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|Congress
|-
|24
| Venkatasubba Reddiar
|Nettapakkam
|Pondicherry
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|Congress
|-
|25
|N. Guruswamy
|Oulgaret
|Pondicherry
|bgcolor=#FF0000|P.F.
|-
|26
|R. Vaithilingam
|Ooppalaom
|Pondicherry
|bgcolor=#FF0000|P.F.
|-
|27
|R. Pakir Mohammed
|Oossetteri
|Pondicherry
|bgcolor=#FF0000|P.F.
|-
|28
|C.T.Raman
|Palloor
|Mahe
|bgcolor=#FFF000|[[Praja Socialist Party|P.S.P.]]
|-
|29
| T.N.Purushottama
|Panthakkal
|Mahe
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|Congress
|-
|30
|A. S. Gangeyan
|Rajbhavan
|Pondicherry
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|Congress
|-
|31
| V.Narayanaswamy
|Reddiarpalayam Town
|Pondicherry
|bgcolor=#FF0000|P.F.
|-
|32
|P.Narayana Swamy
|Saram and Lawspet
|Pondicherry
|bgcolor=#FF0000|P.F.
|-
|33
| S. Natarajan
|Sellipet-Souttoukeny
|Pondicherry
|bgcolor=#FF0000|P.F.
|-
|34
| K. M. Guruswamy Pillai
|Thirumeni Alagar
|Karikal
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|Congress
|-
|35
| V. M. C. Varada Pillai
|Thirumalayapattinam North
|Karikal
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|Congress
|-
|36
|Nagamuthu Pillai
|Thirumalarayanpattinam South
|Karikal
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|Congress
|-
|37
| Subbarayulu Naicker
|Tirunalar-Badrakaliamman Kovil
|Karikal
|bgcolor=#00FFFF|Congress
|-
|38
|Soundarassamy
|Tirunalar-Darbaranyeswarar Koil
|Karikal
|bgcolor=#D3D3D3|Ind.
|-
|39
|M. Chidambaram
|Villenour
|Pondicherry
|bgcolor=#FF0000|P.F.
|}

==Council of ministers of Reddiar (1959-1963)==
Under supervision of then chief commissioner L.R.S Singh a ''Council of ministers'' was formed under leadership of [[V. Venkatasubba Reddiar]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100489|title=India A Reference Annual 1962|page=499|publisher= Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|department=Publications Division|year=1962}}</ref> on 9 September 1959.<ref name="ref2004"/>{{rp|966}} '''President of the assembly''' that is equivalent to speaker was A. S. Gangeyan.<ref name="reference1963">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NbMDQAAQBAJ|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1963: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations|author=S. Steinberg|publisher=MACMILLAN&Co.LTD, London|year=1963|isbn=9780230270923}}</ref>{{rp|475}}

As on 20 April 1962 the composition of ministry of Venkatasubba Reddiar was as follows:
{| class="wikitable" width="70%" style="font-size: x-big; font-family: verdana"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Minister
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Portfolio
|---
|[[V. Venkatasubba Reddiar]] {{small|Chief counsellor}}
|Public Works, Electrical, Fisheries and Port
|---
|[[Édouard Goubert]]
|Finance, Labour and Industries
|---
|C. E. Barathan
|Local Administration, Education and Transport
|---
|Gouroussamy Pillai {{small|Revenue minister}}
|Revenue, Veterinary and Information
|---
|[[P. Shanmugam]] {{small|Agriculture minister}}
|Agriculture, Rural Development and Harijan Welfare
|---
|Mohamed Ismail Maricar {{small|Health minister}}
|Health, Hygiene and Co-operation
|}

==Council of ministers of Goubert (1963-1964)==
The French settlements of India were de jure transferred on 16 August 1962. Pondicherry Representative Assembly functioned until June 30, 1963, and succeeded by Puducherry Legislative Assembly. The Indian Parliament enacted the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 that came into force on 1 July 1963, and the pattern of Government prevailing in the rest of the country was introduced in this territory also, but subject to certain limitations.<ref name="1963Act">{{cite web|url=https://rajnivas.py.gov.in/rti/governmentunionterritoriesact1963.pdf|title=The Government of Union Territories Act, 1963|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> [[Edouard Goubert]] became the chief minister in the subsequent [[Pondicherry Legislative Assembly]].

In the [[First Legislative Assembly of Pondicherry]], under supervision of then chief commissioner S.K. Datta a ''Council of ministers'' was formed under leadership of [[Édouard Goubert]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/5a9d01fddcda0a0001b04edf/5a9e23506851690001023a71_the-union-treritory-of-pondicherry-in-maps-and-charts.pdf|title=The Union Territory of Pondicherry, Maps & Charts|department= Ajaib Singh, Bureau of Statistics|publisher=Government of Pondicherry|year=1963}}</ref> on 1 July 1963.<ref name="ref2004"/> Speaker was A. S. Gangeyan.
{| class="wikitable" width="70%" style="font-size: x-big; font-family: verdana"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Minister
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Portfolio
|---
|[[Édouard Goubert]] {{small|[[List of chief ministers of Puducherry|Chief Minister]]}}
|Confidential and Cabinet Department, Home Department, Appointments Department, General Administration Department (except Information, Publicity and Government Press,) Education Department, Legislative and Judicial Department, Industries Department, Finance Department and any other business not allocated to any other Minister
|---
|[[V. Venkatasubba Reddiar]] {{small|Development minister}}
|Five Year Plans-Planning, Implementation and Evaluation, Public Works Department, Electricity, Fisheries, Port, Government Press and Statistics
|---
|Gouroussamy Pillai {{small|Revenue minister}}
|Revenue Department, Animal Husbandry, Information and Publicity Department
|---
|Mohamed Ismail Maricar {{small|Health minister}}
|Medical and Public Health Department, Co-operation and Town Planning
|---
|M.K.Zeevaratnam
|Local Administration Department, Labour Department, Social, Child and Women's Welfare
|---
|V.M.C. Varada Pillay {{small|Agriculture minister}}
|Agriculture, Community Development and Local Development Works
|}

== See also ==
*[[Government of Puducherry]]
*[[List of chief ministers of Puducherry]]
*[[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry]]
*[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Pondicherry Representative Assembly]]
*[[1959 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

{{Legislature of the Puducherry}}

[[Category:Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Puducherry]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Pondicherry]]
[[Category:1963 disestablishments in India]]

Bombay East Indians

2025-11-27T23:38:04Z

Samrick21: Created a pg initial version

{{Short description|Ethno-religious Indian Christian community of Mumbai (Bombay)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Bombay East Indians
| image = East-Indians(Mumbai).jpg
| image_caption = Bombay East Indian women donning their [[Sari|saari (dress)]]
| langs = [[East Indian language|East Indian dialects]]<ref>{{Citation
| last = James
| first = V
| institution = [[Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture]], [[Nanzan University]]
| location = [[Nanzan]], Japan
| url=http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/1064
| title = Marriage Customs of Christian Son Kolis
| journal = Asian Ethnology
| year = 1965
| series = 2
| pages = 131–148
| volume = 24
| access-date = 15 April 2017
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231210/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/1064
| archive-date = 2 December 2013
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
| rels = [[Christianity]] ([[Latin Church|Latin Catholicism]])
| region1 = [[India]]
| region2 = [[Mumbai metropolitan area]] (1960s)
| pop2 = About 92,000<ref name="bapp" />
| region3 =      →[[Maharashtra]]
| region4 = [[File:Persian Gulf Arab States english.PNG|25px]] [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]]
| region5 = [[File:Anglospeak(800px)Countries.png|25px]] [[Anglosphere]]
| related = [[Luso-Indian]]s, [[Anglo-Indian]]s, [[Christianity in Maharashtra#Kudali Catholics|Kudali Christians]], [[Goan Christian]]s, [[Mangalorean Christian]]s, [[Karwari Catholics|Karwari Christians]], [[Koli Christians]], [[Marathi Christians]] & [[Latin Catholics of Malabar]]
}}

The '''Bombay East Indians''', also called '''East Indian Catholics''' or simply '''East Indians''', are an ethno-religious [[Christianity in India|Indian Christian]] community native to the [[Seven Islands of Bombay]], the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Area]] and the northern [[Konkan region]];<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZkuDgAAQBAJ&dq=east+Indians+north+Konkan&pg=PP37 | title=Impact of Christianity on Indian and Australian Societies | isbn=978-1-5144-9461-5 | last1=Rathore | first1=Ashok | date=16 February 2017 | publisher=Xlibris Corporation }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=North Konkan's Native People's Vanishing Land's | url=https://www.sezariworld.com/component/content/article/1482-north-konkans-native-peoples-vanishing-lands.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406102519/https://www.sezariworld.com/component/content/article/1482-north-konkans-native-peoples-vanishing-lands.html | archive-date=6 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=The East Indian Dialect | url=https://www.sahapedia.org/the-east-indian-dialect#:~:text=East%20Indians%20are%20indigenous%20to,%2C%20Thane%2C%20Bassein%20and%20Chaoul. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=East Indian Memory Co | url=https://eastindianmemoryco.com/#:~:text=Indigenous%20to%20the%20North%20Konkan,work%2C%20visit%20the%20FAQs%20section. }}</ref> along the western [[coast of India]].<ref name="EI">{{Citation
| last = Kumar
| first = Raksha
| date = 2016-06-04
| title = The original East Indians
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| publication-date = 2013-08-02
| location = Bombay
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-original-east-indians/article4959668.ece
| access-date = 2017-08-19
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180413093645/http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-original-east-indians/article4959668.ece
| archive-date = 13 April 2018
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Who are the East Indians of India's western coast and what is their Portuguese link |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/who-are-the-east-indians-of-indias-western-coast-and-what-is-their-portuguese-link/cid/2042814 |access-date=22 August 2024 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref> The community gets its name from the Bombay East Indian Association (BEIA), established in 1887.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/bombays-east-indian-community | title=Bombay's East Indian community | date=23 December 2021 }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Church of Our Lady of Bethlehem 2.jpg|thumb|Church of Our Lady of Bethlehem]]
[[File:Velankanni Church, Uttan.jpg|thumb|Velankanni Church, Uttan]]
[[File:Cross near Velankanni Beach, Uttan.jpg|thumb|Cross near Velankanni Beach, Uttan]]
[[File:Gorai Beach grotto.jpg|thumb|A grotto on [[Gorai Beach]]]]

=== Pre-Portuguese era ===
A [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] missionary by the name [[Jordan de Catalunya]], who was either [[Catalonia|Catalan]] or [[Occitania|Occitan]], began evangelising the locals in [[Nala Sopara|Sopara]], [[Thana district|Thana]] & [[Kalyan-Dombivli]] towns of north [[Konkan]] in around 1323 AD. Sopara was an ancient port and an international trading center at the time.<ref>[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_christians.html#2 Thana District Gazetteer Part – I: Population:Christians-History] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110033730/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_christians.html#2 |date=10 November 2010 }}</ref>

=== Portuguese era ===
{{Main|History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)}}
After ushering in the [[Age of Discovery]], [[Portuguese Armadas]] under the command of [[Vasco Da Gama]], found their way to India in 1498 via the [[Cape Route]]. In the next few years they acquired many colonial possessions in what would become the [[Portuguese East Indies]]; their main aims were to capitalise on the [[spice trade]] and [[Christianisation of Goa|promotion of Christian missions to convert indigenous peoples]],<ref name="bapp" /> for which the [[Primate of the East Indies]] was founded. Although Brahmins and other high castes were ceremoniously converted by the [[Portuguese Church]], and were treated with favour and distinction,<ref name="bapp" />{{verify source|date=September 2021}} most of them continued to engage in agriculture, fishing & other rural occupations handed down by their ancestors. They were given neither secular nor religious education.<ref name="bapp" /> Among the converts were a number of descendants of the [[Ancient Indian Christian]] community reportedly founded by [[Bartholomew the Apostle]].<ref name="bapp" /> They coalesced into a community under Portuguese rule<ref name="bapp" /> known as ''[[Norteiro]]s'' and later as "Portuguese Christians"<ref name="bapp" /> or "Bombay Portuguese" in British Bombay.

The [[Franciscans]] spearheaded the [[evangelisation]] of the "Province of the North" ({{Lang|pt|Província do Norte}})<ref name="Machado1" /> headquartered at [[Fort San Sebastian of Bassein]], but the fort's officials were subordinate to the viceroy in the capital of [[Velha Goa]]. From 1534 to 1552, a priest by the name [[António do Porto]] converted over 10,000 people, built a dozen churches, convents, and a number of orphanages hospitals and seminaries. Prominent among the converts were two yogis from the [[Kanheri Caves]], who became known as Paulo Raposo and Francisco de Santa Maria. They introduced Christianity to their fellow yogis, converting many in the process.<ref name="Machado1" /> Another notable convert during this period was the Brahmin astrologer Parashuram Joshi, who was baptised on the 8th of September, 1565, with the name Henrique da Cunha. Joshi's conversion was followed by that of 250 Hindus, including over 50 Brahmins.<ref name="Machado1" /> In Salsette, the priest Manuel Gomes converted over 6,000 Hindus in Bandra and was known as the Apostle of Salsette.<ref name="Machado1" />

In 1573, 1,600 people were converted. Beginning in 1548, [[Jesuits]] in Bassein (Vasai) and Bandra converted many upper-caste Hindus; [[Vasai (Bassein)]] recorded 9,400 [[baptism]]s in 1588.<ref name="Machado1" /> The Jesuit superior Gonçalo Rodrigues baptised between 5,000 and 6,000 Hindus in Thane (Thana), many of whom were orphans or the young children of lower-caste Hindus who were sold by their parents.<ref name="Machado1">{{harvnb|Machado|1999|p=104}}</ref> In 1634, Bassein had sixty-three friars, thirty Franciscans, fifteen Jesuits, ten Dominicans, and eight Augustines.<ref name="Machado1" /> By the end of the 16th century the Catholic population of the Portuguese Province of the North was 10,000 to 15,000, centered mainly in and around Bassein.<ref name="Machado">{{harvnb|Machado|1999|p=108}}</ref>

After the Province of the North came under [[Mahratta Invasion of Bassein|Mahratta occupation]] in 1739, [[Christian]]ity was under severe threat from the [[Peshva]] Brahmins & only a few churches were left in the north Konkan region. The Mahrattas imposed a heavy, discriminatory & religious tax on Christians to fund the Peshva Brahmins; because of which many Christians were [[ghar wapsi#Historical precedence|converted to Hinduism]]. The native Bombay East Indian clergy under the Vicar General at [[Kurla]], managed to nurse the community back to a flourishing population in what became [[British Bombay]].<ref name="Machado" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65mSDwAAQBAJ&dq=east+Indians+north+Konkan&pg=PT247 | title=I Love My India | last1=Ali | first1=Shahid | date=16 April 2019 }}</ref>

=== {{anchor|British and modern era}}British and modern eras ===
{{Main|History of Bombay under British rule|Bombay Presidency}}
Changes occurred under British rule.<ref name="bapp" /> On 11 May 1661, the [[Marriage Treaty]] of [[Charles II of England|Charles Stuart II of England]] and [[Catherine De Braganza]], daughter of [[John IV of Portugal]] gave Bombay to the British Empire as intended,<ref name="Rangan"/> since the British takeover of [[Surat Agency|Surat]] (allegedly{{clarify|date=October 2021}} as part of Catherine's dowry to Charles). A weakened Portugal, no longer a part of the Crown of Spain, had to oblige. Nevertheless, parts of present-day Bombay (such as Bandra, [[Thana district]] and Bassein) remained Portuguese well into the first third of the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A2998461
|title=Catherine of Bragança (1638–1705)
|date=12 October 2004
|publisher=[[BBC]]
|access-date=2009-06-03
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804220811/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2998461
|archive-date=4 August 2011
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Since the early days of the [[English East India Company]], there were no other Indian Christians in the North [[Konkan division|Konkan]] except the East Indian Catholics. Employment intended for Christians was monopolised by the East Indians. With railways and steamships came immigrants from Goa who were also called "Portuguese Christians". For [[Queen Victoria]]'s Golden Jubilee, the Christians of North Konkan changed their name from "Portuguese Christians" to "East Indians" to impress upon the British in Bombay, that they were the earliest [[British subjects]] in India, and were entitled to certain [[natural rights]] in comparison with immigrants.<ref name="history">{{Citation
|url=http://www.east-indians.com/history.pdf
| title = East Indians: History
| website = East-Indians.com
| postscript = (Article based on {{harvnb|Baptista|1967|}})
| access-date = 2017-08-19
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515031207/http://www.east-indians.com/history.pdf
| archive-date = 15 May 2013
| url-status = live
}}</ref>{{Independent source inline|date=February 2020|reason= This Website cannot be considered a reliable source since it is published by members of subject group}}

The Bombay East Indian Association was founded on 26 May 1887 to advance the education, employment, rights and economic development of the East Indians. P F Gomes, who was knighted by [[Pope Leo XIII]] in 1888, was its first president and J L Britto its first secretary. D G D'Almeida donated {{INR|100,000|link=yes}} to establish an education fund.

During the 1960s, the [[Archdiocese of Bombay]] estimated that there were 92,000 East Indians in Bombay: 76,000 in [[Mumbai Suburban district|suburban Bombay]] and 16,000 in [[Mumbai City district|the city]].<ref name="bapp">{{harvnb|Baptista|1967|p=27}}</ref>

== {{anchor|Architecture and Cuisine}}Architecture ==
A typical Koli house consists of a [[veranda]] ({{Transliteration|mr|oli}}), used for repairing nets and receiving visitors; a sitting-room ({{Transliteration|mr|angan}}), used by women for household work; a kitchen, a central apartment, a bedroom, a devotional room ({{Transliteration|mr|devaghar}}) and a detached bathroom.<ref name="koli" />

== Language and literature ==
East Indian Catholics speak the [[East Indian language|East Indian dialect]] of [[Marathi-Konkani]], which they retained despite Portuguese rule. The dialect is central to the community's identity. The author of ''Trans Bomb Geog Soc, 1836–38, Vol I'' mentions the dialects spoken by the East Indians of [[Salsette]], [[Mahim]], [[Matunga]] & [[Mazgaon]]; similar to the dialects spoken by the Kulbis, Kolis, Bhandaris, Palshes, [[Pathare Prabhus]], [[Somvanshi Kshatriya Pathare]]s ([[Panchkalshi]]s), [[Kupari]]s & [[Vadval]]s; this may have been [[Konkani language|Konkani]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I, II & III|1997|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/volume_1/Languages.html Chapter III : Population : Languages]|Ref=gz}}</ref> Some East Indian [[Roman Catholic Kshatriya|upper-class families of the Khatri ward]] at [[Thana district]] used to speak [[Indo-Portuguese|Bombay Portuguese]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_christians.html#4 |title=Thane Gazetteer: Population: Christians – Speech |access-date=28 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110033730/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_christians.html#4 |archive-date=10 November 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At least 110 Portuguese lexical items are found in Maharashtra sponsored Marathi.<ref>{{Citation | first1 = Neelam | last1 = Grover | first2 = Anath Bandhu | last2 = Mukerji | first3 = Kashi N. | last3 = Singh | editor1-first = Neelam | editor1-last = Grover | editor2-first = Kashi N. | editor2-last = Singh | title = Cultural geography, form and process: essays in honor of Prof A B Mukerji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UO0M5P9h_qgC&pg=PP1 | publisher = Concept Publishing Company | year = 2004 | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=UO0M5P9h_qgC&pg=PA257 275] | isbn = 978-81-8069-074-7 | access-date = 29 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622001241/http://books.google.com/books?id=UO0M5P9h_qgC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1 | archive-date = 22 June 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref>

Many of the characters in the book Bloodline Bandra<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pereira |first=Godfrey |title=Bloodline Bandra |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=2014 |isbn=9789351364429 |edition=1st |location=India |language=En}}</ref> by Godfrey Joseph Pereira (2014) are East Indian. The book is set in the 1950s in [[Pali Village]].

== Occasions and festivals ==
{{Main|Agera (festival)|Bandra Fest|Koswad|Sanna (dish)}}

Although the East Indians have preserved their pre-Christian [[Marathi-Konkani]] culture and traditions, many Portuguese influences have been absorbed.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.east-indians.com/marriagesongs.htm
|title=The East Indian Community Original Inhabitants of Bombay, Salsette & Thana
|access-date=15 March 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311154943/http://www.east-indians.com/marriagesongs.htm
|archive-date=11 March 2007
|url-status=live
}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=March 2016}}

== Ethnic wear ==
[[File:East Indian ladies of Chimbai performing at Bandra Gymkhana.jpg|thumb|East Indian women of Chimbai village performing at Bandra Gymkhana]]

Traditional dress for women is the ''[[Kasta sari|lugra]]''. For men, traditional wear consists of [[khaki]] shorts and a white ''[[Undershirt|banian]]''. A Koli Christian bridegroom usually wears an older Portuguese admiral's uniform, which is preserved and lent out for such occasions.<ref name="koli">{{harvnb|Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I, II & III|1997|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/volume_1/The%20Kolis.html Chapter III : Population : The Kolis]|Ref=gz}}</ref>
East Indian women wore a blouse and cotton lugra, with the back pleats tucked into the waist; women did not use the upper portion of the ''[[sari]]'' (covering the head and breast) until they were married. This mode of wearing the sari is known as {{Transliteration|mr|sakacch nesane}}. {{Transliteration|mr|Gol nesane}}, a cylindrical style, is popular with young girls and women.<ref name="sari">{{harvnb|Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/people.html#17 Chp. People: Dress]|Ref=gz2}}</ref>

== {{anchor|Films}}Film industry ==
The film ''[[Tu Maza Jeev]]'', in the [[East Indian language]], was released on [[Maharashtra Day]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title= First East Indian movie releases on Maharashtra Day |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/First-East-Indian-movie-releases-on-Maharashtra-Day/articleshow/4479958.cms?from=mdr |work= [[The Times of India]] |date= 4 May 2009 |access-date= 9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301082000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/First-East-Indian-movie-releases-on-Maharashtra-Day/articleshow/4479958.cms?from=mdr |archive-date= 1 March 2018 |url-status= live }}</ref>

== Singing competition ==
[[File:Proud to be East Indian.webm|thumb|Jacinto at an East Indian singing competition in Mumbai]]

East Indians organise singing competitions in their own [[East Indian language|language]]. The competition is primarily held in the evening of important village occasions;<ref>{{cite web|title=The East Indians of Kurla|url=http://geracao.in/EIdotnet2015/Kurla.htm|website=geracao.in|access-date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215210628/http://geracao.in/EIdotnet2015/Kurla.htm|archive-date=15 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> for example, [[Kurla]] has an annual competition on the eve of the {{Transliteration|mr|phool dongri}} feast in May at [[Holy Cross Church, Kurla|Holy Cross Church]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Phool Dongri Feast – 10th May 2015 – Holy Cross Church|url=http://www.holycrosschurch.co.in/events/forthcoming/14-events/archive/48-phool-dongri-feast-10th-may-2015|website=holycrosschurch.co.in|access-date=15 February 2017|language=en-gb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216043032/http://www.holycrosschurch.co.in/events/forthcoming/14-events/archive/48-phool-dongri-feast-10th-may-2015|archive-date=16 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Representation and reservation ==
The East Indians were recognised as [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] (other backward Class) status by the Government of Maharashtra on 1 March 2006 by the way of official gazette.<ref>{{cite web |title=Government Resolutions (शासन निर्णय) |url=https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Upload/Government%20Resolutions/English/20060307125652001.pdf |publisher=Government of Maharashtra |access-date=19 February 2020 |archive-date=8 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708002941/https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Upload/Government%20Resolutions/English/20060307125652001.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2014, local [[non-governmental organisation]]s such as the Watchdog Foundation, Mobai Gaothan Panchayat, the [[Bombay East Indian Association]], Vakola Advanced Locality Management, Kalina Civic Forum and the Kolovery Welfare Association founded the [[Maharashtra Swaraj Party]] (MSP), to give voice to the community's concerns.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.iamin.in/en/mumbai-north-central/news/msp-announces-candidate-list-assembly-elections-42738
|title=MSP announces candidate list for assembly elections
|publisher=[[I am in DNA of India]]
|date=23 September 2014
|access-date=26 September 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927165854/http://www.iamin.in/en/mumbai-north-central/news/msp-announces-candidate-list-assembly-elections-42738
|archive-date=27 September 2014
|url-status=unfit
}}</ref>
The party, which represents the East Indian community, was expected to support five candidates from Mumbai's suburbs in the 13th [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] elections.<ref>{{Citation
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/East-Indian-party-to-field-5-candidates-from-suburbs/articleshow/42831863.cms
| title = East Indian party to field 5 candidates from suburbs
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| date = 2014-09-18
| access-date = 2017-08-19
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109043329/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/East-Indian-party-to-field-5-candidates-from-suburbs/articleshow/42831863.cms
| archive-date = 9 January 2017
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name="EI" />

== Notable East Indians ==
*[[Joseph Baptista]]: Indian politician and activist
* [[Mark Joseph Dharmai]]: Para-athlete (bronze medalist in the 2017 Doubles BWF Para-Badminton World Championships).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gosportsfoundation.in/our-programmes |title=Our Programmes |access-date=18 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418072906/https://www.gosportsfoundation.in/our-programmes |archive-date=18 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Genelia D'Souza]]: Indian actress and model
*[[Joseph D'souza]]: first East Indian gazetted officer
*Adv. Vivian Dsouza: advisor of the Bombay East Indian Association<ref name="church">{{Cite news |date=2023-08-12 |title=Renowned church of Gonsalo Garcia vandalised in Vasai |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/renowned-church-of-gonsalo-garcia-vandalised-in-vasai/articleshow/102681987.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*[[Gavin Ferreira]]: Olympic hockey player
*[[James Ferreira]]: Indian fashion designer and son of hockey Olympian Owen Ferreira<ref>{{cite web|last=Target Goa|title=Two hats of James Ferreira couture and activism|url=http://www.targetgoa.com/goabuzzdet.php?bzid=1528&&id=3|publisher=targetgoa.com|access-date=3 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922140839/http://www.targetgoa.com/goabuzzdet.php?bzid=1528&&id=3|archive-date=22 September 2013}}</ref>
*[[Michael Ferreira]]: amateur [[English billiards]] player
*[[Owen Ferreira]]: Indian hockey Olympian<ref>{{cite book|last=Dhyan|first=Chand|title=GOAL|year=1952|publisher=Sports & Pastime|location=Chennai, India|page=10|url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/granthalaya/goal/1936/page10.htm|access-date=3 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922090311/http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/granthalaya/goal/1936/page10.htm|archive-date=22 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Gonsalo Garcia]]: Roman Catholic saint from India
*[[Maria Goretti (actress)|Maria Goretti]]: Indian blogger, chef, actress and VJ
*[[Loy Mendonsa]]: musician, part of the [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] trio
*Tulip Miranda: president of the Bombay East Indian Association<ref name="church"/>
*Adv. Godfrey Pimenta: president, Watch Dog Foundation<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-06 |title=Mumbai: Protesting flat buyers warn of poll boycott |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-protesting-flat-buyers-warn-of-poll-boycott-23273699 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Simon Pimenta]]: Archbishop Emeritus of Bombay<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Catholics-mourn-Cardinal-Simon-Pimenta/articleshow/21185601.cms|title=Catholics mourn Cardinal Simon Pimenta | Mumbai News|website=The Times of India|date=20 July 2013 |access-date=9 February 2019|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128031958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Catholics-mourn-Cardinal-Simon-Pimenta/articleshow/21185601.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Catholicism|India}}
* [[Norteiro people]]
* [[Kupari]]
*[[Sandor, Palghar|Sandori]]
*[[Portuguese Bombay]]
*[[Bombay Presidency]]
*[[Mumbai Indians]]

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Wiktionary|East Indian Catholic}}
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Citation
| last = Baptista
| first = Elsie Wilhelmina
| title = The East Indians: Catholic Community of Bombay, Salsette and Bassein
| year = 1967
| publisher = Bombay East Indian Association
}}
*{{cite book
|title=Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island
|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/volume_1/index.html
|publisher=The Gazetteers Department ([[Government of Maharashtra]])
|volume=I, I & III
|orig-year=1909
|year=1997
|access-date=2009-01-15
|ref=gz
|archive-date=6 July 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706014916/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/volume_1/index.html
|url-status=live
}}
*{{cite book
|title=Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island
|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/volume1.html
|publisher=The Gazetteers Department ([[Government of Maharashtra]])
|volume=I
|year=1986
|access-date=2009-01-15
|ref=gz2
|archive-date=6 September 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906220718/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/volume1.html
|url-status=live
}}
*{{Citation
| title = Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians
| author-mask = Alan Machado (Prabhu)
| last = Machado
| first = Alan
| publisher = I.J.A. Publications
| location = Bangalore
| year = 1999
| edition = First
}}
{{Refend}}

{{Marathi language topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Christian communities of India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholics| ]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups in India]]
[[Category:Catholic ethnoreligious groups]]

Karimpur

2025-11-26T05:40:12Z

Samrick21:

{{Other places|Karimpur (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karimpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline = File:Karimpur bus stand 03.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Karimpur bus stand
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.97|N|88.62|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.62
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 15
| population_total = 9,661
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 741152
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Karimpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karimpur]], [[Tehatta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tehatta]]
| website = {{url|nadia.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Karimpur''' is a [[census town]], near the bank of river [[Jalangi River|Jalangi]], in [[Karimpur I]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Tehatta subdivision]] of the [[Nadia district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm
|title=District Wise List of Statutory Towns
|access-date=2007-10-06
|work=Census of India 2001, Urban Frame
|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425193215/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm
|archive-date=2009-04-25
}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=350| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|53|0|N|88|36|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Tehatta subdivision of Nadia district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|59|37|N|88|38|26|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1=Uttampur | numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Uttampur, Nadia]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2= {{coord|23|58|10|N|88|37|33|E}} | label-pos2=bottom|label2=Karimpur | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= Karimpur (CT) |shape-color2=black| label-size2=13|label-color2=black 
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|44|30|N|88|33|50|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Tehatta| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Tehatta]] (CT)| shape-color3=#C40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|2|15|N|88|42|4|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Hogalbaria| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Hogalbaria]] (R)| shape-color4=#C40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|58|20|N|88|43|38|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Baruipara| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Baruipara, Nadia]] (R)| shape-color5=#C40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|55|23|N|88|39|10|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Murutia| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Murutia]] (R)| shape-color6=#C40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|57|22|N|88|33|39|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Thanapara| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Thanapara]] (R)| shape-color7=#C40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|56|3|N|88|35|31|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Rahmatpur| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Rahmatpur]] (R)| shape-color8=#C40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|47|0|N|88|27|0|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Palashipara| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Palashipara]] (R)| shape-color9=#C40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|48|26|N|88|33|44|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Betai| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Betai]] (CT)| shape-color10=#C40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|58|9|N|88|32|27|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Natidanga| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Natidanga]] (R)| shape-color11=#C40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|52|6|N|88|32|19|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12= Nazirpur| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Nazirpur]] (CT)| shape-color12=#C40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|53|31|N|88|32|41|E}} | label-pos13=top|label13= Kishorpur| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Kishorpur]] (R)| shape-color13=#C40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|52|0|N|88|27|0|E}}|label14= Jalangi River| label-color14 = #77A1CB| label-angle14=85| label-pos14=top| label-size14=11| mark-size14=0| mark-title14=none
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|54|0|N|88|38|0|E}}|label15= Bhairab|labela15= River| label-color15 = #77A1CB| label-angle15=-50| label-pos15=top| label-size15=11| mark-size15=0| mark-title15=none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|57|0|N|88|44|30|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=50| arc-gapA=7.5| arc-radiusA=0.30}}

===Location===
Karimpur is located at {{coord|23.97|N|88.62|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Karimpur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Karimpur]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|15|m}}. It is {{cvt|183|km}} from [[Kolkata]] and is located at the bank of the River [[Jalangi River|Jalangi.]]

===Area overview===
Nadia district is made up of mostly alluvial plains lying to the east of [[Hooghly River]], locally known as Bhagirathi. The alluvial plains are cut across by such distributaries as the Jalangi, Churni and Ichhamati. With these rivers getting silted up, floods are a recurring feature.<ref>Gangopadhyay, Basudev, ''Paschimbanga Parichay'', 2001, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 70, Sishu Sahitya Sansad</ref> The Tehatta subdivision, presented in the map alongside, is topographically part of the Nadia Plain North. The [[Jalangi River]] forms the district/subdivision border in the north-western part and then flows through the subdivision. The other important rivers are Mathabhanga and Bhairab. The eastern portion forms the boundary with [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 13,14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 15 October 2020}}</ref> The subdivision is overwhelmingly rural. 97.15% of the population lives in the rural areas and 2.85% lives in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 October 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. All the four subdivisions are presented with maps on the same scale – the size of the maps vary as per the area of the subdivision.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Karimpur had a total population of 9,661, of which 4,930 (51%) were males and 4,731 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 775. The total number of literate persons in Karimpur was 7,616 (85.71% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 2 October 2020 }}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Karimpur police station has jurisdiction over a portion of [[Karimpur I]] CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Table 2.1 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 7 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://nadiapolice.gov.in/ | title = Nadia District Police | work = Police Unit | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 17 May 2017 | archive-date = 28 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170528060640/http://nadiapolice.gov.in/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> The total area covered by the police station is {{cvt|116.796|km2}} and the population covered is 117,879 (2001 census). {{convert|4|km|spell=In}} of the [[Bangladesh-India border]] is within the PS area.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nadiapolice.gov.in/PSDETAILS.html | title = Karimpur Police Station Details | publisher = Nadia Police | access-date = 17 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160329131028/http://nadiapolice.gov.in/PSDETAILS.html | archive-date = 29 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:Karimpur college 03.jpg|thumb|[[Karimpur Pannadevi College]]]]
Karimpur has three high schools: Karimpur Jagannath High School, Karimpur Girls High School and Jamsherpur B.N High School. One undergraduate college named [[Karimpur Pannadevi College]] is there.

==Health==
Karimpur has one rural hospital and many dispensaries. Some specialist doctors visit on a specific day each week in different clinics. The emergency health facilities are limited: the district hospital is about {{cvt|70|km}} away at the district headquarter, [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]].

== Communication ==
[[File:Karimpur, a census town in Nadia district, West Bengal 07.jpg|left|thumb|Karimpur Natidanga More crossing]]
The town is situated near the international border of [[Bangladesh–India border|India-Bangladesh]] ({{cvt|25|km}} from the town). West Bengal state highway 11 crosses through it. There is a bus route from Krishnanagar to Karimpur and another from [[Berhampore]] to Karimpur.

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Karimpur}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nadia District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Nadia district]]

Royal Springs Golf Course

2025-11-25T07:18:54Z

Samrick21: put up basic stub first draft!

{{Short description|Golf course in Srinagar, Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox golf facility
|name = Royal Springs Golf Course
|image = RSGC.jpg
|imagesize = 250px
|caption = Royal Springs Golf Course Srinagar
|location = [[Chashme Shahi]], [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Kashmir]]
|establishment =
|owner = [[Jammu and Kashmir Tourism Development Corporation|JKTDC]]
|operator = [[Jammu and Kashmir Tourism Development Corporation|JKTDC]]
|holes = 18
|tournaments =
|website =
|course1 =
|designer1 = [[Robert Trent Jones Jr.]]
|par1 = 72
|length1 = {{cvt|6985|yd|order=flip}}
}}

The '''Royal Springs Golf Course''' is a public [[golf course]] located near [[Chashme Shahi]] overlooking [[Dal Lake]] in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Kashmir]].

==History==
The Royal Springs Golf Course, initially locality of Old [[New Theed|Theed]] as In 1940–1942, the Dogra Ruler, [[Hari Singh]], ordered the [[mass migration]] of people from their homeland '''old Theed,''' the present-day [[Chashme Shahi|Chashma Shahi]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Botanical Garden|Botanical Garden]], Royal Springs Golf Course, [[Raj Bhavan, Srinagar|Raj Bhavan]], and Hari-Niwas after that a part of which was converted into [[Salim Ali National Park]], which situated at the foothills of [[Zabarwan mountain]]s overlooking [[Dal Lake]],<ref name=business/><ref name=independent>{{cite news|last=Buncombe|first=Andrew|title=Kashmir : Paradise once again?|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/kashmir-paradise-once-again-1722951.html|access-date=21 September 2012|newspaper=The Independent (UK)|date=29 June 2009}}</ref> it is managed by Jammu and Kashmir Tourism Development Corporation, a quasi-government institution. The Royal Springs Golf Course, commissioned in 2001,<ref name=golf/> is designed by the American golfer [[Robert Trent Jones Jr.]]<ref name="Rick Lipsey">{{cite book | author=Rick Lipsey | title=Golfingon the Roof of the World: In Pursuit of Gross National Happiness | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wo-0jydg8MoC&q=royal+springs+golf+course+srinagar | access-date=24 June 2012 |year=2007 | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2007 | isbn=9781596910508 | page=23–}}</ref> It is regarded as one of the most picturesque golf course in Asia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.golftripz.com/view_course_new.php?id=173&subcity=42|title=Royal Springs Golf Course Srinagar|publisher=golftripz|access-date=2012-06-24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309061455/http://www.golftripz.com/view_course_new.php?id=173&subcity=42|archive-date=9 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and has quality amenities like motorised golf carts etc.<ref name=free/> It is considered as No.1 golf course of India by [[Golf Digest]].<ref name=golf>{{cite web|title=India|url=http://www.rtj2.com/index.php?option=com_mtree&task=listcats&cat_id=55&Itemid=37|publisher=Robert Trent Jones – Golf Architects|access-date=21 September 2012}}</ref> This golf course is open to non-members also (not restricted to members only).<ref name=business>{{cite news | last =Raote | first =Rrishi | title =Heavenly Greens | newspaper =Business Standard| date =8 September 2012 | url =http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/heavenly-greens/485706/ |access-date=21 September 2012}}</ref> Golf tournaments are conducted at regular intervals.<ref name=greater>{{cite news|title=Patna Golf Club lifts first inter state golf tournament|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2007/Jun/4/patna-golf-club-lifts-first-inter-state-golf-tournament-3.asp|access-date=21 September 2012|newspaper=Greater Kashmir (news)|date=4 June 2007}}</ref><ref name=tribune>{{cite news|title=Greater Kashmir Golfers shine|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070618/sports.htm|access-date=21 September 2012|newspaper=The Tribune, Chandigarh|date=18 June 2007}}</ref> The first ever women's golf tournament conducted at Srinagar valley was arranged in this course in July 2012, which attracted more than 50 female golfers across India.<ref name=today>{{cite news|last=Ganai|first=Naseer|title=Indian Women golfers' "tee off" in Srinagar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/golf/story/indian-women-golfers-tee-off-in-srinagar-111678-2012-07-29 |access-date=21 September 2012|newspaper=India Today (news)|date=30 July 2012}}</ref>

Overlooking the golf course, in the hillside, is a heritage structure named Paree Mahal built by Prince [[Dara Shikoh]], son of Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period.<ref name=free/>

===Cork oaks groove===

The golf course harbors a rare groove of [[cork oak]]s, planted by last Dogra maharaj, [[Hari Singh]], before 1947, the plants were imported from Europe.<ref name=free>{{cite news|last=freepresskashmir.com|title=Memorabilia:Kashmir golf course has a tale of yore|url=http://freepresskashmir.com/memorabilia-kashmir-golf-course-has-a-tale-of-yore/|access-date=21 September 2012|newspaper=Free Press Kashmir|date=21 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624102150/http://freepresskashmir.com/memorabilia-kashmir-golf-course-has-a-tale-of-yore/|archive-date=24 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Cork had demand then, mostly for closing bottles, and the cork oaks and other trees escaped felling at the time of construction of the golf course.<ref name=free/>

==See also==
* [[Gulmarg Golf Club]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.royalspringsgolfcourse.in/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106220032/http://www.royalspringsgolfcourse.in/ |date=6 January 2014 }}
* [https://kashmirtravels.com/kashmir-golf-course.html Golf course at Srinagar ]
{{coord|34|5|18.04|N|74|52|15.5|E|region:IN-JK_type:landmark|display=title}}

{{Golf clubs in India}}

[[Category:Sport in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Golf clubs and courses in India]]
[[Category:Sport in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2001]]
[[Category:Royal golf clubs]]
[[Category:Organisations based in India with royal patronage]]

{{golfcourse-stub}}
{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

Screen Award for Best Female Debut

2025-11-21T04:34:46Z

Samrick21:

{{Short description|Annual film award in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2012}}
{{Infobox award
| name = [[Screen Awards|Screen Awards for Best Female Debut]]
| awarded_for = Best Female Debut
| image = Sara Ali Khan promoting Kedarnath.jpg
| caption = The 2022 recipient: [[Sara Ali Khan]]
| presenter = ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]''
| country = India
| year = [[Sonali Bendre]] ''[[Aag (1994 film)|Aag]]'' (1995)
| holder = [[Sara Ali Khan]] ''[[Kedarnath (film)|Kedarnath]]'' (2020)
| website =
}}
The '''Star [[Screen Award]] for Most Promising Newcomer – Female''' is chosen by a distinguished panel of judges from the [[India]]n [[Bollywood]] [[film]] industry and the winners are announced in January. The first woman to receive this award was [[Sonali Bendre]].

== Winners ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Winner
! Film
! Ref.
|-
| 1995
|[[Sonali Bendre]]
| ''[[Aag (1994 film)|Aag]]''
|
|-
| 1997
|[[Priya Gill]]
| ''[[Tere Mere Sapne (1996 film)|Tere Mere Sapne]]'' ||
|-
| 1998 || [[Aishwarya Rai]] || ''[[Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya]]''
|
|-
| 1999 || [[Preity Zinta]] || ''[[Soldier (1998 Indian film)|Soldier]]''
|
|-
| 2000 || [[Nethra Raghuraman]] || ''[[Bhopal Express (film)|Bhopal Express]]''
|
|-
| 2002 || [[Gracy Singh]] || ''[[Lagaan]]''
|
|-
| 2003 || [[Esha Deol]] || ''[[Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe]]''
|
|-
| 2004 || [[Lara Dutta]] || ''[[Andaaz]]''
|
|-
| 2005 || [[Gayatri Joshi]] || ''[[Swades]]''
|
|-
| 2006 || [[Vidya Balan]] || ''[[Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta]]''
|
|-
| 2007 || [[Kangana Ranaut]] || ''[[Gangster (2006 film)|Gangster]]''
|
|-
| 2008 || [[Deepika Padukone]] || ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
|
|-
| 2009 || [[Asin]] || ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]''
|
|-
| 2010 || [[Mahie Gill]] || ''[[Dev D]]''
|
|-
| 2011 || [[Sonakshi Sinha]] || ''[[Dabangg]]''
|
|-
| 2012 || [[Parineeti Chopra]] || ''[[Ladies VS Ricky Bahl]]''
|
|-
| 2013 || [[Ileana D'Cruz]] || ''[[Barfi!]]''
|
|-
| 2014 || [[Aida El-Kashef]] || ''[[Ship of Theseus (film)|Ship of Theseus]]''
|
|-
| 2015 || [[Patralekha]] || ''[[City Lights (2014 film)|City Lights]]''
|
|-
| 2016 || [[Bhumi Pednekar]] || ''[[Dum Laga Ke Haisha]]''
|
|-
| 2017
| [[Disha Patani]]
| ''[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-05 |title=Star Screen Awards 2016 winners: Amitabh Bachchan-starrer Pink bags four awards, Alia Bhatt receives best actress |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/star-screen-awards-2016-winners-amitabh-bachchan-starrer-pink-bags-four-awards-alia-bhatt-receives-best-actress-see-pics4410957/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || [[Zaira Wasim]] || ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]''
|
|-
| 2019 || [[Radhika Madan]] || ''[[Pataakha]]''
|
|-
| 2020
| [[Sara Ali Khan]]
| ''[[Kedarnath (film)|Kedarnath]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Screen Awards 2019 full winners list: Ranveer, Alia, Ayushmann bag big trophies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/screen-awards-2019-full-winners-list-ranveer-alia-ayushmann-bag-big-trophies-1626610-2019-12-09 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Screen Awards]]
* [[Bollywood]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Screen Awards}}
{{ScreenAwardBestFemaleDebut}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Screen Award For Best Female Debut}}
[[Category:Screen Awards]]
[[Category:Film awards for debut actress]]

Panchayati raj in India

2025-11-19T15:50:39Z

Samrick21: edit

{{Short description|Village self-government system in rural India}}
{{See also|Local government in India}}
{{other uses|Panchayat (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}

{{Politics of India}}

[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg|thumbnail|[[Muhamma]] Panchayat office, [[Kerala]]]]

'''Panchayati raj''' ({{lit|council of five officials}}) is the [[political system|system]] of [[local government in India|local self-government]] of [[Village#South Asia|villages]] in rural [[India]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Panchayati Raj Institutions in India|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-seventy-third-amendment-act-1992|website=India.gov.in}}</ref> as opposed to urban and suburban [[municipal governance in India|municipalities]].

It consists of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) through which the self-government of villages is realized.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019">{{cite web |url=https://pesadarpan.gov.in/documents/20126/0/Statistical+handbook_MoPR+02082019.pdf |url-status=live |title=Basic Statistics of Panchayati Raj Institutions |author= |date=2019 |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |access-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407051945/https://pesadarpan.gov.in/documents/20126/0/Statistical+handbook_MoPR+02082019.pdf |archive-date=2024-04-07}}</ref> They are tasked with "economic development, strengthening social justice and implementation of Central and State Government Schemes including those 29 subjects listed in the Eleventh Schedule" of the Indian constitution<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />

Part IX of the Indian Constitution is the section of the Constitution relating to the Panchayats.<ref>{{cite thesis |author=Renukadevi Nagshetty |date=2015 |title=Problems and Challenges in the Working of Panchayat Raj Institutions in India. A Case Study of Gulbarga Zilla Panchayat |type=PhD |chapter=IV. Structure and Organisational Aspects of Panchayati Raj Institutions in Karnataka and Gulbarga District |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/36516 |url-status=live |access-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013185717/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36516/9/09_chapter%204.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-13 |page=93 |hdl=10603/36516 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Haryana%20Panchayati%20Raj%20%28Amendment%29%20Act%202015.pdf |url-status=live |title=Record of Proceedings. Writ Petition (Civil) No. 671/2015 |author= |date=2015 |website=Website "India Environment Portal" by the Centre for Science and Environment |publisher=Supreme Court of India |access-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028214205/https://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Haryana%20Panchayati%20Raj%20%28Amendment%29%20Act%202015.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-28 |page=3}}</ref> It stipulates that in states or Union Territories with more than two million inhabitants there are three levels of PRIs:
*the [[gram panchayat]] at village level
*the [[panchayat samiti]] (block ''samiti,'' mandal parishad) at [[Community development block|block]] level, and
*the [[District council (India)|zilla panchayat]] (district council) at [[District (India)|district]] level.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />
In states or Union Territories with less than two million inhabitants there are only two levels of PRIs. The [[Gram Sabha|Gram Panchayat]] consists of all registered voters living in the area of a Gram Panchayat and is the organization through which village inhabitants participate directly in local government. Elections for the members of the Panchayats at all levels take place every five years. By federal law, the Panchayats must include members of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)]] in the same proportion as in the general population and at least one-third of all seats and chairperson posts must be reserved for women. Some states have increased the required minimum proportion for women to one-half.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />

[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] inaugurated Panchayat at [[Nagaur]] on 2 October 1959. The day was selected on the occasion of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s birthday. Gandhi wanted Gram Swaraj through Panchayati Raj.<ref name="Sharma">{{cite book | last=Sharma | first=Shakuntla | title=Grass Root Politics and Panchayati Raj | publisher=Deep & Deep Publications | year=1994 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOotj52KG9QC | page=131}}</ref><ref name="Singh">{{cite book | last=Singh | first=Surat | title=Decentralised Governance in India: Myth and Reality | publisher=Deep & Deep Publications | year=2004 | isbn=978-81-7629-577-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-4taHca3HQC | page=74}}</ref> The system was modified in 1992 with the [[Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|73rd constitutional amendment]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://static.pmg.org.za/docs/2005/051109structure.htm |title= Structure of Rural Local Government of India |access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Singh 2003"/><ref name="dandc.eu">{{cite web | url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/after-25-years-elected-village-councils-india-democracy-still-needs-be-deepened | title=Living in the villages | D+C - Development + Cooperation | date=12 February 2013 }}</ref>

In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a [[system]] of [[governance]] in which gram panchayats are the basic units of [[Local government|local administration]]. Currently, the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except [[Nagaland]], [[Meghalaya]], and [[Mizoram]], and in all Union Territories except [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2024-02-22 |title=Opinion: Make Panchayats more effective |url=https://telanganatoday.com/opinion-make-panchayats-more-effective |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Tiers of Government in India.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Tiers of Government in India]]

== History ==
Panchayati raj has its origins in India since [[Vedic period]] (1700 BCE). Since Vedic times, the village (gram) in the country is considered as the basic unit for regional self-administration.<ref>Panchayati Raj: The Grassroots Dynamics in Arunachal Pradesh, p. 13, APH Publishing, 2008, Pratap Chandra Swain</ref>

[[File:Panchayat India.jpg|thumb|Open Panchayat near Narsingarh, [[Madhya Pradesh]]]]
[[Mahatma Gandhi]] advocated Panchayati Raj as the foundation of India's political system, as a decentralized form of government in which each village would be responsible for its own affairs.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sisodia, R. S. |year=1971 |title=Gandhiji's Vision of Panchayati Raj |journal=Panchayat Aur Insan |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=9–10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Sharma, Manohar Lal |year=1987 |title=Gandhi and Democratic Decentralization in India |location=New Delhi |publisher=Deep and Deep Publications|oclc=17678104}} [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000916234 Hathi Trust copy, search only]</ref> The term for such a vision was ''[[Swaraj|Gram Swaraj]]'' ("village self-governance"). Instead, India developed a highly centralized form of government.<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Hardgrave, Robert L. |author2=Kochanek, Stanley A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2008 |title=India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation |edition=seventh |location=Boston, Massachusetts |publisher=[[Thomson/Wadsworth]] |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pSyRgcSQhuIC&pg=PT157 157] |isbn=978-0-495-00749-4}}</ref> However, this has been moderated by the delegation of several administrative functions to the local level, empowering elected gram panchayats. There are significant differences between the traditional Panchayati Raj system, that was envisioned by Gandhi, and the system formalized in India in 1992.<ref name="Singh 2003">{{Cite book|author=Singh, Vijandra |year=2003 |chapter=Chapter 5: Panchayate Raj and Gandhi |title=Panchayati Raj and Village Development: Volume 3, Perspectives on Panchayati Raj Administration |series=Studies in public administration |location=New Delhi |publisher=Sarup & Sons |pages=84–90|isbn=978-81-7625-392-5}}</ref>

[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] inaugurated Panchayati at [[Nagaur]] on 2 October 1959. The day was selected on the occasion of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s birthday. Gandhi wanted Gram Swaraj through Panchayati Raj.<ref name="Sharma"/> Rajasthan was the first state to implement it. Nehru inaugurated Panchayat Raj in [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] on 11 October 1959 on the occasion of [[Dussehra]]. The system was gradually established all over India.<ref name="Singh"/> The system was modified in 1992 with the [[Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|73rd constitutional amendment]].<ref name="Singh 2003"/><ref name="dandc.eu"/>

The [[Balwant Rai Mehta Committee]], headed by the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] [[Balwantrai Mehta]], was a committee appointed by the Government of India in January 1957 to examine the work of the Community Development Programme (1952) and the National Extension Service (1953), to suggest measures to improve their work. The committee's recommendation was implemented by NDC in January 1958, and this set the stage for the launching of Panchayati Raj Institutions throughout the country. The committee recommended the establishment of the scheme of ‘democratic decentralization’, which finally came to be known as Panchayati Raj. This led to the establishment of a three-tier Panchayati Raj system: Gram Panchayat at the village level, Panchayat Samiti at the block level, and Zila Parishad at the district level.

On 24 April 1993, the [[Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|Constitutional (73rd amendment) Act]] of 1992 came into force in India to provide constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions. This amendment was extended to Panchayats in the tribal areas of eight states, namely: [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], and [[Rajasthan]] beginning on 24 December 1996. This amendment contains provisions for the devolution of powers and responsibilities to the panchayats, both for the preparation of economic development plans and social justice, as well as for implementation in relation to 29 subjects listed in the eleventh schedule of the constitution, and the ability to levy and collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.<ref name="India 2007">India 2007, p. 696, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India</ref> The Act aims to provide a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all states having a population of over two million, to hold Panchayat elections regularly every five years, to provide seats reserved for [[scheduled castes]], [[scheduled tribes]] and women, to appoint a State Finance Commission to make recommendations regarding the financial powers of the Panchayats, and to constitute a District Planning Committee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbrdp.gov.in/documents/6205745/98348119/Panchayati%20Raj%20System%20in%20Independent%20India.pdf|title=Panchayati Raj System in Independent India|website=Pbrdp.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-08|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928062951/https://www.pbrdp.gov.in/documents/6205745/98348119/Panchayati%20Raj%20System%20in%20Independent%20India.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== 3 - tier panchayat system ==
The 3 tier panchayat system was inaugurated in June 1973 by the ''West Bengal Panchayat Act'' passed that year. This system was adopted into the [[Constitution of India]] by the [[Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|73rd Amendment]] in 1992. This system is in place in most states of India & the union territory of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman & Nicobar Islands]]. It consists of
#[[Gram panchayat]]s
#[[Panchayat samiti]]s and
#[[District Councils of India|Zilla panchayat]]s

=== Nomenclature ===
In different parts of India, the levels of panchayati raj institutions might have different names because of the various languages spoken and cultural differences. However, they usually represent the village, [[Community development block|block]], and district levels and similar in nature.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of Panchayats |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=68122&ref=hir.harvard.edu |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

==== District Council; ====
Zilla Parishad, Zila Parishad, Zilla Panchayat, District Panchayat, etc.

==== Block Panchayat; ====
Panchayat Samiti, Panchayat union, Mandal Parishad, Mandal Praja Parishad, Anchalik Panchayat, Janpad Panchayat, Kshetra Panchayat, Taluka Panchayat, etc.

==== Village Panchayat ====
Gram Panchayat, Gaon Panchayat, etc.

== 2-tier panchayat system ==
The earliest panchayats in post-independence India that were created in 1948 were all 2-tier structures consisiting of only Gram Panchayats & Zilla Parishads. Currently, this system exists only the union territories of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Daman, Diu, Dadra & Nagar Haveli]], [[Lakshadweep]] & [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puduchery]] and also in the states of [[Goa]], [[Sikkim]] & [[Manipur]] (all of which were formerly union territories).{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

== Alternatives of panchayat system ==
Areas under the [[Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India]] are exempted from having panchayati raj structures. Instead they have other mechanisms of rural governance.

=== Meghalaya ===
In Meghalaya, the [[Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council]], [[Garo Hills Autonomous District Council]] & [[Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council]] act as the alternatives of zilla parishads for the [[Khasi people|Khasis]], [[Garo people|Garos]] & [[Pnar people|Jaintia people]] respectively. Khasis & Jaintia people from various villages elect a clan headman as Rangbah Shnong to head the local [[Durbar (court)|Dorbar]] Shnong (village council), while Garos elect a Nokma to administer the Akhing lands which is held in [[Common ownership|common proprietorship]] for [[Slash-and-burn|jhum cultivation]]. These Rangbah Shnongs & Nokmas become the ex-officio members of their respective Autonomous District Councils.<ref>{{Cite web |last=rawan239 |date=2024-12-24 |title=Panchayati Raj and Local Governance |url=https://meghalaya.pscnotes.com/meghalaya-polity/panchayati-raj-and-local-governance/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Meghalaya PCS Free Notes |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Nagaland ===
Under Article 371A, the right of the [[Naga people]] in Nagaland to administer themselves through village-level tribal councils is protected. These tribal councils are responsible for implementation of tribal laws enacted by [[Tribal chief|tribal chiefs]]. An attempt to introduce the 3-tier panchayati raj framework in Nagaland in 2002 was met with opposition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=rawan239 |date=2024-12-24 |title=Panchayati Raj and Its Relevance in Nagaland |url=https://nagaland.pscnotes.com/nagaland-polity/panchayati-raj-and-its-relevance-in-nagaland/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Nagaland PCS Free Notes |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Mizoram ===
''The [[Mizo District|Lushai Hills district]] (Village Council) Act'', 1953 replaced the traditional [[Mizo people|Mizo]] tribal [[Mizo Chieftainship|chiefdom]] with elected village councils as the basic unit of rural governance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=by |date=2024-12-24 |title=Decentralization and Panchayati Raj in Mizoram |url=https://mizoram.pscnotes.com/polity-of-mizoram/decentralization-and-panchayati-raj-in-mizoram/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Mizoram PSC Free Notes |language=en-US}}</ref> Other tribes like the [[Chakma people|Chakma]], [[Lai people|Lai]] & [[Mara people]] have alternative governments in the form of [[Chakma Autonomous District Council]], [[Lai Autonomous District Council]] & [[Mara Autonomous District Council]] respectively.

== Election ==
The members at all levels of Panchayati Raj are elected directly, and the chairpersons/presidents at the [[Panchayat samiti|intermediate]] and [[District council (India)|district]] levels are elected indirectly from among the elected members. At the village level, the chairperson/president is elected as determined by the state government. Some states use direct elections, while others use indirect elections (elected from among the members) to choose the chairperson of the gram panchayat.

For the purpose of representation, the village panchayat, block panchayat, and district panchayat are divided into constituencies/wards, each represented by an elected member. These members constitute the panchayat council. In some states, there are ex-officio members at the block or district level who are not elected members, such as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]], [[Member of Parliament (India)|MPs]], etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An overview to the Panchayati Raj Institutions in India |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2004/West_Bengal_PRI_2004_chap_1.pdf}}</ref>

=== Duration ===
The term of Panchayati Raj Institutions at all levels is 5 years, and elections to these are conducted by the respective [[State election commission (India)|State Election Commission]].

=== Reservation of seats ===
Reservation of seats in Panchayati Raj Institutions is a mechanism to ensure representation of marginalized and underprivileged sections of society. These reservations typically include seats for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] (SCs), [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] (STs), and women. The percentage of reserved seats varies from state to state based on demographic factors and social considerations.

== Gram panchayat sabha ==
The [[sarpanch]] (head of five) is its elected head. The members of the gram panchayat are elected directly by the voting-age village population for a period of five years.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDoppmCmeqUC&q=sarpanch |title=Citizen Participation in Rural Development|last=Seetharam |first=Mukkavilli |date=1990 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170992271 |oclc=23346237 |page=34 |language=en}}</ref> The Gram Panchayat President, also known as Sarpanch often presides over the Sabha meetings.

Elected standing committees operate in the panchayat, focusing on specific areas like finance, development, education, health, and welfare. Each committee, headed by a chairperson, comprises three to five members, ensuring representation and expertise in their respective domains.

== Block level panchayat or Panchayat Samiti ==
{{Main|Panchayat Samiti (Block)}}
[[File:26tvktpoll.jpg|thumb|Elected panchayat president in [[Kottayam district]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mani-nominee-is-kottayam-district-panchayat-president/article28713748.ece|title = Mani nominee is Kottayam district panchayat president|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 25 July 2019}}</ref>]]

Just as the tehsil goes by other names in various parts of India, notably ''mandal'' and ''taluka'', there are a number of variations in nomenclature for the block panchayat. For example, it is known as ''Mandal Praja Parishad'' in [[Andhra Pradesh]], ''Taluka Panchayat'' in [[Gujarat]], ''Uratchi Onriyam '' in Tamil Nadu and [[Karnataka]], and ''Panchayat Samiti'' in [[Maharashtra]]. In general, the block panchayat has the same form as the gram panchayat but at a higher level.

=== Composition ===
Membership in the block panchayat is mostly [[Wiktionary:ex-official|ex-official]]; it is composed of: all of the ''Sarpanchas'' (gram panchayat chairmen) in the Panchayat Samiti area, the MPs and MLAs of the area, the Sub-District Officer (SDO) of the sub-division, co-opt members (representatives of the SCs, STs and women), associate members (a farmer from the area, a representative of the cooperative societies and one from marketing services), and some elected members. However, in [[Kerala]], block panchayat members are directly elected, just like gram panchayat and district panchayat members.

The Panchayat Samiti is elected for a term of five years and is headed by a chairman and a deputy chairman.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bodhivriksh.org/2019/06/14/panchayati-raj-system-article-243/ |title=Panchayati Raj System and Article 243 – Bodhivriksh |website=bodhivriksh.org |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920135109/https://bodhivriksh.org/2019/06/14/panchayati-raj-system-article-243/ |archive-date=20 September 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== System in practice ==
The Panchayats, throughout the years, have relied on federal and state grants to sustain themselves economically. The absence of mandatory elections for the Panchayat council and infrequent meetings of the Sarpanch have decreased the spread of information to villagers, leading to more state regulation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dwivedi|first1=Ritesh|last2=Poddar|first2=Krishna|date=2013-12-01|title=Functioning of Panchayati Raj Institutions in India: A Status Paper|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277901610|journal=Adhyayan|volume=3|issue=2|doi=10.21567/adhyayan.v3i2.10183|doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Many Panchayats have been successful in achieving their goals, through cooperation between different bodies and the political mobilization of previously underrepresented groups in India. There is an obstacle of literacy that many Panchayats face for engagement of villagers, with most development schemes being on paper. However, homes linked to the Panchayati Raj System have seen an increase in participation for local matters.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singhal|first=Vipin|date=2015-11-17|title=Dynamics of Panchayati Raj Institutions – Problems and Prospects|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=2692119}}</ref> The reservation policy for women on the Panchayat councils have also led to a substantial increase in female participation and have shaped the focus of development to include more domestic household issues.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Billava|first1=Nnarayan|last2=Nayak|first2=Nayanatara|date=2016-01-01|title=Empowerment of Women Representatives in Panchayat Raj Institutions: A Thematic Review|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319297501|journal=Journal of Politics and Governance|volume=5|issue=4|pages=5|doi=10.5958/2456-8023.2016.00001.2|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 1992, the 73rd amendment was passed, transforming the role of women in Panchayati raj.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kaul |first1=Shashi |last2=Sahni |first2=Shradha |date=2009-07-01 |title=Study on the Participation of Women in Panchayati Raj Institution |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09737189.2009.11885273 |journal=Studies on Home and Community Science |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=29–38 |doi=10.1080/09737189.2009.11885273 |issn=0973-7189|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The 73rd amendment established reservation of one-third of seats for women in basic village councils. This reservation had led to a significant increase in women's participation in local governance. Women are now serving as elected representatives in various positions, including as sarpanch (village head) and panchayat members. Women also demonstrated their positive and enlightened thinking in the panchayat to respond to the government's expectations of women. The supportive actions from their families are encouraging women to attend every PRI (Panchayati Raj in India) meeting. Even though the bureaucracy was all male dominated, Gandhi hoped that Panchayati raj could be the framework for a free Indian political order. As a promoter of liberalism, he proposed gram swaraj, or self-contained and autonomous villages, to give women the most rights.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kaushik |first1=Anupma |last2=Shaktawat |first2=Gayatri |date=December 2010 |title=Women in Panchayati Raj Institutions: A Case Study of Chittorgarh District Council |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0169796X1002600404 |journal=Journal of Developing Societies |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=473–483 |doi=10.1177/0169796X1002600404 |issn=0169-796X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The 73rd amendment was also resisted because reservation of seats meant that high caste people had to accept marginal caste women into the political empowerment system. Indirectly, this leads to corruption when the government devotes funds to the grassroots panchayat where resources and funds are exploited by bureaucratic channels.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tiwari |first=Nupur |date=January 2008 |title=Women in Panchayati Raj |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019556120080103 |journal=Indian Journal of Public Administration |language=en |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=34–47 |doi=10.1177/0019556120080103 |issn=0019-5561|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Issues ==
In Panchayati raj system there is a practice of male relatives assuming the roles of elected women, often referred to as pradhan pati (boss husband) which undermines the intent of reserving seats for women in local governance. Such incidents have been reported in multiple states of India.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Travelli |first1=Alex |last2=Raj |first2=Suhasini |date=2025-03-19 |title=Six Women Were Elected. So Why Were Their Husbands Sworn In? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/19/world/asia/india-panchayat.html |access-date=2025-03-19 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In March 2025 a controversy emerged in Paraswara village, [[Chhattisgarh]], when six men took oaths of office on behalf of their wives, who had been elected as panchayat members. This incident, captured on video and widely shared on social media, led to public outrage and the suspension of the village secretary responsible for administering the oaths.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-08 |title=In a Chhattisgarh village, 6 women elected to panchayat, their husbands take oath, and a video goes viral |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chhattisgarh-village-women-elected-panchayat-husbands-take-oath-9874233/ |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> For instance, in Madhya Pradesh, there have been cases where husbands or male family members took oaths in place of elected women representatives, prompting the government to consider measures to prevent such occurrences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sikdar |first=Shubhomoy |date=2022-08-07 |title=In Madhya Pradesh panchayats, husbands of elected women taking oath |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/male-family-member-take-oath-on-behalf-of-women-in-mp/article65742124.ece |access-date=2025-03-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|73rd Amendment of the Constitution of India]]
*[[National Panchayati Raj Day]]
*[[Local self-government in India]]

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/nepal/np_glos.html Nepal glossary], United States Library of Congress
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061129102419/http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?aid=333357&sid=REG Article 333357], zeenews.com
* [https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/india/India994-07.htm Article India994-07], hrw.org

== Further reading ==
* [[Subrata K. Mitra|Mitra, Subrata K.]]; Singh, V.B. (1999). ''Democracy and Social Change in India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Electorate''. New Delhi: Sage Publications. {{ISBN|978-81-7036-809-0}} (India HB) {{ISBN|978-0-7619-9344-5}} (U.S. HB).
* Mitra, Subrata K.. (2001). "Making Local Government Work: Local elites, Panchayati raj and governance in India", ''in'' [[Atul Kohli|Kohli, Atul]] (ed.). ''The Success of India's Democracy''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-80144-7}}
* Mitra, Subrata K.. (2003). "Chapter 17: Politics in India", ''in'' Almond, Gabriel A. et al. (eds.), ''Comparative Politics Today''. 8th edition. New York: Addison-Wesley-Longman, pp. 634–684. {{ISBN|978-0-321-15896-3}} (also reprinted in the 9th (2007), 10th (2012) and 11th (2015) editions)
* Palanithurai, Ganapathi (ed.) (2002–2010) ''Dynamics of New Panchayati Raj System in India''. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. in seven volumes, volume 1 (2002) "Select States" {{ISBN|978-81-7022-911-7}}; volume 2 (2002) "Select States" {{ISBN|978-81-7022-912-4}}; volume 3 (2004) "Select States" {{ISBN|978-81-8069-129-4}}; volume 4 (2004) "Empowering Women" {{ISBN|978-81-8069-130-0}}; volume 5 (2005) "Panchayati Raj and Multi-Level Planning" {{ISBN|978-81-8069-244-4}}; volume 6 (2008) "Capacity Building" {{ISBN|978-81-8069-506-3}}; volume 7 (2010) "Financial Status of Panchayats" {{ISBN|978-81-8069-672-5}}.
* Shourie, Arun (1990). ''Individuals, Institutions, Processes: How one may strengthen the other in India today''. New Delhi, India: Viking. {{ISBN|978-0-670-83787-8}}.
* Sivaramakrishnan, Kallidaikurichi Chidambarakrishnan (2000) ''Power to the People: The politics and progress of decentralisation''. Delhi: Konark Publishers. {{ISBN|978-81-220-0584-4}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Panchayati Raj}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070329082726/http://panchayat.nic.in/ Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India]
* {{Cite web|url=http://rural.nic.in/ |title=Home page |publisher=Department of Rural Development, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440944/panchayat |title=Panchayat (article 440944)|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129034756/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440944/panchayat |archive-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead}} about the [[caste panchayat]]s
* {{Cite web|author=The Hunger Project |title=Two Million Women Leaders and Counting: Indian Women Participate in Their Local Government |publisher=[[International Museum of Women]] |url=http://www.imow.org/exhibitions/women-power-and-politics/power/two-million-women |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915015639/http://www.imow.org/exhibitions/women-power-and-politics/power/two-million-women |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}
{{Local government in India}}

[[Category:Constitution of India]]

CKB Commerce College

2025-11-01T09:26:23Z

Samrick21: rd

#redirect [[Dibrugarh University#Affiliated colleges]]

{{R to related topic}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1965]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Assam]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Dibrugarh University]]
[[Category:Jorhat]]
[[Category:Commerce colleges in India]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Education in Jorhat district]]

Assam Rifles football team

2025-10-30T21:58:17Z

Samrick21: Creating New Entry W/ Infobox...

{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Assam Rifles
| image = Assam Rifles Football Team Logo.png
| image_size = 220px
| fullname = Assam Rifles football team
| nickname = The Riflemen
| short name =
| founded =
| ground = ''Various''
| capacity =
| owner = [[Assam Rifles]]
| chairman =
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Ningombam Jiten Singh
| league = ''Various''
| season =
| position =
| current =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _shoulder_stripes_white_stripes
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 = _2_stripes_white
| leftarm1 = 80000B
| body1 = 80000B
| rightarm1 = 80000B
| shorts1 = 80000B
| socks1 = 80000B
| pattern_la2 = _blackborder
| pattern_b2 = _blackcollar
| pattern_ra2 = _blackborder
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = FFFFFF
| website =
}}

'''Assam Rifles football team''' is a [[association football|football]] section which represents the [[Assam Rifles]], one of the [[paramilitary]] forces of India. The team often participates in the [[Durand Cup]], [[Bordoloi Trophy]], [[Independence Day Cup]] and various other regional football tournaments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/sports-news/130th-durand-cup-to-begin-on-sept-5-assam-rifles-football-team-to-participate-552175|title=130th Durand Cup To Begin On Sept 5, Assam Rifles Football Team To Participate|website=sentinelassam.com|access-date=28 August 2021|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828041747/https://www.sentinelassam.com/sports-news/130th-durand-cup-to-begin-on-sept-5-assam-rifles-football-team-to-participate-552175}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's football past gasping for survival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html |date=25 March 2018 |website=hindustantimes.com |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |last=Sarkar |first=Dhiman |location=Kolkata |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106201153/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html }}</ref>

==Honours==
===League===
*'''[[Assam State Premier League]]'''
:[[File:Simple cup icon.svg|16px]] Champions (3): 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assamtimes.org/node/4542|title=Assam Rifles clinched Assam State Premier League|website=assamtimes.org|access-date=11 April 2023|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411165324/https://assamtimes.org/node/4542|url-status=live}}</ref>
:{{SilverMedal}} Runners-up (1): 2011–12
*'''Assam Club Championship'''
:[[File:Simple cup icon.svg|16px]] Champions (2): 1999, 2000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/afl.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026052624/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/afl.html |archive-date=2020-10-26 |title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Assam Club Football Championship:|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref>

===Cup===
*'''[[Bordoloi Trophy]]'''
**[[File:Simple cup icon.svg|16px]] Winners (1): 1964<ref name="List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Bordoloi Trophy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/bordoloitrophy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022051613/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/bordoloitrophy.html |archive-date=2020-10-22 |title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Bordoloi Trophy|access-date=3 December 2016 |work=indianfootball.de}}</ref>
**{{SilverMedal}} Runners-up (5): 1960, 1961, 1982, 1987, 2012
*'''[[All India Independence Day Cup]]'''
**[[File:Simple cup icon.svg|16px]] Winners (4): 1981, 2010, 2013, 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://assamtribune.com/riflemen-lift-id-cup|title=Riflemen lift ID Cup|website=assamtribune.com|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925042525/https://assamtribune.com/riflemen-lift-id-cup|url-status=live}}</ref>
**{{SilverMedal}} Runners-up (2): 2012, 2022
*'''[[ATPA Shield]]'''
**[[File:Simple cup icon.svg|16px]] Winners (3): 1966, 2007, 2008<ref name="List of Winners/Runners-Up of the ATPA Shield">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/atpashield.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023065152/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/atpashield.html |archive-date=2020-10-23 |title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the ATPA Shield|access-date=3 December 2016 |work=indianfootball.de}}</ref>
*'''[[Bodousa Cup]]'''
**[[File:Simple cup icon.svg|16px]] Winners (1)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assamtribune.com/assam-rifles-win-bodousa-cup|title=Assam Rifles win Bodousa Cup|access-date=27 September 2022|website=assamtribune.com|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927030301/https://assamtribune.com/assam-rifles-win-bodousa-cup|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''[[Oil India Challenge Gold Cup]]'''
**[[File:Simple cup icon.svg|16px]] Champions (1): 2006<ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/oilgoldcup.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the OIL Challenge Gold Cup|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026182609/http://indianfootball.de/data/oilgoldcup.html|archive-date=26 October 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''Amba Medhi Football Tournament'''
**[[File:Simple cup icon.svg|16px]] Winners (4): 1994, 2000, 2007, 2008<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/ambamedhicup.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023092151/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/ambamedhicup.html |archive-date=2020-10-23 |title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Amba Medhi Cup:|access-date=5 September 2022 |work=indianfootball.de}}</ref>
*'''[[Churachand Singh Trophy]]'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Roll of Honour at Sir Churachand Singh, KCSI, CBE Memorial Football Tournament — From 1950|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Sports.61st_CC_Meet_Football_Tournament_2018.Roll_of_Honour_at_Sir_Churachand_Singh_Memorial_Football_Tournament_from_1950|website=e-pao.net|publisher=E-Pao News Manipur|date=20 December 2015|access-date=29 November 2022|archive-date=9 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709223424/http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Sports.61st_CC_Meet_Football_Tournament_2018.Roll_of_Honour_at_Sir_Churachand_Singh_Memorial_Football_Tournament_from_1950}}</ref>
**[[File:Simple cup icon.svg|16px]] Winners (9): 1950, 1952, 1954, 1957, 1959, 1968, 1969, 1979, 2008
**{{SilverMedal}} Runners-up (1): 1960
*'''Sohanlal Dugar Shield'''<ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/shohanlaldugarshield.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Sohanlal Dugar Shield|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202055544/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/shohanlaldugarshield.html|archive-date=2 December 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[File:Simple cup icon.svg|16px]] Winners (2): 2014, 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/assam-rifles-win/cid/1396268|title=Assam Rifles win|website=telegraphindia.com|publisher=The Telegraph|first=Pranab Kumar|last=Das|date=29 September 2015|access-date=6 February 2023|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206203127/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/assam-rifles-win/cid/1396268|url-status=live}}</ref>
**{{SilverMedal}} Runners-up (2): 1999, 2001

==See also==
* [[Army Red football team|Army Red]]
* [[Army Green football team|Army Green]]
* [[Indian Air Force football team|Indian Air Force]]
* [[Indian Navy Sports Club|Indian Navy]]
* [[Services football team]]
* [[Railways football team]]
* [[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|Central Reserve Police Force]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assam State Premier League}}
{{Football in Assam}}

[[Category:Military football clubs in India]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Assam]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Sixth Central Pay Commission

2025-10-25T15:50:58Z

Samrick21: improve lead based on references additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|2006–08 Indian government agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}

{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name = Sixth Central Pay Commission
|nativename =
|nativename_a =
|nativename_r =
|logo =
|logo_width =
|logo_caption =
|seal =
|seal_width =
|seal_caption =
|formed = 5 October 2006
|preceding1 =
|preceding2 =
|dissolved = 24 March 2008
|superseding =
|jurisdiction = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Government of India]]
|headquarters =[[New Delhi]]
|employees =
|budget =
|minister1_name =
|minister1_pfo =
|minister2_name =
|minister2_pfo =
|chief1_name = [[B. N. Srikrishna]]
|chief1_position = Chairman
|chief2_name = Prof. Ravindra Dholakia
|chief2_position = Member
|chief3_name = J. S. Mathur
|chief3_position = Member
|chief4_name = Sushama Nath
|chief4_position = Member-Secretary
|parent_agency = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance, Government of India]]
|child1_agency =
|child2_agency =
|website = http://finmin.nic.in/6cpc/index.asp
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Sixth Central Pay Commission''' was convened by the [[Union Cabinet]] of [[India]] on 5 October 2006.<ref name="decision, 6cpc">{{cite web|title=''Gazette of India'' Extraordinary: Part I-Sec. I|url=http://finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcdecision.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Finance (Department of Expenditure)|access-date=14 July 2015|location=New Delhi|date=29 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910103008/http://www.finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcdecision.pdf|archive-date=10 September 2016|df=}}</ref> {{rp|p 28}} The [[Pay Commission]] was headed by [[B. N. Srikrishna]]. The other members of the Commission were Ravindra Dholakia, J. S. Mathur, and Member-Secretary Sushama Nath.<ref name="Report">{{cite web|last1=|title=Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission|url=http://finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcreport.pdf|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance|access-date=26 May 2015|page=9|date=March 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907065638/http://www.finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcreport.pdf|archive-date=7 September 2012|df=}}</ref>{{rp|para 1.1.5}}

The Sixth Central Pay Commission submitted its report to the [[Finance Minister]], [[P. Chidambaram]] on 24 March 2008.<ref name="decision, 6cpc"/> {{rp|p 28}} On 29 August 2008, the government announced its decision to implement the report on "structure of emoluments, allowances, conditions of service and retirement benefits of Central Government employees including ... the Defence Forces", "subject to some modifications".<ref name="decision, 6cpc"/> {{rp|p 28}}

The Sixth Central Pay Commission, unlike the earlier Central Pay Commissions, was given a wide remit. It included making recommendations to rationalize the governmental organization and structure to make them more "modern, professional and citizen friendly entities that are dedicated to the service of the people".<ref name="Report"/> {{rp|para 1.1.6–7}}

==Report==
On 14 August 2008, the [[United Progressive Alliance|United Progressive Alliance (UPA)]] government, headed by [[Manmohan Singh]], approved the Sixth Central Pay Commission recommendations with some modifications. Back pay was given from 1 January 2006<ref name="decision, 6cpc"/> {{rp|p 31, para 2}} and allowances with effect from 1 September 2008. The report led to a six percent increase in the cost of living allowance for central government employees from 16 percent to 22 percent.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090302064741/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/27/stories/2009022759602200.htm] ''Hindu Times'' 27 February 2009.</ref>

The Sixth Central Pay Commission estimated that the financial implication of its recommendations would be "Rs.7975 [[crore]] for the year 2008 {{ndash}} 2009, and an additional, one time burden of Rs.18060 crore on payment of arrears".<ref name="Report"/>{{rp|p 649, para 11.52}}

==Ranks==
The Sixth Central Pay Commission created twenty distinct ranks (pay grades) in the Government hierarchy. It was intended that an employee's status<ref name="Highlights">{{cite web|last1=|title=Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission - highlights|url=http://finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpchighlights.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|accessdate=26 May 2015|date=March 2008}}</ref>{{rp|p 1–2}} and seniority of post would be determined.<ref name="Report"/>{{rp|para 2.2.11}} The pay grades were intended to make "pay scales ... irrelevant for purposes of computing seniority".<ref name="Report"/>{{rp|para 2.2.13}} <ref name="Highlights"/> {{rp|p 1–2}} The highest ranks such as the Secretary, and the Cabinet Secretary (or equivalent), were placed on an "Apex Scale" outside the grades with a fixed scale of pay.<ref name="Highlights"/> {{rp|p 1–2}}

The Sixth Central Pay Commission recommended four running pay bands (excluding -1S). They would contain twenty grades.<ref name="Report"/> {{rp|para 1.1.8}} The commission explained that the pay band would ease stagnation by opening "promotional avenues ... even though no functional justification for higher posts may exist"; ease problems of "pay fixation"; and remove "many of the pay scale related anomalies".

Another recommendation was the creation of an "additional separate running pay band ... the scale of Rs.18400 {{ndash}} 22400 in higher administrative grades".<ref name="Report"/>{{rp|para 1.1.5,1.2.8–9}}

==Anomalies==
The Sixth Central Pay Commission report contained anomalies which were examined by an "Anomalies Committee". The committee looked at "individual, post-specific and cadre-specific anomalies".<ref name="decision, 6cpc"/>{{rp|p 31, para 6}} Anomalies concerning the Armed Forces members were not addressed and the "[[One Rank One Pension]]" (OROP) was not implemented leading to public anger with the commission and the government.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

In November 2015, [https://iesm.org/home/prologue Satbir Singh], chairman of the [[Indian Ex Servicemen Movement]] (IESM), said there were forty anomalies yet to be addressed.<ref name="Existing Anomalies and further Degradation/ Downgradation of Military by the 7th the Pay Commission Report">{{cite web|last1= Singh|first1=Maj Gen Satbir|title= Existing Anomalies and further Degradation / Downgradation of Military by the 7th the Pay Commission Report|url=|publisher=United Front of Ex-servicemen (UFESM)|date=21 November 2015}}</ref>

==Running pay bands and the armed forces==
The Sixth Central Pay Commission recommended four selection grade military ranks be linked. Lieutenant Colonel would be linked to Major General as would their equivalents in the navy and air force. This would be similar to civilian ranks based on time served between four and sixteen years. Major generals, rear admirals, and air marshals (a highly selective rank) were made at par with civilian employees with sixteen years of service. The government accepted this recommendation.

Some members of the armed forces and veterans disagreed with the change.<ref name="NC Vij letter">{{cite web|last1=Bhatt|first1=Sheela|title=A General's letter in anguish to the PM|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/apr/27letter.htm?zcc=rl|publisher=Rediff India Abroad|accessdate=17 June 2015|location=New Delhi|date=27 April 2008}}</ref><ref name="OROP, Claws">{{cite web|last1=Singh|first1=Surjit, Major General, (Retd)|title=One-Rank One-Pension: CLAWS Issue Brief No. 4, 2008|url=http://www.claws.in/images/publication_pdf/2059542219_CLAWSIssuebrief,No.4,2008.pdf|publisher=Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS)|accessdate=17 June 2015|location=Delhi Cantonment|date=2008|archive-date=20 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620005448/http://www.claws.in/images/publication_pdf/2059542219_CLAWSIssuebrief,No.4,2008.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|p 1 }} <ref name="vijay vaani">{{cite web|last1=Singh|first1=Surjit, Maj. Gen. (Retd)|title=Indian military: Nation owes you:An Introduction to One-Rank-One-Pension (OROP)|url=http://www.vijayvaani.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?aid=402|website=Vijayvaani.com|accessdate=17 June 2015|date=23 Feb 2009}}</ref>

==Time scale civil police promotions==
Following the Sixth Central Pay Commission, the UPA Government made promotions in the [[Indian Police Service]] and other civil services dependent on time served. In 2007, Indian Police Service officers were promoted on a fixed time table, independent of functional requirements or span of responsibility, up to the level of [[Inspector General]]. Promotions were mandated on completion of 4, 9, 13, 14, and 18 years of service.<ref name="Pay rules 2007">{{cite web|title=Indian Police Service (pay) rules 2007|url=http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/Acts_Rules/AIS_Rules/Revised_AIS_Rules_Vol_III_Updated_Upto_31Oct2011/Revised_AIS_Rule_Vol_III_IPS_Rule_08.pdf|publisher=DOPT|access-date=27 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308035404/http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/Acts_Rules/AIS_Rules/Revised_AIS_Rules_Vol_III_Updated_Upto_31Oct2011/Revised_AIS_Rule_Vol_III_IPS_Rule_08.pdf|archive-date=8 March 2014|df=}}</ref> {{rp|p 155–56, section 3}} Most Inspector General functions and responsibilities were no different from that of earlier era Deputy Inspector Generals and Superintendents of Police.<ref name="Pay rules 2007"/> {{rp| p 177}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Civilian designation of post<ref name="Pay">{{cite web|url=http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02ser/14021_1_2008-AIS(II)-A-English.pdf|title=Indian Administrative Service (Pay) Second Amendment Rules, 2008. (Gazette of India Extraordinary)|date=19 September 2008|website=|publisher=Department of Personnel and Training, North Block, New Delhi|last1=Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|accessdate=23 June 2015}}</ref>{{rp|page 20 and 34}}!!Police Ranks<ref name="Pay rules 2007"/> {{rp|p 155–56, section 3}} <ref name="Service Profile for Indian Police Service (IPS)">{{cite web|last1=Police Division, Ministry Of Home Affairs|title=Service Profile for Indian Police Service (IPS)|url=http://mha1.nic.in/pdfs/IPSProfile_180314.pdf|publisher=MHA|accessdate=16 July 2015|date=July 2015|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918064941/http://mha1.nic.in/pdfs/IPSProfile_180314.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> !! Years of service for promotion !! Pay band !! Grade Pay {{INR}} !! Police badges of rank.
<ref>The police in India, including the Central Armed Police, wear army style uniforms, similar badges of rank, fly flags, display stars on cars, use sirens, red flashing beacon lights, and escort cars.</ref>
|-
| Junior Scale || Assistant Commissioner of Police ||1-4 || Pay-Band - 3 {{INR}}15600-39100 || {{INR}}5400 || Corresponds to army Lieutenant or Captain.
|-
| Senior Scale (Under Secretary)|| Superintendent Police (SP) / Additional Deputy Commissioner of Police||4 <ref name="IPS">{{cite web|title= IPS promotion to Senior Scale, Junior Administrative Grade, Super Time Scale, Above Super Time Scale - guidelines|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/Promotion%20guidelines.pdf|publisher=MHA|accessdate=26 January 2016|location=N Delhi|language=English|date= 15 January 1999|quote=}}</ref> {{rp|para IV B}} ||Pay-Band - 3 {{INR}}15600-39100 ||{{INR}}6600 || Time scale corresponds to army captains. Wear army Major badges of rank.
|-
| Senior Scale: Junior Administrative Grade (Deputy Secretary)||SP/ Deputy Commissioner of Police || 9<ref name="IPS"/> {{rp|para IV B}}||Pay band - 3: {{INR}}15600-39100|| {{INR}}7600 || 7600 grade pay created an anomaly. Army Majors, and their equivalents with 9 years and more service, remained in 6600 grade pay till 13 years of service, while officers from all other services in the time scale jumped to 7600 grade pay after 9 years including in the defence accounts, and the Indian Police. The IPS, which wears army style badges, instead of wearing equivalent badges of rank, started to wear Lt Colonel badges of rank.
|-
|Senior Scale: Selection Grade (Director)||SP/ Senior SP|| 13<ref name="IPS"/> {{rp|para IV B}} ||Pay-Band - 4 {{INR}}37400-67000||{{INR}}8700 || 8700 grade pay also created an anomaly. Army Lt Colonels, and their equivalent with 13 years and more service, remained at RS 8000 grade pay till they were promoted to Colonel, a highly selective selection grade rank, tenable after 16 {{ndash}} 18 years of service. In comparison, all officers from the civil services jumped to 8700 grade pay, a time scale position, after 13 years including in defence accounts, and the Indian Police. The IPS, with army style badges, instead of wearing Major or Lt Colonel type badges of rank as they use to, started to wear Colonel type badges of rank.
|-
|Super Time Scale (Director)|| Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)/[[Additional Commissioner of Police]]|| 14 ||Pay-Band - 4 {{INR}}37400-67000 || {{INR}} 8900 || Time scale, on completion of 14 years service of service all Police Officers wear army Brigadier badges of rank, and receive the same grade pay as Brigade Commanders, [[Air commodore]]s, and [[Commodore (rank)|Navy Commodores]], with 24 {{ndash}} 28 years of service.
|-
|Super Time Scale (Joint Secretary)||Inspector General of Police || 16 for IAS <ref name="Pay"/> {{rp|page 20}} {{ndash}} 18 for IPS<ref name="IPS"/> {{rp|para IV B}} ||Pay-Band - 4 {{INR}}37400-67000 ||{{INR}}10000 ||Time scale, all police officers on completion of 18 years wear Major General's badges of rank, and receive same grade pay as General Officers commanding Infantry and Armoured Divisions, who on an average have 32 years of service. In comparison with 100 percent promotion to this rank in police, army, airforce and navy, have an approval rating of about 2 percent, to the rank of Major General, Rear Admiral, and Air Vice Marshals.
|-
|Above super Time scale (Additional Secretary)||Additional Director General of Police [This is a new police rank created after the 3 CPC] || 25<ref name="ADG, 25 years,19 July 2010">{{cite web|title=Amendment to IPS _ promotion Guidelines|url=http://mha1.nic.in/pdfs/IPS-Guid-190710.pdf|publisher=MHA|accessdate=26 January 2016|location=N Delhi|language=English|date=19 July 2010|quote=reduced from 26 to 25 years}}</ref> || {{INR}}67000(annual increment @3%) -79000||- || All IAS/IPS assured promotion to this level because of significant increase in post at this and above this level. Additional Director General of Police (ADGP) wear Lieutenant General badges of rank, and are in same pay grade as corps commanders. Less than 0.13 percent of officers in the army, air force and navy promoted as Lt. Generals.<ref name="NC Vij letter"/>
|-
|Above Super Time Scale : HAG plus (Special Secretary)||Additional/Special Director General of Police [This also is a new police rank created after the 4 CPC]|| 26-30 || {{INR}}75500- (annual increment@ 3%)-80000 || nil|| Significant number of IAS / IPS officers are promoted to Special DG especially after the large upwards gradation of police ranks. They wear Lieutenant Generals badges of rank.
|-
| Secretary/ special secretary||Director General of Police (A new police rank: initially there were few, now there are scores)|| 30<ref name="IPS"/>{{rp|para IV B}} ||{{INR}}80000 (fixed) || nil|| Age permitting, most IPS officers expect to reach the DG / equivalent pay grade, (apex grade). DGs wear Lieutenant General badges of rank, and are in same pay grade as Army Corps commanders. Following the UPA Governments creation of approximately 30 new post for police officers in the apex grade, in 2008, most police officers retire at the highest pension.
|}

===Up graduation of heads of Central and State Police Forces===
Following the Sixth Central Pay Commission report, the UPA Government, in recognition of the growing role and influence of the Ministry of Home (MHA), India's Interior Ministry, promoted the heads of the five police led Central Para Military Forces to the highest pay grade, or the Apex Scale, with a fixed pay of Rs. 80,000. The promotions to the Apex Scale included not only the heads of the bigger forces like the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF), and [[Border Security Force]] (BSF), but also the smaller MHA Forces, like the [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] (ITBP), [[Central Industrial Security Force|Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)]] (CISF) and [[Sashastra Seema Bal|Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)]].<ref name="Report"/>{{rp|p 645 {{ndash}} 646}} <ref name="Report"/>{{rp|para 3.2.12}} In addition to these promotions, the government also promoted the Director General of the Railway Police, and the Director General of Police of States to the Apex Scale. This made the Director Generals of these central and state forces at par in rank, pay, and status with Secretaries to the Government of India, Armed Forces senior most Lieutenant Generals, Air Marshals, and Vice Admirals.<ref name="Pay rules 2007"/>

===Non functional promotions===
After the Sixth Central Pay Commission, the government implemented "Non Functional" ranks. [[Avay Shukla]], who retired in 2010, said, "Whenever any Indian Administrative Service officer ... in pay band 3 or pay band 4, is promoted, members of the Indian Police service and other All India Services (AIS), senior to such officers will be automatically be eligible to be appointed to the same grade on non-functional basis from the date of posting of the Indian Administrative Service officer in that particular grade".<ref name="http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/Acts">{{cite web|last1=Department of Personnel & Training (DOPT)|title=Indian Police Service (pay) rules, 2007|url=http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/Acts_Rules/AIS_Rules/Revised_AIS_Rules_Vol_III_Updated_Upto_31Oct2011/Revised_AIS_Rule_Vol_III_IPS_Rule_08.pdf|publisher=Government Of India Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & ... Department of Personnel & Training (DOPT)|access-date=26 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308035404/http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/Acts_Rules/AIS_Rules/Revised_AIS_Rules_Vol_III_Updated_Upto_31Oct2011/Revised_AIS_Rule_Vol_III_IPS_Rule_08.pdf|archive-date=8 March 2014|df=}}</ref>{{rp|p 156 note 3, and Annexure -I, p 319}}<ref name="AV, 17/8">{{cite news|last1=Shukla|first1=Avay|title=The bitter truth about OROP|url=http://hillpost.in/2015/08/the-bitter-truth-about-orop/104013/|accessdate=28 August 2015|publisher=HillPost|date=17 August 2015|quote=Avay Shukla, Indian Administrative Service, HP Cadre, 1975 batch.}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Pay Commission]]
*[[One Rank, One Pension]]
*[[Defence pensions, India]]
*[[7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141021084054/http://finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcreport.pdf Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission] Ministry of Finance
* [https://8thpaycommissionsalarycalculator.com/pay-matrix-table/ 7th pay commission pay matrix table]

{{Ministry of Finance (India)}}
{{Authority control}}
* [https://8thpayupdates.com Eighth Pay Updates]
* [https://8thpaycommissionsalarycalculator.com/6th-pay-commission-fitment-table/ 6th Pay Commission Fitment Table]

[[Category:Government finances in India]]
[[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Finance (India)]]

Ranjit Bhanu

2025-09-13T22:08:04Z

Samrick21: put up basic article needs work!

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ranjit Bhanu
| occupation = Politician, Lawyer, Trade Unionist
| office = [[Member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Colaba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Colaba]]
| term_start = 1978
| term_end = 1980
| party = [[Janata Party]]
| known_for = Former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] and former Chairman of [[New India Cooperative Bank]]
}}
'''Ranjit Bhanu''' was an Indian politician, criminal lawyer, and trade unionist who served as a Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]],<ref name=deccanherald/> representing the [[Colaba Assembly constituency|Colaba constituency]] from 1978 to 1980.<ref>{{cite news |title=Colaba Maharashtra Assembly Election 1978 |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/1978/colaba/ |publisher=Latestly}}</ref> A close associate of [[George Fernandes]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Dhaval |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Ashish |title=How New India Cooperative Bank's better days had a George Fernandes link |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/how-new-india-cooperative-banks-better-days-had-a-george-fernandes-link-2687177-2025-02-28 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=February 28, 2025}}</ref> he was a co-founder of the [[New India Cooperative Bank]]<ref name=deccanherald>{{cite news |last1=Bose |first1=Mrityunjay |title=Bank founded by ex-minister George Fernandes faces crisis |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bank-founded-by-ex-minister-george-fernandes-faces-crisis-3407491 |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=February 15, 2025}}</ref> and also later served as its chairman.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wadke |first1=Rahul |last2=Manoj |first2=P. |title=Leap of faith: From seminary to trade union movement |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/leap-of-faith-from-seminary-to-trade-union-movement/article26122111.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=December 6, 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
* [[George Fernandes]]
* [[New India Cooperative Bank]]
* [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhanu, Ranjit}}
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1978–1980]]
[[Category:Indian trade unionists]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
{{JP-politician-stub}}

Rohit Sahu

2025-09-13T21:54:21Z

Samrick21: put up initial info from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Rohit Sahu''' (born 9 June 1978)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sanjeet |date=2023-08-18 |title=BJP MLA Rohit Sahu Biography in Hindi: भाजपा विधायक रोहित साहू का जीवन परिचय |url=https://npg.news/politics/bjp-mla-rohit-sahu-biography-in-hindi-biography-of-bjp-mla-rohit-sahu-1245899 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=npg.news |language=hi}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. He is an MLA from [[Rajim Assembly constituency]] in [[Gariaband district|Gariaband District]]. He won the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajim assembly election results 2023: Rajim Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/chhattisgarh/rajim-assembly-result-26054 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rohit Sahu , BJP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Rohit Sahu , Assembly Election Constituency Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/chhattisgarh/assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/rohit-sahu-50054-1 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sahu is from [[Rajim]], Gariaband District, Chhattisgarh. He is the son of Vishnu Sahu. He completed his Class 12 through Chhattisgarh State Open School, Raipur in 2015. Later, he discontinued his studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rohit Sahu(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- RAJIM(GARIYABAND) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Chhattisgarh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=512 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sahu won from Rajim Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Rajim, Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Rajim में BJP ने INC कोहराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/rajim-chhattisgarh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830643-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref> He polled 96,423 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Amitesh Shukla]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 11,911 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajim Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Rohit Sahu Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rajim-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687288.html |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Rajim Election Result 2023 Live, Rajim Elections Vote Counting, Chhattisgarh Results 2023 {{!}} ABPLive |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-2023/chhattisgarh-rajim-constituency-54.html |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajim Constituency Election Results 2023: Rajim Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh/constituency-show/rajim |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahu, Rohit}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Gariaband district]]

Jigarthanda (2014 soundtrack)

2025-09-08T20:26:13Z

Samrick21: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Music of Jigarthanda (2014 film)]]

Ankush

2025-08-17T13:51:41Z

Samrick21:

{{wikt}}
'''Ankush''' may refer to:

* [[Ankusha]], term for the elephant goad in India
* [[Ankush (1986 film)|''Ankush'' (1986 film)]], an Indian Hindi-language action drama film
* [[Ankush (2023 film)]], an Indian Marathi-language action drama film
* [[Ankush (given name)]], an Indian male given name
* [[Ankush (kabaddi)]], an Indian kabaddi player

==See also==
*[[Ankushapur (disambiguation)]]

{{dab}}

John Mildenhall

2025-07-23T13:04:54Z

Samrick21: stub

{{Short description|British explorer and adventurer (c. 1560–1614)}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
'''John Mildenhall''' ({{circa|1560}}–1614) or '''John Midnall''' was an English explorer and adventurer and one of the first to make an overland journey to India. He was the self-styled ambassador of the [[British East India Company]] in [[India]]. His is the first recorded burial of an Englishman in India.

== Personal life ==

Little is known of John Mildenhall's early life. The date and location of his birth are unknown. In a letter written on 12 February 1599 he describes himself as ''John Mildenhall of London, Merchant''. In the same letter, he likens the abundance of fish found at Lake Van (Turkey) to ''..our herring time at Yermouth'' (Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, England), which he then describes.<ref>Purchas, Samuel, Purchas his Pilgrimes, London: Henry Fetherstone, 1625. Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership, 2011, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A68617.0001.001/1:14.1.3, accessed 19 January 2021</ref>

In letters written by a contemporary merchant, John Sanderson, Mildenhall (more commonly called Midnall) is often referred to as a ''cuckold'', inferring that he was a married man.<ref>Foster, William. ''The Travels of John Sanderson in The Levant 584-1602''. The Hakluyt Society, Second Series, 1931. Archive.org digital copy, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99313/page/n251, (pgs 18,197 & 281) accessed 19 January 2021</ref> Whether there was any issue from this marriage is not known; but Mildenhall did have two illegitimate children, in Persia, with an Indian woman. These two children (a boy and a girl) were left in the care of a Frenchman, named Augustin (the executor of Mildenhall's will), and Mildenhall bequeathed them his effects. The majority of Mildenhall's estate was eventually recovered by the East India Company, and the fate of the two children is unclear.<ref>Foster, William, Early Travels in India 1583-1619, Oxford University Press, 1921, Archive.org digital copy https://archive.org/details/earlytravelsinin00fostuoft/page/52, accessed 19 January 2021.</ref>

== Travels to India ==

Mildenhall was one of the first British travellers to journey overland to India.<ref name="mildenhall_book1_63">{{cite book|last=Prasad|first=Ram Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4nUx8ZzIHBsC&pg=PA63|title=Early English Travellers in India|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications|year=1980|isbn=9788120824652|location=Delhi|pages=63}}</ref> His name first appears in the Court Records of the British East India Company concerning a letter sent by him "to his master Rich Stapers, declaring what privileges he had obtained in the Indies and offering them, and his services to the Company for 1,500 pounds in hand".
On 21{{nbsp}}June 1608 the Court decided to consider his demand, and in October nominated Mildenhall as factor along with Lawrence Femell and Edward Abbott. However, Mildenhall demanded even more and as a consequence, negotiations came to an end.

Entrusted with the sale of the Company goods in the [[Levant]], Mildenhall, travelled through Eastern Europe, passed through Scio and [[Smyrna]], and reached [[Constantinople]] on 29{{nbsp}}October 1599. After a six-month stay in Constantinople, he continued his journey and arrived at Aleppo on 24{{nbsp}}May 1600 where he stayed for forty-two days. On 7{{nbsp}}June 1600 Mildenhall left Aleppo with an entourage of six hundred people and, after travelling through Bir, [[Urfa]], [[Diyarbakır|Diarbekir]], [[Bitlis]], [[Van, Turkey|Van]], [[Nakhchivan (city)|Nakhichevan]], [[Julfa, Azerbaijan (city)|Julfa]], [[Soltaniyeh|Sultanieh]], [[Kazvin]], [[Qom|Kum]], [[Kashan]], [[Kerman]], [[Sistan]] and [[Kandahar]], he reached [[Lahore]] in 1603.

Mildenhall was entrusted with the sale of the company's goods in the [[Levant]] but he deceived the British East India Company by escaping to [[Persia]] instead. A letter from [[Ajmer]] dated 20{{nbsp}}September 1614 informs the British East India Company that an Englishman named Richard Steele had arrived at [[Aleppo]] along with another Englishman, Richard Newman, in pursuit of one John Midnall who had tried to flee with the company's provisions to [[India]] but was overtaken and captured at Tombaz and taken back to [[Isfahan]].

Mildenhall was released soon afterward, but his belongings were confiscated. However, he received compensation of 9,000 dollars in return. Shortly after his release, Mildenhall traveled to India and arrived in Lahore accompanied by Newman, who had had an altercation with Steele and had chosen to follow Mildenhall. They parted ways in Lahore but reunited in [[Agra]].

In 1603,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=MacLean|first1=Gerald|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203185.001.0001/acprof-9780199203185|title=Britain and the Islamic World, 1558–1713|last2=Matar|first2=Nabil|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0-19-920318-5|pages=71–72|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203185.001.0001}}</ref> John Mildenhall reached the court of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]] and held discussions with him. However, he was regarded as an outlaw by the British East India Company whose exports to the Levant he had diverted to India. Moreover, his journey was not sponsored by the company. Hence, the British East India Company sent [[Sir William Hawkins]] to India in pursuit of Mildenhall and to declare all his dealings null and void.

== Burial ==
[[File:Mildenhall tomb.jpg|thumb|Mildenhall's tomb]]
John Mildenhall is interred at the Roman Catholic cemetery in Agra. Originally his grave had a Portuguese inscription which read "Joa de Mendenal, Ingles, moreo aos [unintelligible text] Junho 1614" (literally: Englishman, dead in June 1614).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blunt|first=Edward Arthur Henry|author-link=E. A. H. Blunt|year=1910|title=The Tomb of John Mildenhall.|journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=42|issue=2|pages=495–498|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00039757|jstor=25189697|s2cid=164097635 }}</ref> In the 20th century an English inscription was added, probably by the colonial English government:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blunt|first=Edward Arthur Henry|url=https://archive.org/details/listofinscriptio00blunuoft/page/40/mode/2up?q=mildenhall|title=List of inscriptions on Christian tombs and tablets of historical interest in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|year=1911|location=Allahabad|pages=41|author-link=E. A. H. Blunt}}</ref>
:Here lies John Mildenhall, Englishman, who left London in 1599 and traveling to India through Persian, reached Agra in 1603 and spoke with the Emperor Akbar. On a second visit in 1614 he fell ill at Lahore, died at Ajmer, and was buried here through the good offices of Thomas Kerridge merchant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tajhub.com/taj-mahal/agra/beyond_taj2.html |title=Agra — Beyond Taj |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021154143/http://www.tajhub.com/taj-mahal/agra/beyond_taj2.html |archive-date=21 October 2007 }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=September 2017}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite journal|last=Blunt|first=E. A. H.|author-link=E. A. H. Blunt|date=1910|title=The Tomb of John Mildenhall|journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=42|issue=2|pages=495–498|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00039757|jstor=25189697|s2cid=164097635 }}
*{{Cite book|last=Foster|first=William|url=https://archive.org/details/earlytravelsini00fostgoog/page/n90/mode/2up|title=Early Travels in India: 1583-1619|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1921|location=London et al.|pages=48–59|author-link=William Foster (historiographer)}}
*{{Cite book|last=Prasad|first=Ram Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4nUx8ZzIHBsC&pg=PA63|title=Early English Travellers in India: A Study in the Travel Literature of the Elizabethan and Jacobean Periods with Particular Reference to India|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1980|isbn=978-81-208-2465-2|edition=2|location=Delhi|pages=63–81}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mildenhall, John}}
[[Category:Explorers of Asia]]
[[Category:1560s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:1614 deaths]]
[[Category:Expatriates in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Expatriates in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Expatriates from the Kingdom of England]]
[[Category:16th-century English explorers]]
[[Category:17th-century English explorers]]

Sacred groves of Biodiversity Park, Visakhapatnam

2025-07-04T20:51:46Z

Samrick21: creating initial stub from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Sacred groves of Biodiversity Park, Visakhapatnam
| alt_name =
| image = Sacred groves lay out plan Biodiverstiy park, RCD Govt. Hospital, visakhapatnam.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Sacred groves zone lay out plan
| type = Biodiversity park / educative [[botanical garden]]
| location = [[Rani Chandramani Devi Government Hospital]], [[Pedda Waltair]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
|coordinates ={{Coord|17.7290304|N|83.3364321|E|region:IN-HR_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| status = Open all year
| map =
| map_width =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
}}

The '''sacred groves''' is a zone of [[Biodiversity Park, Visakhapatnam]] located in the premises of [[Rani Chandramani Devi Government Hospital]]. It has more than 100 sacred plant species, which are [[medicinal herbs]] with religious importance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sacred groves inaugurated at hospital biodiversity park visakhapatnam|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/sacred-groves-inaugurated-at-hospital/articleshow/56975395.cms|work=[[Times of India]]|access-date=5 February 2017|date=2020-05-12}}</ref> Many sacred plants are becoming rare and endangered. Hence they are to be reared, protected, and conserved.<ref name="DNCS- BioPark-">{{cite news |url=https://www.yovizag.com/rcd-biodiversity-park-vizag/|title=DNCS Biodiversity park|date=25 Mar 2018|newspaper=Yo Vizag|access-date=9 Jan 2020}}</ref> The zone was inaugurated on February 5, 2017, by [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]], a [[member of parliament]] from [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|title=sacred grove inaugurated at biodiversity visakhapatnam|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/A-%E2%80%98sacred-grove%E2%80%99-inaugurated-at-Biodiversity-Park/article17195848.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 February 2017|date=2020-05-12}}</ref>

== Sacred plant species of the park in general ==

More than 300 tree species mentioned in [[holy books]] ([[Bhagvad Gita]], [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]], [[Bible]], [[Quran]], [[Tripitaka]], [[Zend-Avesta]], [[Guru Granth Sahib]]) related to different religions ([[Hinduism]],<ref name="trees-religion-hinduism-">{{cite news|url=https://arboriculture.wordpress.com/2016/11/05/trees-and-religion-hinduism/|title=trees-religion-hinduism-|date=11 May 2016|newspaper=wordpress|access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> [[Christianity]],<ref name="trees-religion-Christianity-">{{cite news|url=https://arboriculture.wordpress.com/2016/10/09/christianity-religion-trees//|title=trees-religion-christianity-|date=9 October 2016|newspaper=wordpress|access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> [[Islam]],<ref name="trees-religion-Islam-">{{cite news|url=https://arboriculture.wordpress.com/2016/10/11/trees-in-islamic-faith-religion//|title=trees-religion-Islam-|date=11 October 2016|newspaper=wordpress|access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> [[Jainism]],<ref name="trees-religion-Jainism-">{{cite news|url=https://arboriculture.wordpress.com/2016/11/26/trees-and-religion//|title=trees-religion-Jainism-|date=26 November 2016|newspaper=wordpress|access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> [[Buddhism]],<ref name="trees-religion-buddhisim-nepal-">{{cite news|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_139_02.pdf|title=trees-religion-Buddhism-|date=26 November 2016|newspaper=basanta bidari4|access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
and [[Sikhism]])<ref name="trees-religion-sikhism-">{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/-oasis-of-trees-to-nurture-guru-s-legacy-640271//|title='Oasis of trees' to nurture Guru's legacy|date=21 August 2018|newspaper=the tribune|access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> are reared in different zones of the Biodiversity Park.<ref name="sections-biodiversity-park-">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/Generation-Y-join-hands-to-conserve-biodiversity/articleshow/17475367.cms|title=Generation Y to conserve biodiversity-sections of biodiversity park|date=4 December 2012|newspaper=timesofindia|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref> Many tree species are commonly seen in more than one religion. For example, fig (''[[Ficus carica]]'') is almost common to all religions. Date palm (''[[Phoenix dactylifera]]''), olive (''[[Olea europaea]]''), pomegranate (''[[Punica granatum]]''), cypress (''[[Cupressus sempervirens]]'') are common to Christians and Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|title=trees-in-koran-and-bible|url=http://www.fao.org/3/y9882E/y9882e11.htm|publisher=[[fao org]]|access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=plants of bible and quran musselman|publisher=[[timber press]]|date=1 November 2017|isbn=978-0881928556}}</ref> Neem (''[[Azadirachta indica]]''), sacred fig or peepal or bodhi (''[[Ficus religiosa]]''), sal (''[[Shorea robusta]]''), sandal wood (''[[Santalum album]]''), bilva (''[[Aegle marmelos]]'') are common to Hindus, Buddhists and Jains.<ref name="trees-in-indian-mythology-">{{cite news |url=https://www.discoveryjournals.org/discovery/current_issue/v11-13/n25-34/A8.pdf|title=trees in indian mythology|date=1 March 2014|journal=Discovery|access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref> Banyan (''[[Ficus bengalensis]]'') and sacred fig (''[[Ficus religiosa]]'') are common to Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainsism, Judaism and Christianity. The maidenhair tree (''[[Ginkgo biloba]]'') is viewed as a sacred tree in all religions of China, Korea and Japan.<ref name="buddhists-monks-sacred-tree -">{{cite news |url=https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/ginkgoales/ginkgo.html|title=buddhists monks in china and japan propagation|date=18 July 2018|access-date=15 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="rare-species-ginkgo-biloba-biodiversity-park-">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/in-the-kingdom-of-plants/article24451823.ece|title=in the kingdom of plants-rare species ''Ginkgo biloba''-of biodiversity park|date=18 July 2018|newspaper=thehindu|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref>

Some of the notable sacred plant species of the park are: maidenhair tree (''[[Ginkgo biloba]]''), Christmas tree (''[[Araucaria excelsa]]''), peepal/sacred fig/aswaddha (''[[Ficus religiosa]]''), banyan/marri/vata (''[[Ficus benghalensis]]''), ashoka tree (''[[Saraca asoca]]''), date palm (''[[Phoenix dactylifera]]''), Indian cedar / deodar (''[[Cedrus deodara]]''), cypress (''[[Cupressus sempervirens]]''), olive (''[[Olea europaea]]''), neem (''[[Azadirachta indica]]''), mango (''[[Mangifera indica]]''), kadamba (''[[Anthocephalus cadamba]]''), sandal wood (''[[Santalum album]]''), sami or jammi (''[[Prosopis cineraria]]''), bel, bilva or maredu (''[[Aegle marmelos]]''), moduga/flame of the forest (''[[Butea monosperma]]''), holy cross / calabash tree (''[[Crescentia cujete]]''), Indian lotus or padmam (''[[Nelumbo nucifera]]''), basilicum / tulasi (''[[Ocimum sanctum]]''), and rudraksha (''[[Elaeocarpus ganitrus]]'').<ref name="sacred-trees-in-india-">{{cite news |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/sacred-trees-in-india|title=sacred trees worship in india|date=7 July 2014|journal=Discovery|access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="iconic-trees-in-the-world-">{{cite news |url=https://www.gardenbuildingsdirect.co.uk/blog/lets-talk-religion-11-sacred-iconic-trees-around-world|title=iconic tree around the world|date=28 August 2017|access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="groves-beauty-plenty-">{{cite news |title=groves of trees beauty and plenty|date=1 March 2013|publisher=Macmillon|oclc = 52929510}}</ref>

== Sacred plant categories of the Sacred Grove Zone ==

The [[Sacred grove|Sacred Groves]] Zone of the Biodiversity Park contains more than 100 plants under five categories namely Ganesha vana, Nakshatra vana, Raasi vana, Saptarishi vana and Navagraha vana. The pictures are shown in the gallery. Some plants or trees are common to more than one vana or garden. For example, raavi / peepal / sacred fig (''[[Ficus religiosa]]'') is common to Ganesha vana, Raasi vana, Saptarishi vana and Nakshtra vana. Similarly sandra / chandra / kachu (''[[Acacia catechu]]'') is common to Nakshatra vana, Navagraha vana and Raasi vana. Samee / jemmi (''[[Prosopis cineraria]]'') / (''[[Prosopis spicigera]]'') is common to Ganesha vana, Nakshatra vana, Navagraha vana and Raasi vana. Bilva / maredu / bael (''[[Aegle marmelos]]'') is common to Ganesha vana, Nakshatra vana and Saptarishi vana.

=== Ganesha vana – Ganesha garden with 21 plants ===

This consists of 21 leaves (Aeakavimshathi patraha) of 21 plant species connected with the worship of Lord [[Ganesha]].<ref name="ganesh-21-names-of-leaves- worship-">{{cite news |url=https://www.astrogle.com/ayurveda/ganesh-chaturthi-21-leaves-names-significance.html|title=aurveda 21 leaves Ganesh worship|access-date=15 May 2020}}</ref>

This might also be the same as the Siddhivinayak Mandala Vaatika, where the garden is designed as per sacred geometry dedicated to SiddhiVinayak, another name for Lord Ganesha.

A Mandala Vaatika, simply put, is a garden that is structured like a Mandala (i.e. in a circular geometric designs). However, in Vedic times, these gardens were created as per very specific mathematical calculations, patterns and measurements. Each deity and planet has their own unique Mandala geometry. These gardens were treated as sacred groves where one could meditate and experience the vibrations of these deities.

So, in ancient India one could meditate in a Rudra Mandala Vaatika, a Durga Mandala Vaatika, a Murugan Mandala Vaatika, a Varamahalakshmi Mandala Vaatika or even a Saptarishi Mandala Vaatika dedicated to the 7 most revered sages.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! S.no!! Sanskrit name of the leaf !! Common name of the tree !! Botanical name !! Family
|-
| 1 || ''Machee patraha'' || Masapatri || ''[[Artemisia vulgaris]]'' || [[Asteraceae]]
|-
| 2 || ''Brihatee patraha'' || a. nela munaga / mulla vankayi b. vakudu || a. ''[[Solanum surattense]]'' / ''[[Solanum xanthocarpum]]'' b. ''[[Carissa carandas]]'' || a. [[Solanaceae]] b. [[Apocynaceae]]
|-
| 3 || ''Bilva patraha'' || Bilva / maredu / bael || ''[[Aegle marmelos]]'' || [[Rutaceae]]
|-
| 4 || ''Doorvaru yugmaha'' || Garika || ''[[Cynodon dactylon]]'' || [[Poaceae]]
|-
| 5 || ''Datura patraha'' || Datura / ummetta || ''[[Datura metel]]'' || [[Solanaceae]]
|-
| 6 || ''Badari patraha'' || a. regu / Indian jujube b. Chinese jujube || a. ''[[Ziziphus mauritiana]]'' b. ''[[Ziziphus jujuba]]'' || [[Rhamnaceae]]
|-
| 7 || ''Apamarga patrah'' || Uttareni || ''[[Achyranthes aspera]]'' || [[Amaranthaceae]]
|-
| 8 || ''Tulasi patraha'' || Tulasi / sacred basil || ''[[Ocimum sanctum]]'' / ''[[Ocimum tenuiflorum]]'' || [[Lamiaceae]]
|-
| 9 || ''Choota patraha'' || Mamidi / mango || ''[[Mangifera indica]]'' || [[Anacardiaceae]]
|-
| 10 || ''Karaveera patraha'' || a. yerra ganneru / oleander b. pachha ganneru / yellow oleander || a. ''[[Nerium indicum]]'' b. ''[[Thevetia peruviana]]'' || a. [[Apocynaceae]] b. [[Apocynaceae]]
|-
| 11 || ''Vishnukranta patraha'' || Vishnukranta || ''[[Evolvulus alsinoides]]'' || [[Convolvulaceae]]
|-
| 12 || ''Dadimee patraha'' || Pomegranate / danimma || ''[[Punica granatum]]'' || [[Punicaceae]]
|-
| 13 || ''Devadaru patraha'' || a. devadaru b. pine c. local devadaru / pagadamu chettu / red cedar || a. ''[[Cedrus deodara]]'' b. ''[[Pinus roxburghii]]'' c. ''[[Erythroxylum monogynum]]'' || a. [[Pinaceae]] b. [[Pinaceae]] c. [[Linaceae]]
|-
| 14 || ''Maruvaka patraha'' || Maruvamu || ''[[Origanum vulgare]]'' || [[Lamiaceae]]
|-
| 15 || ''Sindhuvara patraha'' || Vavili || ''[[Vitex negundo]]'' || [[Verbenaceae]]
|-
| 16 || ''Jajee patraha'' || Jaji / sanna jaji || ''[[Jasminum grandiflorum]]'' || [[Oleaceae]]
|-
| 17 || ''Gandaki patraha'' || a. sita phalam b. devakanchanamu|| a. ''[[Annona squamosa]]'' b. ''[[Bauhinia acuminata]]'' || a. [[Annonaceae]] b. [[Fabaceae]]
|-
| 18 || ''Samee patraha'' || Samee / jemmi || ''[[Prosopis cineraria]]'' / ''[[Prosopis spicigera]]'' || [[Fabaceae]]
|-
| 19 || ''Aswaddha patraha'' || Raavi / peepal / sacred fig || ''[[Ficus religiosa]]'' || [[Moraceae]]
|-
| 20 || ''Arjuna patraha'' || Arjuna / tella maddi || ''[[Terminalia arjuna]]'' || [[Combretaceae]]
|-
| 21 || ''Arca patraha'' || Tella jilledu / swetarca || ''[[Calotropis procera]]'' / ''[[Calotropis gigantea]]'' || [[Asclepiadaceae]] / [[Apocynaceae]]
|}

=== Nakshatra vana - garden with plants for 27 stars ===

The [[nakshatra]] vana comprises plant species connected with the 27 stars or star constellations of [[Indian astrology]].<ref name="Nakshatra-and-Raasi-vana-">{{cite news| url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/269250/nakshatra-vana-treasure-trove-plants.html |title=Nakshatra and Raasi vana|date=4 August 2012|newspaper=Deccan Herald|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Nakshtra-vanam-deicated-">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/nakshatravanam-dedicated/article6927044.ece |title=Nakshtra vanam dedicated|date=24 February 2015|newspaper=thehindu|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="divine-trees-hinduism-nature-">{{cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/others/the-divine-trees-associated-with-the-27-nakshatras/articleshow/68205748.cms|title=divine trees hinduism nature|date=5 June 2018|newspaper=thehindu|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! S.no!! Name of the nakshatra / star !! Common name of the tree !! Botanical name !! Family
|-
| 1 || [[Ashvini|Ashwini]] || a. mushidi / vishamusthi b. jeedimamidi / cashewnut || a. ''[[Strychnos nux-vomica]]'' b. ''[[Anacardium occidentale]]'' || a. [[Loganiaceae]] b. [[Anacardiaceae]]
|-
| 2 || [[Bharani]] || Konda vusiri / amla / Indian gooseberry || ''[[Phyllanthus emblica]]'' || [[Euphorbiaceae]]
|-
| 3 || [[Kṛttikā|Krittika]] || Athi / medi / udumbara || ''[[Ficus glomerata]]'' / ''[[Ficus racemosa]]'' || [[Moraceae]]
|-
| 4 || [[Rohini (goddess)|Rohini]] || Neredu / jamun || ''[[Eugenia jambolana]]'' / ''[[Syzygium cuminii]]'' || [[Myrtaceae]]
|-
| 5 || [[Mrigashīrsha|Mrigashira]] || Kachu / sandra / chandra/ khair || ''[[Acacia catechu]]'' || [[Mimosaceae]]
|-
| 6 || Aarudra || Tumiki chettu / beedi aaku || ''[[Diospyros melanoxylon]]'' || [[Ebenaceae]]
|-
| 7 || [[Punarvasu]] || Golden bamboo / painted bamboo || ''[[Bambusa vulgaris]]'' 'Vittata' || [[Poaceae]]
|-
| 8 || [[Pushya]]mi || Raavi / aswaddha / pipal / sacred fig || ''[[Ficus religiosa]]'' || [[Poaceae]]
|-
| 9 || [[Ashlesha (nakshatra)|Aashlesha]] || Ponna / laurel wood || ''[[Calophyllum inophyllum]]'' || [[Clusiaceae]]
|-
| 10 || [[Maghā|Magha]] || Marri / vata / banyan tree / Indian fig || ''[[Ficus benghalensis]]'' || [[Moraceae]]
|-
| 11 || [[Pūrva Phalgunī|Pubba]] || Moduga / flame of the forest || ''[[Butea monosperma]]'' || [[Fabaceae]]
|-
| 12 || [[Uttara Phalgunī|Uttara]] || a. karaveera / ganneru b. juvvi || a. ''[[Nerium indicum]]'' b. ''[[Ficus virens]]'' || a. [[Apocynaceae]] b. [[Moraceae]]
|-
| 13 || [[Hasta (nakshatra)|Hasta]] || a. tella tumma b. adavi mamidi / hog plum c. jaji / sanna jaji || a. ''[[Acacia leucophloea]]'' b. ''[[Spondias pinnata]]'' c. ''[[Jasminum grandiflorum]]'' || a. [[Mimosaceae]] b. [[Anacardiaceae]] c. [[Oleaceae]]
|-
| 14 || [[Chitra (nakshatra)|Chitra]] / Chitta || Maredu / beal / bilwa / || ''[[Aegle marmelos]]'' || [[Rutaceae]]
|-
| 15 || [[Svati|Swathi]] || Tella maddi / arjun || ''[[Terminalia arjuna]]'' || [[Combretaceae]]
|-
| 16 || [[Vishākhā|Visakha]] || a. velaga / stone apple / wood apple b. naga keshar / cobra saffron || a. ''[[Feronia elephantum]]'' / ''[[Limonia acidissima]]'' b. ''[[Mesua ferrea]]'' || a. [[Rutaceae]] b. [[Caryophyllaceae]]
|-
| 17 || [[Anuradha (nakshatra)|Anuradha]] || a. bogada b. naagkeshar / cobra saffron || a. ''[[Mimusops elengi]]'' b. ''[[Mesua ferrea]]'' || a. [[Sapotaceae]] b. [[Caryophyllaceae]]
|-
| 18 || [[Jyeshtha (nakshatra)|Jyeshtha]] || a. devadaru b. pine c. barnika d. local devadaru / pagadamu chettu / red cedar || a. ''[[Cedrus deodara]]'' b. ''[[Pinus roxburghii]]'' c. ''[[Streblus asper]]'' d. ''[[Erythroxylum monogynum]]'' || a. [[Pinaceae]] b. [[Pinaceae]] c. [[Moraceae]] d. [[Linaceae]]
|-
| 19 || [[Mula (nakshatra)|Moola]] || a. dhoop / sambrani b. sal / guggilam c. anjan / aepi || a. ''[[Boswellia serrata]]'' b. ''[[Shorea talura]]'' / ''[[Shorea roxburghii]]'' c. ''[[Hardwickia binata]]'' || a. [[Burseraceae]] b. [[Dipterocarpaceae]] c. [[Fabaceae]]
|-
| 20 || [[Pūrva Ashādhā|Purvashada]] || a. jammi / samee b. ashoka || a. ''[[Prosopis cineraria]]'' / ''[[Prosopis spicigera]]'' b. ''[[Saraca asoca]]'' || a. [[Fabaceae]] b. [[Fabaceae]]
|-
| 21 || [[Uttara Ashadha|Uttarashada]] || Jack fruit / panasa || ''[[Artocarpus heterophyllus]]'' || [[Moraceae]]
|-
| 22 || [[Shravana|Sravanam]] || Swetarka / tella jilledu || ''[[Calotropis procera]]'' / ''[[Calotropis gigantea]]'' || [[Asclepiadaceae]] / [[Apocynaceae]]
|-
| 23 || [[Dhanishta]] || a. munaga / drumstick b. anasandra || a. ''[[Moringa oleifera]]'' b. ''[[Acacia ferruginea]]'' ||a. [[Moringaceae]] b. [[Fabaceae]]
|-
| 24 || [[Shatabhisha|Satabisha]] || Kadambam || ''[[Anthocephalus cadamba]]'' / ''[[Neolamarckia cadamba]]'' || [[Rubiaceae]]
|-
| 25 || [[Pūrva Bhādrapadā|Purvabhadra]] || a. neem / vepa / margosa b. nalla maddi || a. ''[[Azadirachta indica]]'' b. ''[[Terminalia elliptica]]'' / ''[[Terminalia tomentosa]]'' || a. [[Meliaceae]] b. [[Combretaceae]]
|-
| 26 || [[Uttara Bhādrapadā|Uttarabhadra]]|| a. neem / vepa / margosa b. mango / mamidi || a. ''[[Azadirachta indica]]'' b. ''[[Mangifera indica]]'' || a. [[Meliaceae]] b. [[Anacardiaceae]]
|-
| 27 || [[Revati (nakshatra)|Revathi]] || Ippa / mohua / butter tree || ''[[Madhuca longifolia]]'' / ''[[Madhuca indica]]'' || [[Sapotaceae]]
|-
|}

=== Raasi vana - garden with plants for 12 zodiac signs ===
This comprises plant species connected with the 12 signs in the [[zodiac]] system.<ref name="vedic-
raasi-plants">{{cite news |url=http://www.vedicvanas.com|title=raasi plants vedic|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! S.no!! Name of the raasi / [[zodiac]] sign !! Common name of the tree !! Botanical name !! Family
|-
| 1 || Mesha / [[Aries (astrology)|Aries]] ||Red sandars / rakta chandanam / erra chandanam || ''[[Pterocarpus santalinus]]'' || [[Fabaceae]]
|-
| 2 || Vrishabha / [[Taurus (astrology)|Taurus]] || Aedakulapala / saptaparni || ''[[Alstonia scholaris]]'' || [[Apocynaceae]]
|-
| 3 || Midhuna / [[Gemini (astrology)|Gemini]] ||a. jack fruit / panasa b. ankudu || a. ''[[Artocarpus heterophyllus]]'' b. ''[[Wrightia tinctoria]]'' || a. [[Moraceae]] b. [[Apocynaceae]]
|-
| 4 || Karkataka / [[Cancer]] || Moduga / flame of the forest || ''[[Butea monosperma]]'' || [[Fabaceae]]
|-
| 5 || Simha / [[Leo (astrology)|Leo]] ||a. padaari / b. Chinese jujube c. regu / Indian jujube || a. ''[[Stereospermum colais]]'' / ''[[Stereospermum tetragonum]]'' b. ''[[Ziziphus jujuba]]'' c. ''[[Ziziphus mauritiana]]'' || a. [[Bignoniaceae]] b. [[Rhamnaceae]] c. [[Rhamnaceae]]
|-
| 6 || Kanya / [[Virgo (astrology)|Virgo]] || Mango / mamidi|| ''[[Mangifera indica]]'' || [[Anacardiaceae]]
|-
| 7 || Tula / [[Libra (astrology)|Libra]] || Bakul / bogada || ''[[Mimusops elengi]]'' || [[Sapotaceae]]
|-
| 8 || Vrishchika / [[Scorpion]] || Sandra / chandra / kachu || ''[[Acacia catechu]]'' || [[Mimosaceae]]
|-
| 9 || Dhanus / [[Sagittarius (astrology)|Sagittarius]] || Raavi / aswaddha / peepal || ''[[Ficus religiosa]]'' || [[Moraceae]]
|-
| 10 || Makara / [[Capricorn (astrology)|Capricorn]] || Sissoo / north Indian rose wood || ''[[Dalbergia sissoo]]'' || [[Fabaceae]]
|-
| 11 || Kumbha / [[Aquarius (astrology)|Aquarius]] || Jammi / samee || ''[[Prosopis cineraria]]'' / ''[[Prosopis spicigera]]'' || [[Mimosaceae]]
|-
| 12 || Meena / [[Pisces (astrology)|Pisces]] || Marri / vata / banyan tree / Indian fig || ''[[Ficus benghalensis]]'' || [[Moraceae]]
|-
|}

=== Saptarishi vana - garden of plants for seven great Indian sages ===

This comprises plant species connected with seven great Indian [[Sage (philosophy)|sages]] or [[rishi]]s.<ref name="vedic-
saptarishi-plants">{{cite news |url=http://www.vedicvanas.com/saptharishivana.html |title=saptarishi plants vedic|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! S.no!! Name of the rishi / sage !! Common name of the tree !! Botanical name !! Family
|-
| 1 || [[Vasishtha|Vasistha]] || a. anasandra b. tulasi || a. ''[[Acacia ferruginea]]'' b. ''[[Ocimum sanctum]]'' / ''[[Ocimum tenuiflorum]]'' || a. [[Mimosaceae]] b. [[Lamiaceae]]
|-
| 2 || [[Atri|Athri]] || a. avisi b. kaluva || a. ''[[Sesbania grandiflora]]'' b. ''[[Nymphaea nouchali]]'' || a. [[Fabaceae]] b. [[Nymphaeaceae]]
|-
| 3 || [[Gautama Maharishi|Gouthama]] || a. ummetta b. sanna jaji / star jasmine || a. ''[[Datura metel]]'' b. ''[[Jasminum pubescens]]'' / ''[[Jasminum multiflorum]]'' || a. [[Solanaceae]] b. [[Oleaceae]]
|-
| 4 || [[Kashyapa]] || Tulasi || ''[[Ocimum sanctum]]'' / ''[[Ocimum tenuiflorum]]'' || [[Lamiaceae]]
|-
| 5 || [[Bharadwaja]] || a. uttareni b. poka chekka / betel nut || a. ''[[Achyranthes aspera]]'' b. ''[[Areca catechu]]'' || a. [[Amaranthaceae]] b. [[Arecaceae]]
|-
| 6 || [[Jamadagni]] || a. garika b. wild jasmine/adavi malli || a. ''[[Cynodon dactylon]]'' b. ''[[Jasminum angustifolium]]'' || a. [[Poaceae]] b. [[Oleaceae]]
|-
| 7 || [[Vishwamithra]] || a. maredu / bilva b. sugandhipala / nannari || a. ''[[Aegle marmelos]]'' b. ''[[Hemidesmus indicus]]'' || a. [[Rutaceae]] b. [[Apocynaceae]]
|-
|}

=== Navagraha vana - garden with plants for nine planets ===

This comprises nine plant species connected with nine [[planet]]s or [[Astronomical object|celestial bodies]].<ref name="
navagraha-plants">{{cite news |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/302124391/Navagraha-Vanam|title=navagraha plants|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! S.no!! Name of the graha / planet !! Common name of the tree !! Botanical name !! Family
|-
| 1 || Budha / [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] || Uttareni || ''[[Achyranthes aspera]]'' || [[Amaranthaceae]]
|-
| 2 || Sukra / [[Venus]] || Athi / medi / udumbara || ''[[Ficus glomerata]]'' / ''[[Ficus racemosa]]'' || [[Moraceae]]
|-
| 3 || Chandra / [[Moon]] || Moduga / flame of the forest || ''[[Butea monosperma]]'' || [[Fabaceae]]
|-
| 4 || Guru / [[Jupiter]] || Raavi / aswaddha / pipal / sacred fig || ''[[Ficus religiosa]]'' || [[Poaceae]]
|-
| 5 || Kuja / [[Mars]] / Mangala || Kachu / sandra / chandra/ khair || ''[[Acacia catechu]]'' || [[Mimosaceae]]
|-
| 6 || Surya / [[Sun]] || Swetarka / tella jilledu || ''[[Calotropis procera]]'' / ''[[Calotropis gigantea]]'' || [[Asclepiadaceae]] / [[Apocynaceae]]
|-
| 7 || [[Ketu (mythology)|Kethu]] / South [[Lunar Node]] || Dharba gaddi|| ''[[Imperata cylindrica]]'' || [[Poaceae]]
|-
| 8 || Sani / [[Saturn]] || Jammi / samee || ''[[Prosopis cineraria]]'' / ''[[Prosopis spicigera]]'' || [[Fabaceae]]
|-
| 9 || [[Rahu]] / North Lunar Node || Garika || ''[[Cynodon dactylon]]'' || [[Poaceae]]
|-
|}

== Gallery ==
Some notable sacred plant species:
<gallery>

File:Sacred groves views (1), Biodiversity park, Visakhapatnam.jpg|Sacred groves views (1), Biodiversity park, Visakhapatnam

</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Biodiversity Park, Visakhapatnam]]
*[[Dolphin Nature Conservation Society]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sacred groves]]
[[Category:Botanical gardens in India]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia|>]]
[[Category:Biodiversity Heritage Sites of India]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Shelvy

2025-05-27T01:03:57Z

Samrick21: creating new article w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian Poet, Publisher, Writer (1960-2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
'''Shelvy''' (1960 – 21 August 2003) was an Indian publisher, poet, novelist and short story writer in [[Malayalam|Malayalam–language]]. He owned the [[Calicut]]-based Mulberry Publications, a renowned publication house that promoted many new Malayalam authors and also introduced several great writers of foreign languages to [[Malayali]] readers.

==Early life==
Shelvy Raj was born in 1960 as the son of Devassi and Clara in [[Orumanayur]] village in [[Trichur district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name=Bio>{{cite web|url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/author-detail.cgi?code=1358 |title=ഷെൽവി |website=Puzha.com |accessdate=18 December 2020 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422190830/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/author-detail.cgi?code=1358 |archivedate=22 April 2016|language=ml}}</ref> He completed his education in Orumanayur, [[Pavaratty]] and [[Palghat]]. He was interested in reading from childhood and was a regular visitor at the Township Library and the Devaswom Board Library in [[Guruvayur]]. As a child, he won awards for story, painting, drama directing, essay and speech. However, he did not receive much encouragement from his parents or relatives.<ref name=Bio/>

During adolescence, he wrote a few stories, inspired by the stories of [[Kakkanadan]] and others. He was dissatisfied with the writings and soon ventured into poetry. He considered poetry as an escape from loneliness, depression and suicidal tendencies of his youth. He published them in periodicals such as ''Prerana'' and ''Samkramanam''.<ref name=Bio/> He was also the editor of campus magazine ''Kerala Samskaram''.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

In the early eighties, Shelvy along with his friend Mohandas (Shikha Mohandas) started Shikha Books in [[Guruvayur]], which mainly published Malayalam translations of foreign titles. Shikha was the first to translate [[Gabriel García Márquez]]'s works in Malayalam.<ref name=MB>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/kozhikode/nagaram/-malayalam-news-1.1299104 |title=പുസ്തകത്തെ പ്രണയിച്ച് പുസ്തകമായ ഒരാൾ |newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi]] |author=[[K. P. Ramanunni]] |date=22 August 2016 |accessdate=18 December 2020 |language=ml}}</ref>

==Mulberry Publications==
Shelvy started Mulberry Publications in 1985 with the help of his friend Daisy whom he later married. Mulberry's first publication was ''Moonnam Loka Katha'' which was an anthology of 12 shortstories from the [[Third World]]. Mulberry was based in Calicut and its headquarters at 25 Arya Bhavan, [[Mittai Theruvu|S. M. Street]] was a hub for several literary and cultural icons of Malayalam during the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/columns/athmavinodu-cherunnathu/c-v-balakrishnan-remembering-writer-shelvi-malayalam-literature-1.4138666 |title=മിഠായിത്തെരുവ്, ആര്യഭവന്‍... അവിടെയൊരു കൂട്ടുകാരന്‍ |newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi]] |author=[[C. V. Balakrishnan]] |date=22 September 2019 |accessdate=18 December 2020 |language=ml}}</ref> Mulberry promoted many new authors and published a number of good quality Malayalam books.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.azhimukham.com/poems-of-shelvi-review-safiya/ |title=ഷെല്‍വി; അക്ഷരങ്ങള്‍ക്ക് വേണ്ടി ജീവന്‍ വെടിഞ്ഞവന്‍ |website=Azhimukham.com |author=Safiya Fathima O. C. |date=14 January 2017 |accessdate=18 December 2020 |language=ml}}</ref> Shelvy took the initiative through Mulberry to promote reading through various club memberships and other subscription schemes. Mulberry also frequently published translations of foreign titles, introducing several great writers to [[Malayali]] readers.<ref>Sudhakaran (17 September 2016). [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/a-book-titled-shelvy/ "A book titled Shelvy"]. ''[[The Times of India]]''. Retrieved 18 December 2020.</ref> Mulberry translated the works of [[Nikos Kazantzakis]], [[Kahlil Gibran]], [[Federico García Lorca]], [[Erich Fromm]], [[Simone de Beauvoir]], [[Irving Stone]], [[Pablo Neruda]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]], [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]], [[Colin Wilson]] and [[Osho]] among others.<ref name=MB/> They also published works of several prominent Malayalam writers such as [[K. Satchidanandan|Satchidanandan]], [[Nitya Chaitanya Yati]], [[M. N. Vijayan]], [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], [[T. Padmanabhan]], [[V. K. N.]], [[Punathil Kunjabdulla]], [[C. V. Balakrishnan]], [[P. Surendran]], [[T. V. Kochubava]], [[N. Prabhakaran]], [[P. K. Parakkadavu]], [[Kalpatta Narayanan]], [[V. R. Sudheesh]] and [[Asha Menon (writer)|Asha Menon]].<ref name=MB/> Some of the titles Mulberry published are ''Mrigasikshakan'' by [[Vijayalakshmi (poet)|Vijayalakshmi]], ''Kochiyile Vrikshangal'' by [[K. G. Sankara Pillai]], ''Christmas Marathinte Veru'' by [[Aymanam John]] and ''Euthanasia'' by [[Benyamin (writer)|Benyamin]].<ref name=MB/>

Mulberry won the International Darsana Award for High Quality Production three times. It also received the Akshara Puraskaram and Federation of Indian Publishers' Excellence in Book Production Award in 1998.

==Death==
Shelvy committed suicide on 21 August 2003. It was reported that he was having financial problems. He was survived by his wife Daisy and only daughter Sulamitha.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.oneindia.com/news/2003/08/21/ker-malbari.html |title=മള്‍ബറി ബുക്സ് ഉടമ അന്തരിച്ചു |website=[[Oneindia.in]] |author= |date=21 August 2003 |accessdate=18 December 2020 |language=ml}}</ref> Daisy has written her reminiscences about him in her book ''Shelvi Enna Pusthakam'' (A book titled Shelvy).<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/whats-inside/article4580638.ece "What’s inside"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 4 April 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2020.</ref>

==List of works==
; Poetry
* ''Nostalgia'' (1994)
* ''Alaukikam'' (1998)
* ''Shelviyude Kavithakal'' (2004)

; Editor
* ''Bhoomiyude Manassil''
* ''Orma''

==References==
<references />

[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:2003 suicides]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century publishers (people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Writers from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian book publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Translators of Friedrich Nietzsche]]
[[Category:Suicides in India]]

Vishnu Narayan

2025-04-22T21:34:46Z

Samrick21: creating initial details basic info.

{{Short description|Indian film director, producer and distributor}}
{{distinguish|Vishnu Narayanan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vishnu Narayan
| image = File:Vishnu Narayan.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_name = Vishnu Narayan
| birth_place = [[Kottarakkara]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Film director
* producer
}}
| yearsactive = 2010–present
| spouse = Nisha C
}}

'''Vishnu Narayan''' is an Indian film director who mainly works in [[Malayalam cinema]].

==Early life==
Vishnu Narayan born 26 April 1982 at [[Kottarakkara]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].He made his directorial debut with the 2018 romantic action thriller film [[Maradona (2018 film)]], starring [[Tovino Thomas]] .

==Career==

Vishnu began his career as an assistant director to the 2007 film Oliver Twist . after his 3 films as assistant director, he joined with ashiq abu. He served as an assistant director in five [[Aashiq Abu]] films.he associated with [[Sameer Thahir]] for one film. After [[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]], he debut with his first film named ‘’[[Maradona (2018 film)]]’’ a romantic action thriller which is critically acclaimed and a commercial success in box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Jun/28/i-was-firm-on-not-visualising-domestic-violence-filmmaker-vishnu-narayan|title=I was firm on not visualising domestic violence: Filmmaker Vishnu Narayan|first=Vivek|last=Santhosh|date=28 June 2024|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> His second film’’ [[Nadanna Sambhavam]]’’ starring [[Biju Menon]] and [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] was released in June 2024.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
|-
|- align="centre"
| align="centre"| 2018
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Maradona (2018 film)|Maradona]]''
|- align="centre"
| align="centre"| 2024
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Nadanna Sambhavam]]''
|}
<ref>{{cite news|title=Director Vishnu Narayan talks about his experiences in 'Maradona' & 'Gangster and Maheshinte Prathikaram' | date=29 August 2018 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/Aug/29/director-vishnu-narayan-talks-about-his-experiences-in-maradona--gangster-and-maheshinte-prathik-1864155.html|newspaper=The New Indian Express | accessdate=29 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Maradona' is a feel-good entertainer: Vishnu Narayan | date=25 July 2018 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vishnu-narayans-maradona-to-release/article24510008.ece/amp/|newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|5939218}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayan, Vishnu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sanjay Verma

2025-04-18T06:57:41Z

Samrick21: creating some article v1.

{{Short description|Indian film editor (died 2023)}}
{{for|the film character played by Kabir Bedi|Khoon Bhari Maang}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
'''Sanjay Verma''' (died 25 August 2023), also known as '''V. Sanjay Verma''',<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2023/sanjay-verma-death-reason-hrithik-roshan-kaho-naa-pyaar-hai-film-editor-passes-away-rakesh-roshan-362605.html Film Editor Sanjay Verma, Who Won Filmfare Award For Hrithik Roshan's Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai, Passes Away]</ref> was an Indian film editor and sound designer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Verma |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/sanjay-verma/in.bookmyshow.com/person/sanjay-verma/1081046 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* [[IIFA Award for Best Editing]] in [[2nd IIFA Awards]] for [[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-25 |title=IIFA Through the Years |url=https://iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2001/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925131700/http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2001/ |archive-date=2015-09-25 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=International Indian Film Academy}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=V. Sanjay Verma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/V.-Sanjay-Verma |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Screen Award for Best Editing]] for [[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-10-29 |title=8th Annual Asian Paints STAR SCREEN Weekly Awards |url=http://www.screenindia.com/screenawards/award00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031029003354/http://www.screenindia.com/screenawards/award00.html |archive-date=2003-10-29 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Screen Awards}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-02-24 |title=Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai all the way, bags 8 trophies |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/20010122/ien22062.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040224140257/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/20010122/ien22062.html |archive-date=2004-02-24 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing]] in [[34th Filmfare Awards]] for [[Khoon Bhari Maang]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards Winners 1989: Complete list of winners of Filmfare Awards 1989 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1989/101 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing]] in [[41st Filmfare Awards]] for [[Karan Arjun]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards Winners 1996: Complete list of winners of Filmfare Awards 1996 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1996/101 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing]] in [[46th Filmfare Awards]] for [[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards Winners 2001: Complete list of winners of Filmfare Awards 2001 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2001/101 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Flashback: Record breaking films |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-flashback-record-breaking-films-26089.html |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Film Fare |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Sanjay}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian film editors]]
[[Category:Sound designers]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}
{{Film-editor-stub}}

Mohenjo Daro (soundtrack)

2025-04-10T21:22:48Z

Samrick21: Creating A Data With Sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Mohenjo Daro
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cover = Mohenjo Daro album cover.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| released = 6 July 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/mohenjo-daro-original-motion/id1131143743 |title=Mohenjo Daro (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by A. R. Rahman on iTunes |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |access-date=6 July 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921044556/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/mohenjo-daro-original-motion/id1131143743 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio = * [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios]], [[Chennai]]
* AR Studios, [[Mumbai]]
* Enzy Studios, Mumbai
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=36|s=47}}
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| prev_title = [[Pelé: Birth of a Legend]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Ok Jaanu]]
| next_year = 2017
| misc =
}}

'''''Mohenjo Daro''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] to the 2016 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[period film|period]] [[action-adventure film]] [[Mohenjo Daro (film)|of the same name]], directed by [[Ashutosh Gowariker]], starring [[Hrithik Roshan]] and [[Pooja Hegde]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ashutosh-Gowariker-The-tallest-structure-in-Mohenjo-Daro-was-two-storey-high/articleshow/52834118.cms|title=Ashutosh Gowariker: The tallest structure in Mohenjo Daro was two-storey high|newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 January 2017|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=21 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121062342/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ashutosh-gowariker-the-tallest-structure-in-mohenjo-daro-was-two-storey-high/articleshow/52834118.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was produced by [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]] under [[UTV Motion Pictures]] and [[The Walt Disney Company India]] and Sunita Gowariker under Ashutosh Gowariker Productions (AGPPL).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ashutosh-gowarikers-mohenjo-daro-to-be-released-on-august-12-1244498.html|title=Ashutosh Gowariker's 'Mohenjo Daro' To Be Released On August 12|date=18 May 2016|website=News18|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=18 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618075313/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ashutosh-gowarikers-mohenjo-daro-to-be-released-on-august-12-1244498.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The soundtrack composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] in his fourth collaboration with Gowariker, after ''[[Lagaan]]'' (2001), ''[[Swades]]'' (2004), and ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' (2008).

The film featured eight tracks with lyrics written by [[Javed Akhtar]]. The album was released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 6 July 2016.

The music received positive reception from critics and audience. The tracks "[[Tu Hai]]" and "Sarsariya" topped the national charts, in all music and video platforms.

== Production ==
In February 2014, it was reported that would compose songs and [[background score]] for the film.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Rahman-to-compose-for-Ashutosh-Gowarikers-Mohenjo-Daro/articleshow/30448744.cms|title=Rahman to compose for Ashutosh Gowariker's Mohenjo-daro|newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 February 2014|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213193250/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/rahman-to-compose-for-ashutosh-gowarikers-mohenjo-daro/articleshow/30448744.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> This marked his fourth collaboration with Gowariker, after ''[[Lagaan]]'' (2001), ''[[Swades]]'' (2004), and ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/6764/javed-akhtar-back-in-action-with-hrithik-roshans-mohenjo-daro|title=Javed Akhtar back in action with Hrithik Roshan's Mohenjo Daro|website=www.moviecrow.com|access-date=2024-05-04|archive-date=2024-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504093116/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/6764/javed-akhtar-back-in-action-with-hrithik-roshans-mohenjo-daro|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiocity.in/entertainment/news/ashutosh-gowariker-loves-the-process-of-creating-music--a-r-rahman-4239|title=Ashutosh Gowariker loves the process of creating music: A R Rahman|date=11 August 2016|website=Radiocity|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=4 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504093108/https://www.radiocity.in/entertainment/news/ashutosh-gowariker-loves-the-process-of-creating-music--a-r-rahman-4239|url-status=live}}</ref> Gowariker's entire team felt that no one except Rahman could do justice to the period favour in Mohenjo-Daro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rahman-gowariker-join-hands-for-mohenjo-daro/|title=Rahman & Gowariker join hands for Mohenjo-Daro : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=17 June 2014|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117063610/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rahman-gowariker-join-hands-for-mohenjo-daro/|url-status=live}}</ref> Gowariker stated "I stayed within the findings from the excavations and the artefacts, while creating a make-believe world and Rahman has helped shape that world beautifully, exotically and believably".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/ashutosh-gowariker-rahmans-music-helped-mohenjo-daro-look-exotic/articleshow/52983497.cms|title=Ashutosh Gowariker: Rahman's music helped 'Mohenjo Daro' look exotic|date=17 January 2017|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=20 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720053520/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Ashutosh-Gowariker-Rahmans-music-helped-Mohenjo-Daro-look-exotic/articleshow/52983497.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Javed Akhtar]] was signed to write lyrics for the songs in his second collaboration with both Gowariker and Rahman after ''Jodhaa Akbar''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/javed-akhtar-turns-lyricist-for-mohenjo-daro/|title=Javed Akhtar turns lyricist for Mohenjo-Daro : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=19 December 2014|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126152810/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/javed-akhtar-turns-lyricist-for-mohenjo-daro/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film also marked his return as lyricist after 4 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/javed-akhtar-returns-to-lyrics-writing-for-hrithik-roshans-mohenjo-daro-426426/|title=Javed Akhtar returns to lyrics writing for Hrithik Roshan's Mohenjo Daro|date=19 December 2014|website=Bollywood Life|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918215629/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/javed-akhtar-returns-to-lyrics-writing-for-hrithik-roshans-mohenjo-daro-426426/|url-status=live}}</ref> The music rights were bagged by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] for {{INRConvert|15|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-mohenjo-daro-pre-release-collections-earns-rs-60-crore-2961697/|title=Before release, Hrithik Roshan's Mohenjo Daro has earned Rs 60 crore|date=8 August 2016|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=31 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531210200/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-mohenjo-daro-pre-release-collections-earns-rs-60-crore-2961697/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rahman revealed that when Gowariker said ''Mohenjo Daro'', I thought it's going to be like a historical documentary and be so boring. "But then when Gowariker showed me all the pictures, it really inspired me. So I was trying to go to that zone and unearth with my imagination", he added.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/a-r-rahman-first-thought-mohenjo-daro-would-be-a-boring-documentary-1430837|title=A R Rahman First Thought Mohenjo Daro Would be a 'Boring Documentary'|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2024-05-04|archive-date=2022-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113042748/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/a-r-rahman-first-thought-mohenjo-daro-would-be-a-boring-documentary-1430837|url-status=live}}</ref>

"Ashutosh Gowariker has got a lot of very interesting musical sensibilities and he loves the process of creating music. So with him, he picks up the right tunes, picks up the right lyrics and picturises them with so much passion. So it’s always a pleasure working with Ashutosh." Rahman on working with Gowariker.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ashutosh-gowariker-has-got-interesting-musical-sensibilities-ar-rahman-1280153.html|title=Ashutosh Gowariker Has Got Interesting Musical Sensibilities: AR Rahman|date=11 August 2016|website=News18|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130225539/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ashutosh-gowariker-has-got-interesting-musical-sensibilities-ar-rahman-1280153.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rahman was also reported to sing one of the tracks in the album (later known as "[[Tu Hai]]").<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/12702/ar-rahman-croons-a-romantic-number-for-hrithik-roshans-mohenjo-daro|title=AR Rahman croons a romantic number for Hrithik Roshan's Mohenjo Daro|website=www.moviecrow.com|access-date=2024-05-04|archive-date=2023-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925174722/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/12702/ar-rahman-croons-a-romantic-number-for-hrithik-roshans-mohenjo-daro|url-status=live}}</ref>

"He took me out of my comfort zone while recording for Tu Hai. When I heard myself at the end of the recording, the first thought that came into my mind was ‘Wait, I never knew I could do that!’ His vision is extraordinary", Sanah Moidutty on recording "Tu Hai" with Rahman.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/160716/meeting-ar-rahman-was-a-dream-sanah-moidutty.html|title=Meeting AR Rahman was a dream: Sanah Moidutty|date=16 July 2016|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304160458/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/160716/meeting-ar-rahman-was-a-dream-sanah-moidutty.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sanah Moidutty]] sang three songs for the film.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/150716/attagirl-sanah-moidutty-is-the-voice-behind-three-of-ar-rahmans-songs-in.html|title=ATTAGIRL! Sanah is the voice behind three of AR Rahman's songs in Mohenjo Daro|date=15 July 2016|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205084244/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/150716/attagirl-sanah-moidutty-is-the-voice-behind-three-of-ar-rahmans-songs-in.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Composition ==
The title track "Mohenjo Mohenjo" was sung by A. R. Rahman, [[Arijit Singh]], [[Bela Shende]], and [[Sanah Moidutty]] which was written by Javed Akhtar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/in-mohenjo-daros-title-song-a-trip-to-the-middle-east-with-hrithik-1433795|title=In Mohenjo Daro's Title Song, a Trip to the Middle East With Hrithik|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2024-05-04|archive-date=2024-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504093109/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/in-mohenjo-daros-title-song-a-trip-to-the-middle-east-with-hrithik-1433795|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hrithik-roshan-shows-off-his-killer-dance-moves-in-the-title-track-of-mohenjo-daro|title=Watch: Hrithik's Killer Dance Moves in 'Mohenjo Daro' Title Track|first=Sabika|last=Razvi|date=20 July 2016|website=TheQuint|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805002757/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hrithik-roshan-shows-off-his-killer-dance-moves-in-the-title-track-of-mohenjo-daro|url-status=live}}</ref> The track "Sindhu Ma" was sung by Rahman, and Sanah Moidutty with lyrics provided by Javed Akhtar. The track "Sarsariya" was recorded by Shashwat Singh, [[Shashaa Tirupati]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/watch-hrithik-roshan-pooja-hegde-s-sarsariya-from-mohenjo-daro/story-EW5c26AcZXMr1ibutNcMVL.html|title=Watch: Hrithik Roshan, Pooja Hegde's Sarsariya from Mohenjo Daro|date=26 July 2016|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030141857/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/watch-hrithik-roshan-pooja-hegde-s-sarsariya-from-mohenjo-daro/story-EW5c26AcZXMr1ibutNcMVL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Rahman and Sanah Moidutty provided vocals for the track "[[Tu Hai]]" which was written by Akhtar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-pooja-hegde-romance-in-new-song-of-mohenjo-daro-2897088/|title=What is a tiled blue swimming pool doing in a Mohenjo Daro song?|date=6 July 2016|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319213625/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-pooja-hegde-romance-in-new-song-of-mohenjo-daro-2897088/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The chant based tracks "Whispers Of The Mind" and "Whispers Of The Heart" were instrumental tracks with vocals by [[Arjun Chandy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/811295/soundtrack-review-many-dead-notes-in-ar-rahmans-score-for-mohenjo-daro|title=Soundtrack review: Many dead notes in AR Rahman's score for 'Mohenjo Daro'|first=Manish|last=Gaekwad|date=7 July 2016|website=Scroll.in|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209183530/https://scroll.in/reel/811295/soundtrack-review-many-dead-notes-in-ar-rahmans-score-for-mohenjo-daro|url-status=live}}</ref> The track "The Shimmer Of Sindhu" was performed by [[Keba Jeremiah]], and Kareem Kamalakar. The track "Lakh Lakh Thora" was performed by Tapas Roy, and [[Naveen Kumar (musician)|Naveen Kumar]].{{fact|date=April 2025}}

== Release ==
The entire album was released through streaming platforms on 6 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/12774/listen-to-mohenjo-daro-audio-jukebox|title=Listen to 'Mohenjo Daro' Audio Jukebox|website=www.moviecrow.com|access-date=2024-05-04|archive-date=2016-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709193117/http://www.moviecrow.com/News/12774/listen-to-mohenjo-daro-audio-jukebox|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |author=T-Series |user=TSeries |number=750580873171435521 |title=Rediscover your love for music as the #MohenjoDaro music comes to life. Audio jukebox LIVE}}</ref> The music video of song "[[Tu Hai]]" was released on 6 July 2023 on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/music/story/mohenjo-daro-tu-hai-hrithik-roshan-pooja-hegde-ar-rahman-new-song-video-327758-2016-07-06|title=Tu Hai from Mohenjo Daro out: Hrithik Roshan and Pooja Hegde dance around the Great Bath|date=6 July 2016|website=India Today|access-date=2024-05-04|archive-date=2024-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424035100/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/music/story/mohenjo-daro-tu-hai-hrithik-roshan-pooja-hegde-ar-rahman-new-song-video-327758-2016-07-06|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/mohenjo-daro-first-song-tu-hai-released-376134 | title=WATCH: Mohenjo-Daro first song 'Tu Hai' released | date=6 July 2016 }}</ref> The music video of title track "Mohenjo Mohenjo" was released on 20 July 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spotboye.com/music/music-reviews/hrithik-unveils-the-title-track-of-mohenjo-daro/578f371904fe174b34f41869|title=Hrithik unveils the title track of Mohenjo Daro | SpotboyE|website=www.spotboye.com|access-date=2024-05-04|archive-date=2022-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208194600/https://www.spotboye.com/music/music-reviews/hrithik-unveils-the-title-track-of-mohenjo-daro/578f371904fe174b34f41869|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, on 25 July 2016, the music video of "Sarsariya" was unveiled.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hrithik-roshan-pooja-hegde-dance-on-ar-rahmans-tunes-in-sarsariya-2916440.html|title=Watch: Hrithik Roshan, Pooja Hegde dance to Sarsariya, the new Mohenjo Daro song|date=26 July 2016|website=Firstpost|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=4 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504093118/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hrithik-roshan-pooja-hegde-dance-on-ar-rahmans-tunes-in-sarsariya-2916440.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/chaanis-day-out-finally-free-of-that-headdress-in-mohenjo-daro-song-1435886|title=Chaani's Day Out: Finally Free of That Headdress in Mohenjo Daro Song|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2024-05-04|archive-date=2024-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504093106/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/chaanis-day-out-finally-free-of-that-headdress-in-mohenjo-daro-song-1435886|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
The complete track listing of the soundtrack was released on 6 July 2016, on A. R. Rahman's official site.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arrahman.com/discography_details.aspx?id=294|title=A. R. Rahman - The Official Site|website=www.arrahman.com|access-date=2024-05-04|archive-date=2023-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204220030/https://arrahman.com/discography_details.aspx?id=294|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline=
| extra_column= Singer(s)
| total_length= 36:47
| title1= Mohenjo Mohenjo
| extra1= A. R. Rahman, [[Arijit Singh]], [[Bela Shende]], [[Sanah Moidutty]]
| length1= 6:22
| title2= Sindhu Ma
| extra2= A. R. Rahman, Sanah Moidutty
| length2= 5:47
| title3= Sarsariya
| extra3= [[Shashwat Singh]], [[Shashaa Tirupati]]
| length3= 6:10
| title4= [[Tu Hai]]
| extra4= A. R. Rahman, Sanah Moidutty
| length4= 3:59
| title5= Whispers Of The Mind
| extra5= [[Arjun Chandy]]
| length5= 4:16
| title6= Whispers Of The Heart
| extra6= Arjun Chandy
| length6= 3:51
| title7= The Shimmer Of Sindhu
| extra7= [[Keba Jeremiah]], Kareem Kamalakar
| length7= 3:21
| title8= Lakh Lakh Thora
| extra8= Tapas Roy, [[Naveen Kumar (musician)|Naveen Kumar]]
| length8= 3:01
}}

== Reception ==
The soundtrack album received positive reviews from critics, praising Rahman's composition.

Reviewing the soundtrack album, Sankhayan Ghosh of ''[[Live Mint]]'' wrote "Mohenjo Daro has eight tracks that are full of tribal, folk sounds and melodies and is underlined by the sweeping gorgeousness we associate with the composer’s work in period films."
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/NIqU6wKX9JytlJ8DubGF0K/Music-review-Mohenjo-Daro.html|title=Music review: Mohenjo Daro|first=Sankhayan|last=Ghosh|date=20 July 2016|website=mint|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219111426/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/NIqU6wKX9JytlJ8DubGF0K/Music-review-Mohenjo-Daro.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Samarpita Das of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' commented "AR Rahman spins magic".
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mohenjo-daro-music-review-ar-rahman-spins-magic-with-hrithik-roshan-watch-videos-2944065/|title=Mohenjo Daro music review: AR Rahman spins magic with Hrithik Roshan, watch videos|date=30 July 2016|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602215736/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mohenjo-daro-music-review-ar-rahman-spins-magic-with-hrithik-roshan-watch-videos-2944065/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In her album review for ''[[India.com]]'', Akshata Shetty rated the album with 3 stars and wrote "The jukebox of Mohenjo Daro is strictly for classical music lovers. If you prefer listening to peppy beats then you must skip this album altogether. A R Rahman must have researched a lot to create the music for the film which belongs to an era which we have no clue about. Besides, there is no documented knowledge of how the music of those times used to be. But, he has convincingly done a good job."
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/mohenjo-daro-music-review-a-r-rahmans-music-will-take-you-back-to-the-historic-era-1328530/|title=Mohenjo Daro music review: A R Rahman's music will take you back to the historic era! | India.com|website=www.india.com|access-date=2024-05-04|archive-date=2022-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219062116/https://www.india.com/entertainment/mohenjo-daro-music-review-a-r-rahmans-music-will-take-you-back-to-the-historic-era-1328530/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Stating "AR Rahman’s instrumental compositions dominate the soundtrack of ‘Mohejo Daro’", Rohwit of ''[[The Quint]]'' rated the album with 3 stars and wrote "All in all, Mohenjo Daro is an album where instrumentals outlast ‘vocal’ attempts purely because the former sound more cohesive and simple, the latter however are obvious attempts at over simplifying everything with a lot of distractions and ordinary lyrics."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/review-music-mohenjo-daro-ar-rahman-hrithik-roshan-pooja-hegde-ashutosh-gowariker|title=Review: Rahman Lets His Music Do the Talking in 'Mohenjo Daro'|date=8 July 2016|website=TheQuint|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=4 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504093038/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/review-music-mohenjo-daro-ar-rahman-hrithik-roshan-pooja-hegde-ashutosh-gowariker|url-status=live}}</ref>

Suanshu Khurana of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "There is everything — tribal sounds, magnificent howls, electronic sounds, pop music, Bollywood timbres, folk and opera — merging together."
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/mohenjo-daro-music-review-a-stretch-of-imagination-2916639/|title=Mohenjo Daro music review: A Stretch of Imagination|date=16 July 2016|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=17 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117193551/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/mohenjo-daro-music-review-a-stretch-of-imagination-2916639/|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic of ''Urban Asian'' wrote "As expected, Mohenjo Daro is a phenomenal album showcasing the talent of A.R. Rahman and all the musicians involved in any of his musical projects. “Sarsariya” and “Mohenjo Mohenjo” can be heralded as the high-octane energetic numbers, with “Sindhu Ma” and “Tu Hai” being more mellow and subtle."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://urbanasian.com/whats-happenin/2016/07/music-review-mohenjo-daro/|title=Music Review: Mohenjo Daro|first=Aishwarya|last=S|date=9 July 2016|website=Urban Asian|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=4 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504093823/https://urbanasian.com/whats-happenin/2016/07/music-review-mohenjo-daro/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Audience response ===
"[[Tu Hai]]" was widely praised for its soulful vocals by composer Rahman himself and Sanah Moidutty.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/music/story/mohenjo-daro-title-track-hrithik-roshan-pooja-hegde-ashutosh-gowariker-release-date-330348-2016-07-20|title=Mohenjo Mohenjo: Hrithik Roshan dances and woos Pooja Hegde in Mohenjo Daro title track|date=20 July 2016|website=India Today|access-date=2024-05-04|archive-date=2022-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201193634/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/music/story/mohenjo-daro-title-track-hrithik-roshan-pooja-hegde-ashutosh-gowariker-release-date-330348-2016-07-20|url-status=live}}</ref> The tracks "Tu Hai" and "Sarsariya", topped the national charts, in all music and video platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-hrithik-roshan-mohenjo-daro-a-r-rahman-first-reaction-339125|title=Here's why A.R Rahman thought Hrithik Roshan's 'Mohenjo Daro' will be boring|date=13 July 2016|website=www.indiatvnews.com|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=15 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715211215/http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-hrithik-roshan-mohenjo-daro-a-r-rahman-first-reaction-339125|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/interview-sarsariya-singer-shashwat-singh-mohenjo-daro-album-being-hrithik-roshans-voice-688971|title=Interview: 'Sarsariya' singer Shashwat Singh on 'Mohenjo Daro' album, being Hrithik Roshan's voice and more|first=Prarthna|last=Sarkar|date=4 August 2016|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207200307/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/interview-sarsariya-singer-shashwat-singh-mohenjo-daro-album-being-hrithik-roshans-voice-688971|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Album credits ==

=== Backing vocals ===
[[Nakash Aziz]], Dilshaad Shaikh, Isshrath Quadhre, [[A. R. Raihanah]], Arshad Khan, Sayantan Bhattacharya, [[Rehan Khan]], Arun Haridas Kamath, Mohammad Arshad, Abhijit Patil, [[Shashaa Tirupati]], [[Aditi Paul]], [[Meenal Jain]], [[Prajakta Shukre]], Aisha Saiyed, Aravind Srinivas, Narayanan Ravishankar, [[Saisharan]], Sathyaprakash, Shenbagaraj, Santosh Hariharan, Sowmya Mahadevan, Maalavika Sundar, [[Pooja Vaidyanath]], Soundarya, Veena Murali, Vishnupriya, Deepthi Suresh, Anu, Srisha, Amina, Anushya.

=== Instruments ===
* Guitar{{spaced ndash}} [[Keba Jeremiah]]
* Indian Percussions{{spaced ndash}} Lakshminarayanan, T. Raja, Kumar
* Flute{{spaced ndash}} [[Naveen Kumar (musician)|PMK Naveen Kumar]], Kareem Kamalakar
* Ravanhatha{{spaced ndash}} Chandan
* Ethnic Strings{{spaced ndash}} Tapas Roy
* Kora{{spaced ndash}} Ishaan Chhabra, Keba Jeremiah

=== Production ===
* Composer{{spaced ndash}} [[K (composer)|K]]
* Mixing{{spaced ndash}} Suresh Permal, Jerry Vincent
* Mastering{{spaced ndash}} Suresh Permal
* Mastered for iTunes{{spaced ndash}} S. Sivakumar
* Musicians coordination{{spaced ndash}} Noel James, Vijay Mohan Iyer
* Musicians' fixer{{spaced ndash}} R. Samidurai
* Music production assistant{{spaced ndash}} Jerry Vincent
* Additional programming{{spaced ndash}}Ishaan Chhabra, T. R. Krishna Chetan, Jerry Vincent
* Choir conductor{{spaced ndash}}[[Arjun Chandy]]
* Chennai strings orchestra and Sunshine orchestra conductor {{spaced ndash}} V. J. Srinivasamurthy

; Sound engineers
* Panchathan Record Inn, Chennai{{spaced ndash}} Suresh Permal, Karthik Sekaran, Srinidhi Venkatesh, Vinay Sridhar Hariharan.
* AR Studios, Mumbai{{spaced ndash}} R. Nitish Kumar, Hari Krishnan
* AM Studios, Chennai{{spaced ndash}} S. Sivakumar, Kannan Ganpat, Pradeep Menon, Krishnan Subramanian, Manoj Raman, Karthik Mano
* Panchathan Hollywood, Los Angeles{{spaced ndash}} Tony Joy, Kevin Doucette
* Enzy Studios, Mumbai Engineer{{spaced ndash}} Julian Mascarenhas

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3859980/soundtrack/ ''Mohenjo Daro'' (soundtrack)] at [[IMDb]]

{{A. R. Rahman}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:2016 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:2010s film soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:A. R. Rahman soundtracks]]
[[Category:Adventure film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Fantasy film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Drama film soundtracks]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) soundtracks]]

Ayyathan Gopalan

2025-03-07T12:17:51Z

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Madhavi Vuppalapati

2025-01-05T05:09:34Z

Samrick21: Creating A Details Added Tags

{{BLP sources|date=March 2014}}
'''Madhavi Vuppalapati''' (born 23 March 1972) is founder, CEO, and Chairperson of Prithvi Information Solutions (“Prithvi”).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prithvisolutions.com/Aboutus/boardofdirectors_madhavi.aspx |title=Vuppalapati Madhavi |publisher=Prithvisolutions.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-20}}</ref> She is married and has one child and lives in [[Seattle, Washington]]. A graduate of [[Carnegie Mellon University]] in [[Pittsburgh]], Madhavi holds a master's degree in [[Computational mechanics|Computational Mechanics]]. Madhavi founded the telecom and IT services multinational Prithvi in 1998, and together with her brother Satish Vuppalapati, took the company public in [[India]] 7 years later.<ref>[http://www.nseindia.com/ NSE:PRITHVI]</ref> She is the only female CEO amongst the top 50 Indian IT and telecom services companies.

== Early life and education ==
Born in [[Chirala]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India to Ramarao Vuppalapati, an industrialist and professor of physics, and Murthy Devi, a homemaker, Madhavi is the second of 3 children. She attended St. Anthony's High School, where she was the top student in her class. She went on to study computer science at [[Osmania University]] in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], where she graduated in 1993 with a Bachelor of Engineering degree. Madhavi went on to attend Carnegie Mellon University, graduating in 1995 with a master's degree in [[Computational mathematics|Computational Mathematics]].

== Career ==
Madhavi joined [[Alcoa]] as a contract [[design engineer]] shortly after graduating, and began working on various assignments in the Pittsburgh area. After being laid off three times in three years due to project cancellations and a sketchy economy, a time she attributes to being the turning point in her career, Madhavi decided to go into business for herself. She founded Prithvi Information Solutions in 1998, and together with several friends from CMU oriented the company toward providing software [[Research and development|R&D]] and [[data analytics]] services. Initially to float the business, Prithvi engaged in consulting work which it further expanded to software and IT services provided from the Prithvi's India facility. The company grew quickly and went public in 2005 on revenues of $60 M. In 2006 Madhavi returned to her alma mater to help [[Turing Award]] winner Dr. [[Raj Reddy]] establish the Global Innovation Center in conjunction with Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.

== Entrepreneurship ==
As an entrepreneur herself, Madhavi supports [[entrepreneurship]] through her involvement with The Indus Entrepreneurs (TIE) and personal [[mentoring]] of five craft-based [[microbusiness]]es (see Philanthropy and Charitable Works below). She served on the Boards of TIE Pittsburgh from 2006 to 2008, and TIE Seattle from 2010.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

== Recognition ==
* '''[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]]''' awarded Madhavi as one of "The 10 rising stars to represent the epitome of today’s women, for whom nothing is impossible".<ref>''On the Power Track: Nothing is Impossible'', [http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/nothing-is-impossible-on-the-power-track.html/1/3149.html Business Today]</ref>
* Madhavi was selected by the [[Indian School of Business]] to meet with U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] as part of a young entrepreneurs summit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isb.edu/bushvisit/Young_Entrepreneurs.html |title=Indian School of Business: President Bush Visit |publisher=Isb.edu |date=2006-03-03 |accessdate=2014-03-20}}</ref>
* In 2009, Madhavi was recognized by the [[Federation of Andhra Pradesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] (FAPCCI) by awarding her the Best Woman CEO.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

== Controversy ==
On September 6, 2013, United States District Court Western District of Washington at Seattle entered a judgment against Prithvi Solutions Inc. ordering them to pay over $17 million to Kyko Global Inc. in a lawsuit filed by the latter. To recover the penalty, Madhavi Vuppalapati received court's notice for sale of personal property on February 12, 2014. The court directed the Sheriff to auction and sell her 2006 Lexus RX4005D, along with her jewelry and miscellaneous household items.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneylife.in/article/prithvi-info-solution-founders-assets-auctioned-to-recover-17-million-penalty/36934.html |title=Prithvi Info Solution founder's assets auctioned to recover $17 million penalty |publisher=MoneyLife.in |date= |accessdate=2014-03-04}}</ref> An arrest warrant was issued against Vuppalapati on 16th Oct 2014 by The King County Court, Washington.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.moneylife.in/article/prithvi-info-solutions-us-court-issues-arrest-warrant-against-madhavi-vuppalapati/39177.html|title = US Court issues arrest warrant against Madhavi Vuppalapati|date = 20 Oct 2014|accessdate = 21 Oct 2014|website = Money Life|publisher = MONEYLIFE DIGITAL TEAM|last = |first = }}</ref>

On September 10, 2013, Prithvi Catalytic, a subsidiary of Prithvi Solutions Inc., voluntarily filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businessbankruptcies.com/cases/prithvi-catalytic-inc|title=Company Bankruptcy Information for Prithvi Catalytic, Inc.|website=businessbankruptcies.com|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> after missing multiple payroll deadlines for contract and internal employees, primarily due to the judgement favoring Kyko Global Inc. As a part of the bankruptcy, the Court appointed, with Kyko's consent, a chief restructuring officer to oversee PCI's operations. This officer was the controller to PCI, David Amorose, who was tasked with leading reorganization efforts to maintain existing business with key customers, even after re-branding to "Abilius, Inc." However, the accusations of fraud against Madhavi Vuppalapati and damaged reputation of PCI among its clients resulted in significant loss of revenue. Ultimately, Kyko and debtors [https://www.leagle.com/decision/inbco20170426853 attempted a suit] to recoup losses from clients, competitors, and former PCI executives.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leagle.com/decision/inbco20170426853|title=IN RE PRITHVI CATALYTIC, {{!}} 571 B.R. 105 (2017... {{!}} 20170426853{{!}} Leagle.com|last=JUDGE|first=GREGORY L. TADDONIO, UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY|website=Leagle|language=en|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref>
In 2022 all the parties have settled the prolonged litigation

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

Kunihar State

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#REDIRECT [[Kunihar#History]]
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Abdul Rahman

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