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Huli (film)

2026-04-29T06:04:22Z

SamiraKeister30: added new post

{{short description|Indian action film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Huli
| image = Huli 2010.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Om Prakash Rao]]
| writer = M. S. Ramesh (dialogues)
| screenplay = D Manohar
| story = Denissa Prakash
| based_on = 
| producer = B S Sudheendra E Shivaprakash
| starring = [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] [[Jennifer Kotwal]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = S Manohar
| editing = Lakshmana Reddy
| music = [[Abhimann Roy]]
| studio = Shivu Enterprises
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|12|17}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Huli''''' ({{Translation|Tiger}}) is a 2010 Indian Kannada-language action drama film directed by [[Om Prakash Rao]] and starring [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] and [[Jennifer Kotwal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-jennifer-kotwal-on-bisile/20101125.htm|title='I am a chick with unique ingredients'|date=25 November 2010|work=[[Rediff.com]]|first= Shruti Indira|last=Lakshminarayana}}</ref> The film released alongside ''[[Rame Gowda vs Krishna Reddy]]'' (2010) and ''Nayaka'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-dhamaka-this-week/20101216.htm|title=Triple treat for Kannada movie goers|date=16 December 2010|work=[[Rediff.com]]|first= Shruti Indira|last=Lakshminarayana}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Chandappa Huliyal
*[[Jennifer Kotwal]] as Preethi
*Swasthik Shankar
*[[Adi Lokesh]]
*[[Prem Kumar (Tamil actor)|Prem Kumar]]
*[[Shobaraj]] as Jayaraj
*[[Srinivasa Murthy]]
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
*[[Malavika Avinash]] as Bharathi
*[[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]
*[[Chitra Shenoy]]
}}

== Production ==
Initially [[Neethu]] was cast as the heroine,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-neettoo/20100603.htm|title=Creating history with Aithalakadi|date=3 June 2010|work=[[Rediff.com]]|first= Shruti Indira|last=Lakshminarayana}}</ref> but she was replaced by [[Jennifer Kotwal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/82885/jennifer-all-praises-her-prince.html|title=Jennifer is all praises for her 'Prince'|date=21 July 2010|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|last=Shenoy|first=Megha}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Abhimann Roy]]. The audio was released under the label [[Anand Audio]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/huli/tRdCLFr0kE8_|title=Huli|work=JioSaavn|date=2010}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Sadde Illade
| extra1 = [[Avinash Chebbi]], Lakshmi
| length1 = 4:10
| title2 = Huli
| extra2 = Avinash Chebbi, Abhimann Roy
| length2 = 3:12
| title3 = China Bazaar
| extra3 = [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| length3 = 4:35
| title4 = Sadde Illade - 1
| extra4 = Avinash Chebbi
| length4 = 4:10
| total_length = 16:07
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "This commercial flick carries a strong message that people need to help the police help them".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/huli/movie-review/11989600.cms|title=HULI MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 December 2010}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "''Huli'' is an average mass movie with messages that we have heard time and again".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-huli/20101217.htm|title=Huli is all action and dialogues|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=17 December 2010|first= Shruti Indira|last=Lakshminarayana}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Om Prakash Rao}}
[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]

Tetseo Sisters

2026-04-26T22:32:37Z

SamiraKeister30: creating new entry

{{Short description|Naga Indian sibling singing group}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}

{{Promotional|date=December 2025}}{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Tetseo Sisters
| image = Tetseo Sisters.jpg
| caption = Tetseo Sisters with their brother at the Google for India 2022 event, [[New Delhi]]
| origin = [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]], India
| years_active = 1994–present
| genre = [[Folk music|Folk]], [[World Music]]
| label =
| website = [https://www.tetseosisters.com www.tetseosisters.com]
| current_members = Mütsevelü Tetseo (Mercy) Azine Tetseo (Azi) Kuvelü Tetseo (Kuku) Alüne Tetseo (Lulu)
}}

'''Tetseo Sisters''' are a [[quartet]] of [[Sibling#Full sibling|sisters]] from the [[Northeast India]]n state of [[Nagaland]]. They are devoted to the art and tradition of the vocal [[folk music]] of the state and have been performing on stage since they were children.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130619025902/http://www.efi-news.com/2013/01/Candid-conversation-with-Tetseo-Sisters.html Candid conversation with Tetseo Sisters – Mercy, Azi, Kuku and Lulu]}}, ''[[Eastern Fare|EF News International]]''</ref>

== Early life ==
Tetseo Sisters—Mütsevelü (Mercy), Azine (Azi), Kuvelü (Kuku) and Alüne (Lulu)—grew up in [[Kohima]], and belong to the [[Chakhesang Naga]] tribe, one of the major [[Naga (people)|Naga]] ethnic groups. They sing in [[Chokri language|Chokri]], one of the languages of [[Phek district|Phek District]].<ref name="Vishü1">[http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3465:tetseo-sisters-cultural-ambassadors-extraordinaire&catid=18:mirror-spotlight Vishü Rita Krocha: ''Tetseo Sisters: Cultural Ambassadors extraordinaire''] (Eastern Mirror, retrieved 1 September 2012)</ref> From early days, their parents acquainted the girls with [[Li (folk song)|Li]], the traditional folk songs of their tribe.

== Career ==
They have been attributed to starting the folk fusion movement in the state.{{By whom|date=December 2025}} The sisters are regularly invited to show their art on the occasion of official promotions as Nagaland's cultural ambassadors/representatives both at home and abroad. Some notable appearances include, the North East Trade Opportunities Summit in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] in 2008 and the Handshake Concerts in Bangkok in 2012, [[Yangon]], [[Myanmar]] in 2014,<ref>[http://www.nagalandpost.com/channelnews/Infotainment/InfotainmentNews.aspx?news=TkVXUzEwMDA2MjEyNg%3D%3D ''Handshake concert in Myanmar''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713224342/http://nagalandpost.com/ChannelNews/Infotainment/Infotainmentnews.aspx?news=TkVXUzEwMDA2MjEyNg%3d%3d |date=13 July 2014 }} (Nagaland Post, 27 June 2014, retrieved 6 July 2014)</ref> [[Kunming]], [[Yunnan]], [[China|PRC]] in November 2015,<ref>[http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/page/items/60216/art-has-no-boundaries-says-guru-mashangva ''Art has no boundaries, says Guru Mashangva''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208154928/http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/page/items/60216/art-has-no-boundaries-says-guru-mashangva |date=8 December 2015 }} (The Sangai Express, 30 November 2015)</ref> [[Gwangju]], [[South Korea|Korea]] in September 2016,<ref>[https://morungexpress.com/rio-strengthening-ties-korea/ ''Rio for strengthening ties with Korea''] (The Morung Express, 3 September 2016)</ref> Queen Baton's Rally for the [[Commonwealth Games 2010]] at Touphema, Nagaland and the then [[Prince Andrew]]'s visit to Kohima commemorating the [[Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II]] on 1 May 2012. In August 2014 Mercy and Kuvelü Tetseo were part of a 50 head strong Naga song-and-dance-troupe that performed at the 24 shows of the [[Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo|Royal Military Tattoo]] in Edinburgh and three additional events at other places in Scotland.<ref>[http://www.morungexpress.com/entertainment/119046.html ''Nagaland Young Ambassadors at Royal Military Tattoo Fest''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728234141/http://www.morungexpress.com/entertainment/119046.html |date=28 July 2014 }} (The Morung Express)</ref><ref>[https://www.edintattoo.co.uk/news/the-tattoo-heads-to-glasgow/ ''Homecoming ‘Taste of the Tattoo’ run opens in Glasgow on Thursday 7 August'']</ref> In October 2014 Mercy, Kuvelü, Lulu and their brother Mhaseve belonged to the entourage of the [[List of Governors of Nagaland|Governor of Nagaland]] and [[List of Governors of Tripura|Tripura]] [[P. B. Acharya]] on a visit to the United States. Concerts took place in [[Chicago]], [[Bloomington, Illinois|Bloomington (IL)]] and [[Detroit]].<ref>[http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2014/10/25/nagaland-governor-visiting-us-to-address-a-workshop/ Nagaland Governor visiting US to address a workshop] (The Shillong Times, 25 October 2014, retrieved 31 October 2014)</ref>

In 2013, Tetseo Sisters participated in the making of the video "My vote makes my future", with [[Alobo Naga]] and other artistes, sponsored by the [[Election Commission of India]] to promote voting for the Nagaland Assembly to younger voters.<ref>[http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2013/02/09/music-video-to-promote-voting-in-nagaland/ ''Music video to promote voting in Nagaland''] ([[Shillong Times|The Shillong Times]] 9 February 2013, retrieved 9 February 2013)</ref> In 2014 they joined forces again with a lot of other artists from the region, notably [[Angaraag Mahanta|Papon]], [[Lou Majaw]], [[Soulmate (band)|Soulmate]] and Alobo Naga, when singing ''We are the 8!'' the hymn of [[Indian Super League]]-club [[NorthEast United FC]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUI5buxDdOY ''We are the 8!''] ([[YouTube]], published 1 October 2014)</ref>

2015 saw in addition to numerous performances at national festivals and venues, the release of several [[cover version]]s in different styles:
* ''Barso Re'', a [[Bollywood]]-hit, written by [[A. R. Rahman]] for the film [[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]], originally sung by [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
* ''Marvin Gaye'', with Kenny Rio, originally by [[Charlie Puth]] and [[Meghan Trainor]]
* ''Nobody'', with Rose Vero, the Korean Version of a song by [[K-Pop]]-girlgroup [[Wonder Girls]]
* ''Nothing On You'' by [[Bruno Mars]], with David Sawang
* ''Silver Bells'', [[Bing Crosby]]'s Christmas carol, with Tuden Jamir

Tetseo Sisters recited the National Anthem at the opening ceremony of the Pro Kabbadi League Season 1 in Kolkata in July, 2015. 2015 ended on a high with winning the Best Folk/Fusion Act award at the first ever Indihut Music Awards 2015 handed out in December 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://morungexpress.com/indihut-music-awards-2015/ |title=indihut Music Awards 2015 |access-date=2016-01-28 |url-status=dead |publisher=Morung Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206061552/https://morungexpress.com/indihut-music-awards-2015/ |archive-date=6 February 2016 |df=dmy-all }}, published 30 December 2015)</ref>

In 2016, Tetseo Sisters participated at Sarang, the Festival of India in Korea and performed in the city of Gwanju at the Asian Culture Center, South Korea. Tetseo Sisters closed the annual Hornbill Festival of 2016 with a smashing performance.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

January 2017 saw Tetseo Sisters tour several districts of Nepal as part of the ICCR/Indian Embassy Festival of India in Nepal. Tetseo Sisters were photographed by Mario Testino for Dove Real Beauty Campaign and featured in the May Edition of Vogue India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/mario-testinos-new-photo-series-for-dove-perfectly-shows-what-real-beauty-looks-like/#.pvh62n3lk|title=Mario Testino's New Photo Series for Dove Perfectly Shows What Real Beauty Looks Like|date=June 2017}}</ref> Later that year, Tetseo Sisters headlined the first International Edition of the Tata Samvaad 2017 in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand in November. Tetseo Sisters performed at the Opening Ceremony of the first edition of the Nagaland Olympics on 12 December 2017 at DDSC Stadium, Dimapur.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

In early 2018, Tetseo Sisters gave their first Tedtalk at TedxIIMRanchi where they shared their story under the theme "Defiers of Murphy's Law" on 28 January.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://insideiim.com/defiers-murphys-law-tedx-iim-ranchi/|title = The Defiers of Murphy's Law - TEDx at IIM Ranchi|date = 8 February 2018}}</ref> Tetseo Sisters performed live on Day 2 of the Lakme Fashion Week Mumbai Summer/Resort 2018 at the show titled NorthEastMojo celebrating textiles from the Northeast.

Tetseo Sisters went on a three city tour supported by Hard Rock Cafe India as Venue Partner in April 2018. They performed at HRC Delhi, Bangalore and Mumbai. Tetseo Sisters performed at the Mix the City IIT Guwahati and Delhi Editions as part of the British Council's 75 year anniversary celebrations. They also made their debut at Ragasthan, India's only luxury destination music festival held in the sands of Jaisalmer.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

Tetseo Sisters were part of the World Environment Day Celebrations in Kohima on 5 June 2018 and lent their voices to a collaborative single - "Contemplation" by Band Powerfaith featuring various other top Naga artistes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://morungexpress.com/the-earth-is-all-we-have-in-common/ |title=The earth is all we have in common |date=30 May 2018 |publisher=Morung Express |url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602024349/http://morungexpress.com/the-earth-is-all-we-have-in-common/ |archive-date=2 June 2018 |access-date=27 December 2021}}</ref> In one of the first within the Naga music circle, Naga artists came together for a common environmental cause. The collaborating venture is part of a project called ‘Creation Care’ initiated by the Powerfaith Ministry, a ministry focusing on positively impacting the young through music.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

In December 2019, Tetseo Sisters presented their music and storytelling art at the first ever Hornbill Festival Box Office Show from 1 to 10 December. The daily ticketed shows of 2pm and 6pm were well attended by visitors both domestic and foreign.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

In the first half of 2020, Tetseo Sisters released 2 singles and kicked off a collaborative Ad Campaign with the Himalaya brand on a song celebrating Happy Hair Moments. The singles were "Road to Somewhere" - the sisters' first rap song in Chorki/English/Hindi and "Say Yes to Life" - a life-affirming anthem in English. Their Punjabi cover of popular film song Dil Diya Gallan which released on YouTube went viral on social media and was called a moment of National Integration through music.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

Tetseo Sisters presented an hour-long Christmas Special on the eve of Christmas of 2020 and was well received.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

In January 2021, Tetseo Sisters joined activists, celebrities and important personalities of the country to commemorate Network18's Mission Paani Waterthon and performed Live on National Television. They debuted a single "Paani Lizo" a tri-lingual song about the importance of saving water.

== Discography ==
In 2011, Tetseo sisters released their debut album titled "Li Chapter One: The Beginning" at the Hornbill Festival.<ref>[http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3071:window-to-hornbill-festival-2011&catid=11:state&Itemid=8 Window to Hornbill Festival 2011] (Eastern Mirror, retrieved 1 September 2012)</ref>

In February 2015, they released a single ''Cepho Celho Lizo'' on the music platform indihut.com.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120904190228/http://www.nagajournal.com/entertainment/tetseo-sisters-debut-album-lichapter-one-the-beginning-hits-the-shelf/5642 Tetseo sisters debut album ‘Li:Chapter one-The Beginning’ hits the shelf] (NagaJournal, 15 December 2011, retrieved 1 September 2012)</ref> Tetseo Sisters dropped the official video of a (yet to be released) version of their popular track single "O Rhosi (dance edit)" on their YouTube Channel in August 2018.

In November 2019 Tetseo Sisters officially released their EP, ''A Slice of Li'', comprising seven tracks and three bonus instrumental tracks.

In July 2020, Tetseo Sisters released a single "Road to somewhere" - a pop/rap song in Chokri, Hindi and English.

In August 2020, Tetseo Sisters collaboration song with Himalaya Hair Care, "Happy Hair Moments" went live.

== Li ==

''Li'' is the Chokri Naga word for folk songs or songs of the people.

The Chakhesangs have a huge repertoire of folk songs that have been compiled into a traditional songbook, ''Li kukre kutiko'', that consists of 223 common songs. Most of the other songs have been handed down through oral tradition (much like any other Naga tribe) from generation to generation in the villages of the region. There are ''Li'' for special events, love songs, children's songs, laments, war songs and songs that are related to agriculture and its seasonal activities. The repetitive "Ho-he-ho"-"hiyo-hiyohey" choirs are shared between separate groups, either ad lib or echoing one another.<ref>[http://www.journal-ethnologie.de/Deutsch/Weltmusik/Klaenge_von_den_Nebeln_jenseits_der_Zeit/index.phtml Peter van Ham und Aglaja Stirn: ''Klänge von den Nebeln jenseits der Zeit : aus dem Liederbuch der Naga''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129111009/http://www.journal-ethnologie.de/Deutsch/Weltmusik/Klaenge_von_den_Nebeln_jenseits_der_Zeit/index.phtml |date=29 January 2015 }} (www.journal-ethnologie.de, German, retrieved 1 September 2012).</ref> These songs are sometimes accompanied by the one-stringed instrument ''[[Tati (instrument)|tati]]'' or ''heka libuh'' ([[Gayal|mithun]] horn) which they play.<ref name="Vishü1" />

== Personal life ==
Mercy Tetseo earned a university degree in [[Psychology]] from the [[University of Delhi]] and is an avid foodie, traveller and writer. Azi Vezivolü was a runner-up at [[Miss Nagaland]] and earned a university degree in [[Political Sciences]] from the University of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deka |first=Jim Ankan |date=2013 |title=Tetseo Sisters - an Interview |url=http://www.india-north-east.com/2013/01/tetseo-sisters-interview-2013.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708032426/http://www.india-north-east.com/2013/01/tetseo-sisters-interview-2013.html |archive-date=8 July 2016 |website=North-East India}}</ref> She does modelling, sings in other formations and is on a sabbatical from tours since her marriage to raise her two young sons.<ref name="Vishü1" /><ref>[https://archive.today/20120904134709/http://www.mydimapur.com/content/view/168/2/ Vishü Rita Krocha: ''Azi Tetseo : The singer and her song''] (originally: Eastern Mirror, retrieved 1 September 2012)</ref> Kuku Tetseo studied at University of Delhi's [[Lady Shri Ram College for Women]] and is an active fashion blogger and social media influencer at 'My Salad Days' now rebranded as 'Naganess'.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} Lulu Tetseo is the youngest of the four sisters<ref name="Vishü1" /> and is attending [[Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur|Indira Gandhi Government Medical College]] in [[Nagpur]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

== Awards and honours ==
{{Expand section|date=April 2026}}
In 2012, they received the Trail Blazer Award at the 4th Nagaland Music Awards by Native Trax, along with Alobo Naga. In early 2014, they received the Eastern Panorama's Achievers Award for excellence in Music at Shillong.<ref>[http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2014/04/13/eastern-panorama-hands-over-achievers-awards/ "Eastern Panorama hands over Achievers Award"] (The Shillong Times, April 2014, retrieved 31 October 2014)</ref>

In November 2014, they won the MTS Discover title at the NH7 music festival and played at the Festival's stage in Kolkata, Pune and Delhi.<ref>[http://nh7.in/indiecision/2014/11/02/highlights-from-bacardi-nh7-weekender-kolkata-day-one/ "Highlights of Day 1 at NH7 Kolkata"] (NH7 website)</ref>

In August 2018, Tetseo Sisters received the Governor's Award for Excellence in Music at a special function on the occasion of the Indian Independence Day at the Nagaland Raj Bhavan.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Tetseo Sisters}}
* [https://www.tetseosisters.com/ Tetseo Sisters] (Personal Homepage, retrieved 1 September 2012)
* [https://www.youtube.com/TetseoSisters Official YouTube Channel]
* [http://womanspanorama.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=74%3Atetseo-sisters&catid=15%3Adecember&Itemid=11 Tetseo Sisters] (Interview, Woman's Panorama, December 2011, retrieved 1 September 2012,{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})
*[https://www.deccanherald.com/content/229982/nagaland-life-song.html/ Nagaland- Where life is a song] (Interview, Deccan Herald, Juanita Kakoty, 25 February 2012, retrieved 20 September 2012)
*[http://www.kashmirtimes.com/newsdet.aspx?q=2509/ "Nagaland's siblings sing for peace, with a smile"](Interview, Surekha Kadapa-Bose, Kashmir Times, 5 August 2012)
* [http://sevendiary.com/top-10-female-bands-northeast-india/ Top 10 female bands northeast india] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023133313/http://sevendiary.com/top-10-female-bands-northeast-india/ |date=23 October 2018 }} Sevendiary.com, John Hingkung, 2013|12|21
* [http://q46.in/tetseo-sisters/ Tetseo Sisters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004172144/http://q46.in/tetseo-sisters/ |date=4 October 2018 }} (Interview with Satish Gurung, 13 January 2016, retrieved 23 January 2016)

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Musicians from Nagaland]]
[[Category:Indian women folk singers]]
[[Category:Indian folk music groups]]
[[Category:Women from Nagaland]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]

Yashwant Rai

2026-04-23T01:05:43Z

SamiraKeister30: creating new article

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Yashwant Rai
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1915|5|16}}
| birth_place = Jagroan, [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of [[Constituent Assembly of India]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://loksabha.nic.in/constituent/Constituent.aspx | title=LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY (AS IN NOVEMBER, 1949) | publisher=[[Lok Sabha]] | accessdate=21 March 2023}}</ref>
| term_start1 = 9 December 1946
| term_end1 = 24 January 1950
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Yashwant Rai''' was an Indian politician. He was a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]. He was the only Harijan nominee from Punjab.<ref name="Personalities: A Comprehensive and Authentic Biographical Dictionary of Men who Matter in India [Northern India and Parliament] 1950 p. 142">{{cite book | title=Personalities: A Comprehensive and Authentic Biographical Dictionary of Men who Matter in India [Northern India and Parliament] | publisher=Arunam & Sheel | year=1950 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y40MAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA142 | access-date=21 Mar 2023 | page=142}}</ref><ref name="The Constituent Assembly of India (Legislative) Debates: Official Report 1948 p. 226">{{cite book | title=The Constituent Assembly of India (Legislative) Debates: Official Report | publisher=Manager of Publications | issue=v. 6 | year=1948 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjIdyQtTjNoC&pg=PA226 | access-date=21 Mar 2023 | page=226}}</ref><ref name="Constituent Assembly Debates: V. 7 : 4 November 1948 to 8 January 1949 1999 p. ">{{cite book | title=Constituent Assembly Debates: V. 7 : 4 November 1948 to 8 January 1949 | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat | series=Constituent Assembly Debates: Official Report | year=1999 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPzEMItoHDQC | access-date=21 Mar 2023 | page=}}</ref><ref name="India. Parliament. House of the People 1985 p. ">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. House of the People | title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. | year=1985 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqkwAAAAMAAJ | access-date=21 Mar 2023 | page=3}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

{{PunjabIN-INC-politician-stub}}

Haveri Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-20T17:16:42Z

SamiraKeister30: added page.

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Haveri
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok_Sabha_constituencies/2019/Karnataka/Haveri.map}}
| map_caption = Haveri Lok Sabha Constituency Map
| established = 2008
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Basavaraj Bommai]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| electors = 17,06,917
| assembly_cons = (District = Gadag) [[Shirahatti (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Shirahatti]](SC) [[Gadag Assembly constituency|Gadag]] [[Ron (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Ron]] (District = Haveri) [[Hangal Assembly constituency|Hangal]] [[Haveri (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Haveri]](SC) [[Byadgi (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Byadgi]] [[Hirekerur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Hirekerur]] [[Ranibennur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Ranibennur]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Bommai, in New Delhi on August 17, 2012 (cropped) (cropped).jpg
}}
[[File:Haveri Lok Sabha Constituency Map with district boundary (2009 - Present).pdf|thumb|]]
'''Haveri Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 28 [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house of the Indian parliament) constituencies in [[Karnataka]], a state in southern [[India]]. This constituency was created as part of the delimitation of the parliamentary constituencies in 2008.<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=207}}</ref> It first held elections in 2009 and its first member of parliament (MP) was [[Shivkumar Chanabasappa Udasi]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. As of the latest elections in 2024, [[Basavaraj Bommai]] of the same party represents this constituency.

== Assembly segments ==
As of 2008, Haveri Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:<ref name=ceo/>
{| class="wikitable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2"|Party Leading (in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]])
|-
|65
|[[Shirahatti (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Shirahatti]] (SC)
| rowspan="3" |[[Gadag district|Gadag]]
|[[Chandru Lamani]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|66
|[[Gadag Assembly constituency|Gadag]]
|[[H. K. Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|67
|[[Ron Assembly constituency|Ron]]
|[[Gurupadagouda Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|82
|[[Hangal Assembly constituency|Hangal]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Haveri district|Haveri]]
|[[Srinivas Mane]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|84
|[[Haveri Assembly constituency|Haveri]] (SC)
|[[Rudrappa Lamani]]
|-
|85
|[[Byadgi (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Byadgi]]
|[[Basavaraj Shivannanavar]]
|-
|86
|[[Hirekerur Assembly constituency|Hirekerur]]
|[[U. B. Banakar]]
|-
|87
|[[Ranibennur Assembly constituency|Ranibennur]]
|[[Prakash Koliwad]]
|}
Haveri, Shirahatti, Hangal, Hirekerur, Byadgi, and Ranibennur Legislative Assembly segments were earlier in the former [[Dharwad South Lok Sabha constituency|Dharwad South constituency]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/farmers-issues-likely-to-dominate-in-haveri/article5823139.ece|title=Farmers' issues likely to dominate in Haveri|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[N. Ram]]|date=24 March 2014|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref> Gadag and Ron Legislative Assembly segments were in the former [[Dharwad North Lok Sabha constituency|Dharwad North]] and [[Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency|Bagalkot]] constituencies respectively.

==Members of Parliament==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''1952-2008 : See [[Dharwad South Lok Sabha constituency|Dharwad South]]''}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Shivkumar Chanabasappa Udasi|Shivkumar Udasi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Basavaraj Bommai]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Haveri]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Basavaraj Bommai]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=7,05,538|percentage=50.55|change=-3.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Anandswamy Gaddadevarmath|party=Indian National Congress|votes=6,62,025|percentage=47.43|change=+4.58}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=10,865|percentage=0.78|change=+0.19}}
{{Election box majority||votes=43,513|percentage=3.12|change=-7.99}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=13,97,131|percentage=77.86|change=+3.65}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Haveri]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS1010.htm?ac=10| title = Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Shivkumar Chanabasappa Udasi]]|votes=6,83,660|percentage=53.97|change=+3.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=D. R. Patil|votes=5,42,778|percentage=42.85|change=-0.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ayubkhan A Pathan|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=7,479|percentage=0.59|change=+0.03}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=7,412|percentage=0.59|change=0.25}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,40,882
|percentage = 11.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=12,67,888|percentage=74.21|change=+2.60}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Haveri]]<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election – 2014|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|archive-date=2 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1010.htm?ac=10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628100627/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1010.htm?ac=10|title=Haveri|publisher=Election Commission of India|archive-date=28 June 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Shivkumar Chanabasappa Udasi]]
|votes = 5,66,790
|percentage = 50.79
|change = +1.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Saleem Ahmed]]
|votes = 4,79,219
|percentage = 42.94
|change = +3.65
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Shiddappa Kallappa Poojar
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 15,656
|percentage = 1.40
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ravi Menasinakai
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|votes = 9,814
|percentage = 0.88
|change = -4.35
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Rudresh Ramanna Hadagali
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 7,320
|percentage = 0.66
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Halappa Timmenahalli
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 6,229
|percentage = 0.56
|change = -0.28
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 87,571
|percentage = 7.85
|change = -2.23
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,16,368
|percentage = 71.62
|change = +8.03
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Haveri]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |pages=57|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Shivkumar Chanabasappa Udasi]]|votes=4,30,293|percentage=49.33|change=N/A|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Saleem Ahmed]]|votes=3,42,373|percentage=39.25|change=N/A|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal (Secular)|candidate=Shivkumargoud Shidlingangouda Patil|votes=45,659|percentage=5.23|change=N/A|}}
{{Election box candidate |party=[[Independent (politician)|IND.]]|candidate=Basavaraj Shankrappa Desai|votes=11,372|percentage=1.30|change=N/A|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=Ashok Mallappa Javali|votes=8,334|percentage=0.96|change=N/A|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha|candidate=Krishnaji Raghavendrarao Onkar|votes=7,376|percentage=0.85|change=N/A|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Igala Dilleppa Kariyappa|votes=7,341|percentage=0.84|change=N/A|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=87,920|percentage=10.08|change=N/A}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,72,241|percentage=63.59|change=N/A}}
{{Election box new seat win||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Dharwad North Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Dharwad South Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Haveri district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/haveri-equals-earlier-record-of-7401-polling/article26937346.ece| title = Haveri equals earlier record of 74.01% polling - The Hindu}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS1010.htm?ac=10|title=General Election 2019 - Election Commission of India|website=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref>
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|14.80|75.40|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haveri Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Haveri district]]

Sealdah Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:34:54Z

SamiraKeister30: creating a details

{{Short description|Former constituency of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sealdah
| type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North East]]
| constituency_no = 156
| established = 1951
| electors =
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2011
}}

'''Sealdah Assembly constituency''' was a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[Kolkata district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], Sealdah Assembly constituency ceases to exist from 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf |title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006|access-date = 15 November 2010 |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

It was part of [[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 15 November 2010 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"ìÍĦĤĠčw
|-
! Election Year!!Constituency!!Name of M.L.A.!!Party affiliation
|-
|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]||Sealdah||[[Pannalal Bose]]||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. 186 |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]|| ||[[Pratap Chandra Chunder]]||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 133|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1969||||[[Jatin Chakraborty]]||[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 133|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 2 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1971||||Binoy Banerjee||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 133|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1972||||[[Somendra Nath Mitra]]||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 133|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1977||||Binoy Banerjee||[[Janata Party]]<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 145|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1982||||Somendra Nath Mitra||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 145|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1987||||Somendra Nath Mitra||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 145|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1991||||Somendra Nath Mitra||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 145|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1996||||Somendra Nath Mitra||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 145|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]||||Somendra Nath Mitra||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 145|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]||||Somendra Nath Mitra||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 145|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|2009 Bye-election||||Sikha Mitra||All India Trinamool Congress<ref name=vidhansabha2009by>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/pn101109.pdf |title = Results of bye – elections to the 31 (thirty one) Assembly Constituencies and 1(one) Lok Sabha Constituency |publisher= Election Commission of India | access-date = 24 October 2014}}</ref>
|}

==Results==
===2009 Bye-election===
A bye-election was held on 18 August 2009 following the resignation of the sitting [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Somendra Nath Mitra|Somen Mitra]] who was elected as [[Member of Parliament|MP]] In Parliament from [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)]].Sikha Mitra of Trinamool Congress Defeated Prabir Deb of CPI.
{{Election box begin | title=Bye election, 2009: Sealdah<ref name=byElections2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/2009-10/Bye-election-2009.xls |title=Details of Assembly By-Elections 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Sikha Mitra
|votes = 23,324
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Prabir Deb
|votes = 7,297
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 39,650
|percentage = 27.69
|change = -6.7
}}
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,027
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box swing with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +21.27
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
In the 2006 elections, [[Somendra Nath Mitra]] of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] defeated his nearest rival Prabir Deb of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2006]]: Sealdah constituency<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=150| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171213/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=150| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2006 |work = Jadavpur| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 30 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Somendra Nath Mitra]]
|votes = 23,011
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Prabir Deb
|votes = 10,252
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Dulaleswar Roy
|votes = 5,091
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Tarun Kumar Kar
|votes = 267
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Dayanand Prasad
|votes = 219
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Swaraj Ranjan Bhattacharyya
|votes = 215
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Pradyut Kumar Ghosh
|votes = 159
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Dilip Tripathi
|votes = 99
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12,759
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 393,13
|percentage = 69.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Trinamool Congress+BJP vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2009===
In the 2009 by-election, necessitated by the election of sitting MLA, [[Somendra Nath Mitra]], to the Parliament from the [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)]], Shikha Mitra of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] won the Sealdah assembly seat. In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]], 2001, 1996, 1991, 1987 and 1982 state assembly elections Somendra Nath Mitra of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] won the 156 Sealdah assembly seat defeating his nearest rivals Prabir Deb of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] in 2006, Chanchal Ghosh of CPI in 2001, Arun Prakash Chatterjee of CPI in 1996, [[Ila Mitra]] of CPI in 1991, Nanda Gopal Bhattacharjee of CPI in 1987 and 1982. Binoy Banerjee of [[Janata Party]] had won the seat in 1977 defeating Amar Prasad Chakraborty of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pressreleasepoint.com/sealdah-bowbazar-bypolls-trinamool-congress | title = Sealdah, Bowbazar by-polls Trinamool Congress...!!! | publisher = Press Release Point | access-date = 2010-11-15 | archive-date = 3 March 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120303225746/http://www.pressreleasepoint.com/sealdah-Bowbazar-bypolls-trinamool-congress | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp156.htm |title =156 - Sealdah Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2010-11-15 }}</ref>

===1967-1972===
Somendranath Mitra of Congress won in 1972. Benoy Banerjee of Congress won in 1971. [[Jatin Chakraborty]] of [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] won in 1969. Pratap Chandra Chunder of Congress won in 1967. Prior to that the Seadah seat was not there. There was a seat at Muchipara.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web | url = http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date = 2010-10-25 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110813092204/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | archive-date = 13 August 2011 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata constituencies}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{Coord|22.568|N|88.372|E|display=title|format=dms}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Kolkata district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]

Gyanendra Kumar Singh Gyanu

2026-04-05T07:25:33Z

SamiraKeister30: added a biography.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gyanendra Kumar Singh (Gyanu)
| image = File:Nitish Kumar with Gyanendra Singh Gyanu in Barh (cropped).jpg
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1959|06|19}}<ref>{{cite web |title=MLA Date of Births |url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/priority%20List.pdf |publisher=Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>
| parents = Kamal Prasad Singh
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| profession = Social Service
| education = [[Graduation]]
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Barh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barh]]
| term_start = 2005
| term_end = 2025
| predecessor = [[Lovely Anand]]
| successor = Siyaram Singh
}}

'''Gyanendra Kumar Singh''', also known as '''Gyanu''',<ref name="zeenews.india.com">{{Cite web |title=बागी हुए ज्ञानेंद्र सिंह ज्ञानू! बिहार BJP के नेतृत्व पर उठाए सवाल |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bihar/bjp-mla-gyanendra-singh-gyanu-attack-on-his-bihar-bjp-leaders/1041427 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref> is an Indian politician, currently a member of [[BJP]] and four time [[Member Of Legislative Assembly]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-09 |title=BJP now backward oriented, says MLA overlooked for ministerial post in Bihar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-now-backward-oriented-says-mla-overlooked-for-ministerial-post-in-bihar-101612889815303.html |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> from [[Barh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]. The first two elections he won as a [[Janata Dal (United)]] candidate and the last two as BJP candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Vidhan Sabha/Know your MLA |url=https://www.vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/Knowyourmla.html |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=www.vidhansabha.bih.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gyanendra Kumar Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BARH(PATNA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=1375 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ज्ञानेंद्र कुमार सिंह, Bharatiya Janata Party प्रत्याशी {{!}} Gyanendra Kumar Singh, Bharatiya Janata Party Candidate From Barh, Delhi Assembly Elections 2020, बिहार विधानसभा चुनाव २०२० |url=https://hindi.news18.com//assembly-election-2020/bihar-chunav/gyanendra-kumar-singh-s04a179c01-bharatiya-janata-party-profile/ |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=News18 India |language=hi}}</ref>

Recently he questioned BJP state leadership and accused party ministers of taking bribes.<ref name="zeenews.india.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2, 2021 |first=Rohit Kumar |last=Singh |title=Bihar BJP MLA accuses party ministers of taking bribes during transfers of officials |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-bjp-mla-party-ministers-bribes-transfers-officials-1822829-2021-07-02 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-10 |title=BJP legislator gets notice after he scorns Bihar leaders, praises Nitish Kumar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/bjp-legislator-gets-notice-after-he-scorns-bihar-leaders-praises-nitish-kumar-101639154425255.html |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gyanu, Gyanendra Kumar Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]

Flag Code of India

2026-04-01T18:01:53Z

SamiraKeister30: Stub

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{short description|Laws, practices and conventions that apply to the display of the Indian national flag}}
{{cleanup-reorganize|date=June 2013}}

The '''Flag Code of India''' is a set of laws, practices and conventions that apply to the display of the [[Flag of India|national flag]] of [[India]]. Flag Code of India, 2002, has been divided into three parts. Part I of the code contains a general description of the national flag. Part II of the code pertains to the display of the national flag by members of public, private organisations, educational institutions, etc. Part III of the code pertains to the display of the national flag by [[Government of India|union]] and [[State governments of India|state governments]] and their organisations and agencies.
The Flag Code of India, 2002, took effect from 26 January 2002.

== History ==
Earlier, the display of the national flag was governed by the provisions of [[Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950]] (No. 12 of 1950) and the [[Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971]] (No. 69 of 1971). The Flag Code of India, 2002, is an attempt to bring together all such laws, conventions, practices and instructions for the guidance and benefit of all concerned. Advocate B. M. Birajdar said, "The Flag Code of India 2002 permits unrestricted display of the tricolour, consistent with the honour and dignity of the flag,"

The Flag Code of India has been divided into three parts:-

*'''First Part''': General Description of the National Flag.
*'''Second Part''': Display of the National Flag by members of public, private Organisations & educational institutions etc.
*'''Third Part''': Display of National Flag by Union or State Governments and their organisations and agencies.

=== Construction Sheet ===
<gallery widths="450px" heights="300px">

File:Flag of India (Construction Sheet).svg|Construction sheet of the flag's design

File:Ashoka Chakra (Construction sheet).svg|Detailed construction sheet of the ''[[Ashoka Chakra]]''

</gallery>

== General description ==
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center"
|-
! Flag size<ref name="NIC">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/nationalflag2002.htm |title=Flag Code of India|access-date=11 October 2006|date=25 January 2006|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060110155908/http://mha.nic.in/nationalflag2002.htm |archive-date = 10 January 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IS 1 (1968): Specification for The National Flag of India (Cotton Khadi, PDF version)|url=https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S12/is.1.1968.pdf|publisher=Government of India|access-date=9 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022095421/https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S12/is.1.1968.pdf|archive-date=22 October 2016}}</ref>
! Width and height (mm)
! Size of Ashoka Chakra (mm)<ref name='IS11968'>{{Cite book | url = https://archive.org/details/gov.in.is.1.1968 | title = IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India (cotton khadi) | access-date = 23 July 2012 | author = Bureau of Indian Standards | date = 1968 | publisher = Government of India}}</ref>
|-
| 1
| 6300 × 4200
| 1295
|-
| 2
| 3600 × 2400
| 740
|-
| 3
| 2700 × 1800
| 555
|-
| 4
| 1800 × 1200
| 370
|-
| 5
| 1350 × 900
| 280
|-
| 6
| 900 × 600
| 185
|-
| 7
| 450 × 300
| 90<ref name='IS1A2'>{{cite book | title = IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India (cotton khadi), Amendment 2 | author = Bureau of Indian Standards | year = 1979 | publisher = Government of India}}</ref>
|-
| 8
| 225 × 150
| 40
|-
| 9
| 150 × 100
| 25<ref name='IS1A2' />
|}
[[File:Indian National Flag.jpg|thumb|The Tiranga is coloured with saffron as the top band, white band in the centre, dark green band at the bottom and a navy blue Ashoka Chakra placed at the centre of the white band.]]
The '''National flag of India''' is officially described in the Flag Code of India as follows: "The colour of the top panel shall be India saffron (Kesari) and that of the
bottom panel shall be India green. The middle panel shall be white, bearing at its centre the design of
[[Ashoka Chakra]] in navy blue colour with 24 equally spaced spokes."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mha.gov.in/pdfs/flagcodeofindia.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=27 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123232004/http://mha.gov.in/pdfs/flagcodeofindia.pdf |archivedate=23 January 2013 }} Flag Code of India</ref> It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] held on 22 July 1947, when it became the official flag of the [[Dominion of India]]. The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India. In India, the term "[[tricolour (flag)|tricolour]]" ({{langx|hi|तिरंगा}}, Tiraṅgā)  almost always refers to the Indian national flag. The flag is based on the ''[[Swaraj]]'' flag, a flag of the [[Indian National Congress]] designed by [[Pingali Venkayya]].<ref>{{cite news |title=A salute to the man who designed the Tricolour: Pingali Venkayya |first=K. C. |last=Archana |date=2 August 2015 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/a-salute-to-the-man-who-designed-the-tricolour-pingali-venkaya-285987-2015-08-02 |work=India Today |access-date=17 August 2016}}</ref>

[[Khadi]] or hand-spun cloth was the only material allowed to be used for the flag but amendment to the Flag Code in year 2021 allowed the use of polyester and other machine-made fabric. Raw materials for khadi are restricted to cotton, silk and wool. There are two kinds of khadi used: The first is the khadi-bunting which makes up the body of the flag, and the second is the khadi-duck, which is a beige-coloured cloth that holds the flag to the pole. The khadi-duck is an unconventional type of weave that meshes three threads into a weave, compared to the two weaves used in conventional weaving. This type of weaving is extremely rare, and there are fewer than twenty weavers in India professing this skill. The guidelines also state that there should be exactly 150 threads per square centimetre, four threads per stitch, and one square foot should weigh exactly {{convert|205|g}}.<ref name="Code2002">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2002/fapr2002/f030420021.html|title=Flag code of India, 2002|accessdate=11 October 2006|date=4 April 2002|work=Fact Sheet|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref><ref name="KVIC">{{cite news |first =Shyam Sundar|last =Vattam|url =http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jun152004/spt2.asp|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20060522230211/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jun152004/spt2.asp|archivedate=22 May 2006|title =Why all national flags will be 'Made in Hubli'|newspaper =[[Deccan Herald]]|date =15 June 2004|accessdate =11 October 2006}}</ref><ref name="Process">
{{cite news |title=The Flag Town |author=Aruna Chandaraju |date=15 August 2004 |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/08/15/stories/2004081500450200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040826223348/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/08/15/stories/2004081500450200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 August 2004 |accessdate=10 February 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/08/15/stories/2004081500450200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040826223348/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/08/15/stories/2004081500450200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 August 2004|title=The flag town |last=Chandaraju|first=Aruna|date=15 August 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=17 February 2010|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

The Flag made of paper may be waved by public on occasions of important national, cultural and sports events. However, such paper Flags should not be discarded or thrown on the ground after the event. As far as possible, it should be disposed of in private consistent with the dignity of the Flag.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2018|title=Flag code of India|url=http://mca.gov.in/Ministry/pdf/FlagCodeIndia14_16082018.pdf|access-date=|website=|archive-date=2 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802001705/https://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/pdf/FlagCodeIndia14_16082018.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Display ==

[[File:IndiaFlagTwoNations.png|thumb|upright|alt=The Indian flag and another flag on crossed poles; the Indian flag is at the left.|Placement protocol for the Indian flag with another country's flag]][[File:India-flag-horiz-vert.svg|thumb|left|alt=Two Indian flags side by side, the first is horizontal with the saffron band at the top, the second is vertical with the saffron band to the left.|Correct horizontal and vertical display of the flag]]

The rules regarding the correct methods to display the flag state that when two flags are fully spread out horizontally on a wall behind a podium, their [[hoist (flag)|hoists]] should be towards each other with the saffron stripes uppermost. If the flag is displayed on a short flagpole, this should be mounted at an angle to the wall with the flag draped tastefully from it. If two national flags are displayed on crossed staffs, the hoists must be towards each other and the flags must be fully spread out. The flag should never be used as a cloth to cover tables, lecterns, podiums or buildings, or be draped from railings.<ref name="NIC"/> Whenever the flag is displayed indoors in halls at public meetings or gatherings of any kind, it should always be on the right (observers' left), as this is the position of authority. So when the flag is displayed next to a speaker in the hall or other meeting place, it must be placed on the speaker's right hand. When it is displayed elsewhere in the hall, it should be to the right of the audience. The flag should be displayed completely spread out with the saffron stripe on top. If hung vertically on the wall behind the podium, the saffron stripe should be to the left of the onlookers facing the flag with the hoist cord at the top.<ref name="NIC"/>

The flag, when carried in a procession or parade or with another flag or flags, should be on the marching right or alone in the centre at the front. The flag may form a distinctive feature of the unveiling of a statue, monument, or plaque, but should never be used as the covering for the object. As a mark of respect to the flag, it should never be [[Flag dipping|dipped]] to a person or thing, as opposed to regimental colours, organisational or institutional flags, which may be dipped as a mark of honour. During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag, or when the flag is passing in a parade or in a review, all persons present should face the flag and stand at attention. Those present in uniform should render the appropriate salute.[[File:IndiaFlagParade.png|left|thumb|alt=Sketch of eight people carrying flags in a procession, the first and last persons have the India tricolour|A flag procession]] When the flag is in a moving column, persons present will stand at attention or salute as the flag passes them. A dignitary may take the salute without a head dress. The flag salutation should be followed by the playing of the [[Jana Gana Mana|national anthem]].<ref name="NIC"/>

[[File:Waving Indian Flag At Red Fort.jpg|right|thumb|Indian flag at the [[Red Fort]]]]

The privilege of flying the national flag on vehicles is restricted to the [[President of India|President]], [[Vice President of India|Vice-president]], [[Governor (India)|Governors]] and [[Lieutenant governor]]s of the Indian [[States and union territories of India|states]] and [[Union territory|union territories]], Heads of Indian missions/ posts abroad in the countries to which they are accredited, Prime Minister and other Cabinet Ministers; Ministers of State and Deputy Ministers of the Union; Chief Minister and other Cabinet Ministers of a State or Union Territory; Ministers of State and Deputy Ministers of a State or Union Territory; [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]; Deputy Chairman of the [[Rajya Sabha]]; Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha; Chairmen of Legislative Councils in States; Speakers of Legislative Assemblies in States and Union Territories; [[Chief Justice of India]]; Judges of Supreme Court; Chief Justice of High Courts; Judges of High Courts.<ref>Section IX Para 3.44 of Flag Code of India http://mca.gov.in/Ministry/pdf/FlagCodeIndia14_16082018.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802001705/https://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/pdf/FlagCodeIndia14_16082018.pdf |date=2 August 2023 }}</ref>

The flag has to be flown from a staff affixed firmly either on the middle front or to the front right side of the car. When a foreign dignitary travels in a car provided by government, the flag should be flown on the right side of the car while the flag of the foreign country should be flown on the left side.<ref name="Code2002"/> The flag should be flown on the aircraft carrying these constitutional officeholders; President, vice-president, Prime Minister, Chief Justice of India and Lok Sabha Speaker on a visit to a foreign country. Alongside the national flag, the flag of the country visited should also be flown; however, when the aircraft lands in countries en route, the national flags of the respective countries would be flown instead. When carrying the President within India, aircraft display the flag on the side the President embarks or disembarks; the flag is similarly flown on trains, but only when the train is stationary or approaching a railway station.<ref name="NIC"/>

When the Indian flag is flown on Indian territory along with other national flags, the general rule is that the Indian flag should be the starting point of all flags. When flags are placed in a straight line, the rightmost flag is the Indian flag, followed by other national flags in alphabetical order. When placed in a circle, the Indian flag is the first point and is followed by other flags alphabetically. In such placement, all other flags should be of approximately the same size with no other flag being larger than the Indian flag. Each national flag should also be flown from its own pole and no flag should be placed higher than another. In addition to being the first flag, the Indian flag may also be placed within the row or circle alphabetically. When placed on crossed poles, the Indian flag should be in front of the other flag, and to the right (observer's left) of the other flag. The only exception to the preceding rule is when it is flown along with the [[flag of the United Nations]], which may be placed to the right of the Indian flag.<ref name="NIC"/>

When the Indian flag is displayed with non-national flags, including corporate flags and advertising banners, the rules state that if the flags are on separate staffs, the flag of India should be in the middle, or the furthest left from the viewpoint of the onlookers, or at least one flag's breadth higher than the other flags in the group. Its flagpole must be in front of the other poles in the group, but if they are on the same staff, it must be the uppermost flag. If the flag is carried in procession with other flags, it must be at the head of the marching procession, or if carried with a row of flags in line abreast, it must be carried to the marching right of the procession.<ref name="NIC"/>

== Half-masting ==
The flag should be flown at [[half-mast]] as a sign of [[National day of mourning|state mourning]]. The decision to do so lies with the President of India, who also decides the period of such mourning. When the flag is to be flown at half-mast, it must first be raised to the top of the mast and then slowly lowered.

In the event of the death of the following dignitaries, the national flag shall be half-masted at the places indicated against each on the day of the death of the dignitary.

# The flag is flown half-mast nationwide ( State/ Union Territories Capitals including New Delhi) on the death of any of these constitutional authorities during duty period: Prime Minister, President, vice-president.
# The flag is flown half-mast in [[Delhi]] on the death of Chief Justice of India or Lok Sabha Speaker.
# On the death of the Supreme Court Judges and Union Ministers, it is flown half-mast in Delhi, in the state of their origin and their respective departments all over India
# On the death of the Governors, Lieutenant Governors, Chief Ministers and the Chief Justices of High Courts the flag is flown at half-mast in the respective states and union territories. For High Court Judges and top Cabinet Ministers of the state governments, it is flown half-mast in their respective districts of origin.

Note: If a death coincides with [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] (26 January), [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] (15 August), [[Gandhi Jayanti]] (2 October) or states' foundation anniversaries, the flag should not be flown half-mast except over buildings housing the body of the deceased dignitary. However, even in such cases, the flag must be raised to full-mast when the body is moved from the building.

Observances of state mourning on the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] in individual cases. However, in the event of death of either the [[head of the state]] or [[head of the government]] of a foreign country, the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag at half-mast. On occasions of [[State funeral|state]], [[Military funeral|military]], [[Central Armed Police Forces|central police forces]] funerals, the flag shall be draped over the bier or coffin with the saffron towards the head of the bier or coffin. The flag should not be lowered into the grave or burnt in the pyre.<ref name="NIC"/>

== Hoisting the national flag a fundamental right==

The bench headed by Chief Justice of India [[V. N. Khare]] said that under Article 19(1)(a) of the [[Constitution of India]], citizens had the [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental right]] to fly the national flag on their premises throughout the year, provided the premises do not undermine the dignity of the national flag.

==See also==
*[[Flag protocol]]
*[[Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://mha.gov.in/pdfs/flagcodeofindia.pdf Flag Code of India]

[[Category:Flags of India]]

Vedika Sharma

2026-03-30T14:06:12Z

SamiraKeister30:

{{Short description|Indian sports shooter (born 2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Vedika Sharma
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|2003}}
| country = {{IND}}
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[shooting sports|shooting]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Deaflympics]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2021 Summer Deaflympics|Caxias do Sul 2021]]|[[Shooting at the 2021 Summer Deaflympics|10m air pistol]]}}
}}

'''Vedika Sharma''' (born 2003) is an Indian deaf sports shooter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vedika SHARMA |url=https://www.deaflympics.com/athletes/vedika-sharma |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Deaflympics}}</ref> She made her Deaflympic debut at the age of 19 representing [[India at the 2021 Summer Deaflympics]] (held in May 2022).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |title=Sixty-five Indian athletes to participate in Deaflympics |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/indian-deaflympics-contingent-brazil-send-off-ceremony/article38480143.ece |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Sportstar |date=26 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Judge |first=Shahid |title=Explainer: India at Deaflympics – here's what you need to know about the quadrennial event |url=https://scroll.in/field/1023014/explainer-india-at-deaflympics-heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-quadrennial-event |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Scroll.in |date=May 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
She competed at the [[2021 Summer Deaflympics]] and clinched a bronze medal in the women's 10m air pistol shooting event with a score of 207.2 in the final.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results - Shooting 10m Air Pistol (Women) |url=https://www.deaflympics.com/games/2022-s/results/3451 |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Deaflympics |archive-date=8 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508095033/https://www.deaflympics.com/games/2022-s/results/3451 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title=Deaflympics 2021: Vedika Sharma wins bronze in women's 10m air pistol for India's fourth medal |url=https://scroll.in/field/1023352/deaflympics-2021-vedika-sharma-wins-bronze-in-women-s-10m-air-pistol-for-indias-fourth-medal |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Scroll.in |date=6 May 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI|date=6 May 2022 |title=Vedika Sharma wins bronze in women's 10m air pistol at Deaflympics {{!}} More sports News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/vedika-sharma-wins-bronze-in-womens-10m-air-pistol-at-deaflympics/articleshow/91379067.cms |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[India at the Deaflympics]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.deaflympics.com/athletes/vedika-sharma Vedika Sharma] at [[Deaflympics]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Vedika}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female sport shooters]]
[[Category:Deaf sport shooters]]
[[Category:Indian deaf people]]
[[Category:Deaflympic shooters for India]]
[[Category:Deaflympic bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2021 Summer Deaflympics]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2021 Summer Deaflympics]]
[[Category:Sport shooters from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-sportshooting-bio-stub}}

Siege of Arcot

2026-03-27T03:34:18Z

SamiraKeister30: creating data

{{Short description|1751 siege in the Second Karnatic War}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Arcot
| partof = the [[Second Carnatic War]]
| image = India; (1909) (14566747909) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Robert Clive firing a cannon during the siege
| place = [[Arcot]], [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]], present-day [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=title,inline}}
| date = 23 September – 14 November 1751
| casus =
| result = British-Wallajah-Maratha victory
* [[Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah|Wallajah]] becomes the [[Nawab of Carnatic]]
* British gain influence over the French in the [[Carnatic region]]
| territory =
| combatant1 = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[British East India Company]]
{{flagicon image|Flag of Nawab.svg}} [[Nawab of Arcot]] (Wallajah) [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] [[Maratha Empire]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Royal Flag of France.svg}} [[Kingdom of France|France]]
* {{flagicon image|Drapeau du régiment de la Compagnie des Indes en 1756.png}} [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]]
{{flagicon image|Flag of Nawab.svg}} [[Nawab of Arcot]] (Chanda Sahib)
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive|Robert Clive]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Nawab.svg}} [[Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah]] [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] [[Murari Rao]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Drapeau du régiment de la Compagnie des Indes en 1756.png}} [[Joseph François Dupleix]] {{flagicon image|Drapeau du régiment de la Compagnie des Indes en 1756.png}} [[Charles Godeheu]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Nawab.svg}} [[Chanda Sahib]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Nawab.svg}} Raza Sahib
| strength1 = 600 [[Carnatic Sultanate|Carnatic Troops]] 300 [[Sepoys|Indian Sepoys]] 200 [[British East India Company|British Troops]] 400 [[Marathas]]
| strength2 = 5,000 [[Carnatic Sultanate|Carnatic Troops]] 2,000 Irregulars 300 [[Sepoys|Indian Sepoys]] 120 [[French Indies Company|French Troops]]
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Second Carnatic War}}
}}

The '''siege of Arcot''' (23 September – 14 November 1751) took place at [[Arcot]], India between forces of the [[British East India Company]] led by [[Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive|Robert Clive]] allied with [[Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah]] and forces of [[Nawab of the Carnatic]], [[Chanda Sahib]], allied with the [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]]. It was part of the [[Second Carnatic War]].<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=156}}</ref>

==Background==
{{Main|Carnatic Wars}}
{{multiple image
| caption_align = center
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| align = right
| total_width = 350
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788) (after) - Robert Clive (1725–1774), Baron Clive of Plassey, 'Clive of India' - 1180787.2 - National Trust.jpg
| footer = [[Robert Clive]] (left) and his ally Nawab [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]] (right)
| image2 = Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah.jpg
}}
In the early part of the 18th century, the [[Mughal Empire]] of India was in its last throes and rule reduced only to [[Old Delhi]]. The princely states of India, a few hundred in number, became more and more autonomous and independent with the reduced oversight of the vast Mughal empire. The [[East India Company|British]] and [[French Indies Company|French]] East India companies, present in Mughal India due to the hospitality of the [[Mughal emperors]], were doing vibrant trade across the oceans between Mughal India and Europe.

The [[British East India Company]] represented [[British Empire|British]] trading interests with factories, ports at [[Calcutta]], [[Madras]] and [[Bombay]] on the three coasts of India. The French East India Company operated out of [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], just down the coast from [[Madras Presidency|Madras]]. Both European powers entered into agreements with local Nawabs and princely states, primarily for trade contacts but also hoping to gain influence over the territories that provided trade goods and tax revenue. As England and France were rivals in Europe, they carried on their rivalry to the new Eastern trade frontier by way of extending their support to rival Nawabs in India. The Indian princes were ambivalent toward the Europeans. As much as they appreciated the income from trade, they primarily desired the military might the Europeans could supply to tip the local balance of power in their favour.

In the Deccan proper, the [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I|Asaf Jah I]] (also known as Nizam-ul-Mulk) had founded a hereditary dynasty with [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] as its capital, which claimed to exercise authority over the entire South. The [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]] – that is, the lowland tract between the central plateau and the [[Bay of Bengal]] – was ruled by the Nizam's deputy, the [[Nawab of Arcot]]. Farther to the south, a Hindu king reigned at [[Tiruchirappalli]]; and another Hindu kingdom had its seat at [[Tanjore]]. Inland, [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] was rapidly developing into a third Hindu state; while everywhere lived chieftains, called [[palegar]]s or [[:wikt:naik|naiks]], in semi-independent lordship of citadels or hill-forts, representing the fief-holders of the ancient Hindu [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and many of them having maintained a practical independence since its fall in 1565.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/makersofbritishi00adamuoft/makersofbritishi00adamuoft_djvu.txt Full text of "The makers of British India"]</ref>

When the [[Nizam|Nizam of the Deccan]], [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Asaf Jah I]] died in 1748, the British and French supported rival claimants to the throne and the French candidate ultimately won out. In another disputed succession of the Carnatic which was ruled by the Nizam's deputy, the [[Nawab of Arcot]]. The French supported [[Chanda Sahib]] in his intrigues and military campaigns to become Nawab of Arcot. The net result of the above two important events was the British factory and port situated at Madras was surrounded by hostile territory.

Chanda Sahib, after consolidating his control of Arcot, wanted to eliminate his last major British-supported rival, [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]], who was at Trichinopoly. Chanda Sahib led a large force to [[Siege of Trichinopoly (1751–52)|besiege]] Trichinopoly. was supported by a handful of his own men and about 600 British troops. As the British commander did not have a reputation for inspiring confidence, British authorities in other parts of India were on the verge of writing off Trichinopoly and the entire south to the French.

[[Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive|Robert Clive]], a one-time [[East India Company]] clerk who had served in the company's forces during the [[First Carnatic War]], was outraged at the weak British response to French expansion. He proposed a plan to the governor at Madras, Thomas Saunders. Rather than challenge the strong Franco-Indian forces at Trichinopoly, he would strike at Arcot, Chanda Sahib's capital city, with the goal of forcing Chanda Sahib to lift the siege at Trichinopoly. Saunders agreed, but could only part with 200 of the 350 British soldiers under his command. Those 200 soldiers and a further 300 sepoys along with 3 small guns and eight European officers marched towards Arcot from Madras on 26 August 1751. On the morning of 29 August they reached [[Conjeeveram]], which was at a distance of {{convert|42|mi|km}} from Madras. Clives's intelligence informed him that the enemy garrison at Arcot was twice the size of his marching forces.

From Conjeeveram to Arcot is {{convert|27|mi|km}} and the troops of Clive, in spite of a delay caused by a tremendous storm of thunder and lightning, reached Arcot in two days of forced marching. The garrison left by Chanda Sahib to defend Arcot, struck with panic at the sudden coming of the foe, at once abandoned the fort, despite their larger numbers. Clive and his forces took over the city and the fort without firing a single shot.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BfS3Sy9R8T4C&q=Clive+of+India&pg=PA82 With Clive in India, Or, the Beginnings of an Empire - G. A. Henty - Google Boeken]</ref>

When apprised of the loss of Arcot, Chanda Sahib immediately dispatched 4,000 of his best troops with 150 of the French, under the command of his son, [[Raza Sahib]], to recapture it. On 23 September Raza Sahib entered the town and invested the fort with an army of 2,000 native regular troops, 5,000 irregulars, 120 Europeans, and 300 cavalry.

==Siege==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2023}}
Arcot, a city of 100,000 at the time, quickly came under Clive's control, since he ordered that there be no looting and he returned property Chanda Sahib had confiscated to its rightful owners. He immediately began gathering supplies and fresh water, and reinforcing the city's defenses. There were only sixty days' provisions, but an ample supply of water. The Arcot fort was about a mile in circuit, with a low, unsubstantial parapet; some of its towers were in dilapidated condition and virtually useless as artillery positions. The moat was in several places fordable, and in other places completely dry. Clive's force was also reduced by disease and casualties to a mere 120 Europeans and 200 sepoys.

Chanda Sahib's garrison was encamped a few miles away, blocking the arrival of any resupply or reinforcements. Two sallies against them failed, so Clive decided on a night attack on 14 September. It was so successful the entire force scattered in fear, while Clive's men incurred no casualties. Two days later word came that Governor Saunders had sent two large cannon. Clive sent almost his entire force to escort the guns to the city, and the handful that remained drove off two night attacks, taking advantage of the darkness to disguise their low numbers.

Clive occupied the fort in the city centre, allowing Raza's troops to man taller buildings overlooking the walls. Clive attempted a sortie to drive the newcomers away, but ran into intense fire from newly occupied buildings. His attack managed to kill most of the French artillerymen, but he suffered the loss of fifteen of his British troops.

Completely surrounded, the defenders soon began to suffer. Cut off from outside water, the fort's reservoir was brackish. Food, thankfully, was not a problem. The besieging force, manning the nearest houses, shot at anyone who moved. The small defending force exhausted itself trying to maintain a patrol of the fort's wall. <blockquote>"The native troops, it should be said, showed no less zeal and energy in the defence than their European comrades; and, with a fine generosity of feeling, they proposed to give that all the grain in store should be reserved for the use of the latter, who required more nourishment than Asiatics; for themselves, the liquor in which the rice was steeped would be sufficient."<ref>pp.37–38, W.H. Davenport Adams (1894), ''The Makers of British India''. Edinburgh: Ballantyne, Hanson & Co. [https://www.indianculture.gov.in/makers-british-india ref1] [[iarchive:makersofbritishi00adamuoft/page/36/mode/2up|ref2]]</ref></blockquote>

===Negotiations===
Back in Madras Governor Saunders scraped together a few more soldiers and received some new recruits from England. In the third week in October a force of but 130 British and 100 sepoys finally got on the way. Unfortunately for the defenders, the relief force was intercepted and forced to retreat. Late in October a battery of artillery arrived from the French base at Pondicherry and was positioned northwest of Clive's position. It soon knocked out one of Clive's large cannon and damaged another. For six days the French pounded the walls, destroying a section of wall between two dilapidated towers. The British tried to plug the gap with trenches, wooden palisades, and piled-up rubble. Another battery was set up to the southwest and created another breach.

The siege dragged its slow length along. Provisions and ammunition were on the point of exhaustion, and when the fiftieth day was reached, Clive's only hope lay in the assistance promised by Morari Rao, a [[Maratha]] chief, who had hitherto remained neutral, but, impressed by the British will, promised to come to their aid.

As the Maratha commander, [[Murari Rao|Morari Rao]], was collecting his pay, Raza Sahib learned of the threat. He quickly offered Clive honorable conditions and a gift if he would surrender. Knowing the Marathas were at hand and that another force was coming from Madras, Clive refused. Then Raza Sahib sent word that he would immediately storm the fort, and put every one of its defenders to the sword. Clive coldly replied that his father was a usurper, his army a rabble, and that he should think twice before he sent such cravens into a breach defended by English soldiers.

===Battle===
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2023}}
[[Robert Clive]] sent a messenger to inform Maratha general [[Murari Rao]] of his situation to immediately march to [[Arcot]] to relieve the besieged garrison. The messenger returned to the fort safely and brought a letter from Murari Rao to Clive in which he said he would immediately send a detachment of Marathas to assist the defenders of Arcot.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malcolm |first=John |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48868 |title=Life Of Robert, Lord Clive Vol.1 |pages=89–90|date=1836}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bence-Jones |first=Mark |url=http://archive.org/details/cliveofindia0000benc |title=Clive of India |page=46|date=1974 |publisher=London, Constable |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-09-459830-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gleig |first=George Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lXJfAAAAcAAJ&q=Robert+clive |title=The Life of Robert, First Lord Clive |page=37|date=1848 |publisher=Murray |language=en}}</ref>

=== Arrival of Maratha assistance ===
[[File:WAR ELEPHANTS CHARGE THE GATES OF THE FORT AT ARCOT..gif|thumb|[[War elephant]]s belonging to [[Chanda Sahib]], assisted by a small number of troops from the [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]] batter the gates of [[Arcot]].]]
On 9 November a detachment of [[Maratha]] troops arrived in the neighbourhood of the city and intercepted some ammunition going to the enemy. They attempted to enter the city but finding every street in the city barricaded. They contented themselves with plundering and setting fires to the houses after which they retreated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malcolm |first=John |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48868 |title=Life Of Robert, Lord Clive Vol.1 |page=91|date=1836}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Forrest |first=George |url=http://archive.org/details/lifeoflordclive01forriala |title=The life of Lord Clive |date=1918 |publisher=London, New York : Cassell |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref>

Raza Sahib resolved to venture an assault, and fixed it for 14 November, a day on which is celebrated the great Muhammadan festival of the [[Moharram]], in memory of Hassan, the son of Wallajah. But on 13 November, a spy alerted Clive to the oncoming assault. The enemy advanced, driving before them elephants whose foreheads were armed with iron plates. It was expected that the gates would yield to the shock of those living battering-rams. But the huge beasts no sooner felt the English musket-balls, than they turned round and rushed furiously away, trampling the multitude which had urged them forward. A raft was launched on the water which filled one part of the ditch. Clive, perceiving that the gunners at that post did not understand their business, took the management of a piece of artillery himself, and cleared the raft in a few minutes.

Where the moat was dry the assailants mounted with great boldness, but the British fire was so heavy and well directed that they made no progress. The rear ranks of the British kept the front ranks well supplied with a constant succession of loaded muskets, and every shot told upon the living mass below. After these desperate assaults the besiegers retired behind the ditch.

The struggle lasted about an hour. Four hundred of the assailants fell, while the defenders lost only five or six men. The besieged passed an anxious night, looking for a renewal or the attack. But when day broke the enemy were no more to be seen. Under cover of fire, Raza Sahib had raised the siege and withdrawn his army to [[Vellore]], leaving behind several guns and a large quantity of ammunition.

==Aftermath==
Contemporaries and later historians have often regarded the defence of Arcot as a pivotal episode of the [[Second Carnatic War]]. The siege transformed [[Robert Clive]]'s reputation, making him famous across Europe despite having received no formal military training. His conduct earned him praise in the [[Parliament of Great Britain|Parliament]] from Prime Minister [[William Pitt the Elder]], who famously described him as a "heaven-born general". Furthermore, the victory demonstrated the effectiveness of small, well-handled forces and trained [[sepoy]]s against larger coalitions.<ref name="BritannicaClive">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Robert Clive |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Clive |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Robert Clive: the nabob general |website=National Army Museum |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/robert-clive |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref> Arcot is also described as a psychological and political turning point that consolidated Clive's emerging reputation and strengthened local support for [[Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah]], a trend reinforced by subsequent victories at the [[Battle of Arnee|Arni]] and Kaveripak.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lawford |first=James |title=Clive: Proconsul of India |publisher=Routledge |year=1976 |chapter=Arcot, Arni and Kauveripauk 1751–2}}</ref>

Accounts of the final assault emphasise proximate causes for the besiegers' collapse—the death of the assault commander during the last charge, failures of coordination in the Franco-Carnatic camp, and the expectation of relief from allied columns—rather than numbers alone.<ref>{{cite book |last=Davis |first=Paul K. |title=Besieged: 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |chapter=Arcot |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/47491/chapter/422433187 |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="BritannicaClive" />

Strategically, the seizure and holding of Arcot achieved its immediate aim of diverting pressure from Trichinopoly and weakening French leverage in the Carnatic; within a few years British influence in the region was consolidated by subsequent campaigns and settlements.<ref name="BritannicaClive" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Bryant |first=G. J. |title=British Logistics and the Conduct of the Carnatic Wars, 1758–1763 |journal=War in History |year=2004 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=284–305 |jstor=26064759}}</ref>

Later historiography places the episode within the wider collapse of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] authority and the rise of the [[East India Company]] as a corporate power, cautioning that Arcot's "legend" should be read alongside these structural contexts rather than as a tale of generalship alone.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |title=The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2019 |isbn=978-1408864395}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Marshall |first=P. J. |title=Clive, Robert (1725–1774) |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2004 |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/ |access-date=5 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Clive's biographer [[Mark Bence-Jones]], while acknowledging the feat, also noted that "it may have been luck, it may have been bungling on the part of the enemy," and that the siege "created the legend of English courage and invincibility which was to carry English arms in India from one success to another".<ref>{{cite book |last=Bence-Jones |first=Mark |title=Clive of India |publisher=Constable |year=1974 |page=48}}</ref> Alongside such observations, modern scholarship emphasises Clive's calculated audacity and political purpose: the dash on Arcot was intended as a diversion to force the lifting of the [[Siege of Trichinopoly (1743)|siege of Trichinopoly]] by striking at [[Chanda Sahib]]'s capital and revenue base, and the subsequent defence relied on strict discipline in the town, aggressive night sorties against besieging batteries, and the careful husbanding of a small mixed European–sepoy garrison.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bryant |first=G. J. |title=British Logistics and the Conduct of the Carnatic Wars (1746–1783) |journal=War in History |volume=11 |issue=3 |year=2004 |pages=278–306 |doi=10.1191/0968344504wh301oa}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Davis |first=Paul K. |title=Besieged: 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |pages=157–159}}</ref>

Many in southern India, including some of the attacking soldiers, joined the British company's army. When the British began to seriously recruit and train the men from the armies and provinces they conquered, they ended up with a top-notch army of sepoys mixed with a handful of British Army units assigned to India. France lost her colonial empire ambitions, and the fall in her fortunes in India was made worse by French losses a few years later in the [[Seven Years' War]].{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire]]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080430211800/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/04/28/stories/2008042851000800.htm Heritage-conscious or not – The Hindu dated : 28 Apr 2008]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arcot 1751}}
[[Category:Battles of the Second Carnatic War]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Battles involving the French East India Company]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Indian kingdoms]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1751]]
[[Category:1751 in India]]

Tourism in Karnataka

2026-03-26T08:40:55Z

SamiraKeister30: starting some post w/ refs

{{Short description|none}}

{{multiple issues|
{{tone|date=May 2008}}
{{how-to|date=December 2017}}}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Karnataka Tourism
| native_name = ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಪ್ರವಾಸೋದ್ಯಮ
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| image7 = Sirsi Marikamba Devi.png
| caption7 = [[Sirsi Marikamba Temple|Sirsi]]
| image2 = Hampi virupaksha temple.jpg
| caption2 = [[Virupaksha Temple, Hampi|Hampi]]
| image9 = Shiva statue murudeshwar beach.jpg
| caption9 = [[Murudeshwar]]
| image6 = Jog Falls, India - August 2006.jpg
| caption6 = [[Jog Falls]]
| image5 = Unchalli falls SIRSI.png
| caption5 = [[Unchalli Falls]]
| image8 = Mysore Palace Morning.jpg
| caption8 = [[Mysore Palace|Mysuru]]
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| headquarters =Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| coordinates = 
| motto = One State Many Worlds
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[[File:Shravanabelagola_statue.jpg|[[Mahamastakabhisheka]] of [[Bahubali|Gommateshwara]] statue (the largest ancient monolithic statue in the world), at [[Shravanabelagola]]|thumb|upright=0.75]]
[[File:Vittala temple charriot and gopuram, Hampi.JPG|thumb|Ruins of Hampi]]
[[File:Pattadakal 000.JPG|thumb|Temples of Pattadakal]]
[[File:Rear View of Keshava Temple at Somanathapura.jpg|thumb|Chennakeshava Temple, Somanathapura built in Hoysala architecture, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site]].
[[Karnataka]], the sixth largest state in [[India]], was ranked as the third most popular state in the country for tourism in 2014.<ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/news/andhra-pradesh-top-tourist-destination-tourism-ministry/819071/0 Andhra Pradesh top tourist destination: Tourism Ministry – Financial Express] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221230710/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/andhra-pradesh-top-tourist-destination-tourism-ministry/819071/0 |date=21 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.gazetteer.kar.nic.in/data/gazetteer/postind/Kar_Handbook_2005_Chapter14.Pdf
|title=Handbook of Karnataka, Karnataka The Tourist Paradise
|accessdate=29 August 2008
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216065838/http://www.gazetteer.kar.nic.in/data/gazetteer/postind/Kar_Handbook_2005_Chapter14.Pdf
|archivedate=2012-02-16
}}</ref>
<ref>[https://www.oneindia.com/2006/05/14/karnatak-ranks-among-top-five-states-in-tourismficci-1147644798.html Karnataka ranks among top five states in tourism: FICCI – OneIndia retrieved on 10 June 2006]</ref> It is home to 507 of the 3600 centrally protected monuments in India, second only to Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="protect">
{{cite web
| title=Alphabetical list of Monuments
| url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka.asp
| publisher=Archaeological Survey of India
| work=Protected Monuments
| accessdate=13 June 2007
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808023916/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka.asp
| archivedate=2013-08-08
}}</ref> The State Directorate of Archaeology and Museums protects an additional 752 monuments and another 25,000 monuments are yet to receive protection.<ref name="protected_monuments">
{{cite news
| title=Plan to conserve heritage monuments, museums
| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/06/stories/2007010606360500.htm
| author=Correspondent
| date = 6 January 2007
| accessdate=13 June 2007
| location=Chennai, India
| url-status=dead
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724023146/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/06/stories/2007010606360500.htm
| work=[[The Hindu]]
| archivedate=2013-07-24
}}</ref>

[[File:GolGumbaz2.jpg|thumb|226x226px|[[Gol Gumbaz]], [[Bijapur]]]]
The ancient sculptured temples, modern cities, hill ranges, forests and beaches are some tourism centers. Broadly, ''tourism in Karnataka'' is divided into four geographical regions: [[North Karnataka]], the [[List of hill stations in India|Hill Stations]], [[Kanara|Coastal Karnataka]] and [[South Karnataka]].

The Karnataka government has introduced [[The Golden Chariot]] – a train which connects popular [[tourist destination]]s in the state and Goa.

The Karnataka State Tourism Development Corporation is the governmental body that works to promote '''tourism in [[Karnataka]]'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kstdc.co/about-kstdc/ |website=Karnataka State Tourism Development Corporation |access-date=15 June 2022|title=About KSTDC }}</ref>
{{Karnataka tourism map|size=500px}}

==North Karnataka==
[[File:Distance from major cities to North Karnataka.jpg|left|thumbnail|Distance from major cities of [[Karnataka]] to [[North Karnataka]]]]
[[File:North-Karnataka Region Tourism map - Manjuanth Doddamani.JPG|thumb|right|[[North Karnataka]] Region Tourism]]
[[File:GolGumbaz2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Gol Gumbaz]] [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]]]]
[[North Karnataka]] has monuments that date back to the 5th century. [[Kannada]] royal capitals are also present here. Monuments constructed by the [[Badami Chalukyas|Badami Chalukya]] are located at [[Pattadakal]], [[Aihole]] and [[Badami]]. Aihole is called ''the cradle of [[Indian architecture]]''<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_aihole.asp
|title=Archaeological Museum, Aihole (District Bagalkot, Karnataka)
|accessdate=16 April 2009
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326202129/http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_aihole.asp
|archivedate=2014-03-26
}}</ref> and has over 125 temples and monuments built between 450 and 1100 CE. [[Rashtrakuta]] monuments at Lokapura, Bilgi and [[Kuknur]] and [[Kalyani Chalukyas]] monuments built in ''[[Western Chalukya architecture|Gadag style of architecture]]''<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.gurjarindia.com/History/Chalukya.htm
|title=Chalukya
|accessdate=16 April 2009
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420113517/http://www.gurjarindia.com/History/Chalukya.htm
|archivedate=2009-04-20
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.templenet.com/Karnataka/kalyani_chalukya.html
|title=Kalyani Chalukyan temples, Temples of Karnataka
|accessdate=16 April 2009
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514173544/http://www.templenet.com/Karnataka/kalyani_chalukya.html
|archivedate=2013-05-14
}}</ref> at [[Lakkundi]], [[Gadag]], [[Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)|Itagi]] (in [[Koppal District]]) and the [[Vijayanagar empire]] temples at [[Vijayanagara]] are some examples. [[Hampi]] in [[Bellary district]] has ruins spread over an area of 125 km2. There are fifty four world heritage monuments and six hundred and fifty national monuments (''ASI''). An additional three hundred monuments await protection. The Deccan sultanate monuments at [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]] and [[Gulbarga]] show unique and discreet Hindu influences, and rival the Muslim monuments of North India. Archeologically important locations like [[Sannati]], [[Kanaganahalli]] in [[Kalaburagi district]] have thrown more light on [[Buddhist]] centers of the 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE. The first ever statue of emperor [[Ashoka]] with his queens and a [[Prakrit]] inscription ''Rayo Ashoka'' (''ASI'') has been found.

Important locations surrounding [[Badami]] are [[Kudalasangama]], [[Aihole]], [[Pattadakal]], [[Mahakuta]] and Banashankari.

Regions surrounding [[Hampi]] can be visited from Hampi/[[Hosapete]], or from [[Hubli]]. There are [[Kuknur]], [[Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)|Itagi]], [[Gadag]], [[Lakkundi]], [[Dambal]], [[Haveri]], [[Kaginele]], [[Bankapura]].

[[Utsav Rock Garden]], a museum in the Haveri district, features a cultural heritage and educational tourist center. It is notable for having over 2000 sculptures relating to the depiction of rural life.

===World heritage centres===

[[File:Mallikarjuna and Kashivishwanatha temples at Pattadakal.jpg|thumb|right| Mallikarjuna and Kasivisvanatha temples at [[Pattadakal]]]]
* [[Hampi]], [[Bellary district]]:<ref name="Hampi_UNESCO">{{cite web
|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/241
|title=hampi, UNESCO World Heritage Centre
|accessdate=6 August 2008
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326133713/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/241
|archivedate=2014-03-26
}}</ref> The site of the capital of [[Vijayanagara]] (1336) and formerly the seat of the [[Vijayanagar Empire]]. Foreign visitors in the 15th and 16th centuries described Hampi as being bigger than Rome. The city was destroyed and deserted in 1565 by marauding Moghul invaders and its ruins now lie scattered over a 26 sq. km area south of the river [[Tungabhadra]]. The rocky area near [[Anegundi]] to the north of the river has been identified as [[Kishkindha]] of [[Ramayana]] times.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} Hampi is home to a {{convert|29|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} monolithic [[Narasimha]], which was installed by [[Krishnadevaraya]] in 1529. The remains of palaces and gateways can be seen.
* Group of 8th-century CE monuments, [[Pattadakal]]:<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/239
|title=Pattadakal, UNESCO World Heritage Centre
|accessdate=6 August 2008
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326134122/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/239
|archivedate=2014-03-26
}}</ref> Located on the banks of the [[Malaprabha River|river Malaprabha]], Pattadakal was the second capital of the [[Chalukya]]s and contains examples of 7th- and 8th-century temple architecture. Four temples are in the south Indian [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] style, four in the North Indian ''Nagara'' style and the last one, the Papanatha temple represents a hybrid of the two styles. The oldest temples are the Sangameshwara, Mallikarjuna and Virupaksha Temples.

===Historical locations ===

===Chalukya===
[[File:Ravana Phadi cave at Aihole.jpg|thumb| Ravana Phadi cave at [[Aihole]] near [[Pattadakal]]]]
[[File:Vishnu image inside cave number 3 in Badami.jpg|thumb| Cave temple 3 [[Badami]]]]
[[File:Jain temple at Lakkundi built in the Kalyani Chalukya style.jpg|thumb|[[Brahma Jinalaya]], [[Lakkundi]] ]]
[[File:Someshwara temple at Lakshmeshwara.jpg|thumb| Someshwara temple at [[Lakshmeshwar]], [[North Karnataka]]]]
[[File:Dodda Basappa Temple.JPG|thumb|[[Doddabasappa Temple]] at Dambal, [[Gadag district]]]]
[[File:Gadag Trikuteshwara temple complex 3.JPG|thumb|[[Trikuteshwara]] Temple complex at Gadag]]
[[File:Galageshwara temple Galaganatha 5.jpg|thumb|[[Galaganatha]] Galageshwara temple, [[Haveri District]], [[North Karnataka]]]]
[[File:Panchakuta_Basadi_(10th_century_AD)_at_Kambadahalli.JPG|thumb|[[Panchakuta Basadi, Kambadahalli|Panchakuta Basadi]] ]]

* [[Aihole]]:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://ellakavi.wordpress.com/2007/07/14/aihole-is-located-near-badami/
|title=Aihole is located near Badami
|date=14 July 2007
|accessdate=6 August 2008
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527105334/http://ellakavi.wordpress.com/2007/07/14/aihole-is-located-near-badami/
|archivedate=2013-05-27
}}</ref> a former Chalukya trading city. There are around 140 temples including examples of early [[Chalukya]], [[Rashtrakuta]] and later Chalukya dynasties from the 6th to 12th centuries. It has a Jain and Vedic rock-cut shrine, both of around the 6th century. It has a Durga temple and pictures of the Tirthankaras. The meguti on a slope is a jaina basti with a Buddhist two-story rock-cut shrine below it and an Aihole inscription from Pulakeshin 2 above it. All the other Jain and Buddhist temples are built of stone and resemble Hindu temples. The temples were built during the Middle Ages before any style was established and hence there is a mixture of styles.

* [[Badami]]:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.cultureholidays.com/Temples/badami.htm
|title=Badami Cave Temples, Karnataka
|accessdate=6 August 2008
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419190057/http://cultureholidays.com/Temples/badami.htm
|archivedate=2014-04-19
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.umich.edu/~hartspc/acsaa/LLabelPdf/46LL.pdf
|title=EARLY WESTERN CHALUKYA CAVE-TEMPLES
|accessdate=11 August 2008
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527051218/http://www.umich.edu/~hartspc/acsaa/LLabelPdf/46LL.pdf
|archivedate=2013-05-27
}}</ref> the capital of the early Chalukyas in the 6th century, is at the mouth of a ravine between two rocky hills. The town is known for its cave temples (all carved out of sandstone hills). Badami have four caves, the cave temple dedicated to Vishnu is the largest. In front of the cave temple, there is a reservoir called Aghastya Teertha dotted with temples on its bank. Among them, two are dedicated to Vishnu, one to Shiva and the fourth is a Jain Temple. Carvings in the cave temples display the Hindu gods, Narashima and Hari Hara. The temples also have paintings on the ceiling and bracket figures on the piers.

* [[Basavana Bagewadi]]: It is 43 east of Bijapur. In the 12th century, Saint [[Basavanna|Basaveshwara]] was born here. It was an agrahara. The main temple here is in the Chalukya style and it was called as Sangamantha in records. The Samadhis of Siddharameshwara and Gurupadeshwara of the Inchageri school of spiritual pursuit are seen here.
* [[Basavakalyana]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20080614/974456.html
|title=New tourist spot to be developed
|accessdate=8 August 2008
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307132000/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20080614/974456.html
|archivedate=2012-03-07
}}</ref> [[Bidar District]]: former capital of the Later [[Chalukyas]]. It has an old fort renovated by the [[Bahamani]] containing an Archaeological Museum. Few [[Chalukya]] or Kalachuri remains exist, except the Chalukya Narayanapur temple, in the outskirts of the town. There is a modern Basaveshwara temple, Prabhudevara Gadduge, Jurist of the [[Kalyani Chalukyas]] period. Vijnaneshwara's Cave, Madivala Machiah's Pond, Akka Nagamma's Cave, fully renovated Siddheshwara temple and a new structure called Anubhava Mantapa, the Qaji's mosque and Raja Bagh Sawar Dargah.

* [[Annigeri]] (30 km from [[Hubli]]): It has an Amriteshwara temple of the time of the [[Kalyani Chalukyas]]. It was the birthplace of great Kannada Poet Pampa and there is a Jain basadi of Parshwanatha. It was once a headquarters of Belvola-300. It was the capital of [[Chalukya]] Someshwara 4. In addition to Veerashaiva Mathas; there is a ruined Banashankari Temple and seven mosques and also an ancient Veerabhadra temple.
* [[Bankapura]] (80 km from [[Dharwad]]): Under Chalukya, many temples were raised in the city including the Nagareshwara temple in the fort and another chalukya temple called Siddheshwara. Ali Adilshahi destroyed many temples in 1567. There is a mosque in the fort.
* [[Dambal]] (21 km from [[Gadag]]): It was a Buddhist centre. There are two notable chalukya temples called [[Doddabasappa Temple]] and Somewshwara Temple. Doddabassapa as polygonal star shaped temple garbhagriha and fine sculptural representations and huge nandi Temple. Someshwara could have been an old basati. The temple has a 400-year-old vast tank. There is an old Ganapathi image in an old ruined fort with a similar statue in a small shrine.
* [[Haveri]]: This town has the [[Siddhesvara Temple|Siddheshvara Temple]], built in the 12th century. It is situated in the heart of the city of Haveri, inside the garden.
* [[Gadag]]: A twin city municipality 55 km from [[Hubli]]-Dharward. It is a great centre of [[Kalyani Chalukyas]] art with the large [[Trikuteshwara]] temple. It has the Sri Lakshmi Venkateshwara temple situated in Venkatapura Taluk near Sortur, Gadag District. The Temple was renovated by Brahmananda Swami, a devotee of Gondavalekar Maharaj, a sage from Gondavale. It was later expanded by [[Kalyani Chalukyas]] into a vast complex.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.templenet.com/Karnataka/kalyani_chalukya.html
|title=Kalyani Chalukyan temples
|accessdate=7 August 2008
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514173544/http://www.templenet.com/Karnataka/kalyani_chalukya.html
|archivedate=2013-05-14
}}</ref> The complex has triple shrines once housing Shiva, Brahma and Surya. The Saraswathi temple has shining decorative pillars, and a Saraswathi image that is notable as one of the largest examples of Chalukya art. The place has Someshwara and Rameshwara temples of Chalukya style. It has a Veeranarayana temple of Chalukya times.

* [[Lakkundi]], 10 km from Gadag, [[Gadag District]]: Temples that can be visited include [[Brahma Jinalaya]], [[Kasivisvesvara temple, Lakkundi|Kasivisvesvara]] and Kalyani.
* Someshwara temple complex [[Lakshmeshwar]] in the [[Shirahatti]] Taluk, [[Gadag District]], [[North Karnataka]]. The temple complex has the Someshwara temple of [[Shiva]] along with other similar temples inside the fort-like compound.
* [[Galaganatha]] Galageshwara temple is located in the [[Haveri District]]. The temple has a large open hall and pyramidal shaped Garbhagudi. The temple is situated along the [[Tungabhadra]] river.
* [[Chaudayyadanapura]] Mukteshwara temple, near [[Ranebennur]] in [[Haveri District]], [[North Karnataka]]
* [[Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)]] in the [[Koppal district]], [[North Karnataka]], built during 1112 CE. This temple is an example of ''dravida'' articulation with a ''nagara'' superstructure. This Temple is also called ''Devalayagala Chakravarti'' in Kannada (Emperor among Temples).
* [[Panchakuta Basadi, Kambadahalli]] in [[Mandya district]] was built in the 8th century. This temple is one of the finest examples of South Indian Dravidian architecture of the Western Ganga.
* Shambulinga Temple, [[Kundgol]] is about 15 km from [[Hubli-Dharwad]]. This place is famous{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} for Hindustani music<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Jun262007/spectrum200706259359.asp
|title=Tracing the sur and taal of it
|accessdate=16 April 2009
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013154346/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Jun262007/spectrum200706259359.asp
|archivedate=2008-10-13
}}</ref> and Huge Shambulinga Temple.

* [[Hooli]] Panchalingeshwara Temple
* [[Lakshmeshwar]] has Someshwara temple complex, Jain Basadis.
* [[Kudalasangama]] has a Chalukya Sangamanatha temple. It is a Karma Bhumi of [[Basavanna]]. The nearby [[Almatti Dam]] has got [[North Karnataka]]'s biggest Rock Garden.

====Rashtrakuta dynasty====
* [[Malkhed]], [[Kalaburagi district]]
* [[Naregal, Gadag|Naregal]], [[Gadag District]]
* [[Belgaum Fort]]

====Kadamba dynasty====
[[File:Hangal Sabha mantapa Tarateshwara.jpg|thumb|right| Large domical ceiling in the main hall at ''Tarakeshwara temple'' Hangal]]
* [[Halasi]]
The second capital of the [[Kadambas]] of [[Banavasi]]. The huge Bhuvaraha Narasimha temple has tall images of Varaha, Narasimha, Narayana and Surya. Halasi has a fort and temples of Gokarneshswara, Kapileshwara, Swarneshwara and Hatakeshwara.
* [[Hangal]]
Hanagal was the capital of Hangal [[Kadambas]], feudatories of [[Kalyani Chalukyas]]. It was mentioned as Panungal in records and identified by tradition with Viratanagara of [[Mahabharatha]] days. It is on the left bank of the Dharma River. The ''Tarakeshwara temple'' here is a huge structure with series of images and polished tall Chalukya pillars. The other temples are Virabhadra, Billeshwara and Ramalinga etc. There is a Veerashaiva Kumaraswamy Matha here.
* [[Banavasi]]
Banavasi was the capital of [[Kadambas]]. The place is on the bank of the Varada river and its laterite fort is surrounded by the river at its three sides. [[Ashoka]] is said to have sent his missionaries to 'Vanavasa'. Banavasi also contains [[Buddhist]] brick monuments. Chutu prince Nagashri built a Buddhist Vihara, a tank and installed a Naga image at the place according to a Prakrit record at the place. There is also a monument at Banavasi, Mudhukeshvara temple and also Kadamba Nagara Shikhara is seen on the garbhagriha of this temple. Records here indicate that [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] were popular.

====Deccan Sultanates====
[[File:Lakshmeshwara Jumma maszid 2.jpg|thumb|right| Jumma Masjid at [[Lakshmeshwar]], [[North Karnataka]]]]
* [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]]:<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20131010195438/http://www.kaladarshana.com/sites/bijapur/index.html Kaladarshana – Ancient and Medieval Historical Indian Architecture and Art – Bijapur]}}</ref> The former capital of the Adil Shahi Kings (1489–1686). [[Gol Gumbaz]]<ref>[https://www.panoramio.com/photo/88439 Gol Gumbaz Photo gallery] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104011416/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/88439 |date=4 November 2012 }}</ref> is the mausoleum of Muhammed Adil Shah and was built in 1659. It houses the world's second largest dome, unsupported by pillars. Malik-e-Maidan is a 55-ton cannon perched on a platform. The head of the cannon is fashioned into the shape of a lion whose jaws are trying to devour an elephant.
* [[Bidar]]:<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/06/stories/2008080653730300.htm
|title=Bidar has 30 tombs of former kings
|accessdate=8 August 2008
|location=Chennai, India
|date=6 August 2008
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105054027/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/06/stories/2008080653730300.htm
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|archivedate=2012-11-05
}}</ref> a centre for [[Bidriware]]. It is the location of the tombs of 30 rulers including the Chaukhandi of Hazrat Khalil-Ullah Shah and Sultan Ahmed Shah Al Wali Bahamani from the Bahamani dynasty.
* [[Gulbarga]]
* [[Raichur]]
* [[Lakshmeshwar]]: The Jumma Masjid, built during the rule of [[Adilshahi]], has a large crowning onion dome and Koranic scripture written in gold.

====Rattas====
* [[Saundatti]]: The town proper has a fort on the hill built during the 17th century, by Sirasangi Desai, with eight bastions. It was the ''capital of Rattas'' who later shifted their headquarters to Belgaum. There are two temples of Ankeshwara, Puradeshwara, Mallikarjuna, Venkateshwara and the Veerabhadra. The Renukasagar waters touch the outskirts of Saundatti. Tourist attractions of this region are [[Hooli]] Panchalingeshwara temple, [[Renuka]] (Yallamma) temple, [[Saundatti]] Fort, [[Parasgad Fort]], [[Navilateertha]].

====Jain Basadis====
{{Main|Jainism in Karnataka}}
[[File:Old jain temple belgaum (1).jpg|thumb|[[Belgaum Fort#Jain Temple|Kamal Basadi]] ]]
[[Jainism]] has a long history in Karnataka. [[Belgaum District]] has the Kamala basadi in ''[[Chalukya]]'' style in the [[Belgaum]] Fort. The
ancient centre Tavanidi near [[Nippani]] and newly created centre at Shedbal, where 24 [[Tirthankaras]] in white marble have been installed in a cluster.

The [[Chalukyas]] of [[Badami]] built cave temples at [[Badami]], [[Pattadkal]] and [[Aihole]]. Puligere was a strong centre of religious activities of the Jain monks during this era.

[[Lakkundi]] in [[Gadag District]] has a large Brahma Jinalaya of ''Chalukya'' style, built by a noble lady, [[Attimabbe]].

[[Navagraha Jain Temple]] at Varur near [[Hubli]] is one of the major pilgrimage. The temple features a 61 feet (18.6 m) tall monolithic idol of the Shri 1008 Bhagavan Parshvanatha and the smaller statues of the other 8 Jain teerthankaras.

====Buddhist temples====
* Tara Bhagavati temples, [[Balligavi]], Shiralkoppa
* [[Koliwada, Gadag|Koliwada]] and [[Dambal]], [[Gadag]] district
* [[Sannati]] and [[Kanaganahalli]], [[Kalaburagi district]]: remains of the razed stupas and a Buddhist plaques of Satavahana period were unearthed recently
* [[Aihole]]: Viharas
* [[Badami]]: Buddhist remains from the [[Badami Chalukyas]] period were found between caves two and three
* [[Mundgod]], [[Uttara Kannada]]: Tibetan settlements with multi-coloured stupas and painted prayer halls
* [[Gulbarga]]: Two new viharas

====Shiva temples====
[[File:Kudala Sangama.jpg|thumb|right| [[Kudalasangama]] in [[Bagalkot district]]]]
[[Gokarna, India|Gokarna]] is an all-India centre where the Atmalinga (Mahabaleshwara) of Shiva, brought by Ravana is believed to have been installed. Nearby is [[Murdeshwar]] where a huge modern Shiva temple in the Dravidian Style has been raised, renovating an ancient shrine. Both the places are on the sea-shore in [[Uttara Kannada]]. At [[Hampi]] is the Virupaksha Temple, venerated by generations of poets, scholars, kings and commoners.

The Shiva temple at [[Kudalasangama]] in [[Bagalkot District]] is associated with Saint [[Basaveshwara]]. Equally remarkable pieces of art are the Virupaksha and the Mallikarjuna at [[Pattadakal]] in Bagalkote.

The Veerashaivas have many venerated places, either associated with Basaveshwara or his contemporaries. [[Basavana Bagewadi]] was his place of birth and Kudala Sangama the place of his spiritual practices, are in Bijapur and Bagalkot dts. The latter is at the confluence of the river Krishna and the Malaprabha. [[Basava Kalyana]] (Kalyani), the ancient Chalukya capital in [[Bidar District]] was the place where he conducted his socio-religious movement. [[Ulavi]] in [[Uttara Kannada]], a quiet place amidst forests, has the samadhi of Chennabasavanna, Basaveshwara's nephew. Belgami ([[Balligavi]]), the Chalukya art centre in Shimoga dt. is identified as the birthplace of Allama Prabhu and Uduthadi near it, is the native place of Akka Mahadevi.
Later Veerashaiva saints are associated with many places. Kodekal (Gulbarga dt.) Basavanna temple, Kadakola Madivallajja Matha, Sharana Basaveshwara temple and Dasoha Math at [[Gulbarga]] are few more places of worship.

Athani has the samadhi of the Veerashaiva Saint Shivayogi. Some of the outstanding Veerashaiva Mathas are seen at Naganur near Bailhongal and Kalmatha in Belgaum, Durudundeshwara Matha at Arabhavi and Mahantaswamy Matha
at Murgod are in Belgaum dt. Murugha Matha (Dharwad), Annadaneshwara Matha (Mundargi), Tontadarya Matha at Gadag and Dambal, Moorusavira Matha at Hubli, Murugha Matha and Hukkeri Matha (Haveri), Taralabalu Matha at Sirigere, Murugharajendra Matha at Chitradurga, Banthanala Shivajogi Matha at Chadachan and Mahantaswamy Matha (Ilkal) are equally notable. The samadhi of Sharanabasappa Appa at Gulbarga.

====Shakti Sthala====
The following places are visited by devotees of [[Shakti]]
* Chandralamba, [[Sannati]], [[Gulbarga]]
* Bagyawanti, Ghattaragi
* Mayavva, Chinchli
* Sri Renuka Yallamma, [[Savadatti]]
* Banashankari, [[Badami]], Bagalkote districts
* Sri Malatesh and Malas sambha (Guddadayya),Devaragudda,[[Ranebennur]]
*Sri Honnamma devi, Honnathi,[[Ranebennur]]
*Sri Bayalu Shaneshwara,[[Ranebennur]]
* Bhuvaneshwari, [[Hampi]]
* [[Varadahalli]], [[Sagara, Karnataka]]
* [[Sigandur]], [[Sagara, Karnataka]]
* Marikamba, [[Sagara, Karnataka]]
* Marikamba, [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]], [[Uttara Kannada]]
* Durga Parameshwari [[Kateel]], [[Dakshina Kannada]]
* Mookambika [[Kollur, Udupi district|Kollur]], [[Udupi District]]
* Mysore [[Karnataka]], [[Mysore District]]

====Temple tanks====
[[File:Mahakuta group of temples3 at Mahakuta.jpg|thumb|right| Mahakuta Temple tank near [[Badami]]]]
* Agastya Teertha, [[Badami]]
* [[Mahakuta group of temples]], near [[Badami]]
* Banashankari, near Badami
* [[Lakkundi]], near [[Gadag]]
* [[Hampi]]

==Coastal Karnataka==
[[File:Malpe Beach 2.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of [[Malpe|Malpe beach]] near [[Udupi]]]]
Coastal Karnataka is the stronghold of Hindu and Jain pilgrimage spots with [[Udupi]] and its many temples being the centre of [[Dvaita]] philosophy, [[Gokarna, India|Gokarna]] is known for [[Vedic civilization|Vedic]] studies, [[Sringeri]] has the first of the [[Shankaracharya]] [[matha]]s and is important for its [[Advaita]] philosophy, [[Karkala]] and [[Mudabidri]] are well known places of Jain worship and Vaishnava rituals. Exquisite Vijayanagar temples built in [[Chalukya]] – [[Malabar region]] combinational style are seen in [[Bhatkal]], [[Kumta]], [[Shirali]] etc. The warm beaches of Karnataka are mostly unspoiled.

[[Jamboti]], 20 km south-west of [[Belgaum]], has popular evergreen hilltop forests.

Karnataka is blessed with over 300 km of pristine coastal stretch. [[Netrani Island]] of Uttara Kannada is known for its coral reefs. St. Mary's Island, a few kilometres from Udupi has basalt rock formations. Sunny beaches at places like [[Malpe]], Murdeshwar, Maravanthe,
Gokarna, Kumta have spectacular mountains to the east. Agumbe, Kodachadri hills, Kemmangundi, are just a few of many hill stations that straddle the coast providing tourists sun and greenery. Unlike many crowded hill stations in South India, the hill stations of Karnataka are still mostly undiscovered and pristine.

[[File:Om Beach Gokarna India.jpg|thumb|right|Om beach, near [[Gokarna, Uttara Kannada|Gokarna]], [[North Karnataka]]]]
* [[Gokarna, India|Gokarna]]: The Coastal town of Gokarna is a pilgrimage centre as well as a centre of Sanskrit learning, 56 km from Karwar. It has the Mahabaleswar Temple with the 'Atmalinga' dedicated to [[Shiva]]. There is an enormous chariot, which is taken out in a procession on Shiva's birthday in February. The Tambraparni Teertha here is considered sacred to perform obsequies of the dead. There is a beach called ''Om Beach''.
* [[Udupi]]: One of the holy place and it is 58 km from [[Mangalore]]. The Krishna temple here is founded by Acharya Madhwa during the 14th century. He founded eight mathas to conduct the services of Lord Krishna in turns. Paryaya festival is held once in two years in January. The place has Kadiyali Durga temple, Ambalapadi Shakti temple, Raghavendra Matha and the Venkataraman swamy temple. Malpe is the port near here. It has a beach and the Vadabhandeshwara temple of Balarama.
* Thantrady : One of the holy place and it is 22 km from Udupi. The brammasthana temple here founded by sri Ramanna bairy. It was an astabanda bramha. The main archaka of this temple is Nagaraj bairy.
[[File:Chaturmukha_Basadi.jpg|thumb|[[Chaturmukha Basadi]], [[Karkala]] ]]
* [[Karkala]]: 50 km from Mangalore and 20 km from North of Moodabidire, is Karkala, an important centre of Jainism. There are several temples and a 17 metres high statue of Bahubali ([[Gomateshwara]]), situated on a small hill. The statue is a naked figure reached by a flight of rock-cut steps. Some of the temples are Chaturmukha Basti (1587), Neminatha Basti, Ananthapadmanabha Temple (1567) dedicated to Vishnu, and Venkataramana temple ([[Padutirupathi]]).
* [[Venur]]: Situated 50 km NE of Mangalore, has eight Bastis and ruins of a Mahadeva temple. The largest of them is the 17C Kalli Basti, dedicated to Shantinatha. There is a [[Gommateshwara]] Monolith, 11metres high dating back to 1604 in Venur.
* [[Malpe Beach]]: Situated 66 km north of Mangalore, near Manipal.<ref>[http://www.manipalworldnews.com/2014/10/01/arbi-falls-awe-inspiring-water-falls-manipal-aware/ Manipal Tourism] from "[[Manipal world news]]"</ref> It has a tourist beach. The uninhibited St. Mary's Island, accessible by boat, has a beach and an impressive geological formation of basalt rock pillars into the sea.
* [[Dharmastala]]: Situated 75 km from Mangalore, Dharmastala is an attractive site surrounded by forested hills, rice fields and by the river Netravati on all sides. The Manjunatha temple here is a pilgrim centre. A Monolithic statue of Bahubali 14metres high was erected here in 1973. Visitors are provided with free boarding and lodging by the temple authorities. There is a small museum, Manjusha Museum located opposite to the temple. There are two temple chariots covered in wooden figures and all types of religious objects including carved and painted panels, bronze sculptures and bells.
* [[Kollur, Udupi district|Kollur]], 147 km from Mangalore: The temple of goddess Mookambika is located here on top of Kodachadri hill, at the foot of the Western Ghats. The goddess takes the form of a 'Jyotirlinga' incorporating aspects of Shiva and Shakti. It is a pilgrimage centre attracting lot of devotees.
[[File:1000-Pillar-Temple-Moodbidri-Left-Side-View.JPG|thumb|[[Saavira Kambada Basadi]], [[Moodabidri]] ]]
* [[Moodabidre]]: Situated 35 km from Mangalore, Moodabidire has Jain temples known as Basti's. There are 18 Bastis, the oldest and the largest is the Chandranatha Basti (1429) with its 1000 pillared hall. 'The Jain Matha' near the entrance has an important collection of manuscripts. Other shrines worthy of mention are Shantinatha, Settara, Derama Setti Basti, Guru Basti, Kote and Vikrama Setti Basti.
* [[Bhatkal]]: located 135 km from Karwar was the main port of Vijayanagar empire in the 16th century. The ancient town has temples of Vijayanagar style and many Jain monuments. The 17th-century Hindu temple here in Vijayanagar style has animal carvings. 16 km away is the shore temple of Shri Murdeshwar. The temple attracts a lot of devotees and tourists.
* [[Honnavar]]: situated 90 km from Karwar, has a Portuguese fort. There is also a fort in Basavaraja Durga Island, amidst the sea which can be reached by a sail upstream on river Sharavathi.
* [[Ankola]]: Located 37 km south of Karwar, is a small town with 15th-century ruined walls of King Sarpamalika's fort and the ancient Shri Venketaraman Temple. Near the temple there are two giant wooden chariots carved with scenes from the ''Ramayana''.

[[File:Shiva Statue Murdeshwara Temple.jpg|thumb|right|Giant [[Shiva]] statue at [[Murdeshwar]]]]
* [[Murdeshwar]]: The [[Murdeshwar]] Temple in Uttara Kannada District of Karnataka now possesses at 249-feet Raja Gopura. The Murdeswar temple complex is renowned for the tallest idol of Lord Shiva in the world, which is 123 feet. The latest addition to the temple, thanks to Mr. RN Shetty an entrepreneur and philanthropist, is the Rajagopuram, which was opened on 12 April 2008. Its Gopuram is regarded as exceptionally tall.

:The Rajagopuram of Murdeswar Temple has 21 floors, including the ground floor. The base measures 105 feet in length and 51 feet breadth. The gopura also possess a lift and visitors can go to the top and have an aerial view of the Arabian Sea and the statue of Lord Shiva. Another highlight is the life-size statues of two elephants at the base of the gopura.

:World's tallest Siva idol: The highlights of Murdeshwar lie beyond its beach and rural flair.{{tone inline|date=December 2017}} On a little green hill, a 37 m (or 123 feet) Lord Shiva idol sits enthroned, surrounded by smaller statues illustrating moments of the Hindu mythology{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

===Beaches===
[[Karwar]] has a number of beaches like the Blue Lagoon Beach and Ladies Beach. [[Rabindranath Tagore]] described his experiences at Karwar beach in his poetry. Om beach, [[Murdeshwar]] are other notable beaches of [[Uttara Kannada]] Dist. The Nethrani Island near [[Murdeshwar]]. Basavaraja Durga near Honavar is an island fort raised by the Keladi Rulers during 16th and 17th centuries. It is surrounded by a strong fortification raised by gigantic laterite blocks and the hill has a flat top. Devagad and Kurmagad are two islands near Karwar.
{Nirvana beach} at Kagal village of Kumta is a 5 km long beach in one stretch with white sand and transparent water in the month of December till March. The entire beach coastline is covered by Casuarina and coconut trees.

===Planetarium===

* '''Jawahar Lal Nehru Planetarium''': Situated near Cubbon park, Bangalore. It organizes the shows in English and Kannada. Moreover, it has science center for educational activities.
* '''[[Swami Vivekananda Planetarium]]:''' Situated at [[Pilikula]] in [[Mangalore]], it is the 1st [[Active shutter 3D system|3D]] [[Planetarium]] in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/661383/reach-stars-3d-hybrid-planetarium.html |title=Reach for the stars at this 3D hybrid Planetarium in Pilikula |date=24 February 2018 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>

==South Karnataka==
[[File:Bahubali_Shravana_Belagola.jpg|thumb|[[Gommaṭeśvara statue]] at [[Shravanabelagola]] ]]
South Karnataka is a unique combination of spectacular [[vesara]] style [[Hoysala]] architecture, colossal Jain monuments, colonial buildings and palaces of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]], impregnable fort at [[Chitradurga]] and densely forested wildlife sanctuaries that offer some of the best eco-tourism available in the country. [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]], [[Halebidu]] in [[Hassan District]], [[Somanathapura, Mysuru|Somanathapura]] in [[Mysore District]], [[Belavadi]], Kalasa and [[Amrithapura]] in [[Chikmagalur District]], [[Balligavi]] in [[Shimoga District]] offer some of the best of [[Hoysala architecture]] dating from the 11th to 13th centuries, while [[Shravanabelagola]] in [[Hassan District|Hassan]] district and [[Kambadahalli]] in [[Mandya District]] have well known 10th-century [[Jain]] monuments. Scenic forests and the high density of wild animals of this region are a popular attraction for those interested in the wilder side of life. [[Bandipur National Park]], [[Nagarahole]], [[Biligirirangan Hills]], [[Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Bannerghatta National Park|Bannerghatta]] national parks are a few popular places for jungle safaris.

The river [[Kaveri]] flows east from [[Kodagu District]] and along its way one finds important tourist destinations like [[Shivanasamudra]] and nearby [[Sivasamudram Falls]],

[[Srirangapattana]] and [[Melkote]] etc. [[Mysuru]], the cultural capital of the state is home to palaces, colonial buildings and cultural activities including [[Carnatic music]], theatre. [[Bengaluru]] the capital is a cosmopolitan city with parks, pubs, restaurants, shopping and fast-paced technology-rich lifestyle.

* [[Bengaluru]]: the capital of Karnataka has many [[Tourist attractions in Bangalore|tourist attractions]].
[[File:Chennakeshava_Temple_at_Belur_(Rearview).jpg|thumb|Chennakesava Temple]]

* [[Mandya]]: is a city, Sugar factories contribute majorly to the economy of the city. The Mandir of Shri Shirdi Sai Baba popular amongst local Sai Devotees as Mandyada Shri Shiradi Sai Baba Mandir is situated at B.Gowdagere, Gejjalagere village amidsts picturesque natural surrounding in Mandya District of Karnataka. The Mandir is situated at a distance of about 9.3 kilometers from Maddur town and about 12 kilometers from Mandya Town on Bangalore-Mysore State Highway. All the buses playing on Bangalore-Mysore route stops at B.Gowdagere Sai Baba Mandir Entrance situated on the highway. The temple is situated at a distance of just 1 kilometre from the main road. The Mandir is lovingly addressed by everyone as '''"Namma Tatathana Mane"''' (Our Grand Father's Home).
* [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]]: Home to the Hoysala temple complex. The Chennakeshava temple here was completed in 1116 by Hoysala Vishnuvardhana. The image is 3.7 m tall and the temple standing on a platform has exquisite plastic art work on its outer walls and bracket figures of dancing girls in various poses in perfect proportion. There are shrines of Kappe Chenniga Andal, Saumya Nayaki etc. The temple here is a classic example of Hoysala art, and Belur was one of the Hoysala Capitals.

[[File:An_entrance_into_the_Hoysaleshwara_temple_in_Halebidu.jpg|thumb|[[Hoysaleswara Temple]], [[Halebidu]] ]]
[[File:Profile_of_the_Parshvanatha_basadi_(1133_AD)_at_Halebidu.JPG|thumb|[[Jain temples, Halebidu|Parshvanatha Basadi]], [[Halebidu]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] ]]
* [[Halebidu]]: It is 27 km from Hassan, was capital of Hoysala and it was formerly called as Dwarasamudra. It has one of the finest Hoysala temples said to have been started by Ketamalla, a commander of Vishnuvardhana in 1121. The twin Shiva Temples, [[Hoysaleswara Temple]] and [[Kedareshwara Temple]] with a common platform and two garbhagrihas, one houses for Vishnuvardhana Hoysaleshwara Linga and the other for Shanthaleshwara Linga. In front of Hoysaleshwara is the Nandimantapa and behind that is shrine of Surya with a two-meter-tall image. Outer walls have rows of intricate figures narrating episodes from epics like Ramyana, Mahabartha, and Bhagavata. There are also three [[Jain temples, Halebidu|Jain basadis]] equally rich in architecture. The temples are proposed to be listed under [[UNESCO World Heritage Sites]].<ref>Permanent Delegation of India to UNESCO (2014), [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5898/ Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala], UNESCO</ref>
* [[Arasikere]]: It is 41 km from Hassan and 176 km from Bangalore. It has coconut gardens. There is a Kattameshwara temple here which is also called Chandramoulishwara and referred to as Kalmeshwara in the records. It is a fine Hoysala monument with a rare polygonal frontal Mantapa with special design. There is a fine Haluvokkalu Temple and also a Sahasrakuta Jinalaya. Malekal Tirupathi near Arasikere has a venkataramana temple visited by many devotees.
* [[Aralaguppe]]: There is a Kalleshwara temple in the [[Gangas|Ganga]]-Nalamba style of the 9th century. Its ceiling has a dancing Shiva sculpture with musical accompanists and eight Dikpalas surrounding him with all their paraphernalia. There is a Chennakeshava temple of the Hoysala style. An image of Vishnu lies in the garbhagriha. There are four Ganga temples.
* [[Madhugiri]]: It is 43 km from Tumkur and has a large hill fort. The ancient name of the place is Maddagiri. It has the temples of Venkataramana and Malleshwara built by Vijayanagara feudatories. There is also a Mallinatha basadi. The fort has gateways called Antaralada Bagilu, Diddibagilu, Mysore Gate etc. 19 km from here is another hill fort called Midigeshi.
* [[Madikeri]] or Mercara: Known as Scotland of India, Mercara known for its climate. It has many places of attraction such as Tala Cauvery, Nagarahole National Park, Abbe Water Falls, [[St. Mark's Church, Mercara|St. Mark's Church]], Bagamandala, Cauvery Nisargadhama, Belegiri Hills, Thadiyanda Murali Kund, [[Igguthappa]] Temple, Irupu Falls And Coffee & Tea Estates.

[[File:Tippu_Mausoleum.jpg|thumb|[[Gumbaz, Srirangapatna]] ]]
* [[Srirangapattana]]: It is 14 km from Mysore & it is an island in between two branches of the Cauvery. It was also the capital of the Mysore rulers. There is a Ranganath temple here. The fort here was built in 1454. The Mysore rules made it their capital in 1610 in the days of Raja Wodeyar, who took it from the Vijayanagara Governor. The Ranganatha temple is called Adi Ranga. Ganjam has Dariya Daulat palace of Tipu and [[Gumbaz, Seringapatam|Gumbaz]], the mausoleum of Haider and Tipu. Both are impressive structures of Indo-Saracenic style. The palace has paintings, fine woodwork and it houses a museum.
* [[Melukote]]: It is a religious centre which attracts lakhs of people during its annual feast Vairamudi. The temple was reconstructed in the Hoysala style by Visnuvardhana with the guidance of Ramanujacharya, a Visistadvaitist, in the 11th century. There are Cheluvanarayanaswamy temple, Kalyani, Hill shrine of Lord Narasimha, Thottilamadu, Dhanuskoti, Academy of Sanskrit Research and many more to visit. The nearest tourist places are Thondanur, Srirangapatna, Karigatta, Nagamangala etc.,
* [[Male Mahadeshwara Hills|Mahadeshwara Betta]]: It is 220 km from Bangalore and 142 km from Mysore. It is very close to eastern Ghats. It is said that a saint called Mahadeshwara, who could ride a tiger, lived and had his gadduge here during the 14th and 15th centuries. The hill is full of thick forests and thousands of pilgrims visit the place.
* [[Talakadu]]: A Holy place on the banks of the Cauvery. It is full of sands, carried by the wind from the dried bed of the river. It was the second capital of the Gangas. They built the Pataleshwara and the Maruleshwara templeshere. Hoysala Vishnuvardhana built Kirti Narayana temple.

[[File:Chandragiri hill temple complex at Shravanabelagola.jpg|right|thumb|Temple complex on Chandragiri hill, [[Shravanabelagola]]]]
[[File:View_of_Akkana_Basadi_from_northeastern_side_at_Shravanabelagola.jpg|thumb|[[Akkana Basadi]] ]]
* [[Bhadravathi, Karnataka|Bhadravathi]]: It is an industrial town in Shimoga district 256 km away from Bangalore, which was earlier known as "Benkipura". There is a 13th-century Lakshminarayan Temple in Hoysala style. An iron and steel works, a cement factory and a paper factory are located on the banks of Bhadra river.
* [[Ikkeri]]: It was a capital town of the Keladi Nayakas from 1512, and a place is 2 km from [[Sagar, Karnataka|Sagara City]]. The Aghoreshwara temple is a 16th-century monument of great attraction. There is also a Paravathi temple nearby. Keladi is another place nearby, the original capital. It has the Rameshwara and Veerabhadra temples. There is also a museum.
* [[Sravanabelgola]]: It has a statue of Lord Bahubali. The place is an important Jain pilgrimage center and has a long history. The 17 meter high statue of Bahubali is said to be the tallest monolithic structure in the world. It overlooks the small town of Shravanbelgola from the top of the rocky hill known as Indragiri. One can reach this hill after ascending 614 rock-cut steps.
* [[Somanathapura]]: It is the home to one of the best examples of Hoysala temple architecture, the Kesava Temple.
[[File:Rear View of Keshava Temple at Somanathapura.jpg|right|thumb| Chennakesava Temple (Rear view), [[Somanathapura]]]]

* [[Jog Falls]]: the highest waterfalls in India, is located about 30 km from [[Sagar, Karnataka|Sagara City, Karnataka]]. The Sharavati river drops 253 metres in 4 separate falls known as Rani-the Rocket and Raja-the Roarer. The highest is the Raja with the fall of 253 metres and a pool below 40metres deep. The best time to visit is Late November to early January. The 50 km long Hirebhasgar Reservoir and the Linganamkki dam regulates the flow of the Sharavati river to generate the hydro electricity.
* [[Mekedatu]]: It is a picnic spot by the river Cauvery. It tumbles down through a deep ravine, on top of which is a chasm around 5 meters wide. Mekedatu is on Kanakapura Road.
* [[Hesaraghatta]]: Hesaraghatta has an artificial lake, a dairy and a horticulture farm. Boating and windsurfing are the other attractions. Also here is the Nrityagrama where young dancers are trained in all disciplines of traditional dance.
* [[Shivagange]]: A hill with four faces, rising to a height of 4599 ft looks like a Nandi from the East, Ganesh from the West, A Linga from the South and Cobra with it hood spread from the North side. It is accessible by road.
* [[Shivanasamudram]]: The waterfalls, the Ganganchukki and the [[Bharachukki]], cascade down 90 meters. These falls are the source of Asia's first Hydro Electric Power Station called "Shimsa". The falls are in full splendour during July–August. The falls are 122 km from Bangalore.
* [[Hogenakkal Falls]]: These are also known as the 'smoking rocks' because of the mist. At the bottom of the 90 ft water falls, one can ride in a coracle.
* [[Devarayanadurga]]: This is a hill station of Tumkur road perched at a height of 3940 feet. A few kilometres from foot of the hills is a natural spring called Namada Chilume.

==Palaces==
[[File:Mysore_Palace_Morning.jpg|thumb|Mysore Palace]]
* [[Bangalore Palace]]
* [[Mysore Palace]],Also known as [[Ambavilas Palace]]
* [[Nalknad Palace]]
* [[Rajendra Vilas]]
* [[Jaganmohan Palace]]
* [[Jayalakshmi Vilas]] Mansion
* [[Lalitha Mahal]]
* [[Cheluvamba Mansion]], [[Mysore]]
* [[Government Museum (Shivappa Nayaka Palace), Shivamogga|Shivappa Nayaka Palace]]
* [[Daria Daulat Bagh]]

==Forts==
In [[Karnataka]] there are thousands of Forts, in [[Kannada]] called as ''Kote'' or ''Gad'' or ''Durga''.
[[File:Front e view of Mirjan fort1.jpg|400px|thumb|right|[[Mirjan Fort]] in Uttara Kannada District in [[North Karnataka]]]]
{{Forts of Karnataka}}
The Forts in Karnataka are belongs to various dynasties, some of them are more than thousand years old.
{{main |History of Karnataka}}
* [[Malliabad|Malliabad Fort]]
* [[Jaladurga]]
* [[Bahaddur Bandi| Bahaddur Bandi Fort]]
* [[Kyadigera|Kyadigera Fort]]
* [[Bidar Fort]]
* [[Basavakalyana Fort]]
* [[Bhalki| Bhalki Fort]]
* [[Manyakheta|Manyakheta Fort]]
* [[Kittur Fort]]
* [[Parasgad Fort]]
* [[Belgaum Fort]]
* [[Saundatti|Saundatti Fort]]
* [[Ramdurg|Ramdurg Fort]]
* [[Bailhongal|Bailhongal Fort]]
* [[Hooli|Hooli Fort]]
* [[Gokak|Gokak Fort]]
* [[Shirasangi|Shirasangi Fort]]
* [[Bijapur Fort]]
* [[Gajendragad|Gajendrgad Fort]]
* [[Korlahalli|Korlahalli Fort]]
* [[Hammigi|Hammigi Fort]]
* [[Hemagudda|Hemagudda Fort]]
* [[Mundargi|Mundargi Fort]]
* [[Singatalur|Singatalur Fort]]
* [[Tippapura|Tippapura Fort]]
* [[Nargund|Nargund Fort]]
* [[Magadi|Magadi Fort]]
* [[Jamalabad|Jamalabad Fort]]
* [[Barkur| Barkur Fort]]
* [[Malpe|Daria-Bahadurgad Fort]]
* [[Kapu, Karnataka|Kapu Fort]]
* [[Havanur|Havanur Fort]]
* [[Mirjan Fort]]
* [[Sadashivgad|Sadashivgad Fort]]
* [[Asnoti]]
* [[Sanduru|Sanduru Fort]]
* [[Bellary Fort]]
* [[Adoni|Adoni Fort]]
* [[Koppal|Koppal Fort]]
* [[Anegundi|Anegundi Fort]]
* [[Kampli|Kampli Fort]]
* [[Irakalgada]]
* [[Kalaburagi Fort]]
* [[Sedam|Sedam Fort]]
* [[Shahpur, Karnataka|Shahpur Fort]]
* [[Madhugiri]]
* [[Aihole|Aihole Fort]]
* [[Badami|Badami Fort]]
* [[Bankapura|Bankapura Fort]]
* [[Savanur|Savanur Fort]]
* [[Chitradurga Fort]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/03/stories/2011060353760500.htm
|title=Measures initiated to renovate Chitradurga fort
|accessdate=2013-04-18
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193125/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/03/stories/2011060353760500.htm
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=2011-06-03
|archivedate=2013-10-29
}}</ref>
* [[Devanahalli Fort]]
* [[Vanadurga Fort]]
* [[Channagiri|Channagiri Fort]]
* [[Kavaledurga|Kavaledurga Fort]]
* [[Basavaraj durga fort]]
* [[Uchangidurga| Uchangidurga Fort]]
* [[Budikote]]|
* [[Fort Anjediva]]
* [[Gudibanda]]
* [[Wagingera|Wagingera Fort]]
* [[Bangalore Fort]]
* [[Bhimgad Fort]]
* [[Kammatadurga]]
* [[Pavagada]]
* [[Madikeri Fort]]
* [[Savandurga]]
* [[Makalidurga]]|
* [[Vanadurga Fort|Vanadurga]]
* [[Sanmudageri]]
* [[Vishalgad]]
* [[Nagara, Karnataka|Nagara Fort]]
* [[Basavaraja Durga Island|Basavaraja Fort]]
* [[Rayadurg]]
* [[Huthridurga]]
* [[Chintamani, Karnataka|Ambajidurga]]|
* [[Sakleshpur#Tourism|Manjarabad Fort]]
* [[Skandagiri]]
* [[Hosadurga]]
* [[Kodachadri|Nagara Fort]]
* [[Sathyamangalam| Sathyamangalam Fort]]
* [[Tekkalakote| Tekkalakote Fort]]
* [[Thirthahalli| Thirthahalli Fort]]
* [[Raichur Fort]]

==Botanical and Rock gardens==
* [[Lal Bagh|Lalbagh]]
* [[Brindavan Gardens]]
* [[Cubbon Park]]
* The Botanical Garden, [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore|University of Agricultural Sciences]]
* Karnataka University Botany Garden, [[Karnataka University]]
* Pampavana Garden, [[Munirabad]]
* University of Mysore Botanic Garden, [[University of Mysore]]
* Curzon Park, [[Mysore]]
* Nishat Baugh, [[Mysore]]
* Forest Research Centre Botanic Garden
*[[Utsav Rock Garden|Utsav Rock Garden, Shiggaon]]: Sculptural Garden located near NH-4 Pune-Bangalore road, Gotagodi Village, Shiggaon Taluk, Haveri District, Karnataka. [http://www.utsavrock.com Utsav Rock Garden] is a sculptural garden representing contemporary art and rural culture. A typical village is created where men and women are involved in their daily household activities.A unique picnic spot which delights common people, educated and intellectuals. There are more than 1000 sculptures in the garden of different sizes. It is an anthropological museum. It represents traditional farming, crafts, folklore, cattle herding and sheep rearing.

==Hill stations==
{{See also|Chikkamagaluru district|Kodagu}}
The Hill stations in Karnataka are generally unexplored and more pristine than better known ones in South India.
[[File:Shola Grasslands and forests in the Kudremukh National Park, Western Ghats, Karnataka.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Shola Grasslands in [[Kudremukh]], Karnataka.]]
* [[Agumbe]], [[Shimoga District]]
* [[Kodachadri]], [[Shimoga District]]
* [[Biligiriranga Hills]], [[Chamarajanagar District]]
* [[Baba Budangiri]], [[Chikkamagaluru District]]
* [[Kemmangundi]], [[Chikkamagaluru District]]
* [[Kudremukh]], [[Chikkamagaluru District]]
* [[Mullayanagiri]]
* [[Pushpagiri, Karnataka|Pushpagiri]](or [[Kumara Parvatha]])
* [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]], [[Chikkaballapur district]]
* [[Kundadri]]
* [[Tadiandamol]]
* [[Talakaveri]]
* [[Male Mahadeshwara Hills]]
* [[Himavad Gopalaswamy Betta]]
* [[Ambaragudda]]
* [[Antara Gange]]
* [[Savandurga]]
* Kurinja
* [[Yedakumeri]]
* Siddara Betta
* Bananthimari Betta
* [[Skandagiri]]
* [[Devarayanadurga]]
* [[Madhugiri]] hill station
Mullaiyanagiri highest peak

==National parks and wildlife==
[[File:Kudremukh national park.jpg|thumb|Kudremukh National Park]]
Karnataka in all has 21 wildlife sanctuaries and [[National parks in Karnataka|5 National parks]]. Well known among them are [[Bandipur National Park]] in [[chamarajanagara]] District, [[Bannerghatta National Park]] in [[Bangalore]] district, [[Nagarhole National Park]] in [[Mysore District]] and [[Kodagu]] district, [[Kudremukh National Park]] in [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Chickmagalur]] district, [[Dandeli]] & [[Anshi National Park]] in [[Uttara Kannada]] district, [[Gudavi]] and Mandegadde bird sanctuaries and [[Sharavati]] WLS in [[Sagar, Karnataka|Sagara Taluk]], [[Shimoga District]], [[Biligirirangan Hills]] WLS in [[Chamarajanagar]] district, [[Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary]] in [[Mandya]] district, [[Brahmagiri (hill)|Brahmagiri]] wildlife sanctuary and [[Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary]] in [[Kodagu]] district. Interior dry areas have their own unique wildlife.

There are twenty-one wildlife sanctuaries and five national parks in all.

Recently, the government of India has proposed to the UNESCO to include important ecosystems in the [[Western Ghats]] as a [[World Heritage Site]]. Two subclusters of natural areas occurring in the list are entirely in the Karnataka region covering several wildlife sanctuaries and some reserve forests. Fragile and exotic ecosystems like [[Kudremukh]] NP, [[Brahmagiri (hill)|Brahmagiri]] WLS, [[Pushpagiri, Karnataka|Pushpagiri]] WLS, [[Agumbe]], [[Talakaveri]] WLS, Someshvara WLS figure in this list. As such, the Western Ghats that run south–north through the Karnataka is considered as one among the twenty-five bio-diversity hotspots of the world.

The Niligiri Biosphere Reserve (also a designated [[UNESCO]] Biosphere reserve) is located at the junction of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. [[Nagarahole National Park]] WLS and [[Bandipur National Park]] and Nugu WLS in Karnataka are included in this [[biosphere reserve]].

The state is home to the largest concentration of Asian Elephants along Kabini River in Nagarahole and Bandipur parks. These two parks also hold among the most viable population of the highly endangered Indian Tiger. [[Ranebennur]]Blackbuck sanctuary in [[Ranebennur]] city is home to one of the largest populations of blackbucks are stayed here and not anywhere in India. The Doraji wildlife sanctuary and areas in Karnataka like [[Bellary district]], [[Chitradurga]] are strongholds of the sloth bear.

Karnataka is home to more than 500 species of birds.<ref name="birds">[http://www.karnatakabirds.net karnatakabirds – Birds of Karnataka] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105082113/http://www.karnatakabirds.net |date=5 January 2014 }}</ref>

===Wildlife sanctuaries===
[[File:Dandeli river rafting.jpg|thumb|White water rafting near Dandeli]]
* [[Dandeli]] Wildlife Sanctuary, near to [[Hubli-Dharwad]] (70 km), [[Uttara Kannada]]: spread over 834.16 km2, it is the second largest wildlife sanctuary in Karnataka and is contiguous with the Mahaveer sanctuary in [[Goa]].
* Ghataprabha Bird Sanctuary: small bird sanctuary incorporating the wetland along the river. It was established in 1974 and encompasses an area of 29 km2.
* Daroji Bear Sanctuary, 15 kilometers from [[Hampi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.karnataka.com/slothbear/ |title=Slothbear |language=en |date=September 28, 2007 |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=www.karnataka.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531081512/http://www.karnataka.com/slothbear/ |archive-date=31 May 2009}}</ref>
* Peacock sanctuary in [[Bankapura]], Shiggon taluk: Bankpur Fort is the second sanctuary in India exclusively engaged in the conservation and breeding of peacocks. It is also home to a variety of other birds.
* [[Ranebennur]] [[blackbuck]] sanctuary, [[Haveri]] district: declared a wildlife sanctuary on 17 June 1974, with a core area of 14.87 km and a buffer zone of 104.13 km for tourists. It is divided into three blocks namely Hulathi, Hunasikatti and Alageri for administrative purposes. The vegetation comprises mainly scrub forests and eucalyptus plantations. Other resident fauna include wild pigs, foxes, jackals and wolves.
* Deva Raya Wildlife Sanctuary, near [[Hampi]], [[Bellary]] District: A privately owned sanctuary, named after kings of the Vijayanagar Empire.
* Attiveri Bird Sanctuary, near to [[Hubli-Dharwad]], [[Uttara Kannada]] district: spread over an area of about 2.23 km2, the sanctuary is located in and around the Attiveri reservoir.
* [[Anshi National Park]], Uttara Kannada: A habitat for tigers, leopards and elephants, about 340 square kilometres in size. Adjoins the Dandeli wildlife sanctuary.
* [[Magadi Bird Sanctuary]], [[Shirahatti]] Taluk, Gadag District
* Bhimagada Sanctuary,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/envis/ETR/CES_ETR/etr15.pdf
|title=KARNATAKA STATE BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (KBSAP)
|accessdate=28 November 2008
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611161927/http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/envis/ETR/CES_ETR/etr15.pdf
|archivedate=2013-06-11
}}</ref> [[Belgaum District]]
* Adichunchanagiri Wildlife Sanctuary:<ref>[http://www.mysorenature.org/adichunchanagiri-wildlife-sanctuary Adichunchanagiri Wildlife Sanctuary] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017090835/http://www.mysorenature.org/adichunchanagiri-wildlife-sanctuary |date=17 October 2013 }}</ref>
* Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary:<ref>[http://www.mysorenature.org/hunsur-sector Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192811/http://www.mysorenature.org/hunsur-sector |date=29 October 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Biligiriranga Hills|Biligiriranga Swamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary]]:
* [[Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary]]:
* [[Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary]]:
* [[Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary]]:
* [[Melukote#Melkote Temple Wildlife Sanctuary|Melukote Temple Wildlife Sanctuary]]:<ref>[http://www.mysorenature.org/melkote/melkote-temple-wildlife-sanctuary Melkote Temple Wildlife Sanctuary – Mysore Nature] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017090932/http://www.mysorenature.org/melkote/melkote-temple-wildlife-sanctuary |date=17 October 2013 }}</ref> This is located in [[Mandya district]]
* [[Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary
* [[Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Sharavathi#Sharavati Valley Wildlife Sanctuary|Sharavathi Valley Wildlife Sanctuary]] in [[Sagar, Karnataka|Sagara Taluk]]
* [[Shimoga district#Flora and fauna|Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary]]:
* [[Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary]]: This is located in [[Udupi district]]
* [[Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary]]: This is located in [[Kodagu district]]
* [[Gudavi Bird Sanctuary]]: This is located in [[Shimoga district]] and is spread over 0.73 km2. The tree species that dominate this sanctuary are ''Vitex leucoxylon'' and ''Phyllanthus polyphyllus''. 191 species of birds are recorded here including white ibis, pheasant-tailed jacana, purple moorhen and little grebe.
* [[Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary]]
* [[Kaggaladu]] Heronry: This is located in [[Tumkur district]] and is one of the largest painted storks sanctuary in South India. Some of the birds that nest here are painted storks, grey herons, pelicans, black stilts and ducks.
* [[Kokrebellur|Kokkare Bellur]]
* [[Bankapura Peacock Sanctuary]]: This is located in [[Haveri district]] and spread over an area of {{convert|139.10|acre|km2}}. This sanctuary was created mainly for the conservation of peacocks.
* [[Bonal Bird Sanctuary]] : This is located about 10 km from [[Shorapur]] city in [[Yadgir district]].

----

===Dams and resorvoir in Karnataka===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Almatti Dam]] across Krishna River
* Basava Sagara Dam, [[Lingsugur]]
* Bennethora Reservoir, near Harsur, [[Gulbarga]] district
* [[Bhadra Dam]] across Bhadra River
* Chakra Dam on the Chakra river
* Chikahole Dam, Chamarajnagar
* Daroji Reservoir, near [[Hospet]], [[Bellary]] district
* Devarabelekere Reservoir, [[Davanagere district]]
* Dhupdal Dam, River Ghataprabha: constructed in 1883 with a nearby inspection bungalow
* Dhup Reservoir across [[Ghataprabha]], [[Gokak]]
* Gajanuru Dam across [[Tunga River]]
* Gayathri Reservoir
* Garura Dam Krishna River
* Gersoppa dam /Sharawathi tailrace
* [[Harangi Reservoir]] Kushalnagar, Kodagu Dist
* Hemavathi Reservoir (Gorur Dam), Hassan Dist
* Hidkal Jalashaya (Dam) across [[Ghataprabha]]
* Iglooru Dam across shimsha river, Mandya Dist
* Kabini Reservoir Beechanahalli, H.D Kote, Mysore Dist
* [[Kadra Dam]], [[Uttara Kannada]] district
* [[Kanva Reservoir]]
* Karanja Reservoir, Halikhed, Bidar District
* Kempu Hole Dam
* [[Kodasalli Dam]]
* [[Krishna Raja Sagara|Krishna Raja Sagara Dam]] on [[Kaveri River]]
* Lakkavali Dam across [[Bhadra River]]
* [[Linganamakki dam|Linganamakki Dam]] on [[Sharavathi River]] in [[Sagar, Karnataka|Sagara Taluk]]
* Manchinabeli Dam
* Mani Reservoir, near [[Thirthahalli]], [[Shimoga district]]
* [[Munirabad]], [[Koppal District]]
* Marconhalli Dam, Kunigal, Tumkur Dist
* Nagara Reservoir, near [[Nagara, Karnataka|Nagara]], [[Shimoga district]]
* [[Narayanapur, Bidar|Narayanapur]]
* [[Narayanpur Dam]] downstream of [[Almatti Dam]]
* Nugu Dam, Beerwal, H.D.Kote, Mysore Dist
* Naviltheertha Dam across [[Malaprabha]]
* Thumbe Dam across Nethravathi river
* Renuka Sagara Reservoir, [[Saundatti]], [[Belgaum district]]
* Savehaklu Reservoir, near [[Thirthahalli]], [[Shimoga district]]
* [[Shanti Sagara]] or Sulekere Reservoir, Chinnagiri, [[Davanagere district]]
* Shirur Dam, near Ankalgi, [[Belgaum district]]
* [[Supa Dam]] across [[Kali River (Karnataka)|Kali River]], Ganeshgudi near [[Dandeli]] and [[Joida]]
* Suvarnawathi Dam, Chamarajnagar
* Talakalale Balancing Reservoir, near [[Sagara, Karnataka|Sagara]], [[Shimoga district]]
* Taraka Reservoir, H.D.Kote, Mysore Dist
* [[Tungabhadra Dam]]
* [[Thippagondanahalli Reservoir]]
* Vani Vilasa Sagara, (Marikanive), Hiriyur, Chitradurga Dist
* Watehole Dam, near Arehalli, Hassan Dist
* Yagachi Dam on the [[Yagachi River]], Belur Taluka, [[Hassan District]]
* Gayathri reservoir, Hiriyur taluk, Chitradurga Dist
{{Div col end}}

==Caves==
Some well known caves in Karnataka are [[Yana Caves]] and Kavala Caves and [[Syntheri rocks]] in [[Uttara Kannada district]], Sugriva's Cave in [[Hampi]] holds similarity to the descriptions of 'Kishkinda' in the epic [[Ramayana]], hundreds of caves in [[Basava Kalyana]] in [[Bidar District]].
[[File:Ravana Phadi cave (inside view) at Aihole.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ravana Phadi Cave, [[Aihole]] in [[Karnataka]]]]
* [[Aihole]]
* [[Badami cave temples]]
* [[Gavi Gangadhareshwara Temple]]
* [[Nellitheertha Cave Temple]]
* [[Hulimavu Shiva cave temple]]
* [[Pandava Caves|Pandava Caves Mangalore]]
* [[Savandurga]]
* Kavala Caves
* [[Anthargange]]

==Waterfalls==
{{Main|List of waterfalls in Karnataka}}
[[File:Shivanasamudram FullView.JPG|left|thumb|Gaganachukki Falls at [[Shivanasamudram]]]]
[[Karnataka]] has a number of waterfalls. [[Jog Falls]] of [[Sagar, Karnataka|Sagara Taluk]] is one of the highest waterfalls in Asia. Some well known waterfalls are [[Varapoha Falls]], [[Magod Falls]], [[Lalgulli Falls]], [[Sathodi Falls]], [[Unchalli Falls]], [[Lushington Falls]], [[Shivaganga Falls]], [[Ulavi Falls]], [[Irupu Falls]], [[Sivasamudram Falls]] near [[Shivanasamudra]], [[Balmuri Falls]], [[Gokak Falls]], [[Abbe Falls]], [[Achakanya Falls]], [[Chunchanakatte Falls]], [[Hebbe Falls]], [[Kallathigiri Falls]], [[Sogal Falls]], [[Godachinamalki Falls]] etc.
[[File:Godachinamalki Falls.JPG|thumb|right|Godachinamalki Falls, Hukkeri Taluk, [[Belgaum District]]]]
* [[Gokak Falls]], [[Ghataprabha River]], near [[Gokak]], [[Belgaum district]]: It drops from 52 metres over a sandstone cliff in a gorge.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} It is known locally as "mini [[Niagara Falls|Niagara]]"{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} Hydro Electric Power has been harnessed at the falls since 1887 to run a cotton mill. Temples near the falls date from Badami Chalukyas to later Chalukya times and [[Vijayanagara]] periods. A suspension bridge crosses the river
* [[Godachinamalki Falls]], [[Markhandeya River]], near [[Godachinamalki]], Belgaum district.
* [[Lushington Falls]], [[Aghanashini River]], [[Siddhapur]] Taluk: 116 meters in height and named after a [[district collector]] who discovered them in 1845
* [[Magod Falls]], [[Gangavathi River]], 125 km from Karwar: 183 metres (600 feet) in height, consists of a series of cascades over cliffs
* [[Varapoha Falls]], [[Mahadayi River]], in the [[Jamboti]] forest

==Eco-tourism==
[[File:Karnataka topo deu.png|thumb|right|Topographic map of Karnataka. [[Western Ghats]] is rich in wildlife.]]
The districts of the [[Western Ghats]] and the southern districts are home to several popular eco-tourism locations,<ref>[http://www.indianmba.com/Articles_on_Management/AOM6/aom6.html Article in Indianmba. Retrieved on 10 June 2006] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403101753/http://www.indianmba.com/Articles_on_Management/AOM6/aom6.html |date=3 April 2014 }}</ref> including [[Kudremukh]], [[Madikeri]] and [[Agumbe]]. Karnataka is notable for having the highest populations of elephants, Gaur bison, and tigers in India, with numbers exceeding 6000, 8000 and 400 respectively. The state's forests are vital habitats for endangered species such as tigers and lepards.

Eco-tourism is a significant activity in Karnataka, with the state leading others in this sector. Jungle Lodges & Resorts, a state-run organization, offers camping and safari facilities in several wildlife sanctuaries. Additionally, private safari providers have emerged in various locations along the Western Ghats.

Nirvana Beach, located near Kumta, is considered one of the finest beaches in the area, featuring a 5 km coastline with white sand and palm trees. It has potential for development into an eco-beach tourism site on the adjacent land classified under CRZ II, within 200 meters from the High Tide Line (HTL). In Goa, farmers and fishermen are permitted by the government and tourism department to operate beach cottages and shacks to attract both international and domestic tourists from September to May each year.

Several NGOs and youth groups are actively involved in birdwatching and other conservation activities throughout Karnataka.

==Adventure and outdoor activities==
Adventure tourism has been growing at a pace of around 24% in Karnataka. The presence of [[Nilgiris]], Western Ghats, rocky regions, waterfalls and lots of lakes and rivers make it an attractive destination. Certain activities at some regions namely Rock climbing at [[Hampi]] and [[Ramnagaram]]; Mountain biking at [[Nilgiris]]; [[Rafting]] at [[Honnemaradu]] in [[Sagar, Karnataka|Sagara]], Bheemeshwari, [[Dandeli]] and [[Coorg]] are famous.

Besides this Sawandurga, Manchinbele (Feverpitch basecamp), Bheemeshwari Antharagange are also famous for rappelling, river crossing, caving and kayaking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.manoramaonline.com/travel/beyond-kerala/2019/11/07/bangalore-weekend-getaway-bheemeshwari-nature-camp.html|title=Get away from Bangalore this weekend, stay close to nature at Bheemeshwari|website=travel.manoramaonline.com|access-date=2019-11-08}}</ref> There have been more than 100 places for trekking in Karnataka and many of them are organised by [[Government of Karnataka]] or government approved local vendors. Seasonal surfing is available in [[Gokarna, Uttara Kannada|Gokarna]] and [[Kapu, Karnataka|Kaup]]. Fever pitch base camp has been developed by tourism industry professionals which is located 40 km from Bangalore near Magadi.

Bisle Ghat which is stretch of Western ghats from Kerala to Gujarat is also famous for trekking and adventurous activities. Farmers son Paintball arena and other ATV & Dirtbike sports are some of the things to do at Hassan.

Karnataka tourism started promoting Motorcycle tourism and tied up with [[Wicked Ride Motorcycle Rentals|Wicked Ride]] a Bengaluru-based motorcycle rental company to promote adventure and motorcycle tourism as a policy, they are working to set up camping sites across the state to provide safe and clean camping sites for backpackers and motorcyclists to explore the state.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/state/State-to-promote-motorcycle-tourism/articleshow/55820779.cms|title=State to promote motorcycle tourism – Bangalore Mirror -|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=2017-02-13}}</ref>

[[File:Yana Rock no border.jpg|thumb|Yana rock formations]]
Rock climbers visit several areas in Karnataka:
* [[Yana, India|Yana]], Uttara Kannada
* [[Ramanagara]], 50 km from [[Bangalore]].
* [[Shivagange]], Bangalore district
* Tekal, Kolar district
* [[Turahalli Forest]]
* [[Hampi]]
* Kunti Betta
* Anthargange, Kolar
* Skandagiri, Bangalore
* Devarayandurga, Tumkur
* Karadigudda, Magadi

Trekking in Karnataka. Some of the most popular treks are:
* Dandeli
* Tadiyandamol Trek (Coorg)
* Kodachadri Trek
* Bheemeshwari Trek
* Kudremukh Trek
* Shakaleshpur Trek
* Dabbe falls (Sagara)
* Karwar Beach trek
* Madhugiri Fort Trek
* Sawandurga Trek
* Agumbe Rain Forest trek
* Makalidurga Trek
*Kumara Parvatha Trek(Pushpagiri)
* [[Green Route]]

==Healthcare tourism==
In the last couple of years Karnataka has emerged as a hot spot for health care tourism in India attracting health tourists from all over the world. Karnataka has highest number of approved health systems and alternative therapies. Along with some ISO certified government owned hospitals, private institutions which provide international quality services have caused health care industry to grow up to 30% during 2004–05. Hospitals in Karnataka treat around 8,000 and more health tourists every year.<ref name="healthcare">{{cite web|url=http://www.blonnet.com/2004/11/24/stories/2004112402271700.htm|title= Karnataka bets big on healthcare tourism|work=Online webpage of the Hindu Business Line, dated 23 November 2004|publisher=2004, The Hindu|accessdate=21 June 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929184911/http://www.blonnet.com/2004/11/24/stories/2004112402271700.htm|archivedate=2008-09-29}}</ref>

==The Golden Chariot==
[[The Golden Chariot]] is a luxury tourist train of [[Karnataka]] operated by [[Indian Railways]]
and KSTDC ([[Karnataka State Tourism Development Corporation]]). Initially train was introduced exclusively for Karnataka, but recently it is expanded to whole south India. The train travels to the Karnataka's tourist destinations like [[Bangalore]], [[Kabini]], [[Mysore]], [[Belur, Karnataka|Beluru]], [[Halebidu]], [[Shravanabelagola]], [[Hampi]], [[Badami]], [[Pattadakal]], [[Aihole]] and [[Goa]].

Train coaches are named after the Karnataka dynasties like [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadamba]], [[Hoysala]], [[Rashtrakuta]], [[Gangas|Ganga]],
[[Chalukya]], [[Bahamani]], [[Adil Shahi]], [[Sangama]], [[Satavahana]], [[Yadava Dynasty|Yadukula]] and [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]].

== Administration ==
Karnataka Tourism is the popular name of the Department of Tourism, Government of Karnataka (website: karnatakatourism.org).

Karnataka Tourism is responsible for the sustainable development of tourism in Karnataka along with marketing of the destination worldwide. Karnataka's destination branding and marketing is done by India's leading tourism marketing organisation, Stark Communications. Stark is part of The Stark Group under whose umbrella are companies such as Stark Communications, Stark Expo, Starkworld Publishing, Stark Expo, starkwebworks, Stark Tourism Forum.

Karnataka Tourism develops hospitality infrastructure through two government-owned companies, Jungle Lodges & Resorts and Karnataka State Tourism Development Corporation.

==See also==
* [[Tourism in India]]

{| style="border:1px solid grey;background: 100%; center;"
|-
! <div style="font-size:120%; background: #d0d0d0; vertical-align:top;">[[Archaeological]] sites and [[Monuments]] in Karnataka</div>
|-
|
{| style="width:100%; margin:0; margin:auto;"
| style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em; text-align:center; width:25%;"|
'''[[Excavation (archaeology)|Excavation]]''' 
[[Sannati]]·Kanaganahalli
| style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em; text-align:center; width:25%;"|
'''[[Ancient]]''' 
 [[Lakshmeshwar]] .[[Lakkundi]] . [[Sudi, India|Sudi]] . [[Badami]] . [[Aihole]] . [[Pattadakal]] . [[Hangal]] . [[Halasi]] . [[Banavasi]] . [[Halebid]] . [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] . [[Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)]] . [[Hooli]] . [[Sannati]] . [[Hampi]] . [[Anegundi]] . [[Maski]] . [[Koppal]]
| style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em; text-align:center; width:25%;"|
'''[[Forts]]''' 
 [[Gajendragad]] . [[Saundatti]] . [[Bellary]] . [[Parasgad Fort]] . [[Kittur]] . [[Belgaum]] . [[Bidar]] . [[Gulbarga]] . [[Basavakalyan]] . [[Koppal]] . [[Chitradurga]]
| style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em; text-align:center; width:25%;"|
'''[[Monuments]]''' 
 [[Lakshmeshwar]] . [[Lakkundi]] . [[Sudi, India|Sudi]] . [[Badami]] . [[Aihole]] . [[Pattadakal]] . [[Hangal]] . [[Halasi]] . [[Banavasi]] . [[Halebid]] . [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] . [[Somanathapura]] . [[Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)]] . [[Hooli]] . [[Sannati]] . [[Hampi]] . [[Anegundi]] . [[Galaganatha]] . [[Chaudayyadanapura]] . [[Bidar]] · [[Gulbarga]] · [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]] · [[Raichur]] 
|}
|

|}



{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border-color:transparent; width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center; margin:auto;"
|-
! <div style="font-size:120%; color:black; background:#ffc569; vertical-align:top;">Photo Gallery </div>
|-
|style="text-align: center; width: 100%; " |
<gallery mode="nolines" widths="240px" heights="320px" style="text-align:left" class="center">
File:Saundatti_Fort_21.11.2008.jpg|[[Saundatti]] Fort, [[North Karnataka]].
File:Panaromic view of the natural fortification and landscape at Hampi.jpg|[[Hampi]]
File:Panchalingeshwara_temple_Hooli_1.jpg|Hooli Panchalingeshwara temple.
File:Someshwara temple at Lakshmeshwara.jpg| Someshwara temple at Lakshmeshwara, [[North Karnataka]].
File:Lakshmeshwara_Jumma_maszid_2.jpg| Jumma Masjid at Lakshmeshwara, [[North Karnataka]].
File:Mahadeva temple at Itagi in Koppal district.jpg|[[Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)]] (or Ittagi) in the [[Koppal district]], Karnataka.
File:GolGumbaz2.jpg|[[Gol Gumbaz]] at [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]], has the second largest pre-modern dome in the world after the Byzantine [[Hagia Sophia]].
File:Mallikarjuna and Kasivisvanatha temples at Pattadakal.jpg|Mallikarjuna temple and Kashi Vishwanatha temple at [[Pattadakal]], [[North Karnataka]].
File:Aihole_1.jpg|[[Aihole]] Temples.
File:Somanathapura Keshava temple altered.JPG|[[Keshava temple]] (1268 CE), [[Somanathapura]].
File:Chaudayyadanapura Mukteshwara temple 11.jpg| [[Chaudayyadanapura]] Mukteshwara temple, [[Ranebennur]], [[North Karnataka]]
File:Halasi 11.jpg|Bhuvaraha Narasimha temple [[Halasi]], [[North Karnataka]].
File:Dodda Basappa Temple.JPG| Dodda Basappa Temple at [[Dambal]], a unique 24-pointed, uninterrupted stellate (star-shaped), 7-tiered ''dravida'' plan, 12th century.
File:Amrtesvara Temple at Annigeri.JPG|[[Annigeri]] Amriteshwara Temple.
File:Hangal Tarakeshwara temple half (back).jpg|Tarakeshwara temple at [[Hangal]].
File:Gadag Trikuteshwara temple complex 3.JPG|[[Trikuteshwara]] Temple complex at Gadag.
File:Jain temple at Lakkundi built in the Kalyani Chalukya style.jpg|[[Jain]] temple at [[Lakkundi]] in Gadag district, Karnataka.
File:Cave temple number 3 at Badami.jpg|[[Badami Cave Temples]].
File:Siddhesvara Temple Haveri.JPG|Siddeshvara temple in [[Haveri]].
File:Galageshwara temple Galaganatha 1.jpg| Galageshwara Temple at [[Galaganatha]], [[North Karnataka]]
File:Kundagol Shambhulinga temple 8.jpg|[[Kundgol]] Shambhulinga Temple.
File:Kudala Sangama.jpg|[[Kudalasangama]]
File:Mysorepalace.jpg|[[Mysore Palace]] at [[Mysore]] is one of the most visited monuments in India.
File:Murudeshwar shiva.JPG|Shiva Statue on [[Murudeshwara]] hill. One of the tallest statues of Hindu deity [[Shiva]].
File:Gomateswara.jpg|The Gomateswara (982–983) monolith at [[Shravanabelagola]], one of the foremost centres of Jain pilgrimage.
File:Tippu Mausoleum.jpg|The mausoleum housing [[Tippu Sultan]] and his father [[Hyder Ali]] at [[Srirangapatna]].
File:Kamal basadi2.JPG|Kamal Basadi Jain temple [[Belgaum]].
File:Savadatti Renuka temple.JPG|Renuka temple [[Saundatti]], North Karnataka.
File:Vishnu image inside cave number 3 in Badami.jpg|Vishnu image in Cave temple No. 3, [[Badami]], [[North Karnataka]].
File:Hoysala emblem.JPG|Sala fighting the tiger, the symbol of [[Hoysala Empire]] in [[Belur, Karnataka]].
File:Almatti 3.jpg|[[Almatti Dam]] Rock Garden, [[North Karnataka]].
File:Lalbagh.jpg|The [[Lal Bagh]] '''Glass House''', famous for its flower shows, is now a [[Cultural heritage|heritage]] [[monument]].
File:Irupu1.jpg|''Nari motte'' or Tiger hill, [[Brahmagiri (hill)|Brahmagiri]], Karnataka.
File:Navila_Teertha,_Savadatti_21.11.2008.jpg| [[Navilateertha]], near [[Saundatti]], [[North Karnataka]]
File:Mangalore fishing.JPG|Fishing in Mukkah, near [[Mangalore]].
File:Jogmonsoon.jpg|[[Jog Falls]] in [[Shimoga]] District is one of the highest waterfalls in Asia.
File:Gokak_Falls.jpg|[[Gokak Falls]] (Ghataprabha river): Asia's first hydro-electricity power generation unit setup in the 1880s.
File:Gajendragad Fort.JPG|[[Gajendragad]] Fort
File:Haveri region Tourism attractions map 10.11.2008.jpg|[[Haveri]] region Tourism map, [[North Karnataka]].
</gallery>
|}
{{Portal|India|Society}}


==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikivoyage|Karnataka}}
* [http://www.karnatakatourism.org Official website of Karnataka Tourism (Department of Tourism, Government of Karnataka)]
* [https://happydestinationstays.in Best Resort in Karnataka]

{{Karnataka topics}}
{{Tourism in India}}

[[Category:Tourism in Karnataka]]

National Highway 381A (India)

2026-03-24T16:53:29Z

SamiraKeister30:

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox road
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=381A
|map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
|title=National Highway 381A|text=Map of National Highway '''381A''' in red}}
|map_custom = yes
|length_km=72
|direction_a=South
|terminus_a= [[Vellakoil]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|junction=
|destinations= [[Erode]]
|direction_b=North
|terminus_b= [[Sankagiri]]
|states=[[Tamil Nadu]]: {{convert|72|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 81
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 81 
| next_route = 544 
}}
'''National Highway 381A''', commonly referred to as '''NH 381A''', is an inter-corridor highway connecting NH-81 near [[Vellakoil]] with NH-544 near [[Sankagiri]] through the city of [[Erode]] in [[South India]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=The Gazette of India : Extraordinary, MORTH |publisher=Govt of India |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/180664.pdf |date=5 December 2017 |access-date=16 March 2018}}</ref>

==Route==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
|+
! Highway Number !! Source !! Destination !! Via !! Length (km)
|-
| 381A || [[Vellakoil]] || [[Sankagiri]] || [[Erode]] || 72
|}

The highway starts from NH 81 in [[Vellakoil]] and passes through [[Muthur]], Vilakkethi ([[Sivagiri, Erode|Sivagiri]]), [[Modakkurichi]], [[Erode]], [[Pallipalayam]] and terminates at NH 544 near [[Sankagiri]].<ref name=":1" />

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|81|country=IND}} Terminal near Vellakoil.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref>
: {{jct|NH|544H|country=IND}} near Panneerselvam Park in Erode.<ref name=":0" />
: {{jct|NH|544|country=IND}} Terminal near Sankagiri.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/7837570 NH 381A on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH81 sr}}

[[Category:Transport in Erode]]
[[Category:National highways in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:National highways of India]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Chilukuru

2026-03-21T08:17:30Z

SamiraKeister30: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chilukuru
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = West Godavari
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = Mantena Ramaraju
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_m = 2
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_total = 2,127
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 534199
| registration_plate = AP37
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Bhimavaram
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|hot]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Narsapuram
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Undi
}}
'''Chilukuru''' is a village in [[Undi mandal]] of [[West Godavari district]] in the south [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mandal wise list of villages in West Godavari district |url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208134347/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf |archive-date=8 February 2015 |access-date=8 March 2016 |website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration |publisher=National Informatics Centre |format=PDF}}</ref> It is located about 40 kilometers from [[Eluru]] town.

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>
{{West Godavari district}}

[[Category:Villages in West Godavari district]]

{{WestGodavari-geo-stub}}

1966 Lumding train bombing

2026-03-12T22:10:01Z

SamiraKeister30: creating pg

{{Short description|Bomb on a passenger train in Assam, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2024}}

The '''1966 Lumding train bombing''' was a [[bombing]] that occurred on the [[North-East Frontier Railway]] in the town of [[Lumding]] in [[Assam]], [[India]]. On April 20, 1966, a bomb was detonated in a passenger train carriage at [[Lumding Junction railway station|Lumding station]], resulting in significant casualties and injuries.<ref name="TheHindu">Members from all sections of the Lok Sabha express deep concern (April 21, 1966) - The Times of India</ref><ref name="RSDebate">Calling Attention to a matter of urgent public importance (May 3, 1966) - Parliamentary Proceedings</ref><ref name="LSD_03_14">The Minister of Railways' communication on the incident (April 23, 1966) - Parliamentary Proceedings</ref><ref name="SmokeSignals">Smoke signals tribal rebellion - The Sydney Morning Herald</ref>

== Background ==
For years, the Indian state of Nagaland had seen [[Insurgency in Nagaland|violence]] between [[Naga National Council|Naga nationalists]] and the [[Government of India]]. As a result, many [[Naga people|Naga]] took to guerilla activities in order to fight against the government. Roughly two months prior, a [[1966 Sibsagar Train Bombing|train bombing]] had resulted in the deaths of 43 people. Naga militants were later found to be responsible.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India/Nagas (1947-present) |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/indianagas-1947-present/ |website=University of Central Arkansas - Department of Political Science |access-date=13 January 2024}}</ref>

== Incident ==
On the evening of April 20, 1966, a time bomb planted by [[Naga people|Naga]] [[Separatism|separatists]] exploded in a third-class compartment of Coach No. 3583, which was part of the 20 Down [[Tinsukia]]-[[New Jalpaiguri]] passenger train standing at Lumding railway station. The explosion caused the roof of the rear portion of the coach to be blown off, resulting in heavy casualties among both the passengers and individuals on the platform. The Minister of State for Railways, Dr. Ram Subhag Singh, characterized the incident as an act of "sabotage".<ref name="TheHindu"/>

=== Casualties and responses ===
The Lumding train bombing resulted in the death of 57 individuals, with an additional 72 sustaining injuries. The railway authorities, along with local authorities, promptly initiated rescue and relief effort, with medical relief being provided swiftly. Ex-gratia payments were arranged for the injured, though the [[Indian government]] was accused of not taking the matter seriously.<ref name="RSDebate"/>

In a [[1966 Diphu Train Bombing|subsequent incident]] three days later on April 23, 1966, a similar explosion occurred at [[Diphu]] Railway station, again involving the [[Tinsukia]]-[[New Jalpaiguri]] passenger train. This incident resulted in the deaths of 41 individuals and injuries to 81 others. The Minister of Railways, [[S. K. Patil]], expressed regret over the two serious explosions and outlined the immediate response and relief efforts.<ref name="RSDebate"/>

=== Investigations and sabotage ===
Dr. Ram Subhag Singh suggested that the bombings were acts of [[terrorism|"well-organized sabotage."]] He informed the [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]] that the explosives used were of high power, possibly of foreign make, indicating a clear case of sabotage. Authorities only made two arrests in connection with the incidents at [[Lumding]] and [[Diphu]] stations, with their response being heavily criticized by commentators.<ref name="LSD_03_14"/>

== Reactions and aftermath ==
The incident prompted concern among members of the [[Lok Sabha]], who raised questions about the government's measures to prevent such occurrences. The Minister of State for Railways assured the House that steps, such as pilot patrols and carrying security guards in the train, had already been taken after previous incidents. Additionally, the possibility of checking each passenger and their luggage was discussed.<ref name="TheHindu"/>

The incidents also led to discussions in [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]], with Members expressing urgency in addressing the situation. The [[Minister of External Affairs]], [[Sardar Swaran Singh]], called attention to the matter as one of urgent public importance.<ref name="RSDebate"/>

[[Indian Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]], who was engaged in negotiations with Naga leaders at the time, expressed sadness at the Lumding tragedy. The incident cast a spotlight on the [[Insurgency in Northeast India|ongoing tribal rebellion in eastern India]], with Naga tribesmen being implicated in the train bombings.<ref name="SmokeSignals"/>

== See also ==
* [[List of terrorist incidents in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Assam}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lumding train bombing, 1966}}
[[Category:1966 murders in India]]
[[Category:Train bombings in India]]
[[Category:1966 mass murders]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:Improvised explosive device bombings in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Assam]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Asia in 1966]]
[[Category:1966 crimes in India]]
[[Category:Naga nationalism]]
[[Category:Nationalist terrorist incidents in the 1960s]]
[[Category:April 1966 in Asia]]
[[Category:1960s in Assam]]
[[Category:Railway accidents in 1966]]
[[Category:Railway accidents and incidents in Assam]]

Infopark, Thrissur

2026-03-09T10:32:31Z

SamiraKeister30: added a stub

{{Short description|Business park in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Infopark Thrissur
| logo = Infoparklogo.jpg
| logo_size = 200px
| type = Government Owned
| genre = Infrastructure Service Provider
| foundation = 10 October 2009
| location = [[Koratty]], [[Chalakudy]], [[Thrissur]]
| locator_position =
| latd =
| longd =
| key_people = [[Chief Minister of Kerala]], [[Chairman]]
Shri. Rathan U Kelkar IAS, Secretary (Electronics & IT Dept)
Mr Susanth Kurunthil, CEO
| industry = [[Information Technology]] Business Park
| subsid =
| owner = [[Government of Kerala]]
| slogan =
| homepage =
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}

'''InfoPark Thrissur''' is an information technology park situated in [[Koratty]] near [[Chalakudy]] of [[Thrissur District]] in [[Kerala]]. This is the first information technology park in the state that has become operational under the 'Hub and Spoke Model', where [[InfoPark, Kochi]] acts as the hub and [[InfoPark Koratty]] as the spoke. The park is located 45 km from [[Kochi, India|Kochi]], 35 km from [[Thrissur]], 5 km from [[Chalakudy]] and around 14 km from the [[Cochin International Airport]] at [[Nedumbassery]]. It is fully owned by the [[Government of Kerala]]. The InfoPark is associated with Kerala State IT Mission and Kerala State Information Technology Infrastructure Ltd.<ref name="bstandard">{{cite web
|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/koratty-it-park-set-to-begin-operations/394389/
|title=Koratty IT park set to begin operations
|publisher=Business Standard
|access-date=2010-05-19}}</ref>
<ref name="InfoPark Thrissur">{{cite web
|url=http://www.keralait.org/search_result.php?project_id=1&location_id=4
|title=InfoPark Thrissur
|publisher=Kerala IT
|access-date=2010-05-19
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706090012/http://www.keralait.org/search_result.php?project_id=1&location_id=4
|archive-date=6 July 2010
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
<ref name="The New Indian Express">{{cite web
|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article136596.ece
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814165030/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article136596.ece
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=14 August 2014
|title=Koratty Infopark first phase inauguration on Oct
|newspaper=The New Indian Express
|date=2009-10-08
|access-date=2010-05-19}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
The [[Government of Kerala]] has allotted 42 acres (170,000 m2) of land for the InfoPark. Currently, InfoPark possesses 30 acres (120,000 m2) of land for the development. The plot that was given to set up the InfoPark earlier housed the Madura Coats factory. InfoPark has planned three phases of development. The Phase I of InfoPark was launched by Kerala Chief Minister, [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] on 10 October 2009 with 12 medium-sized companies and an office space of {{convert|44500|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}. Phase II of InfoPark was inaugurated on 8 January 2010, where another {{convert|18240|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} was added. The construction of a new multistory building was inaugurated by the then Chief Minister of Kerala, [[Oommen Chandy]], on 8 September 2012.

Infopark Thrissur was also granted the [[Special Economic Zone]] (SEZ) Status by the Ministry of Commerce, [[Government of India]] in 2014 for 18 acres of land wherein the new Multi-storied IT Block ‘INDEEVARAM’ is located. In the Phase III and final phase, [[Government]] is planning to develop the 25 acres of InfoPark as a [[Special Economic Zone]] (SEZ) where a 2-lakh-sqft building will be constructed. The new upcoming campus, consisting of a multistory building with more than two lakh square feet built-up area, got [[Special economic zone]] (SEZ) status from the government of [[India]] in July 2014. The nearest major city next to Koratty Infopark is Chalakudy.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article154213.ece
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122002154/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article154213.ece
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=22 January 2014
|title=Koratty Infopark launch on Oct 10, with 75 pc oc
|date=2009-09-19
|newspaper=The New Indian Express
|access-date=2010-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article406692.ece
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814165027/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article406692.ece
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=14 August 2014
|title=It's destination Infopark Thrissur for IT firms
|newspaper=The New Indian Express
|date=2011-01-14
|access-date=2011-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article404808.ece
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814165033/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article404808.ece
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=14 August 2014
|title=Chief Minister to open Infopark Koratty Phase 2
|newspaper=The New Indian Express
|date=2011-01-08
|access-date=2011-01-23}}</ref>

==Employment & Companies==
29 companies are working in Infopark Thrissur campus in its First phase as on 17 March 2016.and around 700 people are employed. The Initial phase of the campus opened up opportunities for Start-ups and Small Medium Businesses.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.metrovaartha.com/2011/12/15094952/kochi-infopark.html
|title=InfoPark to add 80,000 jobs
|publisher=Metro Vaartha
|access-date=2011-12-15
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426040331/http://www.metrovaartha.com/2011/12/15094952/kochi-infopark.html
|archive-date=26 April 2012
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> SMB companies like Elemment Facade,<ref>https://infopark.in/companies/profile/423</ref><ref>https://www.elemmentfacade.com/contact</ref> Webandcrafts, Nuvento, QBurst, Feathersoft Info Pvt Ltd, EXAR Software Research, and startups like IGOOZ, Abbys, SandsLab, Storybox, GreenEd Multimedia, Sahrdaya Infoteck, SandsLab, Squad Technologies, Braddock Infotech, Strands Energy, FineLab Web Services a Division of WBpro LLC, Cent Technologies, Bharthi Yashloyd etc., are the present companies functioning at InfoPark.<ref name="bstandard" />

==Indeevaram==
The First Multi-storeyed IT building of the campus is named as ‘INDEEVARAM’, means Blue Lotus. The Building is located in 6 acres at the [[Special Economic Zone]] area of the campus. Total Built-up area is 3.3 lakhs sq.ft with floors from Basement to 6th apart from the terrace floor reserved for Food Courts and other amenities. The Building was inaugurated by the Hon’ble [[Chief Minister of Kerala]], Shri. [[Oommen Chandy]] on 21 January 2016.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/koratty-infopark-second-phase-launched/article8137622.ece
|title=Koratty Infopark second phase launched
|publisher=The Hindu
|date=2016-01-22
|access-date=2016-01-23}}</ref>
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Incubation-facility-at-Infopark-Thrissur-soon-CM/articleshow/50673702.cms
|title=Incubation facility at Infopark Thrissur soon: CM
|publisher=Times of India
|date=2016-01-21
|access-date=2016-01-23}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Thrissur topics}}

{{coord|10.268522|76.353194|display=title}}

[[Category:Economy of Thrissur]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Software technology parks in Kerala]]

2007 National Games of India

2026-03-08T16:22:01Z

SamiraKeister30: minor correct section as per guidelines additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|National games of India}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox games
| name = 33rd National Games of India
| logo = 2007 National Games of India logo.jpg
| size = 220
| caption =
| host_city = [[Guwahati]]
| motto =
| teams = 33
| athletes = 10,945
| events = 32
| opening = {{Start date|2007|02|09|df=y}}
| closing = {{End date|2007|02|18|df=y}}
| opened_by = [[Sonia Gandhi]] ([[List of presidents of the Indian National Congress|President of the Indian National Congress]])
| closed_by = [[Manmohan Singh]] ([[Prime Minister of India]])
| athlete_oath =
| judge_oath =
| torch_lighter = [[Bhogeswar Baruah]]
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]], [[Sarusajai]], Guwahati
| previous = [[2002 National Games of India|2002]]
| next = [[2011 National Games of India|2011]]
}}

The '''2007 National Games''', also known as the '''''33rd National Games of India''''' and informally as '''Assam 2007''' was the 33rd edition of the [[National Games of India]], held from 9 February 2007 to 18 February 2007 in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]].

[[Indian National Congress]] [[List of presidents of the Indian National Congress|president]] [[Sonia Gandhi]] declared the 33rd National Games open amid clamorous cheering from the 30,000 strong crowd at the [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]. [[Bihar]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and [[Tripura]] did not participate in the games.

[[File:Rongmon Statue at Sorusajai Stadium.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Statue of games mascot '''Rongmon''' in front of Sarusajai Stadium]]

==Medal table==
{{Medals table
| caption =
| host = AAC
| flag_template = flagcountry
| event =
| team = State
| gold_AAA = 59 | silver_AAA = 46 | bronze_AAA = 37 | name_AAA ={{flagicon image|Flag of the Indian Armed Forces.svg}} [[Services Sports Control Board|Services]]
| gold_AAB = 51 | silver_AAB = 32 | bronze_AAB = 40 | name_AAB = [[Manipur]]
| gold_AAC = 38 | silver_AAC = 53 | bronze_AAC = 57 | host_AAC = yes | name_AAC ={{flagicon image|Seal of Assam.svg}} [[Assam]]
| gold_AAD = 31 | silver_AAD = 19 | bronze_AAD = 25 | name_AAD ={{flagicon image|..Kerala Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Kerala]]
| gold_AAE = 30 | silver_AAE = 22 | bronze_AAE = 28 | name_AAE ={{flagicon image|..Haryana Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Haryana]]
| gold_AAF = 27 | silver_AAF = 27 | bronze_AAF = 32 | name_AAF ={{flagicon image| Flag of Delhi Capital Territory.svg}} [[Delhi]]
| gold_AAG = 25 | silver_AAG = 39 | bronze_AAG = 40 | name_AAG ={{flagicon image|..Punjab Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| gold_AAH = 25 | silver_AAH = 28 | bronze_AAH = 44 | name_AAH ={{flagicon image|..Maharashtra Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Maharashtra]]
| gold_AAI = 25 | silver_AAI = 18 | bronze_AAI = 34 | name_AAI = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| gold_AAJ = 21 | silver_AAJ = 21 | bronze_AAJ = 29 | name_AAJ ={{flagicon image|..Karnataka Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Karnataka]]
| gold_AAK = 21 | silver_AAK = 17 | bronze_AAK = 20 | name_AAK ={{flagicon image|}} [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| gold_AAL = 12 | silver_AAL = 19 | bronze_AAL = 32 | name_AAL ={{flagicon image|..Madhya Pradesh Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| gold_AAM = 12 | silver_AAM = 13 | bronze_AAM = 18 | name_AAM ={{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| gold_AAN = 10 | silver_AAN = 21 | bronze_AAN = 20 | name_AAN ={{flagicon image|..Tamil Nadu Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Tamil Nadu]]
| gold_AAO = 6 | silver_AAO = 9 | bronze_AAO = 7 | name_AAO ={{flagicon image|Jharkhand Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Jharkhand]]
| gold_AAP = 5 | silver_AAP = 3 | bronze_AAP = 8 | name_AAP =[[Chandigarh]]
| gold_AAQ = 5 | silver_AAQ = 2 | bronze_AAQ = 8 | name_AAQ ={{flagicon image|..Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]
| gold_AAR = 4 | silver_AAR = 4 | bronze_AAR = 5 | name_AAR = {{flagicon image|Flag of Uttarakhand.svg}} [[Uttarakhand]]
| gold_AAS = 3 | silver_AAS = 4 | bronze_AAS = 12 | name_AAS ={{flagicon image|Flag of Gujarat.svg}} [[Gujarat]]
| gold_AAT = 3 | silver_AAT = 3 | bronze_AAT = 10 | name_AAT ={{flagicon image|Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1952-2019).svg}} [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| gold_AAU = 3 | silver_AAU = 3 | bronze_AAU = 0 | name_AAU ={{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Chhattisgarh.svg}} [[Chhattisgarh]]
| gold_AAV = 3 | silver_AAV = 2 | bronze_AAV = 2 | name_AAV =[[Himachal Pradesh]]
| gold_AAW = 2 | silver_AAW = 2 | bronze_AAW = 2 | name_AAW ={{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of Sikkim.svg}} [[Sikkim]]
| gold_AAX = 1 | silver_AAX = 4 | bronze_AAX = 10 | name_AAX ={{flagicon image|..Rajasthan Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Rajasthan]]
| gold_AAY = 1 | silver_AAY = 2 | bronze_AAY = 2 | name_AAY ={{flagicon image|}} [[Goa]]
| gold_AAZ = 1 | silver_AAZ = 1 | bronze_AAZ = 9 | name_AAZ =[[Nagaland]]
| gold_ABA = 1 | silver_ABA = 0 | bronze_ABA = 7 | name_ABA ={{flagicon image|Mizoram Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Mizoram]]
| gold_ABB = 0 | silver_ABB = 6 | bronze_ABB = 4 | name_ABB = {{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Andaman and Nicobar Administration Banner.png}} [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]}}
| gold_ABC = 0 | silver_ABC = 1 | bronze_ABC = 4 | name_ABC ={{flagicon image|Meghalaya Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Meghalaya]]
| gold_ABD = 0 | silver_ABD = 0 | bronze_ABD = 3 | name_ABD = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
}}

==Closing ceremony==
Capacity crowd witnessed the closing ceremony. [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]], [[Governor of Assam]] [[Ajai Singh]], [[Chief Minister of Assam]] [[Tarun Gogoi]] and [[Indian Olympic Association]] president [[Suresh Kalmadi]] were also present at the ceremony.
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nenanews.com/ANE%20March%201-15%2C07/Youth%20%26%20Sports.htm |title = A new beginning |access-date=2018-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311074804/http://www.nenanews.com/ANE%20March%201-15%2C07/Youth%20%26%20Sports.htm |archive-date=2011-03-11 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070306194811/http://www.33rdnationalgames.nic.in/ Official website]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box| before=[[2002 National Games of India]]| title=[[National Games of India]] | years= | after=[[2011 National Games of India]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{National Games of India}}

[[Category:National Games of India]]
[[Category:2007 in Indian sport|National Games of India]]
[[Category:2007 in multi-sport events]]
[[Category:February 2007 sports events in India]]

Alipore Sadar subdivision

2026-03-03T22:39:12Z

SamiraKeister30: typo fix

{{Short description|Subdivision in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Alipore Sadar
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivision]]
| image_skyline =
| image_map = Alipore Sadar (subdivision) in South 24 Parganas (West Bengal).svg
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption = Location of Alipore Sadar subdivision in South 24 Parganas district
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5391712|N|88.3272782|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Alipore]]
| leader_title = [[Community Development Block|CD Blocks]]
| leader_name = [[Thakurpukur Maheshtala]], [[Budge Budge I]], [[Budge Budge II]], [[Bishnupur I]], [[Bishnupur II]]
| leader_title1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency|Diamond Harbour]], [[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]], [[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Satgachhia Assembly constituency|Satgachhia]], [[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas Assembly constituency|Bishnupur]], [[Kasba, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Kasba]], [[Jadavpur Assembly constituency|Jadavpur]], [[Tollyganj Assembly constituency|Tollyganj]], [[Behala Purba Assembly constituency|Behala Purba]], [[Behala Paschim Assembly constituency|Behala Paschim]], [[Maheshtala Assembly constituency|Maheshtala]], [[Budge Budge Assembly constituency|Budge Budge]], [[Metiaburuz Assembly constituency|Metiaburuz]]
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 427.28
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,490,342
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 891,971
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 81.14 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 956 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://s24pgs.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Alipore Sadar subdivision''' is an administrative subdivision of [[South 24 Parganas|South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
Alipore Sadar subdivision is the most urbanized part of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district. 59.85% of the population lives in the urban areas and 40.15% lives in the rural areas. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] and the subdivision, on the east bank of the [[Hooghly River]], is an [[alluvium|alluvial]] stretch, with industrial development.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Subdivisions==
[[File:South 24 Parganas Subdivision Map (en).svg|thumb]]
South 24 Parganas district is divided into five administrative subdivisions:<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 27 October 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision ||Headquarters||Area (km2) || Population (2011) ||Urban population %||Rural Population %
|-
| Alipore Sadar||[[Alipore]]||427.43||1,490,342||59.85||40.15
|-
|[[Baruipur subdivision|Baruipur]]||[[Baruipur]]||1,355.44||2,396,643||31.05||68.95
|-
|[[Canning subdivision|Canning]]||[[Canning, South 24 Parganas|Canning]]||1,103.73||1,140,562||12.37||87.63
|-
|[[Diamond Harbour subdivision|Diamond Harbour]]||[[Diamond Harbour]]||1,264.68||2,125,758||14.61||85.39
|-
|[[Kakdwip subdivision|Kakdwip]]||[[Kakdwip]]||1,389.93||1,008,653||0||100
|-
![[South 24 Parganas]]||[[Alipore]]||9,960,00||8,161,961||25.58||74.42
|-
|}
18.26% of the total population of South 24 Parganas district live in Alipore Sadar subdivision.

==Administrative units==
Alipore Sadar subdivision has 5 police stations, 5 community development blocks, 5 panchayat samitis, 43 gram panchayats, 268 [[mouza]]s, 243 inhabited villages, 3 municipalities and 36 [[census town]]s. The municipalities are at [[Maheshtala]], [[Budge Budge]] and [[Pujali]]. The census towns are: [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]], [[Chata Kalikapur]], [[Ganye Gangadharpur]], [[Rameswarpur, Maheshtala|Rameswarpur]], [[Asuti]], [[Hanspukuria]], [[Kalua, Maheshtala|Kalua]], [[Ramchandrapur, Maheshtala|Ramchandrapur]], [[Samali]], [[Uttar Raypur]], [[Balarampur, Budge Budge|Balarampur]], [[Buita]], [[Benjanhari Acharial|Benjanhari Acharial (P)]], [[Abhirampur]], [[Nischintapur, Budge Budge|Nischintapur]], [[Birlapur]], [[Chak Kashipur]], [[Chak Alampur]], [[Bowali]], [[Dakshin Raypur]], [[Poali]], [[Daulatpur, Bishnupur|Daulatpur]], [[Bhasa, Bishnupur|Bhasa]], [[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas|Bishnupur]], [[Kanyanagar]], [[Nahazari]], [[Nadabhanga]], [[Kanganbaria]], [[Bora Gagangohalia]], [[Chanddandaha]], [[Barkalikapur]], [[Patharberia]], [[Ramkrishnapur, Bishnupur|Ramkrishnapur]], [[Amtala]], [[Kriparampur]] and [[Chak Enayetnagar]].<ref name=handbook2014/><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 27 October 2019}}</ref><ref name=ctlist>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |title=District Wise List of Statutory Towns( Municipal Corporation, Municipality, Notified Area and Cantonment Board), Census Towns and Outgrowths, West Bengal, 2001 |publisher=Census of India, Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date=24 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721000000/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref><ref name=distProfile>{{cite web | url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/FrameTable2_8.htm | title=List of Districts/C.D.Blocks/ Police Stations with Code No., Number of G.Ps and Number of Mouzas | publisher=Census of India, Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date=24 December 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416145627/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/FrameTable2_8.htm | archive-date=16 April 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Kolkata Urban Agglomeration===
The following Municipalities and census towns in South 24 Parganas district were part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration in the 2011 census: [[Maheshtala]] (M), [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]] (CT), [[Balarampur, Budge Budge|Balarampur]] (CT), [[Chata Kalikapur]] (CT), [[Budge Budge]] (M), [[Nischintapur, Budge Budge|Nischintapur]] (CT), [[Uttar Raypur]] (CT), [[Pujali]] (M) and [[Rajpur Sonarpur]] (M).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | work= Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh |publisher= Census of India 2011 | access-date = 7 November 2019}}</ref>

==Police stations==
Police stations in Alipore Sadar subdivision have the following features and jurisdiction:<ref name=handbook2014/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ddhpolicedistrict.org/index.php | title = Diamond Harbour police district | publisher = West Bengal police | access-date = 27 October 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191028162259/http://ddhpolicedistrict.org/index.php | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Police Station ||Area covered (km2) ||Border (km)||Municipal town/ city || CD Block
|-
|[[Maheshtala#Police stations|Maheshtala]]|| 53.137 || -||[[Maheshtala]]||[[Thakurpukur Maheshtala]]
|-
|[[Maheshtala#Police stations|Rabindranagar]]|| 6 || - ||[[Maheshtala]]||[[Thakurpukur Maheshtala]]
|-
|[[Asuti#Police station|Kalitala Ashuti]]|| n/a || - || - ||[[Thakurpukur Maheshtala]]
|-
|[[Budge Budge#Police station|Budge Budge]]|| 49.61 || - ||[[Budge Budge]]||[[Budge Budge I]]
|-
|[[Pujali#Police station|Pujali]]|| n/a || - ||[[Pujali]]||[[Budge Budge I]]
|-
|[[Nadakhali#Police station|Nodakhali]]|| 78 || - || - ||[[Budge Budge II]]
|-
|[[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas#Police station|Bishnupur]]|| 198 || -|| - ||[[Bishnupur I]], [[Bishnupur II]]
|-
|}

==CD Blocks==
[[File:South 24 Parganas Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]
Community development blocks in Alipore Sadar subdivision are:<ref name=handbook2014/><ref name=dch2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1917_PART_B_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: South 24 Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of South 24 Parganas with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 27 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | title = BDO Offices under South 24 Parganas District | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181003083629/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | archive-date = 3 October 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD Block ||Headquarters||Area (km2) || Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||[[Hindus]] %||[[Muslims]] %||Literacy rate %||Census Towns
|-
|[[Thakurpukur Maheshtala]]||[[Barisha, Kolkata|Barisha]]||63.08||176,203||34.26||0.29||67.32||26.64||83.54||9
|-
|[[Budge Budge I]]||[[Pujali|Purba Nischintapur]]||26.55||112,908||19.47||0.15||52.41||47.39||80.57||7
|-
|[[Budge Budge II]]||[[Dongaria]]||78.00||192,134||20.04||0.14||67.55||32.23||79.13||5
|-
|[[Bishnupur I]]||[[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas|Bishnupur]]||116.36||232,365||46.66||0.04||63.46||31.04||78.21||4
|-
|[[Bishnupur II]]||[[Bakrahat]]||81.71||214,531||15.56||0.04||61.92||37.60||81.37||11
|-
|}

==Gram panchayats==
The subdivision contains 43 [[gram panchayat]]s under 5 [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = South 24 Parganas - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 28 October 2019}}</ref><ref name=blocdir>{{cite web |url=http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc |title=Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008 |date=19 March 2008 |access-date=24 December 2008 |work=West Bengal |publisher=National Informatics Centre, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225032419/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs%28RevisedMarch-2008%29.doc
|archive-date=25 February 2009 }}</ref>

* [[Thakurpukur Maheshtala]] CD Block consists of four gram panchayats: Asuti-I, Asuti-II, Chatta and Rasapunja.
* [[Budge Budge I]] CD block consists of six gram panchayats: Buta, Chingripota, Mayapur, Nischintapur, Rajibpur and Uttar Raipur.
* [[Budge Budge II]] CD block consists of 11 gram panchayats: Burul, Chakmanik, Dongaria Raipur, Gaja Poyali, Kamrabad, Kasipur Alampur, Naskarpur, North Bawali, Rania, Satgachhia and South Bawali.
* [[Bishnupur I]] CD block consists of 11 gram panchayats: Amgachhia, Andhar Manik, Bhandaria Kastekumari, Dakshin Gauripur Chakdhir, Julpia, Keoradanga, Kulerdari, Panakua, Paschim Bishnupur, Purba Bishnupur and Raskhali.
* [[Bishnupur II]] CD block consists of 11 gram panchayats: Bakhrahat, Chak Enayetnagar, Chandi, Gobindapur Kalicharanpur, Kanganberia, Khagramuri, Maukhali, Nahajari, Panchanan, Patharberia Jaychandipur and Ramkrishnapur Borhanpur.

==Municipal towns/ cities==
An overview of the municipal towns and cities in Alipore Sadar subdivision is given below:<ref name=handbook2014/><ref name=dch2011/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Municipal town/ city ||Area (km2) || Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||[[Hindus]] %||[[Muslims]] %||Literacy rate %
|-
|[[Maheshtala]]||44.18||448,317||12.19||0.43||57.95||41.11||82.03
|-
|[[Budge Budge]]||9.06||76,837||9.13||0.13||69.61||29.28||85.14
|-
|[[Pujali]]||8.32||37,047||14.79||2.53||58.54||41.20||78.80
|-
|}

==Economy==
The Alipore Sadar subdivision includes [[Budge Budge]], an old industrial town on the bank of the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]], The jute industry, a major talking-point about the area has been facing labour unrest and sheer competition from jute mills in Bangladesh. A slightly older report by Shodganga mentions 9 jute mills in Budge Budge and 1 in [[Maheshtala]]. The MSME report mentions 6 jute mills and Budge Budge Municipality talks of four major jute mills – Budge Budge Jute Mill, Cheviot Jute Mill, Caledonian Jute Mill and New Central Jute Mill. Birla Jute Mill is at [[Birlapur]]. Such giants as Budge Budge and Allied Jute Exports Ltd have closed. India Linoleums Ltd. at Birlapur produces [[linoleum]]. Budge Budge has a number of oil storage units.<ref name= "shodhganga">{{cite web| url = https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/155235/13/13_chapter%209.pdf |title = Industrial Resources |publisher= Shodganga | access-date = 6 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="dcmsme">{{cite web | url = http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/SOUTH%2024-PARGANAS.pdf | title = Brief Industrial Profile of South 24 Parganas | access-date = 6 November 2019 | archive-date = 27 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191127005523/http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/SOUTH%2024-PARGANAS.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.budgebudgemunicipality.org/information.php |title = Budge Budge Municipality |publisher= BBM | access-date = 6 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/birla-corporation-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-13961.cms |title = Birla Corporation Ltd. |publisher= ET Markets | access-date = 6 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/BUDGE-BUDGE-ALLIED-JUTE-MILLS-EXPORTS-LTD/U17125WB1957PLC023481 |title = Budge Buge and Allied Jute Mills Exports Ltd. |publisher= Zauba Corp | access-date = 6 November 2019 }}</ref> Bata India opened its first shoe factory in 1934 at [[Batanagar]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.bata.in/bataindia/sc-179_cat-42/about-us.html |title = Bata India's favourite footwear brand |publisher= Bata | access-date = 6 November 2019 }}</ref>[[Budge Budge Thermal Power Station]] of [[CESC Limited]] has a generating capacity of 750 MW.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cesc.co.in/?page_id=532 |title = Generation |publisher= CESC | access-date = 6 November 2019 }}</ref>

“The whole of the jute mill area in Bengal was located on the either side of the river Hooghly, in a radius of about 50 kilometer north and south of Calcutta from Bansberia in the north, to Budge Budge in the South,” said a report of the Vidyasagar University. It further said that although jute mill workers were earlier local people, subsequently migrants formed a sizeable section of the population, because “agriculture in Bengal was more remunerative than work in the jute mills but what the jute mills paid was enough to attract labour from Bihar, Orissa, UP, CP and even Tamilnadu”. Much the same happened in other industries of the period.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://inet.vidyasagar.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1245/2/2.pdf | title = Industrialisation and Emergence of Labour Force in Bengal during The Colonial Period: Its Socio-Economic Impact | first = Nirban | last = Basu | publisher = Vidyasagar University Journal of History, Vol 1, 2012-13 | access-date = 6 November 2019 | archive-date = 17 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180717070651/http://inet.vidyasagar.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1245/2/2.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Education==
South 24 Parganas district had a literacy rate of 77.51% as per the provisional figures of the census of India 2011. Alipore Sadar subdivision had a literacy rate of 81.14%, Baruipur subdivision 77.45%, Canning subdivision 70.98%, Diamond Harbour subdivision 76.26% and Kakdwip subdivision 82.04%<ref name=2handbook2014>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Basic data: Table 4.4, 4.5, Clarifications: other related tables |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 29 October 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

Given in the table below (data in numbers) is a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in South 24 Parganas district, with data for the year 2013-14:<ref name=2handbook2014/>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!colspan="2"|Primary School
!colspan="2"|Middle School
!colspan="2"|High School
!colspan="2"|Higher Secondary School
!colspan="2"|General College, Univ
!colspan="2"|Technical / Professional Instt
!colspan="2"|Non-formal Education
|-
!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student 
|-
|align=left|Alipore Sadar
|align="center"|531
|align="center"|53,719
|align="center"|34
|align="center"|4,455
|align="center"|50
|align="center"|16,471
|align="center"|91
|align="center"|66,813
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|8,122
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|3,094
|align="center"|1,379
|align="center"|53,429
|-
|align=left|[[Baruipur subdivision|Baruipur]]
|align="center"|883
|align="center"|132,649
|align="center"|65
|align="center"|8,954
|align="center"|50
|align="center"|26,443
|align="center"|128
|align="center"|129,195
|align="center"|8
|align="center"|27,657
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|6,735
|align="center"|3,116
|align="center"|138,507
|-
|align=left|[[Canning subdivision|Canning]]
|align="center"|532
|align="center"|81,697
|align="center"|59
|align="center"|9,181
|align="center"|29
|align="center"|10,515
|align="center"|55
|align="center"|57,921
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|5,490
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|n/a
|align="center"|2,105
|align="center"|96,622
|-
|align=left|[[Diamond Harbour subdivision|Diamond Harbour]]
|align="center"|1,212
|align="center"|116,407
|align="center"|61
|align="center"|6,680
|align="center"|98
|align="center"|38,470
|align="center"|145
|align="center"|113,147
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|20,061
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|1,774
|align="center"|3,140
|align="center"|137,378
|-
|align=left|[[Kakdwip subdivision|Kakdwip]]
|align="center"|598
|align="center"|53,058
|align="center"|45
|align="center"|5,654
|align="center"|48
|align="center"|20,383
|align="center"|82
|align="center"|56,192
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|5,420
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|100
|align="center"|1,844
|align="center"|78,897
|-

|align=left|[[South 24 Parganas district]]*
|align="center"|3,756
|align="center"|437,530
|align="center"|264
|align="center"|34,924
|align="center"|275
|align="center"|118,282
|align="center"|501
|align="center"|423,268
|align="center"|27
|align="center"|66,750
|align="center"|20
|align="center"|11,703
|align="center"|11,584
|align="center"|504,833
|-
|}
.* Does not include data for portions of South 24 Parganas district functioning under Kolkata Municipal Corporation

The following institutions are located in Alipore Sadar subdivision:
*[[Budge Budge College]] was established at [[Budge Budge]] in 1971.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbbudgebudgecollege.org/ |title = Budge Budge College |publisher= BC | access-date = 29 October 2019 }}</ref>
*[[Budge Budge Institute of Technology]] was established at [[Nischintapur, Budge Budge|Nischintapur]], Budge Budge in 2009. It offers, diploma, degree and post graduate courses.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.bbit.edu.in/ |title = BBIT |publisher= Budge Budge Institute of Technology | access-date = 29 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://collegedunia.com/college/13117-budge-budge-institute-of-technology-bbit-kolkata/admission |title = Budge Budge Institute of Technology |publisher= BBIT | access-date = 29 October 2019 }}</ref>
*[[Maheshtala College]] was established at [[Maheshtala]] in 1971.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.careers360.com/colleges/maheshtala-college-kolkata |title = Maheshtala College |publisher= Careers 360 | access-date = 29 October 2019 }}</ref>
*[[Saheed Anurup Chandra Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Burul]] in 1991.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.anurupchandracollege.org/| title = Saheed Anurup Chandra Mahavidyalaya| publisher = SACM| access-date = 30 October 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191030154330/http://www.anurupchandracollege.org/| archive-date = 30 October 2019| url-status = dead}}</ref>
*[[Asutosh College]] Second Campus at [[Bhasa, Bishnupur|Bhasa]].
*[[Vidyanagar College]] was established at [[Vidyanagar, Bishnupur|Vidyanagar]] in 1963.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.collegesearch.in/colleges/vidyanagar-college | title = Vidyanagar College | publisher = College Search | access-date = 9 December 2019}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2014 in South 24 Parganas district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas | work = Table 3.1, 3.3 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 29 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!width="160" colspan="4" rowspan="1"| Health & Family Welfare Deptt, WB

!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Other State Govt Deptts
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Local bodies
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Central Govt Deptts / PSUs
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|NGO / Private Nursing Homes
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Beds
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Doctors
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Indoor Patients
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Outdoor Patients
|-
!width="40"|Hospitals 
!width="40"|Rural Hospitals 
!width="40"|Block Primary Health Centres 
!width="40"|Primary Health Centres 
|-
|align=left|Alipore Sadar
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|48
|align="center"|65
|align="center"|1,159
|align="center"|199
|align="center"|33,498
|align="center"|633,233
|-
|align=left|[[Baruipur subdivision|Baruipur]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|18
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|66
|align="center"|94
|align="center"|1,045
|align="center"|201
|align="center"|48,114
|align="center"|1,266,244
|-
|align=left|[[Canning subdivision|Canning]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|15
|align="center"|26
|align="center"|351
|align="center"|49
|align="center"|22,467
|align="center"|666,377
|-
|align=left|[[Diamond Harbour subdivision|Diamond Harbour]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|17
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|68
|align="center"|95
|align="center"|1077
|align="center"|169
|align="center"|65,051
|align="center"|1,325,535
|-
|align=left|[[Kakdwip subdivision|Kakdwip]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|11
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|20
|align="center"|36
|align="center"|458
|align="center"|73
|align="center"|28,707
|align="center"|405,501
|-
|align=left|[[South 24 Parganas district]]
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|21
|align="center"|9
|align="center"|59
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|217
|align="center"|316
|align="center"|4,090
|align="center"|691
|align="center"|197,837
|align="center"|4,397,890
|-
|}
Note: The district data does not include data for portions of South 24 Parganas district functioning under Kolkata Municipal Corporation. The number of doctors exclude private bodies.

Medical facilities in Alipore Sadar subdivision are as follows:

'''Hospitals''': (Name, location, beds)<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics - Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 31 October 2019 | archive-date = 14 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200914160418/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

*M. R. Bangur Hospital, [[Tollygunge]], [[Kolkata]], 620 beds
*Vidyasagar State General Hospital, [[Behala]], Kolkata, 256 beds
*Baghajatin State General Hospital, [[Baghajatin]], Kolkata, 100 beds
*Bijoygarh State General Hospital, [[Bijoygarh]], Kolkata, 100 beds
*Garden Reach State General Hospital, [[Garden Reach]], Kolkata, 68 beds
*A.T.Dhar Memorial Hospital, [[Budge Budge]], 28 beds
*Budge Budge Municipal Hospital, [[Budge Budge]], 28 beds
*Budge Budge ESI Hospital, [[Budge Budge]], 300 beds
*Barisha Hospital, [[Barisha, India|Barisha]], Kolkata, KMC, 20 beds
*ESI Hospital and Occupational Health Centre, [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]], 143 beds

'''Rural Hospitals''': (Name, CD block, location, beds) <ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =31 October 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

*Amtala Rural Hospital, Bishnupur II CD block, [[Amtala]], 50 beds
*Lakshmibala Dutta Rural Hospital, Budge Budge II CD block, PO [[Bakrahat]], 30 beds
*[[Benjanhari Acharial]] Rural Hospital, Budge Budge I CD block, PO [[Buita]], 30 beds

'''Block Primary Health Centres''': (Name, CD block, location, beds)<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =31 October 2019 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

*Chandidaulatabad Block Primary Health Centre, Bishnupur I CD block, PO Nepalganj, 10 beds
*Samali Block Primary Health Centre, Bishnupur II CD Block, [[Samali]], PO [[Nahazari]], 10 beds
* Sarsuna Block Primary Health Centre, Thakurpukur Mahestala CD block, [[Sarsuna]], 15 beds

'''Primary Health Centres''': (CD block-wise)(CD Block, PHC location, beds)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 31 October 2019 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

*Bishnupur I CD block: Julpia (PO Andharmanik) (6), Amgachhia (PO Nepalganj) (10)
*Bishnupur II CD block: Moukhali (PO Charshyamdas) (6)
*Budge Budge I CD block: Biraj Lakshmi (PO Pujali) (6), Jamalpur (6)
*Budge Budge II CD block: [[Burul]] (6), Gojapoali (PO [[Poali]])(6)
There are primary health centres – Haridevpur (PO Paschim Putiary) (2) and Garfa (6)- located in Kolkata

==Electoral constituencies==
[[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) and [[Vidhan Sabha]] (state assembly) constituencies in Alipore Sadar subdivision were as follows:<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/English/DELIMITATION.pdf | title = Press Note, Delimitation Commission| access-date = 17 January 2009 | work = Assembly Constituencies in West Bengal| publisher = Delimitation Commission | pages = 12–14, 24}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Lok Sabha constituency ||Reservation||Vidhan Sabha constituency ||Reservation||CD Block and/or Gram panchayats and/or municipal areas
|-
|[[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency|Diamond Harbour]]||None||[[Satgachhia Assembly constituency|Satgachhia]]||None||[[Bishnupur II]] CD Block, and Burul, Chakmanik, Gaja Poyali, Kamrabad, Naskarpur, Rania and Satgachhia gram panchayats of [[Budge Budge II]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas Assembly constituency|Bishnupur]]||Reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|SC]]||[[Bishnupur I]] CD Block and [[Thakurpukur Maheshtala]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Maheshtala Assembly constituency|Maheshtala]]||None||Ward Nos. 8, 11–35 of [[Maheshtala]] municipality
|-
| || ||[[Budge Budge Assembly constituency|Budge Budge]]||None||[[Budge Budge]] municipality, [[Pujali]] municipality, [[Budge Budge I]] CD Block, and Dongaria Raipur, Kasipur Alampur, North Bawali and South Bawali gram panchayats of [[Budge Budge II]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Metiaburuz Assembly constituency|Metiaburuz]]||None||Ward Nos. 1–7, 9, 10 of [[Maheshtala]] municipality, and Ward Nos. 136–141 of [[Kolkata]] municipal corporation
|-
|[[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]]||None||[[Jadavpur Assembly constituency|Jadavpur]]||None||Ward Nos. 96, 99, 101–106, 109, 110 of [[Kolkata]] municipal corporation
|-
| || ||[[Tollyganj Assembly constituency|Tollyganj]]||None||Ward Nos. 94, 95, 97, 98, 100, 111–114 of [[Kolkata]] municipal corporation
|-
|[[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata Dakshin]]||None||[[Kasba, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Kasba]]||None||Ward Nos. 66, 67, 91, 92, 107, 108 of [[Kolkata]] municipal corporation
|-
| || ||[[Behala Purba Assembly constituency|Behala Purba]]||None||Ward Nos. 115–117, 120–124 and 142–144 of [[Kolkata]] municipal corporation
|-
| || ||[[Behala Paschim Assembly constituency|Behala Paschim]]||None||Ward Nos. 118, 119, 125–132 of [[Kolkata]] municipal corporation
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alipore Sadar Subdivision}}
[[Category:Subdivisions of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Subdivisions in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:South 24 Parganas district]]

Kutty Srank

2026-03-03T20:46:39Z

SamiraKeister30: added a post.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kutty Srank
| image = Kutty Srank.jpg
| director = [[Shaji N.Karun]]
| screenplay = {{ubl|Harikrishnan|[[P. F. Mathews]]}}
| story = [[Shaji N.Karun]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mammootty]]|[[Kamalinee Mukherjee]]|[[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]]|Meenakumari|Wahiida|[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]|[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]|[[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]]|[[P. D. Sathish Chandra]]}}
| producer = Mahesh Ramanathan, [[Reliance BIG Entertainment]]
| cinematography = [[Anjuli Shukla]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| distributor = [[Reliance Entertainment|Reliance BIG Pictures]]
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|7|23}}
| budget =
| music = [[Isaac Thomas Kottukapally]]
}}
'''''Kutty Srank''''' ({{langx|en|The Sailor of Hearts}}) is a 2010 [[India]]n [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] [[Art film|arthouse film]] directed by [[Shaji N. Karun]]. [[Mammootty]] played the title role for the film and [[P. D. Sathish Chandra]] plays the antagonist. The film was produced by Reliance Entertainment under the banner of Big Motion Pictures, their first production in Malayalam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2008/meera-mammoottys-lady-love-080208.html|title=Meera Jasmine as Mammootty's lady love!|work=Oneindia|author=Settu Shankar|access-date=8 February 2008|archive-date=11 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711150446/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2008/meera-mammoottys-lady-love-080208.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was released at the theatres of Kerala on 23 July 2010. The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|national award for best feature film]] along with three other awards.

== Plot ==
Kutty Srank (translated as junior boat captain in Malayalam) is a film about a mariner who operates a cargo vessel near the sea port of [[Kodungalloor]], once a roaring port town in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14570142|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206115854/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14570142|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 December 2007|title=Mammootty –Shaji.N.Karun come together.|website=[[Sify]]|author=Moviebuzz|access-date=3 December 2007}}</ref>

One day, the local police station discovers an [[unidentified decedent|unidentified body]] that has washed ashore. A Buddhist nun, Revamma, comes forward to claim that she can identify the rotten body, and she recognises it as that of one kutti Srank. Police enquire her relationship with kutti Srank. Meanwhile, another Latin Christian woman, Pemenna, too claims to recognize the dead man. Both women assure the investigators that the body is that of kutti Srank. Finally a mute woman, Kali, joins them and seeks permission to see the corpse. She, however, rejects the claim made by the other women and argues that the body is not that of kutti Srank. Pemmanna identifies Kali and tells Revamma that Kali is kutti Srank's wife. Eventually each woman share her different acquaintance and relation with kutti Srank.

===Story===
Revamma is the first person to come forward and identify a corpse, which has been found on the beach. She explains her connection with Kutty Srank in a flash back sequence. Her father Moopan is the local don in their area near Malabar and is a man literally steeped in blood. Revamma's memories of her early life are related to blood in some way and blood features heavily throughout the first scenes. Adding to all this symbolism, Kutty Srank has an intermittent nose bleed and his nostrils are permanently filled with the smell of blood. Revamma has returned from studying overseas and overthrows Moorpan's great plans for her by announcing that she is going to become a Buddhist. Her father's reaction is fairly predictable but his plans backfire when he uses Kutty Srank to dispose of a Buddhist monk who was with Revamma. Kutty Srank's loyalty to Moopan is unwavering and unquestioning until this betrayal and Revamma takes immediate advantage of Kutty Sranks despair and confusion, using this vulnerability as a way to engineer her escape. Despite the overly heavy blood symbolism this part of the story is fairly logical and the characters react in understandable if rather extreme ways. Mamooty plays the swaggering thug Kutty Srank to perfection, making him violent but with enough shadows and depth to hint at much more to the man. Moopan's rather grandiose living conditions are a nice contrast to the rest of the film and his affectations make him easier to despise. Revamma seems to have been driven insane by her early experiences and her behaviour is very irrational and disturbed. The only normal people here are Revamma's aunt and uncle who seem to be genuinely trying to help her and deal with her father as best as possible. The escape takes Revamma and Kutty Srank close to Cochin where he meets Pemmana, the second woman who turns up to identify the body. It appears that Kutty Srank has worked as a ferryboat captain in Pemmana's village previously, but skipped out under dubious circumstances as is his usual habit. He is great friends with Pemmana's brother, Loni who picks Kutty Srank to play the lead role in their annual Chavittu Nadakam about the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Charlemagne]]. This traditional drama provides an excuse for some fantastic costumes, singing, dancing and stomping around the stage by the various members of the village. It also allows Mammootty to showcase the more human and fun side to Kutty Srank's character. Although the menace is still there, the interactions between Kutty Srank and Loni give him an opportunity to laugh, joke and drunkenly sing as they roam around the village. The local priest is not happy to hear of the irreligious Kutty Srank taking part in the play and also taking over the affections of Pemmana. Father Yonas has been enlisted by the feckless Joppan to push his match with her and as Joppan seethes with jealousy, Father Yonas whips up fear and mistrust of Kutty Srank. Tensions escalate in the village and there is plenty of scope for betrayal and murder – it rapidly becomes merely a question of who and when. Moopan's henchmen also turn up on the river again in a very groovy speedboat. This, along with the death of his best friend, means that Kutty Srank is ready to skip town again. Avoiding the attentions of Pemmana and escaping a murder hunt are purely side benefits. The third woman who turns up to identify the body is a mute, Kali. She has been living with an older woman who has amazing interpretative skills and understands exactly what Kali is trying to say. She is introduced as Kutty Srank's pregnant wife and sensationally states that the body is not her husband. The final flashback tells her story which starts after Kutty Srank has moved on to Travancore trying once again to elude Moopan's men.

Kutty Srank has taken up with Unnithan who presides over an unhappy family where tragedy has been the normal order for the past 10 years. Unnithan blames this on Kali, a local mute who lives in the forest, and has tried a number of ways to be rid of her. As his trusted man, Kutty Srank heads off in a drunken rage to kill Kali but when he finds her and sees her pitiful existence he is unable to go through with the execution. He ends up being cared for by Kali following a snake bite and eventually becomes her husband. We see a more tender and caring side of Kutty Srank through the eyes of Unnithan's daughter in law Nalini who romanticises the couple in an escape from the misery of her own daily existence. In the end, Kali and Kutty Srank have to make a run for it as Moopan's men have again put in an appearance. The last scene takes place back in the village where the play must go on, and this leads to the final chapter in Kutty Srank's life.

== Narrative structure ==
The film is structurally divided into four different settings, three of which are set in north, mid and south Kerala, respectively. The fourth is a hyper-link set in a police station. The script featured various visual and thematic elements to delineate the three primary sub-plots in both spatial and temporal dimensions, connected through the protagonist. The major devices used for achieving this separation were moods and emotions expressed by the character, (psychological) nature of female protagonists, time-period, geographical locations, religious & social landscapes and seasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/14slide1.htm|title=Bringing back the serious to Malayalam cinema|publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Rajesh | first = V.S | title = 3 Sthreekelude Ormakkalil Kutty Srank | journal = Vellinakshatram | issue = 1006 | date = October 2008 | url = http://www.vellinakshatram.com/1006/?ok | access-date = 29 October 2008 | archive-date = 30 October 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081030070909/http://www.vellinakshatram.com/1006/?ok | url-status = dead }}</ref> The below table summarizes the different themes associated with each of the women. (Unreported or unverified entries of the table are kept blank.)

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
!Actress
![[Kamalinee Mukherjee]]
![[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]]
!Meenakumari
|-
| '''Character name'''
| Pemmena
| Revamma
| Kali
|-
|'''Geographical location of the story'''
| [[Kochi, India|Kochi]]
| [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]]
| [[Travancore]]
|-
| '''Season'''
| monsoon
| summer
| winter
|-
| '''Time period/Era'''
| unspecified
| 1950
| Mid 1950s
|}

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Mammootty]] as Kutty Srank
*[[Kamalinee Mukherjee]] as Pemenna
*[[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]] as Revamma
*Meenakumari as Kali
*Wahiida as Nalini
*[[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as Loni ([[Chavittu Nadakam]] Ashan)
*[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Unnithan
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Jonas Achan (Latin Christian priest)
* [[P. Sreekumar]] as Paskal
*[[P. D. Sathish Chandra]] as Mooppen
* Amit A as Joppan
* Maya Viswanath as Madhavi
* [[M. B. Padmakumar]] as Neelan
* [[Kundara Johny]]
* Gaurav Moudgill as Prasanna
* M. A. Balachandran as Karan
* Gopalakrishnan as Appunni
* [[Valsala Menon]] as Paru
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Vishnu
}}

== Crew opinion ==
*[[Mammootty]], who plays the title role of Kutty Srank in the film, said "I am really excited because I will be playing three different characters but not three different roles. It is going to be a challenge for me because the basic nature of all the three characters is the same but there are different behavioural patterns and mannerisms based on what the three women say."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nowrunning.com/news/news.aspx?it=16033|title=Mammootty, Shaji Karun team up for their first film|publisher=Nowrunning|access-date=8 June 2008|archive-date=7 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807231206/http://www.nowrunning.com/news/news.aspx?it=16033|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]] on her character Pemmena, stated "All my characters have a certain kind of reserve where sexuality is concerned. The character I am playing hails from a village and she's very raw. Since it's a period film, it gave me a chance to look at this other side which I have never really tried to explore before. She's got a strong sexual nature."<ref name="rediffKamalineeInterview">{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/08slid5.htm|title='I didn't know Mammootty Sir was in Kutti Srank'|publisher=Rediff}}</ref>
* [[Anjuli Shukla]], the director of photography, opined "I am told he (Shaji) chose me because he wanted a woman behind the camera to add that feminine perspective to the theme that revolves around the perspectives of three women. The story is woven around three women and their relationships with the protagonist, Kutti Srank, played by Mammmotty. The instances are set in three different moods and seasons.So each one needs an individualistic treatment; at the same time, it should not stand out from the total cohesive structure of the film."<ref name="hinduAnjaliInterview">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/07/11/stories/2008071150650400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804184350/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/07/11/stories/2008071150650400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 August 2008|title=Woman with a view|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|author=Sangeeta|location=Chennai, India|date=11 July 2008}}</ref>

==Filming==
The film premiered internationally at Montreal International Film Festival 2009 and nationally at IFFI, Goa 2009. As the film involves change in seasons, environmental and climatic changes, the film was shot in three schedules. The first schedule (depicting the [[monsoon]]) was held between 15 June 2008 and 10 July 2008 in the backwaters of [[Alappuzha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thatsmalayalam.oneindia.in/movies/news/2008/06/16/mammootty-kicks-off-kutty-sharanku.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629092545/http://www.robotstxt.org/|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2008|title=പോരില്ലാതെ കുട്ടിസ്രാങ്കിന്‌ തുടക്കം|work=Oneindia}}</ref> The second schedule of shooting (depicting summer) took place at Chavara and Sasthankotta near [[Kollam]] during September 2008. The third and final schedule (depicting winter) took place at Kundapura near [[Mookambika]] during December 2008.

==Awards==
In the [[57th National Film Awards]], ''Kutty Srank'' emerged the biggest winner with five awards, including the one for Best Film.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Big-B-wins-National-Award-for-Paa/articleshow/6559599.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103120245/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-15/news-interviews/28223556_1_bengali-film-nargis-dutt-award-feature-film|url-status=live|archive-date=3 November 2012|title=Big B wins National Award for Paa|access-date=15 September 2010|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 September 2010}}</ref> The awards received by the film are<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2010PR1726|title=List of National Award Winners|publisher=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]]: Mahesh Ramanathan, Reliance Big Pictures (producer), [[Shaji N. Karun]] (director)
* [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]] (Original): [[P. F. Mathews]] & Harikrishna
* [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography]]: [[Anjuli Shukla]] (camera), Adlabs Films Ltd. (processing laboratory)
* [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design]]: Jayakumar
* [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|Special Jury Award (Feature Film)]]: [[Sreekar Prasad]] (editing)

[[Asianet Film Awards]]
* [[Best Actor]]- Mammootty

== Festivals screened ==
* [[Montreal World Film Festival]], 2009
* [[14th Busan International Film Festival|Busan International Film Festival, 2009]]
* Mumbai International Film Festival, 2009
* [[International Film Festival of India]], 2009
* [[Dubai International Film Festival]], 2009

==Release==
The film was released on 23 July 2010 in thirty eight theatres.

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kutty Srank
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = Isaac Thomas Kottukapally
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1 July 2010
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 23:31
| label = [[Manorama Music]]
| producer = Issac Thomas Kottukapally
| prev_title = [[Veettilekkulla Vazhi]]
| prev_year = 2010
| next_title = [[Koormavatara]]
| next_year = 2011
}}

The background score and songs were composed by [[Isaac Thomas Kottukapally]]. The soundtrack features 8 songs, including one sung by [[Mammootty]]. The lyrics were penned by S. Ramesan Nair.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article540128.ece|title=Scoring a winner|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| headline = Kutty Srank (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Maga Chandira
| lyrics1 = Traditional
| extra1 = [[Rajalakshmy]], Ramesh
| length1 = 3:19
| title2 = Aarandum Koorikootti
| lyrics2 = Traditional
| extra2 = Mammootty, Basheer
| length2 = 2:03
| title3 = Neshamana
| lyrics3 = Traditional
| extra3 = Ramesh, Basheer
| length3 = 4:28
| title4 = Oru minnaminni
| lyrics4 = [[S. Ramesan Nair]]
| extra4 = [[Jassie Gift]], Devanand, [[Pradeep Palluruthy]]
| length4 = 3:48
| title5 = Thankameyoli
| lyrics5 = Traditional
| extra5 = Rajalakshmi, Ramesh
| length5 = 3:00
| title6 = Ivalarivalar
| lyrics6 = Traditional
| extra6 = Ramesh
| length6 = 2:04
| title7 = Kattiyakkaran
| lyrics7 = Traditional
| extra7 = Basheer
| length7 = 1:28
| title8 = Rajadampathimar
| lyrics8 = Traditional
| extra8 = Ramesh
| length8 = 3:18
| total_length = 23:31
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1430096}}
* [http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/5502/malayalam/kutty-sranku/index.htm ''Kutty Srank''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618175904/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/5502/malayalam/kutty-sranku/index.htm |date=18 June 2021 }} at Nowrunning.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080801070717/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/preview/9918.html ''Kutty Srank'' preview] at Indiaglitz.com
* [http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/08slid5.htm An interview with Kamalinee Mukherjee, one of the lead female cast regarding the movie]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804184350/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/07/11/stories/2008071150650400.htm An interview with Anjuli Shukla, the DOP of the movie]
* [https://ladylazarusspage.blogspot.com/2010/10/blog-post.html സ്രാങ്ക് എന്ന പെണ്‍കാഴ്ച്ച]
* [https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/11/18/harikrishnan-decodes-kutty-srank-movie-scene.html Decoding A Scene: Magic of love in 'Kutty Srank'] at Onmanorama
{{Shaji N. Karun}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilm}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Indian erotic drama films]]
[[Category:2010 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2010s erotic drama films]]
[[Category:2010 fantasy films]]
[[Category:Reliance Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shaji N. Karun]]
[[Category:Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kollam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Costume Design National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films about Buddhism]]
[[Category:2010 drama films]]

Kodai Mazhai

2026-03-03T05:22:00Z

SamiraKeister30: refine citations to improve readability per sources

{{short description|1986 film by Muktha S. Sundar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kodai Mazhai.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[Muktha S. Sundar]]
| screenplay = [[Muktha Srinivasan]]
| story = Muktha Sundar
| producer = V. Ramasami
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sunitha (actress)|Vidhyashree]]|[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]|[[Sripriya]]}}
| cinematography = Gajendramani
| editing = V. P. Krishnan C. R. Shanmugam
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Muktha Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1986|9|26|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kodai Mazhai''''' ({{IPA|ta|koːɖaɪ maɻaɪ|pron}} {{Translation|Summer Rain}}) is a 1986 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by [[Muktha S. Sundar]] and produced by V. Ramasami. The film stars [[Sunitha (actress)|Vidhyasree]], with [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] and [[Sripriya]] in supporting roles. It was released on 26 September 1986.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=December 2021}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sunitha (actress)|Sunitha]] as Vidhya
*[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]
*[[Sripriya]]
*Prasad
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
*[[Loose Mohan]]
*[[S. Ve. Sekhar]]
*[[Senthil]]
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]]
*[[Amala Akkineni|Amala]]
*[[Bhagyaraj]]
*[[Saritha]]
*[[Charle]]
*Master Nagesh
*Baby Vijayapriya
* [[Rajinikanth]] in a guest appearance
}}

== Production ==
''Kodai Mazhai'', the directorial debut of [[Muktha S. Sundar]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=28 December 2012 |title=Songs to keep you singing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/songs-to-keep-you-singing/article4248735.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218124814/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/songs-to-keep-you-singing/article4248735.ece |archive-date=18 February 2023 |access-date=18 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> was one of the earliest South Indian films to have scenes shot in low light, following the introduction of high-speed negative film in India the mid-1980s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Muktha V. |author-link=Muktha Srinivasan |date=28 October 2012 |title=Living in past glory |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/living-in-past-glory/article4034360.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008152140/https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/living-in-past-glory/article4034360.ece |archive-date=8 October 2022 |access-date=16 December 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It was the feature film debut of [[Sunitha (actress)|Sunitha]], who later became known as "Kodai Mazhai Vidya".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=22 December 2018 |title=There is a reason why Yash is rocking, Venkat is a fish and Srinivasan is a coconut |url=https://scroll.in/reel/836691/there-is-a-reason-why-yash-is-rocking-venkat-is-a-fish-and-srinivasan-is-well-a-coconut |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317162918/https://scroll.in/reel/836691/there-is-a-reason-why-yash-is-rocking-venkat-is-a-fish-and-srinivasan-is-well-a-coconut |archive-date=17 March 2022 |access-date=16 December 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> The dialogues were written by [[Komal Swaminathan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=மணியன் |first=அறந்தை |title=பம்மல் முதல் கோமல் வரை |publisher=Pustaka Digital Media |pages=1982 |language=ta |trans-title=From Pammal to Komal |oclc=225093103}}</ref> Some scenes were shot at [[Ooty]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 August 1986 |title=ஊட்டியில் கோடை மழை |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-10-276 |access-date=3 August 2024 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=Ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kodai Mazhai (1986) |url=http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/kodai-mazhai-T0000617 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311051413/http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/kodai-mazhai-T0000617 |archive-date=11 March 2016 |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kodai Mazhai Tamil Film EP VInyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/kodai-mazhai-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812182527/https://mossymart.com/product/kodai-mazhai-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=16 December 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Kaatrodu Kuzhalin" is set in [[Simhendramadhyamam]] raga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=20 January 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey — The passionate appeal of Simhendramadhyamam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-the-passionate-appeal-of-simhendramadhyamam/article2817296.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201141513/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-the-passionate-appeal-of-simhendramadhyamam/article2817296.ece |archive-date=1 February 2018 |access-date=16 December 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Kaatrodu Kuzhalin" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Pulamaipithan]]
|-
| "Pala Pala" || [[Uma Ramanan]], Devie Neithiyar || [[Mu. Metha]]
|-
| "Thenthoongum" || [[S. Janaki]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|-
| "Thuppakki Kaiyil" || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Na. Kamarasan]]
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Kodai Mazhai'' was released on 26 September 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |title=கோடை மழை / Kodai Mazhai (1986) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/kodai-mazhai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119043111/https://screen4screen.com/movies/kodai-mazhai |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=18 February 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote there have already been films in Tamil about vibrant artistes with dreams in their eyes and dancing on their feet, but without mixing love and lust is what makes the film special.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=19 October 1986 |title=கோடை மழை |url=https://ibb.co/YXNWBxN |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326065854/https://ibb.co/YXNWBxN |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=26 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=31 |language=Ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0319697}}

{{Muktha Srinivasan}}

[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:1986 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1986 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Muktha S. Sundar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

En Thangachi Padichava

2026-03-03T05:09:26Z

SamiraKeister30: adjusted lead for accuracy and added references for consistency

{{short description|1988 film by P. Vasu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = En Thangachi Padichava
| image = En Thangachi Padichava.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[P. Vasu]]
| producer = Mohan Natarajan Tharangai V. Shanmugam
| writer = P. Vasu
| starring = {{ubl|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]|[[Rupini]]|[[Chithra (actress)|Chithra]]}}
| music = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| cinematography = K. B. Dhayalan
| editing = P. Mohanraj
| studio = Sree Rajakaali Amman Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1988|07|15}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''En Thangachi Padichava''''' ({{Translation|My younger sister is educated}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[P. Vasu]]. The film stars [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Rupini]] and [[Chithra (actress)|Chithra]]. It was released on 15 July 1988. The film completed a 100-day run at the box-office. It was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Muddula Mavayya]]'' (1989), in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Aaj Ka Arjun]]'' (1990) and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Ravimama]]'' (1999).

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=September 2021}}
Dhanakodi, an honest police officer, is transferred to a small village. In this village, Karunakaran, a rich landlord, spreads terror among the villagers and threatens them to obtain their lands. After spending five years in jail for a murder, Periasamy is back to his village. Dhanakodi wants to trap the heartless Karunakaran at any cost.

In the past, Periasamy was an orphan who lived with his only sister Lakshmi. Lakshmi, after finishing her studies in the city, came back to her village. Periasamy and Valli were in love. She is still against Karunakaran's conspiracy. Lakshmi and Karunakaran's son Chinnaiah fell in love and got married with Periasamy's support. Chinnaiah went missing, while Lakshmi became pregnant. Lakshmi found out that Chinnaiah was in his father's house and it was Karunakaran's master plan. Periasamy went there, but he was humiliated by Karunakaran. In the meantime, Chinnaiah stabbed Lakshmi, and Lakshmi gave birth before dying. Enraged, Periasamy killed Chinnaiah. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Periasamy
*[[Rupini]] as Valli / Gauri
*[[Chithra (actress)|Chithra]] as Lakshmi
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Dhanakodi
*[[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] as Karunakaran
*Mohan Natarajan as Manikkam
*Ravikiran as Chinnaiah
*[[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]] as fighter
*[[Anandaraj]] as Gaja
*[[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]]
*[[Mayilsamy]] as Constable
*[[Kullamani]]
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]]
*[[Vellai Subbaiah]]
*[[Pasi Narayanan]]
}}

== Production ==
The film's shooting was held in [[Pollachi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-06-02 |title=Kuselan’s release postponed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kuselans-release-postponed/articleshow/3090756.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225065323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kuselans-release-postponed/articleshow/3090756.cms |archive-date=2026-02-25 |access-date=2026-02-25 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was [[P. Vasu]]'s first solo direction in Tamil.<ref name="hindutamil" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Gangai Amaran]], who also wrote the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=என் தங்கச்சி படிச்சவ (1988) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/en-thangachi-padichava-songs-T0003881 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022233452/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/en-thangachi-padichava-songs-T0003881 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=En Thangachi Padichava Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Gangai Amaren |url=https://mossymart.com/product/en-thangachi-padichava-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-gangai-amaren/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817040857/https://mossymart.com/product/en-thangachi-padichava-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-gangai-amaren/ |archive-date=17 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> It is his 100th film as composer.<ref name="hindutamil">{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=15 July 2020 |title=பி.வாசு தனியே இயக்கிய முதல் படம்; கங்கை அமரன் இசையமைத்த 100வது படம்! |trans-title=The first film directed by P. Vasu alone; the 100th film for Gangai Amaran as composer! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/564641-gangai-emaeran-100-film.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715153531/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/564641-gangai-emaeran-100-film.html |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Ethirkaalam Eni" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || 4:03
|-
| "Maamanu Solla Oru Aalu" || [[P. Jayachandran|Jayachandran]], [[P. Susheela]], [[S. P. Sailaja]] || 5:16
|-
| "Nallakaalam Porandhurichi" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 4:32
|-
| "Poovellam Veedhiela" || Jayachandran || 1:15
|-
| "Sondha Somaya Thooki Thooki" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:38
|-
| "Summa Summa Enna Paathu" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], S. P. Sailaja || 4:18
|}

== Release and reception ==
''En Thangachi Padichava'' was released on 15 July 1988, and became a success,<ref name="hindutamil" /> running for over 100 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards |url=http://www.pvasu.com/awards.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227091545/http://www.pvasu.com/awards.html |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=26 December 2013 |website=pvasu.com}}</ref> NKS of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "It's a difficult thing to comment on a patchwork quilt of this sort, which is what commercial films are."<ref>{{Cite news |last=NKS |date=15 July 1988 |title=En Thangachi Padichava |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19880715&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=6 February 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote the film is watchable due to the way the old story is presented.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=31 July 1988 |title=என் தங்கச்சி படிச்சவ |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1988-07-31/page/n1/mode/2up? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230825091604/https://archive.org/details/kalki1988-07-31/page/n1/mode/2up? |archive-date=25 August 2023 |access-date=30 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=1 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
''En Thangachi Padichava'' was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Muddula Mavayya]]'' (1989), in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Aaj Ka Arjun]]'' (1990),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=G. |date=9 September 2006 |title=In the right direction |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/09/09/stories/2006090900630100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=26 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228003251/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/09/09/stories/2006090900630100.htm |archive-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Ravimama]]'' (1999).<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2021 |title=Do you know these Kannada films are actually named after actors? |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/kannada-cinema/article/do-you-know-these-kannada-films-are-actually-named-after-actors/743015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409084056/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/kannada-cinema/article/do-you-know-these-kannada-films-are-actually-named-after-actors/743015 |archive-date=9 April 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021 |website=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{P. Vasu}}

[[Category:1988 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1988 drama films]]
[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Vasu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gangai Amaran]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=July 2024}}

Oru Oorla

2026-03-03T03:32:03Z

SamiraKeister30: basic correct article for consistency and added references per standard format

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by K. S. Vasanthakumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oru Oorla
| image = Oru Oorla poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Film poster
| director = K. S. Vasanthakumar
| producer = P.Velusamy
| writer = K. S. Vasanthakumar
| starring = Venkatesh Neha Patil Indrajit
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = Arul Vincent DS Vasan
| editing =
| studio = Vignesh Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|03|28}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}

'''''Oru Oorla''''' ({{translation|In a town}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by K. S. Vasanthakumar for producer P.Velusamy, starring Venkatesh, Neha Patil and Indrajit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-17 |title=Ilayaraja and Priya Mani's Murai Mama in 'Oru Oorla' |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/ilayaraja-scores-music-for-oru-oorla.html |access-date=2015-11-17 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

==Plot==
Theri, an alcoholic after his mother's death undergoes a change as his sister-in-law delivers a girl. He believes that his mother has reborn as his niece. He takes the responsibility of protecting her, but his brother's fight with a sex worker brings tragedy to all.

==Cast==

*Venkatesh
*Neha Patil
*Indrajit
*Annapoorni
*Naan Kadavul Murali
*Sundar
*Siva
*Iyyappan Kannan

== Soundtrack ==
The music composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2017 |title=IlaiyaRaaja's words of hope |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ilaiyaraajas-words-of-hope/articleshow/27627016.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> who composed the songs after the film was shot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2017 |title=Raaja composes songs after director finishes shooting the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/raaja-composes-songs-after-director-finishes-shooting-the-film/articleshow/25064436.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| 1 || Ippadiyum Oruthan Undu || [[Velmurugan]] || rowspan=5|[[Mu. Metha]]
|-
| 2 || Thaaye Vanthaye || Ilaiyaraaja
|-
| 3 || Thannathaniye || [[Haricharan]]
|-
| 4 || Thedi Ennai Kaanave || Senthil Dass
|-
| 5 || Vanathil || [[Rita Thyagarajan|Rita]]
|-
|}

==Reception==
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of 2.5 out of 5 stars, praising it for its screenplay, performances, and music while also stating that the cinematography was not up to the mark.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-31 |title=Oru Oorla Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Oru-Oorla/movie-review/33004509.cms |access-date=2015-11-17 |publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5206948}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]

{{2010s-Tamil-film-stub}}

Barda Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-26T14:00:45Z

SamiraKeister30: quick refine layout for accuracy also and corrected details based on references

{{Short description|Indian nature preserve}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Barda Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_size =
| map = India Gujarat#India
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Map of [[Gujarat]]
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Ranavav]]
| coordinates = {{coords|21.851|69.699|region:IN-GJ|notes=<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://protectedplanet.net/sites/Barda_Sanctuary |title= Barda Sanctuary |work=protectedplanet.net}}</ref>|display=inline, title}}
| area = {{convert|192.31|sqkm|abbr=on}}
| established = 1979
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body =
| url =
}}
'''Barda Wildlife Sanctuary''' is located in [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. It is situated approximately {{Convert|31|km|mi}} from [[Ranavav]], {{convert|49|km}} from [[Porbandar]] and {{convert|100|km}} west of [[Gir Forest National Park]]. Previous to its 1979 establishment as a wildlife sanctuary, Barda was a private reserve for Porbandar and [[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]].<ref name="Mitra2005">{{cite book|last=Mitra|first=Sudipta|title=Gir Forest and the Saga of the Asiatic Lion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0rME6RjC1sC&pg=PA228|accessdate=23 November 2012|year=2005|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-183-2|pages=228–}}</ref> Approximately 4,00,000 people live in Barda.<ref name="Mitra2005" />

==Geography==
Barda is {{convert|282|sqkm}} in size with an altitude of {{convert|79.2|-|617.8|meter}} above sea level. The terrain is hilly and undulating; there are slopes and exposed rocks. The [[tropical climate]] is characterized by very hot summers. There are two rivers, [[Bileshvary River]] and [[Joghri River]], and two dams, Khambala and Fodara.<ref name="Mitra2005" /> There are several forest sub-types, such as southern [[tropical forest]], southern dry mixed [[deciduous forest]] and northern tropical thorn forest, while other predominant [[flora]] include [[Euphorbia]] scrub, dry deciduous scrub, and dry bamboo brakes. The sanctuary area supports around 750 '[[maldhari]]' families in 68 'nesses'. The agricultural fields and wasteland, where [[water scarcity]] is the main problem. And these maldhari families encounter this problem throughout summer months. And the green patch of the sanctuary helps to provide ecological balance by improving the water system of the area by restoring the ground water. One can also visit Kileshwar, a temple improved by '[[Jam Sahib|Jamsahib]]' of Jamnagar, is a magnificent attraction of this area. Barda Hills Wildlife Sanctuary range is a green valley, encompassed by timberland and agricultural fields.

==Flora and fauna==
There are several forest sub-types, such as southern tropical forest, southern dry mixed deciduous forest and northern tropical thorn forest, while other predominant flora include Euphorbia scrub, dry deciduous scrub, and dry bamboo brakes. Important [[fauna]] are [[Asiatic lion]], [[Indian leopard]], [[nilgai|blue bull]], [[chinkara]], [[blackbuck]], and [[Indian wolf]].<ref name="Negi2002">{{cite book|last=Negi|first=Sharad Singh|title=Handbook of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYFmoOWfmX8C&pg=PA101|accessdate=23 November 2012|date=1 March 2002|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-128-3|pages=101– |edition=3rd }}</ref><ref>https://thenewsmill.com/2025/08/world-lion-day-2025-barda-sanctuary-thrives-with-17-lions-25-leopards/</ref>

==See also==
* [[Arid Forest Research Institute]]
*[[List of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries of Gujarat, India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Protected areas established in 1979]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Porbandar district]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Gujarat]]

Cashew

2026-02-22T17:11:42Z

SamiraKeister30: expanded structure for consistency after review

{{Short description|Flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Cashew apples.jpg
|image_caption = Ripe fruit and attached drupe, which contains the edible seed
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref=<ref>{{cite iucn|author=Barstow, M.|year=2021|title=''Anacardium occidentale''|article-number=e.T60761600A60761604|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T60761600A60761604.en|access-date=16 April 2025}}</ref>
|genus = Anacardium
|species = occidentale
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
}}

'''Cashew''' is the common name of a tropical [[Evergreen|evergreen tree]] '''''Anacardium occidentale''''', in the family [[Anacardiaceae]]. It is the source of the cashew [[Nut (fruit)|nut]] (often simply called a 'cashew') and the cashew apple. The tree can grow as tall as {{convert|14|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}.

The species is native to [[South America]]. The dwarf cultivars, growing up to {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}}, are the most profitable, maturing sooner and producing greater yields. In 2023, 3.9 million [[ton]]s of cashew nuts were harvested globally, led by the [[Ivory Coast]] and [[India]].

The nut is edible and is eaten on its own as a snack, used in recipes, or processed into cashew cheese or [[cashew butter]]. The cashew apple, an [[accessory fruit]], is a light reddish to yellow fruit, the pulp and juice of which can be processed into a sweet, [[astringent]] fruit drink or fermented and distilled into liquor. Additionally, derivatives from the shell are used in products such as [[varnish]]es, [[lubricant]], and paints.

==Description==

The cashew tree is large and [[evergreen]], growing to {{convert|14|m|ft|abbr=off}} tall, with a short, often irregularly shaped trunk.<ref name="eb">{{cite web |date=7 April 2020 |title=Cashew |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/cashew |access-date=8 May 2021 |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> The [[leaves]] are spirally arranged, leathery textured, elliptic to obovate, {{convert|4-22|cm|abbr=off|frac=4}} long and {{convert|2-15|cm|abbr=on|frac=4}} broad, with smooth margins. The [[flower]]s are produced in a [[panicle]] or [[corymb]] up to {{convert|26|cm|abbr=on}} long; each flower is small, pale green at first, then turning reddish, with five slender, acute [[petal]]s {{convert|7-15|mm|sp=us|frac=8}} long. [[Cashew of Pirangi|The largest cashew tree in the world]] covers an area around {{convert|7500|m2|ft2|abbr=on}} and is located in [[Parnamirim, Rio Grande do Norte|Parnamirim]], [[Brazil]].{{cn|date=June 2023}}

The fruit of the cashew tree is an [[accessory fruit]] (sometimes called a pseudocarp or false fruit).<ref name=morton>{{cite book|url=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/cashew_apple.html|title=Cashew apple, ''Anacardium occidentale'' L.; In: Fruits of Warm Climates|publisher=Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, Indiana |isbn=978-0-9610184-1-2|year=1987|author=Morton, Julia F.|author-link=Julia Morton|pages=239–240|access-date=18 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315023810/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/index.html|archive-date=15 March 2007|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cabi">{{cite web |title=''Anacardium occidentale'' (cashew nut) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/5064 |publisher=CABI |access-date=8 May 2021 |date=20 November 2019}}</ref> What appears to be the fruit is an oval or pear-shaped structure, a [[hypocarpium]], that develops from the [[Pedicel (botany)|pedicel]] and the receptacle of the cashew flower.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Varghese |first1=T. |last2=Pundir |first2=Y. |year=1964 |title=Anatomy of the pseudocarp in ''Anacardium occidentale'' L. |journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=252–258 |doi=10.1007/BF03052341 |s2cid=83230755}}</ref><ref name="duke">{{cite web |author1=James A Duke |title=''Anacardium occidentale'' L. |url=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Anacardium_occidentale.html |publisher=Handbook of Energy Crops. (unpublished); In: NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University |access-date=10 December 2019 |date=1983}}</ref><ref name="eb" /> Called the cashew apple, better known in Central America as {{lang|es|marañón}}, it ripens into a yellow or red structure about {{convert|5–11|cm|abbr=on|frac=4}} long.<ref name="morton" /><ref name="duke" />

The true fruit of the cashew tree is a [[kidney]]-shaped or [[boxing glove]]-shaped [[drupe]] that grows at the end of the cashew apple.<ref name="morton" /> The drupe first develops on the tree and then the pedicel expands to become the cashew apple.<ref name="morton" /> The drupe becomes the true fruit, a single [[Nutshell|shell]]-encased [[seed]], which is often considered a [[Nut (fruit)|nut]] in the culinary sense.<ref name="morton" /><ref name="duke" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kapinga |first1=F. A. |last2=Kasuga |first2=L. J. F. |last3=Kafiriti |first3=E. M. |title=Growth and production of cashew nut |url=https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C10/E1-05A-45.pdf |access-date=9 April 2021 |website=Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production |publisher=Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems}}</ref> The seed is surrounded by a double-shell that contains an allergenic [[natural phenol|phenolic]] resin,<ref name="duke" /> [[anacardic acid]] - which is a potent skin [[Irritation|irritant]]<ref name="eb" /> chemically related to the better-known and also [[toxin|toxic]] allergenic oil [[urushiol]], which is found in the related [[poison ivy (plant)|poison ivy]] and [[lacquer tree]].

{{gallery|mode=packed
|Anacardium occidentale - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-010.jpg|Botanical illustration
|Cajueiro Meconta.jpg|Tree in [[Mozambique]], southeastern Africa
|Anacardium occidental (Bangla - কাজুবাদাম).jpg|Trunk in [[Bangladesh]]
|Cashew Flower.JPG|Flowers|
Pollen grains of Cashew tree.jpg|Pollen grains of Cashew tree
|Young cashew nuts.jpg|Young fruits
|Cashew fruit.jpg|Fruits sold as produce
}}

==Etymology==

The English name derives from the Portuguese name for the fruit of the cashew tree: {{wikt-lang|pt|Caju}} ({{IPA|pt|kaˈʒu}}), also known as {{wikt-lang|pt|acaju}}, which itself is from the [[Tupi language|Tupi]] word {{lang|tup|acajú}}, literally meaning "nut that produces itself".<ref name=morton /><ref name=cabi/>

The [[generic name (biology)|generic name]] ''Anacardium'' is composed of the Greek prefix ''ana-'' ({{langx|grc|[[wikt:c-|ἀνά-]]|aná|up, upward|label=none}}), the Greek ''cardia'' ({{langx|grc|καρδία|kardía|heart|label=none}}), and the [[Neo-Latin]] suffix {{wikt-lang|la|-ium}}. It possibly refers to the heart shape of the fruit,<ref>{{cite book|last=Quattrocchi|first=Umberto|title=World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-37OBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA266|year=2016|publisher=CRC|isbn=978-1-4822-5064-0|page=266|quote= referring to the shape of the fruit}}</ref> to "the top of the fruit stem"<ref>''Merriam-Webster'': "from the heartlike shape of the top of the fruit stem"</ref> or to the seed.<ref>{{cite book|author=George Milbry Gould|title=An Illustrated Dictionary of Medicine, Biology and Allied Sciences: Including the Pronunciation, Accentuation, Derivation, and Definition of the Terms Used in Medicine, Anatomy, Surgery ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vlZQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA73|year=1898|publisher=P. Blakiston|page=73|quote= {{lang|grc|ἀνά}}, up; {{lang|grc|καρδία}}, the heart, from its heart-shaped seeds}}</ref> The word ''anacardium'' was earlier used to refer to ''[[Semecarpus anacardium]]'' (the marking nut tree) before [[Carl Linnaeus]] transferred it to the cashew; both plants are in the same family.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hugh F. Glen|title=What's in a Name|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eMgaXGsBEWIC&pg=PA3|year=2004|publisher=Jacana|isbn=978-1-77009-040-8|page=3|quote= (Greek ana = upwards + kardia = heart); applied by 16th-century apothecaries to the fruit of the marking nut, ''Semecarpus anacardium'', and later used by Linnaeus as a generic name for the cashew.}}</ref> The [[epithet]] ''occidentale'' derives from the Western (or Occidental) world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/occidental|publisher=The Free Dictionary|title=Occidental|access-date=6 March 2020|date=2020}}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
The species is native to tropical South America<ref name=powo>{{cite web|title=Anacardium occidentale L. |work=Plants of the Word Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:319068-2 |access-date=31 March 2024 }}</ref> and later was distributed around the world in the 1500s by [[Portuguese explorers]].<ref name=morton/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hort.cornell.edu/4hplants/Fruits/Cashew.html|title=Cashew|publisher=Department of Horticulture, Cornell University|date=20 October 2015|access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=duke/> Portuguese colonists in Brazil began exporting cashew nuts as early as the 1550s.<ref>Carolyn Joystick, "Cashew Industry" in ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture'', vol. 2, p. 5. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.</ref> The Portuguese took it to [[Goa]], formerly [[Estado da Índia Portuguesa]] in India, between 1560 and 1565. From there, it spread throughout Southeast Asia and eventually Africa.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

==Cultivation==
{{owidslider
|start = 2023
|list = Template:OWID/cashew nut production#gallery
|location = commons
|caption =
|title =
|language =
|file = [[File:cashew nut production, World, 2023 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|Cashew nut production]]
|startingView = World
}}

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="width:16em; text-align:left;"
|-
! colspan=2|Cashew production (with shell) 2023 
|-
| Country ||Tonnes
|-
| {{CIV}} || {{right|1,044,450}}
|-
| {{IND}} || {{right|782,000}}
|-
| {{VNM}} || {{right|347,634}}
|-
| {{IDN}} || {{right|164,152}}
|-
| {{PHL}} || {{right|136,264}}
|-
!'''World''' !! {{right|'''3,934,839'''
|-
|colspan=2 |{{small|Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]<ref name="faostat">{{cite web|title=Cashew production in 2023; pick lists from world regions/production quantity/year|url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL|publisher=[[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations|UN]]|access-date=6 February 2025|date=2025}}</ref>}}
|}

The cashew tree is cultivated in the tropics between 25°N and 25°S, and is well-adapted to hot lowland areas with a pronounced dry season, where the mango and tamarind trees also thrive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nda.agric.za/docs/Infopaks/cashew.htm|title=Cultivating Cashew Nuts|publisher=ARC-Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops, South Africa|access-date=15 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221195301/http://www.nda.agric.za/docs/Infopaks/cashew.htm|archive-date=21 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The traditional cashew tree is tall, up to {{cvt|14|m}}, requiring three years from planting before it starts production, and eight years before economic harvests.<ref name=PNACR262>{{cite web|author=Ian Duncan|title=Growers Manual for Production of Cashew: Nursery and Plantation|series=Nicaragua Agriculture Reconstruction Assistance Program |publisher=United States Agency for International Development|location=Managua, Nicaragua|url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACR262.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007214448/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACR262.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2006}}</ref><ref name=mekarsari>{{cite book |editor-last1= Davison |editor-first1= Julian |date= 1995 |title= Fruit of Indonesia |location= Jakarta |publisher= PT Mekar Unggul Sari |page=47 |isbn= 981-3018-11-9}}</ref>

More recent breeds, such as the dwarf cashew trees, are up to {{cvt|6|m}} tall and start producing after the first year, with economic yields after three years. The cashew nut yields for the traditional tree are about {{cvt|0.25|MT}} per hectare, in contrast to over a ton per hectare for the dwarf variety. Grafting and other modern tree management technologies improve and sustain cashew nut yields in commercial orchards.<ref name=PNACR262/><ref>{{cite web|author=Desai A.R.|author2= S.P. Singh|author3= J.R. Faleiro|author4= M. Thangam|author5= S. Priya Devi|author6= S.A. Safeena|author7= N.P. Singh|display-authors=3|year=2010|title=Techniques And Practices For Cashew Production|series=Technical Bulletin No. 21|publisher=ICAR Research Complex for Goa |location=Goa, India |url=https://ccari.icar.gov.in/TB%20No.21.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240607044215/https://ccari.icar.gov.in/TB%20No.21.pdf|archive-date= 7 June 2024}}</ref>

===Production===
In 2023, global production of cashew nuts (as the kernel) was 3.9 million [[tonne]]s, led by Ivory Coast and India with a combined 46% of the world total (table).

=== Trade ===
Almost all cashews produced in Africa between 2000 and 2019 were exported as raw nuts which are much less profitable than shelled nuts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nelle |first=Patrick |date=2022-02-28 |title=Can Africa cash in on its cashew nut domination? |url=https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/can-africa-cash-in-on-its-cashew-nut-domination/140693/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=How we made it in Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> One of the goals of the [[African Cashew Alliance]] is to promote Africa's cashew processing capabilities to improve the profitability of Africa's cashew industry.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-09-29 |title=ACA seeks creation of cashew development fund to enhance raw nuts processing in Africa |url=https://guardian.ng/features/agro-care/aca-seeks-creation-of-cashew-development-fund-to-enhance-raw-nuts-processing-in-africa/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2023-11-27 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Half of the world's cashews were sold by American retailer [[Costco]], as of 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Howe |first=Ben Ryder |date=2024-08-20 |title=How Costco Hacked the American Shopping Psyche |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/20/dining/costco.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Toxicity==
Some people are [[allergic]] to cashews, but they are a less frequent [[allergen]] than other tree nuts or [[peanut]]s.<ref name="Rosen">{{cite journal |last=Rosen |first=T. |author2=Fordice, D. B. |date=April 1994 |title=Cashew Nut Dermatitis |journal=Southern Medical Journal |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=543–546 |doi=10.1097/00007611-199404000-00026 |pmid=8153790}}</ref> For up to 6% of children and 3% of adults, consuming cashews may cause [[food allergy|allergic reactions]], ranging from mild discomfort to life-threatening [[anaphylaxis]].<ref name="Weinberger">{{cite journal |last1=Weinberger |first1=Tamar |last2=Sicherer |first2=Scott |year=2018 |title=Current perspectives on tree nut allergy: a review |journal=Journal of Asthma and Allergy |volume=11 |pages=41–51 |doi=10.2147/jaa.s141636 |issn=1178-6965 |pmc=5875412 |pmid=29618933 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="allen">{{cite journal |author=McWilliam V. |author2=Koplin J. |author3=Lodge C. |author4=Tang M. |author5=Dharmage S. |author6=Allen K. |year=2015 |title=The prevalence of tree nut allergy: a systematic review |journal=Current Allergy and Asthma Reports |volume=15 |issue=9 |page=555 |doi=10.1007/s11882-015-0555-8 |pmid=26233427 |s2cid=36209553}}</ref><ref name="eu">{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Cashew Allergies |url=http://foodallergens.ifr.ac.uk/food.lasso?selected_food=15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029202125/http://foodallergens.ifr.ac.uk/food.lasso?selected_food=15 |archive-date=29 October 2010 |publisher=Informall Database – funded by European Union}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |year=2006 |title=Food allergies |url=https://www.who.int/foodsafety/fs_management/No_03_allergy_June06_en.pdf |publisher=World Health Organization, International Food Safety Authorities Network}}</ref> These allergies are triggered by the proteins found in tree nuts, and cooking often does not remove or change these proteins.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cashew - allergy information (InformAll: Communicating about Food Allergies - University of Manchester) |url=http://research.bmh.manchester.ac.uk/informall/allergenic-food/index.aspx?FoodId=15 |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=research.bmh.manchester.ac.uk}}</ref> Reactions to cashew and tree nuts can also occur as a consequence of hidden nut ingredients or traces of nuts that may inadvertently be introduced during food processing, handling, or manufacturing.<ref name="allen" /><ref name="eu" />

The [[nutshell|shell]] of the cashew nut contains oil compounds that can cause [[contact dermatitis]] similar to [[poison ivy]], primarily resulting from the [[phenolic lipid]]s, [[anacardic acid]], and [[cardanol]].<ref name="duke" /><ref>{{cite journal |author=Rosen T. |author2=Fordice, D. B. |year=1994 |title=Cashew nut dermatitis |journal=South Med J |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=543–46 |doi=10.1097/00007611-199404000-00026 |pmid=8153790}}</ref> Because it can cause dermatitis, cashews are typically not sold in the shell to consumers.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 September 2013 |title=Why Cashews Aren't Sold In The Shell |url=http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/why-cashews-arent-sold-in-the-shell/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220000210/http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/why-cashews-arent-sold-in-the-shell/ |archive-date=20 February 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Moment of Science, Indiana Public Media}}</ref> [[Cardanol]], which can be readily and inexpensively extracted from the waste shells, is under research for its potential applications in [[nanomaterials]] and [[biotechnology]].<ref name="hamad">{{cite journal |author=Hamad F. B. |author2=Mubofu E. B. |year=2015 |title=Potential biological applications of bio-based anacardic acids and their derivatives |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=8569–90 |doi=10.3390/ijms16048569 |pmc=4425097 |pmid=25894225 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Uses==

=== Nutrition ===
{{Nutritional value
| name = Cashews, raw
| kcal = 553
| carbs = 30.19 g
| starch = 23.49 g
| sugars = 5.91 g
| lactose = 0.00 g
| fiber = 3.3 g
| fat = 43.85 g
| satfat = 7.783 g
| monofat = 23.797 g
| polyfat = 7.845 g
| protein = 18.22 g
| water = 5.20 g
| vitA_iu = 0
| betacarotene_ug =
| lutein_ug =
| thiamin_mg = 0.423
| riboflavin_mg = 0.058
| niacin_mg = 1.062
| pantothenic_mg = 0.86
| vitB6_mg = 0.417
| folate_ug = 25
| vitB12_ug = 0
| choline_mg =
| vitC_mg = 0.5
| vitD_ug = 0
| vitE_mg = 0.90
| vitK_ug = 34.1
| calcium_mg = 37
| iron_mg = 6.68
| magnesium_mg = 292
| manganese_mg = 1.66
| phosphorus_mg = 593
| potassium_mg = 660
| sodium_mg = 12
| zinc_mg = 5.78
| copper_mg = 2.2
| selenium_ug = 19.9
| tryptophan =
| threonine =
| isoleucine =
| leucine =
| lysine =
| methionine =
| cystine =
| phenylalanine =
| tyrosine =
| valine =
| arginine =
| histidine =
| alanine =
| aspartic acid =
| glutamic acid =
| glycine =
| proline =
| serine =
| source_usda = 1
| note = [https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/170162/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}
Raw cashew nuts are 5% water, 30% [[carbohydrate]]s, 44% [[fat]], and 18% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]] (table). In a 100-gram reference amount, raw cashews provide 553 [[kilocalories]], 67% of the [[Daily Value]] (DV) in total fats, 36% DV of [[protein]], 13% DV of [[dietary fiber]], and 11% DV of [[carbohydrate]]s.<ref name="USDA">{{cite web |year=2015 |title=Full Report (All Nutrients): 12087, Nuts, cashew nuts, raw, database version SR 27 |url=https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/3677?fg=&man=&lfacet=&count=&max=&sort=&qlookup=&offset=&format=Full&new=&measureby= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818022119/http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/3677?fg=&man=&lfacet=&count=&max=&sort=&qlookup=&offset=&format=Full&new=&measureby= |archive-date=18 August 2015 |access-date=6 August 2015 |publisher=Agricultural Research Service – United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> Cashew nuts are rich sources (20% or more of the DV) of [[dietary minerals]], including particularly [[copper]], [[manganese]], [[phosphorus]], and [[magnesium]] (79-110% DV), and of [[thiamin]], [[vitamin B6|vitamin B6]], and [[vitamin K]] (32-37% DV).<ref name="USDA" /> [[Iron]], [[potassium]], [[zinc]], and [[selenium]] are present in significant content (14-61% DV) (table).<ref name="USDA" /> Cashews (100g, raw) contain {{convert|113|mg}} of [[beta-sitosterol]].<ref name="USDA" />

=== Nut and shell ===
Culinary uses for cashew seeds in snacking and cooking are similar to those for all tree seeds called nuts.<ref name="morton" /><ref name="duke" />

Cashews are commonly used in [[Cuisine of the Indian subcontinent|Indian cuisine]], whole for garnishing sweets or curries, or ground into a paste<ref name="duke"/> that forms a base of sauces for curries (e.g., ''[[korma]]''), or some sweets (e.g., ''[[kaju barfi]]''). It is also used in powdered form in the preparation of several Indian sweets and desserts. In [[Goan cuisine]], both roasted and raw kernels of [[Goa Cashew (Kaju or Caju)|Goa Kaju]] are used whole for making curries and sweets. Cashews are also used in [[Thai cuisine|Thai]] and [[Chinese cuisine]]s, generally in whole form. In the Philippines, cashew is a known product of [[Antipolo]] and is eaten with [[suman (food)|''suman'']]. The province of [[Pampanga]] also has a sweet dessert called [[Turrón#Philippines|''turrones de casuy'']], which is cashew [[marzipan]] wrapped in white wafers. In Indonesia, roasted and salted cashews are called ''kacang mete'' or ''kacang mede'', while the cashew apple is called ''jambu monyet'' ({{abbr|lit.|literally}} 'monkey rose apple').{{cn|date=June 2023}}

In the 21st century, cashew cultivation increased in several African countries to meet the manufacturing demands for [[cashew milk]], a [[plant milk]] alternative to [[dairy milk]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Osborn M |date=26 August 2015 |title=Access to Market Data and Supply Chain Visibility offer Economic Boost to Ghana Cashew Farmers |url=http://consumergoods.edgl.com/column/Access-to-Market-Data-and-Supply-Chain-Visibility-offer-Economic-Boost-to-Ghana-Cashew-Farmers101911 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604004917/http://consumergoods.edgl.com/column/Access-to-Market-Data-and-Supply-Chain-Visibility-offer-Economic-Boost-to-Ghana-Cashew-Farmers101911 |archive-date=4 June 2016 |access-date=11 May 2016 |publisher=Consumer Goods Technology}}</ref> In Mozambique, ''bolo polana'' is a cake prepared using powdered cashews and mashed potatoes as the main ingredients. This dessert is common in South Africa.<ref>{{cite book |author=Phillippa Cheifitz |title=South Africa Eats |year=2009 |publisher=Quivertree Publications |isbn=978-0-9814287-2-7 |oclc=519442115}}</ref>

{{gallery|mode=packed
|Women preparing cashew, Burkina Faso.jpg|Women shelling cashews in [[Burkina Faso]], West Africa
|Shelling cashews.jpg|A woman using a machine to shell cashews in Thailand
|CashewSnack.jpg|Salted, roasted cashew nuts
|Cashew - sprout.jpg|Cashew sprouts are eaten raw or cooked.}}

===Husk===
The cashew nut kernel has a slight curvature and two [[cotyledon]]s, each representing around 20-25% of the weight of the nut. It is encased in a reddish-brown membrane called a husk, which accounts for approximately 5% of the total nut. Cashew nut husk is used in emerging industrial applications, such as an [[Adsorption|adsorbent]], [[Composite material|composites]], [[biopolymer]]s, [[dye]]s, and enzyme synthesis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khalid Zafeer |first1=Mohd. |last2=Subrahmanya Bhat |first2=K. |date=2023-01-01 |title=Valorisation of agro-waste cashew nut husk (Testa) for different value-added products |journal=Sustainable Chemistry for Climate Action |volume=2 |article-number=100014 |doi=10.1016/j.scca.2023.100014 |issn=2772-8269|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023SCCA....200014K }}</ref>

=== Apple ===
The mature cashew apple can be eaten fresh, cooked in curries, or fermented into vinegar, citric acid,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Africa |first=Nigeria |date=2022-07-17 |title=How Nigeria can turn its huge cashew waste into valuable citric acid |url=https://www.moneyweb.co.za/news/international/how-nigeria-can-turn-its-huge-cashew-waste-into-valuable-citric-acid/ |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=Moneyweb}}</ref> or an alcoholic drink.<ref name="duke" /> It is also used to make preserves, chutneys, and jams in some countries, such as India and Brazil.<ref name="duke" /> In many countries, particularly in South America, the cashew apple is used to flavor drinks, both alcoholic and nonalcoholic.<ref name="morton" /><ref name="eb" />

In Brazil, cashew fruit juice and fruit pulp are used to make sweets, and juice mixed with alcoholic beverages such as ''[[cachaça]]'', and as flour, milk, or cheese.<ref name="Edi Souza">{{cite web |author=Edi Souza |date=28 July 2018 |title=It's cashew time at the fair and on the plate (translated) |url=https://www.folhape.com.br/diversao/diversao/sabores/2018/07/28/NWS,76213,71,513,DIVERSAO,2330-E-TEMPO-CAJU-FEIRA-PRATO.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223527/https://www.folhape.com.br/diversao/diversao/sabores/2018/07/28/NWS,76213,71,513,DIVERSAO,2330-E-TEMPO-CAJU-FEIRA-PRATO.aspx |archive-date=21 August 2018 |access-date=21 August 2018 |publisher=Folha de Pernambuco |language=pt}}</ref> In Panama, the cashew fruit is cooked with water and sugar for a prolonged time to make a sweet, brown, paste-like dessert called {{lang|es|dulce de marañón}} ({{lang|es|marañón}} being a Spanish name for cashew).<ref>{{Cite web |last=O |first=Odalys |date=2011-10-15 |title=Dulces de mi campiña, Panamá: Dulce de Marañón |url=https://chefodys3.blogspot.com/2011/10/dulce-de-maranon.html |access-date=2021-09-22 |website=Dulces de mi campiña, Panamá}}</ref>

Cashew nuts are more widely traded than cashew apples, because the fruit, unlike the nut, is easily bruised and has a very limited shelf life.<ref name="Strom-2014">{{cite news |last=Strom |first=Stephanie |date=8 August 2014 |title=Cashew Juice, the Apple of Pepsi's Eye |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/09/business/international/cashew-juice-the-apple-of-pepsis-eye.html |access-date=24 November 2015 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Cashew apple juice, however, may be used for manufacturing blended juices such as [[cajuína]].<ref name="Strom-2014" />

When the apple is consumed, its [[astringency]] is sometimes removed by steaming the fruit for five minutes before washing it in cold water. [[Steeping]] the fruit in boiling salt water for five minutes reduces the astringency.<ref>{{cite book |author=Azam-Ali and Judge |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-ac306e.pdf |title=Small-scale cashew nut processing |publisher=FAO, United Nations |year=2004 |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215021318/http://www.fao.org/3/a-ac306e.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Cambodia]], where the plant is usually grown as an ornamental rather than an economic tree, the fruit is a delicacy and is eaten with salt.<ref name="dyphon" />

===Alcohol===
In the Indian state of [[Goa]], the ripened cashew apples are mashed, and the juice, called "neero", is extracted and kept for fermentation<ref name="duke" /> for a few days. This fermented juice then undergoes a double distillation process. The resulting beverage is called ''[[Feni (liquor)|feni]]'' or fenny. ''Feni'' is about 40–42% alcohol (80–84 proof). The single-distilled version is called ''[[urrak]]'', which is about 15% alcohol (30 proof).<ref name="how-kaju-feni-is-made">{{cite web |title=Cashew Drink Stages |url=https://www.goaonline.in/about/tourism/how-kaju-feni-is-made |access-date=7 April 2021 |website=www.goaonline.in}}</ref> In Tanzania, the cashew apple (''bibo'' in [[Swahili language|Swahili]]) is dried and reconstituted with water and fermented, then distilled to make a strong liquor called ''gongo''.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Eating in Tanzania |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/tanzania/in-location/eating/a/nar/0ea61029-2f97-4a70-b083-95460b55cf05/355640 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815074019/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/tanzania/in-location/eating/a/nar/0ea61029-2f97-4a70-b083-95460b55cf05/355640 |archive-date=15 August 2019 |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=Lonely Planet |language=en}}</ref>

{{gallery|mode=packed
|Distilling caju apple liquor in Mogovolas.jpg|Distilling cashew apple liquor (''muchekele'') in Mozambique, southeastern Africa
|Shrivelled and fermented cashew apples ready for distillation.jpg|Cashew apples spread for drying and subsequent storage before reconstitution in water and later fermentation, Mozambique
}}

=== Nut oil ===
Cashew nut oil is a dark yellow oil derived from pressing the cashew nuts (typically from lower-value broken chunks created accidentally during processing) and used for cooking or salad dressing. The highest quality oil is produced from a single cold pressing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartkitchen.com/resources/cashew-oil|title=Cashew Oil|publisher=Smart Kitchen|access-date=15 February 2015|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006080124/http://www.smartkitchen.com/resources/cashew-oil}}</ref>

=== Shell oil ===
{{See also|Urushiol}}

Cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) or cashew shell oil ([[CAS registry number]] 8007-24-7) is a natural [[resin]] with a yellowish [[Paint sheen|sheen]] found in the [[honeycomb structure]] of the cashew nutshell, and is a byproduct of processing cashew nuts. Since it is a strong irritant, it should not be confused with edible cashew nut oil. It is dangerous to handle in small-scale processing of the shells, but is itself a raw material with multiple uses.<ref name=hamad/> It is used in tropical [[folk medicine]] and for anti-[[termite]] treatment of timber.<ref name=clay /> Its composition varies depending on how it is processed.
* Cold, [[Liquid–liquid extraction|solvent-extracted]] CNSL is mostly composed of [[anacardic acids]] (70%),<ref name=cen/> [[cardol]] (18%), and [[cardanol]] (5%).<ref name=hamad/><ref name=epa>{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/hpv/pubs/summaries/casntliq/c13793rr3.pdf|title=Exposure and Use Data for Cashew Nut Shell Liquid|publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|access-date=12 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512194341/http://www.epa.gov/hpv/pubs/summaries/casntliq/c13793rr3.pdf|archive-date=12 May 2013}}</ref>
* Heating CNSL [[decarboxylation|decarboxylates]] the anacardic acids, producing a technical grade of CNSL that is rich in cardanol. [[Distillation]] of this material gives distilled, technical CNSL containing 78% cardanol and 8% cardol (cardol has one more [[hydroxyl]] group than cardanol).<ref name=epa/> This process also reduces the degree of thermal [[polymerization]] of the unsaturated alkyl-phenols present in CNSL.
* Anacardic acid is also used in the chemical industry for the production of cardanol, which is used for resins, coatings, and frictional materials.<ref name=cen>{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/cen-v086n033.p026|title=A Nutty Chemical|date=8 September 2008 |volume=86|issue=36|pages=26–27|author=Alexander H. Tullo|journal=[[Chemical and Engineering News]]}}</ref><ref name=epa />

These substances are skin allergens, like [[Toxicodendron vernicifluum#Lacquer|lacquer]] and the oils of poison ivy, and they present a danger during manual cashew processing.<ref name=clay>{{Cite book|last=Clay|first=Jason|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RU8D9kB714C&q=nutshell+liquid&pg=PA268|title=World Agriculture and the Environment: A Commodity-By-Commodity Guide To Impacts And Practices|date=March 2004|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-55963-370-3|language=en |page=268}}</ref>

This natural oil phenol has interesting chemical structural features that can be modified to create a wide spectrum of biobased [[monomer]]s. These capitalize on the chemically-versatile construct, which contains three [[functional group]]s: The [[aromatic ring]], the [[hydroxyl group]], and the [[double bond]]s in the flanking [[alkyl]] chain. These include [[polyols]], which have recently seen increased demand for their biobased origin and key chemical attributes such as high reactivity, range of functionalities, reduction in blowing agents, and naturally occurring fire retardant properties in the field of rigid polyurethanes, aided by their inherent phenolic structure and larger number of reactive units per unit mass.<ref name=hamad/>

CNSL may be used as a resin for [[carbon composite]] products.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ferri|first=Enrico|title=Bioresins Derived from Cashew Nutshell Oil|url=http://www.materialstoday.com/composite-processing/features/bio-resins-derived-from-cashew-nutshell-oil/|publisher=MaterialsToday|access-date=7 September 2011|date=22 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910171651/http://www.materialstoday.com/composite-processing/features/bio-resins-derived-from-cashew-nutshell-oil/|archive-date=10 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> CNSL-based [[novolac]] is another versatile industrial monomer deriving from cardanol typically used as a [[cross-link|reticulating]] agent (hardener) for [[epoxy]] matrices in [[Composite material|composite]] applications<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=da Silva |first1=Kássia Teixeira |last2=Oliveira |first2=Beatriz S. |last3=da Silva |first3=Lucas R. R. |last4=Mattos |first4=Adriano L. A. |last5=Mazzetto |first5=Selma E. |last6=Lomonaco |first6=Diego |date=2023-01-27 |title=<scp>Bio-based</scp> novolac resins from cashew nut processing waste: Alternative resource for the development of <scp>high-value</scp> sustainable products |journal=Journal of Applied Polymer Science |volume=140 |issue=13 |doi=10.1002/app.53661 |issn=0021-8995}}</ref> providing good thermal and mechanical properties to the final composite material.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ferri |first1=Enrico |last2=Talentino |first2=Debi |date=May 2011 |title=Bio-resins from cashew nutshell oil |journal=Reinforced Plastics |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=29–31 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(11)70074-1 |issn=0034-3617}}</ref>

=== Animal feed ===
Discarded cashew nuts are unfit for human consumption and the residues of oil extraction from cashew kernels can be fed to livestock. Animals can also eat the leaves of cashew trees.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Heuzé |first1=V. |last2=Tran |first2=G. |last3=Hassoun |first3=P. |last4=Bastianelli |first4=D. |last5=Lebas |first5=F. |year=2017 |title=Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nuts and by-products |website=Feedipedia|url=https://www.feedipedia.org/node/56|access-date=2023-01-16|language=en}}</ref>

=== Other uses ===
In addition to its nut and fruit, the plant has several other uses. In Cambodia, the bark gives a yellow dye, the timber is used in boat-making, and for house-boards, and the wood makes excellent charcoal.<ref name="dyphon">{{cite book |last1=Pauline Dy Phon |title=Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes utilisées au Cambodge |date=2000 |publisher=Imprimerie Olympic |location=Phnom Penh |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InD2RAAACAAJ|author1-link=Pauline Dy Phon }}</ref> The shells yield a black oil used as a preservative and waterproofing agent in [[varnish]]es, cement, and as a [[lubricant]] or timber seal.<ref name=duke/> Derivatives of the shell are also used in paints.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jostock |first=Carolyn |title=Encyclopedia of Latin American history and culture |date=2008 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |isbn=978-0-684-31590-4 |editor-last=Kinsbruner |editor-first=Jay |edition=2nd |series=Gale eBooks |location=Detroit, Mich |page=176 |editor-last2=Langer |editor-first2=Erick Detlef |editor-last3=Gale (Firm)}}</ref>

Timber is used to manufacture furniture, boats, packing crates, and [[charcoal]].<ref name="duke" /> Its juice turns black on exposure to air, providing an indelible ink.<ref name="duke" />

==See also==
* [[List of culinary nuts]]
* ''[[Semecarpus anacardium]]'' (the Oriental Anacardium), a native of India and closely related to the cashew

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Cookbook}}
* {{Commons category inline|Anacardium occidentale}}

{{Nuts}}
{{Fatsandoils}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q34007}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cashews| ]]
[[Category:Anacardium]]
[[Category:Crops originating from South America]]
[[Category:Drupes]]
[[Category:Edible nuts and seeds]]
[[Category:Flora of Southern America]]
[[Category:Fruit trees]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of South America]]
[[Category:Nut oils]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Resins]]
[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]

Ramkrishna Kusmaria

2026-02-17T00:50:51Z

SamiraKeister30: enhance information also and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ramkrishna Kusmaria
| office1 = [[Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare|Minister of Farmers Welfare and Agriculture Development]], [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 20 December 2008
| term_end1 = 9 December 2013
| constituency1 = [[Pathariya Assembly constituency]]
| predecessor1 = [[Gopal Bhargava]]
| successor1 = [[Gaurishankar Bisen]]
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|7|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Damoh district|Sakor]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]], [[British India]]
| residence = [[Damoh]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency3 = [[Khajuraho (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khajuraho]]
| term2 = 1991-2004
| constituency2 = [[Damoh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Damoh]]
| term3 = 2004-2008
| date = 22 September
| office4 = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 1977
| term_end4 = 1980
| constituency4 = [[Hatta Assembly constituency]]
| term_start5 = 1985
| term_end5 = 1990
| constituency5 = [[Hatta Assembly constituency]]
| term_start6 = 1990
| term_end6 = 1991
| constituency6 = [[Hatta Assembly constituency]]
| predecessor6 =
| year = 2006
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/214?from=members
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| parents = Shri Kanhaiyalal Kusmaria
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| education = M.Sc. (Agriculture), Ph.D. Educated at Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur and [[Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya]], Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh)
}}

'''Ramkrishna Kusmaria''' (born 30 July 1942) is an [[Indian politician]] from Madhya Pradesh. He was a five-time Member of Parliament and four-time MLA. He won as MP, four times from Damoh Constituency, and once from Khajuraho Constituency. He was a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

== Early life and education ==
Kusmaria was born in Sakor. His father Kanhaiyalal Kusumaria was a farmer. He is a post-graduate with an M.Sc. in Agriculture and later he also completed his doctorate from [[Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya]], Jabalpur.

== Career ==
Kusmaria was elected as MLA for the first time from [[Hatta Assembly constituency]] in Damoh in 1977 as [[Janata Party]] candidate. Again in 1985 he was elected as MLA from [[Hatta Assembly constituency]] as a BJP candidate. Later in 1990, he was elected for the third time as MLA from [[Hatta Assembly constituency]].

After a stint in the Parliament for five terms from 1991 to 2008, he was elected as MLA for the fourth time but shifted to [[Pathariya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pathariya Assembly constituency]], also on BJP ticket in 2008, and resigned from the Lok Sabha on 19 December 2008. He also became Minister of Farmers Welfare and Agriculture Development in the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]. In 2018, he lost the Assembly Election as an independent from Damoh Constituency<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-elections/dr-ramkrishna-kusmaria-baba-ji-candidate-17086 | title=Dr. Ramkrishna Kusmaria Baba Ji : Damoh Constituency, Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election | Business Standard }}</ref> and Pathariya Constituency. He contested from two seats as a BJP rebel candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-20 |title=Dissent in BJP ranks in MP over denial of tickets for assembly polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/madhya-pradesh-elections/dissent-in-bjp-ranks-in-madhya-pradesh-over-denial-of-tickets-for-assembly-elections/story-IadarURi6giexAM9cGgeEL.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2018-11-10 |title=MP: Irked by ticket distribution, BJP leader compares party to Aurangzeb's rule |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/article/news-ani/mp-irked-by-ticket-distribution-bjp-leader-compares-party-to-aurangzeb-s-rule-118111000208_1.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref> After an internal survey, Chief Minister Chouhan dropped many non-performing sitting MLAs, including Kusmaria.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-06 |title=MP: Dismal poll survey reports give Shivraj Singh Chouhan the jitters |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/mp-dismal-poll-survey-reports-give-shivraj-singh-chouhan-the-jitters-688924.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-05 |title=And Then There Remained One |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/and-then-there-remained-one-news-288850 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Five terms in Parliament ===
He was elected as a Member of the Parliament from Damoh Lok Sabha Constituency in Madhya Pradesh representing BJP for the first time in 1991. He went on to win the next four Lok Sabha elections and was a member of the [[10th Lok Sabha|10th]], [[11th Lok Sabha|11th]], [[12th Lok Sabha|12th]], [[13th Lok Sabha|13th]] and [[14th Lok Sabha|14th]] [[Lok Sabha]] of [[India]]. After representing [[Damoh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Damoh constituency]] from 1991 to 2004, he contested the 14th Lok Sabha from [[Khajuraho (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khajuraho constituency]] also on BJP ticket and won.

He is also a president of Bundelkhand Development Authority from 2016 to 2019. He is appointed as chairman of state backward classes commission in year 2023.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} He joined [[Indian National Congress]] on 8 February 2019, but returned to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] on 3 July 2020.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=214&lastls=14 Lok Sabha Profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kusmaria, Ramkrishna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Damoh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:People from Chhatarpur district]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:People from Khajuraho]]

Sushila Nayyar

2026-02-16T15:20:06Z

SamiraKeister30: minor update

{{Infobox person
| image = Dr Sushila Nayyar, 1947.jpg
| caption = Nayyar in 1947
| birth_date = 26 December 1914
| birth_place = [[Kunjah]], British India
| death_date = 3 January 2001
| alma_mater = [[Lady Hardinge Medical College]], [[Johns Hopkins School of Public Health]]
| occupation = physician, politician and lifelong follower of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
| relatives = [[Pyarelal Nayyar]] (brother)
}}
{{short description|Indian politician and physician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{more footnotes|date=November 2012}}
'''Sushila Nayyar''', also spelt 'Nayar' (26 December 1914 – 3 January 2001), was an [[India|Indian]] [[physician]], [[Gandhians|Gandhian]] and [[politician]] who served as the [[Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Health and Family welfare]]. She played a leading role in public health, medical education and social and rural reconstruction in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Understanding Gandhi: Gandhians in Conversation with Fred J Blum|last1=Thakkar|first1=Usha|last2=Mehta|first2=Jayshree|date=2011|location=New Delhi|doi=10.4135/9788132106838|isbn=9788132105572}}</ref> She became Gandhi's personal physician and an important member of his inner circle. Later, she wrote several books based on her experiences.<ref name=":0" /> Her brother, [[Pyarelal Nayyar]], was the personal secretary to Gandhi.

==Biography==

=== Early life and education ===
She was born on 26 December 1914 in [[Kunjah]], a small town in the Gujarat district of [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] (now in Pakistan).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ganapati|first=R.|date=2004|title=Epidemiology of Leprosy|journal=International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases|volume=72|issue=4|pages=491|doi=10.1489/1544-581x(2004)72<491b:eol>2.0.co;2|pmid=15755207 |issn=0148-916X}}</ref> She developed an early attraction to Gandhian ideals through her brother and had even met Gandhi as a young child in [[Lahore]].<ref name=":0" /> She came to [[New Delhi|Delhi]] to study medicine at [[Lady Hardinge Medical College]], from where she earned her [[MBBS]] and [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]]. Throughout her college days, she remained in close contact with the Gandhis.<ref name=":0" />

=== Association with Gandhi during India's freedom struggle ===
In 1939 she came to [[Sevagram]] to join her brother, and quickly became a close associate of the Gandhi's. Shortly after her arrival, cholera broke out in [[Wardha]], and the young medical graduate tackled the outbreak almost singlehandedly. Gandhi praised her fortitude and dedication to service, and with the blessing of [[Bidhan Chandra Roy|B.C. Roy]] appointed her as his personal physician. In 1942 she returned once more to Gandhi's side, to take part in the [[Quit India Movement]] that was sweeping the country. That year she was imprisoned along with other prominent Gandhians at the [[Aga Khan Palace]] in [[Pune|Poona]]. In 1944 she set up a small dispensary at Sevagram, but this soon grew so large it disturbed the peace of the ashram, and she shifted it to a guesthouse donated by the [[Birlas]], in Wardha. In 1945 this little clinic formally became the [[Kasturba Hospital]] (now the [[Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences]]). This time was, however, highly fraught; [[Assassination of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi#Previous attempts|several attempts were made on Gandhi's life]], including [[Nathuram Godse]], the man who ultimately killed him, and Sushila Nayyar testified on several occasions to the attacks. In 1948 she appeared before the [[Kapur Commission]] regarding the [[Assassination of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi#Second attempt|incident in Panchgani]] in 1944 when Nathuram Godse allegedly tried to attack Gandhi with a dagger.

Being a close associate of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], Sushila Nayyar was one of the women to take part in his celibacy tests.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Adams |first1=Jad |title=Gandhi: Naked Ambition |year=2010 |publisher=Quercus |isbn=9781849162104}}</ref>

=== Further education and public service ===
After Gandhi's assassination in 1948 in Delhi, Sushila Nayyar went to the United States, where she took two degrees in [[public health]] from the [[Johns Hopkins School of Public Health]]. Returning in 1950, she set up a [[tuberculosis]] [[sanatorium]] in [[Faridabad]], the model township on the outskirts of Delhi set up on cooperative lines by fellow Gandhian [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]]. Nayyar also headed the Gandhi Memorial Leprosy Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-01|title=Sushila Nayar, Gandhi's Doctor Who Spent Her Life Giving Medical Care to the Poor|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/187641/sushila-nayar-doctor-mahatma-gandhi-woman-health-minister-india/|access-date=2021-02-05|website=The Better India|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Political career ===
In 1952 she entered politics and was elected to the [[Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]. From 1952 to 1955 she served as [[Health Minister]] in [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru's]] cabinet. She was Speaker of the Delhi Vidhan Sabha (as the State Assembly had been renamed) from 1955 to 1956. In 1957, she was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], from [[Jhansi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhansi]] Constituency, and served till 1971. She was Union Health Minister again from 1962 to 1967. During the congress regime, she fell out with Indira Gandhi and joined (Janata party). She was elected to Lok Sabha from Jhansi in 1977 when her new party was voted to power that created history by overthrowing Indira Gandhi's government. Thereafter she retired from politics to devote herself to the Gandhian ideal. She had set up the [[Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences]] in 1969, and remained committed to confine her energies to developing and extending it.

=== Personal life and death ===
She remained unmarried throughout her life.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sahgal|first=Kanav Narayan|date=2020-03-16|title=Sushila Nayar: The Public Health Hero We All Should Know About {{!}} #IndianWomenInHistory|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2020/03/16/sushila-nayar-the-public-health-hero-we-all-should-know-about-indianwomeninhistory/|access-date=2021-02-05|website=Feminism In India|language=en-GB}}</ref> On 3 January 2001, she died due to a [[cardiac arrest]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/01/04/stories/0204000c.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Sushila Nayyar dead|date=2001-01-04|access-date=2019-03-30}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Sushila Nayyar was deeply influenced by the [[Gandhian philosophy]] of hard work and abstinence. She was a follower of Gandhian thoughts. She felt strongly about the need for [[prohibition]] and linked this to the domestic concerns of poor women whose lives were often blighted by [[alcoholism]] in their husbands. She was also a staunch campaigner for family planning, once again seeing this as essential [[Empowerment#Women|empowerment for women]], especially poor women. In her personal life, she practiced strict discipline and expected this also of her followers, acolytes and students. She was one of the circle of young women who followed Gandhi and were deeply impressed by his charisma and magnetism, such that he became the central focus of their lives. She never married. In an age when it was extremely difficult for single young women to have careers, she managed by sheer grit and dedication to carve out a life for herself without concessions to her gender or status. She also believed like Gandhi that there was no such thing as a dirty job, and that medicine required hands-on involvement with patients and their ailments, regardless of feminine delicacy or [[Forward caste|upper caste]] squeamishness. However, she could also be authoritarian and unforgiving about other people's foibles, and expected similar levels of sacrifice and ruthlessness from those around her.

==Published works ==
* ''The Story of Bapu's Imprisonment'' (1944)
* ''Amaran Ba (Our Ba)'' written along with Vanamala Parikh (1945)
* ''Kasturba, Wife of Gandhi'' (1948)
* ''Kasturba Gandhi: A Personal Reminiscence'' (1960)
* ''Family Planning'' (1963)
* ''Role of Women in Prohibition'' (1977)
* ''Mahatma Gandhi: Satyagraha at Work (Vol. IV)'' (1951)
* ''Mahatma Gandhi: India Awakened, (Vol. V)''
* ''Mahatma Gandhi: Salt Satyagraha – The Watershed, (Vol. VI)''
* ''Mahatma Gandhi: Preparing For Swaraj, (Vol. VII)''
* ''Mahatma Gandhi: Final Fight For Freedom, (Vol. VIII)'' (c. 1990)
* ''Mahatma Gandhi: The Last Phase'' (completed for her brother Pyarelal, the tenth volume in his biography of Gandhi, published by the [[Navajivan Publishing House]].)

==References==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayyar, Sushila}}
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women in Uttar Pradesh politics]]
[[Category:Health ministers of India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 1952–1956]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:People from Jhansi district]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]

Tawqir Raza Khan

2026-02-05T04:51:29Z

SamiraKeister30: creating a stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Tawqir Raza Khan
| image =
| title =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bareilly]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
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| other_names =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| era =
| region = [[India]]
| occupation =
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| creed = [[Maturidi]]
| movement = [[Barelvism]]
| main_interests =
| notable_ideas =
| notable_works =
| alma_mater =
| Sufi_order = [[Qadri]]
| disciple_of =
| awards =
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| module =
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| signature =
| political_party = [[Ittehad-e-Millat Council]]
| founder = [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board (Jadeed)]]
| honorific prefix = [[Mawlana]]
}}
{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar and politician}}
'''Tawqir Raza Khan''' is an Indian Islamic scholar and politician who is the founder of the [[Ittehad-e-Millat Council]], a political party based in Uttar Pradesh. A figure of the [[Barelvi]] [[Sunni Muslims]], Tawqir is a great-grandson of [[Ahmad Raza Khan]].

Tawqir Raza Khan also heads the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board (Jaded)|All India Muslim Personal Law Board (Jadeed)]] after he cut ties with the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]], claiming discrimination by the [[Deobandis]]. Khan was elevated to the post of the Vice-Chairman of his state's handloom department but resigned following the [[2013 Muzaffarnagar riots|Muzaffarnagar riots]]. In 2016 he visited [[Deoband]] and met [[Deobandi]] scholars in an attempt to forge unity among Muslims. Khan is currently under arrest for organizing the "[[2025 I Love Muhammad protests|I Love Muhammad protests]]".

== Early life ==
Tawqir Raza Khan was born to son of Rehan Raza Khan, eldest son of [[Ibrahim Raza Khan]] and the great-grandson of [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]], the founder of the [[Barelvi]] movement.<ref>{{cite web|title='A mother's tears' bring rival Sunni sects together|date=30 May 2016|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/muslim-youth-arrest-terrorism-indian-muslims-a-mothers-tears-bring-rival-sunni-sects-together-2825143/|publisher=Indian Express|accessdate=23 August 2017|archive-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823205949/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/muslim-youth-arrest-terrorism-indian-muslims-a-mothers-tears-bring-rival-sunni-sects-together-2825143/|url-status=live}}</ref> His elder brother, [[Subhan Raza Khan]], was the Sajjadanashin of [[Dargah-e-Ala Hazrat|Dargah-e-Aala Hazrat]].<ref name="probe"/>
== Career ==
=== Political career ===
On 7 October 2001 Raza Khan formed his own political party, the [[Ittehad-e-Millat Council]]. In the first municipal election the party contested, it won 10 seats. The mayoral candidate of the party secured 36,000 votes.<ref>{{cite web|title=तौकीर रजा और सपा की दोस्ती में तीन मर्तबा पड़ चुकी है दरार|url=https://www.jagran.com:443/news/national-sp-govt-unable-to-take-tough-stand-against-communal-elements-maulana-tauqeer-raza-khan-10913467.html|publisher=Jagran|access-date=23 August 2017|language=Hindi|archive-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823204324/http://www.jagran.com/news/national-sp-govt-unable-to-take-tough-stand-against-communal-elements-maulana-tauqeer-raza-khan-10913467.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[2009 Indian general election]], Raza Khan supported the [[Indian National Congress]] party. With his support a Congress candidate{{snd}}[[Praveen Singh Aron]]{{snd}}was able defeat the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate and a six-time member of parliament [[Santosh Gangwar]]. In the [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012 Uttar Pradesh Assembly election]], he pledged his support for the [[Samajwadi Party]], and in the [[2014 Indian general election]], he supported the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Barelvi cleric Maulana Tauqeer Raza to contest 50 seats in UP polls|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Barelvi-cleric-Maulana-Tauqeer-Raza-to-contest-50-seats-in-UP-polls/articleshow/52961794.cms|newspaper=Times of India|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209160512/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Barelvi-cleric-Maulana-Tauqeer-Raza-to-contest-50-seats-in-UP-polls/amp_articleshow/52961794.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 2012 election Raza Khan urged voters to vote in the name of religion for the minority community. The party made [[Shazil Islam Ansari]], a former [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] minister, the candidate from [[Bhojipura (Assembly constituency)|Bhojipura constituency]], which was home to 125,000 Muslims.<ref>{{cite news|title=A litmus test for the Barelvi Muslims|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/a-litmus-test-for-the-barelvi-muslims/article2936492.ece|work=The Hindu|date=27 February 2012|accessdate=23 August 2017|last1=Khan|first1=Atiq|archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209160607/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/a-litmus-test-for-the-barelvi-muslims/article2936492.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Though he won from the constituency, he joined the Samajwadi Party.<ref>{{cite news|title=2 Akhilesh loyalists, sitting MLAs lose tickets|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/2-akhilesh-loyalists-sitting-mlas-lose-tickets/articleshow/56225163.cms|newspaper=Times of India|date=28 December 2016 |access-date=23 August 2017|archive-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830090704/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/2-akhilesh-loyalists-sitting-mlas-lose-tickets/articleshow/56225163.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2013 Raza Khan was appointed as the vice-chairman of the Handloom Corporation on the condition that the Samajwadi Party would reconsider their candidates fielded in [[Moradabad]] and [[Bareilly]] for the 2014 Indian general election. He also demanded that a committee be created to investigate the causes of the communal riots that took place in the state during the tenure of chief minister [[Akhilesh Yadav]]. He also made clear that his party had not merged with the Samajwadi Party.<ref>{{cite web|title=Barelvi cleric elevated,wants SP to review candidates|date=28 May 2013|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/barelvi-cleric-elevated-wants-sp-to-review-candidates/|publisher=Indian Express|accessdate=25 August 2017|archive-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825142929/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/barelvi-cleric-elevated-wants-sp-to-review-candidates/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in September 2014 he resigned from his post following the [[2013 Muzaffarnagar riots|Muzaffarnagar riots]]. He accused the Samajwadi-led government of failing to protect Muslim citizens. He also alleged that his demand of an investigation into the communal riots had not been fulfilled.<ref name="riots">{{cite web|title=Prominent Muslim leader Maulana Tauqeer resigns over Muzaffarnagar riots|url=http://www.tehelka.com/2013/09/prominent-barelvi-muslim-leader-maulana-tauqeer-resigns-over-muzaffarnagar-riots/|publisher=Tehelka|accessdate=26 August 2017|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826114037/http://www.tehelka.com/2013/09/prominent-barelvi-muslim-leader-maulana-tauqeer-resigns-over-muzaffarnagar-riots/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He also said:{{quote|The people of [[Uttar Pradesh]] had high hopes from the young chief minister [[Akhilesh Yadav]] – that he would herald a new era in the state, but he has disappointed people as he has no control over the officers of the police and the civil administration. This has created an anarchy-like situation in the state. If the Chief Minister had the ability and experience to run the administration, the situation in [[Muzaffarnagar]] would not have been so critical.<ref name="riots"/>}}
In November 2013, Raza Khan was visited by [[Delhi]] chief minister [[Arvind Kejriwal]], who said that the man next to him was a "respectable person in the town". Kejriwal also refused to accept that by virtue of this meeting he was appeasing the Muslims. Raza Khan said that he liked Kejriwal for his [[India Against Corruption]] movement.<ref>{{cite news|title=Arvind Kejriwal courts controversy over meeting Muslim cleric Maulana Tauqeer Rana|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/arvind-kejriwal-courts-controversy-over-meeting-muslim-cleric-maulana-tauqeer-rana/articleshow/25273180.cms|newspaper=Economic Times|accessdate=26 August 2017|archive-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828164659/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/arvind-kejriwal-courts-controversy-over-meeting-muslim-cleric-maulana-tauqeer-rana/articleshow/25273180.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Religious career ===
The [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] is a non-governmental organisation for personal laws of the Muslims in India. Alleging discrimination, the [[Shia Muslims]] formed a parallel [[All India Shia Personal Law Board]]. In February 2005 Raza Khan formed his own [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board (Jadeed)]] ("Modern") for the Barelvi Muslims after alleging discrimination from the [[Deobandi]] members of the Law Board.<ref name="TTT"/> He said:{{quote|AIMPLB has lost all credibility as its two main components have separated. We are the new board now. We were feeling suffocated earlier.<ref name="TTT">{{cite web|title=Talaq, Talaq, Talaq|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/talaq-talaq-talaq/226437|publisher=Outlook India|accessdate=23 August 2017|archive-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824005542/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/talaq-talaq-talaq/226437|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

In May 2016 Raza Khan visited [[Deoband]], the city from which a rival sect [[Deobandi]] originated, to meet the family of a boy who had been arrested on accusations of being involved in terrorism. He also visited the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] seminary and spoke to Deobandi religious scholars. ''[[The Milli Gazette]]'' wrote that it was a move towards unity among Muslims.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maulana Tauqeer Raza Khan visits Darul Uloom Deoband |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/14280-maulana-tauqeer-raza-khan-visits-darul-uloom-deoband |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821002943/http://www.milligazette.com/news/14280-maulana-tauqeer-raza-khan-visits-darul-uloom-deoband |archive-date=21 August 2017 |accessdate=20 August 2017 |publisher=The Milli Gazette}}</ref> He said that though the Deobandis and Barelvis differed on theological issues, they should remain united while facing issues affecting the Islamic community. He also said that there was a need to fight the "common enemy". The ''Times of India'' wrote that the clerics from the rival sects had met, noting that it was a rare event for a cleric to visit the other's seminary.<ref>{{cite web|title=Deoband, Barelvi clerics meet, talk unity against 'common enemy'|date=10 May 2016|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/deoband-barelvi-clerics-meet-talk-unity-against-common-enemy-2792503/|publisher=Indian Express|accessdate=20 August 2017|archive-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821002603/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/deoband-barelvi-clerics-meet-talk-unity-against-common-enemy-2792503/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ''Times of India'' wrote that Raza Khan's visit to Deoband "stirred a sectarian storm" among the religious scholars of the Barelvi sect. His brother, [[Subhan Raza Khan]], warned that he would face a boycott if he failed to apologise publicly. He said that he would do the same only if a {{Transliteration|ar|[[fatwa]]}} (Islamic legal ruling) was issued by a [[mufti]] condemning his visit. A panel of 12 muftis was formed by the officials of the [[Dargah-e-Ala Hazrat|shrine of Ahmad Raza Khan]] who were given the responsibility to investigate the discussion that took place between Tawqir Raza Khan and the Deobandi scholars based on media files uploaded on social media.<ref name="probe">{{cite news|title=Panel of muftis to probe charges against Tauqeer Raza after Deoband meet|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Panel-of-muftis-to-probe-charges-against-Tauqeer-Raza-after-Deoband-meet/articleshow/52273236.cms|newspaper=Times of India|date=14 May 2016 |access-date=20 August 2017|archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209160557/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Panel-of-muftis-to-probe-charges-against-Tauqeer-Raza-after-Deoband-meet/articleshow/52273236.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=देवबंद जाने पर मौलाना तौकीर की तौबा|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-14036202.html|publisher=Jagran|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826113824/http://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-14036202.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2025 I Love Muhammad protest ===
On 4 September 2025, during the [[Mawlid]] procession, Muslims blamed Hindus of tearing "I Love Muhammad" posters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Samarth |date=2025-09-22 |title=What is 'I Love Muhammad' row and why did it spark protests across India? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/what-is-i-love-muhammad-row-and-why-it-sparked-protests-across-india-barawafat-procession-kanpur-nagpur-hyderabad-owaisi-full-story-2791497-2025-09-22 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> After situation worsened, on 21 September 2025, the IMC under Khan announced to assemble a peaceful protest on 26 September after the Friday prayer. During the start of the [[2025 I Love Muhammad protests|I Love Muhammad protests]], Khan was arrested and detained by the Uttar Pradesh police along with many others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=2025-09-27 |title='I Love Muhammad' Row: Bareilly Cleric Tauqeer Raza, 7 Others Arrested |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/i-love-muhammad-row-bareilly-cleric-tauqeer-raza-7-others-arrested-1906549 |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Views ==
===Sufi conference===
In March 2016 an International Sufi Conference was held in [[Delhi]] which was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sufi Conference draws flak|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-free-press-journal/20160320/281539405075876|publisher=Press Reader|accessdate=20 August 2017|archive-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821003639/https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-free-press-journal/20160320/281539405075876|url-status=live}}</ref> Raza Khan criticised the event, claiming that [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (a Hindu right-wing organisation) was creating sectarian conflict among the Muslims with this conference. He also said:{{quote|The history is witness of the fact that a Sufi never went to the doors of rich, its first time that in name of Sufism privileges are being availed from Prime Minister and the RSS.<ref>{{cite web|title=RSS is behind Sufi Conference : Maulana Tauqeer Raza Khan|date=19 March 2016|url=http://www.siasat.com/news/rss-behind-sufi-conference-maulana-tauqeer-raza-khan-934337/|publisher=Siasat|accessdate=20 August 2017|archive-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821004141/http://www.siasat.com/news/rss-behind-sufi-conference-maulana-tauqeer-raza-khan-934337/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

== Controversies ==

=== Taslima Nasrin issue ===
Raza Khan became controversial when he spoke about [[Taslima Nasrin]], a [[Bangladeshi]] anti-Islamic author. In 2007 Raza Khan had announced a reward of Rs5{{nbsp}}lakh on the author's head if the Indian government did not restrict her entry to [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ibnlive.com/news/india/i-only-spoke-the-truth-taslima-nasreen-on-fir-against-tweets-654466.html|title=News, Breaking News, Latest News, News Headlines, Live News, Today News CNN-News18|access-date=24 July 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071608/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/i-only-spoke-the-truth-taslima-nasreen-on-fir-against-tweets-654466.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a report, Khan had said, "the only way a fatwa against Taslima Nasreen, whose writings clerics denounced as anti-Islam, could be withdrawn was if she burnt her books and left India."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-the-charges-levelled-against-tauqeer-raza-regarding-issue-of-fatwa-against-taslima-nasreen-are-wrong-arvind-kejriwal-1914198 |title=The charges levelled against Tauqeer Raza regarding issue of fatwa against Taslima Nasreen are wrong: Arvind Kejriwal |access-date=24 July 2015 |archive-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020003514/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-the-charges-levelled-against-tauqeer-raza-regarding-issue-of-fatwa-against-taslima-nasreen-are-wrong-arvind-kejriwal-1914198 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2010 arrest ===
In 2010 Raza Khan was arrested in connection to a riot between Hindus and Muslims that broke out in the city of [[Bareilly]]. While the Muslims demanded his release, the Hindus protested against it. In a joint statement, the Muslim Students Organisation and the Barkati Educational Trust said that he was arrested on the basis of a fake complaint and claimed that, if he was not released, the city might not return to normalcy. Even though he was released, ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]]'' wrote that it had led to [[Polarization (politics)|polarisation]] among Hindus and Muslims on religious lines.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bareilly Burns Amid Barelwi Triumph|date=15 March 2010 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/bareilly-burns-amid-barelwi-triumph/264697|publisher=Outlook India|accessdate=22 August 2017|archive-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822133708/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/bareilly-burns-amid-barelwi-triumph/264697|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Release Maulana Tauqeer Raza Khan: Muslim bodies|date=9 March 2010|url=http://twocircles.net/2010mar09/release_maulana_tauqeer_raza_khan_muslim_bodies.html|publisher=Two Circles|accessdate=22 August 2017|archive-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822112729/http://twocircles.net/2010mar09/release_maulana_tauqeer_raza_khan_muslim_bodies.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2024, A session court declared that Tawqir Raza Khan was the mastermind of the 2010 riots. The Court mentioned that the inflammatory speech of Tawqir Raza incited a Muslim mob that vandalised properties and religious places of other communities. The court also accused then state administration of trying to shield Tawqir Raza Khan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=5 March 2024 |title=UP Court Calls Maulana Tauqeer Raza 'Mastermind' Of 2010 Bareilly Riots, Asks Him To Appear On |url=https://news.abplive.com/states/up-uk/up-court-acknowledges-maulana-tauqeer-raza-as-mastermind-of-2010-bareilly-riots-summons-him-to-appear-on-march-11-1669692 |access-date=7 March 2024 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bareilly: तौकीर रजा की तकरीर से भड़का था 2010 में दंगा, कोर्ट ने माना मुख्य साजिशकर्ता; जानिए पूरा मामला |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly/court-considered-tauqeer-raza-the-main-conspirator-of-bareilly-riots-2010-2024-03-06 |access-date=7 March 2024 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Against banning Triple Talaq ===
In a program for religious unity held in Bareilly, Raza Khan claimed that Hindu women had five husbands and that they did not know who the father of their children was. He also warned that Muslims would interfere in the matters of Hindus if the Hindus interfered in the matters of Muslims. He made these comments in response to the debate of implementing a uniform civil code in the country and banning the [[Triple Talaq in India|Islamic instant divorce]].<ref>{{cite web|title=मौलाना तौकीर ने उगला जहर-हिंदू महिलाओं के होते हैं 5 शौहर, बच्चों के बाप का नाम पता नहीं होता|url=http://www.hindi.indiasamvad.co.in/specialstories/maulana-tauqeer-controversial-speech-on-3-divorce-17150|publisher=India samvad|accessdate=26 August 2017|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826122259/http://www.hindi.indiasamvad.co.in/specialstories/maulana-tauqeer-controversial-speech-on-3-divorce-17150|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=मौलाना तौकीर रजा ने कहा- हिन्‍दू महिलाओं के होते हैं पांच पति, पता नहीं बच्‍चे का बाप कौन|url=https://www.bhaskar.com:443/news/UP-LUCK-controversial-speech-by-tauqeer-raza-on-hindu-womens-news-hindi-5441186-NOR.html?seq=0|publisher=Bhaskar|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130113111/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-LUCK-controversial-speech-by-tauqeer-raza-on-hindu-womens-news-hindi-5441186-NOR.html?seq=0|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2024 Jail Bharo Aandolan ===
On 9 February 2024, Khan was detained by the Uttar Pradesh police after Khan announced for the Jail Bharo Aandolan (Fill the prison movement). It was started after [[Mufti Salman Azhari]] was arrested and in response to the Court verdict regarding Gyanvapi Mosque and against the Statements of Yogi Adityanath against Shahi Idgah Mosque.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2024 |title=Tension in UP's Bareilly Over Islamic Cleric's 'Jail Bharo' Andolan, Leader Detained |url=https://www.news18.com/india/uttar-pradesh-bareilly-islamic-cleric-tauqeer-raza-khan-yogi-adityanath-gyanvapi-shahi-idgah-issue-news-8772709.html |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209160618/https://www.news18.com/india/uttar-pradesh-bareilly-islamic-cleric-tauqeer-raza-khan-yogi-adityanath-gyanvapi-shahi-idgah-issue-news-8772709.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He had called for the protest on 8 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bareilly tense as Muslim cleric detained over 'jail bharo' call in Gyanvapi case |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/up-bareilly-tense-tauqeer-raza-khan-jail-bharo-andolan-yogi-adityanath-kashi-mathura-babri-gyanvapi-2499756-2024-02-09 |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=India Today |date=9 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209110017/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/up-bareilly-tense-tauqeer-raza-khan-jail-bharo-andolan-yogi-adityanath-kashi-mathura-babri-gyanvapi-2499756-2024-02-09 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Tauqeer Raza}}
[[Category:Family of Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi|Tauqeer]]
[[Category:Barelvis]]
[[Category:People from Bareilly district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

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Bharatanatyam

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{{Short description|Major form of Indian classical dance}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use Indian English|date = August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox dance
| name = ''Bharatanatyam''
| image = Murugashankari Leo.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Indian classical dance]]
| signature =
| instruments =
| inventor =
| year =
| origin = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
}}
'''Bharatanatyam''' is an [[Indian classical dance]] form that comes from [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Franco |first1=Susanne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nm0WDAAAQBAJ&dq=bharatanatyam+originated+tamil+nadu&pg=PA202 |title=Dance Discourses: Keywords in Dance Research |last2=Nordera |first2=Marina |date=2016-04-29 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-94712-6 |pages=202 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Planet |first1=Lonely |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmuyDwAAQBAJ&dq=bharatanatyam+originated+tamil+nadu&pg=PT2176 |title=Lonely Planet India |last2=Benanav |first2=Michael |last3=Bindloss |first3=Joe |last4=Brown |first4=Lindsay |last5=Butler |first5=Stuart |last6=Elliott |first6=Mark |last7=Harding |first7=Paul |last8=Holden |first8=Trent |last9=Mahapatra |first9=Anirban |date=2019-10-01 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-78868-682-2 |language=en}}</ref> It is a classical dance form recognized by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], and expresses South Indian religious themes and spiritual ideas, particularly of [[Shaivism]] and in general of [[Hinduism]].<ref name="britannicabn2">[https://www.britannica.com/art/bharata-natyam Bharata-natyam] ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2007</ref><ref name="Schechner653">{{cite book |author=Richard Schechner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoEaulAxbu8C&pg=PA65 |title=Between Theater and Anthropology |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8122-0092-8 |pages=65–66}}</ref><ref>T Balasaraswati (1976), Bharata Natyam, ''NCPA Quarterly Journal'', Volume 4, Issue 4, pages 1-8</ref>

A description of precursors of ''Bharatanatyam'' from the [[Natya Shastra]] date from around 500 BCE–500 CE{{sfn|Natalia Lidova|1994|pp=111–113}}{{Sfn|Richmond|Swann|Zarrilli|1993|p=30}} and those in the ancient Tamil epic ''[[Silappatikaram]]'' date to around 171 CE.{{sfn|Dikshitar|1939|pp=11–18}}{{sfn|Danielou|1965|p=ix}} Temple sculptures of the 6th to 9th century CE suggest dance was a refined performance art by the mid-1st millennium CE.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Traditions of Indian Classical Dance|last=Khokar|first=Mohan|publisher=Clarion Books|year=1984|location=India|pages=73–76}}</ref><ref name="Lochtefeld2002p103">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA103|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|author=James G. Lochtefeld|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|pages=103–104}}</ref> Sadiraattam, which was renamed Bharatanatyam in 1932, is the oldest classical dance tradition in India.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Schechner|title=Between Theater and Anthropology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoEaulAxbu8C |year=2010|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0812279290|pages=65 }}</ref>

''Bharatanatyam'' contains different types of ''bani''. ''Bani'', or "tradition", is a term used to describe the dance technique and style specific to a guru or school, often named for the village of the guru. ''Bharatanatyam'' style is noted for its fixed upper torso, bent legs, and flexed knees (''Aramandi'') combined with footwork, and a vocabulary of [[sign language]] based on gestures of hands, eyes, and face muscles.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p103" /> The dance is accompanied by music and a singer, and typically the dancer's [[guru]] is present as the ''nattuvanar'' or director-conductor of the performance and art. The performance repertoire of Bharatanatyam, like other classical dances, includes ''nrita'' (pure dance), ''[[nritya]]'' (Conveys a meaning to the audience through hand gestures) and ''[[Indian classical dance|natya]]'' (Consists of the elements of drama).<ref name="Claus2003p136">{{cite book |author1=Peter J. Claus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC |title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia |author2=Sarah Diamond |author3=Margaret Ann Mills |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-415-93919-5 |pages=136}}</ref><ref name="kjayakrishnan25">Kavitha Jayakrishnan (2011), [https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/6356 Dancing Architecture: the parallel evolution of Bharatanātyam and South Indian Architecture], MA Thesis, Awarded by University of Waterloo, Canada, page 25</ref> A program of bharatanatyam usually lasts two hours without interruption and includes a specific list of procedures, all performed by one dancer, who does not leave the stage or change costume. The accompanying orchestra—composed of drums, drone, and singer—occupies the back of the stage, led by the guru, or the teacher, of the dancer.

Sadiraattam remained exclusive to Tamil Hindu temples through the 19th century.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p103"/> It was banned by the colonial British government in 1910,<ref name=pallabinilan30/> but the Indian community protested against the ban and expanded its performance outside temples in the 20th century as Bharatanatyam.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p103"/><ref name=pallabinilan30/><ref>{{cite book |author=Janet O'Shea |title=At Home in the World: Bharata Natyam on the Global Stage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfA4uDwCKwC |year=2007 |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |isbn=978-0-8195-6837-3 |pages=26–38, 55–57, 83–87 }}</ref> Modern stage productions of Bharatanatyam have become popular throughout India and include performances that are purely dance-based on non-religious ideas and fusion themes.<ref name=":0"/><ref name="Lochtefeld2002p103"/> The [[Thanjavur Quartet]] developed the basic structure of modern Bharatanatyam by formalizing it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title='Tanjore Quartet' and the birth of modern-day Bharatanatyam |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/blogdetail.htm?58 |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India |language=English}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''Bharatam'' is seen as a [[backronym]],<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p1032">{{cite book |author=James G. Lochtefeld |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA103 |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |pages=103–104}}</ref> with ''bha'' standing for ''[[bhavam]]'' (feelings, emotions), ''ra'' for ''[[ragam]]'' (melody, framework for musical notes), and ''tam'' for ''talam'' (rhythm).<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p1032" /><ref name="Arunkumar1989xxi">{{citation |author=Anjani Arunkumar |title=Compositions for Bharatanāṭyam: A Soulful Worship the Divine |pages=xxi–xxii |year=1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UXkAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref name="McCutchen2006p4502">{{cite book |author=Brenda P McCutchen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C0yjXGJ3EEoC&pg=PA450 |title=Teaching Dance as Art in |publisher=Human Kinetics |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7360-5188-0 |pages=450–452}}</ref> The term ''Natyam'' is a [[Sanskrit]] word for "dance". The compound word ''Bharatanatyam'' therefore is understood to connote a dance that harmoniously expresses ''bhavam'', ''ragam'' and ''talam''.<ref name="Arunkumar1989xxi" /> Other interpretations suggest that the name literally translates as "the dance of Bharata", from [[Bharata (sage)|Bharata]], who is reputed to be the author of the ''[[Natya Shastra]]'', a Sanskrit text of performance arts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharatanatyam, n. meanings, etymology and more {{!}} Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/bharatanatyam_n?tab=etymology |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503094651/https://www.oed.com/dictionary/bharatanatyam_n?tab=etymology |archive-date=3 May 2025 |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=Oxford English Dictionary |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1932, [[E. Krishna Iyer|E Krishna Iyer]] and [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]] proposed renaming ''Sadiraattam'' ({{Langx|ta|சதிராட்டம்}}), also known as ''Parathaiyar Aattam or Thevarattam'', as ''Bharatanatyam'' to give the dance form a measure of respect, at a meeting of the Madras Music Academy.<ref name="amandp1202">{{cite book |author=Amanda J. Weidman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEnkgDjS9BAC&pg=PA120 |title=Singing the Classical, Voicing the Modern |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780822388050 |page=120}}</ref> They also were instrumental in modifying mainly the [[Pandanallur style]] of dance.

==History==
[[File:Thanjavur, Brihadishwara Temple, dance (6851706080).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Dancers at Thanjavur, [[Brihadeeswarar Temple|Brihadeshwara temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]]. The temple has been a center for dance since about 1000 CE.<ref>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration |year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/n379 126]–127}}</ref>]]
[[File:Tanjore sadir temple dancer Gnyana seated - L’Ancien musee des colonies, Fedor Jagor, ca. 1850.jpg|thumb|Notable ''Sadir'' dancer ''Gnyana of Tanjore'', 19th century.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roebert |first1=Donovan |title=The Celebrated Sadir Dancer Tanjore Gnyana (1857-1922): A Life in Words and Pictures |url=https://www.academia.edu/62345621}}</ref>]]

The theoretical foundations of dance Bharatanatyam are found first in ''Natya Shastra'' and later in a Tamil text called Kootha nool taken from Tholkappiyam (250 BCE).<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{cite book |author1=Eugenio Barba |author2=Nicola Savarese |title=A Dictionary of Theatre Anthropology: The Secret Art of the Performer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ky6MAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA208-IA69|year=2011|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-17634-1|page=208}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Peter Fletcher|author2=Laurence Picken |title=World Musics in Context: A Comprehensive Survey of the World's Major Musical Cultures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i2vDlcIyVjUC&pg=PA262 |year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517507-3 |pages=262 }}</ref>

The ''Natya Shastra,'' attributed to the ancient scholar Bharata, and its first complete compilation is dated to between 500 BCE and 200 CE,{{sfn|Natalia Lidova|2014}}{{sfn|Tarla Mehta|1995|pp=xxiv, 19–20}} but estimates vary between 500 BCE and 500 CE.{{sfn|Wallace Dace|1963|p=249}} Richmond et al. estimate the ''Natasutras'' to have been composed around 600 BCE.{{Sfn|Richmond|Swann|Zarrilli|1993|p=30}} The most studied version of the ''Natya Shastra'' text consists of about 6000 verses structured into 36 chapters.{{sfn|Natalia Lidova|2014}}{{sfn|Emmie Te Nijenhuis|1974|pp=1–25}} The text, states Natalia Lidova, describes the theory of ''Tāṇḍava'' dance ([[Shiva]]), the theory of ''rasa'', of ''bhāva'', expression, gestures, acting techniques, basic steps, standing postures—all of which are part of Indian classical dances.{{sfn|Natalia Lidova|2014}}{{sfn|Kapila Vatsyayan|2001}} Dance and performance arts, states this text,<ref>{{cite book|author=Guy L. Beck|title=Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UzUMCAAAQBAJ |year=2012 |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-61117-108-2 |pages=138–139 |quote='''Quote:''' "A summation of the signal importance of the Natyasastra for Hindu religion and culture has been provided by Susan Schwartz, "In short, the Natyasastra is an exhaustive encyclopedic dissertation of the arts, with an emphasis on performing arts as its central feature. It is also full of invocations to deities, acknowledging the divine origins of the arts and the central role of performance arts in achieving divine goals (...)".}}</ref> are a form of expression of spiritual ideas, virtues and the essence of scriptures.<ref name=mog17>{{cite web |title=The Mirror of Gesture |author=Coormaraswamy and Duggirala |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1917 |page=4 |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924012568535#page/n5/mode/2up}}; Also see chapter 36</ref>

Historical references to dance are found in the Tamil epics ''[[Silappatikaram]]'' (c. 2nd century CE{{sfn|Ragini Devi|1990|p=47}}) and ''Manimegalai'' (c. 6th century).<ref name=":0"/><ref name="Lochtefeld2002p103"/> The ancient text ''Silappatikaram'', includes a story of a dancing girl named Madhavi; it describes the dance training regimen called ''Arangatrau Kathai'' of Madhavi in verses 113 through 159.{{sfn|Ragini Devi|1990|p=47}} The carvings in Kanchipuram's Shiva temple that have been dated to 6th to 9th century CE suggest dance was a well-developed performance art by about the mid 1st millennium CE.<ref name=":0"/><ref name="Lochtefeld2002p103"/><ref name=Kilger1993>{{cite book | last=Kilger| first=George|title=Bharata Natyam in Cultural Perspective | year=1993| publisher=Manohar American Institute of Indian Studies| location=New Delhi| page=2}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| footer = Dance helped inspire musicians, poets, painters, singers, and sculptors in Indian history.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Allen G. Noble |author2=Ashok K. Dutt |title=India: Cultural Patterns and Processes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5808AAAAMAAJ |year=1982 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-86531-237-1 |page=160}}</ref>
| align = left
| image1 = Temple troglodytique dédié à Shiva (Badami, Inde) (14146091479).jpg
| width1 = 160
| caption1 = A 7th century Shiva in Karnataka
| image2 = Bharathanaatyam at Kerala school kalolsavam 2019 8.jpg
| width2 = 155
| caption2 = A Bharatanatyam pose
}}

A famous example of illustrative sculpture is in the southern gateway of the Chidambaram temple (≈12th century) dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]], where 108 poses, described as [[karana (dance)|karanas]] in the ''Natya Shastra'', are carved in stone.<ref name="JonesRyan2006p107">{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones|author2=James D. Ryan|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA107 |year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|pages=79, 107 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Vidya Dehejia|title=Art of the Imperial Cholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23F7vTn3hBMC |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51524-5 |pages=101 }}</ref>

Bharatanatyam shares the dance poses of many ancient Shiva sculptures in Hindu temples. The image, {{Convert|5|ft}} tall, has 18 arms in a form that expresses the dance positions arranged in a geometric pattern.<ref name=aliceboner>Alice Boner (1990), Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0705-1}}, pages 89–95, 115–124, 174–184</ref> The arms of Shiva express [[mudra|''mudras'']] (symbolic hand gestures),<ref>Fred Kleiner (2009), Gardner's Art through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives, Wadsworth Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-495-57367-8}}, page 21</ref> that are used in Bharatanatyam.<ref name=":0"/><ref>Kavitha Jayakrishnan (2011), [https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/6356 Dancing Architecture: the parallel evolution of Bharatanātyam and South Indian Architecture], MA Thesis, Awarded by University of Waterloo, Canada, pages 21-27, 46</ref> The early 12th century ancient Sanskrit text [[Manasollasa]] discusses about the dancing movements like [[Natya]], [[Tandava]], [[Lasya]], [[Laghu]], Visama and Vikata, This discussion is similar to the content found in [[Natya Shastra]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/TxtSkt-mAnasOllAsa-Somesvara-Vol3-1961-0024b/TxtSkt-mAnasOllAsa-Somesvara-vol3-1961-0024b#page/n1/mode/2up|title=Mannasolasa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nijenhuis |first=Emmie Te |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGzESuCeK-sC |title=Saṅgītaśiromaṇi: A Medieval Handbook of Indian Music |date=1992 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09498-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharatanatyam - classical Dance |url=https://karnatakatourism.org/destinations/bharatanatyam/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Karnataka Tourism |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Devadasis, anti-dance movement, colonial ban, and the decline===
Some colonial [[Indologist]]s and modern authors have argued that Bharatanatyam is a descendant of an ancient :o ''[[Devadasi]]'' ({{Lit|servant girls of Devas}}) culture, suggesting a historical origin back to between 300 BCE and 300 CE.<ref name=soneji30/> Modern scholars have questioned this theory for lack of any direct textual or archeological evidence.<ref name=amritsri73/><ref name=leslieorr8/> Historic sculptures and texts do describe and project dancing girls, as well as temple quarters dedicated to women, but they do not state them to be courtesans and prostitutes as alleged by early colonial Indologists.<ref name=soneji30/> According to Davesh Soneji, a critical examination of evidence suggests that courtesan dancing is a phenomenon of the modern era, beginning in the late 16th or the 17th century of the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Nayaka period]] of Tamil Nadu.<ref name=soneji30>{{cite book|author=Davesh Soneji |title=Unfinished Gestures: Devadasis, Memory, and Modernity in South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24uaoBjDKQgC |year=2011 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-76811-3 |pages=30–31 }}</ref> According to James Lochtefeld, classical dance remained exclusive to Hindu temples through the 19th century, only in the 20th century appearing on stage outside the temples.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p103"/> Further, the [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom]] patronized classical dance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Royal tribute to Thanjavur rulers |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=2017 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/dec/27/royal-tribute-to-thanjavur-rulers-1738354.html}}</ref>

[[File: Rukmini Devi.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Rukmini Devi Arundale]], pictured in 1940, proposed Bharatanatyam after Hindu temple dancing was banned by the British colonial government in 1910.]]

With the arrival of the [[East India Company]] in the 18th century, and British colonial rule in the 19th, classical Indian dance forms were ridiculed and discouraged, and these performance arts declined.<ref>{{cite book |author=Leslie C. Orr |title=Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God: Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F___xKcP8lMC |year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535672-4 |pages=11–13}}</ref> Christian missionaries and British officials presented "[[nautch girl]]s" of north India ([[Kathak]]) and "devadasis" of south India (Bharatanatyam) as evidence of "harlots, debased erotic culture, slavery to idols and priests" tradition, and Christian missionaries demanded that this must be stopped, launching the "anti-dance movement" in 1892.<ref name=marysnodgrass166>{{cite book |author=Mary Ellen Snodgrass |title=The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-5749-8 |pages=165–168 }}</ref><ref name="Ghuman2014p97">{{cite book|author=Nalini Ghuman |title=Resonances of the Raj: India in the English Musical Imagination, 1897-1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BkVZAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-931489-8 |pages=97 footnote 72 }}</ref><ref name="Walker2016p94">{{cite book |author=Margaret E. Walker |title=India's Kathak Dance in Historical Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nC83DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-11737-7 |pages=94–98 }}</ref> The anti-dance camp accused the dance form as a front for prostitution, while revivalists questioned the constructed colonial histories.<ref name=amritsri73>{{cite journal |title=The Hindu Temple-dancer: Prostitute or Nun? |author=Amrit Srinivasan |journal=The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology |volume=8| issue=1 |year =1983 |pages=73–99 |jstor=23816342}}</ref><ref name=leslieorr8>{{cite book |author=Leslie C. Orr |title=Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God: Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F___xKcP8lMC |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535672-4|pages=5, 8–17}}</ref>

In 1910, the [[Madras Presidency]] of the [[British Raj|British Empire]] banned temple dancing, and with it the classical dance tradition in Hindu temples.<ref name=pallabinilan30>{{cite book |author1=Pallabi Chakravorty |author2=Nilanjana Gupta |title=Dance Matters: Performing India on Local and Global Stages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQly7wn0C5sC&pg=PA30 |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-51612-2 |pages=30}}</ref>

The banning of temple dancing stemmed from the 1892 anti-dance movement and new, liberal colonial perspectives. What the English imagined nineteenth-century modernity to be did not include what they regarded Bharatanatyam to be, which they regarded as indecent.<ref name="Meduri">{{cite journal |author=Avanthi Meduri |year=2004 |title=Bharatanatyam as a Global Dance: Some Issues in Research, Teaching, and Practice |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20444589 |journal=Dance Research Journal |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=11–29|doi=10.2307/20444589 |jstor=20444589 |s2cid=144784756 }}</ref> Coming from a deep orientalist perspective, the morality of people who performed Bharatanatyam was called into question.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Thobani |first=Sitara |title=Indian classical dance and the making of Postcolonial National Identities: Dancing on Empire's stage |publisher=Routledge |year=2017}}</ref> Accusations of prostitution were thrown around. Some women from traditionally performing communities were used as a way to showcase obscenity.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Kannan |first=Rajalakshmi Nadadur |date=2019 |title=Colonial Material Collections and Representations of Devadasi Bodies in the Public Sphere in the Early 20th-Century South India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27095513 |journal=Anthropos |volume=114 |issue=2 |pages=531–546 |doi=10.5771/0257-9774-2019-2-531 |jstor=27095513 |s2cid=214131186 |issn=0257-9774|url-access=subscription }}</ref> New reforms disregarded local issues like production of the arts for the sake of liberalism and felt able to impose disruptive reforms that reshaped lives at all levels and subjected people to new standards. Colonial reforms were largely unsympathetic to local traditions, and dismissive of the industry surrounding producing art.<ref name="Meduri" /> The adoption of Anglo-Indian laws that imposed certain restrictions and regulations on certain expressions of sexuality, and more so regulations on bodies and sex in general, which in turn affected traditional dance practices.<ref name=":2" /> Temple dancing became caught in a web of multiple political agendas, hoping to bend this burgeoning morality issue to suit their cause.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Ganesh |first=Swarnamalya |date=2015 |title=RENAMING "SADIR" AS BHARATANATYAM: What's in a Name? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26316557 |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=116–125 |jstor=26316557 |issn=0376-9771}}</ref> Colonial denunciations of the practice of temple dancing were caught up in liberal ideals of bringing modernity to India, where modernity was tied to Anglo-Protestant moral ideas about how bodies are viewed and how sexuality was presented.<ref name=":2" />

===Post-colonial revival===

The 1910 ban triggered protests against the stereotyping and dehumanization of temple dancers.<ref name=pallabinilan30/> Tamil people were concerned that a historic and rich dance tradition was being victimized under the excuse of social reform.<ref name=pallabinilan30/>{{Sfn|Kapila Vatsyayan|1974|p=23}} Classical art revivalists such as [[E. Krishna Iyer]], a lawyer who had learned from traditional practitioners of Sadir, questioned the cultural discrimination and the assumed connection, asking why prostitution needs years of training for performance arts, and how killing performance arts could end any evils in society.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Hindu Temple-dancer: Prostitute or Nun? |author=Amrit Srinivasan |journal=The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology |volume=8| number=1 |year=1983 | pages=79–80 |jstor=23816342}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Meduri | first=Avanthi | title=Bharatha Natyam-What Are You? | journal=Asian Theatre Journal | publisher=University of Hawaii Press | volume=5 | issue=1 | year=1988 | pages=5–7 | doi=10.2307/1124019 | jstor=1124019 }}</ref> Iyer was arrested and sentenced to prison on charges of nationalism, who while serving out his prison term persuaded his fellow political prisoners to support Bharatanatyam.<ref>{{cite book|author=Janet O'Shea|title=At Home in the World: Bharata Natyam on the Global Stage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfA4uDwCKwC |year=2007|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|isbn=978-0-8195-6837-3 |pages=35–36 }}</ref>

While the British colonial government enforced laws to suppress Hindu temple dances, some from the West, such as the American dancer Esther Sherman moved to India in 1930, learned Indian classical dances, changed her name to [[Ragini Devi]], and joined the movement to revive Bharatanatyam and other ancient dance arts.<ref>{{cite book|author=Janet O'Shea|title=At Home in the World: Bharata Natyam on the Global Stage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfA4uDwCKwC |year=2007|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|isbn=978-0-8195-6837-3 |page=7 }}</ref>

The Indian independence movement in the early 20th century, already in progress, became a period of cultural foment and initiated an effort by its people to reclaim their culture and rediscover history.<ref name=marysnodgrass166/><ref>{{cite book|author=Margaret E. Walker|title=India's Kathak Dance in Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nC83DAAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-11737-7 |pages=99–102 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ester Gallo|title=Migration and Religion in Europe: Comparative Perspectives on South Asian Experiences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TswFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-09637-5 |pages=32 }}</ref> In this period of cultural and political turmoil, Bharatanatyam was revived as a mainstream dance outside of Hindu temples by artists such as [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]], [[Balasaraswati]] and [[Yamini Krishnamurti]]<ref name="PineKuhlke2013p5"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Janet O'Shea|title=At Home in the World: Bharata Natyam on the Global Stage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfA4uDwCKwC |year=2007|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|isbn=978-0-8195-6837-3 |pages=82–85 }}</ref> They championed and performed the [[Pandanallur style]] and Thanjavur styles of Bharatanatyam.<ref name="PineKuhlke2013p5">{{cite book|author=Paromitra Kar|editor=Adam M. Pine and Olaf Kuhlke|title=Geographies of Dance: Body, Movement, and Corporeal Negotiations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1FzAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Lexington |isbn=978-0-7391-7185-1|pages=5–6}}</ref>

Nationalist movements that brought revitalizing devadasis up as an issue to focus on viewed it as a way to critique the imposition of colonial morality on India. However, the revival movement was not without Western influence. Nationalist movements that also focused on devadasis revival were influenced by Western ideas of democratization of arts. Part of the revival movement was making the opportunity to dance open to more people.<ref name=":3" /> Nationalist movements that focused on revival were also influenced by Western ideology through their propagation that part of the revival movement is a reassertion of traditional values, as well as a moment to remind people of the country's cultural heritage and reestablish a sense of identity.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Shah |first=Purnima |date=2002 |title=State Patronage in India: Appropriation of the "Regional" and "National" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1568182 |journal=Dance Chronicle |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=125–141 |doi=10.1081/DNC-120003123 |jstor=1568182 |s2cid=159713358 |issn=0147-2526|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Fighting for freedom from the British and fighting for civil liberties included debates about morality, and how gender impacts morality. The revival movement moralized devadasis by democratizing the art, while also decorating it with the female performing class.<ref name=":3" /> Figures like Rukmini Devi Arundale, who are credited with revitalizing Bharatanatyam, also shifted the practice to appeal to middle to upper-class women.<ref name=":1" /> Rukmini Devi Arundale is credited with helping develop the [[Kalakshetra style]] of Bharatanatyam.<ref name="Meduri" /> There was an emphasis on building a modern India through Indian nationalism, which tied in with protecting traditional artistic traditions. The decommercialization and sanitation of Bharatanatyam for the sake of protecting the spirit of the art is part of Bharatanatyam's revival.<ref name=":3" /> Bharatanatyam's successful revival meant that it was regarded as a classical dance tradition specific to India, as opposed to a cultural dance that had been changed by colonial censorship.<ref name="Meduri" /> It was becoming a modern nation to have a traditional dance that was practiced recreationally and was nationally recognized.<ref name=":4" /> With the standardization of Bharatanatyam, there came books based on historic texts, like [[Natya Shastra]], which described the different movements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bharat Muni |url=http://archive.org/details/NatyaShastra |title=Natya Shastra}}</ref> Evidence of a successful revival movement of Bharatanatyam through [[Indian nationalist movement|Indian Nationalist movements]] was the introduction of state-sponsored dance festivals in 1955 in an independent India. These festivals were put on to display art with religious, social, and cultural connotations that have some regional diversity on a common national platform.<ref name=":4" />

In the late 20th century, Tamil Hindu migrants reintroduced the traditions of temple dancing in British Tamil temples.<ref>Ann David (2007), Religious Dogma or Political Agenda? Bharatanatyam and its Reemergence in British Tamil Temples, ''Journal for the Anthropological Study of Human Movement'', Volume 14, Number 4, Fall 2007, University of Illinois Press, [http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/14.4/index.html Archive]</ref>

==Elements==
[[File:Bharatanatyam danseuse.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Rama Vaidyanathan]] using expression and posture]]

Bharatanatyam is traditionally a team performance art that consists of a [[solo dance]]r, accompanied by musicians and one or more singers. It is described as classical art because the theory of musical notes, vocal performance, and the dance movement reflect ideas of the Sanskrit treatise ''[[Natya Shastra]]'' and other Sanskrit and Tamil texts, such as the ''[[Abhinaya Darpana]]''.<ref name="O'Shea2007p1"/><ref>{{cite journal | last=Meduri | first=Avanthi | title=Bharatha Natyam-What Are You? | journal=Asian Theatre Journal | publisher=University of Hawaii Press | volume=5 | issue=1 | year=1988 | pages=2–3 | doi=10.2307/1124019 | jstor=1124019 }}</ref>

The solo artist (''ekaharya'') in Bharatanatyam is dressed in a colorful [[sari]], adorned with jewelry and presents a dance and it is synchronized with Indian classical music.<ref name="O'Shea2007p1"/> The hand and facial gestures are a coded [[sign language]] able to recite legends and spiritual ideas from the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', the ''[[Ramayana]]'', the [[Puranas]] and historic drama texts.<ref name="O'Shea2007p1"/><ref name="meduri1"/> The dancer deploys turns or specific body movements to mark punctuations in the story or the entry of a different character in the play or legend being acted out through dance. ''[[Abhinaya]]'' is the art of expression in [[Indian aesthetics]]; footwork, body language, postures, musical notes, the tones of the vocalist, aesthetics and costumes integrate to express and communicate the underlying text.<ref name="O'Shea2007p1">{{cite book|author=Janet O'Shea|title=At Home in the World: Bharata Natyam on the Global Stage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfA4uDwCKwC |year=2007|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|isbn=978-0-8195-6837-3 |pages=1–3, 26, 85–86 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Meduri | first=Avanthi | title=Bharatha Natyam-What Are You? | journal=Asian Theatre Journal | publisher=University of Hawaii Press | volume=5 | issue=1 | year=1988 | pages=1–22 | doi=10.2307/1124019 | jstor=1124019 }}</ref>

In modern adaptations, Bharatanatyam dance troupes may involve many dancers who play specific characters in a story, creatively choreographed to ease the interpretation and expand the experience by the audience.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Katrak | first=Ketu H. | title=Cultural Translation of Bharata Natyam into Contemporary Indian Dance. Second-generation South Asian Americans and cultural politics in diasporic locations | journal=South Asian Popular Culture | volume=2 | issue=2 | year=2004 | pages=79–102 | doi=10.1080/1474668042000275699 | s2cid=144136967 }}</ref>

The repertoire of Bharatanatyam, like all major classical Indian dance forms, follows the three categories of performance in the ''Natya Shastra''. These are ''Nritta'' (Nirutham), ''Nritya'' (Niruthiyam) and ''Natya'' (Natyam).<ref name=meduri1>{{cite journal | last=Meduri | first=Avanthi | title=Bharatha Natyam-What Are You? | journal=Asian Theatre Journal | publisher=University of Hawaii Press | volume=5 | issue=1 | year=1988 | pages=3–4 | doi=10.2307/1124019 | jstor=1124019 }}</ref>

{{Quote box
| quote = '''The purpose''' 
Bharata Natyam is an art which consecrates the body (...) the dancer, who dissolves her identity in rhythm and music, makes her body an instrument, at least for the duration of the dance, for the experience and expression of the spirit. The traditional order of Bharata Natyam recital viz. ''alarippu'', ''jatiswaram'', ''kauthuvam'', ''varnam'', ''padams'', ''ashtapadi'',''tillana'' and the ''[[shloka]]'' is the correct sequence in the practice of this art, which is an artistic [[Yoga]], for revealing the spiritual through the corporeal.
| source = [[Balasaraswati]], a devadasi<ref name=tbalasaras3>T Balasaraswati (1976), Bharata Natyam, ''NCPA Quarterly Journal'', Volume 4, Issue 4, page 3</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Meduri | first=Avanthi | title=Bharatha Natyam-What Are You? | journal=Asian Theatre Journal | publisher=University of Hawaii Press | volume=5 | issue=1 | year=1988 | pages=7–8 | doi=10.2307/1124019 | jstor=1124019 }}</ref>
| bgcolor = #FFE0BB
| width = 36%
| align = right
}}
*The ''Nritta'' performance is an abstract, fast, and rhythmic aspect of the dance.<ref name=koskoff955/> The viewer is presented with pure movement in Bharatanatyam, wherein the emphasis is the beauty in motion, form, speed, range, and pattern.<ref name=meduri1/> This part of the repertoire has no interpretative aspect, no telling of the story. It is a technical performance and aims to engage the senses (Prakriti) of the audience.<ref name="Descutner2010p45">{{cite book|author=Janet Descutner|title=Asian Dance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8tCYjXOtkdgC |year=2010|publisher=Infobase|isbn=978-1-4381-3078-1|pages=45–46}}</ref>
*The ''Nritya'' is a slower and more expressive aspect of the dance that attempts to communicate feelings, and storyline, particularly with spiritual themes in Hindu dance traditions.<ref name=koskoff955>{{cite book|author=Ellen Koskoff|title=The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: The Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73MO0eiQD_EC&pg=PA955 |year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-99404-0 |pages=955 }}</ref> In a ''nritya'', the dance-acting expands to include silent expression of words through gestures and body motion set to musical notes. The actor articulates a legend or a spiritual message. This part of a Bharatanatyam repertoire is more than sensory enjoyment, it aims to engage the emotions and mind of the viewer.<ref name=meduri1/><ref name="Descutner2010p45"/>
*The ''Natyam'' is a play, typically a team performance,<ref name=kjayakrishnan25/> but can be acted out by a solo performer where the dancer uses certain standardized body movements to indicate a new character in the underlying story. A ''Natya'' incorporates the elements of a ''Nritya''.<ref name=meduri1/>

=== Arangetram ===
[[File:Bharatanatyan Student with Guru.jpg|thumb|Bharatanatyan student with guru in Arangetram ceremony<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivam Natyalaya - Bharatnatyam School |url=https://www.facebook.com/ShivamNatyalaya |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref>]]
A Bharatanatyam [[Arangetram (dance)|arangetram]] is a solo debut performance that signifies the completion of initial formal training of a young dancer, female or male in Indian classical dance. The term ''Arangetram'' translates to "ascending the stage". This performance is typically done ten to twelve years after a dancer begins learning Bharatanatyam. Still, more importantly, it is done when the [[guru]] believes the student is ready for a solo performance. This solo debut is synonymous with a "coming-of-age" celebration. The arangetram is a culmination of multiple years of hard work by the student and the guru, and it is an opportunity for the dancer to showcase their dedication and skills developed over the years. Throughout this debut, the dancer performs a series of dances. The dancer must build up their concentration and stamina to perform solo dances for approximately three hours. Each dance performed symbolizes various aspects of [[Hinduism|Hindu religion]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Jagyaseni|date=2016-12-08|title=Much ado about a debut|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/Much-ado-about-a-debut/article16777939.ece|access-date=2021-09-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-05-13|title=Arangetram|url=http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/01260/arangetram.html|access-date=2021-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513051757/http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/01260/arangetram.html|archive-date=13 May 2009}}</ref>

==== Sequence of dances ====
[[File:A girl performing a Bharatanatyam dance at a Pongal Festival in Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India.jpg|right|thumb|A girl performing a Bharatanatyam dance at a Pongal Festival in Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India]]
A traditional Bharatanatyam arangetram dance performance follows a seven to eight-part order of presentation. This set is called ''Margam''.<ref name="tbalasaras3" /><ref>{{cite book|author1=Ann Cooper Albright |author2=David Gere |title=Taken by Surprise: A Dance Improvisation Reader |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OYbHhwUpxAMC&pg=PA143 |year=2003|publisher=Wesleyan University Press |isbn=978-0-8195-6648-5 |page=143}}</ref>

'''''Pushpanjali'''''

The Arangetram performance typically begins with a dance called the ''[[Pushpanjali]]'', which translates to "offering of flowers". In this dance, the performer offers flowers and salutations to the [[Hindu deities]], the [[guru]], and the audience as a mark of respect. The beginning of the dance symbolizes supplication, from which the dancer then commences the rest of the performance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pushpanjali – Nadanam|url=http://www.nadanam.com/bharatnatyam/techinque/margam/pushpanjali/|access-date=2021-09-26|language=en}}</ref>

'''''Alarippu'''''

The presentation can also begin with a rhythmic invocation (''vandana'') called the ''[[Alaripu|Alarippu]]''.<ref name="McCutchen2006p450">{{cite book |author=Brenda P McCutchen |title=Teaching Dance as Art in |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C0yjXGJ3EEoC&pg=PA450 |year=2006 |publisher=Human Kinetics |isbn=978-0-7360-5188-0 |pages=450–452}}</ref> It is a pure dance, which combines a thank you and benediction for blessings from the gods and goddesses, the [[guru]] and the gathered performance team. It also serves as a preliminary warm-up dance, without melody, to enable the dancer to loosen their body, and journey away from distractions and towards single-minded focus.<ref name="tbalasaras3" />

'''''Jatiswaram'''''

The next stage of the performance adds melody to the movement of ''Alarippu'', and this is called ''Jatiswaram''.<ref name="McCutchen2006p450"/><ref name=tbalasaras3/> The dance remains a prelim technical performance (''nritta''), pure in form and without any expressed words. The [[drum]]s set the beat, of any Carnatic music ''raga'' (melody). They perform a sequence (''Korvai'') to the rhythm of the beat, presenting to the audience the unity of music, rhythm and movements.<ref name=tbalasaras3/>

'''''Shabdam'''''

The performance sequence then adds ''Shabdam'' (expressed words).<ref name="Vatsyayan1997p81">{{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=The Square and the Circle of the Indian Arts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwLJc3pBzzUC&pg=PA81 |year=1997 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-362-5 |page=81}}</ref> This is the first item of Margam where expressions are introduced. The solo dancer, the vocalist(s), and the musical team, in this stage of the production, present short compositions, with words and meaning, in a spectrum of moods.<ref name=tbalasaras35/> This performance praises God (such as Krishna, Shiva, Rama, and Murugan) and their qualities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Aakriti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h67wZpGPUi0C&q=Andhranatyam&pg=PA8 |title=Let's Know Dances of India |date=2006 |publisher=Star Publications |isbn=978-81-7650-097-5 |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Parida |first1=Srikanta |last2=Roshni |first2=CP |date=April 2022 |title=An analysis of Bharatanatyam |url=https://vedasamskritaacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Centenary-Commemoration-Volume.pdf#page=109 |journal=Journal of Veda Samskrita Academy |volume=I |pages=107}}</ref>

'''''Varnam'''''[[File:Rajasree warrier IMG 7539.JPG|thumb|180px|The ''Varnam'' part of Bharatanatyam emphasizes expressive dance.]]

The performance thereafter evolves into the ''Varnam'' stage.<ref name="Vatsyayan1997p81"/> This marks the arrival into the sanctum sanctorum core of the performance.<ref name=tbalasaras3/> It is the longest section and the ''nritya''. A traditional Varnam may be as long as 30–45 minutes or sometimes an hour. Varnam offers huge scope for improvisation and an experienced dancer can stretch the Varnam to a desirable length. The artist presents the play or the main composition, reveling in all their movements, silently communicating the text through codified gestures and footwork, harmoniously with the music, rhythmically punctuated. The dancer performs complicated moves, such as expressing a verse at two speeds.<ref name=ccrtindia/> Their hands and body tell a story, whether of love and longing or of a battle between the good and the evil,<ref>{{cite book |author1=Bajaj, Tanvi |author2=Vohra, Swasti Shrimali |title=Performing Arts and Therapeutic Implications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2MRcCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-32572-7 |page=127}}</ref> as the musicians envelop them with musical notes and tones that set the appropriate mood.<ref name=tbalasaras35>T Balasaraswati (1976), Bharata Natyam, ''NCPA Quarterly Journal'', Volume 4, Issue 4, pages 3-5</ref>

'''''Padam'''''

The ''Padam'' is next.<ref name="Vatsyayan1997p81"/><ref name="AlbrightGere2003p143">{{cite book|author1=Ann Cooper Albright |author2=David Gere |title=Taken by Surprise: A Dance Improvisation Reader |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OYbHhwUpxAMC&pg=PA143 |year=2003|publisher=Wesleyan University Press |isbn=978-0-8195-6648-5 |pages=141–147}}</ref> This is the stage of reverence, of simplicity, of ''abhinaya'' (expression) of the solemn spiritual message or devotional religious prayer ([[bhakti]]). The music is lighter, the chant intimate, the dance emotional.<ref name=ccrtindia>[http://ccrtindia.gov.in/bharatnatyam.php Bharatnatyam Dance], Centre for Cultural Resources and Training, Government of India</ref><ref name=tbalasaras56>T Balasaraswati (1976), Bharata Natyam, ''NCPA Quarterly Journal'', Volume 4, Issue 4, pages 3, 5-6</ref> The choreography attempts to express ''rasa'' (emotional taste) and a mood, while the recital may include items such as a [[kirtan|keertanam]] (expressing devotion), a ''javali'' (expressing divine love) or something else.<ref name=ccrtindia/><ref name="AlbrightGere2003p143"/>

'''''Tillana'''''

The performance sequence ends with a ''[[Tillana]]'', the climax.<ref name="Vatsyayan1997p81"/> It closes out the ''nritya'' portion, the movements exit the temple of expressive dance, returning to the ''nritta'' style, where a series of pure movement and music are rhythmically performed. Therewith the performance ends.<ref name=tbalasaras3/><ref name=ccrtindia/>{{Refn|group=note|After the Tillana, the dancer may continue to the seventh part, called ''Shloka''.<ref name="Sinha2006p10"/> It is a reverential greeting, a thank you or a prayer to one or more gods, goddesses or to one's teacher. This is a post-performance, where a Sanskrit verse (Shloka) is danced out in the form of ''nritya''. An example Shloka:<ref>{{cite book |author1=Swami Paramatmananda Puri|author2=Amritanandamayi Devi |title=Dust Of Her Feet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cIOdCQAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Sterling |isbn=978-1-68037-296-0 |page=82}}</ref> "The [[Guru]] (teacher) is the Brahma, the Guru is the Vishnu, the Guru is the Maheshvara (Shiva). The Guru is the pathway to Supreme [[Brahman]] (supreme soul), to you the auspicious, I reverentially bow." Original: गुरुर्ब्रह्मा गुरुर्विष्णुर्गुरुर्देवो महेश्वरः । गुरुरेव परं ब्रह्म तस्मै श्रीगुरवे नमः ।।}}

'''''Shlokam or Mangalam'''''

The seventh and final item in the sequence can be either a ''[[Shlokam]]'' or a ''Mangalam''. The dancer calls for blessings on the people all around.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Short Introduction to Bharatanatyam |date=24 November 2018 |publisher=[[Sadler's Wells]] |series=Darbar Festival 2018 {{!}} An Evening of Bharatanatyam}}</ref>

The overall sequence of Bharatanatyam, states Balasaraswati, thus moves from "mere meter; then melody and meter; continuing with music, meaning and meter; its expansion in the centerpiece of the varnam; thereafter, music and meaning without meter; (...) a non-metrical song at the end. We see a most wonderful completeness and symmetry in this art".<ref>T Balasaraswati (1976), Bharata Natyam, ''NCPA Quarterly Journal'', Volume 4, Issue 4, page 4</ref>

[[File:Bharathanatyam By Ranjitha.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Costumes in Bharatanatyam]]

===Costume and attire===

The costume of a female Bharatanatyam dancer resembles a Tamil Hindu bridal dress. It typically consists of a [[sari]] in bright colors with golden or silver ''[[zari]]'' embroidery on the borders. The costume can be stitched from the ''[[sari]]'', with individual pieces for a bottom (either a skirt or ''[[salwar]]''-shaped pants), a pleated piece which falls in front and opens like a [[hand fan]] when the dancer flexes her knees or performs footwork, a hip piece that covers the seat of the pant/skirt, and a torso piece that looks like an ''aanchal'' (i.e. the draped part of a regular sari). Some dancers also opt for an '''unstitched''' ''sari'' that is draped specially, with the single piece of cloth starting around the legs like a ''[[dhoti]]'', then upwards along the front torso, over the left shoulder, and then down the back with its end held at the waist by a jeweled belt.<ref>{{cite book|author=Anjani Arunkumar|title=Compositions for Bharatanāṭyam: A Soulful Worship of the Divine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UXkAAAAMAAJ |year=1989| publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|pages=xxi–xxii}}</ref> The costume of a male Bharatanatyam dancer is usually either a ''sari'' or a white cotton cloth draped around the legs and bottom half of the body like a ''dhoti''. During performances, the upper body of the male dancer remains bare. Male dancers typically do not wear stitched costumes.

Both female and male dancers wear elaborate jewelry on their ears, nose, neck, and wrists. Female dancers wear additional jewelry on their heads that emphasizes their hairline and parting. They also wear a smaller piece of jewelry on each side of their parting. These represent the sun and the moon.

Long hair on both male and female dancers is either secured by a bun or a braid. Female dancers with short hair often use braid extensions or bun hair pieces to simulate long hair. Female dancers also wear imitation flowers made of either cloth or paper around their braids or buns. These are known as (or ''[[gajra]]'').

Both male and female dancers wear makeup, including foundation, blush, lipstick, and thick eyeliner or [[Kohl (cosmetics)|kohl]], which helps the audience see and understand their facial expressions.<ref name="Ravindranath1980p75"/>

All dancers wear leather anklets on each foot, which are called ''salangai'' or ''[[ghungroo]]s''.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gurcharan Singh Randhawa|author2=Amitabha Mukhopadhyay|title=Floriculture in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQCIZoKDG1kC |year=1986|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-494-4 |pages=607–608 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Swarajya Prakash Gupta|author2=Krishna Lal|author3=Mahua Bhattacharyya|title=Cultural tourism in India: museums, monuments & arts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNeAAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Indraprastha Museum of Art and Archaeology |isbn=978-81-246-0215-7|pages=198 }}</ref> These are made of small bells attached to a broad leather strap with belts that secure them at the back of the ankle. The bells are arranged in uniform rows and can be heard when the dancer moves their feet. The ''salangai'' helps emphasize the rhythm of the music as well as the dancer's footwork.

Lastly, all dancers outline their hands and feet with red ''kumkum'' powder or [[alta (dye)|alta]], a tradition that helps the audience easily see their hand and foot gestures. [[File:Nyra Alta for bhratnatyam.png|thumb|Nyra Alta Pen originialy by Shanthi Tailors]] <ref>{{cite book|author1=Maratt Mythili Anoop|author2=Varun Gulati|title=Scripting Dance in Contemporary India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8aE8CwAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-1-4985-0552-9 |pages=96 }}</ref>

For classes, training, practice, or rehearsals, dancers traditionally wear a special dance sari. These saris are always cotton and have a shorter breadth than normal saris, falling at the knees rather than the ankles. These are paired with cotton pyjamas and blouses. The sari is worn with pleats at the front and tied tightly around the torso and hips. However, in recent times, dancers also opt for [[Shalwar kameez|salwar kameez]] or athletic wear (like T-shirts and leggings) when not performing.<ref>{{cite web |last=Desifaves |title=Dance Practice Attire: Comfort Rooted in Tradition |url=https://www.desifaves.com/the-evolution-of-bharatanatyam-from-devadasis-to-the-global-stage/ |website=Desifaves |date=2025-04-08 |access-date=2025-04-08}}</ref>

The accompanying music to Bharatanatyam is in the [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] style of [[South India]], as is the recitation and chanting.<ref>{{cite book|author=Siyuan Liu|title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 |year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-27886-3 |pages=132 }}</ref> The vocalist is called ''nattuvanar'', typically also the conductor of the entire performance, who may be the [[guru]] of the dancer and may also be playing cymbals or one of the musical instruments.<ref name="Sinha2006p10">{{cite book|author=Aakriti Sinha|title=Let's Know Dances of India|url=https://lakshmidanceacademy.com/ |year=2010|publisher=lakshmidanceacademy|isbn=978-81-7650-097-5 |pages=10–11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=TM Krishna|title=A Southern Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WqvRBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT148 |year=2013|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|isbn=978-93-5029-822-0 |pages=147–148 }}</ref> The recited verses and text in Bharatanatyam are in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Rosenblatt Louis|author2=Sanford B. Steever|title=The Dravidian Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n2DxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-91164-4 |pages=2 }}</ref>

The instruments used include the [[mridangam]] (double-sided drum), [[nadaswaram]] (long type of oboe made from black wood), nattuvangam (cymbals), the [[flute]], [[violin]] and [[veena]].<ref name="Sinha2006p10"/><ref name="Ravindranath1980p75">{{cite book|author=P. K. Ravindranath|title=Bhavaṁ, ragaṁ, talam, natyaṁ: a hand-book of Indian dance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBP0AAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Savita Damodaran Arengetra Samiti|page=75}}</ref>

===Symbolism===

Bharatanatyam, like all classical dances of India, uses symbolism in its ''[[abhinaya]]'' (acting) and its goals. The roots of ''abhinaya'' appear in the ''[[Natya Shastra]]'' text, which defines drama in verse 6.10 as something that aesthetically arouses joy in the spectator, through the medium of the actor's art of communication, that helps connect and transport the individual into a sensual inner state of being.{{Sfn|Tarla Mehta|1995|p=3}} A performance art, asserts ''Natya Shastra'', connects the artists and the audience through ''abhinaya'' (literally, "carrying to the spectators"), that is applying body-speech-mind and scene, wherein the actors communicate to the audience, through song and music.{{Sfn|Tarla Mehta|1995|p=3}} Drama in this ancient Sanskrit text, thus is an art that engages every aspect of life to glorify and give a state of joyful consciousness.{{Sfn|Tarla Mehta|1995|p=5}}

{{multiple image
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| footer = Example ''[[List of mudras (dance)|mudras]]'' – gestures as symbols in Bharatanatyam.
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[[File:Bharatanatyam Mudras - Learn Asamyuta Hasta Viniyoga (Video Lesson for Beginners) 2013.webm|thumb|right|Video tutorial on Hasta mudras]]

The communication through symbols is in the form of expressive gestures and pantomime set to music. The gestures and facial expressions convey the ''ras'' (sentiment, emotional taste) and ''bhava'' (mood) of the underlying story.<ref name="BajajVohra2015p82"/> In the Hindu texts on dance, the dancer successfully expresses the spiritual ideas by paying attention to four aspects of a performance: ''Angika'' (gestures and body language), ''Vachika'' (song, recitation, music and rhythm), ''Aharya'' (stage setting, costume, makeup, jewelry), and ''Sattvika'' (artist's mental disposition and emotional connection with the story and audience, wherein the artist's inner and outer state resonates).<ref name="BajajVohra2015p82">{{cite book|author1=Tanvi Bajaj |author2=Swasti Shrimali Vohra|title=Performing Arts and Therapeutic Implications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2MRcCgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-32572-7 |pages=82–84}}</ref> ''Abhinaya'' draws out the ''bhava'' (mood, psychological states).<ref name="BajajVohra2015p82"/>

The gestures used in Bharatanatyam are called ''Hasta'' (or ''[[List of mudras (dance)|mudras]]''). These symbols are of three types: ''asamyuta hastas'' (single hand gestures), ''samyuta hastas'' (two hand gestures), and ''nrtta hastas'' (dance hand gestures).<ref name="BajajVohra2015p85"/> Like words in a glossary, these gestures are presented in the ''nritta'' as a list or embellishment to a prelim performance. In ''nritya'' stage of Bharatanatyam, these symbols set in a certain sequence become sentences with meaning, with emotions expressed through facial expressions and other aspects of ''abhinaya''.<ref name="BajajVohra2015p85">{{cite book|author1=Tanvi Bajaj |author2=Swasti Shrimali Vohra|title=Performing Arts and Therapeutic Implications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2MRcCgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-32572-7 |pages=85–87}}</ref> The basic standing position is called as Aramandi.

Bharatanatyam contains at least 20 [[asana]]s found in [[modern yoga]], including [[Dhanurasana]] (the bow, a back-arch); [[Chakrasana]] (the wheel, a standing [[backbend|back-arch]]); [[Vrikshasana]] (the tree, a [[standing asanas|standing pose]]); and [[Natarajasana]], the pose of dancing Shiva.<ref name="Bhavanani 2001">{{cite web |last1=Bhavanani |first1=Ananda Balayogi |last2=Bhavanani |first2=Devasena |title=BHARATANATYAM AND YOGA |url=http://www.dhdi.free.fr/recherches/horizonsinterculturels/articles/bharatanatyamyoga.htm |date=2001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023215608/http://www.dhdi.free.fr/recherches/horizonsinterculturels/articles/bharatanatyamyoga.htm |archive-date=23 October 2006 |quote=He also points out that these [Bharatanatyam dance] stances are very similar to Yoga Asanas, and in the Gopuram walls at Chidambaram, at least twenty different classical Yoga Asanas are depicted by the dancers, including Dhanurasana, Chakrasana, Vrikshasana, Natarajasana, Trivikramasana, Ananda Tandavasana, Padmasana, Siddhasana, Kaka Asana, Vrishchikasana and others.}}</ref> 108 karanas of classical temple dance are represented in temple statuary; they depict the devadasi temple dancers who made use of yoga asanas in their dancing.<ref name="YJ 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Rea |first1=Shiva |title=The Divine Dance |journal=[[Yoga Journal]] |date=28 August 2007}}</ref> Bharatanatyam is also considered a form of [[Bhakti Yoga]].<ref name="YJ 2007"/> However, Natarajasana is not found in any medieval hatha yoga text; it was among the many asanas introduced into modern yoga by [[Krishnamacharya]] in the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite book | last=Goldberg | first=Elliott |author-link=Elliott Goldberg | title=The Path of Modern Yoga: the history of an embodied spiritual practice | publisher=Inner Traditions | location=Rochester, Vermont | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-62055-567-5 | oclc=926062252 | pages=223, 395–398}}</ref>

==Image Gallery==
<gallery>
File:KSK2026-22034-2-Bharatanatyam HS(B) 2-Manas C Krishnna.jpg|Bharatanatyam Performance at School Kalolsavam 2026, Thrissur
</gallery>

==In cinema==
[[File:Rama Vaidyanathan au musée Guimet 2009.ogv|thumb|One movement in the Bharatanatyam by [[Rama Vaidyanathan]] at the [[Guimet Museum]] (2009).]]

# ''[[Senthamarai (film)|Senthamarai]]'' (Tamil, 1962)
# ''[[Thillana Mohanambal]]'' (Tamil, 1968)
# ''[[Paattum Bharathamum]]'' (Tamil, 1975)
# ''[[Sagara Sangamam]]'' (Telugu, 1983)
# ''[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]'' (Telugu, 1985)
# ''[[Manichitrathazhu]]'' (Malayalam, 1993)
# ''[[Sringaram]]'' (Tamil, 2007)
# ''[[Kamaladalam]]'' (Malayalam, 1992)
#''Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal'' (Malayalam)

== See also ==

* [[Culture of India]]
* [[Vazhuvoor (Dance)|Vazhuvoor (dance)]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==

*Uttara Asha Coorlawala, ed. ''Re-presenting Indian Dance.'' Dance Research Journal. Congress on Research in Dance 36/2. Winter 2004. ISSN 0149-7677
*{{cite journal|author=Wallace Dace|title=The Concept of "Rasa" in Sanskrit Dramatic Theory|journal=Educational Theatre Journal|volume=15|issue=3|pages=249–254|year=1963|jstor=3204783|doi=10.2307/3204783}}
*{{cite book |first=Alain |last=Danielou |title=Shilappadikaram (The Ankle Bracelet) by Iḷaṅkōvaṭikaḷ| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uu3QelRpmsgC|year =1965|publisher=New Directions Publishing, New York|isbn=978-0-8112-0001-1}}
*{{cite book|author=Ragini Devi|title=Dance Dialects of India|url=https://archive.org/details/dancedialectsofi0000ragi |url-access=registration|year=1990 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0674-0}}
* {{citation |first=V R Ramachandra |last=Dikshitar |title=The Silappadikaram |year=1939 |publisher=Oxford University Press | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201802/page/n5 }}
*{{cite book|last=Fergusson |first=James |title=The Caves Temples of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YqEFKdU8FEC&pg=PA405|year=1880|publisher=W. H. Allen|access-date=2 April 2016}}
*Douglas M. Knight, Jr. ''Balasaraswati: Her Art and Life''. Wesleyan University Press. Middletown, CT, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-8195-6906-6}}
*Sunil Kothari, ''Bharata Natyam,'' Marg Publications, Mumbai: 1997.
*{{cite book|author=Natalia Lidova|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |doi=10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0071 |title=Natyashastra }}
*{{cite book|author=Natalia Lidova |title=Drama and Ritual of Early Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TKarwqJJP0C |date=1994 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1234-5 }}
*{{cite book|author=Tarla Mehta|title=Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7naMj1UxIkC|year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1057-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Michell|first=George l|title=Temple Architecture and Art of the Early Chalukyas: Badami, Mahakuta, Aihole, Pattadakal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1TroAEACAAJ|date=15 October 2014|publisher=Niyogi Books|isbn=978-93-83098-33-0}}
*Narayanan Chittoor Namboodiripad, "Revealing the Art of Natyasastra." {{ISBN|9788121512183}}
*Srividya Natarajan Another Stage in the Life of the Nation: Sadir, Bharatanatyam, Feminist Theory. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Dept of English, University of Hyderabad, 1997.
*{{cite book|author=Emmie Te Nijenhuis |author-link=Emmie te Nijenhuis |title=Indian Music: History and Structure |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrgfAAAAIAAJ |year=1974|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-03978-3 }}
*Sukanya Rahman. ''Dancing in the Family.'' Rupa and Co. New Delhi: 2004. {{ISBN|81-291-0594-2}}
*Vijaya Rao, (1987), Abbild des Göttlichen. Bharata Natyam. Der klassische Indische Tanz. Freiburg (Germany)
*{{cite book|first1=Farley P. |last1=Richmond |first2=Darius L. |last2=Swann |first3=Phillip B. |last3=Zarrilli |title=Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C |year=1993 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0981-9}}
*{{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Bharata, the Nāṭyaśāstra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKW1PAAACAAJ |year=2001|publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1220-6}}
*{{cite book| author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Classical Indian dance in literature and the arts |year=1977 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |oclc=233639306}}, [http://library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/toc/z2008_2719.pdf Table of Contents]
*{{citation| author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Indian classical dance |year=1974 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |oclc=2238067 }}
*{{cite book| author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Aesthetic theories and forms in Indian tradition |year=2008 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |oclc=286469807| isbn=978-8187586357}}
*{{cite book| author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Dance In Indian Painting |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58fUibaZdGYC |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-153-9}}
*{{cite journal|last=Williams|first=Drid|title=In the Shadow of Hollywood Orientalism: Authentic East Indian Dancing|url=http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf|journal=Visual Anthropology|volume=17|issue=1|year=2004|pages=69–98|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.1080/08949460490274013|s2cid=29065670|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121105/http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf|url-status=dead}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bharatanatyam}}
{{Wikiquote}}

{{Dance in India}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Karnataka topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharata Natyam}}
[[Category:Bharatanatyam| ]]
[[Category:Tamil culture]]
[[Category:Hindu traditions]]
[[Category:South India]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Classical dance genres of India]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Hindu art]]

Bhairavesvarar Temple, Cholapuram

2026-01-21T03:28:02Z

SamiraKeister30: creating place

{{Short description|Shiva temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
'''Bhairavesvarar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the deity [[Shiva]], located at [[Cholapuram]] in [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].
<ref name=dinamani>[https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/vellimani/2020/aug/21/64-bhairavs-in-one-temple-3452233.html கடம்பூர் விஜயன், ஒரே கோயிலில் 64 பைரவர்கள், தினமணி, 21 ஆகஸ்டு 2020]</ref><ref>[http://www.thanjavuronline.com/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B9-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B7-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2/ நவக்கிரஹ தோஷ பரிகாரத் தலங்கள், சோழபுரம் ஸ்ரீ பைரவேஸ்வரர் ஆலயம்]</ref>

==Location==
This temple is located at a distance of {{convert|13|km}}. in [[Kumbakonam]]-[[Chennai]] highway, in Cholapuram. This place was known as Bhairavapuram.<ref name=dinamani/>

==Structure==
This temple belonged to [[Chola dynasty]]. Without any structure in the entrance, it has only the base of the front [[mandapa]]. On either side of the [[garbhagriha]], [[Ganesha|Vinayaka]] are found. Near to him [[Kartikeya|Subramania]] is found. The goddess is facing south.<ref name=dinamani/>

==Presiding deity==
The presiding deity is known as Bhairavesvarar and the goddess is known as Bhairavesvari. This is the place where [[Bhairava|Bairava]] appeared in the form of [[Shiva]]. So, the presiding deity, who is in the [[Lingam]] form is known as Bhairavesvarar. It is said that 64 Bharaivas have appeared in this place and the first Bhairava also came from this place. In the shrine of the goddess, only the face of the deity is found.<ref name=temple>{{Cite web |url=http://templesinsouthindia.com/templedetails.php?templeId=2451 |title=அருள்மிகு பைரவேஸ்வரர் திருக்கோவில், சோழபுரம் |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-date=1 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501100731/http://templesinsouthindia.com/templedetails.php?templeId=2451 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In this temple eight hand Bhairava is found. Here 64 peetas are found. It is believed that 64 Bhairavas, worshipped and did [[pujas]] and [[Dhyāna in Hinduism|dhyāna]] in these 64 peetas.<ref name=dinamani/>

==Other deities==
In this temple [[Ardhanarishvara]], [[Durga]] with eight hands, [[Dakshinamurti]], [[Shiva|Gangadharar]] and [[Kalyanasundara]] are also found.<ref name=temple/>

==Worship==
On Saturdays special pujas are held here.<ref name=dinamani/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|11.05510|79.41285|type:landmark_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Thanjavur district]]

Proddatur

2026-01-20T02:39:51Z

SamiraKeister30: updated page

{{original research|date=September 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Proddatur
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| official_name =
| other_name = Proddaturu
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = Proddatur.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Proddatur Ammavarishaala
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.75|N|78.55|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rayalaseema]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Bradhanpuri
| government_type = [[Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Proddatur Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="civicbody">{{cite web|title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs|url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607084106/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|archive-date=7 June 2016|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name=municipality>{{cite web|title=Basic Information of Municipality|url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/PRODDATUR/Basic_information_Municipality.html|website=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214115702/http://cdma.ap.gov.in/PRODDATUR/Basic_information_Municipality.html|archive-date=14 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 21.06
| area_rank = 15th(in state)
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Elevation for Proddatur |url=http://veloroutes.org/elevation/?location=Proddatur&units=m|publisher=Veloroutes |access-date=3 September 2014}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 158
| population_total = 217,895
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-andhrapradesh.php|title=Andhra Pradesh (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 217,895
| population_metro_footnotes =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 516360, 516361, 516362 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/pin/Pinsearch.aspx?Pin_On=Proddatur|title=IndiaPost – Pincode Search – Proddatur|publisher=[[Indian Postal Service|India Post]]|access-date=19 October 2009|location=[[New Delhi]], India}}</ref>
| area_code = 08564<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sarkaritel.com/codes/std_codes_andhrapradesh.htm|title=STD Codes (Andhra Pradesh)|year=2005|publisher=Sarkaritel|access-date=19 October 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917140956/http://www.sarkaritel.com/codes/std_codes_andhrapradesh.htm|archive-date=17 September 2009}}</ref>
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| iso_code = 
| registration_plate = AP-04 and AP-24
| website = {{URL|http://eproddatur.com}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 78.08%
}}
'''Proddatur''', natively known as '''Proddaturu''', is a city in the [[YSR Kadapa District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], located on the banks of the [[Penna River]]. The city is a [[List of municipalities in Andhra Pradesh|municipality]], and also the mandal headquarters of Proddatur [[mandal]]. It is the second-largest town in former [[Kadapa District]]. It is the oldest municipality which formed before [[Indian independence movement|Independence]].

Proddatur got its name from the history of [[Ramayana]], where [[Lord Ram]]<nowiki/>a resided. Many old temples are located in the city. The temple where Lord Rama resided is located on the banks of [[Penna River]], known as Rameshwaram. It is known as Second Bombay for Gold business.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/shutter-down-over-1000-jewellery-shops-shut-in-ap-town-after-i-t-raids/articleshow/104626621.cms|title=Shutter down! Over 1,000 jewellery shops shut in AP town after I-T raids}}</ref> Thousands of gold and clothing shops are located in Proddutur. It is also known as the Second Mysore for its grandeur in [[Dussehra]] celebrations. It is 13th largest urban agglomeration in Andhrapradesh. It became a municipality in 1915, later it was upgraded from 3rd, to 2nd, to 1st. In 1998, it became a Special Grade Municipality. Proddatur–to–Cumbum railway section was sanctioned in 2010 which is strategically important for the town. [[National Highway 67 (India)|National Highway 67]] passes through this town.
Multiple schools, colleges and a wide range of hospitals are located here along with a 350 bed government hospital.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise villages|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/cuddapah.pdf|website=Revenue Department – AP Land|publisher=National Informatics Center|access-date=10 November 2014|page=6|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216080811/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Cuddapah.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2012}}</ref> The town is near the centre for small towns like [[Jammalamadugu]], [[Mydukur]], [[Chagalamarri]], [[Yerraguntla]] and a major center nearby other small towns in the Kadapa District. A large number of people from these small towns commute to Proddatur for their livelihoods.

It also has a forest division—Proddatur Forest Division.<ref>{{cite web|title=Part-III State Administrative Divisions 2001–2011 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India|access-date=18 January 2015|page=258|format=PDF}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|pre=the|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], Proddatur urban agglomeration has population of 217,895. The city had a population of 162,816. Proddatur is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Andhra Pradesh. There are 81,368 males and 81,448 females in the total population; a sex ratio of 1001 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 940 per 1000.<ref name=population /><ref>{{cite web|title=Sex Ratio |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/indiaatglance.html|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=3 September 2014}}</ref> 15,516 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 7,999 are boys and 7,517 are girls; a ratio of 940 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 78.08% (male 86.02%; female 70.20%) with 115,011 literates, significantly higher than the national average of 73.00%.<ref name=population /><ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter–3 (Literates and Literacy rate) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-3.pdf|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|access-date=3 September 2014|format=PDF}}</ref>

Its urban agglomeration had a population of 217,895, of which males constitute 108,986, females represent 108,900; a sex ratio of 999 females per 1000 men; 21,616 are in the age group of 0–6 years. There are a total of 147,156 literates, with an average literacy rate of 75.97%.<ref>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – YSR|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2820_PART_B_DCHB_YSR.pdf|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=10 June 2016}}</ref>

== Governance ==
Kadapa and Proddatur are the only municipalities which were formed before independence in the district. The Proddatur municipality was formed in 1915. It was upgraded to a ''Special Grade Municipality'' in 1998. The jurisdiction of the municipality is spread over an area of {{Convert|21.06|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Proddatur Municipality|url=http://cdma.gov.in/PRODDATUR/index.html|website=Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration|publisher=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=4 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707013851/http://cdma.gov.in/PRODDATUR/index.html|archive-date=7 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The city is one of the 31 cities in the state to be a part of water supply and sewerage services mission known as the [[Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation]], or AMRUT.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vadlapatla|first1=Sribala|title=Amaravati among 31 AP cities selected for Amruth development|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Amaravati-among-31-AP-cities-selected-for-Amruth-development/articleshow/48431080.cms|access-date=18 December 2015|work=The Times of India|date=11 August 2015|location=Hyderabad}}</ref> Per the National Urban Sanitation Policy, the city was ranked 327th in the country in 2009–10, with a total of 27.450 points.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rank of Cities on Sanitation 2009–2010: National Urban Sanitation Policy |url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2010/may/d2010051103.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=22 September 2014}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Its economy is mainly driven by gold and cotton businesses, book manufacturing, and financing.<ref name="info">{{cite web|title=Proddatur Info|url=http://cdma.gov.in/PRODDATUR/|website=Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration|publisher=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=20 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703015416/http://cdma.gov.in/PRODDATUR/|archive-date=3 July 2014}}</ref>

== Transport ==
* Proddatur is located on [[National Highway 67 (India)|Highway 67]]. Daily bus services are available to [[Bangalore|Bangalore, Hyderabad]], [[Chennai]], [[Vijayawada]]; non-stop bus service is available to [[Kadapa|Kadapa and Tirupati]] .
* [[Proddatur railway station]] is situated on the [[Nandyal–Yerraguntla section]]. It falls under the jurisdiction of the [[Guntakal railway division]].<ref name="section">{{cite news|title=Nandyal–Yerranguntla rail line commissioned|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/nandyalyerranguntla-rail-line-commissioned/article9023528.ece|access-date=24 August 2016|work=The Hindu|date=24 August 2016}}</ref>
* 60 km from Kadapa Airport.

==Education==
The primary and secondary education consists of government-funded and government-aided public schools, and private schools, under the School Education Department of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=7 November 2016|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107220545/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|website=www.ap.gov.in|access-date=7 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> Instruction in provided in either English or Telugu.

* Sri Ravindra High School<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Ravindra High School|url=http://vitspdtr.ac.in/|website=Sri Ravindra High School|access-date=7 March 2009
}}</ref>

* Deepthi junior college<ref>{{cite web|title=Deepthi junior college|url=http://vitspdtr.ac.in/|website=Deepthi junior college|access-date=7 March 2009}}</ref>

* Vaagdevi Institute of Technology and Science<ref>{{cite web|title=Vaagdevi Institute of Technology and Science|url=http://vitspdtr.ac.in/|website=Vaagdevi Institute of Technology and Science|access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref>
* Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology<ref>{{cite web|title=CBIT|url=http://www.cbit.edu.in/|website=Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology|access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref>
* Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology<ref>{{cite web|title=VBIT|url=http://vbit.edu.in/|website=Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology|access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref>
* Gouthami Institute of Technology and Management for Women<ref>{{cite web|title=GITAMW|url=http://www.gitamw.co.in/|website=Gouthami Institute of Technology & Management for women|access-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219041633/http://www.gitamw.co.in/|archive-date=19 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Lepakshi Degree College
* [[Sri Venkateswara Veterinary College]]
* [[Yogivemana Govt Engineering college ]]

== Notable people ==
*[[Santha Kumari]] – South Indian drama and movie actress
*[[Puttaparthi Narayanacharyulu]] – Poet, also known as "Saraswati Putra"
*[[Basavaraju Venkata Padmanabha Rao|Padmanabham]] – Telugu comedian

== See also ==
* [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of municipalities in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kadapa district}}
{{Municipalities of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Cities in Andhra Pradesh]]

Svaramelakalanidhi

2025-12-16T14:07:41Z

SamiraKeister30: rework citations additionally and improved wording to improve readability

{{Short description|1550 musicological treatise by Ramamatya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{italic title}}
'''''Swaramelakalanidhi''''' is a much celebrated musicological treatise of 16th century the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. Authored by Ramamatya in the year 1550, the work is counted among the [[Vijayanagara musicological nonet|''sangita shastra navaratnas'' or the nine 'gems']] of the theory of [[Carnatic Music]]. The work's importance lies in the fact that it is more relevant and related to modern practice than the books written prior to it. Spread over five chapters, it deals primarily with the theory of ''[[raga]]'', describes the ''melas'' for the classification of ''raga'' -and the different ''shuddha svaras'' and ''vikrta svaras'' constituting the ''melas''.

Works by other celebrated contemporaries like [[Pundarika Vitthala]] and Somanantha also deal with similar themes, namely the description of ragas, their classification under melas and the enumeration of the shuddha and vikrta svaras constituting the melas. Minor ideological difference can however be discerned among these works.

==The author==
Ramamatya was the grandson of the illustrious [[Kallinatha]] (the author of an authoritative commentary to Sarngadeva's [[Sangita Ratnakara]]). He was also the royal composer and architect at the court of king Ramaraja. He described himself as abhinavabharatacharya and ''todara-malla'' (meaning "the hero (''malla'') who wears the honorific anklet (''todar'')"). The Kannada term means hero (malla) who wears the honorific anklet (todar). The last epithet is however, usually interpreted by some as alluding Todarmal, a minister in the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]]'s court, the anachronism notwithstanding.

==The work==
The ''Svaramelakalanidhi'' brings the theory up to date, rationalizes intervals and scales, introduces the concepts of ''svayambhu-svara'' (self-generating note, upper partial), ''.dharashruti paryayatattva'' and ''pratinidhitattva'' of ''svaras''. ''Mukhari'' is established as the ''shuddhasvara saptaka''. It also fixes and standardizes musical intervals on the keyboard, defines the accordatura, range, preferred strings (for particular notes) etc., for a variety of stringed keyboards. Among other things, it also innovates and dedicates a new keyboard to king Achyutaraya. A new scheme for classifying ragas into ''uttama'' (superior), ''madhyama'' (middling) and ''adhama'' (inferior) on the basis of their expressive potential is also expounded in the work. It also resolves the problem of the ''antara'' and ''kaishiki'' notes.

The work is divided into five chapters viz.,

1. Upodghataprakarana 
2. Svaraprakarana 
3. Vinaprakarana 
4. Melaprakarana 
5. Ragaprakarana

==See also==
* [[Karnataka Music]]
* [[Vijayanagara musicological nonet]]
* [[Melakarta]]
* [[Haridasas and Carnatic music]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:1550 books]]
[[Category:Carnatic music]]

Archana Kochhar

2025-11-25T05:31:05Z

SamiraKeister30: creating a article

{{short description|Indian fashion designer (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox fashion designer
| name = Archana Kochhar
| image =
| image_size = 300px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1972}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| education =
| label_name = Archana Kochhar
| awards =
| known_for =
| occupation = Fashion designer
}}
'''Archana Kochhar''' (born 1972) is an Indian fashion designer. She is mainly known for her global design sensibilities.

Archana Kochhar has been invited to showcase her collection on National & International runways. Kochhar has showcased her designs at events like [[Lakme Fashion Week]], [[India Fashion Week]] and [[New York Fashion Week]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.demotix.com/news/4214701/archana-kochhar-showcases-new-collection-lakme-fashion-week#media-4214553 | title=DemotiX | date=14 July 2021 }}</ref>

Archana exhibited Make in India driven [[Ahimsa silk]] saree with an objective to generate employment in weaving community for Women Empowerment at Satya Brahma's initiative at Indian Affairs 6th Annual India Leadership Conclave 2015 in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Designer Archana Kochhar to experiment with Ahimsa Silk, spearhead the revolutionary Gandhian Ahimsa to produce fine forms of Silk Costumes – Indian Affairs|url = http://indianaffairs.tv/designer-archana-kochhar-to-experiment-with-ahimsa-silk-spearhead-the-revolutionary-gandhian-ahimsa-to-produce-fine-forms-of-silk-costumes/|website = indianaffairs.tv| date=7 September 2015 |access-date = 2016-02-07}}</ref>

==New York Fashion Week==
As a part of Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s [[Make in India]] campaign, Kochhar's collection introduced the indigenous ahimsa silk (Peace Silk) at [[New York Fashion Week]], 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.anokhimedia.com/blog/archana-kochhar-debuts-ahimsa-r-ama-at-new-york-fashion-week | title=Archana Kochhar Debuts Ahimsa Rēśama At New York Fashion Week | publisher=Anokhi Media | date=14 September 2015 | accessdate=28 September 2015 | author=Elizabeth, Meaghan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ritzmagazine.in/2015/09/ace-designer-archana-kochhar-unveils-the-first-look-of-her-newyork-fashion-week-collection-ahmisa-resama/ | title=Ace Designer Archana Kochhar unveils the first look of her NewYork Fashion Week Collection, "Ahmisa Resama" | publisher=Ritz | date=11 September 2015 | accessdate=28 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003024625/http://www.ritzmagazine.in/2015/09/ace-designer-archana-kochhar-unveils-the-first-look-of-her-newyork-fashion-week-collection-ahmisa-resama/ | archive-date=3 October 2015 | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/fashion/story/make-in-india-campaign-gets-fashionable-promotion-in-ny-archana-kochhar-ahimsa-silk-263567-2015-09-18 | title=NYFW: Indian designer Archana Kochhar presents Ahimsa Resama on the runway | work=India Today | date=18 September 2015 | agency=IANS | access-date=28 September 2015 | author=Goel, Hemul | location=New Delhi}}</ref> Her designs were featured by amputee model Rebekah Marine.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dailyo.in/lifestyle/new-york-fashion-week-2015-archana-kochhar-rebekah-marine-bionic-model-prosthetics-acid-attacks-laxmi/story/1/6309.html | title=Model Rebekah Marine, born without a forearm, inspires us to rethink beauty | publisher=dailyO | date=18 September 2015 | accessdate=28 September 2015 | author=Bhalla, Radhika}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kochhar, Archana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Indian women fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]

Battle of Alam el Halfa order of battle

2025-11-14T03:05:54Z

SamiraKeister30: cleaned up references after review and fixed typos

This is the [[order of battle]] for the [[Battle of Alam el Halfa]], a [[World War II]] battle between the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]] and the [[Axis powers]] of [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] and [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Italy]] in [[North Africa]] between 30 August and 5 September 1942.<ref>Buffetaut pp. 85–86</ref> The forces were the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]] (British and New Zealand units) and the ''[[Panzer Army Africa|Panzer Armee Afrika]]'' (German and Italian units)[[File:Advance of the Panzerjager-Abteilung 39-AC1942.jpg|thumb|[[Panzerjäger]]-Abteilung 39 (an anti-tank unit) part of "[[Kampfgruppe]] Gräf", formed within the 21st Panzer Division, on the move, 1942]]

==Allied forces==
===Eighth Army===
:[[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-general]] [[Bernard Montgomery]]
[[XIII Corps (United Kingdom)|XIII Corps]]
:Lieutenant-general [[Brian Horrocks]]
* [[2nd New Zealand Division]] – Lieutenant-General [[Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg|Bernard Freyberg]]
** [[4th Infantry Brigade (New Zealand)|4th New Zealand Infantry Brigade]] – [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] [[Lindsay Merritt Inglis|Lindsay Inglis]]
*** [[18th Battalion (New Zealand)|18th New Zealand Infantry Battalion]]
*** [[19th Battalion (New Zealand)|19th]] [[18th Battalion (New Zealand)|New Zealand Infantry Battalion]]
*** [[20th Battalion (New Zealand)|20th]] [[18th Battalion (New Zealand)|New Zealand Infantry Battalion]]
*** No.4 Anti-Tank Battery, [[7th Anti-Tank Regiment (New Zealand)|7th Anti-Tank Regiment]], [[Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery|New Zealand Artillery]]
** [[5th Infantry Brigade (New Zealand)|5th New Zealand Infantry Brigade]] – Brigadier [[Howard Kippenberger]]
*** [[21st Battalion (New Zealand)|21st New Zealand Infantry Battalion]]
*** [[22nd Battalion (New Zealand)|22nd New Zealand Infantry Battalion]]
*** [[23rd Battalion (New Zealand)|23rd New Zealand Infantry Battalion]]
*** No.5 Anti-Tank Battery, 7th Anti-Tank Regiment, New Zealand Artillery
** [[6th Infantry Brigade (New Zealand)|6th New Zealand Infantry Brigade]] – Brigadier [[George Herbert Clifton|George Clifton]] (captured 4 September)
*** [[24th Battalion (New Zealand)|24th New Zealand Infantry Battalion]]
*** [[25th Battalion (New Zealand)|25th New Zealand Infantry Battalion]]
*** [[26th Battalion (New Zealand)|26th New Zealand Infantry Battalion]]
*** No.6 Anti-Tank Battery, 7th Anti-Tank Regiment, New Zealand Artillery
** [[132nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|British 132nd Infantry Brigade]] (detached from 44th Division) – [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] C.B. Robertson (wounded)
*** 2nd Battalion, [[Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)|The Buffs Royal East Kent Regiment]]
*** 4th Battalion, [[Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment|The Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment]]
*** 5th Battalion, The Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment
* [[44th (Home Counties) Division]] – [[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major-general]] [[Ivor Hughes (British Army officer)|Ivor Hughes]]
** [[131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|British 131st Infantry Brigade]] – Brigadier E.H.C. Frith
*** 1/5th Battalion, [[Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)|The Queen's Royal Regiment]]
*** 1/6th Battalion, The Queen's Royal Regiment
*** 1/7th Battalion, The Queen's Royal Regiment
** [[133rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|British 133rd Infantry Brigade]] – Brigadier [[Lashmer Whistler]]
*** 2nd Battalion, [[Royal Sussex Regiment]]
*** 4th Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment
*** 5th Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment
* [[7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|7th Armoured Division]] – Major-General [[James Renton]]
** [[4th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters North East|4th Light Armoured Brigade]] – Brigadier Carr
*** 4th/8th Hussars
*** [[11th Hussars]]
*** [[12th Lancers]]
*** 1st Battalion, [[King's Royal Rifle Corps]]
*** [[3rd Regiment Royal Horse Artillery|3rd Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery]]
** [[18th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|7th Motor Brigade]] – Brigadier Bosville
*** 2nd Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps
*** 2nd Battalion, [[Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own)|The Rifle Brigade]]
*** 7th Battalion, The Rifle Brigade
* [[10th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|10th Armoured Division]] – Major-General [[Alexander Gatehouse]]
** [[22nd Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|22nd Armoured Brigade]] – Brigadier [[George Philip Bradley Roberts|George Roberts]]
*** [[2nd Royal Gloucestershire Hussars]]
*** [[5th Royal Inniskilling Dragoon Guards]]
*** [[3rd County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)]]
*** [[4th County of London Yeomanry]]
*** 1st Battalion, [[The Rifle Brigade]]
** [[8th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|8th Armoured Brigade]] – Brigadier Edward Custance
*** [[3rd Royal Tank Regiment]]
*** [[Nottinghamshire Yeomanry (Sherwood Rangers)]]
*** [[The Staffordshire Yeomanry]]
*** 1st Battalion, [[Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)|The Buffs, Royal East Kent Regiment]]
** [[23rd Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|23rd Armoured Brigade]] – Brigadier [[George Richards (British Army officer)|George Richards]]
*** [[40th (The King's) Royal Tank Regiment]]
*** [[46th Royal Tank Regiment|46th (The Liverpool Welsh) Royal Tank Regiment]]
*** [[50th Royal Tank Regiment]]
*** [[5th Regiment Royal Artillery|5th Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery]]

==Axis forces==
===Panzerarmee Afrika===
:''[[Generalfeldmarschall]]'' [[Erwin Rommel]]
[[Afrika Korps|Deutsches Afrika Korps]]
:''[[Generalleutnant]]'' [[Walther Nehring]] (wounded in an air attack on 31 August and replaced by Rommel's chief-of-staff ''[[oberst]]'' [[Fritz Bayerlein]])<ref>Bungay p. 136</ref>
* [[15th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|15th Panzer Division]] – ''[[Generalmajor]]'' [[Gustav von Vaerst]]
* [[German 21st Panzer Division|21st Panzer Division]] – ''Generalmajor'' [[Georg von Bismarck]]
* [[German 90th Light Infantry Division|90th Light Division]] – ''Generalmajor'' [[Ulrich Kleemann]]

[[Italian XX Motorised Corps]]
:[[Major general]] [[Giuseppe De Stefanis]]
* [[101st Motorised Division "Trieste"]] – Major general [[Francesco La Ferla]]
* [[132nd Armored Division "Ariete"|132nd Armoured Division "Ariete"]] – Major general [[Adolfo Infante]]
* [[133rd Armored Division "Littorio"|133rd Armoured Division "Littorio"]] – Major general [[Gervasio Bitossi]]
[[X Army Corps (Italy)|Italian X Corps]]
:[[Lieutenant general]] [[Federico Ferrari Orsi]]
* [[17th Infantry Division "Pavia"]] – Major general [[Nazzareno Scattaglia]]
* [[27th Infantry Division "Brescia"]] – Major general [[Brunetto Brunetti]]
* [[185th Infantry Division "Folgore"]] – Major general [[Enrico Frattini]]

==Tanks in use by both sides==
[[File:Valentine tank Mk3 desert.jpg|right|thumb|A British Valentine tank carrying Scottish soldiers in North Africa]]
The ''Deutsches Africa Korps'' had 229 German and 243 Italian tanks<ref>Panzer Battles by MAJ.GEN.F.W.VON MELLENTH1N</ref> The Germans had 27 of the [[Panzer IV#Variants|Panzer IV variant with ]]the [[7.5 cm KwK 40|long-barreled gun 75mm gun]]. This longer barrelled gun gave the Mark IV superior range than the Allied tanks.
A total of 472.

The Allies had 500 tanks that would see action during this battle. 170 of these were [[M3 Lee|M3 Grant]] medium tanks, the best tank the Allies had access to at this time. The remaining tanks were made up of [[M3 Stuart]] [[light tanks]], [[Crusader tank|Crusader Mk II]] [[cruiser tank]]s and [[Valentine tank|Valentine]] [[infantry tanks]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}
A total of 500.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==

* {{cite book|last=Buffetaut| first=Yves| year=1995| title=Operation Supercharge-La seconde bataille d'El Alamein| publisher=Histoire Et Collections| language=French}}
* {{cite book|last=Bungay| first=Stephen| year=2002| title=Alamein| publisher=Aurum Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Hammond| first=Bryn| year=2012| title=El Alamein: The Battle that Turned the Tide of the Second World War| publisher=Osprey Publishing}}

[[Category:World War II orders of battle|Battle of Alam el Halfa]]
[[Category:North African campaign|Battle of Alam el Halfa]]
[[Category:Western Desert campaign|Battle of Alam el Halfa]]
[[Category:Egypt in World War II|Battle of Alam el Halfa]]
[[Category:1942 in Egypt]]

Punjab women's cricket team (India)

2025-11-11T11:17:07Z

SamiraKeister30: starting first data w/ infobox

{{Short description|Cricket team based in Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket team
|name = Punjab Women
|image =
|caption =
|captain = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]]
|coach =
|founded =
|ground = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium]]
|capacity = 27,000
|owner = [[Punjab Cricket Association]]
| title1 = [[Women's Senior One Day Trophy|WSODT]]
| title1wins = 0
| title2 = [[Senior Women's T20 League|SWTL]]
| title2wins = 1
|website = [http://www.cricketpunjab.in PCA]
}}

The '''Punjab women's cricket team''' is an Indian domestic [[cricket]] team representing the Indian state of Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4758/4758.html|title=Punjab Women at Cricketarchive}}</ref> The team has represented the state in [[Women's Senior One Day Trophy]] ([[List A cricket|List A]]) and [[Senior women's T20 league|Women's Senior T20 Trophy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-one-day-league-2016-17/results|title=senior-womens-one-day-league|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117083321/http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-one-day-league-2016-17/results|archive-date=17 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-t20-league-2016-17/results|title=senior-womens-t20-league|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116153953/http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-t20-league-2016-17/results|archive-date=16 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Notable players==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2025}}
*[[Harmanpreet Kaur]]

==Current squad==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2025}}
*Ridhima Aggarwal
*[[Amanjot Kaur]]
*[[Taniya Bhatia]] (wk)
*Neetu Singh
*[[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (C)
*Parveen Khan
*[[Kanika Ahuja]]
*Neelam Bisht
*Gazala Naj
*Babita Meena
*[[Mehak Kesar]]
*Komalpreet Kour
*Harpreet Dhillon
*Akshita bhagat

==Honours==
* '''[[Women's Senior T20 Trophy]]:'''
** '''Winners (1):''' [[2018–19 Senior Women's T20 League|2018–19]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}https://web.archive.org/web/20170608164900/http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/iphone/homepage.aspx#_articlefd4d3db4-c083-4646-b3c0-64622f1958c2/waarticlefd4d3db4-c083-4646-b3c0-64622f1958c2/fd4d3db4-c083-4646-b3c0-64622f1958c2//true

{{Cricket in India}}
{{Women's Inter State Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Women's cricket teams in India]]
[[Category:Cricket in Punjab, India]]

2014–15 Mohun Bagan FC season

2025-10-29T06:50:32Z

SamiraKeister30: creating a entry

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
| season = [[2014–15 in Indian football|2014–15]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Subhash Bhowmick]] [[Sanjoy Sen]]
| chairman = [[Siddharth Mallya]]
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]] [[Barasat Stadium]]
| league = [[I-League]]
| league result = '''[[2014–15 I-League|Champions]]'''
| league2 = [[Calcutta Football League]]
| league2 result = '''Runners-up'''
| cup1 = [[Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]]
| cup1 result = '''[[2014–15 Indian Federation Cup Group Stage|Group stage]]'''
| cup2 = [[King's Cup (Bhutan)|King's Cup]]
| cup2 result = '''[[2014 King's Cup (Bhutan)#Semifinals|Semi-finalist]]'''
| league topscorer = [[Sony Norde|Norde]] (9)
| season topscorer = [[Pierre Boya|Boya]] (14)
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
| pattern_la1=
| pattern_b1= _mbhome_1415
| pattern_ra1=
| pattern_sh1= _mbhome_1415
| pattern_so1= _mbhome_1415
| leftarm1= 91191B
| body1=
| rightarm1= 91191B
| shorts1=
| socks1= 91191B
| pattern_la2= _mbaway_1415
| pattern_b2= _mbaway_1415
| pattern_ra2= _mbaway_1415
| pattern_sh2= _mbhome_1415
| pattern_so2= _mbaway_1213
| leftarm2=
| body2=
| rightarm2=
| shorts2=
| socks2= FFFFFF
| prevseason = [[2013–14 Mohun Bagan FC season|2013–14]]
| nextseason = [[2015–16 Mohun Bagan FC season|2015–16]]
}}

The '''2014–15 Mohun Bagan FC season''' was the club's 8th season in [[I-League]] and 125th season since its establishment in 1889. The team finished runners-up in the [[Calcutta Football League]] and were crowned ''Champions'' in the [[2014–15 I-League|I-League]]. Mohun Bagan reached the semifinals of the [[2014 King's Cup (Bhutan)|King's Cup]] where they were defeated by [[Pune F.C.|Pune]] and they bowed out in the group stage of the [[2014–15 Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]].

==Transfers==

===In===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}

====Pre-season====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:95%"
|-
!Pos.
!Name
!Signed from
!Ref.
|-
|GK
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Debjit Majumder]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/interview-detail/mcdowell-mohun-bagan-goalkeeper-debjit-majumdar-8861|url-status=dead|title=Mohun Bagan sign Debjit Majumder|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=mohunbaganac.com|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303135838/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/interview-detail/mcdowell-mohun-bagan-goalkeeper-debjit-majumdar-8861}}</ref>
|-
|GK
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Vinay Singh]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/interview-detail/a-look-at-the-career-of-mcdowells-mohun-bagan-goalkeeper-vinay-singh-2273|url-status=dead|title=Mohun Bagan sign Vinay Singh|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=mohunbaganac.com|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303133049/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/interview-detail/a-look-at-the-career-of-mcdowells-mohun-bagan-goalkeeper-vinay-singh-2273}}</ref>
|-
|GK
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''Laltu Mondal'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Taltala Deepti Sangha
|<ref name=players>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/sonam-bhutia-signs-at-the-ifa-office-7616|url-status=dead|title=Mohun Bagan sign 6 new players|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=mohunbaganac.com|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303144458/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/sonam-bhutia-signs-at-the-ifa-office-7616}}</ref>
|-
|DF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|NGR}} '''[[Alao Fatai Adisa]]'''
|{{flagicon|YEM}} [[Al-Oruba (Zabid)|Al-Oruba]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2014/06/27/4916432/mohun-bagan-sign-fatai-adisa-alao-as-their-second-foreigner|title=Mohun Bagan sign Fatai as 2nd foreigner|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=goal.com}}</ref>
|-
|DF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Dhanachandra Singh]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[United S.C.|United]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2014/05/04/4794679/dhanachandra-singh-agrees-terms-with-mohun-bagan|title=Dhanachandra Singh agrees to join Mohun Bagan|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=goal.com}}</ref>
|-
|DF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Sukhen Dey (footballer)|Sukhen Dey]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[United S.C.|United]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/interview-detail/mcdowell-mohun-bagan-new-player-sukhen-dey-2708|url-status=dead|title=Mohun Bagan sign Sukhen Dey|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=mohunbaganac.com|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303135111/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/interview-detail/mcdowell-mohun-bagan-new-player-sukhen-dey-2708}}</ref>
|-
|DF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''Johny Routh'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]
|<ref name=players />
|-
|DF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Satish Singh]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/right-back-satish-singh-joins-mcdowell-mohun-bagan-6331|url-status=dead|title=Mohun Bagan sign Satish Singh|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=mohunbaganac.com|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035322/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/right-back-satish-singh-joins-mcdowell-mohun-bagan-6331}}</ref>
|-
|DF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Pratik Chaudhari]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/mcdowell-mohun-bagan-wins-practice-match-pratik-chaudhari-roped-in-6866|title=Mohun Bagan sign Pratik Chaudhari|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=mohunbaganac.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113534/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/mcdowell-mohun-bagan-wins-practice-match-pratik-chaudhari-roped-in-6866|archive-date=26 August 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
|DF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Sonam Bhutia]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]]
|<ref name=players />
|-
|DF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''Suman Hazra'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Mohun Bagan SAIL Academy
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/interview-detail/mcdowell-mohun-bagan-academy-lad-suman-hazra-8282|url-status=dead|title=Suman Hazra joins Mohun Bagan|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=mohunbaganac.com|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303132026/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/interview-detail/mcdowell-mohun-bagan-academy-lad-suman-hazra-8282}}</ref>
|-
|MF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Souvik Chakraborty]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[United S.C.|United]]
|<ref name=players />
|-
|MF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Sehnaj Singh]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/mcdowell-mohun-bagans-new-recruit-central-midfielder-sehnaj-singh-2008|url-status=dead|title=Mohun Bagan sign Sehnaj Singh|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=mohunbaganac.com|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303123332/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/mcdowell-mohun-bagans-new-recruit-central-midfielder-sehnaj-singh-2008}}</ref>
|-
|MF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Tirthankar Sarkar]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pailan Arrows]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/interview-detail/mohun-bagan-sail-football-academy-cadet-tirthankar-sarkar-2228|url-status=dead|title=Mohun Bagan sign Tirthankar Sarkar|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=mohunbaganac.com|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303145439/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/interview-detail/mohun-bagan-sail-football-academy-cadet-tirthankar-sarkar-2228}}</ref>
|-
|MF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Lalkamal Bhowmick]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[United S.C.|United]]
|<ref name=players />
|-
|MF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Randeep Singh]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|<ref name=players />
|-
|FW
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-mohun-bagan-to-sign-jeje-lalpekhlua|title=Mohun Bagan sign Jeje Lalpekhlua|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=sportskeeda.com}}</ref>
|-
|FW
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-mohun-bagan-confirm-the-signing-of-balwant-singh|title=Mohun Bagan sign Balwant Singh|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=sportskeeda.com}}</ref>
|-
|FW
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|CMR}} '''[[Pierre Boya]]''' MP
|{{flagicon|ALB}} [[FK Kukësi]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2014/07/09/4946960/mohun-bagan-complete-signing-of-cameroon-striker-pierre-boya|title=Mohun Bagan sign Pierre Boya|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=goal.com}}</ref>
|-
|}
{{Col-2}}

====Mid-season====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:95%"
|-
!Pos.
!Name
!Signed from
!Ref.
|-
|DF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|BRA}} '''Alex Silveira'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]
|<ref name=2_players>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/alex-petroman-da-silveira-and-aayushmaan-chaturvedi-signs-at-the-ifa-office|url-status=dead|title=Alex and Ayushman sign for Mohun Bagan|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=mohunbaganac.com|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303103912/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/alex-petroman-da-silveira-and-aayushmaan-chaturvedi-signs-at-the-ifa-office}}</ref>
|-
|DF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|NGR}} '''[[Bello Razaq]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tollygunge Agragami]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/interview-detail/mcdowells-mohun-bagan-new-recruit-bello-oladimeji-rasaq-speaks-2290|url-status=dead|title=Bello Razaq signs for Mohun Bagan|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=mohunbaganac.com|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303115113/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/interview-detail/mcdowells-mohun-bagan-new-recruit-bello-oladimeji-rasaq-speaks-2290}}</ref>
|-
|DF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 1984)|Anwar Ali]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/denson-devadas-and-anwar-ali-signs-at-the-ifa-office-5432|url-status=dead|title=Anwar signs for Mohun Bagan|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=mohunbaganac.com|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303142136/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/denson-devadas-and-anwar-ali-signs-at-the-ifa-office-5432}}</ref>
|-
|MF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|HAI}} '''[[Sony Norde]]'''
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club|Dhanmondi]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/sony-norde-meets-mcdowell-mohun-bagan-teammates-at-club-ground-6925|url-status=dead|title=Sony Norde signs for Mohun Bagan|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=mohunbaganac.com|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303120438/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/sony-norde-meets-mcdowell-mohun-bagan-teammates-at-club-ground-6925}}</ref>
|-
|MF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Aayushmaan Chaturvedi]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ashoka F.C.
|<ref name=2_players />
|-
|}
{{Col-end}}

===Out===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}

====Pre-season====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:95%"
|-
!Pos.
!Name
!Sold to
!Ref.
|-
|GK
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Sandip Nandy]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/kerala-blasters-fc/squad/goalkeeper-10639-sandip-nandy-playerprofile|title=Sandip Nandy picked by Kerala Blasters|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|DF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Aiborlang Khongjee]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shillonglajong.com/lajong-sign-new-players/|title=Aibor makes a comeback in Shillong Lajong|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=shillonglajong.com}}</ref>
|-
|DF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Ravinder Singh (footballer)|Ravinder Singh]]'''
|Released
|
|-
|DF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|NGR}} '''[[Echezona Anyichie]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.soccerwiki.org/player.php?pid=58862|title=Eche joins Royal Wahingdoh|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=en.soccerwiki.com}}</ref>
|-
|DF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Rowilson Rodrigues]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/rowilson-rodrigues/72629/|title=Rowilson signs with Dempo after Bagan failure|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=soccerway.com}}</ref>
|-
|DF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Wahid Sali]]'''
|Released
|
|-
|DF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Rana Gharami]]'''
|Released
|
|-
|MF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Adil Khan (footballer)|Adil Khan]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/adil-khan/72589/|title=Adil Khan joins Delhi Dynamos|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=soccerway.com}}</ref>
|-
|MF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Zakeer Mundampara]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metrovaartha.com/en/2014/07/23/salgaocar-fc-signs-zakeer-mundampara/|title=Salgaocar sign Zakeer Mundampara|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=metrovaartha.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303064250/http://metrovaartha.com/en/2014/07/23/salgaocar-fc-signs-zakeer-mundampara/|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|MF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''T.Seiboi Haokip'''
|Released
|
|-
|MF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Rajib Ghorui]]'''
|Released
|
|-
|MF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''Arghya Chakraborty'''
|Released
|
|-
|MF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Shaiju Mon]]'''
|Released
|
|-
|MF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''Prayashu Halder'''
|Released
|
|-
|MF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''Abung Meetei'''
|Released
|
|-
|FW
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|NGR}} '''[[Odafa Onyeka Okolie]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/churchill-brothers-welcome-odafa-okolie-back|title=Churchill welcomes back Odafa Okolie|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=sportskeeda.com}}</ref>
|-
|FW
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|NGR}} '''[[Christopher Chizoba]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lonestar Kashmir F.C.|Lonestar Kashmir]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collegesavingsplans.info/article/638336564/lonestar-kashmir-fc-make-signings-ahead-of-2nd-division-i-league-/|title=Lonestar Kashmir sign Chizoba|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=goal.com}}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|FW
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} '''Shankar Oraon'''
|Released
|
|-
|}
{{Col-2}}

====Mid-season====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:95%"
|-
!Pos.
!Name
!Sold to
!Ref.
|-
|DF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|NGR}} '''[[Alao Fatai Adisa]]'''
|Released
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/mcdowell-mohun-bagan-release-alao-fatai-adisa-6102|title=Mohun Bagan release Fatai|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=mohunbaganac.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303131726/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/mcdowell-mohun-bagan-release-alao-fatai-adisa-6102|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
|DF
|scope="row"|{{flagicon|BRA}} '''Alex Silveira'''
|Released
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/mcdowells-mohun-bagan-release-alex-to-start-preparation-for-federation-cup-|url-status=dead|title=Mohun Bagan release Alex|accessdate=24 February 2016|website=mohunbaganac.com|archive-date=24 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324104833/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/mcdowells-mohun-bagan-release-alex-to-start-preparation-for-federation-cup-}}</ref>
|-
|}
{{Col-end}}

==Kits==
'''Supplier:''' Shiv Naresh / '''Sponsors:''' [[McDowell's No.1]]
{| border-"0" style="margin:1em auto"
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la=
| pattern_b= _mbhome_1415
| pattern_ra=
| pattern_sh= _mbhome_1415
| pattern_so= _mbhome_1415
| leftarm= 91191B
| body=
| rightarm= 91191B
| shorts=
| socks= 91191B
| title=Home
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la= _mbaway_1415
| pattern_b= _mbaway_1415
| pattern_ra= _mbaway_1415
| pattern_sh= _mbhome_1415
| pattern_so= _mbaway_1213
| leftarm=
| body=
| rightarm=
| shorts=
| socks= FFFFFF
| title=Away
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la=
| pattern_b= _mbgk_1415
| pattern_ra=
| pattern_sh=
| pattern_so= _mbgk_1213
| leftarm= 58AA5B
| body=
| rightarm= 58AA5B
| shorts= 141414
| socks= 141414
| title=Goalkeeper
}}
|}

==Squad==

===First-team squad===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:80%"
|-
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Nationality
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Position
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Date of Birth (Age)
|-
!colspan=5 style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Goalkeepers
|-
|[[Shilton Pal]] ([[Captain (association football)|captain]])
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|12|20}}
|-
|[[Debjit Majumder]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1988|3|6}}
|-
|Monotosh Ghosh
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1989|9|19}}
|-
|[[Vinay Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1977|10|16}}
|-
|Laltu Mondal
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|—
|-
!colspan=5 style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Defenders
|-
|[[Bello Razaq]]
|{{flagicon|NGR}}
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1984|8|19}}
|-
|[[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 1984)|Anwar Ali]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1984|9|24}}
|-
|[[Pritam Kotal]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|8|9}}
|-
|[[Dhanachandra Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|3|4}}
|-
|[[Kingshuk Debnath]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|5|8}}
|-
|[[Shouvik Ghosh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|11|5}}
|-
|[[Sukhen Dey (footballer)|Sukhen Dey]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|1|1}}
|-
|Johny Routh
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|—
|-
|[[Satish Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|11|10}}
|-
|[[Pratik Chaudhari]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1989|10|4}}
|-
|[[Sonam Bhutia]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|1|26}}
|-
|Suman Hazra
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|—
|-
!colspan=5 style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Midfielders
|-
|[[Manish Bhargav]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|2|24}}
|-
|[[Denson Devadas]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|12|20}}
|-
|[[Souvik Chakraborty]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1991|7|12}}
|-
|[[Sehnaj Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|7|29}}
|-
|[[Tirthankar Sarkar]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|7|1}}
|-
|[[Lalkamal Bhowmick]] ([[Captain (association football)#Vice-captain|vice-captain]])
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|1|2}}
|-
|[[Bikramjit Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|10|15}}
|-
|[[Pankaj Moula]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|12|20}}
|-
|[[Katsumi Yusa]]
|{{flagicon|JPN}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1988|8|2}}
|-
|[[Sony Norde]]
|{{flagicon|HAI}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1989|7|27}}
|-
|[[Ujjal Howladar]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|1|1}}
|-
|Adarsh Tamang
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|7|5}}
|-
|[[Ram Malik]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1991|3|10}}
|-
|[[Randeep Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|11|16}}
|-
|Ayushman Chaturvedi
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|—
|-
!colspan=5 style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Forwards
|-
|[[Chinadorai Sabeeth]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|12|2}}
|-
|[[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1991|1|7}}
|-
|[[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|12|15}}
|-
|[[Pierre Boya]] MP
|{{flagicon|CMR}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1984|1|16}}
|-
|Prakash Roy
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|—
|-

{{Fb_cs_footer|s=[http://www.mohunbaganac.com/squad-database mohunbaganac.com]|u=30 December 2014|date=August 2017}}

==Technical staff==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| rowspan=2|Chief coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhash Bhowmick]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanjoy Sen]]
|-
| Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sankarlal Chakraborty
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Arpan Dey
|-
| Physical Trainer
|{{flagicon|Brazil}} Djair Miranda Garcia
|-
| Physiotherapist
|{{flagicon|India}} Abhinandan Chatterjee
|-
| Club Doctor
|{{flagicon|IND}} Dr. Protim Ray
|-
| Team Manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Satyajit Chatterjee]]
{{Fb cs footer|s=[http://www.mohunbaganac.com Mohunbaganac.com]|date=August 2015}}

==Statistics==

===Calcutta Football League stats===
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Opposition
!Score
|-
|Army XI
|style="background-color:#ccffcc;"|4–2
|-
|[[Aryan F.C.|Techno Aryan]]
|style="background-color:#ccffcc;"|1–0
|-
|[[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]
|style="background-color:#ccffcc;"|2–1
|-
|[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|style="background-color:#ffcccc;"|1–3
|-
|[[Kalighat Milan Sangha F.C.|Kalighat M.S.]]
|style="background-color:#ccffcc;"|2–0
|-
|[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|style="background-color:#ffcccc;"|1–2
|-
|Police A.C.
|style="background-color:#ccffcc;"|3–0
|-
|[[Sports Authority of India|SAI Darjeeling]]
|style="background-color:#ccffcc;"|1–0
|-
|[[Southern Samity]]
|style="background-color:#ccffcc;"|3–1
|-
|[[Tollygunge Agragami]]
|style="background-color:#ccffcc;"|1–0
|}
Last Updated: 15 September 2014 Source: [[#Statistics|Statistics]]

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}

====Goal scorers====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
|-
!Pos.
!Nat.
!Name
!Goal(s)
!Appearance(s)
|-
|FW||{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]]
|7||9
|-
|FW||{{flagicon|CMR}}
|[[Pierre Boya]]
|6||9
|-
|FW||{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Chinadorai Sabeeth]]
|3||5
|-
|FW||{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]
|2||4
|-
|MF||{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Pankaj Moula]]
|1||6
|-bgcolor=#efefef
!colspan=3 scope="col"|TOTAL
!scope="col"|{{big|19}}
!scope="col"|{{big|10}}
{{Fb_cs_footer|s=[[#Matches|Matches]]|u=15 September 2014|date=August 2017}}

{{Col-2}}

====Disciplinary record====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
!Pos.
!Nat.
!Player
!{{yel}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
!Notes
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Sehnaj Singh]]
|3||0||0
|Missed Match: vs [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] (9 September 2014)
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|JPN}}
|[[Katsumi Yusa]]
|3||0||0
|Missed Match: vs [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] (9 September 2014)
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Shouvik Ghosh]]
|2||0||0
|Missed Match: vs [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] (31 August 2014)
|-
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Chinadorai Sabeeth]]
|1||0||0
|
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Souvik Chakraborty]]
|1||0||0
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Dhanachandra Singh]]
|1||0||0
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Kingshuk Debnath]]
|1||0||0
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Johny Routh
|1||0||0
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Satish Singh]]
|1||0||0
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|NGR}}
|[[Alao Fatai Adisa]]
|1||0||0
|
|-
{{Fb_cs_footer|s=[[#Matches|Matches]]|u=15 September 2014|date=August 2017}}
{{Col-end}}

===King's Cup stats===
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Opposition
!Score
|-
|{{flagicon|BHU}} [[Druk United F.C.|Druk United]]
|style="background-color:#ffffcc;"|3–3
|-
|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Nakhon Ratchasima F.C.|Nakhon Ratchasima]]
|style="background-color:#ccffcc;"|3–0
|-
|{{flagicon|BGD}} [[Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club|Dhanmondi]]
|style="background-color:#ffcccc;"|3–5
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|style="background-color:#ffcccc;"|1–1 {{aet}} (5–6 [[penalty shoot-out (association football)|p]])
|}
Last Updated: 30 November 2014 Source: [[#Statistics|Statistics]]

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}

====Goal scorers====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
|-
!Pos.
!Nat.
!Name
!Goal(s)
!Appearance(s)
|-
|FW||{{flagicon|CMR}}
|[[Pierre Boya]]
|4||4
|-
|MF||{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Pankaj Moula]]
|2||3
|-
|MF||{{flagicon|HAI}}
|[[Sony Norde]]
|2||3
|-
|MF||{{flagicon|BRA}}
|Alex Silveira
|1||3
|-
|MF||{{flagicon|JPN}}
|[[Katsumi Yusa]]
|1||4
|-bgcolor=#efefef
!colspan=3 scope="col"|TOTAL
!scope="col"|{{big|10}}
!scope="col"|{{big|4}}
{{Fb_cs_footer|s=[[#Matches|Matches]]|u=30 November 2014|date=August 2017}}

{{Col-2}}

====Disciplinary record====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
!Pos.
!Nat.
!Player
!{{yel}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
!Notes
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Tirthankar Sarkar]]
|0||0||1
|Missed Match: vs [[Nakhon Ratchasima F.C.|Nakhon Ratchasima]] (25 November 2014)
|-
|FW
|{{flagicon|CMR}}
|[[Pierre Boya]]
|2||0||0
|
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Sehnaj Singh]]
|2||0||0
|
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Lalkamal Bhowmick]]
|2||0||0
|
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|JPN}}
|[[Katsumi Yusa]]
|1||0||0
|
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|HAI}}
|[[Sony Norde]]
|1||0||0
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Satish Singh]]
|1||0||0
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Pratik Chaudhari]]
|1||0||0
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|BRA}}
|Alex Silveira
|1||0||0
|
|-
{{Fb_cs_footer|s=[[#Matches|Matches]]|u=30 November 2014|date=August 2017}}
{{Col-end}}

===Federation Cup stats===
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Opposition
!Score
|-
|[[Bengaluru FC]]
|style="background-color:#ffffcc;"|0–0
|-
|[[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|style="background-color:#ffffcc;"|1–1
|-
|[[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|style="background-color:#ffcccc;"|1–4
|-
|[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|style="background-color:#ccffcc;"|1–0
|}
Last Updated: 6 January 2015 Source: [[#Statistics|Statistics]]

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}

====Goal scorers====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
|-
!Pos.
!Nat.
!Name
!Goal(s)
!Appearance(s)
|-
|FW||{{flagicon|CMR}}
|[[Pierre Boya]]
|2||3
|-
|DF||{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Kingshuk Debnath]]
|1||2
|-bgcolor=#efefef
!colspan=3 scope="col"|TOTAL
!scope="col"|{{big|3}}
!scope="col"|{{big|4}}
{{Fb_cs_footer|s=[[#Matches|Matches]]|u=6 January 2015|date=August 2017}}

{{Col-2}}

====Disciplinary record====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
!Pos.
!Nat.
!Player
!{{yel}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
!Notes
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Shouvik Ghosh]]
|2||0||0
|Missed Match: vs [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]] (4 January 2015)
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Lalkamal Bhowmick]]
|1||0||0
|
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|NGR}}
|[[Bello Razaq]]
|1||0||0
|
|-
{{Fb_cs_footer|s=[[#Matches|Matches]]|u=6 January 2015|date=August 2017}}
{{Col-end}}

===I-League stats===
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Opposition
!Home Score
!Away Score
|-
|[[Bengaluru FC]]
|style="background:#ccffcc;"|4–1
|style="background:#ffffcc;"|1–1
|-
|[[Bharat FC]]
|style="background:#ccffcc;"|2–0
|style="background:#ffcccc;"|0–1
|-
|[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|style="background:#ccffcc;"|2–0
|style="background:#ffffcc;"|1–1
|-
|[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|style="background:#ccffcc;"|1–0
|style="background:#ffffcc;"|1–1
|-
|[[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|style="background:#ccffcc;"|3–1
|style="background:#ffffcc;"|1–1
|-
|[[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|style="background:#ccffcc;"|1–0
|style="background:#ccffcc;"|2–0
|-
|[[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|style="background:#ccffcc;"|2–0
|style="background:#ffcccc;"|2–3
|-
|[[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|style="background:#ccffcc;"|3–1
|style="background:#ffffcc;"|0–0
|-
|[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong]]
|style="background:#ffffcc;"|0–0
|style="background:#ccffcc;"|4–3
|-
|[[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|style="background:#ccffcc;"|2–0
|style="background:#ffcccc;"|1–2
|}
Last Updated: 31 May 2015 Source: [[#Statistics|Statistics]]

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}

====Goal scorers====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
|-
!Pos.
!Nat.
!Name
!Goal(s)
!Appearance(s)
|-
|MF||{{flagicon|HAI}}
|[[Sony Norde]]
|9
|19
|-
|MF||{{flagicon|JPN}}
|[[Katsumi Yusa]]
|7
|20
|-
|FW||{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]]
|6
|17
|-
|DF||{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Dhanachandra Singh]]
|2
|14
|-
|FW||{{flagicon|CMR}}
|[[Pierre Boya]]
|2
|16
|-
|DF||{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Pritam Kotal]]
|2
|17
|-
|FW||{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]
|1
|12
|-
|MF||{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Denson Devadas]]
|1
|13
|-
|MF||{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Sehnaj Singh]]
|1
|18
|-
|MF||{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Bikramjit Singh]]
|1
|18
|-
|DF||{{flagicon|NGR}}
|[[Bello Razaq]]
|1
|20
|- bgcolor=#efefef
!colspan=3 scope="col"|TOTAL
!scope="col"|{{big|33}}
!scope="col"|{{big|20}}
{{Fb_cs_footer|s=[[#Matches|Matches]]|u=31 May 2015|date=August 2017}}

{{Col-2}}

====Disciplinary record====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
!Pos.
!Nat.
!Player
!{{yel}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
!Notes
|-
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]]
|3||0||1
|Missed Match: vs [[Pune F.C.|Pune]] (25 April 2015) Missed Match: vs [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]] (2 May 2015)
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Sehnaj Singh]]
|3||0||1
|Missed Match: vs [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] (28 March 2015) Missed Match: vs [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]] (3 April 2014)
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|HAI}}
|[[Sony Norde]]
|3||0||1{{Cref2|A}}
|Missed Match: vs [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] (22 March 2015)
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Bikramjit Singh]]
|1||1||0
|Missed Match: vs [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]] (8 April 2015)
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Denson Devadas]]
|3||0||0
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Kingshuk Debnath]]
|3||0||0
|
|-
|FW
|{{flagicon|CMR}}
|[[Pierre Boya]]
|1||0||0
|
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Souvik Chakraborty]]
|1||0||0
|
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|JPN}}
|[[Katsumi Yusa]]
|1||0||0
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 1984)|Anwar Ali]]
|1||0||0
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Pritam Kotal]]
|1||0||0
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Sukhen Dey (footballer)|Sukhen Dey]]
|1||0||0
|
|-
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Shilton Pal]]
|1||0||0
|
|-
{{Fb_cs_footer|s=[[#Matches|Matches]]|u=31 May 2015|date=August 2017}}
{{Col-end}}

==Player statistics==

===Appearances and goals===
{{Efs start|CFL|[[2014 King's Cup (Bhutan)|King's Cup]]|[[2014–15 Indian Federation Cup|Fed Cup]]|[[2014–15 I-League|I-League]]}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=GK|name=[[Shilton Pal]]|5+0|0|0+0|0|4+0|0|6+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=GK|name=[[Debjit Majumder]]|5+0|0|4+0|0|0+0|0|14+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=Nigeria|pos=DF|name=[[Bello Razaq]]|0+0|0|0+0|0|4+0|0|20+0|1}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=DF|name=[[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 1984)|Anwar Ali]]|0+0|0|0+0|0|3+0|0|7+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=DF|name=[[Pritam Kotal]]|0+0|0|0+0|0|3+1|0|16+1|2}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=DF|name=[[Dhanachandra Singh]]|5+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0|14+0|2}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=DF|name=[[Kingshuk Debnath]]|5+0|0|0+0|0|2+0|1|16+1|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=DF|name=[[Shouvik Ghosh]]|5+1|0|15+3|0|4+0|0|1+1|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=DF|name=[[Sukhen Dey (footballer)|Sukhen Dey]]|5+1|0|3+1|0|1+0|0|4+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=DF|name=Johny Routh|5+0|0|3+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=DF|name=[[Satish Singh]]|8+0|0|3+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=DF|name=[[Pratik Chaudhari]]|3+1|0|4+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=DF|name=[[Sonam Bhutia]]|2+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Manish Bhargav]]|1+1|0|0+0|0|0+0|0|3+5|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Denson Devadas]]|0+0|0|0+0|0|3+0|0|11+2|1}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Souvik Chakraborty]]|5+0|0|0+0|0|1+1|0|6+8|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Sehnaj Singh]]|7+2|0|0+0|0|1+0|0|14+4|1}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Tirthankar Sarkar]]|1+4|0|3+0|0|0+0|0|1+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Lalkamal Bhowmick]]|4+4|0|2+2|0|2+1|0|1+2|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Bikramjit Singh]]|2+2|0|0+0|0|0+1|0|8+10|1}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Pankaj Moula]]|5+1|1|2+1|2|0+0|0|1+3|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=Japan|pos=MF|name=[[Katsumi Yusa]]|8+1|0|4+0|1|4+0|0|20+0|7}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=Haiti|pos=MF|name=[[Sony Norde]]|0+0|0|2+1|2|4+0|0|19+0|9}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Ujjal Howladar]]|4+1|0|1+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=Adarsh Tamang|1+1|0|3+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Ram Malik]]|0+2|0|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+1|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Randeep Singh]]|0+0|0|0+1|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=FW|name=[[Chinadorai Sabeeth]]|4+1|3|0+0|0|1+3|0|1+2|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=FW|name=[[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]|4+0|2|0+0|0|1+2|0|5+7|1}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=India|pos=FW|name=[[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]]|6+3|7|0+0|0|3+1|0|16+1|6}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=Cameroon|pos=FW|name=[[Pierre Boya]] MP|7+2|6|4+0|4|3+0|2|14+2|2}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=Nigeria|pos=DF|name=[[Alao Fatai Adisa]]|4+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|nat=Brazil|pos=DF|name=Alex Silveira|0+0|0|2+1|1|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs end|s=[http://mohunbaganac.com/ mohunbaganac.com]|date=February 2024}}
Last Updated: 31 May 2015 '''Apps''': (Matches Started)+(Substitute Appearances)

===Disciplinary record===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
!rowspan="2"|Pos.
!rowspan="2"|Nat.
!rowspan="2"|Player
!colspan="3"|CFL
!colspan="3"|[[2014 King's Cup (Bhutan)|King's Cup]]
!colspan="3"|[[2014-15 Indian Federation Cup|Fed Cup]]
!colspan="3"|[[2014-15 I-League|I-League]]
!colspan="3"|Total
!rowspan="2"|Notes
|-
!{{yel}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
!{{yel}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
!{{yel}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
!{{yel}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
!{{yel}}!!{{sentoff|2}}!!{{sent off}}
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Sehnaj Singh]]
|3||0||0
|2||0||0
|0||0||0
|3||0||1
|8||0||1
|Missed Match: vs [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] (9 September 2014) Missed Match: vs [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] (28 March 2015) Missed Match: vs [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]] (3 April 2015)
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|HAI}}
|[[Sony Norde]]
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|0||0||0
|3||0||1{{Cref2|A}}
|4||0||1{{Cref2|A}}
|Missed Match: vs [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] (22 March 2015)
|-
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]]
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|3||0||1
|3||0||1
|Missed Match: vs [[Pune F.C.|Pune]] (25 April 2015) Missed Match: vs [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]] (2 May 2015)
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Tirthankar Sarkar]]
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||1
|0||0||1
|Missed Match: vs [[Nakhon Ratchasima F.C.|Nakhon Ratchasima]] (25 November 2014)
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Bikramjit Singh]]
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|1||1||0
|1||1||0
|Missed Match: vs [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]] (8 April 2015)
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|JPN}}
|[[Katsumi Yusa]]
|3||0||0
|1||0||0
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|5||0||0
|Missed Match: vs [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] (9 September 2014)
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Kingshuk Debnath]]
|1||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|3||0||0
|4||0||0
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Shouvik Ghosh]]
|2||0||0
|0||0||0
|2||0||0
|0||0||0
|4||0||0
|Missed Match: vs [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] (31 August 2014) Missed Match: vs [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]] (4 January 2015)
|-
|FW
|{{flagicon|CMR}}
|[[Pierre Boya]]
|0||0||0
|2||0||0
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|3||0||0
|
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Denson Devadas]]
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|3||0||0
|3||0||0
|
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Souvik Chakraborty]]
|1||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|2||0||0
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Satish Singh]]
|1||0||0
|1||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|2||0||0
|
|-
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Chinadorai Sabeeth]]
|1||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Lalkamal Bhowmick]]
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|NGR}}
|[[Bello Razaq]]
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 1984)|Anwar Ali]]
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|1||0||0
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Pritam Kotal]]
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|1||0||0
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Dhanachandra Singh]]
|1||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Sukhen Dey (footballer)|Sukhen Dey]]
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|1||0||0
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Johny Routh
|1||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Pratik Chaudhari]]
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|NGR}}
|[[Alao Fatai Adisa]]
|1||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|BRA}}
|Alex Silveira
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|
|-
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Shilton Pal]]
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|1||0||0
|
|-
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Debjit Majumder]]
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|0||0||0
|0||0||0
|1||0||0
|
|-
{{Fb_cs_footer|s=[[#Matches|Matches]]|u=31 May 2015|date=August 2017}}

==Competitions==

===Overall===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:850px"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:200px;" | Competition
! style="text-align:center; width:100px;" | Started round
! style="text-align:center; width:100px;" | Current position / round
! style="text-align:center; width:100px;" | Final position / round
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | First match
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | Last match
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Calcutta Football League]]
|–
|–
|[[2014 CFL Premier Division|2nd]]
|11 August 2014
|15 September 2014
|-
|style="text-align:left; background: #ededed"|[[King's Cup (Bhutan)|King's Cup]]
|style="background:#ededed;"|[[2014 King's Cup (Bhutan)#Group stage|Group stage]]
|style="background:#ededed;"|–
|style="background:#ededed;"|[[2014 King's Cup (Bhutan)#Semifinals|Semi finals]]
|style="background:#ededed;"|22 November 2014
|style="background:#ededed;"|30 November 2014
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]]
|[[2014–15 Indian Federation Cup Group Stage|Group stage]]
|–
|[[2014–15 Indian Federation Cup Group Stage|Group stage]]
|30 December 2014
|6 January 2015
|-
|style="text-align:left; background:#ededed"|[[I-League]]
|style="background:#ededed;"|–
|style="background:#ededed;"|–
|style="background:#ededed;"|[[2014–15 I-League|1st]]
|style="background:#ededed;"|18 January 2015
|style="background:#ededed;"|31 May 2015

|}
Last Updated: 31 May 2015 Source: [[#Competitions|Competitions]]

===Overview===
{{Fb overview
|c=4
|c1=[[2014 CFL Premier Division|Calcutta Football League]]
|w1=8|l1=2|d1=0|f1=19|a1=9
|c2=[[2014 King's Cup (Bhutan)|King's Cup]]
|w2=1|l2=2|d2=1|f2=10|a2=9
|c3=[[2014-15 Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]]
|w3=1|l3=1|d3=2|f3=3|a3=5
|c4=[[2014–15 I-League|I-League]]
|w4=11|l4=3|d4=6|f4=33|a4=16
|u=31 May 2015
}}

===Calcutta Football League===
{{main|2014 CFL Premier Division}}
{{:2014 CFL Premier Division|showteam=MMB}}

===King's Cup===
{{main|2014 King's Cup (Bhutan)}}

====Group stage====
{{main|2014 King's Cup (Bhutan)#Group A}}
{{:2014 King's Cup (Bhutan)|transcludesection=Group A|showteam=MBG}}

====Semi finals====
{{OneLegStart}}
|-
{{OneLegResult|'''[[Pune F.C.|Pune]] {{flagicon|IND}}'''||[[2014 King's Cup (Bhutan)#Semifinals|1–1]] {{aet}} (6–5 [[penalty shoot-out (association football)|p]])|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan]]|}}
{{OneLegResult|'''[[Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club|Dhanmondi]] {{flagicon|BGD}}'''||[[2014 King's Cup (Bhutan)#Semifinals|2–1]] {{aet}}|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Manang Marshyangdi Club|Manang Marshyangdi]]|}}
|}

===Federation Cup===
{{main|2014–15 Indian Federation Cup}}

====Group stage====
{{main|2014–15 Indian Federation Cup Group Stage#Group B}}
{{:2014–15 Indian Federation Cup Group Stage|transcludesection=Group B|showteam=MB }}

===I-League===
{{Main|2014–15 I-League}}
{{:2014–15 I-League|showteam=MB}}

===Results summary===
{{Fb_rs |hw=18 |hd=1 |hl=3 |hgf=45 |hga=17 |aw=3 |ad=8 |al=5 |agf=20 |aga=22 |]|u=31 May 2015}}

==Matches==

===Calcutta Football League===

{{Football box collapsible
|round=1
|date=11 August 2014
|time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|score=1–0
|report=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/match-preview-review?match_id=184
|team2=[[Tollygunge Agragami]]
|goals1=[[Jeje Lalpekhlua|Jeje]] {{goal|43|pen.}} [[Shouvik Ghosh|S.Ghosh]] {{yel|84}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round=2
|date=17 August 2014
|time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|score=3–0
|report=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/match-preview-review?match_id=185
|team2=Police A.C.
|goals1=[[Jeje Lalpekhlua|Jeje]] {{goal|10}} [[Chinadorai Sabeeth|Sabeeth]] {{goal|12}} [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]] {{goal|72|pen.}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round=3
|date=20 August 2014
|time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|score=2–0
|report=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/match-preview-review?match_id=186
|team2=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha F.C.|Kalighat M.S.]]
|goals1=[[Pierre Boya|Boya]] {{goal|24}} [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]] {{goal|26}} [[Souvik Chakraborty|Souvik]] {{yel|39}} [[Sehnaj Singh|Sehnaj]] {{yel|56}} [[Chinadorai Sabeeth|Sabeeth]] {{yel|66}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round=4
|date=24 August 2014
|time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|score=1–2
|report=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/match-preview-review?match_id=187
|team2=[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|goals1=[[Chinadorai Sabeeth|Sabeeth]] {{goal|24}} [[Shouvik Ghosh|S.Ghosh]] {{yel|60}} [[Kingshuk Debnath|Kingshuk]] {{yel|61}}
|goals2=[[Oluwaunmi Somide|Adelaja]] {{goal|44}} S.Kumar {{goal|61}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round=5
|date=31 August 2014
|time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|score=1–3
|report=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/match-preview-review?match_id=189
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Chinadorai Sabeeth|Sabeeth]] {{goal|21}} [[Alao Fatai Adisa|Fatai]] {{yel|13}} [[Dhanachandra Singh|D.Singh]] {{yel|54}}
|goals2=[[Ranti Martins|Ranti]] {{goal|14|pen.|50|}} [[Joaquim Abranches|Abranches]] {{goal|45}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round=6
|date=3 September 2014
|time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|score=1–0
|report=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/match-preview-review?match_id=193
|team2=[[Sports Authority of India|SAI Darjeeling]]
|goals1=[[Pankaj Moula|Moula]] {{goal|88}} [[Katsumi Yusa|Yusa]] {{yel|54}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round=7
|date=6 September 2014
|time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|score=1–0
|report=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/match-preview-review?match_id=190
|team2=[[Aryan F.C.|Techno Aryan]]
|goals1=[[Pierre Boya|Boya]] {{goal|74}} [[Satish Singh|Satish]] {{yel|45}} [[Katsumi Yusa|Yusa]] {{yel|58}} [[Sehnaj Singh|Sehnaj]] {{yel|90}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Barasat]]
|stadium=[[Barasat Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round=8
|date=9 September 2014
|time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|score=2–1
|report=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/match-preview-review?match_id=191
|team2=[[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]
|goals1=[[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]] {{goal|7}} [[Pierre Boya|Boya]] {{goal|74}}
|goals2=Kazeem {{goal|80}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round=9
|date=12 September 2014
|time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|score=4–2
|report=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/match-preview-review?match_id=192
|team2=Army XI
|goals1=[[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]] {{goal|11||22||65|}} [[Pierre Boya|Boya]] {{goal|76}} Routh {{yel|25}} [[Katsumi Yusa|Yusa]] {{yel|58}} [[Sehnaj Singh|Sehnaj]] {{yel|90}}
|goals2=Santu] {{goal|27||33}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round=10
|date=15 September 2014
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|score=3–1
|report=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/match-preview-review?match_id=195
|team2=[[Southern Samity]]
|goals1=[[Pierre Boya|Boya]] {{goal|7||23|}} [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]] {{goal|17}}
|goals2=Stanley {{goal|66}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
}}

===King's Cup===

{{Football box collapsible
|round=[[2014 King's Cup (Bhutan)#Group stage|Group stage]]
|date=22 November 2014
|time=15:00 [[Bhutan Time|BTT]]
|team1=[[Druk United F.C.|Druk United]] {{flagicon|BHU}}
|score=3–3
|report=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/match-preview-review?match_id=202
|team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=[[Chencho Gyeltshen|Chencho]] {{goal|22||90+4}} [[Jigme Dorji|Jigme]] {{goal|76}}
|goals2=Alex {{goal|45+1}} [[Pierre Boya|Boya]] {{goal|55}} [[Sony Norde|Norde]] {{goal|71}} [[Tirthankar Sarkar|Tirthankar]] {{sentoff|0|78}} [[Lalkamal Bhowmick|Lalkamal]] {{yel|80}} [[Sehnaj Singh|Sehnaj]] {{yel|88}}
|location=[[Thimphu]]
|stadium=[[Changlimithang Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=D
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round=[[2014 King's Cup (Bhutan)#Group stage|Group stage]]
|date=25 November 2014
|time=19:00 [[Bhutan Time|BTT]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]] {{flagicon|IND}}
|score=3–0
|report=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/match-preview-review?match_id=203
|team2={{flagicon|THA}} [[Nakhon Ratchasima F.C.|Nakhon Ratchasima]]
|goals1=[[Sony Norde|Norde]] {{goal|9}},{{yel|47}} [[Pierre Boya|Boya]] {{goal|54||85}},{{yel|20}} [[Satish Singh|Satish]] {{yel|31}} [[Debjit Majumder|Debjit]] {{yel|35}} [[Katsumi Yusa|Yusa]] {{yel|48}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Thimphu]]
|stadium=[[Changlimithang Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round=[[2014 King's Cup (Bhutan)#Group stage|Group stage]]
|date=27 November 2014
|time=17:00 [[Bhutan Time|BTT]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]] {{flagicon|IND}}
|score=3–5
|report=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/match-preview-review?match_id=201
|team2={{flagicon|BGD}} [[Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club|Dhanmodi]]
|goals1=[[Pankaj Moula|Moula]] {{goal|56}} [[Katsumi Yusa|Yusa]] {{goal|58}} [[Pierre Boya|Boya]] {{goal|90+3}} [[Pratik Chaudhari|Pratik]] {{yel|37}} Alex {{yel|87}}
|goals2=Darlington {{goal|5||54|}} Darboe {{goal|16||63}} [[Wedson Anselme|Wedson]]{{goal|31|pen.}}
|location=[[Thimphu]]
|stadium=[[Changlimithang Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round=[[2014 King's Cup (Bhutan)#Semifinals|Semi finals]]
|date=30 November 2014
|time=16:00 [[Bhutan Time|BTT]]
|team1=[[Pune F.C.|Pune]] {{flagicon|IND}}
|score=1–1
|aet=yes
|report=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/match-preview-review?match_id=204
|team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=[[Prakash Thorat|Thorat]]{{goal|39}}
|goals2=[[Pankaj Moula|Moula]]{{goal|25}} [[Sehnaj Singh|Sehnaj]] {{yel|10}} [[Lalkamal Bhowmick|Lalkamal]] {{yel|20}} [[Pierre Boya|Boya]] {{yel|83}}
|location=[[Thimphu]]
|stadium=[[Changlimithang Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|penalties1=[[Ryuji Sueoka|Sueoka]] {{pengoal}} [[Luciano Sabrosa|Luciano]] {{pengoal}} [[Arata Izumi|Arata]] {{pengoal}} [[Fanai Lalrempuia|Fanai]] {{pengoal}} Balan {{pengoal}} [[Anas Edathodika|Anas]] {{pengoal}}
|penaltyscore=6–5
|penalties2=[[Pierre Boya|Boya]] {{pengoal}} [[Katsumi Yusa|Yusa]] {{pengoal}} [[Randeep Singh|Randeep]] {{pengoal}} [[Tirthankar Sarkar|Tirthankar]] {{pengoal}} [[Lalkamal Bhowmick|Lalkamal]] {{pengoal}} [[Pratik Chaudhari|Pratik]] {{penmiss}}
|result=L
}}

===Federation Cup===

{{Football box collapsible
|round=[[2014–15 Indian Federation Cup Group Stage|Group stage]]
|date=30 December 2014
|time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Bengaluru FC]]
|score=0–0
|report=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/match-preview-review?match_id=196
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=
|goals2=[[Shouvik Ghosh|S.Ghosh]] {{yel|66}} [[Bello Razaq|Bello]] {{yel|71}}
|location=[[Vasco da Gama|Vasco]]
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium|Tilak Maidan]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=D
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round=[[2014–15 Indian Federation Cup Group Stage|Group stage]]
|date=1 January 2015
|time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|score=1–1
|report=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/match-preview-review?match_id=197
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=[[Ryuji Sueoka|Sueoka]] {{goal|66|pen.}}
|goals2=[[Pierre Boya|Boya]] {{goal|26}} [[Lalkamal Bhowmick|Lalkamal]] {{yel|58}} [[Shouvik Ghosh|S.Ghosh]] {{yel|65}}
|location=[[Vasco da Gama|Vasco]]
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium|Tilak Maidan]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=D
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round=[[2014–15 Indian Federation Cup Group Stage|Group stage]]
|date=4 January 2015
|time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|score=4–1
|report=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/match-preview-review?match_id=198
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=[[Douhou Pierre|Douhou]] {{goal|35||89}} [[Francis Kasonde|Kasonde]] {{goal|77}} [[Clifton Dias|C.Dias]] {{goal|90+1}}
|goals2=[[Pierre Boya|Boya]] {{goal|28}}
|location=[[Vasco da Gama|Vasco]]
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium|Tilak Maidan]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round=[[2014–15 Indian Federation Cup Group Stage|Group stage]]
|date=6 January 2015
|time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|score=0–1
|report=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/match-preview-review?match_id=200
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=
|goals2=[[Kingshuk Debnath|Kingshuk]] {{goal|74}}
|location=[[Vasco da Gama|Vasco]]
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium|Tilak Maidan]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
}}

===I-League===

{{Football box collapsible
|round=1
|date=18 January 2015
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|score=3–1
|report=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/01/18/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/mumbai-fc/1980972/
|team2=[[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|goals1=[[Katsumi Yusa|Yusa]] {{goal|13||69|}} [[Sony Norde|Norde]] {{goal|25}},{{yel|64}} [[Shilton Pal|Shilton]] {{yel|45+1}} [[Denson Devadas|Denson]] {{yel|72}}
|goals2=[[Josimar da Silva Martins|Josimar]] {{goal|20}},{{yel|42}} [[Nallappan Mohanraj|Mohanraj]] {{yel|31}} [[Kunal Sawant|Sawant]] {{sentoff|0|88}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=T.Nagvenkar
|result=W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round=3
|date=28 January 2015
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|score=0–0
|report=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/01/28/india/i-league/salgaocar-sports-club/mohun-bagan-ac/1980981/
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=[[Rosario Mendes|Mendes]] {{yel|64}}
|goals2=[[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]] {{yel|50}}
|location=[[Margao]]
|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=M.V.Santosh Kumar
|result=D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=5
|date=8 February 2015
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|score=1–0
|report=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/02/07/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/pune-fc/1980993/
|team2=[[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|goals1=[[Pritam Kotal|Kotal]] {{goal|77}} [[Denson Devadas|Denson]] {{yel|20}}
|goals2=[[Ryuji Sueoka|Sueoka]] {{yel|16}} [[Dhanpal Ganesh|Ganesh]] {{yel|35}} [[Darko Nikač|Nikač]] {{yel|63}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|referee=B.Balasubramaniam
|result=W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=2
|date=17 February 2015
|time=19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=1–1
|report=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/02/17/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/mohun-bagan-ac/1980977/
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=[[Ranti Martins]] {{goal|31}} [[Mehtab Hossain|Mehtab]] {{yel|33}} [[Dudu Omagbemi|Dudu]] {{yel|62}}
|goals2=[[Pierre Boya]] {{goal|24}} [[Bikramjit Singh|B.Singh]] {{yel|25}} [[Pritam Kotal|Kotal]] {{yel|39}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|referee=P.Singh
|result=D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=6
|date=20 February 2015
|time=19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|score=4–1
|team2=[[Bengaluru FC]]
|goals1=[[Sony Norde|Norde]] {{goal|31||76|}} [[Katsumi Yusa|Yusa]] {{goal|86}} [[Bikramjit Singh|B.Singh]] {{goal|90+2}} [[Kingshuk Debnath|Kingshuk]] {{yel|45+1}}
|goals2=[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|7}},{{yel|42}} [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin]] {{yel|22}} [[Keegan Pereira (footballer)|K.Pereira]] {{yel|34}} [[Eugeneson Lyngdoh|Lyngdoh]] {{yel|44}} [[Shankar Sampingiraj|Sampingiraj]] {{yel|66}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|referee=A.Meetei
|result=W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=7
|date=27 February 2015
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|score=3–4
|report=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/02/27/india/i-league/lajong-sc/mohun-bagan-ac/1981006/
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=[[Cornell Glen|Glen]] {{goal|26||63|}} [[Uilliams Bomfim Souza|Uilliams]] {{goal|90}} [[Seminlen Doungel|Len]] {{yel|59}} [[Aiborlang Khongjee|Aibor]] {{yel|81}}
|goals2=[[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]] {{goal|2||15|}} [[Katsumi Yusa|Yusa]] {{goal|74}} [[Pierre Boya|Boya]] {{goal|82|pen.}} [[Kingshuk Debnath|Kingshuk]] {{yel|45+1}} [[Sehnaj Singh|Sehnaj]] {{yel|86}}
|location=[[Shillong]]
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|referee=R.Saha
|result=W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=8
|date=4 March 2015
|time=19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|score=1–1
|report=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/03/04/india/i-league/dempo-sports-club/mohun-bagan-ac/1981012/
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=[[Calum Angus|Angus]] {{goal|88}} [[Zohib Islam Amiri|Fakruddin]] {{yel|84}}
|goals2=[[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]] {{goal|31}} [[Sony Norde|Norde]] {{sentoff|0|45+1}}
|location=[[Margao]]
|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|referee=O.Thakur
|result=D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=11
|date=22 March 2015
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|score=2–0
|report=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/03/22/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/dempo-sports-club/1981026/
|team2=[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|goals1=[[Dhanachandra Singh|D.Singh]] {{goal|28}} [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]] {{goal|85}} [[Sehnaj Singh|Sehnaj]] {{sentoff|0|87}}
|goals2=[[Jewel Raja|Jewel]] {{yel|66}} [[Zohib Islam Amiri|Fakruddin]] {{yel|84}} [[Carlos Hernández (footballer, born 1982)|Hernández]] {{sentoff|0|87}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|referee=C.R.Sree Krishna
|result=W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=12
|date=28 March 2015
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|score=1–0
|report=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/03/28/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/east-bengal-club-fc/1981031/
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]] {{goal|47}} [[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 1984)|Anwar]] {{yel|4}} [[Kingshuk Debnath|Kingshuk]] {{yel|79}}
|goals2=[[Harmanjot Khabra|Khabra]] {{yel|17}} [[Shylo Malsawmtluanga|Tulunga]] {{yel|53}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|referee=M.V.Santosh Kumar
|result=W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=13
|date=3 April 2015
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|score=3–1
|report=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/04/03/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/salgaocar-sports-club/1981036/
|team2=[[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|goals1=[[Denson Devadas|Denson]] {{goal|51}} [[Katsumi Yusa|Yusa]] {{goal|70}} [[Sony Norde|Norde]]{{goal|85}} [[Bikramjit Singh|B.Singh]] {{sentoff|2|79|90+5}} [[Pierre Boya|Boya]] {{yel|86}}
|goals2=[[Augustin Fernandes|Augustin]] {{goal|53}}
|location=[[Barasat]]
|stadium=[[Barasat Stadium]]
|referee=R.Shah
|result=W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=14
|date=8 April 2015
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|score=0–0
|report=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/04/08/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/lajong-sc/1981044/
|team2=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|goals1=[[Sony Norde|Norde]] {{yel|50}}
|goals2=[[Robin Gurung|R.Gurung]] {{yel|36}} [[Durga Boro|D.Boro]] {{yel|73}}
|location=[[Barasat]]
|stadium=[[Barasat Stadium]]
|referee=O.Thakur
|result=D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=15
|date=11 April 2015
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|score=2–0
|report=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/04/11/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/bharat-fc/1981047/
|team2=[[Bharat FC]]
|goals1=[[Sony Norde|Norde]] {{goal|62||69|}} [[Katsumi Yusa|Yusa]] {{yel|45+1}} [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]] {{yel|58}}
|goals2=[[Mehrajuddin Wadoo|Mehraj]] {{yel|80}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|referee=C.R.Sree Krishna
|result=W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=16
|date=18 April 2015
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|score=3–2
|report=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/04/18/india/i-league/royal-wahingdoh-fc/mohun-bagan-ac/1981049/
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=[[Jackichand Singh|Jackichand]] {{goal|56}} [[Densil Theobald|Theobald]] {{goal|86}} [[Naoba Singh|Naoba]] {{goal|90}} [[Loveday Enyinnaya|Loveday]] {{yel|23}}
|goals2=[[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]] {{goal|8}},{{sentoff|0|88}} [[Sony Norde|Norde]] {{goal|71}}
|location=[[Shillong]]
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|referee=P.Singh
|result=L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=17
|date=25 April 2015
|time=19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|score=0–2
|report=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/04/25/india/i-league/pune-fc/mohun-bagan-ac/1981061/
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=[[Munmun Lugun|Lugun]] {{yel|7}} [[Ryuji Sueoka|Sueoka]] {{yel|66}} [[Darko Nikač|Nikač]] {{yel|28}} [[Dhanpal Ganesh|Ganesh]] {{yel|32}}
|goals2=[[Jeje Lalpekhlua]] {{goal|5}} [[Katsumi Yusa]] {{goal|75}} [[Sehnaj Singh|Sehnaj]] {{yel|45}} [[Denson Devadas|Denson]] {{yel|48}}
|location=[[Pune]]
|stadium=[[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
|referee=B.Balasubramanium
|result=W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=18
|date=2 May 2015
|time=19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|score=1–1
|report=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/05/02/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/mohun-bagan-ac/1981063/
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=[[Reisangmei Vashum|Vashum]] {{goal|49}}
|goals2=[[Dhanachandra Singh|D.Singh]] {{goal|76}}
|location=[[Mumbai]]
|stadium=[[Cooperage Ground|Cooperage Football Stadium]]
|referee=S.Kumar
|result=D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=4
|date=5 May 2015
|time=19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Bharat FC]]
|score=1–0
|report=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/05/05/india/i-league/bharat-fc/mohun-bagan-ac/1980985/
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=[[Subhash Singh|S.Singh]] {{goal|34}} [[Syed Rahim Nabi|Nabi]] {{yel|38}} Dowary {{yel|88}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Pune]]
|stadium=[[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
|referee=A.Rowan
|result=L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=9
|date=16 May 2015
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Sporting Clube De Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|score=2–1
|report=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/05/16/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/mohun-bagan-ac/1981016/
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=[[Odafa Onyeka Okolie|Odafa]] {{goal|70||87|}} [[Creson Antao|Antao]] {{yel|19}} [[Brandon Fernandes|Brandon]] {{yel|37}} [[Victorino Fernandes|Victorino]] {{yel|62}} [[Ravi Kumar (footballer)|R.Kumar]] {{yel|90+4}}
|goals2=[[Katsumi Yusa|Yusa]] {{goal|73}} [[Sehnaj Singh|Sehnaj]] {{yel|64}}
|location=[[Margao]]
|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|referee=C.R.Sree Krishna
|result=L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=10
|date=20 May 2015
|time=19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|score=2–0
|report=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/05/20/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/royal-wahingdoh-fc/1981022/
|team2=[[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|goals1=[[Pritam Kotal|Kotal]] {{goal|36}} [[Sony Norde|Norde]] {{goal|63}},{{yel|86}} [[Souvik Chakraborty|Souvik]] {{yel|42}}
|goals2=[[Naoba Singh|Naoba]] {{yel|5}} Lalchawnkima {{yel|76}}
|location=[[Barasat]]
|stadium=[[Barasat Stadium]]
|referee=T.Nagvenkar
|result=W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=19
|date=23 May 2015
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|score=2–0
|report=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/05/23/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/sporting-club-de-goa/1981073/
|team2=[[Sporting Clube De Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|goals1=[[Sehnaj Singh|Sehnaj]] {{goal|65}} [[Sony Norde|Norde]] {{goal|77}} [[Sukhen Dey (footballer)|Sukhen]] {{yel|46}}
|goals2=[[Joseph Clement|Clement]] {{yel|53}} [[Miguel Garcia (Portuguese footballer)|Garcia]] {{yel|76}}
|location=[[Barasat]]
|stadium=[[Barasat Stadium]]
|referee=R.Dsa
|result=W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=20
|date=31 May 2015
|time=19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Bengaluru FC]]
|score=1–1
|report=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/05/31/india/i-league/bengaluru/mohun-bagan-ac/1981076/
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=[[John Johnson (footballer)|Johnson]] {{goal|41}} [[Eugeneson Lyngdoh|Lyngdoh]] {{yel|32}} [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin]] {{yel|65}} [[Lalchhuanmawia]] {{yel|78}}
|goals2=[[Bello Razaq|Bello]] {{goal|87}} [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]] {{yel|19}}
|location=[[Bengaluru]]
|stadium=[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|referee=S.Kumar
|result=D
}}

==Notes==
{{Cnote2 begin}}
{{Cnote2|A|[[Sony Norde]] was suspended for one match instead of two matches suspension he should have received as a result of the direct red card he picked up in the match against [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] on 4 March 2015. This decision was taken by the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] following [[Mohun Bagan]] and [[Sony Norde]]'s appeal for the same.}}
{{Cnote2 end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}
{{2014–15 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2014-15 Mohun Bagan FC Season}}
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant seasons]]
[[Category:2014–15 I-League by team]]

Muhammad Fajur Rahim

2025-10-27T23:26:24Z

SamiraKeister30: creating a data

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
'''Muhammad Fajur Rahim''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Wabgai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Wabgai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wabgai Election Result 2022 LIVE: Wabgai MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/wabgai-assembly-elections-mn-36/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He was elected in 2017 as a candidate of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MD. FAJUR RAHIM Won with 12474 votes - 2017 Wabgai - Manipur Assembly Election Winner, LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/assembly-election-2017/manipur/wabgai/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=md.fajur-rahim: Manipur Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/manipur/md.fajur-rahim-wabgai-candidate-s14a036c02/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was one of three Muslim candidates elected to the Manipur Legislative Assembly in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three Muslims elected to Manipur Assembly |url=https://old.indiatomorrow.net/eng/three-muslims-elected-to-manipur-assembly |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=IndiaTomorrow.net}}</ref> In the [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], he narrowly lost the election from Wabgai constituency to BJP's [[Usham Deben Singh]], by 50 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date=26 November 2022 |accessdate=3 October 2025 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahim, Muhammad Fajur}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Manipur-INC-politician-stub}}

Bangalore Mirror

2025-10-05T00:35:59Z

SamiraKeister30: small adjusted intro to improve readability further and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian newspaper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Newspaper
|name = Bangalore Mirror
|logo = Bangalore Mirror.svg
|logo_size =
|image = BangaloreMirrorCover.jpg
|image_size = 240px
|type = Daily [[newspaper]]
|format = [[Compact_(newspaper)|Compact]]
|founded = 2002
|relaunched = 2007
|owners = [[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]]
|headquarters = [[Bangalore]]
|editor = Seena Menon
|website = {{URL|http://www.bangaloremirror.com}}
|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|language=English}}
'''''Bangalore Mirror''''' is an [[English-language]] daily published by The [[Times Group]] in [[Bangalore]], [[India]], as a compact newspaper. It is a deputed newspaper and is the second-largest circulating English daily in the city. In 2020, as part of its COVID-19 downsizing drive, The [[Times Group]] merged other editions of ''Mirror'' into a weekly affair, except Bangalore Mirror. Bangalore Mirror continues to be the leading daily catering to the tabloid/compact newspaper segment in the young metropolis, focusing largely on original stories that matter to Bengaluru, and its young urban population.

==''Vijay Times''==
''Vijay Times'' was an [[England|English]] [[newspaper]] started by Vijayananda printers in December 2002. The newspaper along with other sister publications was bought by the [[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]] in 2006,<ref name="indiantelevision.com">[http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k7/feb/febmam41.htm Mid-Day's Sunder Kondur joins Vijay Times; to overse Bangalore Mirror launch]</ref> publishers of India's leading newspaper, ''[[The Times of India]]''. It ceased publication on 7 June 2007, and was replaced by the ''Bangalore Mirror''.<ref name="indiantelevision.com"/><ref>{{cite book | author=Press Institute of India | title=Vidura | publisher=C. Sarkar | volume= 44 | year=2007 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sb0KAQAAMAAJ}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/}}

{{The Times Group|state=expanded}}
{{Newspapers in India}}
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Publications of The Times Group]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2007 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 2003]]
[[Category:Newspapers disestablished in 2007]]
[[Category:Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2006 mergers and acquisitions]]

{{india-newspaper-stub}}

Bhagat Sadhana

2025-09-29T19:02:02Z

SamiraKeister30: adjusted page additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|12th-century Indian poet and mystic}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Bhagat]]
| name = Sadhana
| image = Painting of Bhagat Sadhana, from a folio within an illustrated manuscript of the Prem Ambodh Pothi.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Painting of Bhagat Sadhana, from a folio within an illustrated manuscript of the ''Prem Ambodh Pothi''
| birth_date = 1180
| birth_place = [[Sehwan Sharif]], [[Soomra dynasty]]<ref name=SacredWritingsOfSikhs>Page 235, Selections from the Sacred Writings of the Sikhs- By K. Singh, Trilochan Singh</ref><ref name=TaraNarotam>Fareedkoti Teeka, Pundit Tara Singh Narotam</ref><ref name=Mahankosh>Mahankosh, Kahn Singh Nabha</ref> {{small|(present-day [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]])}}
| occupation = Butcher
| death_date = Unknown
| death_place = [[Sirhind]], [[Punjab]], [[Delhi Sultanate]] {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]])}}
| known_for = 1 verse in Guru Granth Sahib.
}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

'''Bhagat Sadhna''', also called '''Sadhna Qasai''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Vinod |date=9 June 2019 |title=The soon-to-be lost heritage of Fategarh Sahib |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/the-soon-to-be-lost-heritage/articleshow/69708323.cms |access-date=16 March 2025 |work=Times of India |quote=Just a kilometre away, near the level crossing, is the mosque of Sadhana Kasai, a renowned Muslim poet, which is in similar state of neglect. Just to put his importance in perspective: One of the hymns of Sadhana Kasai, also known as Bhagat Sadhna, has been incorporated in the holy Guru Granth Sahib.}}</ref> was a north Indian<ref name="SacredWritingsOfSikhs"/><ref name="TaraNarotam"/><ref name="Mahankosh"/> poet, saint, mystic and one of the devotees whose hymn was incorporated in [[Guru Granth Sahib]]. Venerated in the region of [[Punjab]], among [[Sikhs]] and [[Ravidassia|Ravidassias]],<ref name=Ravidasji>[http://www.gururavidassguruji.com/ Ravidasia Website]</ref> his devotional hymn is widely quoted by most preachers. His one hymn is present in Adi Granth Sahib, in [[Bilaval|Raga Bilaval]].<ref name=Page858Sadhna>[http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=858&g=1&h=0&r=0&t=0&p=0&k=0&fb=0 Page 858, Adi Granth]</ref>''<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo, Volume 1 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1987 |isbn=9788126018031 |pages=79 |quote=}}</ref>''

The followers of Bhagat Sadhna are called Sadhna Panthis.<ref name=HAROSE>A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West, HA ROSE</ref> His only memorial is a mosque at [[Sirhind]], where he died.<ref name=":0" />

==Life history==

===Early life===
Sadhna was born in 1180 AD in [[Sehwan Sharif]] in [[Hyderabad, Sindh]], [[Soomra dynasty|Soomra kingdom]] in a Muslim family.<ref name="SacredWritingsOfSikhs"/><ref name="TaraNarotam"/><ref name="Mahankosh"/>''<ref name=":6" />'' As his ancestors were butchers by profession, he continued the family profession of slaughtering goats ([[Dhabihah]]) and selling meat. It is said that there were shady trees and drinking water facility available near his shop. Due to this, in addition to customers, travelers, saints, and even rogues used to take rest on passing. Sadhna was very interested in spirituality from his adolescence and as a result, he used to have spiritual discussions with such saints who stopped near his shop.<ref name="JoginderDhami">[http://www.singhsabhacanada.com/?p=13364 Dr Joginder Singh Dhami's article on Bhagat Sadhna]</ref>

===Shaligram desecration===
Sadhna got ''[[Sila (murti)|shaligram shilas]]'' and used them as weights in his profession. Sadhna annoyed [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnav]] [[sadhu]]s and [[Pandit|pandits]] with this act.<ref name="SacredWritingsOfSikhs"/> On one side, he was of lower profession and caste, and on the other, he was belittling their idol worship by using idol in the flesh of animals, which is considered as sin by the Pundits. Those religious scholars always argued and debated with him, in which Sadhna always outwitted them.
[[File:Detail of Bhagat Sadhana from a mural at Gurdwara Baba Atal in Amritsar.jpg|thumb|Detail of Bhagat Sadhana from a mural at [[Gurdwara Baba Atal]] in [[Amritsar]], circa 19th century]]
It is recorded that one of vaishnav saint took shaligram stones with him. Sadhna had no issues with this and did not object. Vaishnav saint continued worshipping shaligram but got no internal pleasure and wisdom, as he had seen in state, behavior and thoughts of Sadhna. With dashing hopes he returned Shaligram Stones, the weights of Sadhna back.<ref name=DharmpalSingal>Bhagat Sadhna Ji, Dr Dharampal Singhal</ref> Sadhna preached that "Shaligrams Stones" are not god as these are lifeless stones, and can not give any wisdom to a living being. His spiritual quest led him to renounce the life of a householder. He left Sehvan and roamed about the country preaching the love of God.

===Dispute with a man's lusty wife===
This historical account is from the time when Sadhna was young and good looking with a strong body. During his travels in North India, his looks pleased a young married lady, who wanted to have [[Sexual intercourse|sex]] with him. When she asked Sadhna, he replied that he could not have sexual relation with anyone out of his marriage. She thought Sadhna might be fearing her husband. Without understanding Sadhna thoughts, she killed her husband. Came back to Sadhna and told what she did. Sadhna got shocked and left the area after sermonizing her. The lady felt ashamed, she burnt herself on [[Sati (practice)|husband's funeral pyre]], so that people continued thinking her to be Sati-Savitri.<ref name=sketchofmaharajas>History of the sect of Mahĝrĝjas: or Vallabhĝchĝryas, in western India By Karsandás Múljí, Ralph T. H. (Ralph)</ref><ref name=sketchofsects>Sketch on the religious sects of the Hindus: Volume 1 - Page 181 Horace Hayman Wilson, [[Reinhold Rost]] - 1861)</ref> As per historical resources, Sadhna uttered that ''No one knows the ways of women, she kills her husband and became a sati'', which then became popular as proverb and used by many poets and writers later on.<ref name=asiatick>Asiatick researches, or, Transactions of the society instituted ..., Volume 16, By Asiatick Society (1828, Calcutta, India)</ref><ref name=sketchofsects/><ref name=sketchofmaharajas/>

According to few authors, he went to [[Punjab]] after this incident.<ref name="SacredWritingsOfSikhs"/>

Another view existed that the man's wife complained to local administration that Sadhna raped her. Sadhna was arrested and the magistrate sentenced Bhagat Sadhna to have his hands cut off. After the punishment was carried out, Bhagat Sadhna was discharged. He set out without a frown on his forehead notwithstanding his barbarous mutilation. Bhagat Sadhna's devotions proved so successful that The Divine blessed him with new hands which sprouted from his body.<ref name=Bhagatmal>Bhagatmal</ref><ref name=Bhagatmaldarshan>Bhagat Darshan</ref>

===Death===
[[File:Mosque of Bhagat Sadhna at Sirhind.jpg|thumb|Mosque of Sadhna Qasai, [[Sirhind]]<ref name=":0" />]]
It is believed that Bhagat Sadhna preached in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]] and Punjab areas.<ref name="JoginderDhami"/> Bhagat Sadhana spent his last day of life at [[Sirhind]] preaching his philosophy. At [[Sirhind]], he died, where a mosque was built in his memory and preserved by the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]].<ref>[http://www.lowlands-l.net/anniversary/panjabi-info.php Sadhna Qasai Mosque at Punjab]</ref> The paintings in the mosque represent the 'T' art form. The mosque is made up of Sirhindi bricks and is situated in the northwestern part of town Sirhind near Level Crossing, district [[Fatehgarh Sahib]], Punjab.<ref>[http://www.allaboutindia.net/punjab/mosque-of-sadhana-kasai AllaboutIndia.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407083511/http://www.allaboutindia.net/punjab/mosque-of-sadhana-kasai |date=April 7, 2014 }}</ref>
{{Ravidasi}}

==Among Ravidasis==

Ravidasis acknowledge Satgur Sadhna and preach his teaching and thought, as Guru [[Ravidas]] in his devotional hymn acknowledge and admire Satgur Sadhna as great devotee among [[Kabir]], [[Bhagat Sain|Sain]], [[Namdev]]:
Initially the [[Ravidassia]] revered the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] of the Sikhs, which was the only repository of Ravidass' devotional poetry.<ref name="Parsons1993">{{cite book|author=Gerald Parsons|title=The Growth of Religious Diversity: Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tlKkZoNPi0oC&pg=PA227|access-date=10 April 2012|year=1993|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-08326-3|pages=227–}}</ref> However, following their schism from mainstream Sikhs, the Ravidassi compiled their own holy book of Ravidass' teachings, the [[Amritbani Guru Ravidass Ji]], and many Ravidassia temples now use this book in place of the Guru Granth Sahib. But they have not inserted Bhagat Sadhna Vani in it. But [[Dera Sach Khand|Dera Sach Khand Ballan]] of [[Jallandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] on 30 January 2010 at the 633rd birth anniversary of Ravidass announced the objectives of Ravidassia religion as to propagate the bani and teachings of Ravidas, [[Valmiki|Balmiki]], Namdev, Kabir, [[Bhagat Trilochan|Trilochan]], Sain and Sadhna.<ref name="Ravidasji"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Writers of Guru Granth Sahib}}
{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikh Bhagats]]
[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]

Southern Avenue, Kolkata

2025-09-25T06:27:31Z

SamiraKeister30:

{{short description|Road in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Geo|date=July 2017}}
{{one source|date=June 2025}}}}
{{Infobox street
| name = Southern Avenue
| native_name =
| marker_image =
| image = Southern Avenue, Kolkata.jpg
| caption =
| other_name =
| former_names = Southern Avenue
| postal_code = 700029
| addresses =
| length_km = 3
| length_ref =
| width =
| location = [[Kolkata]], India
| metro_system = [[Kolkata Metro]]
| metro = [[Kalighat metro station|Kalighat]]
| client =
| maint = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.512270|88.356031|type:landmark|display=title, inline}}
| direction_a = west
| terminus_a = [[Kalighat]]
| direction_b = east
| terminus_b = Gol Park
| junction =
| commissioning_date =
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date =
| inauguration_date = 
| demolition_date =
| designer =
| known_for =
| status =
}}

'''Southern Avenue''' is an avenue in [[South Kolkata]] connecting Golpark with [[Kalighat]]. It falls under the [[Ballygunge]] area. It is a {{convert|3|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} road with a centre boulevard that runs from [[Gariahat Road]] on the east to Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Road on the west, crossing [[Sarat Bose Road]]-Deboki Kumar Bose Sarani (near [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]]) on its way. The road is renamed after [[Meghnad Saha|Dr. Meghnad Saha]], a famous Indian scientist but the original name Southern Avenue is used commonly.<ref name="q651">{{cite web | last=Dasgupta | first=Priyanka | title=Lake Para Southern Avenue | website=The Times of India | date=10 May 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/lake-para-southern-avenue/articleshow/121062810.cms | access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://calcuttachronicle.co.in/southern-avenue-the-green-house-of-calcutta/|title=Southern Avenue The Green House of Calcutta|publisher=Calcutta Chronicles|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref>

==Localities==
[[Rabindra Sarobar]], earlier called [[Dhakuria]] Lake/[[Ballygunge]] Lake, an artificial lake, is on Southern Avenue. It comprises areas leased to several rowing clubs and cricket academies, a Safari garden, a virtually defunct children's park and play center (Lily Pool), an auditorium [[Nazrul Mancha]], swimming pool training centres etc. Many prominent Roads either originate from or merge into Southern Avenue on its course either to its north or south, namely Keyatala Road, Jatin Bagchi Road, Lake Road, Lake View Road, Sarat Chatterjee Avenue, Lake Avenue, Lake Place, S R Das Road & Janak Road. Southern Avenue is dotted with beautiful private bungalows and several high rise apartments like 'Dakshinayan', 'Green View', 'Abhisarika', 'Ananda', 'Ashoka', 'Avenue House', 'Sarobar', 'Lake Towers', 'Arihant Garden' and 'Fort Legend' to name a few.

==Landmarks==
[[File:Southern Ave 'Birla Academy'.jpg|thumb|Birla Academy of Art & Culture]]
[[File:Sree Sree 108 Karunamoyee Kalimata Mandir - Lake Kalibari - 107-1 Southern Avenue - Kolkata 2015-02-15 5965.JPG|thumb|[[Lake Kalibari]]]]
* [[Rabindra Sarobar]] or Dhakuria Lake; an artificial lake created when the area south of Kalighat was drained and new streets laid out by Calcutta Municipal Development Authority (CMDA).
* Birla Academy of Art and Culture
* [[Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture]], Gol Park
* [[Lake Kalibari]]
* Indian Life Saving Society (ILSS), Kolkata, formerly called Anderson Club
* [[Nazrul Mancha]], Kolkata
* Vivekananda Park
* [[Calcutta Rowing Club]]
* [[Bengal Rowing Club]]
* [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]] (Lake Stadium)
* AMRI Medical Centre
* [[Morris Garage]] showroom "MG KOLKATA"
* The Asoka Stores (Medicine Shop)
* Medinova Diagnostic Centre
* Southern Plaza Hotel
* Menoka Cinema (on Sarat Chatterjee Avenue)
* Southern Avenue swimming club
* [[Nava Nalanda High School]]
* NG Medicare
* Vibes

One of the most important places on the avenue is the Birla Academy of Art and Culture Museum which was established in 1966. Collections include paintings of the medieval period as well as modern art and some archaeological specimens. The Museum holds regular exhibitions of modern Indian sculptors and painters. One of the restaurants that is near to the Southern Avenue is the Wrong Place (Spelt at times as 'Xrong Place').

==Restaurants==
* The Grub Club Telephone
* Indthalia
* The French Loaf (on Jatin Bagchi Road)
* Marco Polo
* Mandarin
* Tandoor House
* Oceania (Hotel Southern Plaza)
* The Silver Oak
* Casa Toscana (on Sarat Chatterjee Avenue)
* The Funjabi Tadka
* Crave Foodworks
* Garden Cafe
* Azad Hind Dhaba
* Macazzo
* What's Up Cafe
* The Dugout
* Bijoli Grill

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Streets of Kolkata}}

[[Category:Streets in Kolkata]]

{{india-road-stub}}

Peda Venkata Raya

2025-08-28T02:52:02Z

SamiraKeister30: Added entry.

{{Short description|Emperor of Vijayanagara from 1632 to 1642}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = [[Emperor of Vijayanagara]]
| reign = 1632 – 10 October 1642
| predecessor = [[Rama Deva Raya]]
| successor = [[Sriranga III]]
| death_date = 10 October 1642
| death_place = [[Chittoor]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
'''Venkata III''' (born '''Pedda Venkata Raya'''; reigned 1632 – 10 October 1642) was the grandson of [[Aliya Rama Raya]].<ref>
*{{cite book|last1= Books International|first1=Ajit Mani |title=The Nawab's Tears |date=2018 |page=266 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHt8DwAAQBAJ&q=Venkata+III+Pedda+Venkata+Raya+grandson+of+Aliya+Rama+Raya&pg=PT296|language=en|isbn=9781543704280 }}
*{{cite book|last1=DS|first1=deepak s|title=Indian civilization |date=2016 |page=266 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5NRDQAAQBAJ&q=Venkata+III%2FPedda+Venkata+Raya+%281632-1642+CE%29%2C+the+grandson+of+Aliya+Rama+Raya+became+the+King+of+Vijayanagara+Empire&pg=PA266|language=en}}
*{{cite book|last1=AC|first1=Amitava Chatterjee|title=History: UGC-NET/SET/JRF (Paper II and III) |date=2014 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5KKBAAAQBAJ&q=Venkata+III%2FPedda+Venkata+Raya++++he+was+also+a+great+grandson+of+Aliya+Rama++Raya+%281632-1642+CE%29&pg=SA2-PA42|language=en|isbn=9789332537040}}</ref> Venkata III belonged to a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family.<ref>
*{{cite book |last1=Aryan Books International|first1=Sākkoṭṭai Krishṇaswāmi Aiyaṅgār|title=Vijayanagara: History and Legacy|date=2000 |page=186 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Chikkadevaraya+dynasty+family+ramaraya++Aravidu|language=en|isbn=9788173051685}}
*{{cite book |last1=MH|first1=Karnatak Historical Research Society|title=THE Karnatak Historical Review|date=1992 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wz5uAAAAMAAJ&q=Aravidu+family+rulers+++authors+emperors++++belonged+++earliest|language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=National Book Trust, India|first1=Robert Sewell, Domingos Paes, Fernão Nunes, Vasundhara Filliozat|title=Vijayanagar: As Seen by Domingos Paes and Fernao Nuniz|date=1999 |page=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IS1uAAAAMAAJ&q=+Aravidu+belonged+++family++Andhra+himself+predomination|language=en|isbn=9788123726588}}</ref> and became the King of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] from 1632 to 1642. His son-in-law [[Pedda Koneti Nayak]] was ruler of [[Penukonda]].<ref>
* {{cite book|editor1-last=V.R. Acarya |author2=|title= Sri Prasanna Venkatesvara Vilasamu
|volume= |publisher=Bulletin of the Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, Madras |year=1954|page=49|quote=The above said Peda Kōnēti Nṛpati (Nayak) First, king of Penukonda . (1635 A.D.) then of Kundurti (1652 A.D.) and of Rayadurga (1661 A.D.) was a Balija by caste, having the surname Vānarāsi . His father Kastūri Nāyak and grand father bencama Nayak had enjoyed high favour with the fallen kings of Vijayanagar who were ruling at Chandragiri. Kōnēti Nayak himself had married the daughter of (apparently the fruit of left handed marriage) Āraviti Vīra Venkatapati Rāyalu of Vijayanagar family. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UPQeAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |author2= |title=Further Sources of Vijayanagara History
|volume= |publisher=University of Madras |year=1946|page=302|quote=A description of the way in which Venkatapatiraya of Raya-Veluru granted the government of Penugonda to the Raya-dalavayi Pedakoneti Nayadu. On Sravana ba. 10 of Yuva of 146 years ago corresponding to S. S. 1558, (the Raya) granted the government of Penugonda to Koneti Nayadu, the son. of Kastuiri Nayadu, the son of Akkapa Nayadu, who was the son of Canca(ma) Nayadu of Candragiri, a member of the Vasarasi family of the Balija caste. The ayakat of the territories of Rajaraja Sri Raya-dalavayi who ruled the forts of Penugonda, Kundurpi, Rayadurgam..... great prosperity. | url=https://archive.org/details/FurtherSourcesOfVijayanagaraHistory }}</ref> His brothers-in-law were Damarla Venkatappa Nayaka and Damarla Ayyappa Nayaka, both sons of Damarla Chennapa Nayakadu.<ref>
*{{cite book|last1=Popular Prakashan|first1=M. H. Rāma Sharma|title=The history of the Vijayanagar Empire|date=1978 |page=203 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ow5DAAAAYAAJ&q=++++brothers-in-law+iyyappa++nayaka+venkatappa+Damarla+channappa+iyyappa|language=en}}
*{{cite book|last1= Books |first1=Superintendent Government Printing|title=Proceedings of the Session, Volume 18|date=1942 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TcKA4FcquF4C&q=brother-in-law+Damarla+aiya++venkata+wandiwash|language=en}}
*{{cite book|last1= C. S. Srinivasachariar |first1=V. Vriddhagirisan |title=The Nayaks of Tanjore|date=1995 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GD_6ka-aYuQC&q=Damarla+Venkata%2C+governor+of+Wandiwash+and+brother-in-law+of+the+late+Raya&pg=PR9|language=en|isbn=9788120609969 }}
*{{cite book|last1= Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|first1=T. K. T. Viraraghavacharya|title=History of Tirupati: The Thiruvengadam Temple|date=1997 |page=599 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZLXAAAAMAAJ&q=Damarla+ascendency+Venkata-+ppa%2C+brother-in-law+pati+nayakka+vizier+|language=en}}
*{{cite book|last1= south India|first1=Tamil University|title=Tamil Civilization: Quarterly Research Journal of the Tamil University, Volume 1, Issues 2-4|date=1983 |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JhTjAAAAMAAJ&q=Venkata+III+Damarla+venkatapathi++Aiyappa+brother-in-law+|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Vijaynagar Venkathiraya Inscription, 1605 AD, Vellore District.jpg|thumb|250px|Vijaynagar Venkathiraya Tamil Inscription, 1605 CE, Vellore District, displayed at the [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] Museum, [[Vellore Fort]]]]
{{Vijayanagara empire}}

==Seizure by Timma Raja==
His paternal uncle, Timma Raja, another brother of [[Sriranga II]], considering himself to have a better claim, seized the government at [[Vellore Fort]], compelling Venkata III to remain in his native [[Penukonda]]. The Nayaks of [[Gingee]], [[Tanjore]] and [[Madurai]] declared support for Venkata III, while Timma Raja got support from no-one and was looked upon as a usurper.

Timma Raja nevertheless made a lot of trouble and civil strife continued until his death in 1635. Initially he was winning, until the King Pedda Venkata (Venkata III)'s nephew, [[Sriranga III]] took to the field and defeated Timma Raja with help from the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] in [[Pulicat]], compelling him to accept Venkata III's claim. Timma Raja was allowed some territories under his control, but stirred up trouble for a second time, only to be slain by the Nayak of [[Gingee]] in 1635.

Peace was finally restored and Pedda Venkata Raya or Venkata III returned to Vellore to take charge.

==Madras Land Grant==
On 22 August 1639, Francis Day of the [[British East India Company|East India Company]] obtained a small strip of Land in the [[Coromandel Coast]] from Pedda Venkata Raya in Chandragiri as a place to build a factory and warehouse for their trading activities. The region was under the control of the Damerla Venkatadri Nayakudu, a Recherla Velama [[Nayak of Kalahasti]] and [[Vandavasi]]. Venkatadri Nayakudu was son of [[Damerla Chennappa Nayakudu]]. This is widely regarded at the founding event of the formation of the [[Chennai]] (Madras) Metropolis and is to the day celebrated as Madras Day.

==Trouble from Southern Nayaks==
In 1637 the [[Nayaks of Tanjore]] and [[Madurai]], out of some complications attempted to seize Venkata III and attacked [[Vellore]] but were defeated and peace was established.

==Sriranga III's rebellion==
The King's loyal nephew, [[Sriranga III]], for some reason turned against the King in 1638 and engineered an invasion from [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]]. The Bijapur – Sriranga III combine initially attacked [[Bangalore]] making the King Venkata III buy peace after an expensive deal. In 1641, the same combine launched another attack and were just {{convert|12|mi}} from [[Vellore Fort]], but their camp was attacked with backing by Southern Nayaka famous general [[Ramaiyan]].

==War with Golkonda and death==
In 1642, the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]] of Golconda watching the disorder, sent a huge force along the East Coast. The [[Golkonda]] army, after facing a stiff resistance near [[Madras]] by Venkata III's army backed by [[Nayak of Kalahasti|Damerla Venkatadri Nayak]] of [[Kalahasti]] and the [[Gingee Nayak]], marched towards the [[Vellore Fort]]. But Venkata III, now badly under threat from all sides retreated to the jungles of [[Chittoor]] and died on 10 October 1642.<ref name="w111">{{cite web | title=From Prehistoric Times To The Fall Of Vijayanagar : K. A. Nilakanta Sastri : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive | website=Internet Archive | date=22 September 2015 | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461121/page/n289/ | access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>

Venkata III had no son and was immediately succeeded by his treacherous nephew [[Sriranga III]], who came to [[Vellore Fort]] after deserting the Bijapur camp.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [[Velcheru Narayana Rao|Rao, Velcheru Narayana]], and David Shulman, Sanjay Subrahmanyam. ''Symbols of substance : court and state in Nayaka period Tamilnadu'' (Delhi; Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1998); xix, 349 p., [16] p. of plates : ill., maps; 22 cm.; Oxford India paperbacks; Includes bibliographical references and index; {{ISBN|0-19-564399-2}}.
* Sathianathaier, R. ''History of the Nayaks of Madura'' [microform] by R. Sathyanatha Aiyar; edited for the university, with introduction and notes by [[S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar]] ([Madras] : Oxford University Press, 1924); see also ([London] : H. Milford, Oxford university press, 1924); xvi, 403 p.; 21 cm.; SAMP early 20th-century Indian books project item 10819.
* K.A. Nilakanta Sastry, History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, 1955, OUP, (Reprinted 2002) {{ISBN|0-19-560686-8}}.
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Vijayanagar empire]]|before=[[Rama Deva Raya|Ramadeva]]|after=[[Sriranga III]] |years=1632–1642}}
{{S-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raya, Pedda Venkata}}
[[Category:1642 deaths]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara emperors]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Telugu monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Aravidu dynasty]]

Chi II, Greater Noida

2025-07-09T22:33:52Z

SamiraKeister30: Stub!

{{Short description|Neighborhood in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chi II
| unit_pref =
| native_name =
| registration_plate =
| area_code =
| postal_code = 201310
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| elevation_m =
| governing_body = Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority
| official_name =
| subdivision_name3 = [[Greater Noida]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name2 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[North India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type = Country
| coordinates = {{coord|28.44253|N|77.51176|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| image_skyline =
| settlement_type = Neighborhood
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name =
}}
'''Chi II''' or '''Chi 2''' is a residential locality in south-western [[Greater Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/gnida-divides-city-into-5-zones-for-waste-collection/articleshow/88111427.cms|title=GNIDA divides Greater Noida into 5 zones for waste collection | Noida News|website=The Times of India|date=2021-12-06|author=Meenakshi Sinha|access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Why Greater Noida outshines its neighbours|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/why-greater-noida-outshines-its-neighbours-236300 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/why-greater-noida-outshines-its-neighbours-236300 |archive-date=2022-02-11 |url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Bordered by PSI-II to the north and Chi II to the south, it is known to be one of the [[real estate]] hotspots of [[Greater Noida]], alongside [[Omega II, Greater Noida|Omega II]], [[Omega I, Greater Noida|Omega I]], [[Phi I, Greater Noida|Phi I]], [[Phi III, Greater Noida|Phi III]], [[Phi IV, Greater Noida|Phi IV]], [[Phi II, Greater Noida|Phi II]], [[Chi I, Greater Noida|Chi I]], [[Chi III, Greater Noida|Chi III]], Chi IV and Chi V.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Realty hot spot series: A well-connected area in NCR with good infrastructure|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/real-estate/realty-hot-spot-series-a-well-connected-area-in-ncr-with-good-infrastructure/articleshow/82855865.cms |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/real-estate/realty-hot-spot-series-a-well-connected-area-in-ncr-with-good-infrastructure/articleshow/82855865.cms |archive-date=2022-02-11 |url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11}}{{cbignore}}</ref> It is named after the [[Greek alphabet|Greek letter]] [[Chi (letter)|Chi]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Greater Noida]]

{{GautamBuddhNagar-geo-stub}}

Oonjal

2025-07-06T22:53:55Z

SamiraKeister30: Added data.

{{Short description|Indian wooden and iron swing}}
An '''oonjal''' is a [[Swing (seat)|swing]] that is typically anchored to the ceiling of a room - using iron link chains and the bottom is a wooden [[plank (wood)|plank]]. This used to be a popular item of [[furniture]] in most [[South India|southern Indian]] houses.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Travancore state manual, Volume 2 |authorlink=V. Nagam Aiya |last=Aiya |first=V. Nagam |pages=365–367 |year=1999 |orig-date=1906 |publisher=Kerala Gazetteers Dept. |isbn=978-81-85499-33-8 }}</ref> They have been not as popular as houses give way to [[flat (housing)|flats]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Doctor |first1=Vikram |title=Here's why the Indian 'jhoola' has still not lost its allure |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/heres-why-the-indian-jhoola-has-still-not-lost-its-allure/articleshow/47932709.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |accessdate=28 February 2020}}</ref> There is a popular [[South Asian wedding|wedding ritual]] in which the bride and groom sit on an oonjal decorated with [[flowers]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Marriage Customs And Ceremonies in World Religions |last=Roy |first=Arun S. |page=63 |year=2005 |publisher=Trafford |isbn=978-1-4120-3848-5 }}</ref> and receive blessings.<ref>{{cite book |title=India |url=https://archive.org/details/india00publ |url-access=limited |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |page=[https://archive.org/details/india00publ/page/n158 155] |year=2008 |publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]] |isbn=978-1-4053-2904-0 }}</ref> Particularly, it is prominent hanging in the houses of [[Tamil people|Indian Tamil]] families.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Swing rides]]

Mimicry Sethu

2025-07-01T10:56:29Z

SamiraKeister30: creating new data

{{Short description|Indian actor, mimicry artist and comedian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
'''Mimicry Sethu''' also known as '''Sethu Subbu''' (born as '''Sethu Subramaniyam''') is an Indian dubbing artist, television presenter, actor, comedian, video jockey and mimicry artist. He is well known for his works in the television field. He rose to prominence for his ability to entertain crowds with his mimicry performances by enacting vocal variations of several high-profile celebrities in television reality shows and in social media platforms. He received the adjective and nickname "Mimicry" for his portrayal of mimicry style which had since then become his stage name and professional name.

== Biography ==
His father Sivagangai Sethurajan was also a mimicry artist and had engaged in mimicry acts by imitating voices of several prominent individuals during his career.<ref>{{Cite web |last=வே.கிருஷ்ணவேணி |date=2019-05-09 |title="அப்பா எனக்குப் பேர் தந்தார்!" |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/150859-mimicry-artist-sethu-interview |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=www.vikatan.com/ |language=ta}}</ref> His father Sivagangai Sethurajan was also deeply involved in politics having worked as a loyalist for the prominent Tamil Nadu political parties [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] and [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] during his career. He had actively involved in politics having campaigned for Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam in various time frames beginning his political journey in 1970s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=வே.கிருஷ்ணவேணி |date=2019-05-11 |title='அப்பா 50 வருஷமா வாழ்ந்த வீட்டைக் காப்பாற்ற முடியலையே!' - மிமிக்ரி சேதுவின் சகோதரர் கதறல் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/157228-mimicry-sethus-brother-ganesan-cries-for-loss-his-house |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=www.vikatan.com/ |language=ta}}</ref>

His father Sivagangai Sethurajan notably imitated the voice of former Tamil Nadu chief minister [[C. N. Annadurai]] (popularly known as Perarignar Anna) for a film portion sequence in ''Iyakkunar Sigaram'' [[K. Balachander]]'s directorial venture ''[[Iru Kodugal]]'' (1969).<ref name=":1" /> The stills of Perarignar Anna including his throne and pair of glasses were displayed in the film ''Iru Kodumaigal'' (Perarignar Anna eventually died in February 1969 due to a long battle with cancer and the film had its theatrical release in October 2024) whereas the director incorporated the mimicry of Sivagangai Sethurajan in a scene which also involved the lead actress of the film [[Sowcar Janaki]] as the latter being advised by C. N. Annadurai in a telephonic conversation on how to tackle key underlying challenges prevailing in the society with the intention to uplift the living standards of public.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-02 |title=இரு கோடுகள்: புன்னகை மன்னன் பூவிழிக் கண்ணன் ருக்மணிக்காக... |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1132211-iru-kodugal-movie.html |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref>

Sethu apparently learnt the art of mimicry from his father and Sethu was inspired to become a mimicry artist ever since having witnessed his father imitating voice variations in mimicry style from his early childhood.<ref name=":2">{{cite web | url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/chennai/mimicry-sethu-s-father-sethurajan-saved-so-many-lives-in-mgr-voice-497258.html | title=எம்ஜிஆர் குரலில் பேசி கேசட்! பல உயிர்களை காப்பாற்றிய மிமிக்ரி சேதுவின் தந்தை குரல்.. உருக்கம் | date=4 February 2023 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web | url=https://www.vikatan.com/lifestyle/76031-sethus-tips-for-girls-to-learn-mimicry | title='பெண்கள் இதெல்லாம் செஞ்சா, மிமிக்ரியில் தூள் பண்ணலாம்!' - சேது டிப்ஸ் | date=27 December 2016 }}</ref> The house which legally belonged to his father Sivagangai Sethurajan was demolished and bulldozed in April 2019 during the regime of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. During the time of dismantling the house, Sethu and his brother resided there and they evacuated to their sister's house immediately due to the destruction of their house by the Land and Building Authority without a prior notice.<ref name=":0" /> It was revealed that his father apparently received a perch of land as a goodwill gesture and as a gift to build a house at [[Chennai]], in recognition of his work contributing to the growth and success of AIADMK party during the latter stages of his lifetime.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
He served as one of the judges in the [[Star Vijay]] comedy premiere show, ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?]]'' alongside Thadi Balaji, [[Priyanka Deshpande]], [[Erode Mahesh]] and [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2016-08-25 |title=Vijay TV's new comedy show - Sirippu Da |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vijay-tvs-new-comedy-show-sirippu-da/articleshow/53857330.cms |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He served as the judge in Season 5, 6 and 7 of ''Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?'' where he was judging the comical performances of the contestants throughout the programmes.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2017-06-10 |title=A fitting finale for 'Kalakka Povadhu Yaaru' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-fitting-finale-for-kalakka-povadhu-yaaru/articleshow/59071361.cms |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-01 |title=Kalakka Povathu Yaaru 5: Episode 1 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/kalakka-povathu-yaaru-5-episode-1/amp_etphotostory/48306836.cms |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Sethu made his film acting debut in ''[[Ilaya Ragam]]'' (1995) where he played in a minor role featuring as a close friend of veteran actor [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=HhwMoCQAZfwYeX1w&v=F7-2M5LC4sU&feature=youtu.be |title=இளைய ராகம் {{!}}{{!}} Ilaya Ragam {{!}}{{!}} # Jothi Sankar Kavitha Vijayakumar # Super Hit Tamil Love Movie |date=2020-05-10 |last=KING MOVIES |access-date=2024-10-26 |via=YouTube}}</ref> He was roped in by filmmaker [[Chakri Toleti]] to give voiceover by reprising and imitating the voice of the then chief minister of Tamil Nadu [[M. Karunanidhi]] in a film portion sequence of [[Kamal Haasan]] starrer [[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|''Unnaipol Oruvan'']] (2009).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-19 |title=Did CM dub for Unnaipol Oruvan? - Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/did-cm-dub-for-unnaipol-oruvan-tamil-news-50866 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> It was revealed that Chakri had been made well aware of Mimicry Sethu's mimicry style and hence Chakri chose Sethu to imitate the voice of M. Karunanidhi for a lengthy dialogue delivery where Sethu managed to pull off Karunanidhi's trademark raspy voice during the phone call portion in an elegant way.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |title=Unnai Pol... A rocking Tamil remake of A Wednesday |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/south-tamil-movie-review-unnai-pol-oruvan/20090918.htm |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

He also made a film appearance in ''[[Pulivaal]]'' (2014) which had [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] in the main lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=புலிவால் - விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.tamil.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=51907 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=www.tamil.adaderana.lk}}</ref> His breakthrough role in film acting career came when he acted in [[Sibi Sathyaraj|Sibiraj]]-[[Aishwarya Rajesh]] starrer [[Kattappava Kanom|''Kattappava Kaanom'']] (2017).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/kaaka-muttai-actor-aishwarya-rajesh-spills-the-beans-about-her-next-release/story-BcowxWdKq7tcll1FcrBSVO.html | title=Kaaka Muttai actor Aishwarya Rajesh spills the beans about her next release | work=Hindustan Times | date=14 March 2017 }}</ref> He played supporting role featuring alongside fellow character artists including [[Yogi Babu]], [[J. Livingston]], [[Mime Gopi]] and [[Kaali Venkat]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subhakeerthana |first=S. |date=2017-03-16 |title=Tales of Kattappa, fantasy and romance |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/Mar/16/tales-of-kattappa-fantasy-and-romance-1581754.html |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He also made a special appearance in television soap opera ''Sillunu Oru Kaadhal'' (2021) aired in [[Colors Tamil]] and acted in a role as a special judge in announcing the winners of the [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] event.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-09 |title=சில்லுனு ஒரு காதல் சீரியலில் சிறப்பு வேடத்தில் வரும் மிமிக்ரி மன்னர் |url=https://tamil.news18.com/amp/news/entertainment/television-sillunu-oru-kaadhal-sethu-subramani-plays-a-cameo-in-the-vinayagar-chaturthi-special-episode-vin-ghta-556373.html |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=News18 தமிழ் |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-11 |title='சில்லுனு ஒரு காதல்' சீரியலில் அதிரடி ட்விஸ்ட்... வசமாக சிக்கிய கயல்! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-colors-tamil-hit-serial-sillunu-oru-kadhal-serial-todays-promo-selv-ghta-743552.html |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=News18 தமிழ் |language=ta}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
*''[[Ilaya Ragam]]'' (1995)
*''[[Pulivaal]]'' (2014)
*[[Kattappava Kanom|''Kattappava Kaanom'']] (2017)

=== Television ===
*''Kalakka Povathu Yaaru'' (2012-2015)
*''Sillunu Oru Kaadhal'' (2021)
*''[[Valli Thirumanam]]'' (2022)
*[[Ponni (TV series)|''Ponni'']] (2023)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-19 |title=Ananda Ragam actress Reehana joins the cast of 'Ponni' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ananda-ragam-actress-reehana-joins-the-cast-of-ponni/articleshow/111112177.cms |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|nm8852802|Mimicry Sethu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sethu, Mimicry}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Tamil television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television talk show hosts]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Economy of the Kingdom of Mysore

2025-05-25T19:41:01Z

SamiraKeister30:

#REDIRECT [[Economy of the kingdom of Mysore]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from over-capitalization}}
}}

2011 Professional Golf Tour of India

2024-12-24T18:48:28Z

SamiraKeister30: creating data

{{short description|Golf tour season}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox golf season
| year = 2011
| tour = Professional Golf Tour of India
| regular_season = {{Start date|2011|1|13|df=y}} – {{end date|2011|12|10|df=y}}
| no_of_events = 21
| most_wins = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaganjeet Bhullar]] (4)
| honor1 = Order of Merit
| honoree1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chiragh Kumar]]
| honor2 =
| honoree2 =
| honor3 =
| honoree3 =
| honor4 =
| honoree4 =
| prevseason = [[2010 Professional Golf Tour of India|2010]]
| nextseason = [[2012 Professional Golf Tour of India|2012]]
}}
The '''2011 Professional Golf Tour of India''', titled as the '''2011 Aircel Professional Golf Tour of India''' for sponsorship reasons, was the fifth season of the [[Professional Golf Tour of India]], the main [[professional golf tour]] in India since it was formed in 2006.

==Schedule==
The following table lists official events during the 2011 season.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pgtofindia.com/tournaments.php |title=2011 Tournament schedule |publisher=Professional Golf Tour of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201235201/http://www.pgtofindia.com/tournaments.php |archive-date=1 December 2011 |access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
!Date !! Tournament !! Location !! Purse ([[Indian rupee|₹]]) !! Winner{{efn|The number in brackets after each winner's name is the number of Professional Golf Tour of India events they had won up to and including that tournament.}} !! [[Official World Golf Ranking|OWGR]] points !! Other tours{{efn|ASA − [[Asian Tour]]; CHA − [[Challenge Tour]].}}
|-
| 16 Jan || [[Gujarat Kensville Challenge]] || Gujarat || align=right|€200,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaganjeet Bhullar]] (7) || align=center|12 || [[2011 Challenge Tour|CHA]]
|-
| 29 Jan || [[American Express Bangladesh Open]] || Bangladesh || align=right|2,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaganjeet Bhullar]] (8) || align=center|n/a ||
|-
| 5 Feb || PGTI Players Championship (Royal Calcutta) || West Bengal || align=right|3,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaganjeet Bhullar]] (9) || align=center|n/a ||
|-
| 11 Feb || Aircel PGTI Players Championship (Tollygunge) || West Bengal || align=right|4,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirban Lahiri]] (6) || align=center|n/a ||
|-
| 26 Feb || PGTI Players Championship (Rambagh) || Rajasthan || align=right|3,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanjay Kumar (golfer)|Sanjay Kumar]] (1) || align=center|n/a ||
|-
| 5 Mar || Aircel PGTI Players Championship (Chandigarh) || Haryana || align=right|4,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaganjeet Bhullar]] (10) || align=center|n/a ||
|-
| 2 Apr || Aircel PGTI Players Championship (Panchkula) || Haryana || align=right|4,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirban Lahiri]] (7) || align=center|n/a ||
|-
| 9 Apr || [[Panasonic Open (India)]] || Delhi || align=right|US$300,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirban Lahiri]] (8) || align=center|14 || [[2011 Asian Tour|ASA]]
|-
| 17 Apr || Surya Nepal Masters || Nepal || align=right|2,500,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rashid Khan (golfer)|Rashid Khan]] (1) || align=center|n/a ||
|-
| 21 May || SRF All India Matchplay Championship || Delhi || align=right|2,500,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manav Jaini]] (1) || align=center|n/a ||
|-
| 4 Jun || PGTI Players Championship (Poona) || Maharashtra || align=right|2,500,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shankar Das (golfer)|Shankar Das]] (2) || align=center|n/a ||
|-
| 10 Jun || PGTI Players Championship (Oxford) || Maharashtra || align=right|2,500,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sujjan Singh (golfer)|Sujjan Singh]] (2) || align=center|n/a ||
|-
| 26 Aug || PGTI Players Championship (Classic) || Haryana || align=right|2,500,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jyoti Randhawa]] (6) || align=center|n/a ||
|-
| 17 Sep || Global Green Bangalore Open || Karnataka || align=right|4,000,000 || {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Anura Rohana]] (1) || align=center|n/a ||
|-
| 23 Sep || Aircel PGTI Players Championship (Willingdon) || Maharashtra || align=right|4,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Feroz Ali Mollah]] (1) || align=center|n/a ||
|-
| 1 Oct || DLF Masters || Haryana || align=right|9,500,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Himmat Rai]] (2) || align=center|n/a ||
|-
| 8 Oct || Haryana Open || Haryana || align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Mithun Perera]] (1) || align=center|n/a ||
|-
| 5 Nov || BILT Open || Uttar Pradesh || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chiragh Kumar]] (3) || align=center|n/a ||
|-
| 27 Nov || Tata Open || Jharkhand || align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vinod Kumar (golfer)|Vinod Kumar]] (1) || align=center|n/a ||
|-
| 3 Dec || IndianOil XtraPremium Masters Golf || Assam || align=right|2,500,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shankar Das (golfer)|Shankar Das]] (3) || align=center|n/a ||
|-
| 10 Dec || CG Open || Maharashtra || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jyoti Randhawa]] (7) || align=center|n/a ||
|}

==Order of Merit==
The [[Professional Golf Tour of India#Order of Merit winners|Order of Merit]] was titled as the '''Rolex Rankings''' and was based on prize money won during the season, calculated in [[Indian rupee]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pgtofindia.com/stats.php |title=2011 Rolex Rankings |publisher=Professional Golf Tour of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130172435/http://www.pgtofindia.com:80/stats.php |archive-date=30 January 2012 |access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/jyoti-randhawa-captures-cg-open-title-153042.html |title=Jyoti Randhawa captures CG Open title |work=Firstpost |date=10 December 2011 |access-date=10 October 2023 |quote=As the 2011 Aircel PGTI season came to an end today, Chiragh Kumar of Delhi, who finished tied ninth with a total of six under 274, ended the year as the number one on the Rolex Rankings with total earnings of Rs 3,706,821 to seal the Rolex Player of the Year Award for 2011.}}</ref>

{|class=wikitable
! Position !! Player !! Prize money ([[Indian rupee|₹]])
|-
| align=center|1 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chiragh Kumar]] || align=center|3,706,821
|-
| align=center|2 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jyoti Randhawa]] || align=center|3,360,817
|-
| align=center|3 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mukesh Kumar (golfer)|Mukesh Kumar]] || align=center|2,842,592
|-
| align=center|4 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirban Lahiri]] || align=center|2,713,800
|-
| align=center|5 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shamim Khan]] || align=center|2,697,825
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official site|https://www.pgtofindia.com/}}

{{PGTI seasons}}

[[Category:Professional Golf Tour of India seasons]]
[[Category:2011 in golf|India, Professional Golf Tour of]]
[[Category:2011 in Indian sport|Professional Golf Tour of India]]

Godavari district

2024-12-10T17:57:37Z

SamiraKeister30:

{{Short description|Former district of Madras Presidency, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| conventional_long_name = Godavari district
| native_name =
| status_text = Former [[Districts of Andhra Pradesh|district]] in [[Madras Presidency]]
| year_start = 1859
| date_start =
| event_start = District established
| year_end = 1925
| date_end =
| event_end = District bifurcated
| p1 = Rajahmundry District
| s1 = East Godavari District
| image_flag =
| image_coat =
| image_map = Madras Prov 1859.gif
| image_map_caption = Godavari district in Madras Presidency
| stat_area1 =
| stat_year1 =
| stat_pop2 =
| stat_year2 =
| footnotes =
| common_name = Godavari district
| flag_type =
| capital = [[Cocanada]] (now Kakinada)
}}

The '''Godavari district''' was an administrative region in the [[Madras Presidency]] during [[British India]], with [[Kakinada]] (then Cocanada) as its headquarters.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Hemingway |first=F. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/godavaridistrict01frhe/page/168/mode/2up?q=cocanada |title=Godavari District Gazetteer |date=1915 |publisher= |isbn=978-81-206-1462-8 |volume=1 |pages=169, 178}}</ref> Established in 1859, it was formed by reorganizing the Rajahmundry, Masulipatam, and Guntur collectorates into two districts: Godavari and Kistna, with the boundary between them marked by the Upputeru and Tamaleru rivers.<ref name=":7" /> This restructuring followed the reorganization of the earlier Rajahmundry District, which had been created in 1802.<ref name="officialadministrationp21">{{harvnb|Maclean|1879|p=20}}</ref>

The district was created to address challenges in managing irrigation systems and governance in the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]] river deltas. The headquarters were at Kakinada, with sub-divisional offices in [[Rajahmundry]] and [[Narasapuram|Narsapuram]].<ref name=":2" /> Over time, the district expanded to include [[Bhadrachalam]] taluk in 1874 and parts of the Golgonda Agency in 1881.<ref name=":7" />

The increasing administrative workload and economic growth, particularly after the construction of the Godavari anicut, necessitated a major reorganization in 1904, which transferred parts of the district to the Kistna district. The areas south and west of the Godavari River, excluding the Polavaram division, were transferred to the Kistna district. This restructuring also contributed to the formation of the Guntur district.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Godavari (district)|volume=12|pages=170-171|last=|first=|author-link=|short=1}}</ref>

In 1925, the Godavari district was renamed East Godavari, with Kakinada remaining its headquarters, while West Godavari district was formed from Kistna, with [[Eluru]] as its headquarters. These names remained until 2022.<ref name="Maclean1879">{{citation |last=Maclean |first=Charles Donald |title=Standing Information Regarding the Official Administration of the Madras Presidency in Each Department in Illustration of the Yearly Administration Reports Prepared Under the Orders of Government by C. D. Maclean |page=400 |year=1879 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwYBnQBJ2aUC&pg=PA400 |publisher=Keys}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=15 April 2008 |title=West Godavari district profile |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/West-Godavari-district-profile/article15203616.ece |accessdate=28 December 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== History ==

=== District creation ===
The area that became the Godavari district underwent several administrative reorganizations before its formal establishment in 1859. Initially, it was under the jurisdiction of the Chief and Council at [[Machilipatnam|Masulipatam]] (now Machilipatnam). In 1794, it was divided into the Collectorates of Cocanada and Rajahmundry. These were consolidated into the Rajahmundry district in 1802.<ref name=":7" />

In September 1859, Sir [[Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet|Charles Trevelyan]], the [[List of colonial governors and presidents of Madras Presidency|Governor of Madras]], visited the region to address key developmental needs, including improving the port of [[Kakinada|Cocanada]] (now Kakinada), expanding irrigation systems, and developing navigation on the [[Godavari River]]. His visit led to several administrative changes, including the reorganization of district boundaries.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/descriptivehisto00morrrich/page/302/mode/2up |title=A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras |date=1878 |publisher=Trübner & Co. |others= |pages=302–304}}</ref>

Previously, the Rajahmundry and Masulipatnam districts had overlapping and irregular boundaries, causing administrative difficulties, particularly in the management of irrigation systems. The Godavari and Krishna river deltas, under separate jurisdiction, were also impacted. To resolve these issues, the region was split into two districts: Godavari and Krishna, with boundaries following the Upputeru and Tamileru rivers. The administrative headquarters were set at Cocanada (for the Collector), [[Narasapuram|Narsapuram]] (for the Sub-Collector), and [[Rajahmundry]] (for the Head Assistant-Collector). This reorganization was implemented on December 16, 1859.<ref name=":2" />

=== Establishment of sub-divisions ===
The growing administrative workload in Rajahmundry led to the creation of a Sub-Collector position in the 1830s. Initially, most of the land was under zemindari control, with limited government intervention. However, as more estates lapsed or were acquired by the government, the responsibilities of the Collector expanded. In 1853, Sir Henry Montgomery recommended the appointment of a Sub-Collector to assist the Collector in managing the district.<ref name=":2" />

The Sub-Collector's headquarters was set at Narsapuram, overseeing the southern and western taluks, including fertile delta regions. Henry Forbes, the first Sub-Collector, operated primarily from [[Dowleswaram]] and Rajahmundry. Over the next decade, leadership in the role changed frequently, with nine different Sub-Collectors appointed due to promotions and administrative challenges.<ref name=":2" />

In 1866, proposals were made to relocate various administrative offices. Among the suggestions was moving the Collector's headquarters to Rajahmundry and adjusting the locations of other officials. Despite these discussions, the Collector's office remained in Cocanada, given its importance as a growing port. The final administrative structure stationed the Sub-Collector at Rajahmundry, the Head Assistant-Collector at [[Eluru]], and the Deputy Collector at Narsapuram, streamlining governance across the region.<ref name=":2" />

Subsequent expansions included the addition of [[Bhadrachalam]] taluk in 1874 and two muttas from the Golgonda Agency in 1881, further shaping the district's boundaries.<ref name=":7" />

=== Reorganisation ===
The Godavari district underwent significant administrative changes as its wealth, population, and importance grew, particularly after the Godavari anicut's irrigation system came into full effect. The resulting economic boom made the district too large for a single Collector to manage effectively. In response, a major reorganization took place in 1904.<ref name=":7" />

The areas south and west of the Godavari River, excluding the Polavaram division, were transferred to the Kistna district. This restructuring also contributed to the formation of the Guntur district, easing the administrative burden on Kistna.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":3" />

In 1925, the Godavari district was renamed as East Godavari, with Kakinada continuing as its headquarters, while West Godavari district was formed from Kistna district, with [[Eluru]] as its headquarters. These districts retained their names until 2022.<ref name="Maclean1879" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=History of East Godavari |url=http://chapter.intach.org/godavari-chapters/history.html |accessdate=28 December 2017 |publisher=[[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* Extent of the Godavari district marked on OpenStreetMap: [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2022127#map=8/17.069/80.759&layers=C West Godavari], [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2022126#map=8/17.069/80.759&layers=C East Godavari],

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:Districts of the Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:Former districts of India]]

Ajeeb (TV series)

2024-10-22T03:18:41Z

SamiraKeister30: enhance section as per guidelines and updated info as per guidelines

{{more citations needed|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre =
| creator = Bonnie Jain
| developer =
| writer =
| director = Tabrez Khan
| creative_director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes =
| executive_producer = Ajit Manerikar
| producer = Bonnie Jain
| editor = Manish Mistry
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = Approx. 25 minutes
| network = [[9X (TV channel)|9X]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2008|8|27}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2008|11}}
}}

'''''Ajeeb - The Other Side''''' is an Indian hindi-language television series that on aired on [[9X (TV channel)|9X]] TV channel. The series set in a hospital where something strange is always going on.<ref name="EA">{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.apnicommunity.com/television/1709-ajeeb-and-rubi-shows-launched-on-9x |title=Ajeeb and Rubi shows launched on 9X |publisher=entertainment.apnicommunity.com |accessdate=2009-04-12 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="TVN">{{cite web|url=http://www.tvnext.in/news/141/ARTICLE/1586/2008-08-16.html |title=9X to Launch Ajeeb, a Medical Thriller |last=Goyal |first=Anubhav |date=16 August 2008 |publisher=TV Next |accessdate=2009-04-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920082404/http://www.tvnext.in/news/141/ARTICLE/1586/2008-08-16.html |archivedate=20 September 2008 }}</ref>

==Cast==
* Aarti Thakur as Anjali Verma
* Vishal Watwani as Dr. Dev Malhotra
* [[Manish Goel]] as Anthony
* [[Shweta Tiwari]]
* [[Sakshi Tanwar]]
* [[Varun Badola]]
* [[Shruti Seth]]
* [[Payal Nair]]

==Awards==
''Ajeeb'' received the Jury award for [[ITA Award for Best Thriller/Horror Serial|Best Thriller]] at the 8th Annual [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |date=2008 |title=The Idea ITA Awards, 2008 |url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820113249/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2008 |archivedate=20 August 2010 |accessdate=2009-04-12 |publisher=Indian Television Academy |df=dmy}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajeeb (TV Series)}}
[[Category:9X (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:2008 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian medical television series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]

Shivaganga Falls

2024-09-06T18:38:04Z

SamiraKeister30: creating new post

{{Short description|Tourist destination near Sirsi, Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox waterfall
| name = Shivaganga Falls
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Shivaganga Falls Sirsi
| map_image =
| map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|14.797218|N|74.756987|E|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| location = Shivaganga Falls [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Karnataka]]
| elevation = {{Convert|348|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| height = {{Convert|74|m|ft|abbr=on}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivaganga Falls, Sirsi |url=https://www.trawell.in/karnataka/jog-falls/shivaganga-falls |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Trawell.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India.com Sirsi {{!}} Shivaganga Falls, The river falling from a height of 74m into a deep valley |url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/devimane-a-hidden-gem-tucked-into-the-western-ghats-3708569/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=www.india.com |language=en |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123075351/https://www.india.com/travel/articles/devimane-a-hidden-gem-tucked-into-the-western-ghats-3708569/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| height_longest =
| number_drops = 1
| width =
| average_width =
| run =
| watercourse = Shalmali River
| average_flow =
| world_rank =
| type =
}}
'''Shivaganga Falls''' is a water fall and a tourist destination located at a distance of {{cvt|37|km|}} from [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]] in [[Karnataka]] state of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivaganga sirsi - one india kannada |url=https://kannada.oneindia.com/travel/300707shiva-ganga.html |access-date=23 November 2022 |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123074031/https://kannada.oneindia.com/travel/300707shiva-ganga.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Shivaganga Falls==
Shivaganga falls is surrounded by a thick forest of [[Western Ghats]], it was created by a small river Sonda River near [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]] city in [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivaganga Falls Near Sirsi - Kannada |url=https://kannada.nativeplanet.com/sonda/attractions/shivaganga-falls/#overview |access-date=23 November 2022 |website=Native planet |language=Kn |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123073622/https://kannada.nativeplanet.com/sonda/attractions/shivaganga-falls/#overview |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttara Kannada {{!}} Places To Visit In Uttara Kannada {{!}} Water Falls |url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/uttara-kannada/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Karnataka Tourism |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123074733/https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/uttara-kannada/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Waterfalls of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Uttara Kannada district]]
[[Category:Geography of Uttara Kannada district]]

Shahzadpur, Ghiror

2024-03-29T14:02:16Z

SamiraKeister30: creating entry

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{other uses|Shahzadpur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shahzadpur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.31564|N|78.72706|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.968
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 602
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Shahzadpur''' ({{IAST|Shāhzādpur}}), also spelled '''Shahjadpur''' ({{IAST|Shāhjādpur}}), is a village in [[Ghiror]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011 it had a population of 602, in 90 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Shahzadpur had a population of 602, in 90 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|73}} This population was 52.5% male (316) and 47.5% female (286). The 0-6 age group numbered 104 (56 male and 48 female), or 17.3% of the total population. 0 residents were members of Scheduled Castes.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|73–4}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Shahzadpur as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 160 people (89 male and 71 female), in 30 households and 20 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 487 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lxx}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Shahzadpur had one primary school. It did not have any type of healthcare facility. Drinking water was provided by tap, hand pump, and tube well; there were no public toilets. The village had no post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for domestic and agricultural purposes.Streets were made of a mix of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|73–8}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

List of Kerala Blasters FC head coaches

2023-04-23T09:36:58Z

SamiraKeister30: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Kerala Blasters FC coaches]]

Anoopshahr

2023-03-07T16:32:43Z

SamiraKeister30: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Anupshahr]]