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Abalal Rahiman

2026-05-07T10:23:24Z

SallieChinnery5: done.

{{Short description|Indian painter (1860–1931)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
'''Abalal Rahiman''' (1860{{snd}}28 December 1931) was a celebrated painter of [[Kolhapur]] (Maharashtra). He was the first art-school trained artist of the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitter |first=Partha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mRTtkri8E0C&dq=Abalal+Rahiman&pg=PA86 |title=Art and Nationalism in Colonial India, 1850-1922: Occidental Orientations |date=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-44354-8 |language=en}}</ref> After 1888, he served as the court painter of the [[Kolhapur State]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abalal Rahiman |url=https://dagworld.com/abalalrahiman.html |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=dagworld.com |publisher=[[Delhi Art Gallery]] |language=en}}</ref> and remained under the patronage of [[Shahu of Kolhapur|Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj]] till the latter's death. During the time he was active as a painter (starting 1890), Rahiman created over 20,000 paintings,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2015-08-28 |title=20th century Kolhapur artist's work comes to life in SUK's art gallery |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/20th-century-kolhapur-artists-work-comes-to-life-in-suks-art-gallery/articleshow/48704550.cms |access-date=2025-04-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and is known for his realist-style portraits and landscapes executed in watercolour.

== Early life and career ==
Rahiman was born into a family skilled in illumination of Quranic manuscripts. He received a scholarship to study at the [[Sir J. J. School of Art|Sir J.J School of Art]] in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] from the Maharaja of Kolhapur upon the recommendation of the local British Resident.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

At the J.J School of Art, he trained under [[John Griffiths (artist)|John Griffiths]]. He was a promising student, and his teachers expected his art-career to grow in the direction of [[Pestonji Bomanji]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mitter |first=Partha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mRTtkri8E0C&dq=Abalal&pg=PA89 |title=Art and Nationalism in Colonial India, 1850-1922: Occidental Orientations |date=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-44354-8 |language=en}}</ref> In 1888, Rahiman was also awarded the inaugural Viceroy's Gold Medal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Relia |first=Anil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BylQCgAAQBAJ&dq=Abalal+Rahiman&pg=PA59 |title=The Indian Portrait: An artistic journey from miniature to modern |date=2010-10-12 |publisher=Archer Art Gallery |language=en}}</ref>

A personal setback (his mother's death, followed by tensions with his step-mother) forced him to live a secluded life on the outskirts of Kolhapur. Occasionally, he participated in shows by the [[Bombay Art Society]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-18 |title=The iconic Bombay Art Society unveils an arts complex in Bandra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/the-iconic-bombay-art-society-unveils-an-arts-complex-in-bandra/story-TvgXm0YF6Ae94n5sw50QlM.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121011716/https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/the-iconic-bombay-art-society-unveils-an-arts-complex-in-bandra/story-TvgXm0YF6Ae94n5sw50QlM.html |archive-date=21 January 2025 |access-date=2025-04-12 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

During his lifetime, Rahiman did not receive much patronage outside of the Kolhapur Court and did not have a steady income. After the death of his patron (Shahu Maharaj) in 1922, Rahiman's income stream declined further, leading him to live in poverty. Unable to afford large canvases, he resorted to painting on scrap papers and produced miniatures; the financial strain and [[Depression (mood)|depression]] in the aftermath of his patron's death caused him to destroy many of his works.<ref name=":1" />

Abalal Rahiman's works remain part of many important collections including the Kolhapur Palace collection, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]], DAG, [[Zapurza Museum of Art & Culture|Zapurza Museum of Art and Culture]] and also in private collections.<ref name=":0" />

== Influence and legacy ==
Abalal Rahiman was a mentor to prominent artists like [[Baburao Painter]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sawant |first=Shukla |date=2017-06-01 |title=The Trace Beneath: The Photographic Residue in the Early Twentieth-century Paintings of the "Bombay School" |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0974927617700768?icid=int.sj-abstract.similar-articles.7 |journal=BioScope |language=EN |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.1177/0974927617700768 |issn=0974-9276|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and S.Fatelal, founder of the [[Prabhat Film Company]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kaur |first1=Raminder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BzcdRXXTHkEC&dq=Abalal+Rahiman&pg=PP41 |title=Bollyworld: Popular Indian Cinema Through A Transnational Lens |last2=Sinha |first2=Ajay J. |date=2005-07-13 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-3320-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DAG World |url=https://dagworld.com/story-page/?id=6595 |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=dagworld.com}}</ref> and his career inspired the work of painters such as M.K Parandekar<ref>{{Cite web |title=M. K. Parandekar |url=https://dagworld.com/m.k.parandekar.html |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=dagworld.com |language=en}}</ref> and [[M. V. Dhurandhar|M.V Dhurandhar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Untitled |url=https://auctions.pundoles.com/lots/view/1-70OC1R/untitled |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=Pundoles |language=en}}</ref> Rahiman's work has been considered instrumental in establishing the ''<nowiki/>'Kolhapur School of European Naturalism'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bahulkar |first=Suhas |date=2022-03-07 |title=Artists of the Bombay School |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/artists-of-the-bombay-school |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=Sothebys.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Nandini |date=2022-06-10 |title=Finding Husain in Kudje |url=https://openthemagazine.com/art-culture/finding-husain-in-kudje/ |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:People from Kolhapur district]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni]]
[[Category:Painters from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Bombay School]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:1860 births]]

Rajiv Shakdher

2026-04-23T05:07:54Z

SallieChinnery5: Made Initial Data From Scratch

{{short description|Chief Justice of Himachal Pradesh High Court}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajiv Shakdher
| office1 = [[Chief Justice]] of [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]]
| appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator1 = [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]]
| term_start1 = 25 September 2024
| term_end1 = 18 October 2024
| predecessor1 = [[M. S. Ramachandra Rao]]
| successor1 = [[Gurmeet Singh Sandhawalia]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2024 |title=Centre clears appointment of Justice GS Sandhawalia as Himachal Pradesh High Court Chief Justice |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/centre-clears-justice-gs-sandhawalia-himachal-pradesh-high-court-chief-justice |access-date=23 December 2024 |work=Bar & Bench}}</ref>
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Delhi High Court]]
| appointer2 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator2 = [[Dipak Misra]]
| term_start2 = January 2018
| term_end2 = 24 September 2024
| office3 = [[Judge]] of [[Madras High Court]]
| appointer3 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| nominator3 = [[Tirath Singh Thakur]]
| term_start3 = 11 April 2016
| term_end3 = January 2018
| office4 = [[Judge]] of [[Delhi High Court]]
| appointer4 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| nominator4 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| term_start4 = 11 April 2008
| term_end4 = 10 April 2016
| birth_place =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|10|19|df=y}}
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)
| alma_mater =
}}
'''Rajiv Shakdher''' (born 19 October 1962) is a retired Indian judge. He served as [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre notifies appointment of Chief Justices for eight high courts |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/centre-notifies-appointment-of-chief-justices-for-eight-high-courts/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=ddnews.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=The Hindu Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2024-09-17 |title=Supreme Court Collegium changes July 11 resolution on Chief Justice appointments to four High Courts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-collegium-changes-july-11-resolution-on-chief-justice-appointments-to-four-high-courts/article68653055.ece |access-date=2024-10-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is a former [[Judge]] of [[Delhi High Court]] and [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-25 |title=Outgoing Delhi High Court Judge on past transfer: 'No consent' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/outgoing-delhi-high-court-judge-rajiv-shakdher-on-past-transfer-no-consent-9586400/ |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shakdher, Rajiv}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Himachal Pradesh High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Delhi High Court]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Sarvagnanagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:34:42Z

SallieChinnery5: added

{{Short description|Constituency of the Karnataka legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sarvagnanagar
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 160
| map_image = 160-Sarvagnanagar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[K. J. George]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| district = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore Central]]
| established = 2008
| electors = {{formatnum:366876}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = KJ George.jpg
}}
'''Sarvagnanagar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. It is also part of [[Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/sarvagnanagar.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Sarvagnanagar Assembly constituency]</ref><ref>[http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14assemblymemberslist.htm List of elected members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008]</ref> The constituency has 32% Muslims, 14.01% Dalits and 9% Christians.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-27 |title=Karnataka: BJP’s outreach among Christians a challenge for Congress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bjps-outreach-among-christians-a-challenge-for-congress/articleshow/108807256.cms |access-date=2024-07-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-29 |title=Karnataka assembly elections 2023: In post-hattrick battle in Sarvagnanagar, will rivals push KJ George to a coupe-gorge? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/news/karnataka-assembly-elections-2023-in-post-hattrick-battle-in-sarvagnanagar-will-rivals-push-kj-george-to-a-coupe-gorge/articleshow/99859818.cms |access-date=2024-07-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Constituency Details: Sarvagnanangar |url=https://chanakyya.com/Assembly-Details/Karnataka/Sarvagnanagar |website=chanakyya.com}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="4" | [[K. J. George|Kelachandra Joseph George]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sarvagnanagar <ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. J. George|Kelachandra Joseph George]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 118,783 |percentage = 61.04% |change = {{decrease}}0.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Padmanabha Reddy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 63,015 |percentage = 32.38% |change = {{increase}}0.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammed Mustafa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,839 |percentage = 1.97% |change = {{decrease}}0.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Hannan |party = Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 2,995 |percentage = 1.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,116 |percentage = 1.09% |change = {{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohamed Ibrahim |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,488 |percentage = 0.76% |change = {{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 55,768 |percentage = 28.66% |change = {{decrease}}1.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 194,605 |percentage = 53.04% |change = {{increase}}1.80 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 194,604}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 366,876 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.56 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sarvagnanagar }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. J. George|Kelachandra Joseph George]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 109,955 |percentage = 61.74% |change = {{decrease}}3.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. N. Reddy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 56,651 |percentage = 31.81% |change = {{decrease}}12.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anwar Sharieff |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,926 |percentage = 2.77% |change = {{decrease}}4.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,405 |percentage = 1.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prithvi Reddy |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,861 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 53,304 |percentage = 29.93% |change = {{increase}}8.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 178,091 |percentage = 51.24% |change = {{increase}}1.00 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 178,091}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 347,559 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sarvagnanagar <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. J. George|Kelachandra Joseph George]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 69,673 |percentage = 65.62% |change = {{increase}}23.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Padmanabha Reddy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 46,820 |percentage = 44.10% |change = {{increase}}22.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahboob Shariff |party = Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 11,161 |percentage = 10.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Syed Mohid Altaf |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 7,711 |percentage = 7.26% |change = {{decrease}}8.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Michael. B. Fernandes |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 2,223 |percentage = 2.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,853 |percentage = 21.52% |change = {{increase}}0.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 140,703 |percentage = 50.24% |change = {{increase}}14.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 106,178}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 280,059 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}8.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}23.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sarvagnanagar <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. J. George|Kelachandra Joseph George]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,488 |percentage = 42.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Shankar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 22,880 |percentage = 21.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Padmanabha Reddy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 17,532 |percentage = 16.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ismail Sharieff |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 15,797 |percentage = 14.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Syed Umraj Pasha |party = Ambedkar National Congress |votes = 1,768 |percentage = 1.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vivek Menon |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,291 |percentage = 1.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Sathya |party = Independent politician |votes = 836 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Gilbert Selvin |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 816 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,608 |percentage = 20.94% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,946 |percentage = 35.41% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 107,941}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 304,880 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Sarvagnanagar]]
* [[Bangalore Urban district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.988|77.637|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Kalyan East Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:28:22Z

SallieChinnery5: created stub!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kalyan East
| constituency_no = 142
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 142-Kalyan East.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Kalyan Lok Sabha constituency|Kalyan]]
| district = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| reservation = None
| established = 2008
| mla = [[Sulbha Gaikwad]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| incumbent_image =
| alliance =
| electors =329,306
}}
'''Kalyan East Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Thane district]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" />

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises parts of [[Kalyan taluka]] that is ward
No. 13 to 30 of [[Kalyan Dombivali Municipal Corporation]], parts of [[Ambernath taluka]] viz. revenue circle
Kumbharli, parts of [[Ulhasnagar taluka]] viz. Ward No. 23 to 26, 43, and 52 to 55 of [[Ulhasnagar Municipal Corporation]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-09}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
<ref name="IT-20141103">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/story/maharashtra-assembly-poll-results-bjp-shiv-sena-ncp-congress-223847-2014-10-19|title=Results of Maharashtra Assembly polls 2014 |work=India Today|access-date=2015-08-09}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Ganpat Gaikwad]]
| {{party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Sulbha Gaikwad]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalyan East<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kalyan East">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kalyan East |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13142.htm |accessdate=25 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225060234/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13142.htm |archivedate=25 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sulbha Gaikwad|Sulbha Ganpat Gaikwad]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 81,516 |percentage = 42.56% |change={{increase}}1.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahesh Dashrath Gaikwad |party=Independent politician |votes = 55,108 |percentage = 28.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhananjay Baburao Bodare |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 39,512 |percentage = 20.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vishal Vishnu Pawshe |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 9,340 |percentage = 4.88% |change={{decrease}}3.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,872 |percentage = 0.98% |change={{decrease}}1.53 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,408 |percentage = 13.79% |change= {{increase}}5.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,93,392 |percentage = 58.73% |change= {{increase}}15.54 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,91,520}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,29,306|ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.62 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalyan East<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ganpat Gaikwad|Ganpat Kalu Gaikwad]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 60,332 |percentage = 40.94% |change={{increase}}20.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhananjay Baburao Bodare |party=Independent politician |votes = 48,075 |percentage = 32.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prakash Balkrushna Tare |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 16,757 |percentage = 11.37% |change={{decrease}}2.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashwini Vinayak Thorat-Dhumal |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 12,899 |percentage = 8.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,690 |percentage = 2.50% |change={{increase}}0.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shailesh Rammurti Tiwari |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,014 |percentage = 1.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Milind Chandrakant Belamkar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,281 |percentage = 0.87% |change={{decrease}}1.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Uday Rasal |party=Prahar Janshakti Party |votes = 1,002 |percentage = 0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,257 |percentage = 8.32% |change= {{increase}}7.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,51,109 |percentage = 43.70% |change= {{decrease}}1.74 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,47,372}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,45,802|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.60 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}14.72 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalyan East<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ganpat Gaikwad|Ganpat Kalu Gaikwad]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 36,357 |percentage = 26.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gopal Ramchandra Landge |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 35,612 |percentage = 25.68% |change={{decrease}}3.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vishal Vishnu Pawshe |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 28,004 |percentage = 20.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nilesh Shivaji Shinde |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 19,346 |percentage = 13.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nitin Maharu Nikam |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 7,485 |percentage = 5.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vijayprakash Sarjuprasad Mishra |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 6,526 |percentage = 4.71% |change={{decrease}}7.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Belamkar Milind Chandrakant |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,270 |percentage = 2.36% |change={{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,720 |percentage = 1.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 745 |percentage = 0.54% |change= {{decrease}}19.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,41,417 |percentage = 45.23% |change= {{decrease}}1.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,38,677}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,12,659|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}22.88 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalyan East<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ganpat Gaikwad|Ganpat Kalu Gaikwad]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 60,592 |percentage = 49.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pundlik Balu Mhatre |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 36,106 |percentage = 29.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. R. B. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 15,140 |percentage = 12.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Belamkar Milind Chandrakant |party=Rashtravadi Janata Party |votes = 5,172 |percentage = 4.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Owhal Rambhau Bhau |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,867 |percentage = 2.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rokade Pralhad Sahadu |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 1,843 |percentage = 1.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,486 |percentage = 19.84% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,23,445 |percentage = 45.93% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,23,401}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,68,743|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.222|73.124|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Thane district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Kalyan-Dombivli]]
[[Category:Politics of Thane district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Call centre industry in India

2026-04-19T16:20:57Z

SallieChinnery5: creating the details and citations

{{short description|none}}
{{Lead too short|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
[[File:An Indian call center.jpg|thumb|A call centre in India]]
The '''call centre industry in [[India]]''' is a part of India's [[business process outsourcing]] industry.

==Background==
A [[call centre]] is an office with the capacity to field many telephone calls for a company.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/call%20center|title=Definition of CALL CENTER|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2018-12-03}}</ref> Types of call centre work can include customer service and telemarketing. Factors that have made India attractive as a hub of call centre work from the [[English-speaking world]] include its convenient time zone, low labour costs, and large English-speaking population.<ref name="Singh & Pandey 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Preeti |last2=Pandey |first2=Anu |title=Women in Call Centres |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=2005 |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=684–688 |jstor=4416207 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Working the Night Shift: Women in India's Call Center Industry|url=https://archive.org/details/workingnightshif00pate|url-access=limited|last=Patel|first=Reena|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-8047-6913-6|location=Stanford CA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/workingnightshif00pate/page/n16 2]}}</ref> The introduction of call centre and other business processing work to India increased in the 1990s as companies began [[offshore outsourcing]] this work to India.<ref name=":0" /> [[British Airways]], [[American Express]], [[AT&T]], [[United Airlines]] and [[Dell]] are examples of companies that utilise call centres in India.<ref name=Mirchandani2005>{{cite journal |last1=Mirchandani |first1=Kiran |title=Gender Eclipsed? Racial Hierarchies in Transnational Call Center Work |journal=Social Justice |date=2005 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=105–119 |id={{ProQuest|231911913}} |jstor=29768339 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Other countries with comparable call centre industries include [[Call center industry in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] and the [[Call center industry in the Philippines|Philippines]].

==Labour force==
There were approximately 350,000 call centre workers in India {{as of|lc=y|February 2015}}.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://info.siteselectiongroup.com/blog/how-big-is-the-us-call-center-industry-compared-to-india-and-philippines|title=How Big is the U.S. Call Center Industry Compared to India and The Philippines?|last=White|first=King|access-date=2018-12-03|language=en-us}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=March 2021}} Call centre workers in India are largely under the age of thirty, unmarried, and college-educated, regardless of gender.<ref name=":3">{{cite book |doi=10.4018/978-1-4666-0020-1.ch014 |chapter=Indian Women Working in Call Centers |title=Globalization, Technology Diffusion and Gender Disparity |year=2012 |last1=Mattingly |first1=Doreen J. |pages=156–168 |isbn=978-1-4666-0020-1 }}</ref> Call centre work is typically done overnight to accommodate time zones in the US, UK, and Australia, and employees are required to be fluent in English.<ref name=":0" />

===Gendered dynamics===
{{NPOV section|date=December 2018}}
Although there are roughly equal numbers of men and women working in the lower levels of the call centre industry, scholars analyse gendered dynamics of call center work because of the association of call centre work tasks with femininity and feminine traits such as hospitality and empathy.<ref name=Mirchandani2005/><ref name=":0" /> There are also fewer job opportunities for women (see also: [[gender inequality in India]]) and the wages of call centre jobs are higher relative to other jobs that are open to women.<ref name=McMillin2006>{{cite journal |last1=McMillin |first1=Divya |title=Outsourcing Identities: Call Centres and Cultural Transformation in India |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=21 January 2006 |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=235–241 |url=https://digitalcommons.tacoma.uw.edu/ias_pub/188/ |jstor=4417702 }}</ref> Women in call centre work are more likely to consider their jobs as permanent, or as their permanent employment until they marry, whereas men typically view their call centre jobs as temporary.<ref name=McMillin2006/>

There have been many scholars that have studied the gendered impacts of call centre work on Indian women. Some of these researchers have claimed that there are ways in which call centre work subverts gendered expectations of Indian womanhood, and can thus be in some ways liberating.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=Mirchandani2005/><ref name=":0" /> Many of these scholars point to the opportunity for financial gain or independence.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> They have also taken into consideration the workplaces themselves as environments where gender norms are subverted, though these environments are still hierarchical with men still more commonly holding leadership positions.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=Mirchandani2005/>

Singh and Pandey in their research on the impact of call centre work on the health of female call centre workers in India found that many young women suffered from ailments such as [[indigestion]], [[eye strain]], [[headache]], and [[sleep disorder]] due to the abnormal hours call centre work entails.<ref name="Singh & Pandey 2005" /> To adjust to the hours, many workers turned to and subsequently became addicted to caffeine and cigarettes.<ref name="D'Cruz & Noronha 2013">{{cite journal |last1=D'Cruz |first1=Premilla |last2=Noronha |first2=Ernesto |title=Hope to Despair: The Experience of Organizing Indian Call Centre Employees |journal=Indian Journal of Industrial Relations |date=2013 |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=471–486 |id={{Gale|A325698262}} |jstor=23510793 }}</ref><ref name="Singh & Pandey 2005" />

Various researchers describe the stigma that Indian women experience when they work at night as call centre work requires.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> Being outside of the house at night is not considered respectable for single young Indian women, and thus challenges gendered expectations.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Mishra2017>{{cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=Swati |title=Recasting respectability: Imagination, desire and modernity among call-center workers in India |journal=Asian Journal of Women's Studies |date=3 April 2017 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=203–223 |doi=10.1080/12259276.2017.1317704 |s2cid=149129580 }}</ref> Because of this the reputations of young women working in call centres are called into question, which in turn can prevent their families from making any gain in status from their employment.<ref name=Parikh2018>{{cite journal |last1=Parikh |first1=Aparna |title=Politics of presence: women's safety and respectability at night in Mumbai, India |journal=Gender, Place & Culture |date=4 May 2018 |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=695–710 |doi=10.1080/0966369X.2017.1400951 |s2cid=148579227 }}</ref><ref name=":3" />

==Criticism==
Many customers of companies using Indian call centres dislike the practice, partly because of frequent difficulties caused by accent, and partly because of the loss of equivalent employment in their own country. There is also the factor mentioned below that many scam telephone calls originate in India and some customers fail to distinguish them from genuine calls from legitimate Indian call centres. Consequently, some Western companies have now moved their call centres back to their home country. It has become a selling point in advertising for companies to have a home based call centre.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/uk-firms-decide-it-s-time-hang-indian-call-centres-2309558.html|work=The Independent |title=UK firms decide it's time to hang up on Indian call centres |date=October 22, 2011 }}</ref>

At the same time there has been a growth in telephone [[scamming]], such as [[technical support scams]], from criminal call centres in India masquerading as legitimate ones of well known companies, usually initiated by a [[cold call]] to a potential victim with a claim that there is a problem with their account. Some of the agents at the scam call centres have previously worked at legitimate ones, so have been trained in dealing with customers and their plausibility is increased by their knowing the procedures and operations of the legitimate companies.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

==Media portrayals==
Indian call centres have been the focus of several documentary films, the 2004 film ''Thomas L. Friedman Reporting: The Other Side of Outsourcing'', the 2005 films ''John and Jane'', ''[[Nalini by Day, Nancy by Night]]'', and ''1-800-India: Importing a White-Collar Economy'', and the 2006 film ''[[Bombay Calling]]'', among others.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hudson | first1 = Dale | year = 2009 | title = Undesirable Bodies and Desirable Labor: Documenting the Globalization and Digitization of Transnational American Dreams in Indian Call Centers | journal = Cinema Journal | volume = 49 | issue = 1| pages = 82–102 | doi=10.1353/cj.0.0164}}</ref> An Indian call centre is also the subject of the 2006 film ''[[Outsourced (film)|Outsourced]]'' and a key location in the 2008 film, ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''.

[[Chetan Bhagat]]'s bestselling book ''[[One Night @ the Call Center]]'' is based on call centre employees.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Outsourcing in India]]
[[Category:Industries of India]]
[[Category:Call centre industry by country]]
[[Category:Stereotypes of South Asian people]]

Neeyum Njanum (TV series)

2026-04-19T15:27:58Z

SallieChinnery5:

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{About|the 2020 Malayam soap opera|the 2019 Malayalam film|Neeyum Njanum}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Neeyum Njanum series.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Soap opera]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| developer = {{Plain list|
* Abhijit Guru
* Shekhar Dhavalikar
* Sharvari Patankar
}}
| writer = Sujesh
| director = Dr. S Janardhanan
| starring = [[Shiju Abdul Rasheed]] [[Susmitha Prabhakaran]]
| endtheme =
| open_theme = Neeyum Njanum Ethu Janmanilavil
| composer = {{Plain list|
* Sunaad Gowtham (Music)
* [[B.K.Harinarayanan ]](Lyrics)
}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| executive_producer = Shaji Nuranaadu
| producer =
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| cinematography = S Loval
| editor = Jijo George
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Bhoomichithra
| network = [[Zee Keralam]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|2|10|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|4|8|df=y}}
| related = ''[[Tula Pahate Re]]''
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 876
| story =
}}

'''''Neeyum Njanum ''''' ({{Translation}} You and Me) is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[television series]] which premiered from 10 February 2020 on [[Zee Keralam]]. South Indian actor [[Shiju]] plays the lead protagonist alongside debutante [[Susmitha Prabhakaran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/zee-keralam-set-to-launch-new-serial-neeyum-njanum-102078.html|website=exchange4media.com|title=The 'Neeyum Njanum' promos have been released on Zee Keralam's social media handles |date=17 January 2020 }}</ref> The series is an official remake of [[Zee Marathi]] series ''[[Tula Pahate Re]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kudumbavilakku-to-mrs-hitler-heres-a-look-at-the-popular-originals-of-these-malayalam-shows/photostory/89432776.cms?picid=89432791|title=Kudumbavilakku to Mrs. Hitler: Here's a look at the popular originals of these Malayalam shows|work=The Times of India|date=8 February 2022|access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story started with a famous 45 year old businessman Ravi Chandra Varman ([[Shiju Abdul Rasheed]]), the MD of Varman group and Sree Lakshmi a 23 years old college student (Susmitha Prabhakaran) who is kind hearted by nature. One day in Sree Lakshmi's college function Ravi Varman was invited as the chief guest. Sree Lakshmi was the announcer of the function. Sree Lakshmi goes to the college by an auto, Ravi Varman avoid his luxury car and goes on a cycle. Ravi's cycle was broken and Sree and Ravi travel in the same autorickshaw. Ravi likes Sree Lakshmi's attitude which attracts him towards Sree. Ravi Varman announced Sree as the staff in Varman group which is not liked by the Vice president of Varman group Sandra (Sree Lakshmi's senior) (Lekshmy Nandan) as she have an affection towards Ravivarman and due to the reason that Sree works efficiently than Sandra which impresses Ravivarman. Slowly Ravi and Sree get close. Ravi have a special interest towards Sree. This is not supported by Rajaram, his best friend (also PA of Ravi Varman)
because he felt that their age gap might be a problem between their relationship. Due to this, Ravi acts strict towards Sree which initially surprises Sree. Later Sree Lakshmi becomes the senior of Rajanandhini fabrics. Slowly Raja Ram supports their crush but unfortunately her parents fix her marriage with the neighbour's son which she reluctantly agrees. Ravivarman goes to help Sree's family for the wedding with the intention of meeting Sree Lakshmi. The marriage gets called off due to rivalry between neighbour and Sree's father. Their bond gets closer which creates a ruckus in the office by Sandra. By convincing her parents and his parents, they get married. Sree asks about Rajanandini but Ravi ignores it leading to her getting doubts. Sree gets possessed by a ghost in the midnight who introduced herself as Rajanandini ([[Kalyani Nair]]), the deceased wife of Ravivarman. She reveals that she was not dead by an accident but killed by Ravivarman who wanted to take possession on Rajanandini's business enterprise. She also reveals that Sree is none other than Rajanandini's rebirth whose aim is to kill Ravivarman.

== Cast ==
===Main===
* [[Shiju|Shiju Abdul Rasheed]] as Ravichandra Varman (Sanjay)
**(M.D of Varman group, son of Gayatridevi, brother of Raghuchandra Varman, and Sreelakshmi's husband)
* [[Susmitha Prabhakaran]] as Sreelakshmi Ravichandra Varman / Hasthinapuri Kannamma
**(Daughter of Sarojamma and Sudarshan, Krishna's friend, and Ravi Varman's wife
** Bold and self centred girl from a village, younger sister or Devi

===Recurring===
*Kalyani Nair as Rajanandhini
**(Ravi Varman's first wife, Gayatridevi's daughter. Reghu Varman's elder sister and ex MD of Varman group)
*Lekshmy Nandan as Sandra
**(Varman group's vice president, Ravichandra Varman's PA and wishes to marry him.)
*Remya Sudha as Sarojamma
**(Sree Lakshmi's mother, Sudharshan's wife)
*James as Sudarsan
**(Sreelakshmi's father and Sarojamma's husband)
*Abees Saif as Raja Ram
**(PA of Varman Group and Ravichandra Varman's best friend)
*Nisthar Sait as Gowri Das/GD
**(Rajanandhini's old business partner and Ravi Varman's enemy)
*Athira Praveen as Krishna
**(Puppy's daughter, Sreelakshmi's best friend)
*Manka Mahesh/ [[Shobha Mohan]] as Gayatri Devi
**(Wife of late.Raja Raja Varma, mother of Ravichandra and Reghuchandra Varmanand sreelakshmi, Rekha's mother in law)
*Kiran Iyer as Raghuchandra Varman
**(Younger brother of Ravichandra, son of Gayathri Devi and husband of Rekha)
*[[Pratheeksha G Pradeep]] as Rekha
**(Reghuchandra Varman's wife, Ravichandravarman's sister in law, and Gayatridevi's daughter in law)
*Nikitha Murali as Neethu.
*Akhil Chithrangathan as Deepu Sandeep
**(Trivikraman's son, Krishna's cousin and Sree Lekshmi's friend)
*Sopna Mohan as Padmini/Puppy.
**sarojamma's friend and neighbor, krishna's mother, Trivikaman's sister
*Suresh Nair as Trivikraman
**Padmini's brother, Deepu's father and Krishna's uncle.
*Gopika as Maya
(Sarojamma's elder sister's daughter,
and Sree Lakshmi's cousin)
*Raji Menon as Sree Lakshmi
(Sachi's mother and rtd Mathematics teacher)
*Akash Murali as Sachidananthan/Sachi
**Sreelakshmi's ex-fiancée
*Anand as Rahul
**(Office Staff)
*Jayaram Kalakkodu as Najeeb
**(Attender)
*Sayana Krishna as Ragasudha
**( Daughter of neelambari and Raja Raja Varma, step sister or Ravi and Raghu)
Kezia Joseph as Devi
**Blind sister of Kannamma
*Nandhan Senanipuram as prasad (kochu thirumeni)

===Guest appearance===
*[[Divya Unni]]
*Prabhin
*[[Mersheena Neenu]]
*[[Vaishnavi Saikumar]]
*Sharan Puthumana
*Mariya Prince

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
! style="background:LightBlue; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:LightBlue; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:LightBlue; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:LightBlue; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:LightBlue; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:LightBlue; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Tula Pahate Re]]'' तुला पाहते रे
| 13 August 2018
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 20 July 2019
| Original
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Jothe Jotheyali (TV series)|Jothe Jotheyali]]'' ಜೊತೆ ಜೊತೆಯಲಿ
| 9 September 2019
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 19 May 2023
| rowspan="8"| Remake
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Prema Entha Madhuram]]'' ప్రేమ ఎంత మధురం
| rowspan="2"| 10 February 2020
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 5 July 2025
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Neeyum Njanum'' നീയും ഞാനും
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 8 April 2023
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Neethane Enthan Ponvasantham]]'' நீதானே எந்தன் பொன்வசந்தம்
| 24 February 2020
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 25 December 2021
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''[[Akhiyan Udeek Diyan]]'' ਅੱਖੀਆਂ ਉਡੀਕ ਦੀਆਂ
| 22 March 2021
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 27 August 2021
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Tumm Se Tumm Tak]]'' तुम से तुम तक
| 7 July 2025
| [[Zee TV]]
| Ongoing
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/neeyum-njanum/0-6-2467 ''Neeyum Njanum''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt9332680}}

[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Zee Keralam original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Marathi-language television series]]

Arvind Patil

2026-04-18T22:34:23Z

SallieChinnery5: new.

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arvind Chandrakant Patil
| image = File:Arvindpatilkhanapur.jpg
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]], [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]]
| term_start = 2013
| term_end = 2018
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]] & [[Businessman]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|03|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mouje Nandgad]], [[Belagavi District]]
| office2 = The Belagavi District Central Cooperative Bank
| term_start2 = 2005
| constituency = [[Khanapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency]]
| preceded = Pralhad Remani
| succeeded = [[Anjali Nimbalkar]]
| caption = Arvind Patil (Right) with [[Eknath Shinde]]
| parents = Late Chandrakant Patil (father)
| spouse = Sujata Patil
| district =
| native_name = ಅರವಿಂದ್ ಚಂದ್ರಕಾಂತ್ ಪಾಟೀಲ್
| 1blankname2 = {{centre|Designation}}
| 1namedata2 = {{centre|'''Term'''}}
| 2blankname2 = {{centre|Director}}
| 2namedata2 = {{centre|2005}}
| children = Rajvardhan Patil
}}

'''Arvind Chandrakant Patil''' (born 17 March 1968) is an Indian politician who served as a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Khanapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Khanapur constituency]] from 2013 to 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arvind Chandrakant Patil(Independent(IND)):Constituency- KHANAPUR(BELGAUM) – Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/karnataka2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=7112 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arvind Chandrakant Patil – MLA from Khanapur (14) Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/mla/arvind-chandrakant-patil.html |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Khanapur Election Result 2018 Live: Khanapur Assembly Elections Results (Vidhan Sabha Polls Result) |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/karnataka/khanapur-election-result/ |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=News18}}</ref> He is also an incumbent director of the Belgaum District Central Co-operative Bank (BDCC).

==Electoral performance ==

=== [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!width=150|Elections
!width=100|Constituency
!width=70|Party
!width=70|Result
!width=70|Vote percentage
!width=100|Opposition Candidate
!width=70|Opposition Party
!width=70|Opposition vote percentage
|- style="background:#ECECEC;"
|bgcolor=ECECEC|[[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Khanapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency]]||[[Independent politician]]||Won|| 27.47%||Rafique Khatalsab Khanapuri||[[Indian National Congress]]||15.5%
|}

=== [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!width=150|Elections
!width=100|Constituency
!width=70|Party
!width=70|Result
!width=70|Vote percentage
!width=100|Opposition Candidate
!width=70|Opposition Party
!width=70|Opposition vote percentage
|- style="background:#ECECEC;"
|bgcolor=ECECEC|[[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Khanapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency]]||[[Independent politician]]||Lost|| 17.26%||[[Anjali Nimbalkar]]||[[Indian National Congress]]||23.76%
|}

==Political career==
In 2005, He was elected as the Director of The Belagavi District Central Cooperative Bank.

In 2013, He won the [[14th Karnataka Assembly]] as [[Independent Candidate]] by defeating Rafique Khatalsab Khanapuri of [[Indian National Congress]]. He got a total of 37,055 votes while Rafique was at second with 20,903 votes.

In 2018, he was defeated by [[Anjali Nimbalkar]] of Indian National Congress. Anjali got a total of 36,649 votes while BJP candidate Vithal Halagekar was at second with 31,516 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KHANAPUR Election Result 2018, Winner, KHANAPUR MLA, Karnataka|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/karnataka/khanapur-mla-results|access-date=14 December 2020|website=NDTV.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In 2020, With support from BJP, Arvind Patil defeated [[Anjali Nimbalkar]] of the Indian National Congress in The Belagavi District Central Cooperative Bank. Soon after the victory, District Minister [[Ramesh Jarkiholi]] and Deputy Chief Minister [[Laxman Savadi]] addressed the media, stating that Arvind would be entering [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] soon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=With support from BJP, Arvind Patil defeats Cong MLA Anjali Nimbalkar in bank polls. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/with-support-from-bjp-arvind-patil-defeats-anjali-nimbalkar-cong-mla-in-bank-polls/article33042001.ece |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

In 2021, He joined Bharatiya Janata Party in the presence of [[BJP Karnataka|BJP Karnataka President]] and MP [[Nalin Kumar Kateel]], Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka [[Laxman Savadi]], MLC [[Mahantesh Kavatagimath]], Ex-MLA [[Sanjay Patil]] and BJP Karayakartas.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Former Khanapur MLA Arvind Patil joins BJP |url=https://www.belgaummirror.com/former-khanapur-mla-arvind-patil-joins-bjp/ |work=Belgaum Mirror}}</ref>

In 2023, With support of Arvind and [[Pramod Sawant|Pramod]] ([[Chief Minister of Goa]]), Vithal Halagekar got elected to the [[16th Karnataka Assembly]] from [[Khanapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency]] seat as an candidate of Bharatiya Janata Party by defeating [[Anjali Nimbalkar]] of Indian National Congress. Vithal Halagekar secured 91834 votes which is 57.04% of the total votes in [[Khanapur]] (Vidhana Sabha constituency) whereas [[Anjali Nimbalkar|Anjali]] secured 37205 votes which is 23.11% of the total votes. Vithal Halagekar won the election with a huge lead of 54629 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=BJP Candidate Vithal Somanna Halagekar Wins Defeating Congress' Anjali Hemant Nimbalkar |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election/khanapur-assembly-election-2023-karnataka-mla-results-bjp-congress-jds-aap-candidates-vittal-halagekar-anjali-nimbalkar-naseer-bapulsab-bhagavan-latest-update-10076908 |work=[[Dainik Jagran]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Arvind Chandrakant}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:1968 births]]

List of educational institutions in Palai

2026-04-13T14:46:36Z

SallieChinnery5: done

{{Short description|none}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

'''Colleges in Pala''' are affiliated to the [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]], [[Kottayam]]. Many institutions are run under the management of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Palai|Diocese of Pala]]. The following are the educational institutions in the locality:

==Colleges==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Civil Service Institute Pala]]
* [[St. Thomas College, Palai]]
* Alphonsa College, Pala
* [[Henry Baker College]], [[Melukavu]]
* Deva Matha College, Kuravilangad
* Government Polytechnic College, Pala
* BVM Holy Cross College, Cherpunkal<ref>[http://www.bvmcollege.com BVM Holy Cross College, Cherpunkal]</ref>
* Co-operative Engineering College, Kidnangoor
* College of Engineering Poonjar<ref>[http://www.cepihrd.ac.in College of Engineering Poonjar]</ref>
* St. Joseph's College of Engineering and Technology, Pala
* Mar Sleeva Nursing School, Cherpunkal
* St. Joseph's College of Hotel Management and Catering Technology, Pala
* Mar Augusthinose college, Ramapuram
* St. George College, Aruvithura
* Indian Institute of Information Technology, Valavoor
}}

Proposed: Indian Institute of Hotel Management and Catering Technology, Mar Sleeba Medical College

==Schools==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* St. Joseph G.H.S, Mutholy (Kerala Board)
* St. Josph's HS Kudakkachira (Kerala Board)
* St. Augustine's HSS, Ramapuram (Kerala Board)
* Chavara CMI International School, Ramapuram (ICSE & ISC)
* Government HSS, Pala (Kerala Board)
* St. Thomas HSS, Pala (Kerala Board)
* St. Mary's HSS, Pala (Kerala Board)
* St. Thomas HS, Marangattupilly (Kerala Board)
* St. Antonys's HSS, Mutholy (Kerala Board)
* Holy Cross HSS, Cherpunkal (Kerala Board)
* Alphonsa Residential School Bharanganam (ICSE)
* St. Vincent HSS, Pala (ICSE)
* Chavara CMI Public School and Junior College, Palai (CBSE)
* St. J.N. HSS, Kozhuvanal (Kerala Board)
* St. Sebastins Hsaa Kadanad (Kerala Board)
* St. Joseph's HS Manathoor, Pizhaku (Kerala Board)
* Labour India Gurukulam public school (CBSE)
* St. Antony's HSS, Plassanal (Kerala Board)
* St. Mary's HSS, Kidangoor
* NSS HSS Kdangoor
* St. Michael's H.S.S. Pravithanam
* S. V NSS HS Edanad
* S.K.V.U.P.S, Kurinji
* S.K.V. Govt.L.P.S, Kurinji
* St. Josephs UPS Kannadiyurumpu
* N.S.S. AIDED UPS, Kidangoor South
* Govt UP School Anthinad
}}Infant Jesus Public School Mangalaram (CBSE)

==Training institutes==
* Brilliant Study Centre, Pala
* Goodwill Institute of Technology, Pala
* St. Thomas Teacher Training College, Pala
* St. Thomas Teacher Training Institute
* Cherian J Kappen Memorial Industrial Training Institute
* P value solution for data science and business analytics<ref>[http://www.pvalue.co.in P value solution for data science and business analytics]</ref>

==Coaching centres==
* Brilliant Study Centre, established in 1984, provides coaching for Medical and Engineering Entrance Examination
* Goodwill Institute of Technology, pioneer skill development institution, located in the heart of Pala
* T.I.M.E. Institute Pala, classroom based medical and engineering coaching institute
* The Civil Service Institute, founded in January, 1998, sponsored by the Archdiocese of Changanacherry and the dioceses of Palai and [[Kanjirappally]] as a part of the Inter-diocesan Centre for Human Resources Developmenm
* Mohans Institute of Corporate Studies (MICS), provides Chartered Accountancy (CA) and Company Secretaryship (CS) courses; classes are taught by company secretaries and [[chartered accountant]]s
* Lumen Study Centre: St. Thomas College Palai, provides a coaching centre for Medical and Engineering Entrance Examination run by St. Thomas College Management
* Talent Academy Pala, provides classes and preparation techniques for AIEEE, JEE-IIT Kerala state medical/engineering examinations
* Thoppans' Swimming Academy, owned and operated by Thoppil brothers

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Education in Pala, Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala education-related lists|educational institutions in Pala]]

Dhillu Irundha Poradu

2026-04-13T02:29:53Z

SallieChinnery5: creating new pg first draft

{{Short description|2023 Tamil film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhillu Irundha Poradu
| image =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = S. K. Muralidharan
| writer =
| producer = N. Saibaba G. Haribabu
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Karthik Doss
*[[Anu Krishna]]
*[[Yogi Babu]]
}}
| cinematography = Vijay Thirumoolam
| editing =
| music = G. Sayee Tharshan
| studio = KP Productions
| distributor = RP Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|10|6}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Dhillu Irundha Poradu''''' ({{Translation|If you got the guts, protest}}) is a 2023 Indian Tamil-language film directed by S. K. Muralidharan and starring Karthik Doss, [[Anu Krishna]], and [[Yogi Babu]] in the lead roles. It was released on 6 October 2023.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=April 2026}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*Karthik Doss
*[[Anu Krishna]]
*[[Yogi Babu]]
*[[Vanitha Vijayakumar]]
*[[Thennavan (actor)|Thennavan]]
*[[Ramachandran Durairaj]]
*[[KPY Bala]]
*[[Manobala]]
*[[Chaams]]
*[[Lollu Sabha Manohar]]
}}

==Production==
The film was first announced under the title of ''Vella Kaka Manja Kuruvi'' in early 2015.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} In the following years, production continued slowly with further actors such as [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]] joining the cast. The title of the film was changed in time for an audio launch event for the film, that was held in January 2022.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

== Reception ==
The film was released on 6 October 2023 across theatres in [[Tamil Nadu]]. A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' gave the film a negative review, calling it "low on logic, especially in the romantic scenes".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=தில்லு இருந்தா போராடு: சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/dhillu-irundha-poradu-film-review-1070386 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026120406/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/dhillu-irundha-poradu-film-review-1070386 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=www.dailythanthi.com}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' noted that the filmmaker "failed to properly convey the film's message".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2023 |title=Dhillu Irundha Poradu |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/dhillu-irundha-poradu-27484 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031074736/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/dhillu-irundha-poradu-27484 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=www.maalaimalar.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|29426788}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

Raghvendra Pratap Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2026-04-11T20:24:45Z

SallieChinnery5: Made The Bio V1 - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Raghvendra Pratap Singh
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Domariyaganj (Assembly constituency)|Domariyaganj]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = March 2017
| term_end = March 2022
| predecessor = Malik Mohd Kamal Yusuf
| successor =
| constituency2 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|04|01}}
| birth_place = [[Basti district|Basti]], Uttar Pradesh
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| parents = Shankar Baksh Singh
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University]]
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| profession = Politician
| education = Bachelor of Arts
}}
'''Raghvendra Pratap Singh''' is an Indian politician and a member of [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] of [[India]]. He represents the [[Domariyaganj (Assembly constituency)]] in [[Siddharthnagar district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="Candidate affidavit">{{cite news|title=Candidate affidavit|publisher= my neta.info|url=http://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=4370}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/domariaganj-election-results-2017-live-raghvendra-pratap-singh-of-bjp-leading-1358736.html|title=Domariaganj Election Results 2017 Live: Raghvendra Pratap Singh of BJP Leading|work=News18|accessdate=16 November 2018}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Singh was born 1 April 1966 in [[Basti district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] to father Shankar Baksh Singh. In 1987, he married Vijay Laxmi Singh, they have one son and one daughter. He belongs to [[Forward caste|General Class]] ([[Kshatriya]]) community. In 1986, he attended [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University]] and attained Bachelor of Arts degree.<ref name=Profile>{{Cite web|title=Member Profile|url=http://www.upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=19859|last=|first=|date=|website=Official website of Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Candidate affidavit"/>

==Political career==
Singh started his political career in [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh (2012) elections]], he contested from [[Domariyaganj (Assembly constituency)]] as a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. But he lost this election to [[Peace Party of India|Peace Party]] candidate Malik Mohd Kamal Yusuf and stood on fourth position with 25,209 (14.26%) votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Domariaganj Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/domariaganj.html|website=www.elections.in|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=डुमरियागंज विधानसभा चुनाव के पिछले परिणामों पर एक नजर – mobile|url=http://up.punjabkesari.in/election-2017/news/domariyaganj-assembly-constituency-up-election-2017-571168|date=27 January 2017|website=punjabkesari|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref>

In [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh (2017) elections]], he was elected [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Domariyaganj (Assembly constituency)|Domariyaganj]] by defeating [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate Saiyada Khatoon by a margin of 171 votes (lowest margin in 2017 assembly election).<ref>{{Cite web|title=2017 Domariaganj – Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Winner, LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates|url=https://www.india.com/assembly-election-2017/uttar-pradesh/domariaganj/|website=India.com|language=en|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Domariaganj Election Results 2017 Live: Raghvendra Pratap Singh of BJP Leading|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/domariaganj-election-results-2017-live-raghvendra-pratap-singh-of-bjp-leading-1358736.html|date=11 March 2017|website=News18|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || March 2017 || March 2022 || Member, [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] ||<ref name=":0" />
|-
|}

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Raghvendra Pratap}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Siddharthnagar district]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University alumni]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Chembur-Ghatkopar and Villages and Sion North Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:19:18Z

SallieChinnery5: creating basic place added tags

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chembur-Ghatkopar And Villages And Sion North
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 53,755
| mla = Mehta, Ratilal Bechardas
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Chembur-Ghatkopar and Villages and Sion North Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Mehta, Ratilal Bechardas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chembur-Ghatkopar and Villages and Sion North <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mehta, Ratilal Bechardas |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,804 |percentage = 50.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bulchandani Ramchand Kishinchand |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 7,698 |percentage = 26.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kabali, Purshottamdas Meghji |party = Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad |votes = 3,797 |percentage = 13.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mehra, Parmanand Sugnomal |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,993 |percentage = 6.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karnik, Bhalchandra Balkrishna |party = Independent politician |votes = 877 |percentage = 3.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,106 |percentage = 24.36% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,169 |percentage = 54.26% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,169}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,755 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Vanaveera

2026-03-28T18:19:48Z

SallieChinnery5: stub

{{Short description|2026 Indian Telugu film by Avinash Thiruveedhula}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vanaveera
| image = Vanaveera.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Avinash Thiruveedhula
| story = Vishwajit
| producer = {{plain list|
* Shanthanu Pathi
* Avinash Buyani
* Alapati Raja
* Ankith Reddy
}}
| writer =
| screenplay = Vishwajit
| starring = {{plain list|
* Avinash Thiruveedhula
* [[Simran Choudhary]]
* [[Nandu (Telugu actor)|Nandu]]
}}
| music = [[Vivek Sagar]]
| cinematography = Sujatha Siddharth
| editing = Chota K Prasad
| studio = Silver Screen Cinemas LLP
| distributor = [[Asian Cinemas]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|1|1}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| language = Telugu
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Vanaveera''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by Avinash Thiruveedhula who also plays the lead alongside [[Simran Choudhary]] and [[Nandu (Telugu actor)|Nandu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2025-12-28 |title=Vana Veera: ఇదేక్క‌డి విడ్డూరం.. వారంలోనే సినిమా పేరు మార్చారు {{!}} Avinash Thiruveedhula Starred Vanara Movie Name Changed To VanaVeera srk |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2025/tollywood/avinash-thiruveedhula-starred-vanara-movie-name-changed-to-vanaveera-srk-68815.html |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref>

The film was theatrically released on 1 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-30 |title=Shree Nandu responds to criticism from Vanaveera director for not promoting their film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2025/Dec/30/telugunews2025dec29actor-shree-nandu-responds-to-criticism-from-vanaveera-director-for-not-promoting-their-film |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Raghu is a good-for-nothing guy. Indhu is his cousin, and the two deeply love each other. Raghu’s father keeps telling him to pursue a job, but Raghu never takes him seriously. Deva, a member of the dominant caste in Raghu’s town, is chosen as the MLA candidate by the Nava Nirmana Party. Problems arise when Deva’s followers use Raghu’s bike for a rally but fail to return it.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* Avinash Thiruveedhula as Raghu
* [[Simran Choudhary]] as Indhu
* [[Nandu (Telugu actor)|Nandu]] as Deva
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Special Officer
* [[Kona Venkat]] as Manohar
* [[Sivaji Raja]] as Raghu's father
* [[Aamani]] as Indhu's mother
* Devi Prasad as Indhu's father
* Tarzan Laxminarayana as Basava (Deva's assistant)
* [[Chammak Chandra]] as P. K. (political strategist)
* [[Prudhvi Raj]] as Doraswami (opposition party candidate)
* Bhadram as Baachi (Doraswami's assistant)
* Mahaboob Basha as Maasa (Raghu's friend)
* Jyothi Reddy as Deva's mother
* Balagam Sanjay Krishna as Deva's brother-in-law
* Appaji Ambarisha Darbha as Party President
}}

== Music ==
The background score and songs were composed by [[Vivek Sagar]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Godharey
| extra1 = [[Sweekar Agasthi]]
| length1 = 3:51
| lyrics1 = Kittu Visapragada
| title2 = Labore
| extra2 = Vivek Sagar
| length2 = 3:41
| lyrics2 = Bharadwaj Gali
| title3 = Adaraho
| length3 = 3:01
| lyrics3 = Vivek Sagar, Bharadwaj Gali
| extra3 = Vivek Sagar
}}

==Release and reception==
The film was initially titled ''Vanara''. It was later changed to ''Vanaveera'' due to censor issues and was released on 1 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-27 |title=Vanaveera director indirectly criticises Nandu for skipping promotions |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/27/vanaveera-director-indirectly-criticises-nandu-for-skipping-promotions |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

Aithagoni Raju of [[Asianet News Network|''Asianet News Telugu'']] rated it 2.75 out of and appreciated Avinash Thiruveedhula's work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fb |last2=Tw |last3=Linkdin |last4=Whatsapp |last5=Us |first5=GNFollow |title=Vana Veera Review: `వన వీర` మూవీ రివ్యూ, రేటింగ్‌.. సినిమా ఎలా ఉందంటే? |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/movie-reviews/vana-veera-movie-review-rating-in-telugu-q66b2ut |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Asianet News Telugu |language=te}}</ref> Bhargav Chaganti of [[NTV (India)|NTV]] rated the film 2.5 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2026-01-01 |title=Vanaveera Review : వనవీర రివ్యూ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/vanaveera-telugu-movie-review-is-this-ai-monkey-film-worth-watching-916774.html |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}</ref> [[TV9 Telugu]] gave a mixed review noting Nandu's performance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=TV9 |date=2026-01-01 |title=VanaVeera Film Review: వనవీర సినిమా రివ్యూ.. ఇది మన ఊరి రాజకీయం..! |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/vana-veera-movie-review-in-telugu-starrer-avinash-thiruveedhula-shree-nandu-simran-chaudhary-1711754.html |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|39052694|Vanaveera}}

[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vivek Sagar]]

Otilia Mascarenhas

2026-03-28T07:56:43Z

SallieChinnery5: small expand content after review and added references per standard format

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Otilia Mascarenhas
| full_name =
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = Indian
| country = [[India women's national field hockey team|India]]
| sport = [[Field hockey]]
| birth_date = [[Goa]]
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
}}

'''Otilia Mascarenhas''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] field hockey player from Goa. She is a former member and captain of the [[India women's national field hockey team|Indian women’s hockey team]] during the 60s. She received [[Arjuna Award]] in 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arjuna Award |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/hall-of-fame/arjuna-award |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Hockey India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fraudulent sale deeds case hearing on Friday |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/fraudulent-sale-deeds-case-hearing-on-friday/61458 |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref> She is a sports medicine doctor. She now lives in [[Cologne]], Germany.

== Early life ==
Mascarenhas was born in Goa. She shifted to Pune to study at the [[Armed Forces Medical College, Pune]]. Later, she went to Germany to study sports medicine. She married Lothar Brunst, a former football player in the German second division.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2002-12-01 |title=Otilia, the one... |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/otilia-the-one-/articleshow/29983147.cms |access-date=2023-09-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mascarenhas was part of the Indian women's hockey team that played the 1971 World Cup where India finished eighth.<ref name=":0" /> She also played the World Cup in 1974 at Mandelieu, France, where Indian women reached the semifinals and finished fourth.<ref name=":0" />

She represented the Indian Hockey team in many tournaments from 1965 to 1974 and was the captain of the women's team from 1969 to 1973. She was the first Goan Arjuna awardee in 1974 and awarded the [[Shiv Chhatrapati Award]] in 1971.

She is also an Orthopaedic surgeon and super specialist in Sports Medicine and Traumatology. She is practicing in Germany and is also a visiting doctor to India.<ref name=":0" />

=== Ancestral property ===
She had her ancestral root in Porvorim and has the family house and other property which she and her brother, Oscar Mascarenhas own. However, an impersonator sold the property in the name of her deceased uncle Jose Fernandes who died in 2002. Fernandes wrote a will in 1997 and she inherited the property. Her several appeals and petitions to the government to solve the issue have failed.

In December 2013, she held a press conference in Goa exposing the land grabbing syndicate and threatened to return her Arjuna Award if the culprits are not booked and arrested.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2013-12-05 |title=Otilia Mascarenhas threatens to return Arjuna award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/otilia-mascarenhas-threatens-to-return-arjuna-award/articleshow/26869064.cms |access-date=2025-06-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In October 2013, about 11 years after the death of her uncle the imposter sold the property for Rs.7,000,000.<ref name=":2" /> Following her press conference, the then chief minister of Goa [[Manohar Parrikar]] appointed a special investigating officer at the Crime Branch to probe into the alleged case against the 'land mafia syndicate'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Herald |date=2013-12-04 |title=DIG directed to probe Otilia land grab case |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/na/dig-directed-to-probe-otilia-land-grab-case/72974 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2017, police managed to arrest Moises Fernandes, one of the main accused in the Otilia Mascarenhas land grab case, was arrested by the Goa Police Economic Offences Wing after a three year hunt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Key accused in Dr Otilia’s land grab case nabbed |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/key-accused-in-dr-otilia%E2%80%99s-land-grab-case-nabbed/30789.html |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

=== Legacy ===
A sports ground in Pune was named after her as Oitlia Mascarenhas Sports Ground, AFMC, Pune.<ref>https://cricheroes.com/cricket-ground-detail/336222/pune/otilia-mascarenhas-sports-ground,-afmc-pune</ref> The sports stadium in the Armed Forces Medical College in Pune, where she studied, has been named after her . She has also been recognized in the “Hall of Fame” in the All-India [[Armed Forces Medical Services]].<ref name=":1" />

== Awards ==

* Arjuna Award - 1973
* Shiv Chhatrapati Award in 1971<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Dr Otilia is an Orthopedics surgeon |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-Sunday-Roundtable/dr-otilia-is-an-orthopedics-surgeon/72933 |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mascarenhas, Otilia}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Goa]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian female field hockey players]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Indian orthopaedic surgeons]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Germany]]
[[Category:Indian sports medicine doctors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Devarkulam

2026-03-28T03:38:51Z

SallieChinnery5:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Devarkulam
| other_name = Thevarkulam
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8.965216|N|77.635624|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Manur taluk (Tirunelveli)|Manur]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 106.87
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 154
| population_total = 9450
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 627951
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04636xxx
| registration_plate = TN72, TN76
| blank1_name_sec1 = Largest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Tirunelveli]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sankarankovil]] [[Tirunelveli]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 69.80%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency|Tirunelveli]]
| blank6_name_sec1 = Parliament MP
| blank6_info_sec1 = [[Gnanathiraviam]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Tirunelveli Assembly constituency|Sankarankoil]]
| blank7_name_sec1 = Assembly MLA
| blank7_info_sec1 = [[Nainar Nagendran]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Devarkulam''' or '''Thevarkulam''' is a small town in [[Manur taluk (Tirunelveli)|Manur taluk]], [[Tirunelveli district]], [[Tamil Nadu]] State, India.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.tn.gov.in/ta/government/|title= Thevarkulam Village in Manur Taluka, Tirunelveli District.|accessdate= February 2, 2023|work= Tamil Nadu government|date= October 11, 2018|archive-date= 28 January 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230128111638/https://www.tn.gov.in/ta/government|url-status= dead}}</ref> It is situated along [[List of state highways in Tamil Nadu|State highway 41]] (SH-41) between Tirunelveli and [[Sankarankovil]] on the Road. This Village is located 27 [[Kilometre]] North Side of Tirunelveli, and 27 Kilometre South side of [[Sankarankovil]].

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 census, the village of Devarkulam had a Population of 4,940 with 2,412 males and 2,528 females. The village had a literacy rate of 69.80%. Child population in the age group below 6 was 239 Males and 237 Females.<ref>{{cite web|title=Devarkulam Village Population Totals - Tamil Nadu-Census 2011|url=https://tirunelveli.nic.in/ta/document-category/|publisher=Census of Tamil Nadu|accessdate=4 July 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s36a9aeddfc689c1d0e3b9ccc3ab651bc5/uploads/2018/08/2018080353.pdf|archivedate=17 June 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Tirunelveli district}}
{{Tamil Nadu}}
{{Tirunelveli-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Tirunelveli district]]

South Indian parotta

2026-03-26T23:56:02Z

SallieChinnery5: done!

{{Short description|Sri Lankan / South Indian flatbread}}
{{distinguish|Paratha}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox food
| image = Malabar Porotta (cropped).jpg
| caption = Malabar parotta
| image_alt = A light-coloured flatbread that is round and layered.
| alternate_name = Porotta, barota
| region = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Sri Lanka]]
| type = [[Flatbread]]
| main_ingredient = [[Maida (flour)|Maida]], oil, water, salt
| minor_ingredient = [[Eggs as food|Eggs]], [[sugar]]
| other =
| associated_cuisine = [[Tamil cuisine]], [[Kerala Cuisine]], [[Sri Lankan cuisine]]
| variations = [[Roti canai]], [[kothu parotta]]
}}
'''Parotta''' (or '''porotta''') is a layered [[Indian bread|Indian flatbread]] made from [[maida (flour)|maida]] (refined flour) and oil. It is soft, flakey, and layered. It is commonly seen in [[Sri Lanka]] and in [[South India]], especially in the states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. It is distinct from the North Indian [[paratha]], which uses [[atta (flour)|atta]] flour.

There are many types of parotta. The most common is the '''Malabar parotta''' (or '''Kerala parotta'''), which is kneaded with oil and shaped into a spiral before being rolled out. '''Veechu parotta''', from Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka, is folded into a square; '''Ceylon parotta''' is the same but with a filling. [[Kothu parotta]] is torn apart and mixed with other foods. A wide range of dishes may be served with parotta, such as [[korma]], [[Kerala beef fry|beef fry]], or tomato-based [[salna (food)|salna]].

Malabar parotta may have originated after West Asian flatbreads were introduced to the [[Malabar Coast]], while another theory states that it evolved from North Indian parotta. It increased in popularity in the 20th century as wheat propagated in South India. In the present day, Parotta is a [[staple food]] in South India, served by homes, street vendors, restaurants, and other establishments. Parotta, particularly when paired with beef, is a cultural symbol of Kerala. The Southeast Asian [[roti canai]] is a similar dish based on parotta.

== Terminology ==
''Parotta'' is the South Indian equivalent of the Hindi term ''[[paratha]]'', referring to a distinct regional equivalent.<ref name="Sannith" /> The spelling ''barota'' is used in [[Tamil Nadu]];<ref name="Simon" /> this corresponds to the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] pronunciation, while ''parotta'' corresponds to the [[Malayalam]] pronunciation.<ref name="Sannith" />

== Preparation and serving ==
[[File:A Aesthetic Parota making part 1.ogv|thumb|left|thumbtime=7|alt=A circle of dough is repeatedly lifted and slapped down until it is very thin. It is then quickly shaped into a spiral. Another circle of dough is rolled out with a rolling pin, then the process is repeated.|A parotta cook shaping the dough.]]
Parotta is prepared by kneading [[Maida (flour)|maida]] (refined flour), oil, salt, and water. Sugar and eggs are sometimes included.{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Jyothsna Rao|1a3=Udaya Sankar|1a4=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2000|1p=323|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=76|3a1=Prasada Rao|3a2=Hemalatha|3y=2014|3p=288}} The ratio of oil to flour is about 5 to 10 percent, while the ratio of salt to flour is about 1.5 to 2.5 percent.{{sfn|Qarooni|1996|p=89}} The use of maida makes the bread chewy, while fat makes it flakey by [[Shortened dough|shortening]] the dough.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok |first=Krish |date=23 October 2020 |title=Masala Lab {{!}} Why maida is not the supervillain of the flour world |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/food/masala-lab-why-maida-is-not-the-flour-world-villain-111603383026971.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>

Balls of the dough are beaten and stretched,{{sfn|Qarooni|1996|p=89}} which makes it pliable and determines the texture of the parotta.<ref name="Nagarajan" /> After resting for about 5 minutes,{{sfn|Qarooni|1996|p=89}} the dough is thinly sheeted, with the use of oil, and folded to form layers.{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=77}} It is then shaped into a spiral and rolled flat.{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=76}}<ref name="Sannith" /> This forms a circle about {{Convert|15|to|20|cm|in}} across and {{Convert|5|to|7.5|mm|in}} thick,{{sfn|Haridas Rao|Sai Manohar|2003|p=1035}} or as thin as {{Convert|2|to|3|mm|in}}. It is then cooked atop a griddle,{{sfnm|1a1=Qarooni|1y=1996|1p=89|2a1=Prasada Rao|2a2=Hemalatha|2y=2014|2p=288}} using a long spatula to flip it.<ref name="Simon" /> Under experimental conditions, according to researchers Dasappa Indrani and Gandham Venkateswara Rao, the optimal baking time is 2 minutes at {{Convert|230|C|F|-1}}.{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2007|1p=71|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=77}}{{efn|Indrani and Venkateswara Rao also state that the optimal recipe uses about 100 g flour, 60 g water, 15 g oil, 10 g egg, 1 g salt, and 1 g sugar,{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2011|1p=28|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=77}} which is kneaded for 4 minutes, rested for 30 minutes, and stretched to a thickness of 5 millimetres.{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2007|1p=71|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=77}}}} After cooking, a parotta may be pulled with both hands to separate the layers.<ref name="Simon" />

{{Gallery
| title=Preparation of parotta
| width=180
| height=120
| File:മൈദ 6xv .jpg|alt1=A bowl of white flour next to balls of dough.|Parotta is made of a dough of [[maida (flour)|maida]].
| File:Round spiralled ball of dough.jpg|alt2=Several balls of coiled dough, showing complex layers.|Dough is shaped into spiralled balls, which give parotta its flakey layers.
| File:Parotta (deep fried) in making in Tuticorin district JEG2827.JPG|alt3=Several flat circles of dough that are visibly layered.|Dough is rolled flat after shaping.
| Kerala Porotta making 02 (cropped).jpg|alt4=Two circles of dough begin to brown atop a griddle.|Parotta is cooked on a griddle.
}}

Parotta is thin, flakey,<ref name="Nagarajan" /> and round, with distinct layers. In appearance, it is cream coloured with some light brown spots.{{sfnm|1a1=Parimala|1a2=Sudha|1y=2015|1p=76|2a1=Prasada Rao|2a2=Hemalatha|2y=2014|2p=289}} It is soft with a kind of chewy [[mouthfeel]] and a pliable handfeel, and it quickly breaks down while chewing.{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2011|1p=28|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2pp=76–77}}

Parotta is classified as a multi-layered, [[Unleavened bread|unleavened flatbread]].{{sfn|Prasada Rao|Hemalatha|2014|p=288}} It differs from other flatbreads as it has many separate layers.{{sfn|Prabhasankar|Indrani|Jyotsna|Venkateswara Rao|2004|p=2131}} South Indian parotta is distinct from North Indian [[paratha]], which is made of [[atta (flour)|atta]] (whole wheat flour) rather than maida.{{sfn|Prasada Rao|Hemalatha|2014|p=288}}<ref name="Ghose">{{Cite web |last=Ghose |first=Sandip |date=2023-08-27 |title=Paratha, parotta, prata: How a humble flatbread went global |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/web-only/2023/Aug/19/paratha-parotta-prata-how-a-humble-flatbread-went-global-2606881.html |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Though both types use fat in the dough to achieve a layered texture,<ref name="Pillai" /> North Indian paratha is [[shallow fried]],{{sfn|Mir|Shah|2018|p=93}} and it usually uses a different technique of folding into layers.<ref name="Pillai" />

{{Multiple image
| total_width = 270
| image1 = Parotta Beef-a local restaurant-Kerala (cropped).jpg
| alt1 = A bowl of brown meat atop a plate of parotta
| image2 = Soru from south India parotta salna (cropped).jpg
| alt2 = A plate of parotta with a red, liquidy pairing.
| footer = Typical pairings are [[Kerala beef fry|beef fry]] (left) in Kerala and [[salna (food)|salna]] (right) in southern Tamil Nadu.
}}
Parotta may be eaten at any time of day.<ref name="Harikumar" /><ref name="Shrikumar" /> It may be served with many dishes, including both vegetarian and non-vegetarian curries or roasts.{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=32}}<ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> [[Korma]] is a typical pairing in both Kerala and Tamil Nadu.{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=32}} In Kerala, [[Kerala beef fry|beef fry]] is a common pairing with Malabar parotta,<ref name="Ghose" /><ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> while other pairings include chicken curry or [[egg curry]],<ref name="Simon" /><ref name="Pillai" /> as well as vegetarian dishes such as vegetable [[korma]] or [[kadala curry]].<ref name="Simon" /> Parotta is also commonly paired with [[salna (food)|salna]], a tomato-based gravy that may be cooked with chicken or mutton, or served plain;<ref name="Sannith" /><ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> the latter is known as parotta salna.<ref name="Pillai" /> Salna is the most common pairing with parotta in southern Tamil Nadu,<ref name="Sannith" /> including from restaurants in [[Madurai]].<ref name="Sukanya" /> Parotta is often served with hot, sweetened tea.{{sfn|Pant|2013|p=32}} Restaurants often serve parotta on [[banana leaf plate]]s.{{sfn|Tirpude|Singh|2025|p=81}}<ref name="Sukanya" />

== Variants ==
{{Multiple image |perrow=2 |total_width=300
|image1=Porotta 04.jpg |alt1=A round, spiraled flatbread with brown spots. |caption1=Malabar parotta is very flakey.
|image2=Veechu Rotti.jpg |alt2=Some parottas that have been folded toward the center, in both directions, to form a square. Another one is being folded over as it cooks. |caption2=Veechu parotta is folded into squares.
|image3=Veg Kothu Parotta served in Tamil Nadu (cropped).JPG |alt3=A chopped mixture of cooked dough and various vegetables, served with a spoon. |caption3=[[Kothu parotta]] is torn and mixed with foods.
|image4=Pearl City's Poricha (Fried) Parotta with Mutton Saalna (cropped).jpg |alt4=A parotta with crispy browning. |caption4={{lang|ta-Latn|Poricha parotta}} is deep-fried.
|image5=Bun Parotta-2-Rasipuram-namakkal-India.jpg |alt5=A stack of breads that are fairly thick and golden brown. |caption5=Bun parotta resembles a [[bun (food)|bun]].
|image6=Coin porotta (cropped).jpg |alt6=A stack of small, round parottas with spiraling layers. |caption6=Coin parotta is crispy and bite-sized.
|image7=Nool porotta (cropped).jpg |alt7=A parotta whose dough appears to be pulled apart and resembles ribbon. |caption7={{lang|ml-Latn|Nool parotta}} has stringy layers.
|image8=Beef Kizhi Porotta.jpg |alt8=A scrunched-up parotta topped with beef, atop a banana leaf. |caption8={{lang|ml-Latn|Kizhi parotta}} is steamed in a banana leaf bag.
}}
The most common parotta in the state of [[Kerala]] is the Malabar parotta (also known as Kerala parotta), which has layers formed by kneading oil into the dough and cutting the dough while rolling it.<ref name="Ghose" /><ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> The dough contains flour, milk, and a small amount of sugar, and it usually contains eggs, though eggs may be excluded based on regional differences or individual preferences.<ref name="Simon">{{Cite news |last=Simon |first=Steni |date=11 November 2022 |title=We love parotta |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/Nov/11/we-love-parotta-2517387.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Coconut oil]] may be used.<ref name="Sannith" /> Malabar parotta is fluffy and very flakey.<ref name="Outlook India-2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-27 |title=A Taste of Kerala: The Malabar Parotta |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/travel/a-taste-of-kerala-the-malabar-parotta-news-203829 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=[[Outlook India]] |language=en}}</ref> It resembles the North Indian [[lachha paratha]], which is also flakey but has a different preparation method and is made of atta.<ref name="Ghose" /><ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> Parottas served in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, are denser than Malabar parottas.<ref name="Sukanya">{{Cite news |last=Sukanya |first=Indumathy |date=5 December 2022 |title=Have you tasted the legendary parottas of Madurai? |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/food/have-you-tasted-the-legendary-parottas-of-madurai-111670223368025.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>

Veechu parotta, from Sri Lanka and the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is thin and folded into a square,<ref name="Ghose" /> with more layers than Malabar parotta,<ref name="Simon" /> formed by tossing the dough.<ref name="Sukanya" /> Ceylon parotta is a stuffed version of the veechu parotta with [[minced meat]]<ref name="Ghose" /> or a filling of eggs and salna.<ref name="Sukanya" /> It originated in Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon). The Ceylon parotta served at [[Buhari Restaurant]] in [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, is stuffed with [[Goat meat|mutton]] and has an egg-washed crust.<ref name="Sannith" />

[[Kothu parotta]] ({{translation|minced parotta}})<ref name="Simon" /> is torn into pieces; this may be mixed with meat, eggs, vegetables, and onions.<ref name="Nagarajan" /> A version of this dish originated in Tamil Nadu, where it is the most common type of parotta,<ref name="Simon" /> while another version originated in Sri Lanka.<ref name="Pillai" /> It is also eaten in Kerala.<ref name="Nagarajan" />

There are several other variants of parotta.<ref name="Nagarajan" /><ref name="Ghose" /> {{lang|ta-Latn|Poricha parotta}}, a version from [[Virudhunagar]], Tamil Nadu, has a hole in the middle and is deep-fried after being cooked on a griddle; it is crispy and resembles a [[puri (food)|puri]].<ref name="Nagarajan" /><ref name="Sukanya" /> This may be topped with chickpea [[dal]] or potato [[sabzi (food)|sabzi]].<ref name="Nagarajan" /> The bun parotta, from Madurai, is a cross between a parotta and a [[bun]]. It uses a dough with eggs, milk, and sugar, which has a long resting time and is tossed until it is thin, resulting in a layered texture with a crispy exterior and a soft interior.<ref name="Nagarajan" /><ref name="Sukanya" /> It is eaten by being dipped into curry.<ref name="Ghose" /> Coin parotta is bite-sized—about {{Convert|2|cm|in|0}} across<ref name="Nagarajan" />—and crispier than a Malabar parotta, using the same ingredients.<ref name="Simon" /> In Kerala, {{lang|ml-Latn|chatti paal parotta}} is made of a stack of three parottas with [[coconut milk]] and meat, topped with cashews, raisins, and [[fried onion]]s; this is steamed between two [[banana leaves]]. {{lang|ml-Latn|Kizhi parotta}} consists of parotta and a meat dish steamed in a banana leaf bag.<ref name="Nagarajan" /> A form of {{lang|ml-Latn|kizhi parotta}} called {{lang|ml-Latn|thukku parotta}} is served in the city of [[Kochi]].<ref name="Simon" /> In Madurai, {{lang|ml-Latn|kizhi parotta}} is made using bun parotta.<ref name="Sukanya" /> Another Keralan version is {{lang|ml-Latn|nool parotta}}, whose layers are crispy, stringy, and translucent.<ref name="Nagarajan" />

Variations of parotta exist beyond India.<ref name="Pillai" /> The [[Malaysian cuisine|Malaysian]] version, [[roti canai]], closely resembles Malabar parotta,<ref name="Kirch">{{Cite web |last=Kirch |first=John |date=31 July 2009 |title=Roti Canai - Kuala Lumpur takes a flatbread to new heights |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124893513501192849 |access-date=27 October 2024 |website=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> maintaining its spiral shape and flakey texture.<ref name="Sannith" /> In the [[cuisine of Trinidad and Tobago]], a version is known as [[buss-up-shut]].<ref name="Pillai" />

== Physical properties ==
[[File:An image of Parotta.jpg|thumb|alt=A basket filled with round, layered flatbreads with brown spots.|The colour of parotta is associated with [[gluten]] in the flour.]]
Sensory properties of parotta include [[shear force]] and [[compression (physics)|compression]]. Factors correlated with higher shear force include lower resting time, higher baking time, and higher baking temperature, while a higher mixing time is correlated with a thinner parotta.{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=77}} According to Indrani and Venkateswara Rao, increasing the amount of eggs or salt is correlated with higher strength and [[elasticity (physics)|elasticity]] of the dough, while increasing the amount of oil is correlated with lower strengh and [[viscosity]].{{sfn|Indrani|Venkateswara Rao|2007|p=105}} Finer flour is correlated with a softer texture.{{sfn|Sakhare|Inamdar|Soumya|Indrani|2014|p=4113}} Protein content in the flour is also a large factor in the sensory properties,{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2000|1p=881|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=77|3a1=Prasada Rao|3a2=Hemalatha|3y=2014|3p=289}} impacting the chewiness and separation of layers.{{sfn|Prabhasankar|Indrani|Rajiv|Venkateswara Rao|2003|p=607}} [[Gluten]] content is correlated with the colour, while [[damaged starch]] content is correlated with the spotted appearance.{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=77}} The outer layers of parotta experience high distortion of starch compared to the inner layers.{{sfnm|1a1=Prabhasankar|1a2=Indrani|1a3=Rajiv|1a4=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2003|1p=Prabhasankar|2a1=Indrani|2a2=Jyotsna|2a3=Venkateswara Rao|2y=2004|2p=2132}} Additives may be used to improve properties of parotta.{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=78}} The enzymes [[xylanase]] and [[protease]] have been shown to strongly improve properties.{{sfnm|1a1=Prabhasankar|1a2=Indrani|1a3=Jyotsna|1a4=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2004|1p=2133|2a1=Prasada Rao|2a2=Hemalatha|2y=2014|2p=289}}

Parotta begins to stale after about four hours, after which it becomes less chewy.{{sfn|Indrani|Venkateswara Rao|2011|p=35}} The addition of [[hydrocolloid]]s may slow staling.{{sfn|Fadda|Sanguinetti|Del Caro|Collar|2014|p=477}} Parotta that has been frozen and thawed largely retains its properties.{{sfnm|1a1=Parimala|1a2=Sudha|1y=2015|1p=77|2a1=Prasada Rao|2a2=Hemalatha|2y=2014|2p=289}}

== History ==
Culinary anthropologist [[Kurush Dalal]] says that the Malabar parotta is likely to have come with Arab traders from West Asia and sailors from Central Asia, both regions with trade links to the [[Malabar Coast]].<ref name="Nagarajan" /><ref name="Ghose" /> He notes that Kerala had been trading with West Asia since ancient times,<ref name="Nagarajan" /><ref name="Pillai" /> and that wheat is not widely grown in Kerala, indicating a foreign origin for the wheat-based bread.<ref name="Nagarajan" /><ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> In contrast with these theories, it is commonly believed that paratha spread to Kerala from North India, particularly Punjab.<ref name="Ghose" /> Dalal states that, although there is no conclusive evidence about the origin of parotta, the West Asian origin theory is more likely, as the method of creating layers is foreign to India.<ref name="Pillai" /> Later, [[Malaysian Indians|South Asian migrants to Malaysia]], including [[Indian indenture system|indentured labourers]] from [[British India]], spread parotta to Southeast Asia, where it became known as roti canai—named after the city of Chennai in Tamil Nadu—or roti prata.<ref name="Ghose" /><ref name="Kirch" />

Wheat became increasingly common in South India, a predominantly rice-eating region, in the late 20th century, with parotta and other breads being widely consumed.{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=76}} Parotta gained popularity in the Tamil cities of Madurai and [[Virudhunagar]] amid famines that limited rice production; initially popular as a cheap food source, it eventually became a prized street food. The oldest parotta stalls in Madurai date to around the 1950s.<ref name="Shrikumar" /> Kothu parotta spread from Sri Lanka to Madurai, where it became popular as a street food, and later to Kerala.<ref name="Nagarajan" /> Coin parottas originated in [[Tuticorin]], Tamil Nadu, in the 1980s, after the Ceylon parotta was introduced by Ceylonese migrant workers who were employed at the [[Tuticorin Port]].<ref name="Sannith" /> The bun parotta is claimed to have been invented by the restaurant Madurai Bun Parotta Kadai in 1999.<ref name="Sukanya" /> {{lang|ml-Latn|Nool parotta}} was popularised by chef [[Suresh Pillai]], who has posted about the dish on [[Instagram Reels]] and received millions of views.<ref name="Nagarajan" />

Parotta from restaurants became highly demanded after the end of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala|COVID-19 lockdown in Kerala]] in 2020.<ref name="Kanth">{{Cite news |last=Kanth |first=Ajay |date=14 June 2020 |title=Porotta in huge demand as dine-in services pick up |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/Jun/14/porotta-in-huge-demand-as-dine-in-services-pick-up-2156312.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The same year, [[Kerala Authority for Advance Ruling]] decided that frozen parotta was subject to a higher tax rate than ready-to-eat [[roti]] as a frozen product did not qualify as ready-to-eat. Some residents of Kerala condemned the decision, arguing that it unfairly targeted a regional food, with the [[hashtag]] #handsofparotta becoming a trend.<ref name="Pillai">{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Pooja |date=18 June 2020 |title=Meet the parotta – the Kerala flatbread that attracts more GST than North Indian roti |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/parotta-kerala-more-gst-than-roti-6457742/ |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="Harikumar">{{Cite news |last=Harikumar |first=J. S. |date=24 June 2020 |title=#handsoffporotta... Why Malayalis are up in arms against a GST ruling on their favourite parotta |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/handsoffporotta-why-malayalis-are-up-in-arms-against-a-gst-ruling-on-their-favourite-porotta/article31833264.ece |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Prevalence ==
[[File:Barotta stall.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=In front of a small food stall, a man cooks several parottas atop a large, round grill.|Parotta is commonly served as [[street food]].]]
Parotta is a [[staple food]] of South India,{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=76}} strongly associated with both [[Kerala cuisine]] and [[Tamil cuisine]].<ref name="Sannith">{{Cite web |last=Sannith |first=Jude |date=2020-07-17 |title=How the parotta became South India's favourite flatbread - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/buzz/how-the-parotta-became-south-indias-favourite-flatbread-6366721.htm |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=[[CNBC TV18]]}}</ref> The Keralan version, originating in the [[Malabar District|Malabar]] region of northern Kerala, is a staple across the state.<ref name="Nagarajan">{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2024-01-05 |title=Kerala's signature dish, the Porotta, from Kanhangad to Kaliyikkavila |url=https://www.thehindu.com/food/features/experience-the-layered-story-of-keralas-signature-dish-the-porotta-from-kanhangad-to-kaliyikkavila/article67557335.ece |access-date=2024-10-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Over half of the wheat flour produced in South India is used for parotta.{{sfnm|1a1=Indrani|1a2=Jyothsna Rao|1a3=Udaya Sankar|1a4=Venkateswara Rao|1y=2000|1p=323|2a1=Parimala|2a2=Sudha|2y=2015|2p=76}} Variants of the bread are common in the cuisines of [[Sri Lankan cuisine|Sri Lanka]], [[Malaysian cuisine|Malaysia]], and [[Singaporean cuisine|Singapore]].<ref name="Nagarajan" />

Parotta is a popular [[street food]] in Kerala and other parts of South India.<ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> Parotta is served by informal establishments in Kerala known as [[thattukada]]s,<ref name="Nagarajan" /> while kothu parotta is popular in Madurai, from vendors known as {{lang|ta-Latn|roattu kadai}}.<ref name="Sannith" /> Parottas are also available at tea houses, [[toddy shop]]s in the state.<ref name="Outlook India-2023" /> Parotta may also be homemade.{{sfn|Indrani|Jyothsna Rao|Udaya Sankar|Venkateswara Rao|2000|p=324}} Frozen parottas and frozen dough are also available.{{sfn|Parimala|Sudha|2015|p=79}}

Parotta is also served at restaurants.{{sfn|Indrani|Jyothsna Rao|Udaya Sankar|Venkateswara Rao|2000|p=324}} Some establishments employ cooks dedicated entirely to making parottas—known in Madurai as parotta masters<ref name="Sukanya" />—who develop specific stretching and kneading methods.<ref name="Nagarajan" /> {{As of|2020}}, the average restaurant in Kerala serves approximately 100 parottas per day, with some serving over 1,000.<ref name="Kanth" /> {{As of|2022}}, parotta is the most popular dish ordered from the delivery app [[Swiggy]] in Kerala.<ref name="Anilkumar">{{Cite news |last=Anilkumar |first=T. |date=28 December 2022 |title=Porotta is king in 2022, overtakes biriyani, idiyappam in online orders |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/Dec/29/porotta-is-king-in-2022-overtakes-biriyani-idiyappam-in-online-orders-2532655.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The price of parotta in Madurai ranges from 10 to 250 rupees. Restaurants in Madurai largely serve parotta with meat, and the most common variants are bun parotta and kizhi parotta.<ref name="Sukanya" /> Parotta is also made by Tamil chefs in China, where it is known as {{lang|zh-Latn|indu sui bing}} ({{lit|Indian fly bread}}) and served as a dessert with various flavours.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ananth |first=M. K. |date=8 July 2020 |title=Why these Indian Parotta Makers Want to Return to China |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-these-indian-parotta-makers-want-to-return-to-china/articleshow/74113505.cms |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Times of India]] |agency=[[Times News Network]]}}</ref>

Parotta is popularly considered a [[List of Kerala state symbols|state symbol of Kerala]],<ref name="Nagarajan" /> nicknamed "Kerala's national dish".<ref name="Anilkumar" /> The [[BBC]] featured the food in a commemoration of [[Kerala Day]] in 2023.<ref name="Nagarajan" /> Parotta with beef fry is a symbol of the Keralan identity,<ref name="Ghose" /> representing the diverse influences on its culture.<ref name="Pillai" /> Parotta with salna is a culturally significant dish in Madurai. The dish is depicted in several films from the city; for example, the comedian [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] is nicknamed "Parotta Soori" after a scene in his film ''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]''.<ref name="Shrikumar">{{Cite news |last=Shrikumar |first=A. |date=12 April 2018 |title=Three cheers for Salna |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/parottas-without-the-flavoursome-salna-is-an-incomplete-meal-a-look-at-the-history-and-evolution-of-the-popular-street-food-that-locals-are-addicted-to/article23513533.ece |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Food|India}}
* [[List of Indian breads]]
* [[Scallion pancake]]{{snd}}a similar flatbread from China with similar West Asian origins<ref name="Pillai" />

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Fadda |first=C. |last2=Sanguinetti |first2=A. M. |last3=Del Caro |first3=A. |last4=Collar |first4=C. |last5=Piga |first5=A. |date=July 2014 |title=Bread Staling: Updating the View |journal=Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=473–492 |doi=10.1111/1541-4337.12064 |issn=1541-4337|hdl=10261/137948 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{Cite book |last=Haridas Rao |first=P. |title=Chapatis and Related Products |last2=Sai Manohar |first2=R. |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-12-227055-0 |editor-last=Caballero |editor-first=Benjamin |edition=2nd |pages=1033–1044}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Indrani |first=D. |last2=Jyothsna Rao |first2=S. |last3=Udaya Sankar |first3=K. |last4=Venkateswara Rao |first4=G. |date=June 2000 |title=Changes in the physical-chemical and organoleptic characteristics of parotta during storage |journal=[[Food Research International]] |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=323–329 |doi=10.1016/S0963-9969(00)00025-9}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Indrani |first=D. |last2=Venkateswara Rao |first2=G. |date=January 2000 |title=Effect of chemical composition of wheat flour and functional properties of dough on the quality of south Indian parotta |journal=[[Food Research International]] |volume=33 |issue=10 |pages=875–881 |doi=10.1016/S0963-9969(00)00117-4}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Indrani |first=D. |last2=Venkateswara Rao |first2=G. |date=March 2007 |title=Rheological characteristics of wheat flour dough as influenced by ingredients of parotta |journal=[[Journal of Food Engineering]] |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=100–105 |doi=10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.01.033}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Indrani |first1=Dasappa |last2=Venkateswara Rao |first2=Gandham |chapter=South Indian Parotta: An Unleavened Flat Bread |date=2011 |title=Flour and Breads and their Fortification in Health and Disease Prevention |pages=27–36 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-380886-8.10003-0 |isbn=978-0-12-380886-8 |editor1-last=Preedy |editor1-first=Victor R. |editor2-last=Watson |editor2-first=Ronald Ross |editor3-last=Patel |editor3-first=Vinood B.}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mir |first=Shabir Ahmad |title=Encyclopedia of Food Chemistry |last2=Shah |first2=Manzoor Ahmad |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-12-814045-1 |chapter=Indian Flatbreads: How Structure Influences Properties |pages=90–95 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.21697-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Qarooni |first=Jalal |chapter=Flat Breads |year=1996 |title=Flat Bread Technology |pages=67–119 |place=Boston |publisher=[[Springer US]] |doi=10.1007/978-1-4613-1175-1_4 |isbn=978-1-4612-8498-7}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Pant |first=Pushpesh |date=2013 |title=India: Food and the Making of the Nation |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=1–34 |issn=0376-9771 |jstor=24393273}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Parimala |first=K. R. |last2=Sudha |first2=M. L. |date=2015-01-02 |title=Wheat-Based Traditional Flat Breads of India |journal=[[Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition]] |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=67–81 |doi=10.1080/10408398.2011.647121 |issn=1040-8398}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Prabhasankar |first=P. |last2=Indrani |first2=D. |last3=Jyotsna |first3=R. |last4=Venkateswara Rao |first4=G. |date=December 2004 |title=Influence of enzymes on rheological, microstructure and quality characteristics of parotta—an unleavened Indian flat bread |journal=[[Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture]] |volume=84 |issue=15 |pages=2128–2134 |doi=10.1002/jsfa.1927 |issn=0022-5142}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Prabhasankar |first1=P. |last2=Indrani |first2=D. |last3=Jyotsna |first3=Rajiv |last4=Venkateswara Rao |first4=G. |date=September 2003 |title=Scanning electron microscopic and electrophoretic studies of the baking process of south Indian parotta—an unleavened flat bread |journal=[[Food Chemistry (journal)|Food Chemistry]] |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=603–609 |doi=10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00017-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Prasada Rao |first=U. J. S. |chapter=Enzymes |date=2014-07-11 |title=Bakery Products Science and Technology |pages=275–294 |editor-last=Zhou |editor-first=Weibiao |edition=1 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |doi=10.1002/9781118792001.ch15 |isbn=978-1-119-96715-6 |last2=Hemalatha |first2=M. S. |editor2-last=Hui |editor2-first=Y. H. |editor3-last=De Leyn |editor3-first=I. |editor4-last=Pagani |editor4-first=M. A.}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sakhare |first=Suresh D. |last2=Inamdar |first2=Aashitosh A. |last3=Soumya |first3=C. |last4=Indrani |first4=D. |last5=Venkateswara Rao |first5=G. |date=December 2014 |title=Effect of flour particle size on microstructural, rheological and physico-sensory characteristics of bread and south Indian parotta |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4252461/ |journal=[[Journal of Food Science and Technology]] |volume=51 |issue=12 |pages=4108–4113 |doi=10.1007/s13197-013-0939-5 |doi-access=free |issn=0022-1155 |pmc=4252461 |pmid=25477689}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Tirpude |first=Rahul |last2=Singh |first2=Sumer |date=July 2025 |title=A Comprehensive Study of use of Plant Leaves in Product Packaging |journal=Journal of Packaging Technology and Research |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=77–86 |doi=10.1007/s41783-025-00184-7 |issn=2520-1034}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Parotta}}

{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Cuisine of India}}
{{Indian bread}}
{{Flatbreads}}

[[Category:Paratha]]
[[Category:Indian breads]]
[[Category:Wheat breads]]
[[Category:South Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Tamil cuisine]]
[[Category:Kerala cuisine]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan cuisine]]
[[Category:Culture of Madurai]]

Parvathy Mills

2026-03-26T00:29:44Z

SallieChinnery5: Made New Stub First Draft - done

{{Short description|Indian textile company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Parvathy Mills Ltd.
| logo =
| type = [[Public Sector]]
| founded = [[Chinnakada]], [[Downtown Kollam|Downtown]] [[Kollam]], [[India]] (1884)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/people-demand-parvathi-mills-land-for-mch/article5731511.ece|title=People demand cotton Mills land for MCH|author=|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 February 2015}}</ref>
| founder =
| location_city = [[Kollam|Kollam (Quilon)]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| key_people =
| industry = [[Textile industry]]
| products = Textile
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets=
| equity=
| num_employees = 120<ref name="Fresh moves">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/fresh-moves-to-revive-parvathy-mills-in-kollam/article3587593.ece|title=Fresh moves to revive Parvathy Mills in Kollam|author=Staff Reporter|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 February 2015}}</ref>
| homepage =
}}
'''A.D.Cotton''' or '''Parvathi Mills Limited''' is a [[textile manufacturing]] company located in [[Kollam]] city, [[India]], owned by the [[National Textile Corporation]] (NTC).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kollam.nic.in/teld3.html |title=District Official Telephone Numbers – Kollam |access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref> The company was founded in 1884 by British entrepreneur A. D. Cotton.

After Indian independence, the mill was operated on lease by a Tamil entrepreneur, while the land was owned by the Kerala State Textile Corporation. It was later transferred to the [[National Textile Corporation]]. The company employed about 120 workers, including six NTC staff members and 17 casual workers. The plant has remained closed since 2008 pending modernization.<ref name="Fresh moves" /> However, there is demand to build a bird sanctuary connected to backwaters.<ref>{{cite news |last1=archive |first1=From our online |title=Parvathy Mills may get modernised |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2010/Jul/11/parvathy-mills-may-get-modernised-168836.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=16 May 2012 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
His Highness [[Visakham Thirunal]] Rama Varma, the then [[Maharaja of Travancore]] took the initiative to start a spinning mill in [[Quilon]] city (now known as [[Kollam]]), which was then the business capital of [[Travancore]] along the [[Malabar Coast]]. He donated the land to start the AD Cotton Mill in 1884. The land was handed over to [[National Textile Corporation]] in 1974.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141222/nation-current-affairs/article/delay-identifying-land-holds-kollam-medical-college-plan |title=Delay in identifying land holds up Kollam medical college plan |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref>

The NTC planned to privatize Parvathy Mills in 2005. The plant was added by the [[Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction]], which had listed it for revival in 2002. The plan was dropped after protests by the Parvathy Mills Workers Union.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/22/stories/2005112214140300.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150224134728/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/22/stories/2005112214140300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 February 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Drop moves to privatise Parvathy Mills |date=2005-11-22 |access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref>

Along with many other mills in [[Mumbai]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]], [[Akola]], [[Nanded]], [[Naini, Prayagraj|Naini]], [[Jaipur]] and [[Udaipur]], Parvathy Mill was slated for redevelopment and modernisation in 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-08-27/news/28472312_1_surplus-land-ntc-mills-apollo-textile-mills |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224165714/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-08-27/news/28472312_1_surplus-land-ntc-mills-apollo-textile-mills |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 February 2015 |title=NTC set to cash in on hot properties |publisher=The Economic Times |access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref> and 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article181497.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224161844/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article181497.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 February 2015 |title=Parvathy Mills may get modernised |publisher=TNIE |access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref> To date, these improvements have not taken place, and the mill has been closed since 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/people-demand-parvathi-mills-land-for-mch/article5731511.ece |title=People demand Parvathi Mills land for MCH |work=The Hindu |access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Fresh moves" /> As per the market rates in 2019, the total land value of Parvathy Mill would be more than {{INRConvert|500|c|0}}. The defunct mill's machinery has already become outdated and rusted beyond revival.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/201119/thiruvananthapuram-no-work-full-pay-at-national-textile-corporation.html |title=Thiruvananthapuram: No work, full pay at National Textile Corporation |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=20 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref>

===Demands for the mill's land to start a medical college===
Representatives from Kollam, along with organizations, staged a [[dharna]] and march in February 2014 to try to obtain the Parvathy Mill land as the site for a government medical college. The mill is on 16.40 acres of prime city land<ref name="auto" /> valued at more than Rs. 4 billion (US$64 million) as per the market value of 2014.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} {{As of|December 2014}}, administrative delays in deciding on a site and obtaining land continue to delay the start of construction of the new college.<ref name="auto"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kollam}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Companies based in Kollam]]
[[Category:Textile companies of India]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Cotton industry in India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1884]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1990]]

Parada kingdom

2026-03-25T16:07:05Z

SallieChinnery5: Made First Post Basic Info

{{short description|Ancient kingdom in Asia}}
{{Redirect|Paradas|the city in Spain|Paradas, Spain}}
{{More citations needed |date = May 2011}}
'''Pāradas''' (alternatively '''Varadas''', or '''Parita''') was an Iron Age kingdom described in various ancient and classical Indian texts. The exact location of the kingdom is unknown. The [[Vayu Purana]] locates the tribe on the upper course of the [[Amu Darya]] (also known as Chaksu) and [[Syr Darya]] rivers in [[Central Asia]].<ref name="J. W. McCrindle">Alexander's Invasion of India, p. 57</ref> The [[Mahabharata]], however, associates the Paradas with the [[tribe]]s of [[Uttarapatha]], and places them on the Sailoda River in the [[Xinjiang]] province of [[China]]. Additionally, the [[Ramayana]] locates the people in the [[Himalayas]].<ref>Ramayana Kisk. Kanda, 43-12</ref>

It is thought that the Pāradas are connected to the later [[Paratarajas]], an [[Indo-Parthian]] dynasty in [[Pakistan]] during the 1st-3rd century CE.<ref>New light on the Paratarajas, Pankaj Tandon [http://people.bu.edu/ptandon/Paratarajas.pdf p11]</ref>

==Puranic texts==

Numerous Puranic texts associate the Parada Kingdom with the [[Kambojas|Kamboja]], [[Saka]], [[Yavana]] and [[Pahlava]] tribes, and brand them together as ''Panca-ganah'' ("five hordes"). These five hordes were military allies of the [[Haihaya]] or Taljunga [[Kshatriya]]s of the [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava]] line, and were chiefly responsible for dethroning King Bahu of [[Kosala]]. Later, King Sagara, son of Bahu, was able to defeat the Haihayas or Taljungas together with the five hordes.

King Sagara had divested the Paradas and other members of the ''Panca-ganah'' of their noble [[Kshatriya]]hood and demoted them to the [[barbaric]] [[caste]] of [[Mlechchas]], due to their non-observance of sacred Brahmanical codes and neglect of the priestly class. Before their defeat at the hands of King Sagara, these five-hordes were called ''Kshatriya-pungava'' ("foremost among the Kshatriyas").<ref>[[Manusmriti]] X.43-44</ref>

The Vayu Purana state that the Udichya tribes, including the ''Panca-ganah'', the [[Gandhara]]s, [[Tushara Kingdom|Tusharas]], [[Khasas|Khasa]]s, [[Lampaka]]s, Madhyadesis, [[Vindhya]]s, Aprantas, Dakshinatyas, [[Dravidian people|Dravidas]], [[Pulinda]]s and [[Simhala]]s, would be proceeded against and annihilated by [[Kalki]] in [[Kali Yuga]].

==See also==
*[[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]

Bulldog

2026-03-16T20:03:51Z

SallieChinnery5: Content improved for clarity and flow

{{use British English|date=May 2025}}
{{Short description|British breed of dog}}
{{About|the English Bulldog}}
{{See also|French Bulldog|American Bulldog|Old English Bulldog}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox dog breed
| name = Bulldog
| image = Bulldog inglese.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| altname = {{ubl|English Bulldog|British Bulldog}}
| nickname =
| country = [[England]]<ref>{{cite book| title = The Bulldog| isbn = 978-0-7368-0004-4| page = [https://archive.org/details/bulldog00wilc/page/5 5]| last = Wilcox| first = Charlotte| year = 1999| publisher = Capstone Press| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/bulldog00wilc/page/5}}</ref>
| weight =
| maleweight = {{right|{{cvt|25|kg}}{{r|fci2|kc}}}}
| femaleweight = {{right|{{cvt|23|kg}}{{r|fci2|kc}}}}
| height =
| maleheight =
| femaleheight =
| colour = brindle; solid white, red, fawn or yellow; piebald
| litter_size =
| kc_name = [[The Kennel Club]]
| kc_std = https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/breed-standards/utility/bulldog/
| fcistd = http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/149g02-en.pdf
| note =
}}

The '''Bulldog''' is a British [[list of dog breeds|breed]] of dog of [[mastiff]] type. It may also be known as the '''English Bulldog''' or '''British Bulldog'''. It is a stocky, muscular dog of medium size, with a large head, thick folds of skin around the face and shoulders and a relatively flat face with a protruding lower jaw. [[Selective breeding]] for appearance has led to the Bulldog's increased susceptibility to various health problems including [[Brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome|brachycephaly]], [[Hip dysplasia (canine)|hip dysplasia]] and heat sensitivity. The dogs are illegal to breed in the Netherlands because of concerns about their quality of life.

The modern Bulldog was bred as a [[companion dog]] from the [[Old English Bulldog]], a now-extinct breed used for [[bull-baiting]] until that was outlawed under the [[Cruelty to Animals Act 1835|Cruelty to Animals Act]] of 1835. The Bulldog Club (in England) was formed in 1878, and the Bulldog Club of America was formed in 1890. While often used as a symbol of ferocity and courage, the modern Bulldog is generally a friendly, amiable dog. It is commonly kept as a pet; in 2013 it was the twelfth-most-frequently registered breed worldwide.{{r|skk}}

== History ==
[[File:Philip Reinagle - Bulldog.jpg|thumb|Painting of a Bulldog from 1790 by English artist [[Philip Reinagle]]]]The first reference to the word "Bulldog" is dated 1631 or 1632 in a letter by a man named Preswick Eaton where he writes: "procuer mee two good Bulldogs, and let them be sent by ye first shipp".<ref>{{cite book |author=Jesse, George R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7oo-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA306 |title=Researches into the history of the British Dog, from ancient laws, charters, and historical records: With original anecdotes, and illustrations of the nature and attributes of the dog, from the poets and prose writers of ancient, mediaeval, and modern times. With engravings designed and etched by the author |publisher=Rob. Hardwicke |year=1866 |page=306 |access-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121213803/https://books.google.com/books?id=7oo-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA306 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1666, English scientist [[Christopher Merret]] applied: "Canis pugnax, ''a Butchers Bull or Bear Dog''", as an entry in his ''[[Christopher Merret#Bibliography|Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Merret |first1=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7JC-IpBPhsoC&q=canis+pugnax&pg=PA169 |title=Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum, continens Vegetabilia, Animalia, et Fossilia |date=1666 |page=169 |access-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121213803/https://books.google.com/books?id=7JC-IpBPhsoC&q=canis+pugnax&pg=PA169 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The designation "bull" was applied because of the dog's use in the sport of [[bull-baiting]]. This entailed the setting of dogs (after placing wagers on each dog) onto a tethered bull. The dog that grabbed the bull by the nose and pinned it to the ground would be the victor. It was common for a bull to maim or kill several dogs at such an event, either by goring, tossing, or trampling over them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bulldog origin |url=https://www.nebkc.com/bulldog-origin-1 |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=NEBKC |language=en}}</ref> Over the centuries, dogs used for bull-baiting developed the stocky bodies and massive heads and jaws that typify the breed, as well as a ferocious and savage temperament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bulldog origin |url=https://www.nebkc.com/bulldog-origin-1 |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=NEBKC |language=en}}</ref> Bull-baiting was made illegal in England by the [[Cruelty to Animals Act 1835]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Curnutt |first1=Jordan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2p0MptGeBkC |title=Animals and the Law: A Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-147-2 |page=284 |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121213803/https://books.google.com/books?id=p2p0MptGeBkC |archive-date=21 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Therefore, the [[Old English Bulldog]] had outlived its usefulness in England as a sporting animal and its "working" days were numbered. However, emigrants did have a use for such dogs in the New World. In mid-17th century New York, Bulldogs were used as a part of a citywide roundup effort led by Governor [[Richard Nicolls]]. Because cornering and leading wild bulls was dangerous, Bulldogs were trained to seize a bull by its nose long enough for a rope to be secured around its neck.<ref>Ellis, Edward Robb (2005). The Epic of New York City – A Narrative History. Basic Books, New York. {{ISBN|978-0-7867-1436-0}}</ref>
[[File:Illustrirtes Muster Hunde-Buch, page 23 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Bulldog on an 1890 illustration]]

Bulldogs as pets were continually promoted by dog dealer [[Bill George (dog dealer)|Bill George]].<ref>Oliff, D. B. (1988) ''The Mastiff and Bullmastiff Handbook'', The Boswell Press {{ISBN|0-85115-485-9}}.</ref>

In 1864, a group of Bulldog breeders under R. S. Rockstro founded the first Bulldog Club. Three years after its opening the Club ceased to exist, not having organised a single show. The main achievement of the Rockstro Bulldog Club was a detailed description of the Bulldog, known as the Philo-Kuan Standard. Samuel Wickens, treasurer of the club, published this description in 1865 under the pseudonym Philo-Kuan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Origin of the English Bulldog Standard |url=http://www.bulldoginformation.com/standardorigin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040312110236/http://bulldoginformation.com/standardorigin.html |archive-date=12 March 2004 |access-date=2021-02-02 |website=Bulldog Information |language=en }}</ref>{{bettersourceneeded|date=February 2024}}

On 4 April 1873, [[The Kennel Club]] was founded, the first dog breeding club dealing with the registration of purebred dogs and dog breeds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Kennel Club |url=https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/about-us/about-the-kennel-club/history-of-the-kennel-club/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918110844/https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/about-us/about-the-kennel-club/history-of-the-kennel-club/ |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=2021-02-02 |website=The Kennel Club}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2024}} Bulldogs were included in the first volume of the Kennel Club Stud Book, which was presented at the Birmingham Show on 1 December 1874. The first English Bulldog entered into the register was a male dog named Adam, born in 1864.{{cn|date=February 2024}}

In March 1875, the third Bulldog Club was founded, which still exists today.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the English Bulldog |url=http://www.bulldoginformation.com/english-bulldog-history.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029080137/http://www.bulldoginformation.com/english-bulldog-history.html |archive-date=29 October 2005 |access-date=2021-02-02 |website=Bulldog Information }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of the English Bulldog |url=http://www.bulldogclubdobrasil.com/english/bulldog.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020112205717/http://www.bulldogclubdobrasil.com/english/bulldog.asp |archive-date=12 January 2002 |access-date=2021-02-02 |website=Bulldog Club do Brasil }}</ref>{{bettersourceneeded|date=February 2024}} Members of this club met frequently at the Blue Post pub on [[Oxford Street]] in [[London]]. The founders of the club collected all available information about the breed and its best representatives and developed a new standard for the English Bulldog, which was published on 27 May 1875, the same year they held the first breed show. Since 1878, exhibitions of the club were held annually, except during the [[Second World War]]. On 17 May 1894, the Bulldog Club was granted the status of a corporation and since then has carried the official name "The Bulldog Club, Inc.". It is the oldest mono-breed dog kennel club in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The first Bulldog breed Clubs and first Bulldog Champions |url=http://www.bulldoginformation.com/first-bulldog-breed-clubs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104144040/http://www.bulldoginformation.com/first-bulldog-breed-clubs.html |archive-date=4 January 2006 |access-date=2021-02-02 |website=Bulldog Information }}</ref>{{bettersourceneeded|date=February 2024}}

The Bulldog was officially recognised by the American Kennel Club in 1886.<ref name="Get to Know the Bulldog" />

In 1894, the two top Bulldogs, King Orry and Dock Leaf, competed in a contest to see which dog could walk {{convert|20|mi|km}}. King Orry was reminiscent of the original Bulldogs, lighter-boned and very athletic. Dock Leaf was a smaller and heavier set, more like modern Bulldogs. King Orry was declared the winner that year, finishing the {{convert|20|mi|km|adj=on}} walk while Dock Leaf collapsed and expired.<ref>The sun., 11 September 1894, [http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1894-09-11/ed-1/seq-4/;words=orry+Dock+Orry+Leaf Page 4, Image 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904091923/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1894-09-11/ed-1/seq-4/;words=orry+Dock+Orry+Leaf|date=4 September 2012}}</ref> Though today Bulldogs look tough, they cannot perform the job they were originally bred for, as they cannot withstand the rigours of running after and being thrown by a bull, and also cannot grip with such a short muzzle.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thomson |first1=K.S. |date=1996 |title=The Fall and Rise of the English Bulldog |url=https://omnilogos.com/fall-and-rise-of-english-bulldog/ |url-status=live |journal=American Scientist |volume=84 |issue=3 |page=220 |bibcode=1996AmSci..84..220T |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121213819/https://essentials.ebsco.com/search/eds/details/the-fall-and-rise-of-the-english-bulldog?query=%22The%20fall%20and%20rise%20of%20the%20English%20bulldog%22&requestCount=2&db=asx&an=8949157 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |access-date=May 30, 2022}}</ref>

== Description ==

=== Appearance ===
[[File:Female English Bulldog.jpg|thumb|A 4-year-old Bulldog of Champion bloodlines, side view. Note the "rope" over the nose, and pronounced underbite.]]

Bulldogs have characteristically wide heads and shoulders along with a pronounced mandibular [[prognathism]]. There are generally thick folds of skin on the brow; round, black, wide-set eyes; a short muzzle with characteristic folds called a rope or nose roll above the nose; hanging skin under the neck; drooping lips and pointed teeth, and an underbite with an upturned jaw. The coat is short, flat, and sleek with colours of red, fawn, white, [[brindle]], and [[piebald]].<ref name="Get to Know the Bulldog">[http://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/bulldog/#standard "Get to Know the Bulldog"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222002618/http://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/bulldog/#standard |date=22 December 2015}}, 'The American Kennel Club'. Retrieved 29 May 2014</ref> Bulldogs have short tails that can either hang down straight or be tucked in a coiled "corkscrew" into a tail pocket.<ref>
{{cite book
|author1 = Dog Fancy Magazine
|year = 2010
|title = Bulldog
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gpY_EQAAQBAJ
|series = Kennel Club Books: Interactive Series
|publisher = CompanionHouse Books
|page = https://books.google.com/books?id=gpY_EQAAQBAJ&pg=PT217
|isbn = 978-1-59378-825-4
|access-date = 27 July 2025
|quote = [...] the tail pocket [...]. This deep fold of skin, which sits above the tail, is highly susceptible to problems.
}}
</ref>

Dogs weigh approximately {{cvt|25|kg|round=5}}, bitches about {{cvt|23|kg|round=5}}.{{r|fci2}}<ref name=kc>{{cite web |title=Bulldog breed standard |url =http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/breed/standard.aspx?id=4084 |access-date =29 October 2016 |publisher =The Kennel Club |archive-date =23 August 2020 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200823105128/https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/breed/standard.aspx?id=4084 |url-status =live }}</ref> Standard weights in the United States are lower, approximately {{cvt|50|lb|kg|0}} for dogs and {{cvt|40|lb|kg|0}} for bitches.<ref>{{Cite web |title =Home of the Official AKC Bulldog Breed Club |url =https://bulldogclubofamerica.org/ |access-date =2021-09-25 |website =The Bulldog Club of America |language =en-US |archive-date =25 September 2021 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20210925093841/https://bulldogclubofamerica.org/ |url-status =live }}</ref>

=== Temperament ===
[[File:Clyde The Bulldog.jpg|thumb|Six-month-old Bulldog puppy from [[American Kennel Club|AKC]] Champion bloodlines]]
According to the [[American Kennel Club]], a Bulldog's disposition should be "equable and kind, resolute, and courageous (not vicious or aggressive), and demeanour should be pacifist and dignified. These attributes should be countenanced by the expression and behaviour".<ref name="AKC Bulldog Page">[http://www.akc.org/breeds/bulldog/ American Kennel Club – Bulldog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813002750/http://www.akc.org/breeds/bulldog/ |date=13 August 2012 }}. Akc.org. Retrieved 9 June 2012.</ref>

Bulldogs are known for getting along well with children, other dogs, and other pets.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ewing |first=Susan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuwzTHW-n3cC&q=Bulldogs+are+known+for+getting+along+well+with+children,+other+dogs,+and+pets&pg=PA1 |title=Bulldogs for dummies |publisher=Wiley Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7645-9979-8 |location=Indiana |access-date=9 November 2020 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121213807/https://books.google.com/books?id=iuwzTHW-n3cC&q=Bulldogs+are+known+for+getting+along+well+with+children,+other+dogs,+and+pets&pg=PA1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-05-12 |title=Bulldog - Did You Know? |url=https://www.animalonplanet.com/bulldog-information-did-you-know/ |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=Animal On Planet |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201163643/http://animalonplanet.com/bulldog-information-did-you-know/ }}</ref>

==Health==

=== Lifespan ===
A 2022 study in the UK of veterinary data found a life expectancy of 7.39 years, the second lowest of all breeds in the study.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Teng | first1=Kendy Tzu-yun | last2=Brodbelt | first2=Dave C. | last3=Pegram | first3=Camilla | last4=Church | first4=David B. | last5=O'Neill | first5=Dan G. | title=Life tables of annual life expectancy and mortality for companion dogs in the United Kingdom | journal=Scientific Reports | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=12 | issue=1 | date=2022-04-28 | issn=2045-2322 | doi=10.1038/s41598-022-10341-6 | page=6415| pmid=35484374 | pmc=9050668 | bibcode=2022NatSR..12.6415T }}</ref> A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 9.8 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for [[Mongrel|crossbreeds]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=McMillan | first1=Kirsten M. | last2=Bielby | first2=Jon | last3=Williams | first3=Carys L. | last4=Upjohn | first4=Melissa M. | last5=Casey | first5=Rachel A. | last6=Christley | first6=Robert M. | title=Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death | journal=Scientific Reports | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=14 | issue=1 | date=2024-02-01 | issn=2045-2322 | doi=10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w | page=531| pmid=38302530 | pmc=10834484 }}</ref>

A 2004 UK survey found the leading cause of death of Bulldogs to be cardiac-related (20%), cancer (18%), and old age (9%).<ref name="kcsurvey">{{cite journal | last1=Adams | first1=V. J. | last2=Evans | first2=K. M. | last3=Sampson | first3=J. | last4=Wood | first4=J. L. N. | title=Methods and mortality results of a health survey of purebred dogs in the UK | journal=Journal of Small Animal Practice | volume=51 | issue=10 | date=2010-10-01 | doi=10.1111/j.1748-5827.2010.00974.x | pages=512–524| pmid=21029096 }}</ref>

===Brachycephaly===
[[File:Brachycephalie.png|alt=Three bulldog skulls. From left to right, the face becomes flatter, with a shorter snout and pronounced underbite and protruding jaw.|thumb|400x400px|Evolution of brachycephalia in Bulldogs. Left to right, the skulls are from approximately the 1910s, 1960s, and 1980s.]]
The shortened snout and pushed in face of the Bulldog is known as [[brachycephaly]].<ref>Knecht, C. D. (1979). Upper airway obstruction in brachycephalic dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet, 1, 25–31.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pedersen |first1=Niels C. |last2=Pooch |first2=Ashley S. |last3=Liu |first3=Hongwei |date=2016-07-29 |title=A genetic assessment of the English bulldog |journal=Canine Genetics and Epidemiology |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=6 |doi=10.1186/s40575-016-0036-y |issn=2052-6687 |pmc=4965900 |pmid=27478618 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Brachycephaly results in deformation of the upper airway tract and leads to obstruction of breathing.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Hendricks | first=Joan C. | title=Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome | journal=Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=22 | issue=5 | year=1992 | issn=0195-5616 | doi=10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50306-0 | pages=1145–1153| doi-access=free | pmid=1523786 }}</ref> Effects of brachycephaly are [[stridor]], stertorous breathing, [[emesis]], [[skin fold dermatitis]], [[brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome]], [[exophthalmos]], [[Pharyngeal reflex|pharyngeal gag reflex]], [[cyanosis]], and laryngeal collapse.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=TC | first1=Amis | last2=C | first2=Kurpershoek | title=Pattern of breathing in brachycephalic dogs | journal=American Journal of Veterinary Research | date=1986 | publisher=Am J Vet Res | volume=47 | issue=10 | pages=2200–2204 | issn=0002-9645 | pmid=3777646}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Hendricks | first1=J. C. | last2=Kline | first2=L. R. | last3=Kovalski | first3=R. J. | last4=O'Brien | first4=J. A. | last5=Morrison | first5=A. R. | last6=Pack | first6=A. I. | title=The English bulldog: a natural model of sleep-disordered breathing | journal=Journal of Applied Physiology | publisher=American Physiological Society | volume=63 | issue=4 | date=1987-10-01 | issn=8750-7587 | doi=10.1152/jappl.1987.63.4.1344 | pages=1344–1350| pmid=3693167 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Hendricks | first=Joan C. | title=Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome | journal=Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=22 | issue=5 | year=1992 | issn=0195-5616 | doi=10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50306-0 | pages=1145–1153| doi-access=free | pmid=1523786 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Meola | first=Stacy D. | title=Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome | journal=Topics in Companion Animal Medicine | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=28 | issue=3 | year=2013 | issn=1938-9736 | doi=10.1053/j.tcam.2013.06.004 | pages=91–96| pmid=24182996 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&A=2335 |title=Reverse Sneezing (Pharyngeal Gag Reflex) |last=Lundgrun |first=Becky |date=26 June 2006 |work= VeterinaryPartner.com |access-date=26 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Sebbag | first1=Lionel | last2=Sanchez | first2=Rick F. | title=The pandemic of ocular surface disease in brachycephalic dogs: The brachycephalic ocular syndrome | journal=Veterinary Ophthalmology | volume=26 | issue=S1 | date=2023 | issn=1463-5216 | doi=10.1111/vop.13054 | pages=31–46| doi-access=free | pmid=36585820 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Hobi | first1=Stefan | last2=Barrs | first2=Vanessa R. | last3=Bęczkowski | first3=Paweł M. | title=Dermatological Problems of Brachycephalic Dogs | journal=Animals | publisher=MDPI AG | volume=13 | issue=12 | date=2023-06-16 | issn=2076-2615 | doi=10.3390/ani13122016 | doi-access=free | page=2016| pmid=37370526 | pmc=10294810 }}</ref> Other issues arising from brachycephaly are risk of complications while under anaesthesia,<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Gruenheid | first1=Michaela | last2=Aarnes | first2=Turi K. | last3=McLoughlin | first3=Mary A. | last4=Simpson | first4=Elaine M. | last5=Mathys | first5=Dimitria A. | last6=Mollenkopf | first6=Dixie F. | last7=Wittum | first7=Thomas E. | title=Risk of anesthesia-related complications in brachycephalic dogs | journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association | publisher=American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) | volume=253 | issue=3 | date=2018-08-01 | issn=0003-1488 | doi=10.2460/javma.253.3.301 | pages=301–306| pmid=30020004 | s2cid=51676839 }}</ref> and [[hyperthermia]] — with the latter caused due to an inability to effectively reduce body temperature via panting.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ewers Clark | first=Anna | title=Heatstroke and brachycephalic dogs – is there an increased risk? | journal=Veterinary Evidence | volume=7 | issue=4 | date=2022-12-22 | issn=2396-9776 | doi=10.18849/ve.v7i4.534 | page=| doi-access=free }}</ref> Many airlines ban the breed from flying in the cargo hold due to a high rate of deaths from air pressure interacting poorly with their breathing problems.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haughney |first=Christine |date=2011-10-07 |title=Banned by Many Airlines, These Bulldogs Fly Private |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/07/nyregion/banned-by-many-airlines-these-bulldogs-fly-private.html |access-date=2023-01-19 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007124248/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/07/nyregion/banned-by-many-airlines-these-bulldogs-fly-private.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Other conditions===
A study by the Royal Veterinary College found that Bulldogs are a much less healthy breed than average, with over twice the odds of being diagnosed with at least one of the common dog disorders investigated in the study.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=Dan G. |last2=Skipper |first2=Alison |last3=Packer |first3=Rowena M. A. |last4=Lacey |first4=Caitriona |last5=Brodbelt |first5=Dave C. |last6=Church |first6=David B. |last7=Pegram |first7=Camilla |date=2022-06-15 |title=English Bulldogs in the UK: a VetCompass study of their disorder predispositions and protections |journal=Canine Medicine and Genetics |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=5 |doi=10.1186/s40575-022-00118-5 |issn=2662-9380 |pmc=9199211 |pmid=35701824 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Statistics from the [[Orthopedic Foundation for Animals]] indicate that of the 467 Bulldogs tested between 1979 and 2009 (30 years), 73.9% were affected by [[Hip dysplasia (canine)|hip dysplasia]], the highest among all breeds.<ref name="ofa">{{cite web|url=http://www.offa.org/stats_hip.html|title=Hip Dysplasia Statistics: Hip Dysplasia by Breed|publisher=Orthopedic Foundation for Animals|access-date=10 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019034631/http://www.offa.org/stats_hip.html|archive-date=19 October 2010}}</ref> Similarly, the breed has the worst score in the British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club Hip Dysplasia scoring scheme, although only 22 Bulldogs were tested in the scheme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bva.co.uk/public/documents/bms_hip_2010.pdf|title=British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club Hip Dysplasia Scheme – Breed Mean Scores at 01/11/2009|publisher=British Veterinary Association|access-date=27 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727145831/http://www.bva.co.uk/public/documents/bms_hip_2010.pdf|archive-date=27 July 2013}}</ref> A study in England found the Bulldog to have a nearly three times greater risk of [[patellar luxation]], with 2.9% of all Bulldogs having the condition.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=O'Neill | first1=Dan G. | last2=Meeson | first2=Richard L. | last3=Sheridan | first3=Adam | last4=Church | first4=David B. | last5=Brodbelt | first5=Dave C. | title=The epidemiology of patellar luxation in dogs attending primary-care veterinary practices in England | journal=Canine Genetics and Epidemiology | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=3 | issue=1 | date=2016-06-08 | issn=2052-6687 | doi=10.1186/s40575-016-0034-0 | doi-access=free | page=4| pmid=27280025 | pmc=4898461 }}</ref> It is the dog breed that has been found to most often suffer from [[swimmer puppy syndrome]], where the back legs are spread-eagled.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nganvongpanit |first1=Korakot |last2=Yano |first2=Terdsak |title=Prevalence of Swimming Puppy Syndrome in 2,443 Puppies during the Years 2006–2012 in Thailand |journal=Veterinary Medicine International |date=2013 |volume=2013 |article-number=617803 |doi=10.1155/2013/617803 |pmid=23819102 |pmc=3681226 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In a 1963 UK study, 17% of Bulldogs surveyed had [[skin fold dermatitis]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Hodgman | first=S. | title=Abnormalities and Defects in Pedigree Dogs–I. An Investigation into the Existence of Abnormalities in Pedigree Dogs in the British Isles | journal=Journal of Small Animal Practice | date=1963 | volume=4 | issue=6 | pages=447–456 | doi=10.1111/J.1748-5827.1963.TB01301.X | s2cid=73404440 }}</ref> The breed is also predisposed to [[atopic dermatitis]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rhodes |first1=Karen Helton |title=Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion |last2=Werner |first2=Alexander H. |date=2011-01-25 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-0-8138-1596-1 |location=Ames, Iowa |page=94}}</ref> A British study found [[demodicosis]] to be more prevalent in the Bulldog than other breeds. The overall prevalence was 1.5% in the breed compared to the 0.17% rate for all dogs. For dogs aged under 2 years, the prevalence was 3.6% compared to 0.48%.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=O'Neill | first1=D. G. | last2=Turgoose | first2=E. | last3=Church | first3=D. B. | last4=Brodbelt | first4=D. C. | last5=Hendricks | first5=A. | title=Juvenile-onset and adult-onset demodicosis in dogs in the UK: prevalence and breed associations | journal=Journal of Small Animal Practice | volume=61 | issue=1 | date=2020 | issn=0022-4510 | pmid=31584708 | pmc=7003809 | doi=10.1111/jsap.13067 | pages=32–41}}</ref>

Over 80% of Bulldog litters are delivered by [[Caesarean section]] because their characteristically large heads can become lodged in the mother's birth canal and to avoid potential breathing problems for the mother during labour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=English Bulldog - Dystocia |url=https://www.ufaw.org.uk/dogs/english-bulldog-dystocia |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=www.ufaw.org.uk |language=english}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=K. |last2=Adams |first2=V. |year=2010 |title=Proportion of litters of purebred dogs born by caesarean section |url=http://www.bakalo.com/C-Section-rates-purebreed-dogs.pdf |journal=The Journal of Small Animal Practice |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=113–118 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00902.x |pmid=20136998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406144345/http://www.bakalo.com/C-Section-rates-purebreed-dogs.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2016 }}</ref>

The Bulldog is one of the two most commonly affected breeds for [[hiatal hernia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Monnet | first1=Eric | first2=Ronald |last2=Bright| title=Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery | publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Hoboken, NJ | date=2023-05-31 | isbn=978-1-119-69368-0 | pages=29–36 |chapter=Hiatal hernia}}</ref>

=== Controversies and legal status ===
[[File:Maud Earl — What we have we'll hold.jpg|alt=A painting of a bulldog standing on a British flag|thumb|Bulldogs are a [[National symbols of the United Kingdom|national symbol]] of [[British culture]]; this is a bulldog on a [[British flag]].]]
In January 2009, after the BBC documentary ''[[Pedigree Dogs Exposed]]'', [[The Kennel Club]] introduced revised breed standards for the British Bulldog, along with 209 other breeds, to address health concerns. Opposed by the British Bulldog Breed Council, it was speculated by the press that the changes would lead to a smaller head, fewer skin folds, a longer muzzle, and a taller thinner posture, to combat problems with respiration and breeding due to head size and width of shoulders.<ref name="Time14Jan09Bulldog">{{cite news |author=Elliott, Valerie |date=14 January 2009 |title=Healthier new Bulldog will lose its Churchillian jowl |work=The Times |location=London |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article5512620.ece |access-date=14 January 2009 |archive-date=16 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116003604/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article5512620.ece }}</ref> In 2019 the [[Dutch Kennel Club]] implemented some breeding rules to improve the health of the Bulldog. Among these is a fitness test where the dog has to walk 1 km (0.62 miles) in 12 minutes. Its temperature and heart rate have to recover after 15 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Convenant Bulldog, breeding rules|url=http://www.raadvanbeheer.nl/uploads/media/Convenant_Bulldog-breeding_rules.pdf|publisher=Raad van Beheer (Dutch Kennel Club)|access-date=30 June 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083847/http://www.raadvanbeheer.nl/uploads/media/Convenant_Bulldog-breeding_rules.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, the [[Dutch government]] forbade the breeding of dogs with a snout shorter than a third of the skull, including Bulldogs, a law that it began enforcing in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vettimes.co.uk/news/dutch-to-crack-down-on-breeding-of-dogs-with-too-short-snouts/|title=Dutch to crack down on breeding of dogs with too short snouts {{!}} Vet Times|work=vettimes.co.uk|date=31 May 2019|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727064050/https://www.vettimes.co.uk/news/dutch-to-crack-down-on-breeding-of-dogs-with-too-short-snouts/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, the [[Oslo District Court]] made a ruling that banned the breeding of Bulldogs in Norway due to their propensity for developing health problems. In its verdict the court judged that no dog of this breed could be considered healthy, therefore using them for breeding would be a violation of Norway's Animal Welfare Act.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-02|title=Norway bans breeding of British Bulldogs and Cavalier King Charles spaniels|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/norway-british-bulldogs-cavalier-spaniels-b2006120.html|access-date=2022-02-11|website=The Independent|language=en|archive-date=10 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210180849/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/norway-british-bulldogs-cavalier-spaniels-b2006120.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-22 |title=Breeding ban for bulldogs and cavaliers in Norway |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220222-breeding-ban-for-bulldogs-and-cavaliers-in-norway |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328132411/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220222-breeding-ban-for-bulldogs-and-cavaliers-in-norway |url-status=live }}</ref> The ban on breeding Bulldogs was overturned by Norway's [[Borgarting Court of Appeal]], which ruled that it was legal to breed English bulldogs in Norway.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disappointment as Norwegian Kennel Club partly loses court appeal {{!}} Norsk Kennel Klub |url=https://kommunikasjon.ntb.no/pressemelding/17947440/disappointment-as-norwegian-kennel-club-partly-loses-court-appeal?publisherId=17848316 |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=kommunikasjon.ntb.no |language=no}}</ref>

== Cultural significance ==

Bulldogs are often associated with determination, strength, and courage due to their historical occupation, though the modern-day dog is bred for appearance and friendliness and not suited for significant physical exertion. They are [[list of bulldog mascots|often used as mascots]] by universities, sports teams, and other organisations. Some of the better-known Bulldog mascots include the University of Georgia's [[Uga (mascot)|Uga]], Mississippi State's [[Bully (mascot)|Bully]], Georgetown's [[Jack the Bulldog|Jack]], Butler's [[Butler Blue|Blue IV]], Yale's [[Handsome Dan]], and the United States Marine Corps' [[Chesty XV|Chesty]].<ref name=":0">Denizet-Lewis, Benoit (22 November 2011) [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/27/magazine/can-the-bulldog-be-saved.html Can the Bulldog be Saved?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313195349/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/27/magazine/can-the-bulldog-be-saved.html |date=13 March 2021 }} ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Anna |last=Burke |date=May 25, 2018 |title=The Legacy of Chesty: How a Bulldog Became the United States Marine Corps Mascot |url=https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/news/marine-corps-bulldog-chesty/ |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=American Kennel Club |language=en |archive-date=18 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118230714/https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/news/marine-corps-bulldog-chesty/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Bulldog originated in England and has a longstanding association with [[Culture of the United Kingdom|British culture]]; the [[BBC]] wrote: "To many the Bulldog is a national icon, symbolising pluck and determination".<ref name="Icon">{{cite news |date=12 December 2016 |title=English Bulldog health problems prompt cross-breeding call |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-36916431 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108171111/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-36916431 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[Second World War]], the Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] was likened to a Bulldog for his defiance of [[Nazi Germany]].<ref name="National symbol">Baker, Steve (2001). Picturing the Beast. University of Illinois Press. p. 52. {{ISBN|0-252-07030-5}}.</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|45em|refs=

<ref name=fci2>[http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/149g02-en.pdf FCI-Standard N° 149: Bulldog]. Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed May 2022.</ref>

<ref name=skk>[Svenska Kennelklubben] (2013). [http://newsletter15.dogdotcom.be/en/skk.aspx Registration figures worldwide – from top thirty to endangered breeds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323092044/http://newsletter15.dogdotcom.be/en/skk.aspx |date=23 March 2014 }}. ''FCI Newsletter'' 15. Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed March 2022.</ref>

}}

{{Commons and category|Bulldog|English Bulldog}}
{{wikiquote}}

{{English dogs}}
{{Mastiffs}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:FCI breeds]]
[[Category:Bulldog breeds]]
[[Category:Dog breeds originating in England]]
[[Category:Companion dogs]]

Drama (film and television)

2026-03-15T05:28:02Z

SallieChinnery5: further update details per sources further and improved wording after review

{{Short description|Genre}}
{{redirect|Television drama}}
{{redirect|Drama film|films named ''drama''|Drama (disambiguation)#Film and television}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2024}}

In [[film]] and [[television show|television]], drama is a category or genre of [[narrative]] [[fiction]] (or [[docudrama|semi-fiction]]) intended to be more serious than [[humour|humorous]] in tone.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Merriam-Webster, Incorporated|title=Drama|year=2015|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/drama|quote=a play, movie, television show, that is about a serious subject and is not meant to make the audience laugh}}</ref> The drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular super-genre, macro-genre, or micro-genre,<ref name="Williams2017a" /> such as [[soap opera]], [[police procedural|police crime drama]], [[political drama]], [[legal drama]], [[historical drama]], [[domestic drama]], [[Drama (film and television)#Teen drama|teen drama]], and [[comedy drama]] (dramedy). These terms tend to indicate a particular [[Setting (narrative)|setting]] or subject matter, or they combine a drama's otherwise serious tone with elements that encourage a broader range of [[Mood (literature)|moods]]. To these ends, a primary element in a drama is the occurrence of [[Conflict (process)|conflict]]—emotional, social, or otherwise—and its resolution in the course of the storyline.

All forms of [[Film industry|cinema]] or television that involve [[Fiction|fictional stories]] are forms of [[Drama|drama in the broader sense]] if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who [[Representation (arts)|represent]] ([[mimesis]]) [[Character (arts)|characters]]. In this broader sense, drama is a [[Mode (literature)|mode]] distinct from novels, [[Short story|short stories]], and narrative [[poetry]] or [[song]]s.<ref name="elam98">Elam (1980, 98).</ref> In the [[modern era]], before the birth of cinema or television, "drama" within [[theatre]] was a type of [[Play (theatre)|play]] that was neither a [[Comedy (drama)|comedy]] nor a [[tragedy]]. It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries, along with [[film studies]], adopted. "[[Radio drama]]" has been used in both senses—originally transmitted in a live performance, it has also been used to describe the more [[highbrow]] and serious end of the dramatic output of [[radio]].<ref>Banham (1998, 894–900).</ref>

==Types of drama in film and television==
{{Self-contradictory|about=States horror drama as both a distinct genre as well as defining it as just a straight horror film with no comedy. which is it?|date=January 2024}}

The [[Screenwriters Taxonomy]] contends that film genres are fundamentally based upon a film's atmosphere, character and story, and therefore the labels "drama" and "comedy" are too broad to be considered a genre.<ref name="Williams2017a">{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Eric R.|title=The screenwriters taxonomy : a roadmap to collaborative storytelling|publisher=Routledge Studies in Media Theory and Practice|year=2017|isbn=978-1-315-10864-3|location=New York, NY|oclc=993983488}}</ref> Instead, the taxonomy contends that film dramas are a "Type" of film; listing at least ten different sub-types of film and television drama.<ref name="Williams2017b">{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Eric R.|title=Screen adaptation : beyond the basics : techniques for adapting books, comics, and real-life stories into screenplays|publisher=Focal Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-315-66941-0|location=New York|oclc=986993829}}</ref>

===Docudrama===
{{Main|Docudrama}}

Docudramas are dramatized adaptations of real-life events. While not always completely accurate, the general facts are more-or-less true.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogunleye |first=Foluke |title=Television Docudrama as Alternative Records of History |url=http://www.documentaryisneverneutral.com/words/docalthis.html |access-date=2020-06-16 |website=Documentary Is Never Neutral}}</ref> The difference between a docudrama and a documentary is that in a documentary it uses real people to describe history or current events; in a docudrama it uses professionally trained actors to play the roles in the current event, that is "dramatized" a bit. Examples: ''[[Black Mass (film)|Black Mass]]'' (2015) and ''[[Zodiac (film)|Zodiac]]'' (2007).

===Docufiction===
{{Main|Docufiction}}

Unlike docudramas, docu-fictional films combine documentary and fiction, where actual footage or real events are intermingled with recreated scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Producing Docu-Fiction |url=https://documentarystudies.duke.edu/courses/producing-docu-fiction |access-date=2020-06-16 |website=Center for Documentary Studies at Duke University}}</ref> Examples: ''[[Interior. Leather Bar.|Interior. Leather Bar]]'' (2013) and ''[[Your Name Here (2015 film)|Your Name Here]]'' (2015).

===Comedy drama===
{{Main|Comedy drama}}

Many otherwise serious productions have humorous scenes and characters intended to provide [[comic relief]]. A comedy drama has humor as a more central component of the story, along with serious content.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Eric R.|url=https://www.audible.com/pd/Falling-in-Love-with-Romance-Movies-Audiobook/B07XPDH9YT|title=Falling in Love with Romance Movies (Episode #3 Comedy and Tragedy: Age Does Not Protect You )|publisher=Audible|year=2019|language=en}}</ref> Examples include ''[[Three Colours: White]]'' (1994), ''[[The Truman Show]]'' (1998), ''[[The Man Without a Past]]'' (2002), ''[[The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel]]'' (2011), and ''[[Silver Linings Playbook]]'' (2012).

===Hypardrama===
Coined by film professor [[Ken Dancyger]], these stories exaggerate characters and situations to the point of becoming fable, legend or fairy tale.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dancyger|first=Ken|title=Alternative scriptwriting : beyond the hollywood formula.|date=2015|publisher=Focal|isbn=978-1-138-17118-3|location=England|oclc=941876150}}</ref> Examples: ''[[Fantastic Mr. Fox (film)|Fantastic Mr. Fox]]'' (2009) and ''[[Maleficent (film)|Maleficent]]'' (2014).

===Light drama===
Light dramas are light-hearted stories that are, nevertheless, serious in nature.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Phil|title=Drama as therapy : theory, practice, and research|date=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-41555-2|edition= 2nd|location=London|oclc=85485014}}</ref> Examples: ''[[The Help (film)|The Help]]'' (2011) and ''[[The Terminal]]'' (2004).

===Psychological drama===
{{Main|Psychological drama}}

Psychological dramas are dramas that focus on the characters' inner life and psychological problems.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Subgenre - Psychological Drama|url=https://www.allmovie.com/subgenre/psychological-drama-d542|access-date=2021-05-20|website=AllMovie|language=en}}</ref> Examples: ''[[Requiem for a Dream]]'' (2000), ''[[Oldboy (2003 film)|Oldboy]]'' (2003), ''[[Babel (film)|Babel]]'' (2006), ''[[Whiplash (2014 film)|Whiplash]]'' (2014), and ''[[Anomalisa]]'' (2015).

=== Satirical drama ===
{{See also|Satire (film and television)}}

Satire can involve humor, but the result is typically sharp social commentary that is anything but funny. Satire often uses irony or exaggeration to expose faults in society or individuals that influence social ideology.<ref name="Williams2019">{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Eric R.|url=https://www.audible.com/pd/Falling-in-Love-with-Romance-Movies-Audiobook/B07XPDH9YT|title=Falling in Love with Romance Movies (Episode #8 Satire and Social Commentary)|publisher=Audible|year=2019|language=en}}</ref> Examples: ''[[Thank You for Smoking]]'' (2005) and ''[[Idiocracy]]'' (2006).

=== Straight drama ===
Straight drama applies to those that do not attempt a specific approach to drama but, rather, consider drama as a lack of comedic techniques.<ref name="Williams2019" /> Examples: ''[[Ghost World (film)|Ghost World]]'' (2001) and ''[[Wuthering Heights (2011 film)|Wuthering Heights]]'' (2011).

=== Tragedy ===
Like most [[Tragedy|tragedies]] in early [[Theatre|theatres]], Tragedy typically focuses on the downfall or suffering of a main character (or sometimes supporting characters) due to a series of unfortunate events, often culminating in their demise at the end of the film or television series. Examples: ''[[The Elephant Man (1980 film)|The Elephant Man]]'' (1980), ''[[Grave of the Fireflies]]'' (1988), ''[[The Green Mile (film)|The Green Mile]]'' (1999), ''[[The Mist (film)|The Mist]]'' (2007), and ''[[The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (film)|The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas]]'' (2008).

== Type/genre combinations ==
According to the Screenwriters' Taxonomy, all film descriptions should contain their type (comedy or drama) combined with one (or more) of the eleven super-genres.<ref name="Williams2017a" /> This combination does not create a separate genre, but rather, provides a better understanding of the film.

According to the taxonomy, combining the type with the genre does not create a separate genre.<ref name="Williams2017a" /> For instance, the "Horror Drama" is simply a dramatic horror film (as opposed to a comedic horror film). "Horror Drama" is not a genre separate from the horror genre or the drama type.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Williams|first=Eric. R.|date=2018|title=How to View and Appreciate Great Movies (episode #4: Genre Layers and Audience Expectations)|url=https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/how-to-view-and-appreciate-great-movies.html|access-date=2020-06-14|website=English|language=en}}</ref>

=== Crime drama ===
Crime dramas explore themes of truth, justice, and freedom, and contain the fundamental dichotomy of "criminal vs. lawman". Crime films make the audience jump through a series of mental "hoops"; it is not uncommon for the crime drama to use verbal gymnastics to keep the audience and the protagonist on their toes.<ref name="Williams2017a" />

Examples of crime dramas include: ''[[The Godfather]]'' (1972), ''[[Chinatown (1974 film)|Chinatown]]'' (1974), ''[[Goodfellas]]'' (1990), ''[[The Usual Suspects]]'' (1995), and ''[[The Big Short (film)|The Big Short]]'' (2015).

=== Fantasy drama ===
According to [[Eric R. Williams]], the hallmark of fantasy drama films is "a sense of wonderment, typically played out in a visually intense world inhabited by mythic creatures, magic or superhuman characters. Props and costumes within these films often belie a sense of mythology and folklore – whether ancient, futuristic, or other-worldly. The costumes, as well as the exotic world, reflect the personal, inner struggles that the hero faces in the story."<ref name="Williams2017a" />

Examples of fantasy dramas include ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]]'' (2001–2003), ''[[Pan's Labyrinth]]'' (2006), ''[[Where the Wild Things Are (film)|Where the Wild Things Are]]'' (2009), and ''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]'' (2012).

=== Horror drama ===
Horror dramas often involve the central characters isolated from the rest of society. These characters are often teenagers or people in their early twenties (the genre's central audience) and are eventually killed off during the course of the film. Thematically, horror films often serve as morality tales, with the killer serving up violent penance for the victims' past sins.<ref name="Williams2017b" /> Metaphorically, these become battles of Good vs. Evil or Purity vs. Sin.

''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]'' (1960), ''[[The Shining (film)|The Shining]]'' (1980), ''[[The Conjuring]]'' (2013), ''[[It (2017 film)|It]]'' (2017), ''[[mother!]]'' (2017), and ''[[Hereditary (film)|Hereditary]]'' (2018) are examples of horror drama films.

=== Life drama (day-in-the-life) ===
{{Further|Slice of life}}

Day-in-the-life films takes small events in a person's life and raises their level of importance. The "small things in life" feel as important to the protagonist (and the audience) as the climactic battle in an action film, or the final shootout in a western.<ref name="Williams2017b" /> Often, the protagonists deal with multiple, overlapping issues in the course of the film – just as we do in life.

Films of this type/genre combination include: ''[[The Wrestler (2008 film)|The Wrestler]]'' (2008), ''[[Fruitvale Station]]'' (2013), ''[[Locke (film)|Locke]]'' (2013), ''[[The Great Beauty]]'' (2013) and ''[[The Last Beautiful Thing]]'' (2025).

=== Romantic drama ===
Romantic dramas are films with central themes that reinforce our beliefs about love (e.g.: themes such as "love at first sight", "love conquers all", or "there is someone out there for everyone"); the story typically revolves around characters falling into (and out of, and back into) love.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Eric R. |url=https://www.audible.com/pd/Falling-in-Love-with-Romance-Movies-Audiobook/B07XPDH9YT |title=Falling in Love with Romance Movies (Episode #2 Genre: To Feel the Sun on Both Sides) |publisher=Audible |year=2019 |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Annie Hall]]'' (1977), ''[[The Notebook]]'' (2004), ''[[Carol (film)|Carol]]'' (2015), ''[[Her (2013 film)|Her]]'' (2013)'', [[The Great Gatsby (2013 film)|The Great Gatsby]]'' (2013) ''and [[La La Land]]'' (2016) are examples of romance dramas.

=== Science fiction drama ===
The science fiction drama film is often the story of a protagonist (and their allies) facing something "unknown" that has the potential to change the future of humanity; this unknown may be represented by a villain with incomprehensible powers, a creature we do not understand, or a scientific scenario that threatens to change the world; the science fiction story forces the audience to consider the nature of human beings, the confines of time or space or the concepts of human existence in general.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Eric R. |date=2018 |title=How to View and Appreciate Great Movies (Episode #6 Themes on Screen) |url=https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/how-to-view-and-appreciate-great-movies.html |access-date=2020-06-16 |website=English |language=en}}</ref>

Examples include: ''[[Metropolis (1927 film)|Metropolis]]'' (1927), ''[[Planet of the Apes (1968 film)|Planet of the Apes]]'' (1968), ''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]'' (1971), ''[[Blade Runner]]'' (1982) and its sequel ''[[Blade Runner 2049]]'' (2017), ''[[Children of Men]]'' (2006), ''[[Interstellar (film)|Interstellar]]'' (2014), and ''[[Arrival (film)|Arrival]]'' (2016).

=== Sports drama ===
{{Further|Sports film}}

In the sports super-genre, characters will be playing sports. Thematically, the story is often one of "Our Team" versus "Their Team"; their team will always try to win, and our team will show the world that they deserve recognition or redemption; the story does not always have to involve a team. The story could also be about an individual athlete or the story could focus on an individual playing on a team.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Firestein |first=David J. |date=2007 |title=Fields of Dreams: American Sports Movies |journal=E Journal USA |volume=12 }}</ref>

Examples of this genre/type include: ''[[The Hustler]]'' (1961), ''[[Hoosiers (film)|Hoosiers]]'' (1986), ''[[Remember the Titans]]'' (2000), and ''[[Moneyball (film)|Moneyball]]'' (2011).

=== War drama ===
{{Further|War film}}

War films typically tells the story of a small group of isolated individuals who – one by one – get killed (literally or metaphorically) by an outside force until there is a final fight to the death; the idea of the protagonists facing death is a central expectation in a war drama film. In a war film even though the enemy may out-number, or out-power, the hero, we assume that the enemy ''can'' be defeated if only the hero can figure out how.<ref name="Williams2017b" />

Examples include: ''[[Apocalypse Now]]'' (1979), ''[[Come and See]]'' (1985), ''[[Braveheart]]'' (1995), ''[[Life Is Beautiful]]'' (1997), ''[[Black Book (film)|Black Book]]'' (2006), ''[[The Hurt Locker]]'' (2008), ''[[1944 (film)|1944]]'' (2015), ''[[Wildeye]]'' (2015), and ''[[1917 (2019 film)|1917]]'' (2019).

=== Western drama ===
Films in the [[western (genre)|western]] super-genre often take place in the [[American Southwest]] or Mexico, with a large number of scenes occurring outdoors so we can soak in scenic landscapes. Visceral expectations for the audience include fistfights, gunplay, and chase scenes. There is also the expectation of spectacular panoramic images of the countryside including sunsets, wide open landscapes, and endless deserts and sky.<ref name="Williams2017a" />

Examples of western dramas include: ''[[True Grit (1969 film)|True Grit]]'' (1969) and its [[True Grit (2010 film)|2010 remake]], ''[[Mad Max (film)|Mad Max]]'' (1979), ''[[Unforgiven]]'' (1992), ''[[No Country for Old Men]]'' (2007), ''[[Django Unchained]]'' (2012), ''[[Hell or High Water (film)|Hell or High Water]]'' (2016), and ''[[Logan (film)|Logan]]'' (2017).

== Misidentified categories ==
Some film categories that use the word "comedy" or "drama" are not recognized by the Screenwriters Taxonomy as either a film genre or a film type. For instance, "Melodrama" and "Screwball Comedy" are considered pathways,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Williams|first=Eric R.|date=2018|title=How to View and Appreciate Great Movies (episode #22 Pathways to Great Antagonists)|url=https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/how-to-view-and-appreciate-great-movies.html|access-date=2020-06-14|publisher=The Great Courses |language=en}}</ref> while "romantic comedy" and "family drama" are macro-genres.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Williams|first=Eric R.|date=2018|title=How to View and Appreciate Great Movies (episode #3 Movie Genre: It's Not What You Think)|url=https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/how-to-view-and-appreciate-great-movies.html|access-date=2020-06-14 |publisher=The Great Courses |language=en}}</ref>

=== Family drama ===
A macro-genre in the Screenwriters Taxonomy. These films tell a story in which many of the central characters are related. The story revolves around how the family as a whole reacts to a central challenge. There are four micro-genres for the family drama: ''Family Bond'', ''Family Feud'', ''Family Loss'', and ''Family Rift''.<ref name="Williams2017a" />

=== Melodrama ===
{{Main|Melodrama}}
A sub-type of drama films that uses plots that appeal to the heightened emotions of the audience. Melodramatic plots often deal with "crises of human emotion, failed romance or friendship, strained familial situations, tragedy, illness, neuroses, or emotional and physical hardship".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Greatest Tearjerkers – Scenes and Moments |url=https://www.filmsite.org/tearjerkers.html|access-date=2020-06-16|website=Filmsite |first1=Tim |last1=Dirks }}</ref> Film critics sometimes use the term "pejoratively to connote an unrealistic, pathos-filled, [[Camp (style)|camp]] tale of romance or domestic situations with stereotypical characters (often including a central female character) that would directly appeal to feminine audiences".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Melodramas Films |url=https://www.filmsite.org/melodramafilms.html |access-date=2020-06-16|website=Filmsite}}</ref> Also called "women's movies", "weepies", tearjerkers, or "chick flicks". If they are targeted to a male audience, then they are called "guy cry" films. Often considered "soap-opera" drama.

===Liturgical drama / religious drama / Christian drama===
{{See also|Liturgical drama|Christian drama}}
Focuses on religious characters, mystery play, beliefs, and respect.

===Crime drama / police procedural / legal drama / courtroom drama===
{{See also|Crime drama|police procedural|legal drama}}
Character development based on themes involving criminals, law enforcement and the legal system.

=== Historical drama ===
{{Main|Historical drama}}
Films that focus on dramatic events in history.

=== Medical drama ===
{{Main|Medical drama}}
Focuses on doctors, nurses, hospital staff, and ambulance saving victims and the interactions of their daily lives.

=== Teen drama ===
{{See also|List of teen dramas}}
Focuses on [[teenage]] characters.

==See also==
*[[List of drama films]]
*[[Bourgeois tragedy]]
*[[Domestic tragedy]]
*[[Dramatic structure]]
*[[Soap opera]]
*[[Tragicomedy]]

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

== General and cited references ==
{{refbegin}}
* Banham, Martin, ed. 1998. ''The Cambridge Guide to Theatre.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-43437-8}}.
* Cook, Pam, and Mieke Bernink, eds. 1999. ''The Cinema Book.'' 2nd ed. London: British Film Institute. {{ISBN|0-851-70726-2}}.
* Elam, Keir. 1980. ''The [[Semiotics]] of Theatre and Drama''. New Accents ser. London and New York: Methuen. {{ISBN|0-416-72060-9}}.
* Hayward, Susan. 1996. ''Key Concepts in Cinema Studies.'' Key Concepts ser. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-10719-9}}.
* Neale, Steve. 2000. ''Genre and Hollywood.'' London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-02606-7}}.
*Sheehan, Helena. 1987. ''Irish Television Drama: A Society and Its Stories'' {{ISBN|0-86029-011-5}}
*Williams, Eric R. (2017) The Screenwriters Taxonomy: A Roadmap to Creative Storytelling. New York, NY: Routledge Press, Studies in Media Theory and Practice. {{ISBN|978-1-315-10864-3}}.
{{refend}}

{{Dramatic television series}}
{{Film genres}}
{{Filmsbygenre}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Drama}}
[[Category:Drama films| ]]
[[Category:Drama television series| ]]
[[Category:Film genres]]
[[Category:Television genres]]

Ranchi Junction railway station

2026-03-12T02:22:33Z

SallieChinnery5:

{{short description|Railway junction station in Jharkhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|RANCHI JUNCTION}}
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Ranchi Junction railway station.jpg
| image_caption = Entrance of Ranchi Junction railway station in Morning
| address = [[Ranchi]], [[Ranchi district]], [[Jharkhand]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|20|57|N|85|20|10|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|629.00|m|ft}}
| line = *[[Netaji S.C.Bose Gomoh–Hatia line|Netaji S.C.Bose Gomoh–Hatia main line]]
*[[Barkakana-Son Nagar line|Ranchi-Tori line]]
*[[Koderma–Hazaribagh–Barkakana–Ranchi line]]
| other =
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 5 (main line), 1 (terminus) and total 6 platforms
| tracks = 8
| entrances =
| parking = {{rint|park}} Available
| classification = '''NSG-2'''
| opened = {{start date and age|1908}}
| closed =
| rebuilt = 2009
| electrified = Double electrified BG (Tripling on process)
| accessible = {{access icon|20px}} Available
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = RNC
| zone = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Ranchi}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| status = {{color|green|Active}}
| former = East Indian Railway
| passengers = 1,00,000 per day
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| other_services = [[File:Waiting_Room_-_The_Noun_Project.svg|20px|Waiting Room]] [[File:AB-Autobahnkiosk.svg|20px|Food & Drink]] [[File:BSicon_REST.svg|15px|Food Plaza]] [[File:Elevator_(AIGA_based).svg|15px|Lifts]] [[File:Surveillance_camera.svg|40px|CCTV]] [[File:Aiga_escalator_down_mirror.svg|20px|Escalators]] [[File:Wifiservice.svg|15px|Railwire Free Wifi]] [[File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_bed.svg|20px|Retiring Rooms]]
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Jharkhand#India
| map_caption = Location in [[Jharkhand]]##Location in India
| map_dot_label = Ranchi Junction
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}
{{Koderma–Hazaribagh–Barkakana line|collapse=y}}
'''Ranchi Junction railway station''' (station code: '''RNC)''' is the NSG-2 category railway station serving the capital city of [[Ranchi]] in the [[Ranchi district]] in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]]. Ranchi station is also the headquarters of the [[Ranchi railway division|Ranchi division]] of the [[South Eastern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]]. The Ranchi Junction railway station is connected to most of the major cities in India by the railway network.

Ranchi has trains running to [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Dhanbad]], [[Varanasi]], [[Rourkela]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Bangalore]], [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Chennai]], [[Kamakhya Junction railway station|Kamakhya]], [[Deoghar]], [[Bhagalpur]], [[Jammu]], [[Surat]], [[Ernakulam|Eranakulam]] and [[Patna]]. The city is a major railway hub and has four major stations: Ranchi Junction, {{stnlnk|Hatia}}, {{stnlnk|Tatisilwai}} and {{stnlnk|Namkon}}. It is one of the top hundred booking stations.

The total number of trains that pass through Ranchi (RNC) junction is 120.

== History ==
In November 1907, Ranchi was brought onto India's railway map with the Purulia–Ranchi narrow-gauge line. First train whistle for Purulia was blown in 1907, now 60 thousand passengers travel every day.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The first train whistle for Purulia was blown in 1907, now 60 thousand passengers travel every day |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/ranchi-railway-station-history-60-thousand-passengers-travel-every-day-zzz |work=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref>

In 1911, it was extended up to Lohardaga.

In 2003, the Ranchi division was carved out from the existing Adra railway division of the [[South Eastern Railway zone]].<ref name=platform/> As of 2012 Ranchi station is being renovated and developed in the lines of [[Jaipur railway station]].<ref name=jaipur>{{cite news|title=Ranchi Rly station to adopt Jaipur model|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/ranchi/40922-ranchi-rly-station-to-adopt-jaipur-model.html|access-date=26 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Pioneer (Indian newspaper)|The Pioneer]]|date=7 February 2012}}</ref> The facade of the Ranchi station has been improved in February 2012.<ref name=achievements2012>{{cite web|title=ACHIEVEMENTS DURING THE MONTH OF FEBRUARY 2012|url=http://www.serranchi.org/about/pdf/achievement.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328052858/https://www.serranchi.org/about/pdf/achievement.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2022|publisher=South Eastern Railway Ranchi|access-date=26 April 2012}}</ref> In February 2012 two new platforms were added to the Ranchi station along with mechanical interlocking system.<ref name=newplatform>{{cite news|title=New platforms for Ranchi station|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120202/jsp/jharkhand/story_15079667.jsp#.T5mVr7MzD3Q|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091718/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120202/jsp/jharkhand/story_15079667.jsp#.T5mVr7MzD3Q|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=26 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=2 February 2012|location=Calcutta}}</ref>

== Platforms ==
There are six platforms in Ranchi Junction.<ref name="platform">{{cite news|title=Ranchi station on a weak platform|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111019/jsp/jharkhand/story_14640750.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021104347/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111019/jsp/jharkhand/story_14640750.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2013|access-date=26 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]|date=19 October 2011|location=Calcutta, India|first=Santosh K.|last=Kiro}}</ref> The platforms are interconnected with two [[foot overbridge]]s (FOB) and an escalator.

== Connections ==
Ranchi Junction is located close to the bus terminal and domestic airport providing transport to important destinations of Jharkhand. Automatic ticket vending machines have been installed to reduce the queue for train tickets on the station. The railway medical unit provides health facilities is located near {{stnlnk|Muri Junction}}. Ranchi–{{stnlnk|New Giridih}} Intercity Express, the only train running with a '''Vistadome coach''' in the state of [[Jharkhand]], terminates at Ranchi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Railways to introduce Vistadome coaches in Jharkhand for first time|url=https://avenuemail.in/railways-to-introduce-vistadome-coaches-in-jharkhand-for-first-time/|publisher=The Avenue Mail|access-date=8 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jharkhand's first Vistadome-equipped Intercity Express ready for debut ride! Know arrival, departure time and full route|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-jharkhands-first-vistadome-equipped-intercity-express-ready-for-debut-ride-know-arrival-departure-time-and-full-route-3239458/|publisher=Financial Express|access-date=11 September 2023}}</ref> The nearest airports to Ranchi Junction are:

*[[Birsa Munda Airport]], [[Ranchi]] {{convert|5|km}}
*[[Gaya Airport]] {{convert|179|km}}
*[[Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport]], [[Patna]] {{convert|420|km}}
*[[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]], [[Kolkata]] {{convert|365|km}}
*[[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport, Durgapur]] 243 Kilometres (150.9 mi)
*[[Deoghar Airport]], Deoghar 247 Kilometres (153.4 mi)
*Sonari Airport, Jamshedpur 122 Kilometres (75.8 mi)
*Bokaro Airport, Bokaro Steel City 105 Kilometres (65.2 mi) (Under Construction)

==Trains==
Ranchi junction served by several superfast, express, intercity and passenger trains from different cities, Following are some of the premium train services:
* [[Podanur – Dhanbad Amrit Bharat Express|Podanur - Dhanbad Amrit Bharat Express]]
* [[Dhanbad–Alappuzha Express|Dhanbad - Alappuzha Express]]
* [[Ranchi Rajdhani Express]]
* [[Patna - Ranchi Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Ranchi–Varanasi Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Ranchi–Howrah Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Ranchi–New Delhi Garib Rath Express]]
* [[Howrah–Ranchi Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Patna–Ranchi Jan Shatabdi Express|Patna - Ranchi Jan Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Jharkhand Sampark Kranti Express]]
* [[ Jharkhand Swarna Jayanti Express]]

== See also ==

* [[Ranchi]]
* [[Indian Railways]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Ranchi railway station}}
{{wikivoyage|Ranchi}}
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/384 Ranchi Junction map]
* [http://ranchi.nic.in/ Official website of the Ranchi district]

{{South Chotanagpur Division topics}}
{{Railway stations in Jharkhand}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Ranchi district]]
[[Category:Transport in Ranchi]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Ranchi]]
[[Category:Ranchi railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1908]]
[[Category:1908 establishments in India]]

St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai

2026-03-08T21:59:25Z

SallieChinnery5: info!

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox church
| denomination = [[Church of North India]]
| name = St Thomas Cathedral
| fullname = Cathedral Church of St Thomas the Apostle
| image = St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai.jpg
| imagesize =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| pushpin map =
| pushpin label position = t
| pushpin map alt =
| coordinates = {{Coord|18|55|54|N|72|50|1|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin mapsize =
| map caption =
| country = [[India]]
| osgridref = 
| osgraw = 
| location = [[Horniman Circle]], Fort, [[South Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| tradition =
| membership =
| website =
| former name =
| bull date =
| consecrated date = {{start date and age|1718|p=y|br=yes}} & {{start date and age|1837|p=y|br=yes}} (renovation & expansion) [[Bombay]], [[British India]]
| people = [[British East India Company]] [[Monarchy of Great Britain]]
| status =
| functional status =
| heritage designation = [[UNESCO]] Asia-Pacific Heritage Conservation Award
| designated date =
| previous cathedrals =
| architect =
| architectural type =
| style =
| years built =
| groundbreaking = {{start date and age|1676|p=y}}
| completed date = {{start date and age|1718}} {{start date and age|1837|p=y|br=y}} (Enlarged)
| construction cost =
| closed date =
| demolished date =
| capacity = 1200+
| length =
| length nave =
| length choir =
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| province =
| diocese start =
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| logo =
| logosize =
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}}

'''St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai''', is the 300-year old cathedral church of the Anglican [[Diocese of Mumbai of the Church of North India]]. It is named in honour of [[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas the Apostle]], who is believed to have first brought Christianity to India. The cathedral is located in [[Horniman Circle Gardens|Horniman Circle]], the historic centre of Mumbai. It is in close proximity to famous Mumbai landmarks such as [[Flora Fountain]] and [[Bombay House]]. It is the oldest church in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |last1=D'Souza |first1=Ornella |title=Mumbai's oldest church – St Thomas Cathedral to celebrate its three-hundredth anniversary on Christmas Day |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/just-before-monday/report-mumbai-s-oldest-church-st-thomas-cathedral-to-celebrate-its-three-hundredth-anniversary-on-christmas-day-2699173 |access-date=5 June 2020 |agency=DNA |date=23 December 2018}}</ref> The [[Cathedral and John Connon School]] is run by the cathedral.

The foundation stone of the church was first laid in 1676, although the church was only finally consecrated for divine service on Christmas day 1718.<ref name="Rangan"/> It is the first [[Anglican]] [[Church (building)|church]] in [[Mumbai]] (then called [[Bombay]]), within the walls of the fortified [[British India|British]] [[town|settlement]]. The cathedral is a landmark in [[South Mumbai]] and is one of the oldest churches in India. The Cathedral and John Connon School was created in 1860, in order to provide choristers to the church. It is used by the school for its Founder's Day Service on 14 November every year, Carol Service on the last day before the school's Christmas vacation and other special occasions.

The [[Churchgate railway station]] derives its name from the St. Thomas Cathedral, as the station was linked to the cathedral by a road leading through one of the three gates of the fortified island city of [[Mumbai]].<ref name="Wikimedia Commons 2018">{{cite web |title=File:Churchgate Station Banner.jpg |website=Wikimedia.org |date=14 July 2018 |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Churchgate_Station_Banner.jpg |language=en |access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref> The walls of the Bombay Fort were demolished in 1862 and the gate leading to the church was replaced by the [[Flora Fountain]] in 1864.<ref name="Live Mint">{{cite web |last1=Fernando |first1=Benita |title=St Thomas Cathedral: 300 years of Christmas in Bombay |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/bVVrfLJYn13wdNzPqr600H/St-Thomas-Cathedral-300-years-of-Christmas-in-Bombay.html |website=Live Mint |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:St Thomas Church old.jpg|St. Thomas Church prior to 1838|thumb]]
[[File:St. Thomas' Cathedral 1905.jpeg|St. Thomas Cathedral, {{Circa|1905}}|thumb]]
[[File:Bombay Cathedral Plan 1718.jpg|thumb|The original plan of St. Thomas Church completed in 1718]]
[[File:St Thomas Cathedral Zero Point Plaque.jpg|thumb|Zero Point Plaque of Mumbai at the compound of St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai]]
The name of the nearby [[Churchgate#Station|Churchgate Station]] refers to this church.
One of the gates in the fort, which the East India Company had built to protect their settlement, was the entrance to the St. Thomas Church. It was called Churchgate. That is why the whole area towards the west of the church is called "Churchgate" even today. The street leading to the church was originally called Churchgate Street, and was later renamed like many streets in Bombay, and is now known as Veer Nariman Road.

The island of Bombay was a Portuguese possession which became a part of the dowry of the Portuguese princess, Infanta Catherine of Braganza on her marriage to [[Charles II of England]] under the Anglo-Portuguese [[Marriage Treaty]] of June 1661. In 1668, King Charles transferred it to the East India Company for a loan of pounds Sterling 50,000 at 6% interest, and with a rental of pounds Sterling 10 per annum.

[[Gerald Aungier]] was placed in charge of the [[British East India Company]]'s newly acquired factories at [[Surat]] and Bombay, which had until then belonged to Portugal. As governor of Bombay from 1672 to 1677, Angier built a church, a hospital, a court of justice and other civic amenities on the English model, and fortified the company's commercial establishment.<ref name="Mehta2005">{{cite book|last=Mehta|first=Jaswant Lal |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA337|year=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6|pages=337–}}</ref> The foundation stone for the church was laid in 1676, on [[Horniman Circle Gardens|Bombay Green]], at the present site of the St. Thomas' Cathedral, but over 40 years elapsed before construction could be completed. Richard Cobbe, the chaplain, completed the construction of the building between 1715 and 1718. It was opened for divine service on Christmas Day 1718, and since then has served continuously as an [[Anglican]] place of worship.<ref name="Cobbe1766">{{cite book|last=Cobbe|first=Richard |title=Bombay church: or, A true account of the Building and Finishing the English church at Bombay|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ItICAAAAQAAJ|year=1766|publisher=Rivington|location=London}}</ref><ref>[http://stthomascathedral.org/about.htm "About Us", St. Thomas Cathedral website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530002249/http://www.stthomascathedral.org/about.htm |date=30 May 2011 }}</ref> However, in 1816 the church was dedicated to St. Thomas, the apostle, by [[Thomas Middleton (bishop)|Thomas Middleton]], the first [[Diocese of Calcutta (Church of North India)|Bishop of Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Poster inside St. Thomas' Cathedral |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:St_Thomas_Cathedral_11.jpg |website=Wikimedia Commons |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref>

The church was consecrated as a [[cathedral]] in July 1837 concurrent with the appointment of the first Bishop of Bombay, [[Thomas Carr (bishop)|Thomas Carr]]. The tower and the clock at the western end were added in 1838. About 25 years later a major renovation scheme was launched to enlarge the [[chancel]]. This was completed by 1865.

[[George V|King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] attended divine service at the church in 1911 prior to their departure to the third [[Delhi Durbar]] held in the [[Coronation Park, Delhi|Coronation Park]], [[Delhi]]. They occupied the chairs in the first row and the chairs have been preserved until now with names of the King and Queen written in brass plates.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Mumbai Cathedral That Has Stood Witness to the City's History |url=https://thewire.in/religion/the-mumbai-cathedral-that-has-stood-witness-to-the-citys-history |website=The Wire |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fernandez |first1=Fiona |title=Mumbai's landmark church, Churchgate's St Thomas Cathedral enters its 300th year |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbais-landmark-church-churchgates-st-thomas-cathedral-enters-its-300th-year/19210196 |access-date=6 June 2020 |agency=Mid Day}}</ref>

A fountain stands at the entrance of the church. It was financed by Parsi entrepreneur and philanthropist [[Cowasji Jehangir Readymoney]]. It was designed by [[George Gilbert Scott]] and installed in the 1870s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fountain by St Thomas's Cathedral, Mumba |url=https://gilbertscott.org/fountain-by-st-thomass-cathedral-mumbai/ |website=The Scott Dynasty |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref>

==Memorials==

The cathedral contains many carved stone memorials from the eras of [[Company rule in India]] and the [[British Raj]]. Significant among this number:

* '''Memorial to Thomas Carr:''' Recumbent effigy of [[Thomas Carr (bishop)|Thomas Carr]], First Bishop of Bombay by British sculptor [[Matthew Noble]]<ref name="Rangan"/>
* '''Memorial to officers and crew of steam ship Cleopatra:''' [[Cleopatra (1839)|Cleopatra]] was a steam operated wooden paddle sloop that sank of the Malabar coast on 15 April 1847. The ship was transporting 100 convicts from [[Mumbai|Bombay]] to [[Singapore]]. The ship had a crew of 151, including 9 officers. The plaque contains the names of te nine officers and mentions about the 142 other crew members, but there is no mention of the 100 odd convicts.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Willasey |first1=Tim |title=The loss of the steamship Cleopatra with Indian convicts bound for Singapore |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/india/98.html |website=Victorian Web |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref>
* '''Memorial to Frederick Lewis Maitland:''' [[Frederick Lewis Maitland (Royal Navy officer)|Maitland]] died on 30 November 1839 whilst at sea on board the Wellesley, off [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. He was buried at [[Mumbai|Bombay]].
* '''Memorial to Captain Hardinge:''' Captain [[George Nicholas Hardinge]] was the captain of San Fiorenzo, which was involved in a small three-day (6-8 March 1808) but epic naval struggle against the French ship Piedmontaise, off the cost of [[Colombo]], [[Ceylon]]. Hardigne died of a grapeshot wound, shortly before the French surrendered. His elaborate memorial was executed by [[John Bacon (sculptor, born 1777)|John Bacon]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Willasey |first1=Tim |title=Memorial of Captain George Hardinge |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/sculpture/bacon/17.html |website=Victorian Web |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref>
* '''Memorial to John Campbell:''' [[John Campbell of Stonefield|John Campbell]] was Lieutenant-Colonel of the British army who took an active part in the [[Siege of Mangalore]] Fort and subsequent conflict with [[Tippoo Sultan]]. He died in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] on 23 March 1784 out of exhaustion. The marble memorial consists of life-sized figures of Death and Hope flanking an urn on a tall pedestal. It was designed by [[Charles Peart]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Memorial to Lieutenant Colonel John Campbell (1753-1784) |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/sculpture/funerary/234.html |website=Victorian Web |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref>

==Mumbai Zero Point==
The cathedral marks colonial Bombay's point zero, the exact centre of the city. From the church 16 mile stones were laid out, leading to the north of the city. The milestone measured 4 feet in height but are submerged by the increasing road level. So far, 11 of the 16 milestones have been located.<ref name="Live Mint"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Marpakwar |first1=Chaitanya |title='Point Zero' SoBo Church marks 300th milestone |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/point-zero-sobo-church-marks-300th-milestone/articleshow/63539386.cms |access-date=13 March 2020 |agency=Mumbai Mirror |date=30 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=FPJ Bureau |title=Mumbai: St Thomas Cathedral, considered point zero of city, to celebrate three centuries of existence |url=https://freepressjournal.in/cmcm/mumbai-st-thomas-cathedral-considered-point-zero-of-city-to-celebrate-three-centuries-of-existence |access-date=13 March 2020 |publisher=The Free Space Journal |date=14 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=The story of Mumbai’s Zero Point |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/the-history-behind-the-name-of-mumbais-churchgate-and-why-st-thomas-cathedral-church-is-mumbais-zero-point/cid/1878398 |access-date=10 July 2025 |date=5 August 2022}}</ref>

==Present day==
After completion of a major restoration work the cathedral was selected in 2004 for a [[UNESCO]] Asia-Pacific heritage conservation award.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unescobkk.org/culture/world-heritage-and-immovable-heritage/asia-pacific-heritage-awards-for-culture-heritage-conservation/previous-heritage-awards-2000-2009/2004/award-winners/ |title=Asia-Pacific Heritage Awards for Culture Heritage Conservation Winners |website=UNESCO Bangkok |access-date=15 December 2010 |archive-date=26 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226075351/http://www.unescobkk.org/culture/world-heritage-and-immovable-heritage/asia-pacific-heritage-awards-for-culture-heritage-conservation/previous-heritage-awards-2000-2009/2004/award-winners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The current congregation at St. Thomas Cathedral is led by Rev. Avinash Rangayya.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai (interior).jpg|St. Thomas Cathedral, interior, nave
File:St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai (chancel).jpg|St. Thomas Cathedral, interior, chancel
File:St.Thomas Cathedral - Mumbai.jpg|Stained glass window of St. Thomas Cathedral
File:St Thomas Cathedral 2.jpg|St Thomas Cathedral
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[History of Mumbai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{official website|http://stthomascathedralmumbai.com}}
* [http://maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/places.html "St. Thomas' Cathedral", ''Maharashtra State Gazetteer: Greater Bombay District'' (1986-7; online, 2007)]
* [https://www.google.com/maps/views/view/106069055152830469003/photo/lSwPZPBGf48AAAAGOsAVpA?gl=us&heading=101&pitch=91&fovy=75 360° panorama of the interiors of St Thomas Cathedral]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai}}
[[Category:1718 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1718 establishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:Church of North India cathedrals]]
[[Category:Churches in Mumbai]]
[[Category:History of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in the 1710s]]
[[Category:UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage Awards winners]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1718]]

Bapi–Tutul

2026-03-06T19:00:53Z

SallieChinnery5:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Bapi–Tutul
| image = {{CSS image crop
|Image = Indian Panorama & International competition film the 'Coffin Maker' Producer Bharat Vijan, Director Veena Bakshi, Music Directors Bapi Tutul & Hema Sardesai briefing the Media.jpg
|bSize = 500
|cWidth = 200
|cHeight = 200
|oTop = 70
|oLeft = 0
|Location=center
}}
| caption = Bapi (left) at [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] [[44th International Film Festival of India|2013]]
| birth_name = Bapi Tutul
| alias = Bapi Tutul
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Muzaffarpur]], Bihar
| origin =
| occupation = singer-songwriter, [[film composer]]
| years_active =
| label =
| website =
}}
'''Bapi Tutul''' are a [[Hindi]] film singer-songwriter duo consisting of Bapi and his younger brother Tutul.

==Film career==
It was only after meeting Bollywood actress [[Manisha Koirala]] and Filmmaker [[Ram Gopal Varma]] that they got their first break as Music Composers in RGV's 2003 release [[Bhoot (film)|Bhoot]] and [[Ek Hasina Thi (film)|Ek Hasina Thi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061009/asp/calcutta/story_6846273.asp |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta : Metro |access-date=4 February 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222153013/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061009/asp/calcutta/story_6846273.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> And from then on, they have worked on several movies like Paisa Vasool, [[Chal Pichchur Banate Hain]], [[Khosla Ka Ghosla]], [[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]] and [[Sarkar Raj]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/102937.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202162659/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/102937.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014|title=Bollywood Cinema News | Bollywood Movie Reviews | Bollywood Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Bollywood}}</ref>

==Discography==
* ''[[Jackson Halt]]'' (2023)
*''[[Pihu (film)|Pihu]] (2018)''
* Bhor (2016)
*[[Main Khudiram Bose Hun]] (2016)
* The Coffin Maker (2014)
* Kathputli (Documentary) (2014)
* [[Daughters of Mother India]] (Documentary) (2014)
* Dhobi Ki Dulhan Pyari Hai (Post-Production) (2014)
* Chowky (2014)
* ''[[Chal Pichchur Banate Hain]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Bubblegum]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Rakta Charitra]]'' (2010)
* Stations (Short) (2009)
* ''[[Zor Lagaa Ke...Haiya!]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Agyaat]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Oh, My God (2008 film)|Oh, My God]]'' (2009)
* Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan (2008)
* ''[[Sarkar Raj]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.planetradiocity.com/musicreporter/celebrity-interview-details/Composer-duo-Bapi-Tutul-are-back-with-Sarkar-Raj/138 |title=Composer duo Bapi-Tutul are back with Sarkar Raj | Celebrity Interviews |access-date=4 February 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222141240/http://www.planetradiocity.com/musicreporter/celebrity-interview-details/Composer-duo-Bapi-Tutul-are-back-with-Sarkar-Raj/138 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
* ''[[Phoonk]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Antardwand]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Khosla Ka Ghosla]]'' (2006)
* ''[[James (2005 film)|James]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Paisa Vasool (2004 film)|Paisa Vasool]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Ek Hasina Thi (film)|Ek Hasina Thi]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Bhoot (film)|Bhoot]]'' (2003 )
* ''[[Companion of the Evenings] (Film) ]'' (2026)

== Marathi movies ==

* ''Sangharsh'' (Upcoming) (2014)
* ''Zapatlela 2'' (Background Music Score) (2013)
* ''Ved Lavi Jeeva'' – (music director)(2012)
* ''Dubhang'' – (music director)(2011)

==Awards and recognition==

Bapi–Tutul were nominated in the Best Background Score Category for 15th Annual Star Screen Awards. This nomination was for 2008 release [[Phoonk]]. In 2011, they were awarded with MATA Sanman Awards. The Best Title Track award was given for their composition in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news-interviews/Bapi-Tutul-compose-music-for-Marathi-film/articleshow/28519546.cms |title=Bapi-Tutul compose music for Marathi film - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115183101/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-07/news-interviews/45954091_1_marathi-film-arun-nalawade-saroj-khan |archive-date=15 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> TV Series – Anorakhi Disha. Recently, they won Golden Pegasus at 4th Peloponnesian International Film Festival for The Coffin Maker.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://piff.cineartfestival.eu/en/awards |title=PIFF :: Awards 2013 |access-date=3 February 2014 |archive-date=17 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217052144/http://piff.cineartfestival.eu/en/awards |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of composers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* Bapi Tutul on [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1538200/?ref_=ttfc_fc_cr3 IMDb]
* Bapi Tutul on [https://web.archive.org/web/20130122034215/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/index/id/13961 Bollywood Hungama ]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bapi Tutal}}
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarpur]]

Teen Bahuraniyan

2026-03-04T03:52:01Z

SallieChinnery5: correct references to improve readability per sources

{{for|the television series|Teen Bahuraaniyaan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Teen Bahuraniyan
| image = Teen Bahuraniyan poster.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[S. S. Vasan]] [[S. S. Balan]]
| producer = Gemini Pictures
| writer = [[K. Balachander]] (story), [[Kishore Sahu]] (screenplay)
| narrator =
| starring = [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] [[Ramesh Deo]] [[Agha (actor)|Agha]] [[Rajendra Nath]] [[Sowcar Janaki]] [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] [[Shashikala]]
| music = [[Kalyanji-Anandji]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1968|06|14|df=yes}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
}}
'''''Teen Bahuraniyan''''' ({{translation|''Three Daughters-In-Law''}}) is a 1968 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[S. S. Vasan]] and [[S. S. Balan]]. It is a remake of 1967 Tamil film ''[[Bama Vijayam (1967 film)|Bama Vijayam]]''. [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] and [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] star as the female leads, reprising their roles from the original film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sing |first=Bobby |date=11 April 2021 |title=CinemaScope: When Shashikala played a Hindi film actress as Sheela Devi |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/cinemascope-when-shashikala-played-a-hindi-film-actress-as-sheela-devi |url-status=live |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411071221/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/cinemascope-when-shashikala-played-a-hindi-film-actress-as-sheela-devi#bypass-sw |archive-date=11 April 2021}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}

*[[Showkar Janaki]] as Parvati
*[[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] as Seeta
*[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as Radha
*[[Prithviraj Kapoor]] as Dinanath
*[[Agha (actor)|Agha]] as Shankar
*[[Ramesh Deo]] as Ram
*[[Rajendra Nath|Rajendranath]] as Kanhaiya
*[[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]] as Hari Prasad
*[[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]] as Seeta's Father
*[[Lalita Pawar]] as Seeta's Mother
*[[Niranjan Sharma]] as Parvati's Father
*[[Shashikala]] as Sheela Devi
*[[Jagdeep]] as Mahesh
*[[Baby Farida]] as Parvati's Daughter
*[[Vaishali_actress|Vaishali]] as Mala
{{div col end}}

== Music ==
The film score is composed by the musical duo [[Kalyanji-Anandji]], while the lyrics were written by [[Anand Bakshi]].

===Tracklist===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = "Humre Angan Bagiya, Bagiya Mein Do Panchhi, Panchhi Ud Na Jaye Dekho"
| extra1 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
| length1 =
| title2 = "Aamdani Athanni, Kharcha Rupaiya, Bhaiya Na Poochho, Na Poochho Haal"
| extra2 = [[Manna Dey]], [[Mahendra Kapoor]], Asha Bhosle, [[Kamal Barot]]
| length2 =
| title3 = "Aa Sapnon Ki Rani, Aa Sapnon Ke Raja"
| extra3 = [[Kishore Kumar]], Asha Bhosle
| length3 =
| title4 = "Meri Taraf Zara Dekh"
| extra4 = Asha Bhosle
| length4 =
| title5 = "Dilli Ke Bazaar Mein"
| extra5 = Asha Bhosle
| length5 =
}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0293634}}
{{S. S. Vasan}}
{{Gemini Studios}}

[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:1968 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. S. Vasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Gemini Studios films]]
[[Category:1968 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Kishore Sahu]]

{{1960s-comedy-film-stub}}
{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Vishnu Sena

2026-03-03T21:48:53Z

SallieChinnery5: details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vishnu Sena
| image = Vishnu sena.jpeg
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = [[Naganna]]
| producer = M. Govinda
| writer = [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]]
(Dialogues)
| screenplay = A. R. Murugadass
| based_on = [[Ramanaa]]
| story = A. R. Murugadass
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Ramesh Aravind]] [[Gurleen Chopra]] [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]]
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = Ramesh Babu
| editing = S. Manohar
| studio = Sri Hrudayeshwari Films
| distributor = Ramu Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|2005|12|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 168 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}

'''''Vishnu Sena''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Kannada]]-language
[[vigilante film|vigilante]] [[action drama film]] directed by [[Naganna]] and produced by M. Govinda. The film stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] along with [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]] and [[Gurleen Chopra]] in the prominent roles. The Music Score and Soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]. It is a remake of 2002 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Ramanaa]]''.

The film released on 23 December 2005 to positive reviews from critics and audience.

==Premise==
{{More plot|date=January 2026}}
The film is the story of Professor. Jayasimha, who creates awareness among the public about corruption and his operation to curb the people who are responsible for the society.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Prof. Jayasimha
* [[Ramesh Aravind]] as Ramesh, police jeep driver
* [[Gurleen Chopra]] as Devaki, social worker
* [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]] as Chitra, Jayasimha's wife (Guest Appearance)
* Niharika N. as Priya, daughter of Prof. Jayasimha
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as Badrinath
* [[Ananth Nag]] as Chief Minister
* [[Pankaj Dheer]] as DCP Samarjith singh
* [[Doddanna]] as Gangadharaiah
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Badrinath's son, MD of Modern Hospital
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]] as Judge
* [[Girija Lokesh]]
* [[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]]
* [[B. Jaya (actress)|B. Jaya]]
* [[Tennis Krishna]] as Government office peon
* [[Srinagar Kitty]] as Gopi, member in Vishnusena
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]] as Sathyajith, an officer
* [[Tharun Sudhir]]
* Hemanth G. Nag
* [[Sandeep Singh]]
* Bangalore Nagesh
* [[M. S. Umesh]]
* Karthik Sharma
* Narendra Babu Sharma
* Venu
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Vishnu Sena
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Akash Audio
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Abhimanigale Nanna
| lyrics1 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra1 = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]
| length1 =
| title2 = History Gottha
| lyrics2 = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Meghave Meghave
| lyrics3 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Benki Kaddi Hacchi
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics4 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| length4 =
| title5 = O Deva Neenilli
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| lyrics5 = Aadarsha
| length5 =
}}

==Reception==
''Indiaglitz'' wrote "It is not an easy task to direct this kind of remake. The requirement of manpower and shrewd thinking is a must. Director Naganna has applied his brain properly. Producer Govindu has made this one a lavish scale".<ref>{{cite web|title=Vishnu Sene Movie Review - A revolutionary film - Well made remake|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/review/7831.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060205042250/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/review/7831.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 February 2006|work=Indiaglitz|access-date=31 October 2016|date=23 December 2005}}</ref> ''Deccan Herald'' wrote "The storyline is thin. But it has been told through different episodes which appeal to the audience".<ref>{{cite web|last1=SN|first1=Deepak|title=Vishnusena - Review|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/dec252005/movies17315420051224.asp|publisher=Deccanherald|access-date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519012736/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec252005/movies17315420051224.asp|archive-date=19 May 2006}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishnu Sena}}
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:2000s crime action films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:2000s vigilante films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Naganna]]

Thooral Ninnu Pochchu

2026-03-03T05:18:13Z

SallieChinnery5: small cleaned up intro per sources further and corrected details for clarity

{{short description|1982 film by K. Bhagyaraj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thooral Ninnu Pochchu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Bhagyaraj]]
| writer = K. Bhagyaraj
| producer = Kovai C. M. Nanjappan
| starring = {{plainlist|
* K. Bhagyaraj
* [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]]
* [[M. N. Nambiar]]
}}
| cinematography = B. Kalaiselvam
| editing = V. Rajagopal
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Durga Bhagavathy Films
| released = {{film date|df=y|1982|4|14}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Thooral Ninnu Pochchu''''' ({{translation|The drizzle has stopped}}) is a 1982 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama]] film written, directed by and starring [[K. Bhagyaraj]]. The film also stars [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]] and [[M. N. Nambiar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=16 November 2010 |title=Reel villain, real hero |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Reel-villain-real-hero/article15689125.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227093205/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Reel-villain-real-hero/article15689125.ece |archive-date=27 February 2018 |access-date=11 July 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2008 |title=Veteran Tamil actor MN Nambiar dead |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-veteran-tamil-actor-mn-nambiar-dead-1207924 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711162449/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-veteran-tamil-actor-mn-nambiar-dead-1207924 |archive-date=11 July 2019 |access-date=11 July 2019 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> It was released on 14 April 1982. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Pelli Choopulu (1983 film)|Pelli Choopulu]]'' (1983),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijayashanthi |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/telugu/profile.php?id=16006565&cid=2411 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190120175451/http://www.sify.com/movies/telugu/profile.php?id=16006565&cid=2411 |archive-date=20 January 2019 |access-date=11 July 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Mohabbat (1985 film)|Mohabbat]]'' (1985),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=59 |orig-date=1994}}</ref> and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Gowri Kalyana]]'' (1991).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981–1990 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |year=2020 |isbn=9788193848227 |pages=614}}</ref>

== Plot ==

The only daughter of village elder Ponnambalam, Mangalam, prepares for her prospective groom's visit. The groom, Chella Durai, and his family visit Mangalam's house. Chella Durai falls for Mangalam, who is very naïve and shy. The next day he visits Mangalam at the riverside and she panics. Mangalam's uncle, martial arts trainer Nambiar, mistakes Chella Durai to be mishandling Mangalam. Mangalam runs and Nambiar sends his men to fight Chella Durai. Chella Durai defeats them and Nambiar learns he's Mangalam's groom. Ponnambalam's brother-in-law Ayyavu loves Mangalam and was not inform of the groom's visit. Chella Durai and his family visit the astrologer to fix a date for his reception, but there is no auspicious day that month. So the family plans to set the reception next month. Chella Durai visits Mangalam's house, where she is alone. She is shy of him and runs out of the house. Nambiar arrives and gives Chella Durai an idea to court Mangalam. Chella Durai kidnaps Mangalam and soon, she opens up to him.

On new moon day, Nambiar performs the rites for someone, whose identity is unclear, who died from suicide. In the meantime, Chella Durai hopes to explain sex to the innocent Mangalam, who is still shy. But she starts to love Chella Durai more. Chella Durai's stepmother demands more dowry than what Ponnambalam can give and refuses to compromise. Before Ponnambalam leaves for a panchayat, Chella Durai visits him and gives him money for the dowry so he can marry Mangalam. Ponnambalam is humiliated and refuses. The next day Mangalam advises Chella Durai to marry another girl due to the dowry problem. Chella Durai hits Mangalam for persuades her to elope the next morning. But Mangalam refuses to disobey her father or his dignity would be lost. Chella Durai's parents catch him stealing money from their house to elope, so they lock him in a room. Mangalam waits until sunrise and returns home when Chella Durai fails to turn up. At home, Ponnambalam attempts suicide but Nambiar saves him. Ponnambalam doubts his daughter's innocence and Mangalam, hearing this, burns her feet. Ponnambalam learns about this and forgives Mangalam. But he still detests Chella Durai.

Nambiar invites Chella Durai to stay in his house and promises to change Ponnambalam's mind. Nambiar visits Ponnambalam to persuade him. Mangalam admits she will only marry who her father decides. Nambiar challenges to Ponnambalam he will unite Mangalam and Chella Durai in 1 month or cut half his moustache. Nambiar then stirs up a panchayat and the villagers desert him, his assistant Karuppannai, and Chella Durai. There are only 15 days remaining in the challenge. Chella Durai takes a nuptial string to Mangalam and single-handedly fights Ayyavu and his men. In the last 10 days, Nambiar persuades men in buses to visit Mangalam and reject her on purpose. Ponnambalam hits his daughter and wife when 7 'grooms' reject her. Unable to witness Mangalam abused by Ponnambalam, Chella Durai decides to leave the village. But Nambiar refuses to let him leave due to the ego problems he will face when the challenge is over. So both of them have a fight to see who wins. Chella Durai wins Nambiar and is about to leave, but is guilty when he remembers the bond they shared.

Nambiar takes Chella Durai to the grave he performs rites at, explaining it is none other than his lover from 40 years ago. Nambiar was in a similar state as Chella Durai and so he abandoned his lover but she committed suicide. Fearing Mangalam may follow the same, Nambiar persuades Chella Durai to marry her at all costs. The next day, Ponnambalam decides to marry Mangalam with Ayyavu and distributes marriage invitations to the villagers. Mangalam's mother and grandmother advise her to elope with Chella Durai and explain Ponnambalam's ego to her. Ponnambalam overhears this and learns his mistake. He forgives Mangalam and rips the invitations. But when Ayyavu learns about this, he stabs Ponnambalam and Chella Durai suppresses him. Ponnambalam bleeds profusely and everyone hurries to help him. In his dying breaths, Ponnambalam indicates to Chella Durai his consent to Mangalam's marriage.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[K. Bhagyaraj]] as Chellai Durai
* [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]] as Mangalam
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Kusthi Vaathiyaar, master of the martial arts
* [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Ponnambalam
* [[Senthil]] as Karuppannai
* [[Suryakanth (actor)|Sooriyakanth]] as Ayyavu
* 'Duck' Sivaraman as Moorthy, Chellai Durai's nephew
*[[Karikol Raju]] as an authority of the village
* Meenakshi Amma as Mangalam's grandmother
* Arunthathi as Mangalam 's friend
* [[Chelladurai]]
* [[Pandiarajan]] as Mridangam artist (uncredited appearance in the song "Yen Soga Kadhaiye")
}}

==Production==
[[Bhanupriya]] was originally chosen to be the lead actress after Bhagyaraj spotted her at a dance school, but after the photoshoot he felt she looked too young for this role and she was replaced by Sulakshana.<ref>{{cite web |last=ஆனந்தராஜ் |first=கு. |date=2 April 2019 |title=80'ஸ் எவர்கிரீன் நாயகிகள் - 7 - ஆஹா... சைதை தமிழரசி! - பானுப்ரியா |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/149747-1980s-evergreen-heroins-bhanupriya |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241206125055/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/149747-1980s-evergreen-heroins-bhanupriya |archive-date=6 December 2024 |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=[[Cinema Vikatan]] |language=Ta}}</ref>
== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thooral Ninnu Pochu (1982) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000553 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415180013/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000553 |archive-date=15 April 2013 |access-date=23 May 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thooral Ninnu Pochu Tamil Film LP VInyl Record by Ilayaraaja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/thooral-ninnu-pochu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814061813/https://mossymart.com/product/thooral-ninnu-pochu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja-2/ |archive-date=14 August 2021 |access-date=14 August 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Bhoopalam Isaikkum" is set in [[Gourimanohari]] raga,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=25 October 2013 |title=Godly Gowrimanohari |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/godly-gowrimanohari/article5271861.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508163516/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/godly-gowrimanohari/article5271861.ece |archive-date=8 May 2019 |access-date=1 August 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=126}} "Yerikkarai Poongatre" is set in [[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Sankarabharanam]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராமானுஜன் |first=டாக்டர் ஆர். |date=17 August 2018 |title=ராகயாத்திரை 18: பொன்மானே சங்கீதம் பாடிவா... |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/138926-18.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929051109/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/138926-18.html |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> and "Thanga Sangili" is set in [[Keeravani]].{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=160}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bhoopalam Isaikkum
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Uma Ramanan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
| length1 = 04:25
| title2 = Thanga Sangili
| extra2 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[S. Janaki]]
| lyrics2 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| length2 = 04:00
| title3 = Yerikkarai Poongaatre Nee Pora Vazhi
| extra3 = K. J. Yesudas
| lyrics3 = Chidambaranathan
| length3 = 03:43
| title4 = Yen Soga Kadhaiye (Pankajavalli)
| extra4 = Malaysia Vasudevan, Krishnamoorthi
| lyrics4 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| length4 = 05:24
| title5 = Thaalatta Nan Poranthen
| extra5 = Malaysia Vasudevan
| lyrics5 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| length5 = 04:09
| total_length = 21:41 
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Thooral Ninnu Pochu'' was released on 14 April 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=13 January 2019 |title=தூறல் நின்னு போச்சு – அப்பவே அப்படி கதை |url=https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/14825-tural-ninnu-pochu-appve-appadi-kadhai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190711162059/https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/14825-tural-ninnu-pochu-appve-appadi-kadhai.html |archive-date=11 July 2019 |access-date=11 July 2019 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref> Playing on the film's title, Thiraignani of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote, "Aluppu thattipochu" (boredom knocked).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=திரைஞானி |date=2 May 1982 |title=தூறல் நின்னு போச்சு |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1982/may/02-05-1982/p25.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220813094456/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1982/may/02-05-1982/p25.jpg |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=7 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=25 |language=ta}}</ref> The film ran for over 300 days at Madurai Thangam, the then largest theatre in Asia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 August 2011 |title=Curtains come down on Thangam theatre, once Asia's largest |url=https://www.firstpost.com/fwire/curtains-come-down-on-thangam-theatre-once-asias-largest-54970.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420082058/https://www.firstpost.com/fwire/curtains-come-down-on-thangam-theatre-once-asias-largest-54970.html |archive-date=20 April 2021 |access-date=1 August 2019 |work=[[Firstpost]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> Chidambaranathan won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|Tamil Nadu State Film Award]] for [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]].{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{K. Bhagyaraj}}

[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:1982 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1982 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Bhagyaraj]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Maravan

2026-03-03T04:56:21Z

SallieChinnery5: details.

{{About|the Tamil film Maravan|the social group|Maravar}}
{{More plot|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Maravan poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)|Manoj Kumar]]
| writer = Manoj Kumar Sivaram Gandhi (dialogues)
| producer = Mohan Natarajan Tharangai V. Shanmugam
| starring = {{ubl|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]|[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]}}
| cinematography = Sekar
| editing = Mohan Bhaskar
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Sree Rajakaali Amman Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1993|08|15}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Maravan''''' is a 1993 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)|Manoj Kumar]]. The film stars [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], with [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]], [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]], R. P. Viswam, [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]], [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]], [[Vadivelu]], [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] and Dakshayini playing supporting roles. It was released on 15 August 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maravan ( 1993 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1686 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203034732/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1686 |archive-date=3 December 2005 |access-date=9 October 2016 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sethupathi lived in the city with his family consisting of his father Manickam, his mother Meenakshi and his sister Lakshmi. Manickam, Sethupathi's father, is an honest police officer and wanted his son to become a police officer like him. Sethupathi took the IPS exam and successfully passed it. Sethupathi was subsequently transferred to the remote village called Solaiyoor.

When he arrives in the village, Sethupathi is in a state of shock. The village is under the control of the village president Rajadurai (R. P. Viswam) and his son Shankarapandiyan, a corrupt politician. With the local rowdies, they spread terror among the villagers.

Sethupathi first changes the bad habits of the police officers, Thyagu and Vadivelu. In the meantime, Sethupathi and the village belle Thangathai fall in love with each other. One day, Sethupathi beats up and strips Rajadurai in front of villagers for cheating them, and he puts him in jail. Shankarapandi makes his father release him the next hour. The next day, Shankarapandi, Rajadurai and his henchmen take revenge by stripping the police officers and beating them. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Police Inspector Sethupathi
*[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Thangathai
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as SP Manickam
*[[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Meenakshi
*[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as Shankarapandiyan
*R. P. Viswam as Rajadurai
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] as Sekhar
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Police Officer
*[[Vadivelu]] as Constable Velu
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Iyer
*Dakshayini as Lakshmi
*[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]]
*[[Sethu Vinayagam]] as DSP
*[[Thalapathy Dinesh]] as Muthukalai
*Boopathi Raja
*Bhavani
*Sharmili as Sinthamani
*Mohana Priya
*[[LIC Narasimhan]]
*[[Pasi Narayanan]] as Vellaisamy
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]]
*[[Joker Thulasi]]
*[[Thideer Kannaiah]]
*[[Singamuthu]]
*[[Gundu Kalyanam]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maravan (1993) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil-ta/movie/maravan-songs-T0004914 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240223105421/https://www.raaga.com/tamil-ta/movie/maravan-songs-T0004914 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |access-date=23 February 2024 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maravan Tamil Film Audio Cassette by Deva |url=https://mossymart.com/product/maravan-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-deva/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241028091055/https://mossymart.com/product/maravan-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-deva/ |archive-date=28 October 2024 |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=Mossymart |language=en }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Chandiranai Kuppidunga" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 3:30
|-
| "Kondiyele" || [[S. Janaki]] || 5:36
|-
| "Singara Kuyilu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:47
|-
| "Gulaabi Gulaabi" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki || 4:35
|-
| "En Ooru" || S. Janaki || 4:45
|}

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Since the story has nothing new to offer, writer-director Manoj Kumar has tried to bring freshness in his treatment".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=20 August 1993 |title=Cop who acts |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_IFlAAAAIBAJ&pg=906%2C171261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528081511/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_IFlAAAAIBAJ&pg=906%2C171261 |archive-date=28 May 2024 |access-date=9 October 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote that the film reminded him of ''[[Walter Vetrivel]]'', and lamented that being edited to a shorter runtime by local exhibitors affected its narrative.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=11 September 1993 |title=Empty plot after the cuts |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=G-JOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zhMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1772%2C173135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528081721/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=G-JOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zhMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1772%2C173135 |archive-date=28 May 2024 |access-date=23 February 2024 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=15 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)}}

[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s police films]]
[[Category:1993 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1993 action drama films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Works subject to expurgation]]
{{Improve categories|date=March 2024}}

Gurgaon Municipal Corporation

2026-03-01T10:20:21Z

SallieChinnery5: improved details per standard format and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|Local civic body in Gurugram, Haryana, India}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Gurgaon Municipal Corporation
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| transcription_name =
| logo_pic =
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| term_limits = 5 years
| foundation = {{start date and age|2008}}<ref name="gmc ref3">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation of Gurugram, MCG, Gurugram Municipal Corp |url=https://www.gurugramonline.in/city-guide/municipal-corporation-of-gurugram |access-date=29 November 2021 |publisher=gurugramonline.in}}</ref>
| leader1_type = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]
| leader1 = Rajrani Malhotra
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election1 =
| leader2_type = [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader2 =
| party2 =
| election2 =
| leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 = Narhari Singh Bangar
| party3 = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| election3 = October 2024
| seats = '''36'''
| structure1_res = 275px
| structure1 =
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (31)'''
:*{{Colour box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (31)
'''Opposition (2)'''
:*{{Colour box|#00BFFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1)
:*{{Colour box|#71B218}} [[Jannayak Janta Party|JJP]] (1)
'''[[Parliamentary opposition|Others]] (3)'''
:*{{Colour box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (3)
| term_length = 5 years
| authority =
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]
| last_election1 = [[2025 Haryana local elections|2 March 2025]]
| next_election1 = 2030
| motto =
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = [[Gurugram]], [[Haryana]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.mcg.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Gurgaon Municipal Corporation''' is the civic body governing the [[India|Indian]] city of [[Gurgaon]]. The Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with the formation of the Municipal Corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Gurgaon Municipal Corporation is headed by the [[Mayor]] of the city and governed by the [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]]. The Municipal Corporation of Gurugram has an area of 232 sq km.

== History and administration ==
The Municipal Corporation of Gurugram was formed in the year 2008.<ref name="gmc ref8">{{cite news |title=MCG Gurgaon: Municipal Corporation of Gurgaon Property Tax, Water Bill & Latest News |url=https://housing.com/news/mcg-municipal-corporation-of-gurgaon/ |access-date=29 November 2021 |publisher=Housing News |date=23 July 2021}}</ref> The Corporation is headed by mayor [[Madhu Azad]]<ref name="gmc ref0">{{cite news |title=Gurugram achieves highest ever ranking in Swachh Survekshan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/gurugram-achieves-highest-ever-ranking-in-swachh-survekshan-101637429306976.html |access-date=29 November 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=20 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and governed by Municipal Commissioner Mukesh Kumar Ahuja.<ref name="gmc ref8" /><ref name="gmc ref1">{{cite news |title=Gurgaon To Shut Meat Shops On Tuesdays, Civic Body Chief Opposed Proposal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/gurgaon-news/gurgaon-to-shut-meat-shops-on-tuesdays-mcg-commissioner-vinay-pratap-singh-opposed-proposal-2394527 |access-date=29 November 2021 |publisher=NDTV.com |date=19 March 2021}}</ref>
Gurgaon Municipal Corporation has 35 wards<ref name="gmc ref9">{{cite news |title=No progress on model roads in 34 wards of MCG in Gurugram |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/no-progress-on-model-roads-in-34-wards-of-mcg-in-gurugram-101637519620276.html |access-date=29 November 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=22 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and each ward is headed by the councillor for which elections are held every 5 years.<ref name="gmc ref4">{{cite news |title=Independents Win 21 Of 35 Gurgaon Civic Body Seats; BJP Distant Second |url=https://www.ndtv.com/gurgaon-news/independents-win-21-of-35-gurgaon-civic-body-seats-bjp-distant-second-1754581 |access-date=29 November 2021 |publisher=NDTV.com |date=25 September 2017}}</ref> In the Gurgaon Municipal Corporation elections held in the year 2025, BJP won 24 seats, independent candidates won 10 seats, congress and the JJP managed one seat.

The Municipal Corporation of Gurugram has four zones in a total area of 232 Sq km.<ref name="gmc ref7">{{cite news |last1=Chaman |first1=Vishakha |title=Manesar municipal corporation divided into seven zones for better governance {{!}} Gurgaon News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/manesar-municipal-corporation-divided-into-7-zones-for-better-governance/articleshow/80162013.cms |work=The Times of India |date=8 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Powers and functions ==

The Municipal Corporation of Gurugram has the following departments for the summarised functions<ref name="gmc ref6">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation of Gurugram, MCG, Gurugram Municipal Corp |url=https://www.gurugramonline.in/city-guide/municipal-corporation-of-gurugram |access-date=29 November 2021 |publisher=gurugramonline.in}}</ref>-

* Accounts and Pension - The Senior Accounts Officer heads the department which handles the preparation of budgets for the city, maintaining corporation account books, accounting of expenditure bills, and pension cases of its employees.
* Administration - The Joint Commissioner heads the department which handles regulating and monitoring that principles of the corporation are followed, handling corporation employees' cases, managing RTI applications, handling the procurement issues of corporations, and implementing laws made by corporations and other internal issues.
* Engineering - The Superintendent Engineer or Executive Engineer heads the department which handles accounting for financial resources from the Government of India, the Government of Haryana, and other organisations for improving infrastructure and infrastructure-related works in the city.
* Fire - Handling issues relating to fire and ensuring that the City's structures follow Fire safety measures.
* Audit - The department lays down various guidelines and controls while incurring expenditures for the corporation.
* Health and Sanitation - The Chief Sanitation Officer heads the department which handles issues relating to cleaning of streets, garbage disposal, solid waste management, and other sanitation issues.
* Information Technology - The Manager of Information Technology heads the department which handles the primary functions of maintaining and operating the corporation website and providing Information Technology-related training to corporation employees along with maintenance of various data in digital mode.
* Tax - The Tax Officer heads the department which handles functions relating to imposition and collection of vehicle tax, property tax, development tax, house tax, and fire tax.
* Land and License - The Land Officer heads the department which handles the main purpose of regularizing activities relating to advertising, granting licenses relating to the installation of mobile phone towers in the city, events relating to the sale and purchase of land, and collection of rent from various sources among others.<ref name="gmc ref5">{{cite news |title=Airtel Bags Free Public Wi-Fi Deal From Gurgaon Municipal Corporation |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/internet/news/airtel-bags-free-public-wi-fi-deal-from-gurgaon-municipal-corporation-702836 |access-date=29 November 2021 |work=NDTV Gadgets 360 |language=en}}</ref>
* Town Planning and Building - The Chief Town Planner heads the department which handles issues relating to town and urban planning, monitoring the land use and construction, issuing Government approvals for purposes like commercial, industrial, residential, and any others, and regularising unauthorized settlements, which are major functions with the department.<ref name="GMC ref11">{{cite news |title=Notice to 60 Gurgaon banquet halls running illegally |url=https://www.ndtv.com/gurgaon-news/notice-to-60-gurgaon-banquet-halls-running-illegally-538638 |access-date=29 November 2021 |publisher=NDTV.com |date=23 October 2013}}</ref>
* Legal - The District Attorney heads the department which majorly deals with legal issues relating to the corporation.<ref name="GMC ref12">{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Bagish |title=High court stays FIR against Municipal Corporation of Gurugram, Haryana Shahari Vikas Pradhikaran bosses {{!}} Gurgaon News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/hgh-court-stays-fir-against-municipal-corporation-of-gurgaon-haryana-shahari-vikas-pradhikaran-bosses/articleshow/76968698.cms |access-date=29 November 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=15 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
== See also ==

* [[List of municipal corporations in India]]
{{Municipalities of Haryana}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://gurugram.gov.in/service/e-services/ Official Website]
* [https://www.symbiosisinfra.com/gurgaon-property-tax/ Gurgaon Property Tax]


[[Category:Municipal corporations in Haryana]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government of Haryana]]

Yogini with a Mynah Bird

2026-02-13T11:46:52Z

SallieChinnery5: new!

{{Short description|17th-century Indian painting}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox artwork
| image = Yogini with a Mynah Bird, by the Dublin Painter. Bijapur, early 17th century, 44x32cm, Chester Beatty Library, Dublin (cropped).jpg
| height_metric = 44
| width_metric = 32
| dimensions_ref = <ref name=":0"/>
| museum = [[Chester Beatty Library]]
| city = [[Dublin]]
}}

'''''Yogini with a Mynah Bird''''' is a [[Deccan painting|Deccan]]-styled painting located in the [[Chester Beatty Library]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Haidar |first1=Navina Najat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oi4nBwAAQBAJ&dq=Yogini+with+a+Mynah+Bird&pg=PA98 |title=Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700: Opulence and Fantasy |last2=Sardar |first2=Marika |date=13 April 2015 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-300-21110-8 |pages=98–100 |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
It is dated to the early 17th century, and presumably commissioned for the court of [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Description ==
The principal subject is a woman, who has the characteristic features of a [[yogini]], with ash-coloured skin and top-knotted hair. She is wearing a red ''[[peshwaj]]'', with a golden ''[[dupatta]]'' and gold jewellery.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Goswamy |first=B. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-rfrQEACAAJ |title=The Spirit of Indian Painting: Close Encounters with 101 Great Works, 1100–1900 |date=2014 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-670-08657-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Goswamy |first=B. N. |author-link=B. N. Goswamy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TgxEQAAQBAJ&dq=Yogini+with+a+Mynah+Bird&pg=PT315 |title=Ruminations: 101 & more short essays on the spirit of Indian art |date= 30 October 2024|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-6790-887-7 |language=en}}</ref> A [[myna]] bird is perched upon her right hand.<ref name=":1" />

On either side of the woman are lotus and peony plants, the design of which was likely copied from Chinese porcelain or textiles.<ref name=":0" /> In the background is a golden sky, beneath which are rocks characteristic of the Deccan, and a hill, atop which is a palace. The painting is surrounded by poetic texts in Persian, on all four sides.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Brainerd |first1=Madeleine |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1xzh12b |title=Mocking Bird Technologies: The Poetics of Parroting, Mimicry, and Other Starling Tropes |last2=Kitao |first2=Kaori |date=2018 |publisher=Fordham University Press |isbn=978-0-8232-7848-0 |chapter=Yogini and Mynah Bird: On the Poetics and Politics of Transspecies Meditation|jstor=j.ctt1xzh12b }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=14 April 2021 |title=Navina Najat Haidar, Kathleen James-Chakraborty and Abeer Gupta to discuss the intersection of art and rock formations of Hyderabad and Deccan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/an-online-session-to-decode-deccan-rock-formations-in-medieval-art/article34316674.ece |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Harle |first=J. C. |title=The Art and Architecture of The Indian Subcontinent |pages=400}}</ref>

==Analysis==
[[File:A_Yogini_with_a_Veena,_c._1600,_Jagdish_and_Kamla_Mittal_Museum,_Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|Another depiction of a princess-like yogini in a Deccan painting, dated to about 1600, located in the [[Jagdish and Kamla Mittal Museum of Indian Art|Jagdish and Kamla Mittal Museum]].]]
The woman's appearance gives rise to conflicting interpretations. Her top-knotted hair and ash-besmeared skin identify her as a yogini. The elongated shape of her body also points toward her status as an ascetic, as her leanness may be due to fasting.<ref name=":1" />

However, her attire consisting of the ''[[peshwaj]]'', golden ''[[dupatta]]'', and lavish gold jewellery suggest that she belongs to the aristocracy. In South Asian literature, myna birds are associated with noble ladies, who keep them as pets. The palace in the background gives rise to the interpretation that she has left behind her past life.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hutton |first=Deborah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAvqAAAAMAAJ&q=yogini+myna |title=Art of the Court of Bijapur |date=18 December 2006 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-34784-8 |language=en}}</ref>

This depiction of princess-like yoginis is common in Deccan art. Examples of this include a painting in the [[Jagdish and Kamla Mittal Museum of Indian Art|Jagdish and Kamla Mittal Museum]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goswamy |first=B. N. |author-link=B. N. Goswamy |title='Art & soul: Yoginis from the Deccan |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/remembering-bn-goswamy/art-soul-yoginis-from-the-deccan/ |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

Mark Zebrowski interprets her to be a sorceress. He describes her face as "[[Medusa]]-like" and points out that the bird could represent an ill omen. He says that the dark theme of the painting may represent the "seductive heresies" that enticed Ibrahim II away from orthodox [[Islam]].<ref group="note">[[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]] was fascinated by Hinduism as well as mysticism, and described himself as a Hindu god in one of the poems he composed in the [[Kitab-i Nauras]].{{harvnb|Zebrowski|1983|pp=67, 70}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last1=Michell |first1=George |url=https://the-deccan.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/cambridge_history_michell_zebrowski_art_architecture_deccan_sultanates.pdf |title=Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates |last2=Zebrowski |first2=Mark |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=[[The New Cambridge History of India]] I : 7 |pages=173–174 |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718003730/https://the-deccan.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/cambridge_history_michell_zebrowski_art_architecture_deccan_sultanates.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Zebrowski|1983|p=104}}

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|group=note}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Zebrowski |first=Mark |year=1983 |title=Deccani Painting |publisher=Roli Books International, New Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25577/mode/2up}}

[[Category:17th-century paintings]]
[[Category:Indian paintings]]
[[Category:Paintings in Ireland]]
[[Category:Paintings of birds]]
[[Category:Paintings of women]]
[[Category:Indian artefacts held abroad]]

T. M. Krishna

2026-02-12T19:54:43Z

SallieChinnery5: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Carnatic Vocalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = T. M. Krishna
| caption = T. M. Krishna at Kollam, Kerala, 2021
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name =
| alias = TMK
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1976|1|22}}
| origin =
| birth_place = [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]), [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| instrument =
| genre = [[Carnatic classical music|Carnatic classical]]
| occupation = Singer, Lecturer, Author, Activist, Writer
| years_active = 1988–present
| website = {{URL|https://tmkrishna.com}}
| image = TM Krishna at Kollam 6.jpg
}}

'''Thodur Madabusi Krishna''' (born 22 January 1976) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] vocalist, writer, [[activist]], author and Ramon Magsaysay awardee.

In the year 2016 he was awarded with the [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] for “his forceful commitment as artist and advocate to art’s power to heal India’s deep social divisions, breaking barriers of caste and class to unleash what music has to offer not just for some but for all”.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/tm-krishna-magsaysay-awardee-profile-2938049/|title=TM Krishna, the man who used music to heal India's deep social divisions|date=2016-07-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US}}</ref> As a vocalist, he has made a large number of innovations in both the style and substance of his concerts, thereby inviting controversy from some quarters.

Krishna was conferred the [[Sangita Kalanidhi]] award for 2024 by the [[Madras Music Academy]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/sangita-kalanidhi-award-for-tm-krishna-nritya-kalanidhi-for-neena-prasad/article67960817.ece |title=Sangita Kalanidhi award for T. M. Krishna, Nritya Kalanidhi for Neena Prasad |date=17 March 2024 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Background and personal life==
Krishna was born in [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]) on 22 January 1976, the son of T. M. Rangachari and his wife Prema Rangachari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vidyavanam.org|title=Vidya Vanam - School For Underprivileged Children - Provide Schooling For Underprivileged Rural Indian Children|website=Vidya Vanam - School for Underprivileged children|access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> His mother and maternal uncle Dr. Sriram Subramaniam founded and ran a school named [[Vidya Vanam]] for tribal and underprivileged students in Anaikatti, [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vidyavanam.org/governance|title=Vidya Vanam - School for underprivileged children|website=Vidya Vanam - School for Underprivileged children}}</ref> Krishna is the grand nephew of [[Indian National Congress|Congress politician]] and freedom fighter [[T. T. Krishnamachari]] (former Indian finance minister and industrialist), who was also one of the founding members of the [[Madras Music Academy]].<ref name="icmschicago.org"/>

Krishna is an alumnus of The School (Krishnamurti Foundation of India), Chennai. Krishna received his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] degree in economics from [[Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College|Vivekananda College]], [[University of Madras]]. He is married to [[Sangeetha Sivakumar]], a reputed carnatic musician<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/Sangeetha-Sivakumar-160337897331613/|title=Sangeetha Sivakumar|website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> and they have two daughters.

==Career==
[[File:T.M. Krishna sings at Kollam 2021.ogg|thumb|T. M. Krishna sings at Kollam, Kerala, 2021]]
Both of Krishna's parents had deep interest in the arts, especially [[Carnatic music]]. His mother had received music lessons in her childhood in the typical south Indian style, and had even taken a degree in Carnatic Music.<ref name="icmschicago.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.icmschicago.org/Artists/krishna.html|title=Indian Classical Music Society of Chicago - T. M. Krishna}}</ref> Krishna's parents ensured that he received exposure to the classical arts from a young age. They arranged for him to receive music lessons from a very young age. Krishna began his musical training under Bhagavathula Seetharama Sharma. He later underwent special [[Ragam Thanam Pallavi]] grooming under [[Chingleput Ranganathan]] and [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]].

Krishna's performing career began at the age of 12 with his debut concert at the Spirit of Youth series organised by the Music Academy, Chennai (India). He has since performed widely at various festivals and venues across the world, including the [[Madras Music Academy]], [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)]], [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]], [[Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts]], [[Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay]], to name a few.

His music is often appraised as being soulful and full of 'raga bhava'. Among his many renditions, some of the most popular among his listeners include 'Jambupathe' in Yamunakalyani and 'Manavinala' in Nalinakanthi. His music during the last decade was reputed for his powerful, deep voice and his ability to sing rapid swaras in many rare ragas. He now shows a focus on Neraval, an improvisational form which he believes has been distorted over the ages. He is also famous for his 'innovations' in the method he presents his concerts, one of the primary issues that purists have being that he renders varnams (traditionally introductory pieces) in the middle of a concert. He is also working towards a project in which Dikshithar compositions from the Sangeetha Sampradaya Pradarshini are rendered exactly according to their notation in the book.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jnanarnava.org/|title=Jnanarnava Trust - Home|website=jnanarnava.org|access-date=2019-02-19|archive-date=19 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019042300/http://jnanarnava.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Krishna speaks and writes about a wide range of issues, not confined to the cultural sphere. His interests span the breadth of leftwing activism, be it the environment, the caste system, social reform, religious reform, combating communalism, innovation in classical music and so on. He has started and is involved in many organizations whose work is spread across the spectrum of music and culture. Recently, he has spoken out against the revocation of Article 370,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/article-370-revoked-carnatic-vocalist-tm-krishna-responds-to-the-crisis-in-jammu-and-kashmir-through-poetry-music-7125401.html|title=Article 370 revoked: Carnatic vocalist TM Krishna responds to the crisis in Jammu and Kashmir through poetry, music|date=7 August 2019}}</ref> and the destruction of statues of Lenin, Ambedkar, Gandhi and Periyar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/culture/perumal-murugans-poem-in-solidarity-with-statues-set-to-music-by-t-m-krishna|title = Perumal Murugan's Poem in Solidarity with Statues Set to Music by T. M. Krishna}}</ref>

Krishna is part of the team of activists that organizes the Urur-Olcott Kuppam Festival in Chennai and the Svanubhava initiative in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/urur-olcott-kuppam-vizha-an-alternate-space-for-art-to-thrive-in-chennai/article22464309.ece|title=An alternate space for art to thrive|first1=Parshathy J.|last1=Nath|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 January 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/an-art-festival-for-the-young/article19967852.ece|title=For the young, by the young|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 November 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He has been part of inspiring collaborations, such as the Chennai Poromboke Paadal with environmentalist Nityanand Jayaraman.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82jFyeV5AHM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/82jFyeV5AHM |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Chennai Poromboke Paadal ft. TM Krishna|last=Vettiver Collective|date=14 January 2017|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He has collaborated for performances with the Jogappas (transgender musicians) and has brought on to the concert stage the poetry of Perumal Murugan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tm-krishna-to-lead-a-concert-for-equality-in-bengaluru/article8245966.ece|title=T. M. Krishna to lead a concert for equality in Bengaluru|first=Ranjani|last=Govind|newspaper=The Hindu |date=17 February 2016|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He also speaks in various conferences and academic institutions, including Harvard University, [[Chennai Mathematical Institute]], the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]], and the [[Indian Institutes of Management]].

Among his awards are the prestigious [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] (2016) in recognition of ‘his forceful commitment as artist and advocate to art’s power to heal India’s deep social divisions’, the [[Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration]] (2017) for his services in promoting and preserving national integration in the country, and the Professor V. Aravindakshan Memorial Award (2017) for connecting Carnatic music with the common man.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Magsaysay-award-for-Wilson-T.M.-Krishna/article14511463.ece|title=Magsaysay award for Wilson, T. M. Krishna|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref>

The song 'Venpura' of the movie [[Gypsy (2019 film)]] directed by [[Raju Murugan]] is Krishna's first playback song. [[Santhosh Narayanan]] is the music director.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tm-krishna-on-debuting-in-tamil-cinema-as-a-singer-in-gypsy/article27273908.ece|title=Every artist would love to be a gypsy in spirit, says TM Krishna|last=Ramanujam|first=Srinivasa|date=2019-05-28|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-05-29|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Books ===
*''Voices Within'' (2007). Coffee table book on Carnatic Music by [[Bombay Jayashri]], T. M. Krishna, and [[Mythili Chandrasekhar]]. The book was translated in Tamil and published by Ananda Vikatan Publications in 2011.
*''[[A Southern Music: The Carnatic Story]]'' (2013, {{ISBN|9789350298213}}, paperback 2016, {{ISBN|9789351777403}}, paperback 2017, {{ISBN|9789352645237}}). The book was awarded the 2014 Tata Literature Award for Best First Book in the non-fiction category.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Southern Music: Exploring the Karnatik Tradition|first=T. M.|last=Krishna|date=21 April 2015|publisher=Harpercollins|isbn=978-9350298213}}</ref>
*''MS Understood'' (2017). This long-form essay was featured in The Caravan Book of Profiles (2017, {{ISBN|9780143428152}}) by Penguin as one of their "twelve definitive profiles".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/ms-understood-ms-subbulakshmi|title=The myths and misconceptions around MS Subbulakshmi, India's most acclaimed musician}}</ref> The essay was published in Tamil as ''Katrinile Karainda Tuyar'' by Kalachuvadu Publications in 2018.
*''Reshaping Art'' (2018). Published by Aleph Book Company.
*''Ashis Nandy: A Life in Dissent'' (2018). Krishna contributed one chapter to this book about Indian sociologist [[Ashis Nandy]].<ref>{{cite book|title=ASHIS NANDY- A LIFE IN DISSENT|last=RAMIN|date=1 September 2018|publisher=OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS|isbn=978-0199483945}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/book-review-ashis-nandy-a-life-in-dissent/1165106/|title=Book Review: Ashis Nandy: A Life in Dissent|date=13 May 2018}}</ref>
*''Sebastian and Sons: A Brief History of Mrdangam Makers'' (2020, {{ISBN|9789389152180}}, paperback 2022, {{ISBN|9789395073585}})<ref>{{cite news | title=In his new book, TM Krishna explores how caste oppression invisibilised India's mridangam-makers | first=Arshia| last=Dhar | url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/in-his-new-book-tm-krishna-explores-how-caste-oppression-invisibilised-indias-mridangam-makers-7974311.html | work=Firstpost. | date=3 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Keeping the cow and brahmin apart | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/keeping-the-cow-and-brahmin-apart/article30686002.ece | work=The Hindu | date=30 January 2020 }}</ref>
*''The Spirit of Enquiry: Notes of Dissent'' (2021, {{ISBN|9780670095803}})
*''We, the People of India: Decoding a Nation's Symbols'' (2026, {{ISBN|9789371973069}})

===Articles and lectures===
Krishna also frequently writes on topics ranging from music (including its practice, musicians, history and future) to society, culture, politics and religion. His articles have been published across most leading Indian newspapers and magazines such as The Indian Express, The Hindu, The Hindustan Times, Outlook, India Today, and Open, as well as several online portals such as Scroll, The Wire, DailyO, and Firstpost. Krishna has also delivered lectures at a variety of institutions, including leading universities across the world. Noteworthy among these lectures are:
* Art Politics and Society (2020) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veH0rBkyOLo][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veH0rBkyOLo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veH0rBkyOLo] [http://tatalitlive.in Tata Literature Live]
* Neelan Tiruchelvam Memorial Lecture (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives1.sundayobserver.lk/2018/07/29/news/19th-neelan-tiruchelvam-memorial-lecture-todaycarnatic-musician-t-m-krishna-will|title=19th Neelan Tiruchelvam Memorial Lecture today:Carnatic musician T. M. Krishna will deliver the Oration|date=28 July 2018}}</ref>
* AK Ramanujan Lecture (2018)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/nationalism-debate-rages-at-ramjas/articleshow/63005228.cms|title=Nationalism debate rages at Ramjas - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 February 2018 }}</ref>
* Professor Ram Bapat Memorial Lecture (2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/crossing-the-line/articleshow/59612567.cms|title=Crossing the line|access-date=23 August 2018|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625090337/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/crossing-the-line/articleshow/59612567.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Dr. Ashok Da Ranade Memorial Lecture (2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ashokdaranade.org/wordpress/index.php/lectures/t-m-krishna/|title=T M Krishna – Dr. Ashok da Ranade Memorial Trust|website=ashokdaranade.org|access-date=23 August 2018|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226021135/http://ashokdaranade.org/wordpress/index.php/lectures/t-m-krishna/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Kumar Gandharva Memorial Lecture (2014)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/kumar-gandharva-memorial-lecture/article6427733.ece|title=Kumar Gandharva Memorial Lecture|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 September 2014|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
In 2016, along with Gita Jayaraj, Dr A. Mangai, [[S. Nandagopal]], and [[Baradwaj Rangan]], Krishna taught a semester long course called Indian Art in Context at Chennai Mathematical Institute.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chennai Mathematical Institute|url=https://www.cmi.ac.in//activities/arts-initiative/indian-art-in-context-2016.php|access-date=2020-06-18|website=www.cmi.ac.in}}</ref>

===Initiatives and collaborations===

'''<big>Chennai Poromboke Paadal</big>'''<ref name="auto"/>

The Chennai Poromboke Paadal music video was released on 14 January 2017 on YouTube. An initiative by T. M. Krishna and environmental activist Nityanand Jayaraman - the Tamil song was written by [[Kaber Vasuki]] and composed by [[R. K. Shriramkumar]], and the video was directed by Rathindran Prasad. The video featured Krishna performing in and around the Ennore creek and highlighted the environmental damage done to the creek by the power plant in that region, [[Ennore Thermal Power Station]]. The music video trended on YouTube India for a week after its release becoming the first Carnatic song to trend on YouTube. The song's title contained the word "Poromboke" which formerly meant land of the commons but has become a popular swear word. The music video also garnered attention for combining Tamil slang dialect with carnatic music. The song is a raga-malika and is based on the ragas [[Anandabhairavi]], Begada, [[Hamir Kalyani]], [[Devagandhari]], [[Salagabhairavi]] and [[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Sindhubhairavi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/here-comes-the-chennai-porombokkku-paadal/articleshow/56563269.cms|title=Here comes the Chennai Porombokkku Paadal - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Notes-from-the-south/article17103275.ece#!|title=Notes from the south|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-03-09|language=en}}</ref>

'''<big>Kodaikanal Still Won't</big>'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UhZz5vKi01c |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/UhZz5vKi01c |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Kodaikanal Still Won't|last=jhatkaa|date=29 June 2018|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Krishna collaborated with rap and gaana kuthu artists in this multi-genre music video in protest of multinational Unilever's double standards and its refusal to apply the globally accepted environmental standards in India. Directed by film maker Rathindra Prasad, this was a second video after the original Kodaikanal Won't video which protested Unilever's 2001 dumping of toxic mercury in the South Indian hill town of Kodaikanal, which is said to have poisoned its workers and the forest.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/240618/kodaikanal-wont-it-still-wont.html|title=Kodaikanal Won't– It still won't|date=24 June 2018}}</ref>

'''<big>Chennai Kalai Theru Vizha (formerly Urur Olcott Kuppam Vizha)</big>'''

Krishna was part of the team that started this festival with an aim to heal art, and help art heal by opening art and artists to new audiences and different environments. The festival made its debut in January 2015 at Urur-Olcott Kuppam in Chennai. In 2016, it was designed also as a celebration to help relieve some of the trauma suffered by people hurt by the 2015 floods, and as a thanksgiving to the many who assisted with relief, rescue and rehabilitation efforts. Today, the Urur Olcott Kuppam Vizha is now Chennai Kalai Theruvizha, a new avatar that will begin exploring new locations around the city in collaboration with local communities.

== Activism ==
[[File:TM Krishna speak in Jay Kisan image exhibition at Kollam 2021.ogg|thumb|T. M. Krishna speaks in Jay Kisan image exhibition at Kollam, 2021]]
T. M. Krishna is an activist against caste discrimination. He also advocates for environmental activism and LGBTQ+ rights. He received media spotlight when he boycotted the Chennai Music Season citing caste favouritism in the Carnatic Music system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-tm-krishna-5447177/|title=Who is TM Krishna?|date=2018-11-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US}}</ref> He was involved with various organisations to bring Carnatic Music across the rural areas and to support underprivileged artists.<ref name=":0" />

== Political views ==
He has been a strong critic of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and the [[Sangh Parivar]]. He accused them of launching an unrelenting offense of hate and violence against minorities, their cultures, identities and their rights as India's equal citizens. He also alleged that they have made people believe that Hindus are under threat and have made mostly Muslims and Dalits as their main targets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/video/request-people-to-reject-pm-modi-bjp-musician-tm-krishna-1493383-2019-04-03|title=Request people to reject PM Modi, BJP: Musician TM Krishna|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/844858/the-tm-krishna-column-why-the-hindu-majority-must-push-back-against-the-bjps-politics-of-hate|title=The TM Krishna column: Why the Hindu majority must push back against the BJP's politics of hate|last=Krishna|first=T. M.|website=Scroll.in|date=25 July 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> In August 2018, Krishna received threats from right-wing groups after he sang Christmas hymns. He announced that he would release one Carnatic song about Jesus and Allah every month.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tilak|first=Sudha G.|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45179051|title=Indian musicians threatened over Christian hymns|date=2018-08-15|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-04-27|language=en-GB}}</ref>

In April 2019, he asked the people of Kerala to vote wisely and not to believe in the alleged misinformation propagated by the BJP that Hinduism is not safe in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2019/04/22/hinduism-safe-kerala-do-not-believe-lies-propagated-bjp-tm-krishna.html|title='Hinduism safe in Kerala, don't believe lies propagated by BJP': T. M. Krishna|website=The Week|language=en|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref>

Krishna is a critic of Israeli policy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=T. M. |title=On Israel-Palestine, false equivalences based on ignorance, prejudice |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/on-israel-palestine-false-equivalences-based-on-ignorance-prejudice-2737031 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-07-01 |title=T. M. Krishna writes about the human impact of the Israel-Palestine crisis |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/whose-land-is-it-anyway/article19186990.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-11-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2022, Krishna signed onto the Musicians For Palestine pledge, refusing to perform in [[Israel]] following the [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Our names |url=https://musiciansforpalestine.com/our-names-2-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927125619/https://musiciansforpalestine.com/our-names-2-0 |archive-date=2022-09-27 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Musicians for Palestine}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Iyengar, B.R.C., "Dulcet Tones", Kalasagaram, 2004
*Kumar, S. Vinaya, "Seasoned Musician", The Hindu
*Collection of [http://hi5songs.com/t-m-krishna-mp3-download.html T. M. Krishna songs] On HI5SONGS
*Nisshanka, "TM Krishna: Bravado and Loudness", Chennai Online

==External links==
{{commons category|Thodur Madabusi Krishna}}
* SVANUBHAVA https://web.archive.org/web/20130719064546/http://www.svanubhava.org/
*[http://www.matrka.org''Matrka Website'']
*[http://www.youtube.com/c/TMKrishnaOfficial''Youtube Channel'']
*[http://www.jnanarnava.org''Jnanarnava Website''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128175505/http://jnanarnava.org/ |date=28 January 2020 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070625220612/http://www.tmkrishna.com/reviews.html ''Other news reviews and articles'']
{{RMA winners of India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna, T. M.}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Male Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ramon Magsaysay Award winners]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Madan Patil

2026-02-08T12:00:40Z

SallieChinnery5: minor added details per sources after review

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption = Member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
| name = Madan Vishwanathrao Patil
| birth_date = 2 December 1960
| birth_place = Sangli, [[Maharashtra]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2015|10|16|1959}}
| death_place = Mumbai, India
| spouse = Jayashree madan patil
| children = Sonia Patil-Holkar, Monika Patil-Kadam
}}
'''Madan Vishwanathrao Patil''' (2 December 1960–16 October 2015) was a member of the [[12th Lok Sabha]] of India. He is son of Vishwanathrao Shamrao Patil & also grandson of former chief minister of maharashtra [[Padmabhushan]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]. He has a B.Com. (Hons.) (Chintaman Rao College ), Shivaji University, Sangli (Maharashtra). He represented the [[Sangli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangli]] constituency of [[Maharashtra]] and is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) political party.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/former-maharashtra-minister-and-congress-leader-madan-patil-passes-away/article7769260.ece|title=Former Maharashtra Minister and Congress leader Madan Patil dead|date=16 October 2015|work=The Hindu|accessdate=17 March 2016}}</ref>

He was also a member of the [[12th Lok Sabha]] from Sangli, Maharashtra. He was Member of 2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from Sangli constituency. He was Cabinet Minister for Women and Child Affairs in the Ashok Chavan led Cabinet of State of Maharashtra.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Madan}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:People from Sangli]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]

Karan Oberoi (singer)

2026-02-07T23:26:07Z

SallieChinnery5: created data!

{{Short description|Indian singer and television actor}}
{{for|the Indian fitness and fashion model|Karan Oberoi (model)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Karan B Oberoi
| image = Karan Oberoi Photoshoot.jpg
| alt = Karan B Oberoi (television actor and singer)
| caption = Karan B Oberoi in 2011
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names = Karan B Oberoi
| occupation = Singer, actor, producer, published author
| years_active = Active since 1995
| known_for = [[A Band of Boys]], "Meri neend"
| website = {{URL|http://www.karanoberoi.in}}
}}

'''Karan B Oberoi'''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVY5NNvOd1o |title=Actor Karan Oberoi Adds An Extra 'B' In His Name After Numerologist' Suggestion |date=2019-06-20 |last=Saas Bahu aur Saazish |access-date=2025-04-12 |via=YouTube}}</ref> is an Indian television actor and singer.<ref name=hin/> He is mainly known as a singer with an Indi-pop boy band, [[A Band of Boys]]. He has done supporting character roles in television serials such as ''[[Jassi Jaisi Koi Nahin]]'', [[Swabhimaan]], [[Dishayen]]<ref>{{cite news |title='I'm not comfortable expressing love publicly'
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_im-not-comfortable-expressing-love-publicly_1094251 |newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] |date=2 May 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Karan hasn't met Mona for four months |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-08-23/tv/27973695_1_script-mona-singh-karan-oberoi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922083231/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-08-23/tv/27973695_1_script-mona-singh-karan-oberoi |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 August 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hear and there! |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=105204 |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |date=30 October 2004 |access-date=19 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204019/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=105204 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and had a bit part in [[Inside Edge (TV series)]].

==Career==
Karan B Oberoi first started acting through the TV serial, ''[[Swabhimaan]]'' an afternoon soap opera aired in 1995, directed by [[Mahesh Bhatt]], followed by ''[[Saaya (Indian TV series)|Saaya]]'' in 1998.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}
He also played the role of Rajive in ''[[Dishayen]]''.

He is a member of [[A Band of Boys]], which was formed in 2001, after auditions which had 1200 entries, judged by [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Lesle Lewis (composer)|Lesle Lewis]], Vinod Nair and Manu Kumaaran. The band made their debut with album ''Yeh Bhi Woh Bhi'' featuring the number ''Meri neend''.<ref name=hin>{{cite news |title=Make way for the boys |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/26/stories/2002092600700300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030703214445/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/26/stories/2002092600700300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 July 2003 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 September 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Boys bond with music |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/02/stories/2003010201090300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704215144/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/02/stories/2003010201090300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 July 2003 |newspaper= [[The Hindu]]|date=2 January 2003 }}</ref> The band did a movie titled ''Kiss Kisko'' in 2004.

Oberoi played the role of Raghav in ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]''. He was also in serials such as Zindagi Badal Sakta Hai Hadsaa in which he played the role of Inspector Abhimanyu Singh/Abhi. He was also the anchor and host of Antakhshari in [[zee tv]].

In 2024, he released his first extended play ''A Band of Boys: Reignite'' in collaboration with his boy band member A Band of Boys, [[Meghdeep Bose]] and Pinky Ponnawala.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/music/story/band-of-boys-the-og-indie-boy-group-is-back-with-gori-again-karan-oberoi-siddharth-haldipur-sherrin-varghese-chintoo-bhosle-sudhanshu-pandey-2587368-2024-08-24|title=Band of Boys: The OG Indie boy group is back with "Gori Again"|date=2024-08-24|access-date=2024-12-08}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was in a brief relationship with TV actress [[Mona Singh]], after they met in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 April 2009 |title=Mona Singh and Karan split! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-06/tv/28005004_1_divya-dutta-reality-mona-singh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922083325/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-06/tv/28005004_1_divya-dutta-reality-mona-singh |archive-date=22 September 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2006-10-28 |title=Mona darling |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2006/oct/145635.htm |newspaper=[[MiD DAY]]}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
He was arrested on May 5, 2019, following a sexual harassment complaint filed by his former girlfriend. The matter remains sub judice, with proceedings still ongoing in court.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-11 |title=Karan Oberoi rape case: Mumbai court upholds legal proceedings against Pooja Bedi and other celebrities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/karan-oberoi-rape-case-mumbai-court-upholds-legal-proceedings-against-pooja-bedi-and-other-celebrities/articleshow/120088470.cms |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film(s)===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film(s) !! Role !! Notes
|-
|-
|2004 || ''Kiss Kiss Ko'' || || Band Of Boys
|-
|}

===TV shows===
* ''[[Swabhimaan]]'' (1995) as Bobby
* ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]'' (1996-1997) as Inspector (ep 48-49), Insp. Arjun (ep 110-111)
* ''[[Saaya (Indian TV series)|Saaya]]'' (1998) as Karan
* ''[[Milan (Indian TV series)|Milan]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Dishayen]]'' (2001–2003) as Rajiv
* ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]'' (2005–2006) as Raghav Oberoi
* ''[[Titan Antakshari]]'' (Host)
* ''[[The Great Indian Comedy Show ]]'' (2004) as (Host)
* ''[[Zindagi Badal Sakta Hai Hadsaa]]'' (2008) as Inspector Abhimanyu Singh
* ''[[Inside Edge (TV series)|Inside Edge]]'' (2017-2021)

==Discography==
===Albums===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Album !! Notes
|-
|-
| 2002 || ''Yeh Bhi Woh Bhi'' || Debut album
|-
| 2005 || ''Gaane Bhi Do Yaaro'' ||
|-
| 2024 || ''A Band of Boys: Reignate'' ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{youTube|QaffFbweZXI|Karan Oberoi speak russian}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oberoi, Karan}}
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian male pop singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

Seema Rahmani

2026-02-06T04:52:29Z

SallieChinnery5: new!

{{short description|American actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Seema Rahmani
| image = Host World Travel Awards Show 2014.jpg
| caption = Rahmani hosting The World Travel Awards Show, Asia & Australasia, 2014
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1969|12|03}}
| birth_place = [[Kuwait]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| years active = 2000–present
| website =
| occupation = Actress, TV presenter
}}

'''Seema Rahmani''' is an American film actress and television presenter.

==Early and personal life==
Seema was born and raised in [[Kuwait]]. Her family's native place is [[Pune]], India. At the age of 15, she moved to the [[United States]]. She completed her high school education in [[Newark, New York|Newark]], New York. She graduated with a [[Bachelor of Science]] with a [[Minor degree|Minor in Mathematics]] from [[State University of New York]].<ref>{{cite web |date=10 March 2005 |title=Nudity is no Sin: Seema Rahmani |url=http://www.santabanta.com/bollywood/5576/nudity-is-no-sin-seema-rahmani/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094211/http://www.santabanta.com/bollywood/5576/nudity-is-no-sin-seema-rahmani/ |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=25 July 2015 |publisher=SantaBanta.com}}</ref> She holds a [[Master of Arts]] in [[Marketing]] from [[Emerson College]], [[Boston]].<ref>{{cite web |date=6 July 2011 |title=Full of Spunk |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/full-of-spunk/article2162840.ece |access-date=25 July 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1997, Seema left a PR corporate career in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]] and joined theater, thus beginning her acting career. She soon landed stints in two television series - ''Alias'' for [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] and ''Roswell'' for [[Warner Brothers]] 2000–2001.
Rahmani moved to India in 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sins-hindi-movie-review-7455.html |title=No squeamish apologetic sexual exploitation |work=India Glitz |date=24 February 2005 |access-date=18 September 2015 |archive-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607001654/http://www.indiaglitz.com/sins-hindi-movie-review-7455.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bollyspice.com/36335/i-enjoy-work-that-makes-sense-to-me-seema-rahmani |publisher=BOLLYSPICE |title=I enjoy work that makes sense to me |date=22 January 2012 |access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref>

She hosted a show about animals named ''Heavy Petting'' between 2007 and 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?ID=10036&AlbumType=PG&Title=seema-rahmani-is-back-with-heavy-petting- |title=Seema Rahmani Is Back With Heavy Petting!! |publisher=NDTV |access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/release/y2k8/may/mayrel66.php |title=Watch Seema Rahmani solve your pet peeves in the new season of 'Heavy Petting' only on NDTV Good Times |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.petaindia.com/blog/seema-rahmani-thinks-s-sin-harm-animals/ |title=Seema Rahmani Says, It's a 'Sin' to Harm Animals |publisher=PETA |date=7 September 2012 |access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dogwithblog.in/2013/12/02/happy-bday-blue-bird/ |title=Happy B'Day Bluebird! |publisher=Dog With Blog |date=2 December 2013 |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-date=12 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312155118/http://dogwithblog.in/2013/12/02/happy-bday-blue-bird/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 2004 || ''Arjun Verma'' || Sameera || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2005 || ''Banana Brothers'' || Reema || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Hum Kaun Hai?]]'' || Maria || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Sins (film)|Sins]]'' || Rosemary || English ||
|-
| ''[[Missed Call (film)|Missed Call]]'' || Rose/Nisha || Hindi ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Shakalaka Boom Boom]]'' || Seema || Hindi ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Loins of Punjab Presents]]'' || Sania || English ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Gangor (film)|Gangor]]'' || Sheetal || English, Bengali ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012 || ''[[Love, Wrinkle-free]]'' || Natalie || English||
|-
| ''[[Good Night Good Morning]]'' || Moira || English || Also executive producer
|-
| 2013 || ''Reprise'' ||Meena || English ||
|-
|2014 || ''[[Unfreedom]]''||Chandra||English||
|-
|2015 || ''Kahani'' ||Memsahib||Hindi||

|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Channel
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2007-2012
|''Heavy Petting''
|NDTV Good Times
|Travelling Show Host
|Animal Show
|-
|2007-2010
|''The Big Fat Indian Wedding''
|NDTV-Good Times
|Travelling Show Host
|
|-
|2006
|''Karamchand''
|Sony TV
|Dr. Rita Kapoor
|
|-
|2001
|''Alias''
|ABC
|Sara
|
|-
|2000
|''Roswell''
|Warner Brothers
|Nurse
|
|}

===Theatre===
* ''Life Like Rainbow Grey''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.4to40.com/music/index.asp?p=Life_Like_Rainbow_Grey-Play&k=Seema_Rahmani_Play |title=Life Like Rainbow Grey |publisher=4to40.com |access-date=26 July 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203070154/http://www.4to40.com/music/index.asp?p=Life_Like_Rainbow_Grey-Play&k=Seema_Rahmani_Play |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://allevents.in/new%20delhi/life-like-rainbow-grey/340648106095287 |title=Life Like Rainbow Grey |publisher=allevents.in |access-date=26 July 2015 |archive-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202201438/http://allevents.in/new%20delhi/life-like-rainbow-grey/340648106095287 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Seema Rahmani}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1632823}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahmani, Seema}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Pune]]
[[Category:People from Kuwait City]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American actresses of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American expatriate actresses in India]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:State University of New York at Fredonia alumni]]
[[Category:Emerson College alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]

Sintex

2026-01-26T20:26:23Z

SallieChinnery5: done!

{{Short description|Indian plastic company}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Sintex Industries Ltd
| type = Public company
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{BSE was|502742}}|{{NSE was|SINTEX}}}}
| logo = Logo for Sintex Industries after demerger.png
| caption =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1931}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_govt-s-infra-social-focus-a-buoy-for-sintex_1489455 |title=Govt's infra, social focus a buoy for Sintex – Money – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=3 January 2011 |access-date=24 January 2011}}</ref>
| founder =
| location_city = [[Kalol (Gandhinagar)|Kalol]], Gujarat
| location_country = India
| area_served =
| key_people = {{ubl|Rahul Patel {{smaller|(chairman and [[Managing director|MD]])}}|Amit Patel {{smaller|([[Managing director|MD]])}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Sintex Industries Ltd. |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/sintex-industries-ltd/stocks/companyid-13963.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref>}}
| num_employees =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| industry = Textile
| subsid = {{ubl|Bharat Vijay Mills (BVM)|Sintex Yarns|BVM Overseas Ltd<ref>{{cite web |title=Group Companies |url=http://www.sintex.in/group-companies/ |publisher=Sintex Industries |access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref>}}
| owner = {{ubl|[[Reliance Industries]] {{smaller|(2023–present)}}}}
| products =
| homepage = {{URL|sintex.in}}
}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Sintex BAPL Ltd.
| type = Public company
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{BSE|540653}}|{{NSE|SPTL}}}}
| logo =
| caption =
| foundation = {{start date and age|2017}}<ref name="ndtv">{{cite web |title=Demerged Sintex Industries Shares Surge 85% On Trading Debut |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/demerged-sintex-industries-shares-surge-85-on-trading-debut-1703754 |website=NDTV |date=25 May 2017 |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref>
| founder =
| location_city = Kalol
| location_country = India
| area_served =
| key_people = {{ubl|Amit Patel {{smaller|(chairman and [[Managing director|MD]])}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Sintex Plastics Technology CEO and key executive team |url=https://craft.co/sintex-plastics-technology/executives |website=craft.co |access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref>}}
| num_employees =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| industry = Plastics
| subsid = {{ubl|Bright Autoplast (Sintex-BAPL)(India)|Sintex Plastics (India)|Wausaukee Composites Inc (US)<ref>{{cite web |title=Group Companies |url=https://www.sintexplastics.com/group-companies/ |publisher=Sintex Plastics Technology |access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref>|Sintex Infra Projects<ref>{{cite web |title=Sintex demerger: today is cut-off date |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/sintex-demerger-today-is-cutoff-date/article9710864.ece |website=The Hindu Business Line |date=23 May 2017 |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref>}}
| owner = {{ubl|[[Welspun Group]] {{smaller|(2023–present)}}}}
| products =
| homepage = {{URL|sintexplastics.com}}
}}
'''Sintex''' (formerly known as ''The Bharat Vijay Mills Ltd'' and ''Sintex Industries Ltd'') is the world's largest producer of plastic water tanks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.superbrandsindia.com/images/brand_pdf/consumer_3rd_edition/Sintex.pdf |title=Superbrand of India |publisher=superbrandsindia.com |access-date=24 January 2011}}</ref> and Asia's largest manufacturer of corduroy fabrics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Research/LeaderSpeak/Interview-of-Mr.-Amit-Patel-Managing-Director-Sintex-Industries-Limited/14216356 |title=Interview of Mr. Amit Patel, Managing Director, Sintex Industries Limited |publisher=Indiainfoline.com |access-date=24 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Shayan|date=2020-09-30|title=PNB declares ₹1,203-cr loan to Sintex Industries as fraud|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/banking/pnb-declares-rs-1-203-cr-loan-to-sintex-industries-as-fraud-11601481829650.html|access-date=2021-03-18|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How Sintex's Attempt To Create Value Destroyed Nearly All Its Wealth|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/how-sintexs-attempt-to-create-value-destroyed-nearly-all-its-wealth|access-date=2021-03-18|website=BloombergQuint|date=July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PNB Reports Rs 1,200 Crore "Borrowing Fraud" By Ahmedabad Firm|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pnb-reports-rs-1-200-crore-borrowing-fraud-by-sintex-industries-2303529|access-date=2021-03-18|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

The company operates in [[Europe]], America, Africa, and [[Asia]], especially in [[France]], [[Germany]], and the [[US]]. It primarily works with building materials, textiles, prefabricated structures, custom molding products, monolithic construction and water storage tanks.

In March 2023, it was announced that, in separate agreements, Sintex Industries Ltd. (SIL) and Sintex Plastics Technology Limited were acquired by [[Reliance Industries]] (RIL) and [[Welspun Group]], respectively. After completing the purchase, RIL now holds 70% of SIL's share control and will manage the company jointly with Assets Care & Reconstruction Enterprise (ACRE).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/ril-completes-acquisition-of-sintex-pumps-in-rs-1-500-crore-11680166990658.html|title=RIL completes acquisition of Sintex, pumps in ₹1,500 crore|work=Mint|access-date=2023-07-20|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/welspun-group-completes-acquisition-of-sintex-bapl/3027745/|title=Welspun Group completes acquisition of Sintex BAPL|work=The Financial Express|date=31 March 2023 |access-date=2023-07-20|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Bharat Vijay Mills Limited was incorporated in June 1931 and started a composite [[textile mill]] in [[Kalol (Panchmahal)|Kalol]], Gujarat that same year. In 1975 it was renamed Sintex Industries Limited and was listed on the [[Mumbai Stock Exchange]] in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/sintex-industries-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-13963.cms |title=SINTEX History | Sintex Industries Ltd Company History & Profile |work=The Economic Times |access-date=24 January 2011}}</ref>

Sintex<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report_after-durha-buyout-sintex-to-bid-for-bot-projects_1480869|title=After Durha buyout, Sintex to bid for BOT projects|date=2018-03-30|work=DNA|language=en-US}}</ref> expanded significantly in the 2000s, including the acquisition of U.S.-based Wausaukee Composites. In 2007 the offshore holdings segment, Sintex Holdings BV Netherlands, acquired the automotive branch of Bright Brothers Ltd to form Bright Autoplast, also called Sintex BAPL,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sintex Industries acquires Automotive products business of Bright Brothers Ltd |url=https://www.equitybulls.com/admin/news2006/news_det.asp?id=18847 |website=Equity Bulls |access-date=14 September 2021}}</ref> and the French company Nief Plastics was acquired, to be later renamed Sintex NP. In 2015 Bright Autoplast signed onto a joint venture with Rototech Group to expand its coverage of automotive applications, calling the joint unit BAPL Rototech.<ref name="autocar">{{cite web |last1=Panday |first1=Amit |title=Lightweight tech to fuel growth for Bright Autoplast |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/feature/lightweight-tech-fuel-growth-bright-autoplast-22669 |website=Autocar Professional |access-date=14 September 2021}}</ref>

In 2017 Sintex demerged, with its textiles business remaining under the name Sintex Industries Limited, while the plastics and prefab side became Sintex Plastics Technology Limited.

===Sintex Industries Limited===
Despite strong initial showings after the demerger,<ref name="ndtv"/> in June 2019 Sintex Industries was downgraded by [[CARE Ratings]] to "issuer non-cooperating" and defaulted on non-convertible [[debenture]]s from [[Punjab National Bank]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Textile maker Sintex Industries defaults on ₹86 crore of debt |date=12 June 2019 |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/textile-maker-sintex-industries-defaults-on-86-crore-of-debt-1560348893842.html |publisher=Mint |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> Another default later that year precipitated a plea by [[Invesco]] Asset Management in December 2020 and Sintex Industries entered bankruptcy in April 2021.<ref name="bankruptcy">{{cite web |last1=Parmar |first1=Beena |title=Yarn maker Sintex Industries enters bankruptcy on creditor plea |url=https://www.vccircle.com/yarn-maker-sintex-industries-enters-bankruptcy-on-creditor-plea/ |website=vccircle |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref>

===Sintex Plastics Technology Limited===
Sintex developed an [[Anaerobic digestion|anaerobic digester]] in 2008 that captures emissions from human waste for use as fuel or for generating electricity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kahn |first1=Jeremy |title=Waste not, want not |url=https://money.cnn.com/2008/02/26/news/international/kahn_biogas.fortune/index.htm?postversion=2008022704 |website=CNN Money |access-date=25 August 2023 |date=27 February 2008}}</ref>

Sintex began a campaign called ReviveOurRivers in October 2017 encouraging people to make a pledge to keep rivers clean.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedrum.com/news/2017/10/11/sintex-educates-people-about-sewage-disposal-emotive-campaign|title=Anjali Patil in Revive Our Rivers|date=2017-10-11|work=Sintex ad campaign|access-date=2020-05-04|language=en-US}}</ref>

In August 2019, Sintex Plastics sold the entirety of subsidiary Sintex NP SAS to XTECH Invest.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sintex Plastics locked at upper circuit after selling entire stake in subsidiary |date=13 August 2019 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/stocks/sintex-plastics-locked-at-upper-circuit-after-selling-entire-stake-in-subsidiary-4330801.html |publisher=Moneycontrol |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> The French unit was known as Nief Plastic SA before Sintex acquired it in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kapur |first1=Narinder |title=Sintex Plastics to sell French unit to PE consortium for $173 mn |url=https://www.vccircle.com/sintex-plastics-to-sell-french-unit-to-pe-consortium-for-173-mn/ |website=vccircle |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref>

In March 2021, Sintex Plastics reported a major fire at the Sanaswadi plant, part of the Sintex-BAPL material subsidiary.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sintex Plastics Technology expects a loss of Rs52.19cr due to a fire at the Sanaswadi plant |url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/sintex-plastics-technology-expects-a-loss-of-rs52-19cr-due-to-a-fire-at-the-sanaswadi-plant-121050700398_1.html |publisher=India Infoline |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sintex.in Official Sintex Industries website]
* [http://www.sintexplastics.com Official Sintex BAPL Ltd. website]

[[Category:Plastics companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1931]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1931]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:2023 mergers and acquisitions]]

Himachal Pradesh State Election Commission

2026-01-25T03:45:40Z

SallieChinnery5: created a article!

{{Infobox government agency
| name = Himachal Pradesh State Election Commission
| nativename = राज्य चुनाव आयोग हिमाचल प्रदेश
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| formed = 23 April 1994
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| headquarters = Armsdale Building, HP Secretariat, Chotta Shimla -171002.
Phone (Office): 0177-2620152.(Fax):2620152.Email: secysec-hp@nic.in
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = Sri Anil Kumar Khachi, IAS (Retd.)
| chief1_position = State Election Commissioner
| chief2_name = Sh. Surjeet Singh Rathore
| chief2_position = Secretary, State Election Commission
| chief3_name = Electoral Officer
| chief3_position = Sh. Sanjeev Kumar Mahajan
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| website = https://sechimachal.nic.in
| footnotes =
}}

'''Himachal Pradesh State Election Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[Constitutional body (India)|constitutional body]] constituted in [[India]]n state of [[Himachal Pradesh]] for ensuring that elections are conducted in free, fair and unbiased way. [[Constitution of India]] with provisions as per Article 243K and 243ZA ensures creation and safeguarding of the powers of [[States Election Commission (India)|State Election Commissions]]. Himachal Pradesh State Election Commission is responsible for conducting elections for [[Municipal governance in India|Urban Local Bodies]] and Panchayati Raj Institutions like [[Municipality|Municipalities]], [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporations]], [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2022 |title=Official Website of State Election Commission Himachal Pradesh |url=https://sechimachal.nic.in/ |website=State Election Commission, Himachal Pradesh |access-date=20 May 2022 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520071950/https://sechimachal.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Himachal Pradesh State Election Commissioner is appointed by [[Governor (India)|Governor]] of Himachal Pradesh.

== History and Administration ==

Himachal Pradesh State Election Commission was constituted on 23 April 1994<ref name="sec ref1">{{cite news |title=WHAT IS ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA (ECI)? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-election-commission-of-india#collapse |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India}}</ref> for the superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all elections to the Urban Local Bodies and Panchayati Raj Institutions<ref name=":0" /> State election commissioner is appointed by Governor.<ref name="sec ref2">{{cite news |title=India Code: Section Details |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_18_21_00005_199426_1517807320414&sectionId=42788&sectionno=98&orderno=98 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="sec ref6">{{cite news |title=State Election Commissioner Conditions of Service Rules, 1994 |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/HRY/HL534.HTM |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.bareactslive.com |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206113835/http://www.bareactslive.com/HRY/HL534.HTM |url-status=dead }}</ref> To ensure the autonomy of the position, the Himachal Pradesh state election commissioner cannot be removed from office except on the grounds and manner specified for [[judge]] of [[High courts of India|High Court]].

Himachal Pradesh State Election Commission had introduced Electoral Roll Management System (ERMS).<ref name="hsec ref3">{{cite news |title=Electoral Roll Management System (ERMS) for State Election Commission, Himachal Pradesh {{!}} Informatics |url=https://informaticsweb.nic.in/index.php/article/electoral-roll-management-system-erms-state-election-commission-himachal-pradesh |access-date=13 December 2021 |publisher=informaticsweb.nic.in}}</ref>

== Powers and Responsibilities ==

Himachal Pradesh States Election Commissioner is responsible for the following:<ref name="sec ref1" /><ref name="sec ref7">{{cite news |title=Election Commission directs all state electoral officers to immediately redress all pending voter applications |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/election-commission-directs-state-electoral-officers-immediately-redress-pending-voter-applications-1503026387.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=The Statesman |date=23 November 2021}}</ref>

* Releasing election schedule.<ref name="hsec ref6">{{cite news |title=Himachal Pradesh's panchayat polls to be held in three phases in January |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/dec/21/himachal-pradeshs-panchayat-polls-to-be-held-in-three-phases-in-january-2239211.html |access-date=13 December 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=21 December 2020}}</ref>
* Issue notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Conducting elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Issue notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for conducting elections for panchayats in State.<ref name="hsec ref5">{{cite news |title=First phase on panchayat polls in Himachal Pradesh today |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/first-phase-on-panchayat-polls-in-himachal-pradesh-today-101610849727400.html |access-date=13 December 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=17 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Conducting elections for panchayats in State.
* Laying guidelines for persons eligible to contest in elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Conducting elections for panchayats in State.
* Model code of conduct are following in elections for local bodies.
* Updating Electoral rolls with new additions.
* Updating Electoral rolls with removals, if any.
* Declaration of results of elections held for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Declaration of results of elections held for panchayats in State.
* Ordering repoll if needed.
* Making arrangements for Statewide polls.
* Monitoring poll expenditure for Panchayat polls.<ref name="hpec 2">{{cite news |last1=Chauhan |first1=Pratibha |title=Webcasting at all polling booths in four northern districts |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/mar/06/webcasting-at-all-polling-booths-in-four-northern-districts-2272845.html |access-date=13 December 2021 |date=5 October 2021 |ref=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Composition ==

Himachal Pradesh State Election Commission is headed by State Election Commissioner and as many members as specified in State Act. State Election Commissioners are independent persons not holding position or office in any Central or State Government organizations<ref name="sec ref5">{{cite news |title=State election commissioners should be independent, says SC |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/state-election-commissioners-should-be-independent-says-sc/cid/1809411 |publisher=www.telegraphindia.com |date=13 March 2021}}</ref>

Shri Anil Kumar Khachi IAS (Retd.), is the State Election Commissioner of Himachal Pradesh State Election Commission.<ref name=":0" /> His period of service will be 5 years or attaining an age of 65 years whichever is earlier.

== Constitutional Requirements ==

Himachal Pradesh State Election Commission was formed after amendment of Constitution with 73rd and 74th declaration.<ref name="sec ref4">{{cite news |title=India State Election - Find information of all State elections in India |url=https://www.elections.in/state-elections.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref> State Election Commissions were formed as per Article 243K of the Constitution.<ref name="sec ref3">{{cite news |date=12 April 2018 |title=State election panels: Independent of central EC, with similar powers |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/state-election-panels-independent-of-central-ec-with-similar-powers-5132220/ |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Election Commission of India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://sechimachal.nic.in/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520071950/https://sechimachal.nic.in/ |date=2022-05-20 }}

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:State election commissioners of India]]
[[Category:Local government in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Elections in Himachal Pradesh]]

Lycée Français International de Delhi

2026-01-22T06:14:46Z

SallieChinnery5: stub.

{{Short description|School in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Independent sources|date=December 2019}}
{{Notability|Organizations|date=December 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Lycée International Français de Delhi
| location = [[Chanakyapuri]], [[New Delhi, India]]
| address = 2, Aurangzeb road Delhi 110011 India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.6031958|77.22141290000002|display=inline,title}}
| type = Private, International
| website = {{URL|https://lfidelhi.org/}}
}}
'''Lycée Français International de Delhi''', formerly '''Lycée Français de Delhi''' ('''LFD'''), is a French international school in [[Delhi]], [[India]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120314080941/http://www.lfdelhi.org/ Home page]. ''Lycée Français de Delhi''. 14 March 2012. Retrieved on 22 January 2015. "2 Aurangzeb Road Delhi 110011 India"</ref> It serves levels ''maternelle'' (preschool) through ''lycée'' (senior high school).<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20131206115134/http://www.lfdelhi.org/fr/p%C3%A9dagogie Pédagogie]." ''Lycée Français de Delhi''. 6 December 2012. Retrieved on 22 January 2015. In the drop-down menu, select "Pédagogie" in orange to see the levels.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://lfidelhi.org/ Lycée Français International de Delhi]

{{Portal bar|France|Schools|India}}
{{International schools in India}}
{{French schools in the Mideast and Subcontinent}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lycee Francais de Delhi}}
[[Category:International schools in Delhi]]
[[Category:French international schools in India|Delhi]]

{{Delhi-school-stub}}

Zinda (song)

2026-01-19T18:12:10Z

SallieChinnery5: added

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Zinda
| cover = Zinda_(Bhaag_Milkha_Bhaag)_-_Cover_2013.jpg
| alt =
| border = yes
| type =
| artist = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] (composer) [[Siddharth Mahadevan]] (singer)
| album = [[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (soundtrack)|Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]
| released = 23 May 2013
| recorded = 2011
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Arena rock|Stadium rock]], [[progressive rock]], [[Filmi]]
| length = 3:30
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| writer = [[Prasoon Joshi]]
| producer = [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]]
}}
"'''Zinda'''" ({{translation|Alive}}) is a song from the soundtrack ''[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (soundtrack)|Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]'' of the 2013 Hindi biographical drama of [[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag|the same name]]. The song was composed by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] and performed by [[Siddharth Mahadevan]], son of [[Shankar Mahadevan]], who made his [[bollywood]] singing debut through this song. The lyrics of the song were penned by [[Prasoon Joshi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542639|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114170759/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542639|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=2013-07-17|title=Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (2013)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2013-07-17}}</ref>

==Development==
The [[progressive rock]] song, according to Ehsaan Noorani, has an "anthemic stadium rock feel".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bollyspice.com/63947/ehsaan-the-music-of-bhaag-milkha-bhaag-is-rooted-powerful-and-pure-just-like-milkha-singh|access-date=2013-07-17|title=Ehsaan: The music of Bhaag Milkha Bhaag is rooted, powerful and pure just like Milkha Singh|date=2013-07-17|quote=We composed the hook with a strong stadium rock almost anthemic feel and then went onward to compose the rest of the song}}</ref> Mehra recommended Siddharth for the song as he had heard him sing on a campaign film he had done for an environmental organization. The composers chose him since he had the "grunge" texture to the voice, which the song demanded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-28/news-and-interviews/40254549_1_playback-debut-prasoon-bhaag-milkha-bhaag|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704021446/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-28/news-and-interviews/40254549_1_playback-debut-prasoon-bhaag-milkha-bhaag|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-07-04|access-date=2013-07-17
|title=I was part of dad's breathless when I was three: Siddharth Mahadevan|date=2013-07-17|work=[[The Times of India]]|quote=I'm really thankful to Rakeysh uncle, more than anyone for this song. It was he who persisted on using my voice for the rock version.}}</ref>

==Release==
The song, which was part of the initial teaser, was released on 23 May.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/zinda-from-bhaag-milkha-bhaag/651389376|access-date=2013-07-17|title=iTunes - Music - Zinda (From "Bhaag Milkha Bhaag") - Single by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy|website=[[iTunes]] |date=2013-07-17}}</ref>

===Charts===
The song immediately after the release entered Top 10, and later topped the iTunes charts.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news-releases/bhaag-milkha-bhaag-music-sprints-top-charts|title = Bhaag Milkha Bhaag music sprints to top charts|date = 17 July 2013|publisher = Radioandmusic.com}}</ref> It also entered the [[Radio Mirchi]] Top 10 chart and made its way up post release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/musicchart/6692253.cms?chartid=1&periodtype=4|access-date=2013-07-17|title=Music Chart - The Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2013-07-17}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CKLr1tsIRHE Zinda]'' official video song on ''[[YouTube]]''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zinda)}}
[[Category:Songs with music by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
[[Category:2013 singles]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 songs]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Prasoon Joshi]]

Yasmin Modassir

2026-01-18T13:41:04Z

SallieChinnery5: done!

{{short description|Indian academician, scientist and Principal}}
{{like resume|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
'''Yasmin Modassir''' (1953 – October 5, 2016) was an Indian academician, scientist and former principal at [[Dhempe College of Arts and Science]],
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhempecollege.edu.in/|title=Dhempe College of Arts & Science|website=www.dhempecollege.edu.in}}</ref> a college affiliated to the [[Goa University]], [[Miramar, Goa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhempecollege.edu.in/zoology-faculty/|title=Departmental Profile|publisher=Dhempe College of Arts and Science|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328164539/https://www.dhempecollege.edu.in/zoology-faculty/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Former-Dhempe-College-principal-dies/107092.html|title=Former Dhempe College principal dies|work=heraldgoa.in|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220122551/http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Former-Dhempe-College-principal-dies/107092.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Born in [[Uttar Pradesh]], she received her doctorate degree in 1980 from [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. She was involved in scientific research in Zoology and fisheries from 1975 in a career spanning 39 years. She was the recipient of ''Senior Research Fellowship'' and ''Post-Doctoral Fellowship of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)'' New Delhi. She joined Dhempe College of Arts and Science as a faculty member in 1981, becoming Head of the Department of Zoology in 1996.<ref name=nt/> She became Chair of Vice-Principal in 2003, Principal in 2006 and retired in September 2016.<ref name=nt>{{cite news|url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/yasmin-modassir-a-versatile-personality/|title=Yasmin Modassir, a versatile personality|newspaper=Navhind Times|date=9 October 2016|access-date=12 December 2012 }}</ref>

== Areas of research ==
Modassir's research included [[Limnology]], culture of [[mollusc]]s; conservation strategies for [[mangrove]] ecosystems; [[zooplankton]] of [[Salt pan (geology)|saltpan]]s; effects of pollutants on marine fauna.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/sep5/12 |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 December 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220172848/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/sep5/12 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Professional affiliations ==
She was a founder member of All Goa Association of Zoologists, and a life member of the Mangrove Society of India, the Society of Bio-sciences, the Academy of Sciences for Animal Welfare and the National Environmental Science Academy (Goa chapter).{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

== Honours ==
* "Environmentalist of the Year" Award 2002 for outstanding contribution in the field of Environmental Biology by the International Board of Awards of National Environmental Science Academy, India.
* Conferred fellowship of the Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Technology (F.ASET) for outstanding contribution for furthering Knowledge systems in service of the society to improve the quality of life of people – July, 2007.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}
* Conferred fellowship by Society of Biosciences for outstanding contribution in biological science in 1995.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

== Publications ==
=== Research papers ===
{{overly detailed|section|date=June 2020}}
* Modassir, Y. (1977). Ecological observations on the SEPSID fauna of cattle dung. Journal of Zoological Research, 1: 31–32
* Modassir, Y. (1977). Field Studies on the mating behavior of Certain Sepsidae. Journal of Zoological Research, 1 (2): 47–48
* Modassir, Y. (1990). Ecology and production of a benthic bivalve Meretrix casta (Chemnitz) in the Mandovi estuary, Goa. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 19: 125–127 (ISSN No:0379-5136)
* Modassir, Y. (1991). Growth and seasonal changes in biochemical composition in black clam [[Villorita cyprinoide]] (Gray). Mahasagar, 24 (2), 119–125
* Chatterji, A. Modassir, Y. and Kanti, A. (1992). Studies on the food and feeding habit of Labeo bata (Ham). ''Geobios'', 19: 61–67
* Modassir, Y. (1993). Color preference and sensitivity to pesticides in Sepsis nitens" ''Geobios'', 20 (2): 81–84
* Modassir, Y. (1993). Effect of environmental factors on the seasonal abundance of Sepsid flies. ''Geobios'', 20 (4): 241–246
* Modassir, Y. (1995). Effect of temperature on hatching & larval duration in Sepsis nitens. ''Journal Bombay Natural History Society'', 92(2): 280–282.
* Modassir, Y. (1996). Seafood & Our Health. ''Ecology'', 10 (8): January, 25–29
* Modassir, Y. and Ansari Azra (2000). Effect of petroleum hydrocarbon on physiological & biochemical parameters in an estuarine bivalve, Paphia malabarica. Fishery Technology, 37 (1): 40–45
* Modassir, Y. (2000). The inter-tidal fauna inhabiting an exposed sandy beach at Miramar, Goa. ''Advances in Biosciences'', 19 (1): 19–32
* Modassir, Y. (2000). Effect of salinity on the toxicity on the mercury in Mangrove clam, Polymesoda erosa. (Lightfoot 1786), ''Asian Fisheries Science'', 13: 335–341
* Modassir, Y. (2004). Prospects of the green mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus) culture by raft method in the state of Goa for rural development. ''Bulletin of the Environmental Science'', XXII (2):138–146
* Modassir, Y. (2008). Effect of temperature and salinity on growth of a hyper saline ciliate, Fabrea salina. ''Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health'', 8: 207–210
* Modassir, Y. (2009). Studies on laboratory culture of a ciliate, Fabrea salina using inert feed Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational ''Health'', 9: 1-4
* Modassir, Y. and Azara Ansari (2010). Distribution and ecology of molluscs in the estuarine mangroves of Goa.'' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'', India, Section B-Biological Sciences, 80(IV):323–331
* Modassir, Y. and Ansari Azra (2011). Health and Hygiene: Status of the fisherwomen in the state of Goa. ''Biological Forum – An International Journal'', 3 (1):.57–60
* Modassir, Y. and Ansari Azra (2011). Plankton community of the hypersaline Salterns of Goa, India. ''Biological Forum – An International Journal'', 3 (1): 78-81
* Modassir, Y. (2011). Fish species diversity and its potential for angling fishing in Goa – An overview. ''Indian Journal of Applied and Pure Biology'', 26 (2) 291-304
* Modassir Y. and Chatterji, A (2011). Oxygen consumption in juveniles of tiger shrimp, (Penaeus monodon Fabricius) under different environmental conditions. ''Indian Journal of Applied and Pure Biology'', 26(2):327–338.
* Modassir, Y. and Chatterji, A. (2011). Growth of tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon in a re-circulating seawater system. ''Journal of Coastal Environment'', 2 (2)
* Modassir, Y. et al., (2013), Geochemical Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Mhadei River Watershed, Goa, India. ''International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Science'' (Accepted)

=== Contribution to books ===
* ''Conservation and sustainable management of molluscan resources along Goa coast, central west coast of India''.
* Chapter published in the book ''Recent advances in Environmental Sciences''. Published by Discovery publishing house, in 2002.
* "Tenacious molluscs", in the book ''Know your shore: Goa'', World Wide Fund – India. Sponsored by the Department of Science, Technology and Environment, Goa. December 2004, pp 96–104.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Modassir, Yasmin}}
[[Category:Indian women biologists]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Goa]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scientists from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Women zoologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]

Marwahi

2026-01-07T15:06:17Z

SallieChinnery5: stub.

{{Short description|Village in Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Marwahi
|pushpin_label = Marwahi
|pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh
|coordinates = {{coord|23.006|82.055|display=inline, title}}
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chhattisgarh
|subdivision_type = [[Districts of India|District]] |subdivision_name = [[Gaurella-Pendra-Marwahi district|Gaurella-Pendra-Marwahi]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[States of India|State]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
|subdivision_type3 = Country |subdivision_name3= {{IND}}
|population_total = 4060
|population_as_of = 2011
|demographics_type1 = Languages
|demographics1_title1= Spoken
|demographics1_info1= [[Hindi]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]
}}
'''Marwahi''' is a village in [[Gaurella-Pendra-Marwahi district]] in the state of [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]].<ref name="goc2020">{{cite web | url=https://gaurela-pendra-marwahi.cg.gov.in/about-district/ | title=About Gaurela-Penra-Marwahi District | publisher=Government of Chhattisgarh | date=2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bhupesh-baghel-inaugurates-gaurela-pendra-marwahi-chhattisgarh-district-1645156-2020-02-11 | title=Bhupesh Baghel inaugurates Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi as Chhattisgarh's 28th district | publisher=India Today | date=11 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://cgsuperfast.com/assembly-constituency-byelection-dates-announced | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117235341/https://cgsuperfast.com/assembly-constituency-byelection-dates-announced/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=17 January 2021 | title=By-election in marwahi | publisher=CG Superfast | date= 29 September 2020}} </ref>

== Demographics ==
In the [[2011 Census of India]], the population was 4,060. 2,086 were males and 1,974 were females. The [[literacy rate]] was 83.84%, which was higher than the 70.28% figure for all of Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2207_PART_B_DCHB_BILASPUR.pdf|title= Census of India 2011: Chhatisgarh District Census Handbook: Bilaspur|accessdate=2020-08-12|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Gaurella-Pendra-Marwahi district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Gaurella-Pendra-Marwahi district]]

Naagini 2

2025-12-30T23:38:12Z

SallieChinnery5: refined structure further and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Short description|Zee Kannada TV Serial}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Naagini2.jpg
| image_size =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| creator = K S Ramji
| based_on = ''Phir Laut Aayi Naagin''
| writer = Mahesh Rao Sacheth Bhat
| director = K S Ramji
| creative_director = Ramji
| starring = Namrata Gowda Ninaad Haritsa
| theme_music_composer = Karthik Sharma
| opentheme = "Naagini..." by Aishwarya Rangarajan
| endtheme =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 762
| executive_producer =
| producer = Ramji
| location = [[Bangalore]], Karanataka
| cinematography =
| editor = Roopkanth Nagaraj
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company =
| budget =
| network = [[Zee Kannada]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|02|17|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|03|03|df=yes}}
| related = ''[[Naagini]]''
}}

'''''Naagini 2''''' ({{Translation|Female serpent 2}}) is a 2020 Indian [[Kannada]]-language television series which aired on [[Zee Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/supernatural-thriller-naagini-2-completes-200-episodes-team-celebrates-the-milestone/articleshow/80021822.cms|title=Supernatural thriller Naagini 2 completes 200 episodes; Team celebrates the milestone|website=The Times of India|date=30 December 2020 |access-date=2021-01-17}}</ref> It premiered on 17 February 2020. The series is a sequel to ''[[Naagini]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/naagini-2-defeats-mangala-gowri-maduve-in-trp-race-bags-the-fourth-position/articleshow/79446842.cms|title=Naagini 2 defeats Mangala Gowri Maduve in TRP race; bags the fourth position|website=The Times of India|date=27 November 2020 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins as Shivani, a shape-shifting serpent, enters Earth to take revenge on the people who killed her husband, and to find Nagamani. She learns from Nagamatha that her husband Adishesha had been reborn on Earth, and will help to find Nagamani. Shivani finds out that Adishesha is between Trishool and Trivikram, who were in the same house where Trishool is the son of Nandisha (servant) and Trivikram is the son of Digvijay (Owner). Both of them were born at the same date and time, and Digvijay and his gang, including Nandisha, were the culprits who killed Adishesha and stole Nagamani.

Later Nandisha's mother Mahamaayi reveals that Trishool is actually Digvijay's son, and Trivikram is Nandisha's son. She exchanged the babies at birth because she wanted revenge on Digvijay, who stole Nagamani from Naagalok with the help of Tryambaka, before she could get her hands on Nagamani.

Trivikram and Trishool have the same snake mole. Trivikram is Adhisesha according to Shivani and Tryambaka. Trivikram remembers nothing about Adhisesha. Trishool and Trivikram fall in love with Shivani. Shivani recognizes the snake print in Trivikram and decides to marry him and rejects Trishool. Digvijay and his family find out that Trishool is his real son. It is discovered that Trishool is Adhishesha. But Trishool has no memories or powers. Digvijay learns about Adishesha's reincarnation and is thinking to kill him with the help of his son, not knowing his son is actually Adhishesha.

Trivikram starts to hate Trishool as he thinks Trishool snatched his happiness because he is Digvijay's real son and Trivikram is the son of a driver. Trivikram also learns that Trishool is in love with Shivani. One night, he dreams of Trishool marrying Shivani and seeks help from his grandmother. Under her assistance seeks help from another shape shifting serpent ''mayangani'' who lives in Mayadweep away from Naaglok after she lost her love, to kill Trishool. Mayangani tries to kill Trishool, but her powers don't work on him. She understands that he is Adhishesha with whom she was in love years back, but he rejected her because he loved Shivani. Mayangani is happy as she learns about Adhishesha's rebirth and plans to pursue him and become the ''naagrani'' of Naaglok. On the day of the Trivikram-Shivani marriage, Trishool forcefully marries her because [[Lord Shiva]]'s power tells him that only he has the right to marry her as their love is for all births. Shivani, not knowing that Trishool is Adhishesha, starts to hate him as she thinks Trivikram is Adhishesha and he is the reason for her separation from Adishesha and Naaglok. Mayangani, along with Trivikram, make plans to separate Shivani and Trishool. Myangani's also calls Tryambaka to kill Shivani. Later Shivani kills Mayangani with the help of Thrikkala Muni and her own powers. Shivani uses her power and finds out that Adhisesha is none other than Trishool. Mayangani curses Shivani that Adhisesha would never love her. As per the time runs, Shivani faces the Challenge to make Trishool understand her love for him. Mahamaye is born again to instruct Trivikram. Trivikram learns about Trishool and Shivani relationship. Trivikram decides to teach Sivani a lesson. Trishul learns that Trivikram is torturing her and the fight begins between Trishul and Trivikram where Trivikram pushes Trishul to Pathala Darbha. A man complains that he had seen Trivikram and Trishul fight. Digvijay questions Trivikram. Trivikram talks rudely to Digvijay and the mole scares Digvijay and he learns that Trivikram was the person who had attacked him last time. Family members request Digvijay to take Trivikram back home. Later, Trivikram reveals Digvijay and his friends secret to Naandisha and his powers and how he obtained it. Later Nandisha tells his mother that Trivikram has no legal right to have powers but Trishul has. He answers that Trishul is her original grandson not Trivikram. Trivikram learns that Trishul is Adishesha for whom Shivani came to Earth and Adishesha can be killed only with the nagamani. Trivikram finds that nagmani is in Digvijay's hand and asks Digvijay for it after which a fight takes place and the nagmani from Digvijay's hand falls into Pathala Darbha where Trishul is present. Due to nagmani's power Trishul reaches Earth. Eventually Shivani is killed by Takshaka (Trayambaka's twin brother). Shailu, with the same figure of Shivaniö appears.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Namratha Gowda as
** Naagini, a shape-shifting serpent/Adishesha's wife (main form); Queen Of Naagalok
** Shivani, Trishul's wife (human form); was Trivikram's love interest
** Clone Shivani, an illusion created from Shivani's shadow by Bhairava Baba
** Shailu, Shivani's look-alike artist<ref>{{Citation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/naagini-2-actress-namrata-gowda-shares-bts-from-the-show/articleshow/77081499.cms|title=Naagini 2 actress Namrata Gowda shares BTS from the show|website=The Times of India|date=21 July 2020 |access-date=2021-01-17}}</ref>
** Goddess Parvathi, in the Story of Shumbha Nishumbha told bye Digvijay's Mother/Grandmother of Trishul
* Ninaad Harithsa / Deepak Mahadev as
** Trishul Roy, Adishesha's reincarnated life; son of Digvijay and Damayanti. Adoptive son of Nandisha and Madhumathi. Reena's brother and Trivikram's adoptive brother. Shivani's husband. Mayangani's love interest.
** Adishesha, King of Nagaloka; main form and previous incarnation of Trishul
* [[Karthik Jayaram]] as Adishesha; king of Naaglok; husband of Naagini; Trishool's previous birth.
* Deepika Das as Amrutha, a shape-shifting snake from Naagar, in a special appearance from the previous Naagini series

=== Recurring ===
* Pranav Sridhar /Nagarajun Ballappa
** as Trivikram; son of Nandisha and Madhumathi; adoptive son of Digvijay and Damayanthi; Trishool and Reena's adoptive brother; Shivani's ex-fiancé.
* Aiswarya Shindogi as Mayangani, shape-shifting snake wants to marry Adhishesha and become the queen of Naagloka.
* [[Mohan Shankar]] as Digvijay. Trishool and Reena's father; Trivikram's adoptive father; he killed Adhishesha to acquire Naagmani.
* Muniraju as Nandisha; Trivikram's father; Trishool's adoptive father; Digvijay's driver and friend
* Vijay (Mahadevi Serial Fame)
** as Trayambaka, A Powerful Tantrik, The One Leads Digvijay gang to Acquire Nagamani
** as Takshaka, A Powerful Tantrik and Brother of Trayambaka; Who Captures Shivani Soul and Burnt her Body with help of Bhupathi
* Rashmi as Neeli a shape-shifting serpent who came to earth to help Shivani
* Ambarish Sarangi as Dhananjay, Digvijay's Brother and Disguised form of Digvijay
* Marina Tara as Nagamatha, Adhishesha's mother.
* Shwetha as Madhumati, Trivikram's mother; Trishool's adoptive mother.
* Laxman as Vishakantha; Digvijay's friend helped him kill Adhishesha and acquire Naagmani.
* Jeevan Neenasam as Dandapani
* Shashi as Samrat
* Prithvi Subbiah as Bhupathi
* Prithviraj as Ajit, An Garuda from Garudaloka
* Ananthavelu as Tavkal Rehman, Muslim Mowlvi
* Megha SV
** as Reena; Digvjay and Damayanti's daughter; Trishool's sister
* Surya Kiran as
** Govinda, Trishool and Reena's uncle; Damayanti's brother
** Bhairava Baba, Digvijay's evil guru (Special Appearance from Previous Naagini Series)
* Prakash as Sambashiva. Digvijay's friend helped him kill Adhishesha and acquire Naagmani.
* [[Jennifer Antony]] /Rekha Sagar
** as Damayanti; Trishool and Reena's mother; Trivikram's adoptive mother; Digvijay's wife
* JK as Naganetra, Head of Naga Clan and took a form as Aghori by the curse of Mohini
* Pooja Durganna as Krishne, One of Sorcerer who Gives Dhananjay form to Digvijay
* Deepika (Comedy Khiliadigalu) as Dodmalli
* Riddhi Ashok as Chikmalli
* Mahendra Prasad as Pakru
* Hmt Vijay As Pashupathi, Owner of Drama Company
* [[Rekha Das]] as Pashupathi's Wife and Makeup Artist of Drama Company
* Puneeth Babu as Mahaguru of Nagaloka
* Praveen Atharva as Seshanaga
* Darshini Nagaraj as Mohini
* Deepak Mahadev as Abhay, Investigation officer/Disguised form of Trishul
* Ahmad Harhash as Rajmati Singhmar
* Shringeri Ramayya as Vasudeva Acharya
* Vinaya Gowda as Nishumbha, Special Appearance
* Cheluvaraj as Shumbha, Special Appearance
* RK Chandan as [[lord Shiva]]
*[[Jagadish]] Kumar as Aghoriq
*Darshini gowda as Sahasra
* Chandu Gowda as Vishal, Special appearance from series Trinayani during Crossover episode
* Ashika Padukone as Nayani, Special appearance from serial Trinayani during Crossover episode

== Production ==
{{Expand section|date=June 2021}}
Popular director and producer, Ramji, produces and directs this series.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/namratha-gowda-is-elated-that-naagini-2-has-completed-100-episodes/articleshow/77500599.cms|title=Namratha Gowda is elated that Naagini 2 has completed 100 episodes|website=The Times of India|date=12 August 2020 |access-date=2021-01-17}}</ref> Trinity VFX creates the graphics.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/supernatural-thriller-naagini-2-completes-100-episodes/articleshow/77498777.cms|title=Supernatural thriller Naagini 2 completes 100 episodes|website=The Times of India|date=12 August 2020 |access-date=2021-01-17}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Naagini 2'' delivered 11+ million impressions in the TRP charts within its first week of airing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/supernatural-fiction-naagini-2-back-in-trp-race/articleshow/80168132.cms|title=Supernatural fiction Naagini 2 back in TRP race|website=The Times of India|date=8 January 2021 |access-date=2021-01-17}}</ref> It reached the top five position for most watched Kannada television program.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/naagini-2-continues-to-top-the-trp-charts/articleshow/76490117.cms|title=Naagini 2 continues to top the TRP charts|website=The Times of India|date=21 June 2020 |access-date=2021-01-17}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* ''[https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/naagini-2/0-6-2498 Naagini 2]'' at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Zee Kannada original programming]]

Apparel Park metro station

2025-12-19T17:51:06Z

SallieChinnery5: adjusted layout after review and updated info after review

{{short description|Ahmedabad Metro's Blue Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Apparel Park
| style = Ahmedabad Metro
| type = {{Ahmedabad Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}
| image = Apparel Park metro station.jpg
| address = Janata Nagar, Amraiwadi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380021
| coordinates = {{coord|23.01069|72.61807|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
| operator = [[Ahmedabad Metro]]
| lines = {{rcb|Ahmedabad Metro|Blue|croute}}
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Vastral Gam metro station|Vastral Gam]] Platform-2 → [[Thaltej metro station|Thaltej]]
| tracks = 2
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational
| opening = {{start date and age|df=yes|4 March 2019}}
| electrified = 750 V DC [[third rail]]
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Ahmedabad Metro|line=Blue|left=Kankaria East|to-left=Thaltej|right=Amraiwadi|to-right=Vastral Gam}}
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_dot_label =
| route_map = {{Blue Line (Ahmedabad Metro)}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Blue}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Apparel Park''' is an elevated metro station on the East-West Corridor of the [[Blue Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Ahmedabad Metro]] in [[Ahmedabad]], India. It was opened to the public on 4 March 2019. This metro station will be the [[Train shed|depot]] station for the metro trains running in this Blue Line.<ref>{{cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates Ahmedabad Metro first phase, takes a ride|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/pm-modi-inaugurates-ahmedabad-metro-first-phase-takes-a-ride/articleshow/68258253.cms?from=mdr|website=Economic Times India Times|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETRealty.com |title=Prime minister inaugurates phase-1 of Ahmedabad Metro rail project - ET RealEstate |url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/infrastructure/prime-minister-inaugurates-phase-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-rail-project/94587622 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=ETRealty.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-02 |title=Huge demand on Day 1 of Ahmedabad Metro |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/huge-demand-on-day-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-8186528/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Prime Minister Modi inaugurates phase-1 of Ahmedabad Metro rail project |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/prime-minister-modi-inaugurates-phase-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-rail-project/articleshow/94554222.cms |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Apparel Park track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Blue}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Kankaria East}}
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Amraiwadi}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[Vastral Gam metro station|Vastram Gam]] '''Next Station:''' [[Amraiwadi metro station|Amraiwadi]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← [[Thaltej metro station|Thaltej]] '''Next Station:''' [[Kankaria East metro station|Kankaria East]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/passenger-information/time-table/|name=Ahmedabad Metro Official Website}}
* {{Official website|https://yometro.com/ahmedabad-metro-23|name=Ahmedabad Metro stations' details}}

{{Ahmedabad Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2019]]

Desi Explorers

2025-11-25T05:52:43Z

SallieChinnery5: creating basic article added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre =
| creator =
| based_on = Travel web series
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring =
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 16
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Sunny Arora, Anand mishra
| editor =
| location = [[Jordan]], [[Taiwan]], [[Yas Island]]
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = 10 minutes
| company = Marinating Films Pvt Ltd.
| budget =
| network =
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2016}}
| last_aired =
| related =
}}

'''''Desi Explorers''''' is an Indian web based travel show hosted by a group of Indian television actors. The show has currently finished its third season consisting of ''Desi Explorers Jordan'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Watch-Promo-of-Desi-Explorers-Jordan-is-out/articleshow/52987617.cms|title=Watch: Promo of 'Desi Explorers Jordan' is out - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 June 2016 |publisher=|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref> ''Desi Explorers Taiwan''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sukriti-Kandpal-and-Surbhi-Jyoti-on-boyfriend-hunt-and-the-result-is-hilarious/articleshow/53376069.cms|title=Sukriti Kandpal and Surbhi Jyoti on boyfriend hunt and the result is hilarious - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 July 2016 |publisher=|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref> and ''Desi Explorers Yas Island (Abu Dhabi)''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/television/abu-dhabi-these-desi-explorers-are-giving-us-jobgoals-with-their-chilling-scenes-414921|title=ABU DHABI: These 'Desi Explorers' Are Giving Us #JobGoals With Their Chilling Scenes!|date=13 September 2016|publisher=|accessdate=29 January 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202050844/http://www.abplive.in/television/abu-dhabi-these-desi-explorers-are-giving-us-jobgoals-with-their-chilling-scenes-414921|url-status=dead}}</ref> The actors are taken to the places and are shown exploring the various sites.

==Cast==
===Desi Explorers Jordan===
*[[Kishwer Merchantt]]<ref name="Jordan">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-u60qhqix_U|title=Desi Explorers Jordan - Episode 5|last=Marinating Films|date=16 July 2016|publisher=|accessdate=7 August 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>
*[[Sukirti Kandpal]]<ref name="jordan2">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/photo/guess-what-kishwer-merchantt-suyyash-rai-vrushika-mehta-are-doing-in-jordan-377805-2016-05-23|title=Guess what Kishwer Merchantt, Suyyash Rai, Vrushika Mehta are doing in Jordan? - - Photo9 - India Today -|date=23 May 2016 |publisher=|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref>
*[[Suyyash Rai]]
*[[Vishal Singh (TV actor born 1985)|Vishal Singh]]
*[[Vrushika Mehta]]

===Desi Explorers Taiwan===
*[[Jay Soni]]
*[[Kishwer Merchantt]]
*[[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]]
*[[Sukirti Kandpal]]
*[[Surbhi Jyoti]]
*[[Vrushika Mehta]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sukriti-Kandpal-and-Surbhi-Jyoti-on-boyfriend-hunt-and-the-result-is-hilarious/articleshow/53376069.cms|title=Sukriti Kandpal and Surbhi Jyoti on boyfriend hunt and the result is hilarious - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 July 2016 |publisher=|accessdate=7 August 2016}}</ref>

===Desi Explorers Yas Island===
*[[Tanya Sharma]]
*[[Pooja Gor]]
*[[Jay Soni]]
*[[Karan Wahi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiablooms.com/ibns_new/travel-details/N/372/desi-explorers-rsquo-head-to-yas-island-uae.html|title=Desi Explorers' head to YAS Island, UAE - Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management|last=Indiablooms|publisher=|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref>
*[[Surbhi Jyoti]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Pooja-Gor-shares-some-fun-moments-with-Karan-Wahi-and-Surbhi-Jyoti-in-Abu-Dhabi-see-pics/articleshow/54305170.cms|title=Pooja Gor shares some fun moments with Karan Wahi and Surbhi Jyoti in Abu Dhabi, see pics - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 September 2016 |publisher=|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref>
*[[Srishty Rode]]
*[[Tina Dutta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqXPRRx3qNE|title=Desi Explorers Yas Island - Episode 1|last=Marinating Films|date=7 October 2016|publisher=|accessdate=7 November 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5896980}}

[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:2016 web series debuts]]
[[Category:2010s YouTube series]]

Ramakrishnan Sivaswamy Iyer

2025-11-14T02:00:57Z

SallieChinnery5: Made The Details W/ Refs - done

{{Short description|NRI businessman and investor based in the UAE}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Ramakrishnan Sivaswamy Iyer
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|01|01}}
| birth_place = [[Quilon]] (now Kollam), [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names = Ramesh Ramakrishnan
| education = [[University of Mumbai]], [[Harvard Business School]]
| occupation = [[Entrepreneur]], [[businessperson]], [[investor]]
| years_active = 1989–present
| known_for = Chairman of [[Transworld Group (shipping and logistics company)]]
| notable_works =
| honours = [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]] (2025)
| spouse = Geeta Ramakrishnan
| children = 2
}}
'''Ramakrishnan Sivaswamy Iyer''', also known as '''Ramesh Ramakrishnan''' is a [[Non-resident Indian]] businessman and [[investor]] based in the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE). He has served as the chairman of the [[Transworld Group (shipping and logistics company)|Transworld Group]] since 1989.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

In 2025, he was a recipient of the [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]] Award.

== Early life ==
Ramakrishnan’s journey builds on the footsteps of his late father, Sivaswamy Iyer, who founded [[Transworld Group (shipping and logistics company)|Transworld Group]] in 1977.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ramesh S Ramakrishnan {{!}} Gulf Business |url=https://gulfbusiness.com/lists/most-influential-indians-in-the-region-2024/ramesh-s-ramakrishnan/ |date=21 August 2024}}</ref> He completed his education from [[Mumbai]] and then moved to [[Dubai]] to take over Transworld group after the death of his father and became its chairman in 1989.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saseendran |first1=Sajila |title=Meet Dubai-based expat who will be honoured by Indian President |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/meet-dubai-businessman-who-will-be-honoured-by-indian-president-1.500012664 |work=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |date=8 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ramesh Ramakrishnan serves as a trustee of the India-UAE Friendship Hospital, an initiative for advancing healthcare, an effort that was acknowledged by former President of India, [[Ram Nath Kovind]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Admin |first1=Site |title=IBPC Dubai Conclave Highlights Strategic India-UAE Ties, Former President Kovind Delivers Keynote Address |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/ibpc-dubai-conclave-highlights-strategic-india-uae-ties-former-president-kovind-delivers-keynote-address/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ramesh Ramakrishnan – The Healing Hands Across Borders, Transforming The Lives Of Indian Workers In The Gulf |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/ramesh-ramakrishnan-the-healing-hands-across-borders-transforming-the-lives-of-indian-workers-in-the-gulf-573737 |work=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref>

He is a founding member of the ''UAE Ship Owners Association'' and also an investor, serving as the Chairman of WAMI Capital.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dubai: Ex-PepsiCo CEO Indra Nooyi, industry leaders discuss future of leadership at Pan-IIM event |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/dubai-ex-pepsico-ceo-indra-nooyi-industry-leaders-discuss-future-of-leadership-at-pan-iim-event?_refresh=true |work=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
In 2025, [[President of India]] [[Droupadi Murmu|Draupadi Murmu]] awarded him the [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]] Award (PBSA) for his contributions in the business sector. This award was announced by [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External affairs]], [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=External Affairs |first1=Indian Ministry |title=Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards-2025 |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38883/Pravasi_Bharatiya_Samman_Awards2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=27 selected for prestigious Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award 2025 |url=https://tripuratimes.com/ttimes/27-selected-for-prestigious-pravasi-bharatiya-samman-award-2025-23297.html |language=English}}</ref>

* Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award (PBSA) 2025 by President of India<ref>{{cite news |title=Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards 2025 to honor diaspora pioneers |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/pravasi-bharatiya-samman-awards-2025-to-honor-diaspora-pioneers/ |work=ddnews.gov.in}}</ref>
* Forbes' list of Top Indian Business Leaders In The Middle East 2021<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mughal |first1=Waqar |title=Ramesh Ramakrishnan |url=https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/lists/top-indian-business-leaders-in-the-middle-east/ramesh-ramakrishnan/ |work=Forbes Lists}}</ref>
* The Maritime Standard Hall of fame Award by Maritime Standard Awards 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Ramesh S Ramakrishnan honored with the prestigious "The Maritime Standard Hall of Fame Award" - India Shipping News |url=https://indiashippingnews.com/transworld-group-of-companies-honored-with-the-prestigious-the-maritime-standard-hall-of-fame-award/ |date=8 November 2024}}</ref>
* Businessman of the Decade by Maritime and Logistics Awards 2014<ref>{{cite news |title=Transworld Chairman recognised as visionary and businessman of decade |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/markets/transworld-chairman-recognised-as-visionary-and-businessman-of-decade?_refresh=true |work=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Ramakrishnan is married to Geeta Ramakrishnan and together, they have two children.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}} Both children are actively involved in the leadership of Transworld Group.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Businesspeople from Dubai]]
[[Category:Indian investors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]

Kasimedu

2025-10-26T18:26:12Z

SallieChinnery5: created info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Kasimedu
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = ta
|other_name = Kasimanagar
|settlement_type = Sub-neighbourhood
|image_skyline =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|nickname =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Kasimedu (Chennai)
|coordinates = {{coord|13|07|30.4|N|80|17|43.8|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File: TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai district]]
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|government_type =
|government_body =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_rank =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 31
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = [[Languages]]
|demographics1_title1 = [[Official]]
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|demographics1_title2 = Speech
|demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 600013
|area_code_type = [[Telephone]] Code
|area_code = +9144xxxxxxxx
|registration_plate = TN-04-xx-xxxx
|blank1_name_sec1 = Neighbourhoods
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Royapuram]], [[Tiruvottiyur]], [[Vannarapettai]], [[Tondiarpet]], [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]], [[Manali, Chennai|Manali]], [[Ernavoor]], [[Ennore]]
|blank2_name_sec1 =
|blank2_info_sec1 =
|blank3_name_sec1 =
|blank3_info_sec1 =
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 =
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank5_info_sec1 =
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
|blank6_info_sec1 =
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|blank7_info_sec1 =
|website = https://chennaicorporation.gov.in
|footnotes =
}}

'''Kasimedu''' is a hamlet in the neighbourhood of [[Royapuram]], in [[Chennai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in the peninsular [[India]]. This hamlet is occupied by fishermen whose families depend on the fishing harbour and the fish market nearby. It stretches for about 2 km, near Ennore fishing harbour along the shore, north of Chennai Port.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Karan |first1=Pradyumna Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEedXAZnyVAC&dq=kasimedu&pg=PA227 |title=The Indian Ocean Tsunami: The Global Response to a Natural Disaster |last2=Subbiah |first2=Shanmugam P. |date=2011-01-01 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=978-0-8131-2652-4 |language=en}}</ref> Large numbers of victims from Kasimedu fishing community were found during the tsunami observed on 26 December 2004. Kasimedu is located at about 5 km from [[Chennai Beach railway station]]. Near about 200 tons of fishes are brought to Kasimedu, daily.<ref>{{Cite web |title=காசிமேடு - Kungumam Tamil Weekly Magazine |url=http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=11910&id1=4&issue=20170324 |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=kungumam.co.in}}</ref> State Highway 114 (Ennore Express road) passes through Kasimedu.

== Fish market ==
There is a fish market in Kasimedu.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Special Correspondent |date=2020-09-19 |title=CM opens retail fish market at Kasimedu |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cm-opens-retail-fish-market-at-kasimedu/article32650503.ece |access-date=2022-11-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Eventhough there are so many fish markets in Chennai, Kasimedu is the famous fish market.<ref>{{Cite web |title=காசிமேடு ஒரு ஸ்கேன் ரிப்போர்ட் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/weekly/pokkisham/news/3063080 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Dinamalar |language=ta}}</ref> It attracts crowds of wholesalers, retailers and common public in and around Chennai and various places of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=காசிமேட்டில் கார்த்திகை மாதத்திலும் மீன் வாங்க அலைமோதிய கூட்டம் |url=https://www.dinakaran.com/news_detail.asp?Nid=815888 |access-date=2022-11-21 |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121043151/https://www.dinakaran.com/news_detail.asp?Nid=815888 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
== Fishing harbour ==
Kasimedu has a fishing harbour. Kasimedu fishing harbour was ordered to construct, to uplift the lives of fishermen, by the former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M. G. Ramachandran, in the year 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekhar |first=Laasya |date=2018-08-31 |title=What is Kasimedu's connection to the Vijayanagara Empire? |url=
https://chennai.citizenmatters.in/kasimedu-fish-market-chennai-heritage-5782 |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Citizen Matters, Chennai |language=en-GB}}</ref> This harbour will be upgraded by the government of India, to international standards with a project cost of ₹98 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2022-05-10 |title=Modernised fishing harbour at Kasimedu to be ready in 18 months |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/modernised-fishing-harbour-at-kasimedu-to-be-ready-in-18-months/article65401696.ece |access-date=2022-11-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> About 1,000 mechanised fishing boats are available in Kasimedu.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Special Correspondent |date=2022-06-19 |title=Kasimedu fish market comes alive as boats return from the sea |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/kasimedu-fish-market-comes-alive-as-boats-return-from-the-sea/article65543451.ece |access-date=2022-11-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
== Neighbourhoods ==
[[Tiruvottiyur]], [[Royapuram]], [[Tondiarpet]], [[Vannarapettai]], [[George Town, Chennai]] [[Ernavoor]], [[Ennore]] and [[Manali, Chennai|Manali]] are some of the important neighbourhoods. Apart from these places, merchants and public from in and around Chennai and from other places of Tamil Nadu visit Kasimedu for procuring fishes.{{fact|date=December 2022}}

== Education ==
Kasimedu has an educational institute related to study about sea viz., [[Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical and Engineering Training]] (CIFNET).
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Coastal neighbourhoods of Chennai]]

Julius Packiam

2025-10-26T14:12:44Z

SallieChinnery5: brief expanded citations per sources and improved wording for accuracy

{{short description|Indian film score composer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

'''Julius Packiam''' is an Indian [[film score]] composer. He has composed the soundtracks for ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'', ''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]'', ''[[Dhoom 3]]'', [[Baaghi (2016 film)|''Baaghi'']], ''[[Baaghi 2]]'', ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'', [[Sultan (2016 film)|''Sultan'']] and [[Bharat (film)|''Bharat'']].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-04 |title=Meet Julius Packiam, without whom Bollywood's biggest films would have been a snoozefest |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/meet-julius-packiam-without-whom-bollywood-s-biggest-films-would-have-been-a-snoozefest/story-RJDOoQ6H6ic93sHhdZkJZK.html |access-date=2018-09-14 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/170726-composer-julius-packiam-mark-silver-jubilee|title=Composer Julius Packiam to mark silver jubilee with a web series|access-date=2018-09-14|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/623042/i-have-job-world.html|title='I have the best job in the world'|date=2017-07-16|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=2018-09-14|language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= September 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 2006||''[[Kabul Express]]''||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2009||''[[New York (2009 film)|New York]]''||
|-
||''[[Dil Bole Hadippa!]]''||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010||''[[Hum Tum Aur Ghost ]]''||
|-
||''[[Badmaash Company]]''||
|-
| 2012||''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]''||
|-
| 2013||''[[Dhoom 3]]''||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2014||''[[Gunday]]''||
|-
||''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]''||
|-
||''[[Mardaani]]''||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015||''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]''||
|-
||''[[Phantom (2015 film)|Phantom]]''||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016||''[[Baaghi (2016 film)|Baaghi]]''||
|-
||''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]''||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017||''[[Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)|Tubelight]]''||
|-
||''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]''||
|-
| 2018||''[[Baaghi 2]]''||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
||''[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|-
||''[[Housefull 4]]''||
|-
|2020 ||''[[Baaghi 3]]'' ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021||''[[Bunty Aur Babli 2]]''||
|-
||''[[83 (film)|83]]''||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022||''[[Bachchhan Paandey]]''||
|-
|''[[Cuttputlli]]''
|
|-
||''[[Jogi (2022 film)|Jogi]]''||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|[[Shehzada (2023 film)|''Shehzada'']]
|
|-
|| ''[[Bloody Daddy]]'' || Composer for the song <nowiki>''Real Talk''</nowiki>
|-
|2024
|[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (2024 film)|''Bade Miyan Chote Miyan'']]
|
|-
|2025
|[[Housefull 5]]
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|2378882}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Packiam, Julius}}
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-composer-stub}}

Sandeśarāsaka

2025-10-17T12:19:45Z

SallieChinnery5: added!

{{Short description|Apabhraṃśa epic by Addahamāṇa}}
The '''''Sandeśarāsaka''''', also known by its Apabhraṃśa name '''Saṃneharāsaya''', ({{Langx|sa|सन्देशरासक}}, [[Apabhraṃśa]]: संनेहरासय) is an [[epic poetry|epic poem]] written around 1000–1100 by Addahamāṇa (the Apabhraṃśa form of the name Abdur Rahman), a [[Multan|Multani]] poet,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Flood |first=Finbarr Barry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C&q=Multan&pg=PA155 |title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter |date=2009-05-03 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-12594-7 |language=en}}</ref> in [[Apabhramsha]].<ref>सन्देशरासक (Sandeś Rāsak) : संस्कृत-टिप्पनक-अवचूरिकादिसमेत अपभ्रंश मूलग्रन्थ तथा आंग्लभाषानुवाद-विस्तृत प्रस्तावना-टिप्पणी-शब्दकोषादि समन्वित अब्दुल रहमान-कृत ; संपादक, जिनविजय मुनि (Editor: [[Jinvijay|Jinavijaya Muni]]), तथा हरि वल्लभ भायाणी, सिंघी जैन ग्रन्थमाला (Singhi Jain Granthamala), भारतीय विद्या भवन ([[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]), 1945</ref><ref>[http://www.ignca.nic.in/coilnet/bund0037.htm हिन्दी साहित्य में रासो काव्य परम्परा, सन्देश रासक, Ajay Kumar]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8QvCTfRf-FEC&dq=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95&pg=PT15 Sandesh Rasak, Hazari Prasad Dwiwedi, Rajkamal Prakashan Pvt Ltd, 2003, p. 12-13] (Google Books.)</ref> Its language is considered to be a version of Apabhramsha, the language that gave rise to modern [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan]] languages like [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0TpuAAAAMAAJ&q=Sandesh+Rasak Panjab Past and Present, Volume 29, Part 1, Issue 57 – Part 2, Issue 58, Punjabi University. Dept. of Punjab Historical Studies, 1995 p. 56]</ref>

The manuscripts of the book were discovered in Jain libraries by [[Jinvijay|Muni Jinavijaya]]. According to Muni Jinavijaya, the work was written before the conquest by [[Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad|Ghori]] in 1192, when [[Multan]] was still a major Hindu pilgrimage center.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_wVuAAAAMAAJ&q=Sandesh+Rasak The Felt Community: Commonalty and Mentality Before the Emergence of Indian Nationalism, Rajat Kanta Ray, Oxford University Press, 2003p. 189]</ref> The manuscripts include Sanskrit explanations by a Jain scholar in [[Vikram Samvat|Sammat]] 1465 (circa 1408–09 [[Common Era|C.E.]]).

== Theme ==
This epic poem is inspired by [[Meghaduta]] of Kalidasa.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=5BBDAAAAYAAJ&q=megh Studies in Punjab History & Culture, Gurcharan Singh, Enkay Publishers, 1990 p. 29-30]</ref>

The author invoked God using an expression that combines Hindu and Muslim perspectives:<ref>[http://yugvimarsh.blogspot.com/2009/08/1200-0-1850-0.html हिंदी साहित्य को मुस्लिम साहित्यकारों का योगदान (1200 ई0 से 1850 ई0 तक) प्रोफ़ेसर शैलेश ज़ैदी, श्री नटराज प्रकाशन, ए-507/12, करतार नगर,बाबा श्यामगिरी मार्ग, साऊथ गामडी एक्सटेंशन, दिल्ली-53] (Blog.)</ref>

:माणुस्सदुव्वविज्जाहरेहिं णहमग्गि सूर ससि बिंबे।
:आएहिं जो णमिज्जइ तं णयरे णमह कत्तारं।

:''māṇussaduvvavijjāharehiṃ ṇahamaggi sūra sasi biṃbe.''
:''āehiṃ jo ṇamijjai taṃ ṇayare ṇamaha kattāraṃ.''
In Shahmukhi,

:مَاݨُسَّدُوَّوِجَّاہَریہِں ݨَہَمَگِّ سُورَ سَسِ بِن٘بے ۔
:آئیہِں جو ݨَمِجَّئِ تَں ݨَیَرے ݨَمَہَ کَتَّارَں ۔

In Gurmukhi,

:ਮਾਣੁੱਸਦੁੱਵਵਿੱਜਾਹਰੇਹਿੰ ਣਹਮੱਗਿ ਸੂਰ ਸਸਿ ਬਿੰਬੇ।
:ਆਏਹਿੰ ਜੋ ਣਮਿੱਜਇ ਤੰ ਣਯਰੇ ਣਮਹ ਕੱਤਾਰੰ।

Translation,
O citizens, salute the creator who is saluted by men, gods, vidyadharas, the sun and the moon.

== Cultural influence ==
It is the only work by a Muslim in Apabhramsha,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AbpjAAAAMAAJ&q=Sandesh+Rasak Influence of Islam on Hindi Literature, Volume 47 of IAD oriental original series: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, Saiyada Asad Alī, Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i Delli, 2000, p. 12-13, 195]</ref> and it is a precursor of [[Baba Farid]] and books like [[Padmavat]] of Jayasi.

It is the first book that refers to a vernacular work based on Ramayana.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=c5xKAQAAIAAJ&q=rasak Indian Horizons, Volumes 48-49, Indian Council for Cultural Relations, 2001 p. 100]</ref>

Two of the verses were quoted by Acharya [[Hemachandra]] (1088-1173).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=D8djAAAAMAAJ&q=rasak Origin and development of Hindi/Urdu literature, Madan Gopal, 1996, Page 3]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Padmavat]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian poems]]
[[Category:11th-century poems]]

Tilak Ram Gupta

2025-10-04T06:10:18Z

SallieChinnery5: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tilak Ram Gupta
| term_start = 8 February 2025
| constituency = [[Tri Nagar Assembly constituency|Tri Nagar]]
| office = Member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Preeti Tomar]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Tilak Ram Gupta''' is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Delhi]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in the [[8th Delhi Assembly]] from [[Tri Nagar Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tri Nagar Election Result 2025: Tilak Ram Gupta of BJP Wins, Defeats Preeti Jitender Tomar of AAP |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/tri-nagar-election-result-2025-live-updates-highlights-winner-leading-mla-margin-9218823.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Tri Nagar, Delhi Assembly Election Results 2025 Highlights: BJP's Tilak Ram Gupta wins Tri Nagar with 78192 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/tri-nagar-delhi-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-aap-bjp-congress-daelb-2676382-2025-02-08 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Tri Nagar Election Result: Tilak Ram Gupta Of BJP Wins">{{cite news |title=Tri Nagar Election Result: Tilak Ram Gupta Of BJP Wins |url=https://timelinedaily.com/elections/tri-nagar-election-result-tilak-ram-gupta-of-bjp-leads |access-date=22 February 2025 |publisher=TimelineDaily |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222132909/https://timelinedaily.com/elections/tri-nagar-election-result-tilak-ram-gupta-of-bjp-leads |archive-date=22 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Tri Nagar Assembly">{{cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Tri Nagar Assembly |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0516.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308170029/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0516.htm |archive-date=8 March 2025 |access-date=8 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en |agency=}}</ref><ref name="Tri Nagar Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Tri Nagar Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/tri-nagar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308170033/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/tri-nagar |archive-date=8 March 2025 |access-date=8 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="This 73-year-old will be the oldest MLA in next Assembly">{{cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=This 73-year-old will be the oldest MLA in next Assembly |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/bjp-tri-nagar-mla-tilak-ram-gupta-delhi-oldest-mla-assembly-elections-2025-19555337.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308171248/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/bjp-tri-nagar-mla-tilak-ram-gupta-delhi-oldest-mla-assembly-elections-2025-19555337.htm |archivedate=8 March 2025 |accessdate=8 March 2025 |publisher=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Tilak Ram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Delhi-BJP-politician-stub}}

New Silk Route

2025-08-14T20:59:42Z

SallieChinnery5: Made Basic Article Nd Citations

{{Short description|Private equity firm}}
{{About|a company|the rail route between China and Europe|New Silk Route (rail)}}
{{Infobox company
|name = New Silk Route partners
|type = [[Private company|Private]]
|foundation = {{Start date|2006}}<ref>[http://nsrpartners.com/content/profile Leading Asia-focused growth capital firm | NSR]. Nsrpartners.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-18.</ref>
|location = [[New York, New York|New York]], United States [[Mumbai, India|Mumbai]], India [[Bengaluru]], India [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates<ref>[http://nsrpartners.com/content/offices Offices | NSR]. Nsrpartners.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-18.</ref>
|industry = [[Private equity]]
|products = Private equity, [[growth capital]]
|aum = [[United States dollar|$]]1.4 billion
|homepage = {{URL|nsrpartners.com}}
| predecessor = Taj Capital
| founder = [[Rajat Gupta]] [[Parag Saxena]] [[Victor Menezes]]
| key_people = [[Parag Saxena]] {{small|(CEO)}} [[Victor Menezes]]
}}

'''New Silk Route Partners LLC''' ('''NSR''') is an Indian [[private equity firm]] that invests in private companies in India, Asia, and the Middle East.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/investment-world/article2704374.ece ‘The question is how much venture capital India can absorb' | Business Line]. Thehindubusinessline.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-18.</ref>

== History ==
In early 2006, [[Parag Saxena]], [[Rajat Gupta]], and [[Raj Rajaratnam]] joined Mark Schwartz, the former chairman of Goldman Sachs Asia, to start a blended [[hedge fund]] and [[private equity]] company called Taj Capital Partners Asia Fund.<ref name="Bloomberg May 2010">{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Mehul |last2=Helyar |first2=John |last3=Weiss |first3=Miles |title=Goldman Sachs’s Gupta Did Business With Rajaratnam |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-05-06/goldman-sachs-s-gupta-did-business-for-years-with-galleon-s-raj-rajaratnam |access-date=May 21, 2025 |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=May 6, 2010}}</ref> By December 2006, plans had changed; the hedge fund was dropped and the firm was renamed New Silk Route, focused on investing in [[South Asia]]n companies.<ref name="Bloomberg May 2010"/> By mid 2010 the fund owned stakes in more than 10 Indian companies.<ref name="Bloomberg May 2010"/>

Kumar, Rajaratnam, and Schwartz resigned as founding partners before the firm began operation.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

The firm enjoyed close relationships with both [[Goldman Sachs]] and the [[Galleon Group]]: "A month before joining Goldman’s board, Rajat Gupta began marketing a $2 billion hybrid private-equity and hedge fund vehicle called Taj Capital Partners with one of Goldman’s biggest hedge fund clients, Raj Rajaratnam."<ref>[http://dealbreaker.com/tag/goldman-sachs-board-members-do-lots-of-business-with-the-firms-clients/ Goldman Sachs board members do lots of business with the firm’s clients « Dealbreaker: Wall Street Insider – Financial News, Headlines, Commentary and Analysis – Hedge Funds, Private Equity, Banks]. Dealbreaker.com (2010-04-16). Retrieved on 2013-07-18.</ref> According to ''Fortune,'' "New Silk Route's original fundraising was for $2 billion (under the name Taj Capital) -- and [...] the first $600 million or so went into Galleon hedge funds."<ref name = "fortune">Primack, Dan. [http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/2011/03/01/alleged-inside-trader-is-more-than-a-consultant-and-ex-goldman-director/ Alleged inside trader is more than a "consultant" and ex-Goldman director]. ''Fortune''. March 1, 2011.</ref>

== Management==
{{uncited section|date=May 2025}}
* [[Parag Saxena]], [[CEO]] and founding [[general partner]]
* Sanjeev Chachondia, [[operating partner]]
* Anand Dorairaj, partner
* Jacob Kurian, partner
* Jens Yahya Zimmerman, partner
* Vivek Sett, partner

== Advisory board ==
The fund formed a strategic advisory board in January 2012 comprising:<ref>[http://www.vccircle.com/500/news/new-silk-route-forms-strategic-advisory-board-to-help-portfolio-cos New Silk Route Forms Strategic Advisory Board To Help Portfolio Cos]. VCCircle (2012-01-09). Retrieved on 2013-07-18.</ref>
* Dr. Herbert Henzler, former Senior Partner and Chairman of Europe at [[McKinsey & Company]]
* Nina Shapiro, VP Finance at [[International Finance Corporation]]
* Supratim Bose, President of Asia-Pacific at [[Boston Scientific]] and former Partner at New Silk Route

== Investments ==
In 2007, it invested in Reliance Telecom Infrastructure<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vccircle.com/500/content/new-silk-route-to-buy-725-stake-in-telecom-tower-company-aster-infrastructure |accessdate=January 31, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323072252/http://www.vccircle.com/500/content/new-silk-route-to-buy-725-stake-in-telecom-tower-company-aster-infrastructure |archivedate=March 23, 2010 |title=New Silk Route to Buy 72.5% Stake in Telecom Tower Company Aster Infrastructure | VCCircle }}</ref> and Ascend Telecom.<ref>[https://telecombulletin.blogspot.com/2011/03/new-silk-routes-ascend-telecom-india.html Telecom News Bulletin: New Silk Route's Ascend Telecom, India Telecom Infra Merge]. Telecombulletin.blogspot.com (2011-03-02). Retrieved on 2013-07-18.</ref> In 2008, it invested in Augere,<ref>[http://www.telecompaper.com/news/new-broadband-service-augere-to-focus-on-developing-nations New broadband service Augere to focus on developing nations]. Telecompaper (2009-07-20). Retrieved on 2013-07-18.</ref> [[Beaconhouse School System]],<ref>[http://nsrpartners.com/content/beaconhouse-school-system Beaconhouse School System | NSR]. Nsrpartners.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-18.</ref> Destimoney,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-12-02/news/56649123_1_destimoney-securities-nsr-new-silk-route|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204145623/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-12-02/news/56649123_1_destimoney-securities-nsr-new-silk-route|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 4, 2014|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|author=Arijit Barman|title=Private equity group Carlyle set to buy out Destimoney from New Silk Route|date=December 2, 2014}}</ref> and Orissa Television Communications.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160202034021/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-55777420110322 New Silk Route eyes exit in Ortel Communications IPO | Reuters]. In.reuters.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-18.</ref> In 2010 NSR invested in [[Café Coffee Day]],<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-corporate/article989518.ece NSR invests in Coffee Day Resorts | Business Line]. Thehindubusinessline.com (2010-04-20). Retrieved on 2013-07-18.</ref> Nectar Lifesciences,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160202034021/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-46686420100305 "New Silk route invests in Nectar Lifescience"], Mosaic Media Ventures Private Limited Copyright 2008 VCCircle.com; via Reuters. March 5, 2010 6:01pm IST. Retrieved 2011-03-10.</ref> and [[Amonix]].<ref>Woody, Todd. (2010-04-21) [http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/21/investors-bet-big-on-concentrating-solar-technology/ A Big Bet on Solar Technology - NYTimes.com]. Green.blogs.nytimes.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-18.</ref>

In 2013 it invested in [[Moshe's|Moshes Fine Foods]].<ref name="mint" /> It had large stakes in [[9X Media]] and Ascend Telecom Infrastructure as of 2016. Its other investments at the time included VRL Logistics, Rolex Rings, KS Oils, Varsity Education Management and Vasudev Adiga’s Fast Food.<ref name="mint">{{cite news |last=Balakrishnan |first=Reghu |title=New chapter for Rajat Gupta, but fund he founded still struggles |date=15 March 2016 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/xEmvehsHZBwRUTIewdcyOK/New-Silk-Route-remains-focussed-on-exits.html |work=Livemint |access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120725125705/http://tilt.ft.com/#!posts/2011-09/31146/management-big-hurdle-valuations-india FT Tilt]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111031110441/http://business.in.com/article/leaderhip-awards/vg-siddhartha-everybody-said-it-wouldnt-work/29552/0 Cafe Coffee Day]
* [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/investment-world/article2704374.ece Saxena interview]

==External links==
* [http://www.nsrpartners.com/ NSR official website]

[[Category:Private equity firms]]

Communal Riot

2025-07-26T11:04:07Z

SallieChinnery5: created redirect

#REDIRECT[[Communal violence]]

Kanchan Mukesh Tanve

2025-06-10T16:41:26Z

SallieChinnery5:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kanchan Mukesh Tanve
| office1 = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Khandwa Assembly constituency|Khandwa]]
| term_start1 = 2023
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}
'''Kanchan Mukesh Tanve''' (born 1982) is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. She is a member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Khandwa Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for SC community in [[Khandwa district]]. She won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Khandwa Constituency Election Results 2023: Khandwa Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/khandwa |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Khandwa Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Kanchan Mukesh Tanve wins Khandwa with 109067 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/khandwa-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470546-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Khandwa Election Result 2023 Live, Khandwa Elections Vote Counting, Madhya Pradesh Results 2023 {{!}} ABP News |url=https://news.abplive.com/electionselections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-2023/madhya-pradesh-khandwa-constituency-177.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Tanve is from [[Khandwa]]. She studied up to Class 12. She is a housewife and social worker.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kanchan Mukesh Tanve |url=https://www.indialeader.com/ViewLeader/47221/Kanchan-Mukesh-Tanve |website=indialeader.com |access-date=30 May 2024}}</ref>

== Career ==
Tanve was elected as MLA representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] for the first time in 2023. She won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Khandwa Assembly constituency]] defeating Kundan Malviya of [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 38,049 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> She is one of the two MLAs with lowest assets in [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh Assembly]] as per the affidavits filed with the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-12-07 |title=Nearly 205 of 230 lawmakers in Madhya Pradesh are crorepatis; BJP MLA tops list with ₹296 crore assets |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly/nearly-205-of-230-lawmakers-in-madhya-pradesh-are-crorepatis-bjp-mla-tops-list-with-296-crore-assets/article67613509.ece |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-07 |title=205 of 230 Lawmakers in MP Are Crorepatis; BJP MLA Tops List with Rs 296-cr Assets |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/205-of-230-lawmakers-in-mp-are-crorepatis-bjp-mla-tops-list-with-rs-296-cr-assets-8694099.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tanve, Kanchan Mukesh}}

[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Khandwa]]
[[Category:Women members of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

Vettai Mannan

2025-03-16T18:47:28Z

SallieChinnery5: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Nelson Dilipkumar]]

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{{R to related topic}}
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