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Hinduism in Nagaland

2026-05-01T10:45:29Z

SaifurRahaman: put up a data

{{Short description|Hinduism in the Indian state}}
{{notability|date=February 2026}}
{{draft article|nomove=yes}}
[[File:Dimapur Kalibari Temple.jpeg|thumb|[[Dimapur Kalibari|Dimapur Kalibari Temple]] in Dimapur district]]

Hinduism is a minority faith in Indian state of [[Nagaland]] followed by 8.75% of the population. There are 104,851 Hindus in Nagaland.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11386|title=C-01: Population by religious community, Nagaland - 2011|access-date=9 October 2022}}</ref>

==History==
{{Further information|Ruins of Kachari Rajbari|Dimasa Kingdom}}Archeological sources say the Dimapur region was a medieval Hindu Kingdom. On the late medieval, upon the ruins of this, the [[Dimasa Kingdom]] was founded.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarma |first=Pradip Chandra |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Dimasa/rhRuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=The Dimasa: Child of the Big River |date=2003 |publisher=Vivekananda Kendra Institute of Culture |pages=8 |language=en}}</ref> Recent analysis of salvage excavations conducted in 1979–1980 at Rajbari Citadel in Dimapur has produced the first scientific radiocarbon dates for the site. Two charcoal samples from mid-level occupation deposits yielded calibrated dates of CE 270–660 and CE 570–940. These push the confirmed Kachari occupation of Dimapur back to at least the 3rd century CE (possibly earlier than the 1st century), well before the 10th century and over a millennium prior to the Ahom arrival in 1228 CE.<ref>https://www.arfjournals.com/image/catalog/Journals Papers/JHAA/2024/No 1 (2024)/1_Nienu.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Excavations at Rajbari, Dimapur, Nagaland Reveal the Kachari Civilization to the 3rd century AD |url=https://www.morungexpress.com/excavations-at-rajbari-dimapur-nagaland-reveal-the-kachari-civilization-to-the-3rd-century-ad |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=MorungExpress}}</ref>

==Legend==
During the early 19th century, the Dimasa chiefs with the assistance of Brahmins claimed themselves to be descendent of Hidimba. According to the legend constructed in the court, during their exile, the [[Pandava|Pandavas]] came to the Kachari Kingdom where [[Bhima]] fell in love with [[Hidimbi]] (sister of [[Hidimba]]). Bhima married princess Hidimbi according to the [[Gandharva marriage|Gandharva system]] and a son was born to princess Hidimbi, named Ghatotkacha. He ruled the Kachari Kingdom for many decades. Thereafter, kings of his lineage ruled over the vast land of the "''Dilao''" river ( which translates to "long river" in English), now known as [[Brahmaputra River]] for centuries until 4th century AD.<ref>{{harvcol|Shin|2020|pp=68–70}}</ref><ref>{{harvcol|Bathari|2014|pp=17–18}}</ref>

The Mount Pauna in the Benreu village in Peren district is believed by the nature worshippers there as the ''Sanjeevani hills.'' Locals there believe that the [[Hanuman]] uprooted Mount Pauna to revive Lakshman. They believe the ''cailihei'' found there is the ''sanjeevani.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-08-29 |title=Land of bitter honey |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/land-of-bitter-honey/story-oZsIGoES5nTjucx19G6LAM.html |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kashi |first=Anita Rao |date=2022-04-09 |title=A trip to Nagaland's enchanted mountain village of Benreu |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/a-trip-to-nagaland-s-enchanted-mountain-village-of-benreu-111649403421785.html |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

==Demographics==
The Hindu community in Nagaland is diverse including Nepali Hindus, Bengali Hindus, Marwari Hindus etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fervor and festivity mark start of Durga Puja in Dimapur and |url=https://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/fervor-and-festivity-mark-start-of-durga-puja-in-dimapur-and-chmoukedima |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=www.easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en}}</ref> A majority of the [[Bodo–Kachari people|Kachari]] people (69%) follows Hinduism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religion Data of Census 2011: XXXI Mizoram Manipur and Nagaland |url=https://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/10/religion-data-of-census-2011-xxxi.html |access-date=2026-02-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Hindus are concentrated mainly in [[Dimapur district|Dimapur District]] (28.75%), [[Kohima district|Kohima District]] (11.8%)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11386&sa=U&ved=2ahUKEwiCh9PBqNL6AhXhU3wKHXPoBOAQFnoECAoQAg&usg=AOvVaw0dpHbLxTxlxiiQuNEcrAyX|title=C-01: Population by religious community, Nagaland - 2011|access-date=9 October 2022}}</ref> and [[Niuland district|Niuland District]] (9.4%)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Niuland Circle Population, Caste, Religion Data - Dimapur district, Nagaland|url=https://www.censusindia.in/amp/subdistrict/niuland-circle-dimapur-nagaland-1792|access-date=9 October 2022|website=www.censusindia.in|archive-date=15 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415203906/https://www.censusindia.in/amp/subdistrict/niuland-circle-dimapur-nagaland-1792|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{efn|The district was formed by upgrading the Niuland subdivision of [[Dimapur District]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Nagaland creates 3 more districts|url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/nagaland-creates-3-more-districts-1344462|newspaper=[[The Assam Tribune]]|date=December 18, 2021|access-date=9 October 2022}}</ref>}}

==Temples==

* Shri Ram Janaki Thakurbari temple, Dimapur<ref>{{Cite web |last=Post |first=Nagaland |date=2024-01-22 |title=Hindu devotees in Dimapur celebrate Ram Mandir inauguration |url=https://nagalandpost.com/hindu-devotees-in-dimapur-celebrate-ram-mandir-inauguration/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Sitla Mata temple, near Railway, Dimapur<ref>{{Cite web |last=Post |first=Nagaland |date=2023-10-22 |title=Dimapur wears festive look at Durga Puja |url=https://nagalandpost.com/dimapur-wears-festive-look-at-durga-puja/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Sibrai (Shiva) temple, Dhansiripar village, Dimapur<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Sibrai temple inaugurated in Dhansiripar village |url=https://morungexpress.com/new-sibrai-temple-inaugurated-in-dhansiripar-village |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=MorungExpress}}</ref>
* Shree Hindu Mandir, PWD Junction, Kohima<ref>{{Cite web |last=TIMES |first=MOKOKCHUNG |date=2023-04-06 |title=Governor of Nagaland La Ganesan visited Shree Hindu Mandir » MokokchungTimes.com |url=https://mokokchungtimes.com/governor-of-nagaland-la-ganesan-visited-shree-hindu-mandir/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Hinduism in Manipur]]
* [[Hinduism in Myanmar]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Cited sources ==
* {{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. |first=Uttam |last=Bathari |title=Memory History and polity a study of dimasa identity in colonial past and post colonial present |publisher=Gauhati University |year=2014|hdl=10603/115353 }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Shin|first1=Jae-Eun|year=2020|title=Descending from demons, ascending to kshatriyas: Genealogical claims and political process in pre-modern Northeast India, The Chutiyas and the Dimasas|journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review|volume=57|issue=1|pages=49–75|doi=10.1177/0019464619894134|s2cid=213213265}}

{{Hinduism in India by region}}

[[:Category:Hinduism in India|Nagaland]]

{{Hinduism-stub}}

[[Category:Religion in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Hinduism in India by state or union territory|Nagaland]]

Burhi Aair Sadhu

2026-04-30T22:04:39Z

SaifurRahaman: New...

{{Short description|Assamese folklore collection}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Burhi Aair Sadhu বুঢ়ী আইৰ সাধু
| image =
| author = [[Lakshminath Bezbaruah]]
| country = [[Assam]], India
| language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| genre = Story book
| publisher = Banlata Prakashan<ref name="Prakashan">{{cite web | url=http://www.banalata.in/book/burhi-aair-sadhu | title=Prakashan | accessdate=13 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031857/http://www.banalata.in/book/burhi-aair-sadhu | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| pub_date = 1911
| media_type = Printed
| title_orig = বুঢ়ী আইৰ সাধু
| orig_lang_code = as
| isbn = 81-7339-215-3
| isbn_note = <ref name="Prakashan" />
| native_wikisource = https://as.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81
}}
'''''Burhi Aair Sadhu''''' or '''''Burhi Aai'r Xaadhu''''' ({{langx|as|বুঢ়ী আইৰ সাধু}}, literally translated to ''Grand Mother's Tales'') is a collection of stories or [[folklore]], that have been compiled by famous Assamese author and poet [[Lakshminath Bezbaruah]].<ref>{{cite web|author=mariette |url=http://marietterobbes.wordpress.com/2013/03/06/resources-on-the-history-of-assamese-childrens-literature/ |title=Resources on the history of Assamese children's literature | A small journey into Indian Publishing for Children |publisher=Marietterobbes.wordpress.com |date=6 March 2013 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref> It is one of the most popular texts in [[Assamese literature]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museindia.com/viewarticle.asp?myr=2008&issid=17&id=917 |title=Welcome to Muse India |publisher=Museindia.com |accessdate=2013-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718153210/http://www.museindia.com/viewarticle.asp?myr=2008&issid=17&id=917 |archive-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This book was first published in October–November 1911.<ref name="yahoo1">{{cite web|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/burhi-aai-cast-her-spell-listeners-220139316.html |title=Burhi Aai to cast her spell on listeners — Yahoo! News India |publisher=In.news.yahoo.com |date=28 September 2012 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref> After the first publication 100 years<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kishys.com/news/news-20111221-15507-Burhi_Aair_Sadhu_undergoes_revision_Assam_Tribune.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411084559/http://www.kishys.com/news/news-20111221-15507-Burhi_Aair_Sadhu_undergoes_revision_Assam_Tribune.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-04-11 |title=Burhi Aair Sadhu undergoes revision Assam Tribune |publisher=Kishys.com |accessdate=2013-03-15 }}</ref> have been passed and countless editions of the book have been published. This book is in now in the public domain as per [[copyright law of India]].

==Book description==
Some of the 30 folklores included in the book were his own. The preface itself was a brilliant narration regarding genesis, movement and importance of folklores in different societies and communities of the world. Some of the stories are ''Bandor aaru Xial'', ''Dhowa Kauri aru Tiposi Sorai'', ''Budhiyak Xial'', ''Gongatop'', ''Tejimola'', ''Xorobjan'' and ''Burha Burhi''.

===List of stories===
The following list includes the titles of the stories in the original Assamese (sometimes with an alternate spelling) and their respective English translations.

# Bandor aru Xial<ref>[https://www.assamesemedium.in/2020/12/assamese-story-bandor-aru-hiyal-hadhu.html বান্দৰ আৰু শিয়াল] (in Assamese)</ref> - The Monkey and the Fox<ref>{{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Assam |first=J. |last=Barua |location=Gauhati, Assam |publisher=Lawyer's Book Stall |date=1954 |orig-year=1915 |page=8}}</ref>
# Dhura Kauri aru Tiposi Sorai - The Jungle Crow and the Wren;<ref>{{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Assam |first=J. |last=Barua |location=Gauhati, Assam |publisher=Lawyer's Book Stall |date=1954 |orig-year=1915 |page=20}}</ref> The Raven and the Wren<ref>{{harvnb|Bez Baroa|2023|pp=46-48}}</ref>
# Mekurir Jiyekor Xadhu - The Tale of the Cat's Daughter;<ref>{{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Assam |first=J. |last=Barua |location=Gauhati, Assam |publisher=Lawyer's Book Stall |date=1954 |orig-year=1915 |page=1}}</ref> The tale of the cat's daughters<ref>{{harvnb|Bezbaroa|2011|pp=1-5}}</ref>
# Dighalthengia - The Long-Legged One<ref>{{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Assam |first=J. |last=Barua |location=Gauhati, Assam |publisher=Lawyer's Book Stall |date=1954 |orig-year=1915 |page=67}}</ref>
# Budhiyok Xial - The Tale of a Cunning Fox<ref>{{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Assam |first=J. |last=Barua |location=Gauhati, Assam |publisher=Lawyer's Book Stall |date=1954 |orig-year=1915 |page=29}}</ref>
# Bagh aru Kekura (Bagh Aru Kekorar Sadhu)<ref>{{harvnb|Bez Baroa|2023|pp=55-62}}</ref> - The Tale of the Tiger and the Crab<ref>{{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Assam |first=J. |last=Barua |location=Gauhati, Assam |publisher=Lawyer's Book Stall |date=1954 |orig-year=1915 |page=37}}</ref>
# {{ill|Tejimola|as|তেজীমলা}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Assam |first=J. |last=Barua |location=Gauhati, Assam |publisher=Lawyer's Book Stall |date=1954 |orig-year=1915 |page=51}}</ref>
# Burha-Buri aru Xial - The Old Man, the Old Woman and the Fox<ref>{{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Assam |first=J. |last=Barua |location=Gauhati, Assam |publisher=Lawyer's Book Stall |date=1954 |orig-year=1915 |page=62}}</ref>
# Gangatup - The Globefish or Gangatope;<ref>{{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Assam |first=J. |last=Barua |location=Gauhati, Assam |publisher=Lawyer's Book Stall |date=1954 |orig-year=1915 |page=82}}</ref> Gongatoup<ref>{{harvnb|Bezbaroa|2011|pp=49-52}}</ref>
# Xorobjan (Sarabjan)<ref>{{harvnb|Bez Baroa|2023|pp=81-85}}</ref> - The All-Knowing One<ref>{{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Assam |first=J. |last=Barua |location=Gauhati, Assam |publisher=Lawyer's Book Stall |date=1954 |orig-year=1915 |page=84}}</ref>
# Silonir Jiyekor Xadhu - The Tale of the Kite's Daughter<ref>{{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Assam |first=J. |last=Barua |location=Gauhati, Assam |publisher=Lawyer's Book Stall |date=1954 |orig-year=1915 |page=103}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Bezbaroa|2011|pp=66-73}}</ref>
# Eta Boli Manuh (Ata Bolee Manuh)<ref>{{harvnb|Bez Baroa|2023|pp=88-90}}</ref> - The Tale of a Strong Man<ref>{{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Assam |first=J. |last=Barua |location=Gauhati, Assam |publisher=Lawyer's Book Stall |date=1954 |orig-year=1915 |page=98}}</ref>
# Kukurikona (Kukurikana) - Purblind<ref>{{harvnb|Bez Baroa|2023|pp=135-138}}</ref>
# {{ill|Tula aru Teja|as|তুলা আৰু তেজা}} - Toola and Teja;<ref>{{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Assam |first=J. |last=Barua |location=Gauhati, Assam |publisher=Lawyer's Book Stall |date=1954 |orig-year=1915 |page=117}}</ref> Tula and Teja<ref>{{harvnb|Bezbaroa|2011|pp=74-85}}</ref>
# Kotajuwa Naak Kharoni di Dhak (Kata Jowa nak Kharani di dhak) - Chopped off nose, Cover it with Alkali<ref>{{harvnb|Bez Baroa|2023|pp=128-131}}</ref>
# Bhekulir Xadhu - The Story of a Frog<ref>{{harvnb|Bez Baroa|2023|pp=150-152}}</ref>
# Tawoiekor Xadhu (Tawoir Sadhu) - The tale of the father's best friend<ref>{{harvnb|Bez Baroa|2023|pp=125-127}}</ref>
# Lotkon (Latkan)<ref>{{harvnb|Bez Baroa|2023|pp=139-142}}</ref>
# Lokhimi Tiruta (Lakhimi Tirota) - The Woman with a Midas Touch<ref>{{harvnb|Bez Baroa|2023|pp=122-124}}</ref>
# Dui Budhiyok - Two Cunning Fellows<ref>{{harvnb|Bez Baroa|2023|pp=111-114}}</ref>
# Kanchani<ref>{{harvnb|Bez Baroa|2023|pp=115-121}}</ref>
# {{ill|Ou Kuwori|as|ঔ-কুঁৱৰী}}<ref>[https://www.assamesemedium.in/2020/12/assamese-story-o-konwari-hadhu-assamese.html ঔ-কুঁৱৰী] (in Assamese)</ref> (Ow Kooanri)<ref>{{harvnb|Bez Baroa|2023|pp=43-45}}</ref> - The [[Dillenia indica|Ow]]-Princess;<ref>{{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Assam |first=J. |last=Barua |location=Gauhati, Assam |publisher=Lawyer's Book Stall |date=1954 |orig-year=1915 |page=15}}</ref> Ou-princess;<ref>{{harvnb|Bezbaroa|2011|pp=9-11}}</ref> Elephant-Fruit Princess<ref>{{harvnb|Bezbaroa|2020|pp=32-34}}</ref>
# Ejoni Malini aru Ejupa Phool - A Flower-Maiden and a Flower Plant;<ref>{{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Assam |first=J. |last=Barua |location=Gauhati, Assam |publisher=Lawyer's Book Stall |date=1954 |orig-year=1915 |page=26}}</ref> A lady-gardener and a flowering plant<ref>{{harvnb|Bezbaroa|2011|pp=16-20}}</ref>
# Numoliya Pu - The Youngest Child<ref>{{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Assam |first=J. |last=Barua |location=Gauhati, Assam |publisher=Lawyer's Book Stall |date=1954 |orig-year=1915 |page=79}}</ref>
# Eta Xingora Maasor Kotha - The Tale of a Singara Fish;<ref>{{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Assam |first=J. |last=Barua |location=Gauhati, Assam |publisher=Lawyer's Book Stall |date=1954 |orig-year=1915 |page=94}}</ref> The tale of a singora-fish;<ref>{{harvnb|Bezbaroa|2011|pp=61-62}}</ref> Story of A Catfish<ref>{{harvnb|Bezbaroa|2020|pp=168-169}}</ref>
# Tikhor Aru Suti Bai (Tikhar aru Sutibai) - Tikhar and Sutibai<ref>{{harvnb|Bez Baroa|2023|pp=153-156}}</ref>
# [[Champavati]]<ref>{{harvnb|Bezbaroa|2011|pp=95-101}}</ref> (Champabati)<ref>{{harvnb|Bezbaroa|2020|pp=136-145}}</ref>
# Jaradgab Rojar Upokhyan (Jaradgab Rajar Upakhyan) - Tale of King Jaradgab<ref>{{harvnb|Bez Baroa|2023|pp=132-134}}</ref>
# Panexoi (Panesoi)<ref>{{harvnb|Bez Baroa|2023|pp=143-146}}</ref>
# Juwair Xadhu (Jouwair Sadhu) - Tale of a son-in-law<ref>{{harvnb|Bez Baroa|2023|pp=147-149}}</ref>

==Source of stories==
The author collected these stories from the common native people of [[Assam]] and then prepared this book. The names he mentioned in the preface of the book who contributed the folklores (but without explicitly mentioning who contributed which one) were Bhramarendra Saikia, Mahi Chandra Bora, Sitanath Sharma, Sarveshwar Sharma Kotoky, Rudrakanta Goswami, Wajed Ali, Naranath Sharma, Rusheswar Sharma, Padmadhar Chaliha, Ratnakanta Sharma, Haladhar Bhuyan, Guluk Chandra Sharma, Meghnath Deka, Roop Chandra Barua, Dinanath Medhi, Lokonath Das, Gobinda Chandra Choudhuri, and Dineswar Dutta.

==English translation==
This book was translated to English as "Old Mother's Wise Tales" by Nripen Dutta Baruah and published by LBS Publications,
India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/ghy_city/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=132340&dtP=2013-03-10&ppr=1 |title=The Sentinel |publisher=Sentinelassam.com |accessdate=2013-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100629/http://www.sentinelassam.com/ghy_city/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=132340&dtP=2013-03-10&ppr=1 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/ghy_city/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=126360&dtP=2012-09-12&ppr=1 |title=The Sentinel |publisher=Sentinelassam.com |accessdate=2013-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100609/http://www.sentinelassam.com/ghy_city/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=126360&dtP=2012-09-12&ppr=1 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=TI Trade |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jul3012/city07 |title=The Assam Tribune Online |publisher=Assamtribune.com |date=30 July 2012 |accessdate=2013-03-15 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123141542/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jul3012%2Fcity07 |archivedate=23 November 2012 }}</ref>

==Modern uses and adaptations==
The stories have been notably adapted for screen, stage, and television over the years.

===Films===
* An [[Cinema of Assam|Assamese film]], ''Haladhar'' (1991), was made from a story of this book by Sanjeev Hazorika.<ref name="yahoo1"/>
* Another Assamese movie, ''Tula aru Teja'', directed by Junmoni Devi Khaund and released on 13 April 2012 is based on the story of this book of the same name.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIABca4vIgU |title=Tula aru Teja (তুলা আৰু তেজা) - Assamese Film Promo |publisher=YouTube |date=4 April 2012 |accessdate=2013-03-15}}</ref><ref name="sentinelassam2012">{{cite web | url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday2.php?sec=17&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2013-01-13 | title=Assamese Films in 2012 | publisher=[[The Sentinel (Gauhati)|The Sentinel]] | accessdate=15 March 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213125900/http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday2.php?sec=17&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2013-01-13 | archive-date=13 December 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* In 2013, Metanormal Motion Pictures announced a new project inspired by four stories contained in ''Burhi Aair Sadhu''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/ghy_city/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=177456&dtP=2013-12-08&ppr=1#177456 |title=New film based on Buri Ai'r Xadhu |access-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100714/http://www.sentinelassam.com/ghy_city/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=177456&dtP=2013-12-08&ppr=1#177456 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Titled ''[[Kothanodi]]'', the film was expected to release in 2015.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Four-iconic-fables-to-feature-in-film/articleshow/26761372.cms | title=Four iconic fables to feature in film | date=3 December 2013 | newspaper=The Times of India | first=Gaurav | last=Das | accessdate=8 July 2019 }}</ref> The four stories referenced in the film are ''Tejimola'', ''Champawati'', ''Ou Kuwori'' (The Outenga Maiden) and ''Tawoir Xadhu'' (The Story of Tawoi).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

;Bibliography:
* {{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Assam |first=J. |last=Barua |location=Gauhati, Assam |publisher=Lawyer's Book Stall |date=1954 |orig-year=1915}} (collects 17 tales)
* {{cite book |last=Bezbaroa |first=Lakshiminath |title=Grandma's Tales |translator=Pallavi Barua |publisher=Hornbill Productions |date=2011 |isbn=978-81-904424-0-4}}
* {{cite book |title=Old Mother's Wise Tales: Burhi Aair Sadhu |first=Lakshminath |last=Bezbaroa |translator=Nripen Dutta Baruah |publisher=LBS Publications |date=2020}}
* {{cite book |title=Grandmother's Tales (A Translation of Burhi Air Sadhu) |translator1=Jnyanadabhiram Borooah |translator2=Dilip Kumar Kalita |first=Lakshminath |last=Bez Baroa |publisher=Anundoram Borroha Institute Of Language, Art And Culture |location=Assam |date=2023 |isbn=9789382680611}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |title=Filming Folktales: The 'Uncanny' in Bhaskar Hazarika's Kothanodi ("The River of Fables") |first=Farddina |last=Hussain |journal=Rupkatha Journal |volume=14 |issue=2 |date=April–June 2022 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.21659/rupkatha.v14n2.ne12|doi-access=free }}

==External links==
{{wikisourcelang|as|Category:বুঢ়ী আইৰ সাধু}}
* [http://www.onlinesivasagar.com/literature/lakshminath.htm Lakshminath Bezbaruah] at OnlineSivasagar.com
* [https://archive.today/20130122193819/http://www.esnips.com/thumbnails.php?album=4066169 Audio links]
* [https://www.assamesestories.in/?m=1 গল্প সাধুকথা কবিতা জীৱনী] at assamesestories.in
* [https://archive.today/20130411222215/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120504/jsp/northeast/story_15449693.jsp%23.UUNeQTdoy1s Colours of a folk tale] - Mridul Sarma reinterprets the story ''Tejimala'' in her novel ''Tejimalar Makar Sadhu''.
* [https://archive.today/20130411043659/http://screen.indianexpress.com/news/gather-around-grandma/891729/2 Gather Around Grandma], Screen — ''The Indian Express''.
* [http://m.indianexpress.com/news/6-times-6-translates-into-180-all-childrens-stories/940525/ 6 times 6 translates into 180, all children's stories] Screen — ''The Indian Express''.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181017163910/http://www.assamkart.com/ Burhi Aair Saadhu ebook] at AssamKart - North East India's only ebookstore

[[Category:Assamese literature]]
[[Category:Books from Assam]]
[[Category:Assamese-language books]]
[[Category:1911 books]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Indian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]

Tirumalai Krishnamacharya

2026-04-21T10:35:41Z

SaifurRahaman: Started New Data!

{{Short description|Yogi (1888–1989)}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Krishnamacharya
| image = Tirumalai Krishnamacharya.png
| caption = At 100 years (1988)
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1888|11|18}}
| birth_place = [[Chitradurga district]], [[Mysore Kingdom]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1989|02|28|1888|11|18}}
| death_place = [[Madras]], [[India]]
| known_for = "Father of modern yoga"
| occupation = Yoga teacher
}}
'''Tirumalai Krishnamacharya''' (18 November 1888 – 28 February 1989){{sfn|Mohan|2010|p=125}}<ref name="kym.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.kym.org/tkrish.html |title=Krishnamacharya Yoga Mandiram |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411234943/http://www.kym.org/tkrish.html |archive-date=11 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> was an Indian [[yoga as exercise|yoga]] teacher, ayurvedic healer and scholar. He is seen as one of the most important [[gurus of modern yoga]],{{sfn|Singleton|Fraser|2014|pp=83–106}} and is often called "'''Father of Modern Yoga'''" for his wide influence on the development of [[postural yoga]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mohan |first1=A. G. |last2=Mohan |first2=Ganesh |date=5 April 2017 |title=Memories of a Master |url=http://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/2590 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315222049/http://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/2590 |archive-date=15 March 2010 |work=[[Yoga Journal]] |orig-year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The YJ Interview: Partners in Peace |url=http://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/2605 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521151255/http://www.yogajournal.com/article/philosophy/the-yj-interview-partners-in-peace/ |archive-date=21 May 2016 |work=[[Yoga Journal]]}}</ref> Like earlier pioneers influenced by [[physical culture]] such as [[Yogendra]] and [[Kuvalayananda]], he contributed to the revival of [[hatha yoga]].{{sfn|Pagés Ruiz|2001}}{{sfn|Singleton|2010|p=111}}

Krishnamacharya held degrees in all the six Vedic ''[[darśana]]s'', or Indian philosophies. While under the patronage of the King of Mysore, [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]], Krishnamacharya traveled around India giving lectures and demonstrations to promote yoga, including such feats as apparently stopping his heartbeat.{{sfn|Mohan|2010|p=7}} He is widely considered as the architect of ''[[vinyāsa]]'',{{sfn|Pagés Ruiz|2001}} in the sense of combining breathing with movement; the style of yoga he created has come to be called [[Viniyoga|Viniyoga or Vinyasa Krama Yoga]]. Underlying all of Krishnamacharya's teachings was the principle "Teach what is appropriate for an individual."{{sfn|Mohan|2010|p=38}} While he is revered in other parts of the world as a yogi, in India Krishnamacharya is mainly known as a healer who drew from both [[Ayurveda|ayurvedic]] and yogic traditions to restore health and well-being to those he treated.{{sfn|Pagés Ruiz|2001}} He wrote four books on yoga—''[[Yoga Makaranda]]'' (1934), ''Yogaasanagalu'' (c. 1941),{{sfn|Singleton|2010|p=240}} ''Yoga Rahasya'', and ''Yogavalli'' (Chapter 1 – 1988)—as well as several essays and poetic compositions.{{sfn|Mohan|2010|pp=128–130}}

Krishnamacharya's students included many of yoga's most renowned and influential teachers: [[Indra Devi]] (1899–2002); [[Pattabhi Jois|K. Pattabhi Jois]] (1915–2009); [[B. K. S. Iyengar]] (1918-2014); his son [[T. K. V. Desikachar]] (1938-2016); [[Srivatsa Ramaswami]] (born 1939); and [[A. G. Mohan]] (born 1945). Iyengar, his brother-in-law and founder of [[Iyengar Yoga]], credits Krishnamacharya with encouraging him to learn yoga as a boy in 1934.{{sfn|Iyengar|2006|pp=xvi-xx}}{{sfn|Singleton|Fraser|2014|p=83}}

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===

Krishnamacharya was born on 18 November 1888 in Muchukundapura, in the [[Chitradurga district]] of present-day [[Karnataka]], in South [[India]], to an orthodox [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<ref>Dirk R. Glogau: ''Lehr- und Wanderjahre eines Yogis.'' In: ''Deutsches Yoga-Forum'', 04/2013, 02: 19 ([http://www.yoga-bayerwald.de/PDF/2013/BDY_Forum_2_13_S19-S22.pdf PDF 0.4 MB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412023557/http://www.yoga-bayerwald.de/PDF/2013/BDY_Forum_2_13_S19-S22.pdf |date=12 April 2021 }})</ref> [[Iyengar]] family. His parents were Tirumalai Srinivasa Tatacharya, a well-known teacher of the [[Vedas]], and Ranganayakiamma.{{sfn|Mohan|2010|p=1}} Krishnamacharya was the eldest of six children. He had two brothers and three sisters. At the age of six, he underwent the educational sacrament of [[upanayana]]. He then began learning to speak and write [[Sanskrit]], from texts such as the ''[[Amarakosha]]'' and to chant the Vedas under the strict tutelage of his father.<ref name="kym.org"/>

When Krishnamacharya was ten, his father died.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pierce |first=Martin |title=A Lion in Winter |journal=[[Yoga Journal]] |date=January–February 1988 |pages=61–62}}</ref> At the age of twelve, he went to [[Mysore]], then the largest city in [[Karnataka]], where his great-grandfather, Srinivasa Brahmatantra Parakala Swami, was the head of the [[Parakala Matha]]. He continued his studies under his great-grandfather's guidance and at Mysore University.{{sfn|Mohan|2010|p=1}}

=== Education ===

Krishnamacharya spent much of his youth traveling through India studying the six ''[[darśana]]'' or Indian philosophies: ''[[Vaiśeṣika]]'', ''[[Nyāya]]'', ''[[Sāṃkhya]]'', ''[[Yoga]]'', ''[[Mīmāṃsā]]'' and ''[[Vedānta]]''.<ref>http://malankazlev.com/kheper/topics/eastern/6darshanas.htm. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019151529/http://malankazlev.com/kheper/topics/eastern/6darshanas.htm |date=19 October 2020 }}</ref> In 1906, at the age of eighteen, Krishnamacharya left Mysore to attend university at [[Varanasi|Banaras]], also known as Vārānasī, a city of hundreds of temples and a highly regarded North Indian center of traditional learning.{{sfn|Mohan|2010|p=2}} While at university, he studied logic and Sanskrit, working with Brahmashri Shivakumar Shastry, "one of the greatest grammarians of the age".{{sfn|Desikachar|Cravens|1998|p=38}} He stated that he learned the Mimamsa from Brahmasri Trilinga Rama Shastri.<ref name="kym.org" />

In 1914, he once again left for Banaras to attend classes at Queen's College, where he claimed that he earned a number of teaching certificates. During the first year, he had little or no financial support from his family. In order to eat, he followed the rules that were laid down for religious beggars: he was to approach only seven households each day and offer a prayer "in return for wheat flour to mix with water for cakes".{{sfn|Desikachar|Cravens|1998|p=40}} Krishnamacharya eventually left Queen's College to study the ''ṣaḍdarśana'' (six darshanas) in Vedic philosophy at [[Patna University]], in Bihar, a state in eastern India. He received a scholarship to study [[Ayurveda]] under Vaidya Krishnakumar of Bengal.<ref name="kym.org" />

Krishnamacharya claimed that he was invited to the coronation of the Rajah of Dikkanghat (a principality within [[Darbhanga]]), at which he defeated a scholar called Bihari Lal in a debate, and received rewards and honors from the Rajah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aysnyc.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=41&Itemid=184 |title=Krishnamacharya – The King and the Young Man |publisher=Ashtanga Yoga Shala NYC |access-date=7 March 2012 |archive-date=14 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914064019/http://aysnyc.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=41&Itemid=184 |url-status=live }}</ref> He stated that his stay in Banaras lasted 11 years. He further claimed that he studied with the yoga master Sri Babu Bhagavan Das and passed the Samkhya Yoga Examination of Patna,<ref name="kym.org"/> and that many of his instructors recognized his outstanding abilities in yoga, some asking that he teach their children.{{sfn|Mohan|2010|p=3}}

{{anchor|Ramamohana Brahmachari}}{{anchor|Yoga Korunta}}

===The tale of Ramamohana Brahmachari and the ''Yoga Korunta''===

{{further|Yoga Korunta}}

[[File:KailashTanka.JPG|thumb|left|Krishnamacharya claimed that he had spent seven and a half years at the foot of the sacred [[Mount Kailash]] in [[Tibet]], learning the ''[[Yoga Korunta]]'' in the [[Gurkha]] language of [[Nepal]].]]

Krishnamacharya told his pupils, including Iyengar, "an imagined history, it turns out, of thousands of asanas".{{sfn|Smith|White|2014|p=125}} Mark Singleton and Tara Fraser note that he provided contradictory descriptions of the facts of his own life, sometimes denying tales he had told earlier, and sometimes mischievously{{sfn|Singleton|Fraser|2014|p=85}} adding new versions.{{sfn|Singleton|Fraser|2014|p=85}} According to one such tale, recounted by Mohan, during the vacations, which would last about three months, Krishnamacharya made pilgrimages into the [[Himalayas]].{{sfn|Mohan|2010|p=3}} Krishnamacharya claimed in his ''[[Yoga Makaranda]]'' that at the suggestion of Gaṅgānāth Jhā, he sought to further his yoga studies by seeking a master named Yogeshwara Ramamohana Brahmachari, who was rumored to live in the mountains beyond Nepal and had supposedly mastered 7000 asanas.<ref>Krishnamacharya, Tirumalai. ''[[Yoga Makaranda]]''. p. 25. Kannada Edition 1934 Madurai C.M.V. Press</ref> For this venture, Krishnamacharya had to obtain the permission of the Viceroy in Simla, Lord Irwin, who was then suffering from diabetes.{{sfn|Mohan|2010|p=3}} At the request of the Viceroy, Krishnamacharya travelled to Simla and taught him yogic practices for six months. The Viceroy's health improved and he developed respect and affection for Krishnamacharya.{{sfn|Mohan|2010|pp=3–4}} In 1919, the Viceroy made arrangements for Krishnamacharya's travel to Tibet, supplying three aides and taking care of the expenses. After two and a half months of walking, Krishnamacharya arrived at Sri Brahmachari's school, supposedly a cave at the foot of [[Mount Kailash]], where the master lived with his wife and three children.{{sfn|Pagés Ruiz|2001}} Under Brahmachari's tutelage, Krishnamacharya claimed to have spent seven and a half years{{sfn|Mohan|2010|p=5}} studying the ''[[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga Sūtras]]'' of [[Patañjali]], learning [[asana]]s and [[pranayama]], and studying the [[therapeutic aspects of yoga]].{{sfn|Pagés Ruiz|2001}} He was supposedly made to memorize the whole of the ''[[Yoga Korunta]]'' in the [[Gurkha]] language, though no evidence of that text exists. As tradition holds, at the end of his studies with the guru, Krishnamacharya asked what his payment would be. The master responded that Krishnamacharya was to "take a wife, raise children and be a teacher of Yoga".{{sfn|Desikachar|Cravens|1998|p=44}}{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pp=184–186, 197}}

According to the tale, Krishnamacharya then returned to [[Varanasi]]. The Maharaja of Jaipur called him to serve as principal of the Vidyā Śālā in Jaipur; but as he did not like being answerable to many people, Krishnamacharya shortly returned to Varanasi. In accordance with his guru's wish that he live the life of a householder, Krishnamacharya married Namagiriamma in 1925. After his marriage, Krishnamacharya was forced by circumstance to work in a coffee plantation in the Hasan district. It was after a lecture on the [[Upanishads]] in Mysore Town Hall in 1931 that he attracted attention as a learned scholar that eventually led to his employment at the palace.{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pp=184–186, 197}}

=== Mysore years ===

{{further|Asana|Modern yoga}}

[[File:Krishnamacharya mysoreSchool.jpg|thumb|Krishnamacharya in a yoga demonstration]]

In 1926, the [[Maharaja of Mysore]], [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]] (1884–1940), was in [[Varanasi]] to celebrate his mother's 60th birthday and heard about Krishnamacharya's learning and skill as a yoga therapist.{{sfn|Desikachar|Cravens|1998|p=87}} The Maharaja met Krishnamacharya and was so impressed by the young man's demeanor, authority, and scholarship that he engaged Krishnamacharya to teach him and his family.{{sfn|Desikachar|Cravens|1998|p=87}} Initially, Krishnamacharya taught yoga at the [[Mysore Palace]].{{sfn|Sjoman|1999|p=52}} He soon became a trusted advisor of the Maharaja, and was given the recognition of Asthana Vidwan — the intelligentsia of the palace.{{sfn|Iyengar|2000|p=53}}

During the 1920s, Krishnamacharya held numerous demonstrations to stimulate popular interest in yoga. These included suspending his pulse, stopping cars with his bare hands, performing difficult asanas, and lifting heavy objects with his teeth.{{sfn|Pagés Ruiz|2001}} Palace archive records show that the Maharaja was interested in the promotion of yoga and continually sent Krishnamacharya around the country to give lectures and demonstrations.{{sfn|Sjoman|1999|p=53}}

In 1931, Krishnamacharya was invited to teach at the Sanskrit College in Mysore. The Maharaja, who felt that yoga had helped cure his many ailments, asked Krishnamacharya to open a yoga school under his patronage{{sfn|Pagés Ruiz|2001}}{{sfn|Mohan|2010|p=6}} and was subsequently given the wing of a nearby palace, the [[Jaganmohan Palace]], to start the Yogashala, an independent yoga institution,{{sfn|Sjoman|1999|p=52}} which opened on 11 August 1933.{{sfn|Desikachar|Cravens|1998|p=87}}{{sfn|Singleton|2010|p=181ff}}

[[File:Gajasana in Sritattvanidhi.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gajasana]], hand-drawn illustration in ''Sritattvanidhi'', 19th century Mysore Palace manuscript. The scholar [[Norman Sjoman]] suggests that Krishnamacharya was influenced by the yoga poses in the manuscript.<ref name="cushman"/>]]

In 1934, he wrote the book ''[[Yoga Makaranda]]'' ("Essence of Yoga"), which was published by Mysore University. In the introduction to ''Yoga Makaranda'', Krishnamacharya lists the ''[[Sritattvanidhi]]'', a 19th-century treatise containing a yoga section by [[Kingdom of Mysore|Maharaja of Mysore]], [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar III]] (1794–1868), as one of the sources for his book. In ''[[The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace]]'', [[Norman Sjoman]] asserts that Krishnamacharya was influenced by the ''Sritattvanidhi'' and by the ''Vyayama Dipika'', a Western-based gymnastics manual written by the Mysore Palace gymnasts.<ref name="cushman">{{cite web |title=Yoga Through Time |url=http://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/466 |last1=Cushman |first1=Anne |date=28 August 2007 |author-link=Anne Cushman |publisher=[[Yoga Journal]] |access-date=22 October 2013 |archive-date=9 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709211332/http://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/466 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mark Singleton (yoga researcher)|Mark Singleton]] argues that he was influenced by the 20th century yoga pioneers [[Yogendra]] and [[Kuvalayananda]], and that all three "seamlessly incorporate[d] elements of [[physical culture]] into their systems of 'yoga'."{{sfn|Singleton|2010|p=111}}

Krishnamacharya, unlike earlier yoga gurus such as [[Yogendra]], "severely criticized his students" including his young brother-in-law, B. K. S. Iyengar.{{sfn|Goldberg|2016|pp=370–371}} He was equally bad-tempered at home with his family. In the view of the historian of yoga [[Elliott Goldberg]], Iyengar "would never recover from or anywhere near comprehend the damage inflicted on him by Krishnamacharya's abuse" during his teenage years.{{sfn|Goldberg|2016|p=375}}

In 1940, Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV died. His nephew and successor, [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]] (1919–1974), who was less interested in yoga, no longer provided support for publishing texts and sending teams of teachers to surrounding areas.{{sfn|Desikachar|Cravens|1998|p=94}} Following political changes in 1946, around the time that [[Indian Independence Act 1947|India gained independence]], a new government came into being and the powers of the maharajas were curtailed. Funding for the yoga school was cut off,{{sfn|Desikachar|Cravens|1998|p=96}} and Krishnamacharya struggled to maintain the school. At the age of 60 (1948), Krishnamacharya was forced to travel extensively to find students and provide for his family.{{sfn|Desikachar|Cravens|1998|p=96}} The Yogashala in Mysore was ordered to be closed by [[K.C. Reddy]], the first Chief Minister of Mysore State, and the school eventually closed in 1950.{{sfn|Pagés Ruiz|2001}}

=== Madras years ===

[[File:Krishnamacharya teaching.jpg|thumb|upright|Krishnamacharya teaching a child]]

After leaving Mysore, Krishnamacharya moved to [[Bangalore]] for a couple of years{{sfn|Desikachar|Cravens|1998|p=101}} and then, in 1952, was invited to relocate to [[Madras]] (now Chennai), by a well-known lawyer who sought Krishnamacharya's help in healing from a stroke. By now, Krishnamacharya was in his sixties, and his reputation for being a strict and intimidating teacher had somewhat mellowed. In Madras, Krishnamacharya accepted a job as a lecturer at Vivekananda College. He also began to acquire yoga students from diverse backgrounds and in various physical conditions, which required him to adapt his teaching to each student's abilities. For the remainder of his teaching life, Krishnamacharya continued to refine this individualized approach, which came to be known as [[Viniyoga]].{{sfn|Pagés Ruiz|2001}}{{sfn|Mohan|2010|pp=38-43}} Many considered Krishnamacharya a yoga master, but he continued to call himself a student because he felt that he was always "studying, exploring and experimenting" with the practice.{{sfn|Desikachar|Cravens|1998|p=104}} Throughout his life, Krishnamacharya refused to take credit for his innovative teachings but instead attributed the knowledge to his guru or to ancient texts.{{sfn|Pagés Ruiz|2001}} Although his knowledge and teaching have influenced yoga throughout the world, Krishnamacharya never left his native India. ''[[Yoga Journal]]'' wrote:

{{blockquote|You may never have heard of him but Tirumalai Krishnamacharya influenced or perhaps even invented your yoga. Whether you practice the dynamic series of [[Pattabhi Jois]], the refined alignments of [[B. K. S. Iyengar]], the classical postures of Indra Devi, or the customized vinyasa of Viniyoga, your practice stems from one source: a five-foot, two-inch Brahmin born more than one hundred years ago in a small South Indian village.{{sfn|Pagés Ruiz|2001}}}}

By developing and refining different approaches, Krishnamacharya made yoga accessible to millions around the world.{{sfn|Pagés Ruiz|2001}}

== Approach ==
{{further|Yoga as therapy|Yoga as exercise}}

Krishnamacharya was a physician of [[Ayurvedic medicine]]. He "possessed enormous knowledge of nutrition, herbal medicine, the use of oils, and other remedies".{{sfn|Desikachar|Cravens|1998|p=124}} Krishnamacharya's custom as an Ayurvedic practitioner was to begin with a detailed examination to determine the most efficient path to take for a patient.{{sfn|Desikachar|Cravens|1998|p=129}} According to Krishnamacharya, even though the source or focus of a disease is in a particular area of the body, he assumed that many other systems in the body, both mental and physical, would also be affected. At some point during or after an initial examination, Krishnamacharya would ask if the patient was willing to follow his guidance. This question was important to a patient's treatment, because Krishnamacharya felt that if the person could not trust him fully there was little chance of his or her being healed.{{sfn|Desikachar|Cravens|1998|p=131}}

[[File:Eight Limbs of Yoga diagram.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.5|Krishnamacharya emphasised the use of three of [[Patanjali]]'s [[eight limbs of yoga]], not only [[asana]] but also [[pranayama]] and [[Dhyana in Hinduism|dhyana]].{{sfn|Desikachar|Cravens|1998|p=111}}]]

Once a person began seeing Krishnamacharya, he would work with him or her on a number of levels including adjusting their diet; creating herbal medicines; and setting up a series of yoga postures that would be most beneficial. When instructing a person on the practice of yoga, Krishnamacharya particularly stressed the importance of combining breath work ([[pranayama]]) with the postures ([[asana]]s) of yoga and [[meditation]] ([[Dhyana in Hinduism|dhyana]]) to reach the desired goal.{{sfn|Desikachar|Cravens|1998|p=111}}

Krishnamacharya "believed Yoga to be India's greatest gift to the world."{{sfn|Desikachar|Cravens|1998|p=123}} His yoga instruction reflected his conviction that yoga could be both a spiritual practice and a mode of physical healing.{{sfn|Desikachar|Cravens|1998|p=xviii}} His style of yoga is now known as Vinyasa Krama Yoga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vinyasa Krama Yoga |url=https://www.harmonyyoga.co.uk/vinyasa-krama-yoga-open-practice-sessions/ |publisher=Harmony Yoga |access-date=4 April 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404104951/https://www.harmonyyoga.co.uk/vinyasa-krama-yoga-open-practice-sessions/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Krishnamacharya based his teachings on the ''[[Yoga Sutras]]'' of [[Patanjali]] and the ''[[Yoga Yajnavalkya]]''. Whereas Krishnamacharya was deeply devoted to [[Vaishnavism]], he also respected his students' varying religious beliefs, or nonbeliefs.{{sfn|Mohan|2010|p=107}} A former student recalls that while leading a meditation, Krishnamacharya instructed students to close their eyes and "think of God. If not God, the sun. If not the sun, your parents."{{sfn|Pagés Ruiz|2001}} As a result of the teachings he received from his father and other instructors, Krishnamacharya approached every student as "absolutely unique",{{sfn|Desikachar|Cravens|1998|p=20}} in the belief that the most important aspect of teaching yoga was that the student be "taught according to his or her individual capacity at any given time".{{sfn|Desikachar|Cravens|1998|p=22}} For Krishnamacharya, the path of yoga meant different things for different people, and each person ought to be taught in a manner that he or she understood clearly.{{sfn|Desikachar|Cravens|1998|p=xix}}

Krishnamacharya's students included many of 20th century yoga's most renowned and influential teachers: [[Indra Devi]]; [[K. Pattabhi Jois]]; [[B. K. S. Iyengar]]; [[T. K. V. Desikachar]]; [[Srivatsa Ramaswami]]; and [[A. G. Mohan]] (born 1945).{{sfn|Iyengar|2006|pp=xvi-xx}}{{sfn|Singleton|Fraser|2014|p=83}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Leading yoga teachers among Krishnamacharya's pupils{{sfn|Iyengar|2006|pp=xvi-xx}}{{sfn|Singleton|Fraser|2014|p=83}}
|-
! Student !! Relationship !! Known for !! Founded school !! Best-known book
|-
| [[Indra Devi]] (1899–2002) || pupil || Yoga with [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] stars || — || ''Yoga for Americans'' 1959
|-
| [[K. Pattabhi Jois]] (1915–2009) || pupil || [[Mysore style]] || [[Ashtanga vinyasa yoga]] || ''Yoga Mala'' 1999 and
Ashtanga Yoga Manual with Lino Miele 2003
|-
| [[B. K. S. Iyengar]] (1918-2014) || brother-in-law || Precision, [[Yoga prop|props]] || [[Iyengar Yoga]] || ''[[Light on Yoga]]'' 1966
|-
| [[T. K. V. Desikachar]] (1938-2016) || son || [[Viniyoga]] || Krishnamacharya Yoga Mandiram || ''The Heart of Yoga'' 1995
|-
| [[Srivatsa Ramaswami]] (1939- ) || pupil || Vinyasa Krama yoga || — || ''Complete Book of Vinyasa Yoga'' 2005
|-
| [[A. G. Mohan]] (1945- ) || pupil || Svastha Yoga & Ayurveda || — || ''Yoga for Body, Breath, and Mind'' 2002
|-
| [[Vanda Scaravelli]] (1908-1999) || pupil by proxy, Krishnamacharya sent Iyengar and Desikachar to teach her<ref name=YI2015>{{Cite web |last=Wishner |first=Nan |url=https://yogainternational.com/article/view/the-legacy-of-vanda-scaravelli |title=The Legacy of Vanda Scaravelli |publisher=Yoga International |date=5 May 2015 |access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524084029/https://yogainternational.com/article/view/the-legacy-of-vanda-scaravelli/ |url-status=live }}</ref> || — || Asked her followers not to name schools of yoga after her.<ref name="Wildcroft 2020">{{cite book | last=Wildcroft | first=Theodora | title=Post-Lineage Yoga : from Guru to #metoo |title-link=Post-lineage yoga |publisher=Equinox Publishing | publication-place=Sheffield | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-78179-940-6 | oclc=1152054676 | page=15}}</ref>|| ''Awakening the Spine'' 1991
|}

== Accomplishment as a scholar ==

Krishnamacharya was highly regarded as a scholar. He earned degrees in philosophy, logic, divinity, philology, and music.{{sfn|Pagés Ruiz|2001}}{{sfn|Mohan|2010|pp=3–5}} He was twice offered the position of Acharya in the [[Srivaishnava sampradaya]], but he declined in order to stay with his family, in accordance with his guru's wishes.{{sfn|Pagés Ruiz|2001}}

He also had extensive knowledge of orthodox Hindu rituals. His scholarship in various [[darshana]]s of orthodox Indian philosophy earned him titles such as ''Sāṃkhya-yoga-śikhāmaṇi'', ''Mīmāṃsā-ratna'', ''Mīmāṃsā-thīrtha'', ''Nyāyācārya'', ''Vedāntavāgīśa'', ''Veda-kesari'' and ''Yogācārya''.<ref name="archives.chennaionline.com">{{cite web |url=http://archives.chennaionline.com/Personality/art012.asp |title=Interview of the week: TKV Desikachar, Founder, Krishnamacharya Yoga Mandiram |publisher=Chennai Online Archives |access-date=2008-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020054022/http://archives.chennaionline.com/Personality/art012.asp |archive-date=20 October 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

One of Krishnamacharya's most distinctive teachings was about kuṇḍalinī. To him, kuṇḍalinī is not an energy that rises. Rather, it is a blockage that prevents prāṇa (breath) from rising.{{sfn|Atkinson|2022|p=6}}

== Works ==

# ''[[Yoga Makaranda]]'' (1934)
# ''Yogaasanagalu'' (c. 1941)
# ''Yoga Rahasya'' (2004)
# ''Yogavalli'' (Chapter 1 – 1988)

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

===Sources===

* {{cite book |last1=Atkinson |first1=Simon |title=Krishnamacharya on Kundalini : the origins and coherence of his position |date=2022 |publisher=Equinox |location=Bristol |isbn=9781800501522}}
* {{cite book |last1=Desikachar |first1=T. K. V. |author-link=T. K. V. Desikachar |last2=Cravens |first2=Richard H. |title=Health, Healing & Beyond : Yoga and the living tradition of Krishnamacharya |publisher=Aperture |year=1998 |isbn=0-89381-941-7}}
* {{cite book | last=Goldberg | first=Elliott |author-link=Elliott Goldberg | title=The Path of Modern Yoga : the history of an embodied spiritual practice | publisher=Inner Traditions | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-62055-567-5 | oclc=926062252 }}
* {{cite book |last=Iyengar |first=B.K.S. |author-link=B.K.S. Iyengar |title=Astadala Yogamala |year=2000 |publisher=Allied Publishers |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-8177640465}}
* {{cite book |last=Iyengar |first=B. K. S. |author-link=B. K. S. Iyengar |year=2006 |title=Light on Life: The Yoga Journey to Wholeness, Inner Peace, and Ultimate Freedom |publisher=Rodale |isbn=978-1594865244}}
* {{cite book |last=Mohan |first=A. G. |author-link=A. G. Mohan |year=2010 |title=[[Krishnamacharya: His Life and Teachings]] |location=Boston |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=978-1-59030-800-4 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Pagés Ruiz |first=Fernando |title=Krishnamacharya's Legacy |journal=[[Yoga Journal]] |issue=May/June 2001 |date=2001 |url=https://www.yogajournal.com/yoga-101/history-of-yoga/krishnamacharya-s-legacy/ }}
* {{cite book |last=Singleton |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |title=Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice |title-link=Yoga Body |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539534-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Singleton |first1=Mark |author-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |last2=Fraser |first2=Tara |editor1=Singleton, Mark |editor1-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |editor2=Goldberg, Ellen |chapter=4. T. Krishnamacharya, Father of Modern Yoga |title=Gurus of Modern Yoga |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-993871-1 |pages=83–106}}
* {{cite book |last=Sjoman |first=N.E. |author-link=Norman Sjoman |title=The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace | edition=2nd |year=1999 |orig-year=1996 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=81-7017-389-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Frederick M. |last2=White |first2=Joan |editor1=Singleton, Mark |editor1-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |editor2=Goldberg, Ellen |chapter=6. Becoming an Icon: B. K. S. Iyengar as a Yoga Teacher and a Yoga Guru |title=Gurus of Modern Yoga |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-993871-1 |pages=122–146}}

== Further reading ==

* Miele, Lino (2003) ''Ashtanga Yoga Manual''.
* Srivatsan, Mala (1997) ''Śrī Krishnamacharya the pūrnācārya''. Krishnamacharya Yoga Mandiram. OCLC 39292632.

; Media 

* {{cite AV media |last1=Dars | first1=Jean-François (Director)| last2=Papillault | first2=Anne (Director) |year=1989 |title=Hundred Years of Beatitude |medium=Documentary |publisher=CNRS | url=http://videotheque.cnrs.fr/doc=604?langue=EN |ref=none}}
* {{cite AV media |people=[[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV|Wadiyar, Krishna Raja]] (Sponsor) |year=1989 |title=T. Krishnamacharya Asanas |medium=Film |url=http://www.asia.si.edu/explore/yoga/youtube.asp?id=krishnamacharya |orig-year=1938 |access-date=8 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214191915/http://www.asia.si.edu/explore/yoga/youtube.asp?id=krishnamacharya |archive-date=14 December 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}
* {{cite video |last=Schmidt-Garre |first=Jan (Director) |year=2012 |title=[[Breath of the Gods]]: A Journey to the Origins of Modern Yoga |medium=Documentary |publisher=PARS Media |ref=none}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tirumalai Krishnamacharya}}
* [https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/post/tirumalai-krishnamacharya Biography of Tirumalai Krishnamacharya]
* [http://www.yogastudies.org/wp-content/uploads/Yoga_Makaranda.pdf Yoga Makaranda (Part 1)]

{{Modern yoga}}
{{Modern yoga gurus}}
{{Physical culture}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnamacharya, Tirumalai}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian men centenarians]]
[[Category:Scholars from Chennai]]
[[Category:People from Chitradurga district]]
[[Category:Scholars from Mysore]]
[[Category:Modern yoga pioneers]]
[[Category:Modern Indian yoga gurus]]

Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:37:23Z

SaifurRahaman: Started New Data!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Visakhapatnam West
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (24-Visakhapatnam West highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[P. G. V. R. Naidu|Gana Babu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Visakhapatnam]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 236,310
| established = 2008
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 24
}}

'''Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Visakhapatnam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=17, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

Gana Venkata Reddy Naidu Pethakamsetti (Gana Babu) is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 236,310 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008)''.

== Mandals ==
The mandal and wards that form the assembly constituency are: Visakhapatnam (M.Corp) Ward No. 35 and 56 to 71, of the Visakhapatnam (Urban) Mandal.<ref name="constituencies" />

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Malla Vijaya Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[P.G.V.R. Naidu|Gana Babu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]:
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = --
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Remaining
|candidate = "" Candidates
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors =
| change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]:
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Remaining
|candidate = "" Candidates
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors =
| change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]:
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Remaining
|candidate = "" Candidates
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors =
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Visakhapatnam West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Malla Vijaya Prasad]]
|votes = 45,018
|percentage = 38.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[P.G.V.R. Naidu]]
|votes = 40,874
|percentage = 35.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Gudivada Nagamani]]
|votes = 17,775
|percentage = 15.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Satta Party
| candidate = [[Govardhan Reddi Avula]]
| votes = 5,502
| percentage = 4.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,144
|percentage = 3.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 115,977
|percentage = 69.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|17.70|83.23|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Dindoshi Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:26:05Z

SaifurRahaman: Done...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dindoshi
| constituency_no = 159
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 159-Dindoshi.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai North West Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North West]]
| district = [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Sunil Prabhu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
| electors = 306,552
}}
'''Dindoshi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies in [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Overview==
Dindoshi constituency is one of the 26 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in the [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=5 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 |df= }}</ref>

Dindoshi is part of the [[Mumbai North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North West Lok Sabha constituency]] which include five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Goregaon Assembly constituency|Goregaon]], [[Versova Assembly constituency|Versova]], [[Jogeshwari East Assembly constituency|Jogeshwari East]], [[Andheri East Assembly constituency|Andheri East]] and [[Andheri West Assembly constituency|Andheri West]] in the [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref name=ceo/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|colspan=4|{{center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Rajhans Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Sunil Prabhu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|Shiv Sena (UBT)]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dindoshi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sunil Prabhu]] |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 76,437 |percentage = 43.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sanjay Nirupam]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 70,255 |percentage = 39.90% |change={{decrease}}13.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Bhaskar Budhaji Parab |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 20,309 |percentage = 11.53% |change={{decrease}}5.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rupesh Radheshyam Kadam |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,540 |percentage = 2.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,530 |percentage = 0.87% |change={{decrease}}1.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajendra Tanaji Sasane |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,199 |percentage = 0.68% |change={{decrease}}1.49 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,182 |percentage = 3.51% |change= {{decrease}}25.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 177,627 |percentage = 57.94% |change= {{increase}}3.14 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 176,097}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 306,552|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena (UBT) |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}10.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dindoshi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sunil Prabhu]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 82,203 |percentage = 53.74% |change={{increase}}18.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vidya Chavan |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 37,692 |percentage = 24.64% |change={{increase}}19.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arun Dhondiram Surve |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 25,854 |percentage = 16.90% |change={{increase}}7.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Siddharth Atmaram Kakde |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 3,326 |percentage = 2.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,266 |percentage = 2.14% |change={{increase}}1.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amit Suryakant Swami |party=Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |votes = 1,042 |percentage = 0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dilip Narayan Tawde |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 961 |percentage = 0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 44,511 |percentage = 29.10% |change= {{increase}}16.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 156,300 |percentage = 55.49% |change= {{increase}}1.07 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 152,970}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 281,684|ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.31 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}18.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dindoshi<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sunil Prabhu]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 56,577 |percentage = 35.72% |change={{increase}}5.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajhans Singh Dhananjay Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 36,749 |percentage = 23.20% |change={{decrease}}10.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohit Kamboj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 36,169 |percentage = 22.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thackeray Shalini Jeetendra |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 14,662 |percentage = 9.26% |change={{decrease}}19.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raorane Ajit Balkrishna |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 8,550 |percentage = 5.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hussain Ismail Taj |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 1,637 |percentage = 1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Maurya Raghavprasad Shivjiprasad |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,421 |percentage = 0.90% |change={{decrease}}0.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,139 |percentage = 0.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,828 |percentage = 12.52% |change= {{increase}}8.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 159,556 |percentage = 53.63% |change= {{increase}}1.59 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 158,379}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 297,492|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.68 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dindoshi<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Rajhans Singh Dhananjay Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 46,278 |percentage = 34.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sunil Prabhu |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 40,413 |percentage = 29.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thakare Shalini Jitendra |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 39,587 |percentage = 29.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mishra Shreekant |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 4,309 |percentage = 3.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganesh Laxman Randive |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,683 |percentage = 1.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Parle Bhikaji Dhondiram |party=Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 1,430 |percentage = 1.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohammad Hanif Ismail Sidatar (Ghachi) |party=Independent politician |votes = 908 |percentage = 0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,865 |percentage = 4.31% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 135,941 |percentage = 51.64% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 135,938}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 263,225|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mumbai Suburban district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord|19.177|72.863|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Anup Dhotre

2026-04-18T22:07:58Z

SaifurRahaman: created initial pg more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anup Sanjay Dhotre
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|05|24|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Akola Lok Sabha constituency|Akola]]
| term_start = 24 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Sanjay Dhotre]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| spouse = Sameeksha Anup Dhotre (wife)
| father = [[Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre]]
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Anup Sanjay Dhotre''' is an Indian politician and [[Member of Parliament]] in the [[18th Lok Sabha]].<ref name="Inheritors {{!}} Next-gen netas">{{cite news|title=Inheritors {{!}} Next-gen netas|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-inheritors-next-gen-netas-2565854-2024-07-13|accessdate=25 March 2025|publisher=India Today|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325141549/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-inheritors-next-gen-netas-2565854-2024-07-13|archivedate=25 March 2025|language=en}}</ref> He is a member of [[Bharatiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Akola Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Lok Sabha Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MP, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/akola-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-lok-sabha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mp-margin-8918391.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He is the son of [[Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre|Sanjay Dhotre]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Akola Election Result 2024 Live Updates: BJP Anup Sanjay Dhotre Has Won This Lok Sabha Seat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/akola-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-maharashtra-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==

Anupbhau Dhotre is a member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a far-right Hindu nationalist paramilitary volunteer organisation.
In 2024, Dhotre was elected Member of Parliament of the [[Akola Lok Sabha constituency|Akola Lok Sabha Constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Akola, Maharashtra Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Anup Dhotre Secures Victory |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/akola-maharashtra-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547812-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-04 |title=Akola Election Results 2024: BJP's Anup Sanjay Dhotre emerges winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/akola-election-results-2024/articleshow/110656620.cms |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhotre, Anup}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1984 births]]

J. M. Vyas

2026-04-11T07:16:58Z

SaifurRahaman:

{{Short description|Indian academic administrator and forensic scientist}}
'''Jayantkumar Maganlal Vyas''' is an Indian academic and forensic scientist who serves as a [[Vice Chancellor]] of [[National Forensic Sciences University]], [[Gandhinagar]]. He served as the Director for the Directorate of Forensic Science, [[Gujarat|Gujarat State]] for three decades.

== Biography ==
Vyas has studied Master of Science, PhD and LLB.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Team Members|url=https://www.forensicevents.com/team-details/729|access-date=2022-01-31|website=Forensic Event|language=}}</ref>

Vyas served as the Director for the Directorate of Forensic Science, Gujarat State from 1993 to until his retirement in 2009. He held the additional charge of the office until 2020. He was the Director General of the Gujarat Forensic Sciences University from February 2009 to 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2019-12-30|title=Gujarat Government defends appointment of JM Vyas as DFS director|url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/gujarat-government-defends-appointment-of-jm-vyas-as-dfs-director/73028861|access-date=2022-01-31|website=ET Government}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Time up for JM Vyas as DFS head?|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/time-up-for-jm-vyas-as-dfs-head/73970049.html|access-date=2022-01-31|website=Ahmedabad Mirror|language=en}}</ref> The university was renamed the National Forensic Sciences University in 2020<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-19|title=NFSU Gandhinagar to set up 10 campuses in different states|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/nfsu-gandhinagar-to-set-up-10-campuses-in-different-states-7520069/|access-date=2022-01-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> and he continued as the Vice Chancellor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Eight from state get Padma award|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/eight-from-state-get-padma-award/81819199.html|access-date=2022-01-26|website=Ahmedabad Mirror|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-26|title=Padma Honours For 8 From Gujarat|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/padma-honours-for-8-from-gujarat/articleshow/89126710.cms|access-date=2022-01-26|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
Vyas was awarded the President's Medal for his services in 1997. In 2004, he was awarded the Commendation Certificate as the Best Forensic Science Laboratory Director at the 15th All India Forensic Science Conference.{{cn|date=June 2024}} He was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award in Forensic Chemistry by [[Amity University, Noida|Amity University]] and [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|AIIMS, New Delhi]] in 2008.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Leadership Team|url=https://www.policefoundationindia.org/our-people/ipf-members/dr-j-m-vyas|access-date=2022-01-31|website=Indian Police Foundation}}</ref>

He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the Government of India in 2022 for his contribution in field of forensic science and engineering.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-25|title=Padma Awards 2022 announced|url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1792640|access-date=2022-01-26|website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Eight from state get Padma award|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/eight-from-state-get-padma-award/81819199.html|access-date=2022-01-26|website=Ahmedabad Mirror|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vyas, J. M.}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Scientists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian forensic scientists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Pranav Misshra

2026-04-10T16:18:02Z

SaifurRahaman: adding some pg from scratch

{{short description|Indian film actor and writer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Biographies|date=April 2020}}
{{Promotional|date=April 2020}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pranav Misshra
| image = File:Pranav Misshra.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| height = 6.2ft
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actor, writer
| years_active = 2010-present
| status =
}}

'''Pranav Misshra''' is an Indian film [[actor]] writer and producer. He played the role of Prem Singh Rathod in the television series ''Aisi Deewangi Dekhi Nahi Kahin'' on [[Zee TV]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pranav-mishra-to-play-the-lead-role-in-upcoming-show-aisi-deewangi-dekhi-nahi-kahi/articleshow/58891959.cms|title=Pranav Misshra to play the lead role in upcoming show 'Aisi Deewangi Dekhi Nahi Kahi'|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-13}}</ref> Misshra has appeared in several television productions, including ''[[Kya Huaa Tera Vaada]]'' as Ajay Gujral, MTV's ''Time-out With Imam'' (2013), ''Jodha Akbar'' as Mirza Hakim (2013–15), and ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin]]'' Season 1 (2015) as Arjun.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hillroadmedia.com/Vodafone_TV_pack/Mumbai.xml|title=Pranav Misshra Will Be Seen In Upcoming Show Nagin}}</ref> He was also featured in ''MTV Girls on Top'' as Shekhar, ''[[Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki]]'' as Nakul Singh Bedi, and ''Albeli Kahani Pyar Ki'' as Geet Gandhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://films.geovideos.tv/series/4401476-albeli-kahani-pyar-ki|title=Albeli... Kahani Pyar Ki|publisher=Geo Films|access-date=2017-06-13}}</ref>

Misshra began his career with roles in various television shows.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-aisi-deewangi-dekhi-nahi-kahin-all-you-need-to-know-about-zee-tv-s-latest-show-2443372|title=Aisi Deewangi Dekhi Nahi Kahin: All you need to know about Zee TV's latest show!|date=2017-05-18|last=Chauhan|first=Soumyata|work=DNA|publisher=Diligent Media Corporation|access-date=2017-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/actor-pranav-misshra-upbeat-about-his-new-tv-show/story-3HZvvJGbn2n951TCle2yOP.html|title=Actor Pranav Misshra upbeat about his new TV show|date=2017-06-09|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2017-08-17|language=en}}</ref> He later appeared as Karan in ''[[Internet Wala Love]]'' on [[Colors TV]] and took on the role of Akki, a parallel lead character, in ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]]'' on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|title=EXCLUSIVE! Vedika enters Ram and Priya's house in Sony TV's Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/spoiler-alert/exclusive-vedika-enters-ram-and-priyas-house-sony-tvs-bade-achhe-lagte-hain-2-211221|access-date=2021-12-24|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref>

Misshra was also associated with the 2023 film ''Kerala Story''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pranav-misshra-to-play-disha-parmars-brother-in-bade-achhe-lagte-hain-2/articleshow/85330027.cms|title=Pranav Misshra to play Disha Parmar's brother in Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2 - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
|2023
|''[[The Kerala Story]]''
|Abdul
|[[Hindi]]
|Debut lead role film
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Show
! Role
|-
|2012
|''[[Kya Huaa Tera Vaada]]''
|Ajay Gujral
|-
|2013
|''MTV Time-Out''
|Pranav Misshra
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015
|''Albeli Kahani Pyar Ki''
|Geet Gandhi
|-
|''[[Jodha Akbar]]''
|Mirza Hakim
|-
|2015–2016
|''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin]]''
|Arjun Mathur
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016
|''[[MTV Girls on Top]]''
|Shekhar
|-
|''[[Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki]]''
|Nakuul Singh Bedi
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Aisi Deewangi Dekhi Nahi Kahi]]''
|Prem Singh Rathod
|-
|2019
|''[[Internet Wala Love]]''
|Karan Sharma
|-
|2021–2022
|''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]]''
|Akshay Mehra
|-
|2022
|''[[Swaraj (TV series)|Swaraj]]''
|Azimulla Khan
|}
2024
Bhed Bharam WAVES OTT Series
Vivek Sanyasi

== References ==
{{reflist}}

Bhed Bharam (Waves Ott)
Lead Role:- Vivek Sanyasi
https://www.masala.com/bollywood-news/bhed-bharam-pranav-misshra-joins-hands-with-vipul-amrutlal-shah-again-after-the-success-of-the-kerala-story

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|7003402}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Misshra, Pranav}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Aniruddha Jatkar

2026-04-09T23:16:52Z

SaifurRahaman: created a stub more to come...

{{short description|Indian film and theatre artist}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=June 2022}}
{{Promotional|date=June 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aniruddha Jatkar
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Jatkar in 2018
| other_names = Anirudh
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|02|16|df=y}}
| death_date =
| death_cause =
| occupation = Actor
| alma_mater = [[L S Raheja School of Architecture|L. S. Raheja School of Architecture]]
| birth_place = [[Mumbai, Maharastra]], India
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] (Father-in-law),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lehren.com/news/regional/kannada/vishnuvardhan%E2%80%99s-son-law-recreating-%E2%80%98shasa-simha%E2%80%99-%E2%80%98raja-simha%E2%80%99-20170127 |title=Vishnuvardhan's son-in-law recreating 'Shasa Simha' in 'Raja Simha' |publisher=lehren.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524101337/https://www.lehren.com/news/regional/kannada/vishnuvardhan%E2%80%99s-son-law-recreating-%E2%80%98shasa-simha%E2%80%99-%E2%80%98raja-simha%E2%80%99-20170127 |archivedate=24 May 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 }}</ref> [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan]] (Mother-in-law)
}}

'''Aniruddha Jatkar''' (born February 16, 1974), [[mononymous person|mononymously]] known as '''Anirudh''' is an Indian film and television actor who primarily works in [[Kannada cinema]]. He is the son-in-law of the Kannada film actors [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] and [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Manjula|date=2020-09-13|title=Vishnu Smaraka in Mysuru Will Be More Than Just A Memorial|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sandalwood/vishnu-smaraka-in-mysuru-will-be-more-than-just-a-memorial-645348|access-date=2021-10-02|website=thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref> He has also worked in Marathi and Tamil films. He is known for his role in the Kannada TV series ''[[Jothe Jotheyali (TV series)|Jothe Jotheyali]]''.

Jatkar is also a documentary filmmaker. He has made a total of 20 records.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2021-12-22 |title=Actor Aniruddh etches his name in three records for lengthy documentary on actress Bharati Vishnuvardhan |url=https://www.mysoorunews.com/actor-aniruddh-etches-his-name-in-three-records-for-lengthy-documentary-on-actress-bharati-vishnuvardhan/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=Mysooru News |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Short films ===
Jatkar has made six short films that were released on ''September 18, 2018,'' in memory of the late actor Vishnuvardhan's birth anniversary.

''Smoke, Save, Vaishnav Jan To, Water, Candlelight, Shantam Papam''. The films ''Candlelight'' and ''Shantam Papam''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aniruddha Jatkar's latest short films touch upon various social issues|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/aniruddha-jatkars-latest-short-films-touch-upon-various-social-issues/articleshow/67271802.cms|access-date=2021-10-02|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> released in both English and Kannada.

Jatkar's short films have records set in the ''India Book of Records''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anirudha Bags Four India Book of Records – chitraloka.com {{!}} Kannada Movie News, Reviews {{!}} Image|url=https://chitraloka.com/news/19224-anirudha-bags-four-india-book-of-records.html|access-date=2021-10-02|website=chitraloka.com|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121093543/https://chitraloka.com/news/19224-anirudha-bags-four-india-book-of-records.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>'', Asia Book of Records''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-28|title=Short film series wins records|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/short-film-series-wins-records-710310.html|access-date=2021-10-02|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> ''and Kalam’s World Records''<ref>{{Cite web|last=pratiba|title=Aniruddha Jatkar steps into Kalams Book of records|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/video/entertainment/aniruddha-jatkar-steps-into-kalams-book-of-records-ppn8yt|access-date=2021-10-02|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=en}}</ref> for releasing the most number of short films across different genres, on social issues, and without dialogues on the same day.

=== Documentary films ===
Jatkar has directed a documentary based on the life of actress [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan]], who is also his mother-in-law. The film, ''Baale Bangaara'', received a special jury mention at the 69th [[National Film Awards]] in 2021, the most prominent film awards ceremony in India. He spent three years making the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=69th National Film Awards 2021: Aniruddha Jatkar gets special jury mention for documentary on Bharathi Vishnuvardhan |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/69th-national-film-awards-2021-aniruddha-jatkar-gets-special-jury-mention-for-documentary-on-bharathi-vishnuvardhan/4ee5f4e280125 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

=== Television ===
Jatkar is the male protagonist of the Kannada serial ''[[Jothe Jotheyali (TV series)|Jothe Jotheyali]]''. It was the show with the highest TRP in its opening week and one of the most watched show on Kannada television.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jothe Jotheyali Listed As 2nd Popular Kannada Serial in Week 10 TRP Data|date=18 March 2021 |url=https://www.kannadatvshows.com/jothe-jotheyali-week-10-trp-data/|access-date=2021-10-02|language=en-US}}</ref> The series is an official remake of the Marathi show ''[[Tula Pahate Re]]''. He was ousted from the show following reports of rude behavior on set.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hegde, DHNS |first=Akash |title=They never heard my side of the story: Aniruddha |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/they-never-heard-my-side-of-the-story-aniruddha-1139708.html |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

=== ''Sahasa Simha'' Comic series ===
''Sahasa Simha'' Comic series is a comic in South India which revolves around Detective Sahasa Simha who solves mysteries with the help of his grandchildren and fights through social issues.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Keerthi & Amar Chitra Katha launches 2nd book in the SahasaSimha comic book series|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/lifestyle-buzz/keerthi-amar-chitra-katha-launches-2nd-book-in-the-sahasasimha-comic-book-series-115012700348_1.html|access-date=2021-10-02|website=indiainfoline.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|2001
|''[[Chitte]]''
|Anil
|
|
|-
|''[[Chitra (2001 film)|Chitra]]''
|Ramu's friend
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
|''[[Thuntata (film)|Thuntata]]''
|Sachin
|
|
|-
|''[[Mutham]]''
|Joe
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] film; credited as Ajayan
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2003
|''Lovva Illa Dovva'' || || ||
|-
|''Panchali''
|
|
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Jyeshta (film)|Jyeshtha]]''
|Ani
|
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Rama Shama Bhama]]''
|Raja
|
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2006
|''[[Good Luck (2006 film)|Good Luck]]''
| Ani
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jun/26good.htm|title=Good Luck is above average|author=RG Vijayasarathy|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=26 July 2006}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Neenello Naanalle]]''
|Santosh
|
|
|-
|''[[Dor (film)|Dor]]''
|Shankar Singh
|[[Hindi]] film
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2007
|''Tamashegagi''
|Anil
|
|
|-
|''[[Sathyavan Savithri]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Nali Naliyutha]]''
|Surya
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010
|''[[Ijjodu]]''
|Satya
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/ijjodu-kannada/265338|title=Ijjodu Grabs Attention|access-date=23 May 2018|archive-date=24 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524101337/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/ijjodu-kannada/265338|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Kunidu Kunidu Ba Re''
|
|Also playback singer
|
|-
|2014
|''Saam Daam Dand Bhedh''
|
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]] film
|
|-
|2015
|''Shabari Male Yatre''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017
|''Kalaberake''
|
|
|
|-
|''Marali Manege''
|
|Guest appearance
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2018
|''[[Rajasimha (film)|Raja Simha]]''
| Satya
|
|
|-
|''Abhayhasta''
|
|Guest appearance
|
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Triple Riding]]'' || Dr. Prem ||
|
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Chef Chidambara]]'' || Chidambara ||
|
|-
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Show
!Role
! Channel
! Notes
|-
| 2009
| ''Daddy No.1''
|Host
| rowspan="2" | [[Zee Kannada]]
|
|-
| 2019–2022
| [[Jothe Jotheyali (TV series)|''Jothe Jotheyali'']]
| Aryavardhan alias Subash Patil
|replaced by [[Harish Raj]]
|-
|2024-
|''Suryavamsha''
|
|[[Udaya TV]]
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://chiloka.com/celebrity/anirudh Jatkar on chiloka.com]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jatkar, Aniruddha}}
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada television]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Kannada actors]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Gadhvacha Lagna

2026-04-03T19:14:42Z

SaifurRahaman: Done...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gadhvacha Lagna
| image = Gadhvacha Lagna poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = Raju Phulkar
| writer = Raju Phulkar ({{small|Screenplay and Dialogues}})
| story = Haribhau Vadgaonkar
| based_on = [[Navnath]] Pothi – 24 chapter (traditionally)
| producer = S. B. Pardeshi
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Makarand Anaspure]]
*Rajshree Landage
*Sanjay Khapre
*[[Sonalee Kulkarni]]
*[[Sharad Ponkshe]]
}}
| cinematography = Suresh Deshmane
| editing = Shailendra Doke
| music = '''Music:''' Bal Palsule '''Songs:''' [[Jagdish Khebudkar]]
| studio = S. B. Pardesi Productions Sumeet Movies
| released = {{Film date|2007|01|01|df=y}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
}}
'''''Gadhvacha Lagna''''' or '''''Gadhvache Lagna''''' ({{Translation|Donkey's Marriage}}) is a 2007 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Comedy film|comedy]] film directed by Raju Phulkar and produced by S. B. Pardeshi under the banner of S. B. Pardeshi Productions. The film stars [[Makarand Anaspure]], Rajshree Landge, Sanjay Khapre in leading roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-01 |title=Gadhavach Lagna ( गाढवाच लग्न ) |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/moviedetail/gadhavach-lagn.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515084536/https://marathimovieworld.com/moviedetail/gadhavach-lagn.php |archive-date=2024-05-15 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Marathi Movie World |language=en}}</ref>

The film was theatrically released on 1 January 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=गाढवाचं लग्न |url=https://www.marathifilmdata.com/chitrapat/gadhavache-lagna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515091427/https://www.marathifilmdata.com/chitrapat/gadhavache-lagna/ |archive-date=2024-05-15 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Marathifilmdata.com |language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Savalya, a potter who worships his donkey, goes to heaven and has a unique experience. On his return, he realizes that everything around him has changed. Soon he and his donkey have a challenge.

== Cast ==

* [[Makarand Anaspure]] as Savlya Kumbhar
* Rajshree Landge as Gangu Kumbhar<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-20 |title="गंगे तू लय बदलली गं गंगे"...पाहा सावळ्या कुंभाराच्या गंगेचा मॉडर्न अंदाज |trans-title= |url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/gadhvache-lagna-movie-fame-rajashree-landge-surprise-her-fan-her-glamorous-look-a591/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204014634/https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/gadhvache-lagna-movie-fame-rajashree-landge-surprise-her-fan-her-glamorous-look-a591/ |archive-date=2022-12-04 |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Sanjay Khapre as Sada/ Sadabai
* [[Sonalee Kulkarni]] as [[Rambha (apsara)|Rambha]]<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Poojari |first1=Nitesh |title=Exclusive! Sonalee Kulkarni on re-opening of theatres: Huge number of families depended on cinema and we have to save it at any cost |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/exclusive-sonalee-kulkarni-on-re-opening-of-theatres-huge-number-of-families-depended-on-cinema-and-we-have-to-save-it-at-any-cost/articleshow/78164257.cms |access-date=2022-12-04}}</ref>
* [[Sharad Ponkshe]] as Diwanji
* Kiran Ronge
* Siddeshwar Zadbuke as Pradhanji
* Dipak Alegaokar
* Mukund Phansalkar as Indradev
* Imtiaz Bagvan
* Anvay Bendre as Buva
* Gazhal Dabholkar
* Ranjeet Magdoom
* Nandu Pol as King<ref>{{Cite news |title=Veteran Marathi actor Nandu Pol no more |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/veteran-marathi-actor-nandu-pol-no-more/articleshow/53432487.cms |access-date=2024-02-22|first=Rishabh|last=Deb|date=3 August 2016}}</ref>
* Sumira Gujar as Rajkunvar
* Jyoti Joshi
* Nandini Jog
* Praksh Dhotre

== Crew ==
* Public relations official – P. K. Bone
* Marketing and publicity – Shrikant Dhondge, Sanket, and Shreyas
* Art and costume designer – Raju Phulkar
* Choreographer – Narendra Pandit
* Music cinematography – Raju Phulkar
* Production head – Hemant Gadekar
* Production manager – Hemant Giri
* Executive producer – Ravi Bartakke (Nashik)
* Executive advisor – Harshit Abhiraj
* Co-producer – Eknath Kudle
* Concept – S. B. Pardeshi (Subhash Pardeshi)

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Gadhvacha Lagna
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Jagdish Khebudkar]]
| released = 2007
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 15:58
| language = Marathi
| label = Sumeet Music
| producer = [[Jagdish Khebudkar]]
| prev_title = Maherchi Maaya
| prev_year = 2007
| year = 2007
}}
Music is composed by Bal Palsule and Songs are composed by [[Jagdish Khebudkar]].
{{Track listing
| all_music = Bal Palsule
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bhar Disa He Sapan Padla
| length1 = 4:40
| extra1 = Anand Shinde Shakuntala Jadhav
| title2 = Mazi Rambha Ga
| length2 = 3:53
| extra2 = Anand Shinde
| title3 = Mi Chhattis Nakhrewali
| length3 = 3:30
| extra3 = [[Vaishali Samant]] Nitin Diskalkar
| title4 = Indra Darbari Nache Sundari
| length4 = 4:35
| extra4 = [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| total_length = 15:58
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0984036|Gadhvavhe Lagna}}

[[Category:2006 comedy films]]
[[Category:2007 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about donkeys]]
[[Category:Films about marriage]]
[[Category:Films set in heaven]]

(..)ibra

2026-04-01T08:26:28Z

SaifurRahaman: created initial post more to come...

{{Infobox royalty|name=(..)ibra|title=King of [[Meluhha]]|reign=Possibly between {{circa|2300–2200 BC}}}}

'''(..)ibra''' was a king of [[Meluhha]] according to an inscription attributed to the reign of [[Naram-Sin of Akkad]] (2254–2218 BC).<ref name="SCHO">{{Cite web |title=MS 2814 - The Schoyen Collection |url=https://www.schoyencollection.com/history-collection-introduction/sumerian-history-collection/cuneiform-indus-valley-ms-2814 |website=www.schoyencollection.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>

==Inscription==
[[Naram-Sin of Akkad|Naram-Sin]] (2254–2218 BC) was the third successor and grandson of [[Sargon of Akkad]] (2334–2279 BC).

He listed the various rebel kings to his rule, and mentioned "'''''(..)ibra''''', man of Meluhha".<ref name="SCHO" />

== Significance ==
(..)ibra is the only attested ruler of Meluhha. His kingdom has been identified with the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] and so, the inscription might provide some insights into the relationship between the Harappans and the [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamians]].{{fact|date=October 2025}}

== See also ==
* [[Meluhha]]
* [[Sargon of Akkad]]
* [[Naram-Sin of Akkad]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indus Valley civilisation}}

[[Category:3rd-millennium BC births]]
[[Category:3rd-millennium BC deaths]]
[[Category:23rd-century BC monarchs]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation]]

{{AncientNearEast-bio-stub}}

Kuntala country

2026-03-28T17:29:41Z

SaifurRahaman: cleanup section for accuracy to improve readability

{{Short description|Ancient region in Karnataka}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
[[File:Kuntala coinage 400-300 BCE.jpg|thumb|Kuntala coinage 400-300 BCE]]

The '''Kuntala country''' is an ancient Indian political region which included the north-western parts of [[Mysore]] and the southern parts of the [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref>{{Cite book |quote=The Kuntala country which included the north-western parts of Mysore and the southern parts of the Bombay Presidency.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107941 |title=Annual Report Of Mysore 1886 To 1903 |pages=1 |language=English}}</ref> Kuntala coins are available since estimated 600-450 BCE.<ref name=kuntalacoin>{{citation |title=Kuntala Coins|url=http://coinindia.com/galleries-kuntala.html|ref=kuntalacoin}}></ref> Kuntala formed one of the divisions of Southern India as late as 10th-12th centuries A.D. (other regions were: [[Chola]], [[Chera Dynasty|Chera]], [[Pandyan Dynasty|Pandya]] [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra in Indian epic literature|Andhra]]). Each developed its own culture and administration. The [[Talagunda]] inscriptions mention [[Balligavi]] and nearby regions as parts of Kuntala. Inscriptions in Kubaturu near Anavatti mention Kubaturu as the Kuntalanagara. Kuntala is revered as one of the three great countries of Chalukya period in inscriptions.
[[File:The First South Asian coins 400-300 BCE, Room 33 exhibit of the British Museum.jpg|thumb|Map showing the ancient Indian coinage from Kuntala region, 3rd-4th century BC.]]

== Scriptural references ==
[[File:South India in BC 300.jpg|thumb|South India in 300 BCE, Kuntala]]
Kannada Mahabharata mentions the visit of Krishna and Arjuna to Kuntala during Ashwamedha when Chandrahasa was the king of Kuntala who sends two of his children along with Arjuna for the further campaigns.

[[Indian copper plate inscriptions|Copperplate]]s issued by the [[Yadavas of Devagiri]] mention the [[Nāga]]s as its oldest known rulers.<ref name=kuntala >{{cite book|last1=Moraes|first1=George Mark|title=The Kadamba Kula: A History of Ancient and Mediaeval Karnataka|date=1931|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120605954|pages=1–7|edition=AES reprint, illustrated|ref=kuntala}}</ref> [[Rashtrakutas]], [[Satavahanas]], [[Vakatakas]], [[Chalukyas]], [[Chutus]], [[Vishnukundina]] have ruled Kuntala, as suggested by stone inscriptions and copperplates.<ref name=rulers >{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Ancient Indian Geography, Volume 2|date=2002|publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788177552997|pages= 403–404|edition=Edited by Subodh Kapoor|ref=rulers}}</ref> Kuntala is identified with ''{{IAST|Raṭṭapāḍi}}'' which is translated as settlements of the ''[[Rashtrakuta dynasty|{{IAST|Raṭṭa}}s]]''.<ref name=ratta>{{cite book|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Belgaum|date=1987|publisher=Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press }}</ref> Copperplates of [[Pulakeshin II]] speak of him as the king of three ''{{IAST|Mahārāṣṭraka}}s'', Kuntala being one of the ''Maharashtrakas'' (other two being [[Vidarbha]], and [[Konkan]] region of 99,000 villages.

[[Kalidasa]] mentions as Kuntala and the lord of Kuntala (as ''{{IAST|Kuntalānāmadhīśa}}, {{IAST|Kuntalādhipati}}, {{IAST|Kuntalādhīśa}}'') in his works.<ref name="maha">{{cite web |last1=Satara district (Revised edition) |title=Maharashtra state gazetteers |url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/Satara/english/SDGrevised/2%20HISTORY.pdf |accessdate=4 October 2014 |publisher=Government of Maharashtra |page=15}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[Devasena (character)|Devsena]], the heroine in the [[S. S. Rajamouli|director S. S. Rajamouli]]'s film [[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion|Bahubali 2: The Conclusion]] was the [[princess]] of Kuntala Kingdom.

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:Regions of India]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka]]
[[Category:History of Maharashtra]]

{{Karnataka-stub}}

Siler (spider)

2026-03-27T11:15:03Z

SaifurRahaman: brief correct structure for clarity and added references for consistency

{{Short description|Genus of spiders}}
{{About|a genus of spiders|other uses|Siler (disambiguation){{!}}Siler}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Siler
| image = Siler_cupreus.jpg
| image_caption = ''S. cupreus'' from Japan
| authority = [[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1889<ref name=NMBE />
| type_species = ''[[Siler cupreus|S. cupreus]]''
| type_species_authority = Simon, 1889
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 9, [[#Species|see text]]
| synonyms =
*''Silerella'' [[Embrik Strand|Strand]], 1906<ref name=Prós1984>{{cite journal| last=Prószyński| first=J.| year=1984| title=Atlas rysunków diagnostycznych mniej znanych Salticidae (Araneae)| journal=Wyższa Szkola Rolniczo-Pedagogiczna, Siedlcach| volume=2| page=135}}</ref>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=NMBE />
}}
'''''Siler''''' is a [[genus]] of Asian [[Salticidae|jumping spiders]] that was first described by [[Eugène Simon|Eugène Louis Simon]] in 1889.<ref name=Simo1889>{{cite journal| last=Simon| first=E.| year=1889| title=Etudes arachnologiques. 21e Mémoire. XXXIII. Descriptions de quelques espèces receillies au Japon, par A. Mellotée| journal=Annales de la Société Entomologique de France| pages=248–252| volume=8| issue=6| author-link=Eugène Simon}}</ref> They specialize in hunting [[ant]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jackson|first1=RR|last2=Van Olphen|first2=A|date=May 1992|title=Prey-capture techniques and prey preferences of Chrysilla, Natta and Siler, ant-eating jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) from Kenya and Sri Lanka|url=https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1992.tb04351.x|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=227|issue=1|pages=163–170|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1992.tb04351.x|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Species==
{{as of|2024|03}} it contains twelve species, found only in Asia:<ref name=NMBE>{{cite journal| title=Gen. Siler Simon, 1889| website=World Spider Catalog Version 20.0| access-date=2019-09-23| year=2019| publisher=Natural History Museum Bern| url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/2960| doi=10.24436/2}}</ref>
*''[[Siler bielawskii]]'' [[Marek Michał Żabka|Zabka]], 1985 – China, Vietnam
*''[[Siler collingwoodi]]'' ([[Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|O. Pickard-Cambridge]], 1871) – China, Japan
*''[[Siler cupreus]]'' Simon, 1889 ([[Type species|type]]) – China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan
*''[[Siler flavocinctus]]'' (Simon, 1901) – Singapore
*''[[Siler hanoicus]]'' [[Jerzy Prószyński|Prószyński]], 1985 – Vietnam
*''[[Siler lewaense]]'' Prószyński & [[Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold|Deeleman-Reinhold]], 2010 – Indonesia (Sumba)
*''[[Siler niser]]'' Caleb, Parag & Datta-Roy, 2023 - India
*''[[Siler pulcher]]'' Simon, 1901 – Malaysia
*''[[Siler ruber]]'' Baba, Yamasaki & Tanikawa, 2019 - Japan
*''[[Siler semiglaucus]]'' (Simon, 1901) – India to Philippines
*''[[Siler severus]]'' (Simon, 1901) – China
*''[[Siler zhangae]]'' Wang & Li, 2020 - China

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://salticidae.org/salticid/diagnost/siler/siler-ph.htm Photograph of ''S. semiglaucus'' (?)]

{{Taxonbar| from=Q238258}}

[[Category:Salticidae]]
[[Category:Salticidae genera]]
[[Category:Spiders of Asia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Eugène Simon]]

{{Salticoida-stub}}

Nallathur

2026-03-26T22:21:37Z

SaifurRahaman: Adding

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nallathur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.8722331|N|79.7021627|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Cuddalore taluk|Cuddalore]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Revenue block|Block]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Cuddalore block|Cuddalore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3853
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 605 106
| registration_plate = TN-31
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 50% [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nallathur''' is a [[Subdivisions of India#Municipalities|village]] in the [[Cuddalore district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Nallathur's postal code is 605106.

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 Indian census]], the population of Nallathur was 4,456, of which 2,238 were male (50.02%) and 2,218 were female (49.98%).<ref name=2011census>{{citation |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=734123 |title=Search details here: Nallathur(636614) |work=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=22 September 2020}} {{citation |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/Searchdata.aspx |title=Search PCA Data by District/SubDistrict/Town/Village Name |work=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref> 495 (11.1%) of them were aged six or under.<ref name=2011census/> The literacy rate was 68.6% (3,057 literate); 75% of males and 61.7% of females were literate.<ref name=2011census/> 51.7% of the population was employed (63.7% male, 39.5% female).<ref name=2011census/> [[Scheduled castes]] made up 26.4% of the population.<ref name=2011census/> There were no people from scheduled tribes.<ref name=2011census/>

== Nearby towns and villages ==
Nallathur is located {{convert|145|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of [[Chennai]], the capital of Tamil Nadu and {{convert|14.3|km|mi|abbr=on}} northwest from [[Cuddalore]] in the Taluk township. Other nearby towns include [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]: {{convert|16|km|mi|abbr=on}}, [[Panruti]]: {{convert|20.1|km|mi|abbr=on}} and [[Villupuram]]: {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Nallathur is surrounded by villages of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] on three sides: [[Embalam]] (East), [[Manakuppam]] (West), and Sivaranthagam (North). The [[Malattaru]] borders the southern part of the village. Two nearby villages [[Melakuppam]] and N.Manaveli are under the Nallathur Panchayat.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

== Climate ==
The temperature is moderate; the average maximum and minimum temperatures are {{convert|38|C|F|abbr=on}} and {{convert|21|C|F|abbr=on}} respectively. The town gets its rainfall from the [[Monsoon#Northeast monsoon|northeast monsoon]] in winter and the [[Monsoon#Southwest monsoon|southwest monsoon]] in summer. The average annual rainfall is {{convert|1,070|mm|in|abbr=on}}.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

== Temples ==

Nallathur is also known as "Temple village" and the place of [[Siva_Prakasar|Sivaprakasa Swamigal]] Jeeva samadhi.

* Sri Swarnapureeswarar Temple<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nallathurswarnapureeswarar.blogspot.in/2008_05_01_archive.html|title=Blogger}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=120|title=Swarnapureeswarar Temple : Swarnapureeswarar Temple Details | Swarnapureeswarar- Nallathur | Tamilnadu Temple | சொர்ணபுரீஸ்வரர்}}</ref> is a temple of [[Shiva]] in Nallathur.
* Sri Lakshmi Narayana Varadharaja Perumal Koil<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/new.php?id=1478|title = Varadaraja perumal Temple : Varadaraja perumal Varadaraja perumal Temple Details | Varadaraja perumal- Nallathur | Tamilnadu Temple | வரதராஜப்பெருமாள்}}</ref>
* Thuraimangalam Siva Prakasar Jeeva Samadhi Aalayam<ref>[[Siva Prakasar]]</ref>
* Sri Arni Periyapalayathu Amman Temple
* Sri Draupathi Amman Dharma Raja Temple
* Sri Kali Amman Temple
* Sri Selva Vinayagar Temple
* Sri Naga Muthumari Amman Temple
* Sri Muthu Mariyamman Temple
* Sri Gangai Amman Temple

== Colleges ==
* [[Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Centre|Sri Venkateshwara Medical college Hospital and Research Centre]], Ariyur, Pondicherry: {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Madagadipet, Pondicherry: {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital, Kirumbampakkam, Pondicherry: {{convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* [[Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute]], Pillaiyarkuppam, Pondicherry: {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College, Madagadipet, Pondicherry: {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* Manakula Vinayagar Institute of Technology, Kalitheerthalkuppam, Pondicherry: {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* [[Sri Jayaram Engineering College]]
* [[IFET College of Engineering]], [[Villupuram]] District: {{convert|14|km|mi|abbr=on}}

== Schools ==

*Appar Government Aided Middle School, Nallathur
* Swami vivekananda High School, Manakuppam: {{convert|500|m|mi|abbr=on}}
* Maraimalai Adigal Government Higher Secondary School, [[Embalam]]: {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* Government Higher Secondary School, Thookanampakkam: {{convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* St. Joseph’s Higher Secondary School, Manjakuppam Cuddalore
* Vallalar Government Higher Secondary School, Kandamangalam: {{convert|6|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* Balaji English Higher Secondary School, Embalam: {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}},
* Government High School Pakkam: {{convert|4|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* Gps, manakuppam 500m

== Economy ==
Nallathur's main activity is agriculture. Rice paddy and sugarcane cultivation are prevalent.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Cuddalore taluk}}
{{Cuddalore District}}

[[Category: Villages in Cuddalore district]]
[[Category: Cities and villages in Cuddalore taluk]]

Khurshid Alam

2026-03-24T23:55:10Z

SaifurRahaman: fixed article for clarity and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|Bangladeshi playback singer}}
{{infobox musical artist
| name = Md. Khurshid Alam
| image = File:Khurshid Alam in 2020-11-27 receives honor from Minister for Liberation War Affairs.jpg
| native_name = মোঃ খুরশিদ আলম
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1945|8|1}} (age 80)<ref name=accident>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/singer-khurshid-alam-hurt-road-accident-1722772|title=Singer Khurshid Alam hurt in road accident|date=2019-03-31|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2019-04-02}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Old Dhaka]]
| genre = vocals
| occupation = Playback singer
}}

'''Md. Khurshid Alam''' (born 1 August 1945)<ref name=accident/> is a Bangladeshi playback singer.<ref name=musings/> His notable songs include ''Chumki Choleche Eka Pothe'', ''Bondi Pakhir Moto'', ''Maa Go Maa'', ''Miss Lanka'', ''Ajke Na Hoi Bhalobasho'', ''Dheere Dheere Chol Ghora'', ''Chupi Chupi Bolo Keu Jeney Jabe'' and ''Jodi Bou Shajo Go''. His career has spanned more than four decades, in which he sang over 300 songs. He was conferred the [[Ekushey Padak]] from the [[Government of Bangladesh]] in 2018 and the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 12th Channel i Music Awards (2017) for his contribution to Bangladeshi film music.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/ekushey-padak-goes-21-persons-1532002|title=21 named for Ekushey Padak|date=2018-02-09|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2019-02-21}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/post/116722|title=Khurshid Alam awarded Lifetime Achievement Award at 12th Channel i music awards |work=The Independent |location=Dhaka |access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref> He also received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Gaan e Gaan e Gunijon Shongbordhona, by Citibank NA in 2019.<ref name=":8" />

==Early life==
Alam originated from [[Joypurhat District]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.joypurhat.gov.bd/site/page/bca8824c-1ab0-11e7-8120-286ed488c766/Famous%20Person|title=Famous Person – Joypurhat District|language=en|access-date=2019-02-21|archive-date=2019-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222042234/http://www.joypurhat.gov.bd/site/page/bca8824c-1ab0-11e7-8120-286ed488c766/Famous%20Person|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was born in [[Old Dhaka]].<ref name=musings/> His uncle, Abu Haider Sazedur Rahman, was a lyricist.<ref name=musings/> At the 1961–62 Education Week in the then [[East Pakistan]], Alam had won the first prize in [[Rabindra Sangeet]].<ref name=musings/>

==Career==
As of 2014, Alam sang over 300 playback songs under the guidance of the composers including [[Subal Das]], [[Ali Hossain]], [[Azad Rahman]], [[Alauddin Ali]], [[Alam Khan (composer)|Alam Khan]], [[Robin Ghosh]] and [[Satya Shaha]].<ref name=musings>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/musings-with-khurshid-alam-5581|title=Musings with Khurshid Alam|date=2014-01-06|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2019-02-21}}</ref>

Alam debuted in playback singing for the film ''Agantuk'' in 1969.<ref name=musings/>

==Filmography==
{{Main|List of songs recorded by Khurshid Alam}}
;Films
* ''Agantuk'' (1969)
* ''[[Manusher Mon]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Ononto Prem]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Jadur Bashi]]'' (1977)
* ''[[The Father (1979 film)|The Father]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Dui Poisar Alta]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Lalu Bhulu]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Beder Meye Josna]]'' (1989)

== Awards ==

* [[List of Ekushey Padak award recipients (2010–2019)|Ekushey Padak]] (2018)<ref name=":0" />
* Lifetime Achievement Award at the 12th Channel i Music Awards (2017)<ref name=":1" />
* Lifetime Achievement Award, Gaan e Gaan e Gunijon Shongbordhona, Citibank NA, Bangladesh (2019)<ref name=":8">{{cite news |title=Citibank to honour Khurshid Alam |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/440089/Citibank-to-honour-Khurshid-Alam |access-date=19 November 2022 |work=Daily Sun |date=20 November 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Ekushey Padak}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|7603632}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alam, Khurshid}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Joypurhat District]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi male singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Bengali-language singers]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]

Veena George

2026-03-19T08:07:44Z

SaifurRahaman: minor fix section based on references and improved wording to improve readability

{{Indian name|Veena|George}}
{{Short description|Indian politician}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Veena George
| native_name =
| honorific-suffix =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1976|08|03}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| image = Minister Veena George.jpg
| office = Minister for Health and Woman and Child Development, [[Government of Kerala]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Second Vijayan ministry| Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2021|05|20|df=yes}}
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[K. K. Shailaja]]
| office1 = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = {{Start date|2016|06|02|df=yes}}
| term_end1 =
| term_start2 =
| constituency1 = [[Aranmula (State Assembly constituency)|Aranmula]]
| constituency2 =
| predecessor1 = [[K. Sivadasan Nair]]
| occupation =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| spouse = George Joseph
| children = 2
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| caption =
| native_name_lang =
| alma_mater = [[Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram]], [[University of Kerala]] ([[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]], [[Master of Science|M.Sc.]], [[Bachelor of Education|B.Ed.]])
| 2blankname = [[Government of Kerala#Departments|Departments]]
| 2namedata = * [[Department of Health and Family Welfare (Kerala)|Health and Family Welfare]]
* [[Department of Ayush (Kerala)|Ayush]]
* [[Department of Women and Child Development (Kerala)|Women and Child Development]]
}}
'''Veena George''' (born 3 August 1976) is an Indian politician and former journalist who Served as the '''Minister for Health and Woman and Child Development''' in the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/10f1c4c2-f98b-4600-9b2a-749f33bdb791 |title=Kerala Gazette | date=20 May 2021 | publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521145347/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/10f1c4c2-f98b-4600-9b2a-749f33bdb791 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She represents [[Aranmula Assembly constituency]] in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] since 2016. A member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], Veena worked with major Malayalam news channels for over 16 years prior to joining politics. She was also the first female executive editor among Regional Malayalam news channels.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/meet-11-women-mlas-who-will-join-kerala-assembly-148266 | title=Meet the 11 women MLAs who will join the Kerala Assembly | publisher=The NewsMinute | work=Haritha John | date=4 May 2021 | accessdate=7 May 2021}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Veena George was born in [[Thiruvananthapuram]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Unnithan |first1=P. S. Gopikrishnan |title=KK Shailaja showed great character, says Veena George, Kerala’s new health minister |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shailaja-great-character-says-veena-george-kerala-health-minister-1805552-2021-05-22 |work=India Today |date=22 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> [[Kerala]], on 3rd August 1976 to Adv. P. E. Kuriakose and Rosamma Kuriakose in a [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|Malankara Orthodox Christian]] family. She completed her schooling at Mount Bethany High School in [[Pathanamthitta]]. She then pursued a B.Sc. and M.Sc. in Physics from the [[Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram]], and completed her B.Ed. as a [[University of Kerala]] rank holder.

Veena taught [[Physics]] as a lecturer at [[Catholicate College, Pathanamthitta]], for one year before taking up journalism as her career choice. She then joined [[Kairali TV]] as a journalist trainee and had a 16-year-long successful career with prominent Malayalam news channels. In 2015, she took charge as the executive editor of the Malayalam news channel [[TV New]] and became the first woman to do so.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veena George, the first woman Executive Editor in the history of Malayalam TV news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/veena-george-first-woman-executive-editor-history-malayalam-tv-news%3famp|access-date=2021-05-22|website=The News Minute}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
She is married to Dr. George Joseph, a higher secondary school teacher.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veena George likely to replace KK Shailaja as health minister in new Kerala cabinet: Who is she|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/veena-george-who-is-she-kerala-health-minister-kk-shailaja-pinarayi-vijayan-cabinet-list-latest-updates-705647|access-date=2021-05-22|website=India TV|date=19 May 2021}}</ref>

==Career==

===Television career===

Veena George began her career at [[Kairali TV]] as a journalist trainee, later she joined [[Manorama News]] as a news anchor and also presented morning shows and special international news programmes. Later she was associated with Malayalam news channels [[Indiavision]], [[Reporter TV]] in prominent roles and joined TV New in the role of executive editor in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/veena-george-first-woman-executive-editor-history-malayalam-tv-news |title=Veena George, the first woman Executive Editor in the history of Malayalam TV news |access-date=22 May 2016 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507153716/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/veena-george-first-woman-executive-editor-history-malayalam-tv-news |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Veena George.png|thumb|left|300px]]

She was a [[Students' Federation of India]] (SFI) activist in her college days. She contested elections for the first time when the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] fielded her from an [[Indian National Congress|INC]]-held [[Aranmula (State Assembly constituency)|Aranmula]] seat in the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly polls]]. She defeated senior INC leader [[K. Sivadasan Nair]] with a margin of 7,646 votes.

In the [[2019 Indian general election]], Veena contested from the [[Pathanamthitta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pathanamthitta Lok Sabha constituency]] and came second in a fierce tri-cornered battle with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and INC.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sabarimala could hold the key|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sabarimala-could-hold-the-key/article26705343.ece/|access-date=2021-05-22|website=The Hindu|date=April 2019|last1=Kuttoor|first1=Radhakrishnan}}</ref>

She retained her seat in the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 assembly elections]] with an increased margin of 19,003 votes. On 20 May 2021, she was sworn in as a cabinet minister in the [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]] government, which became the first administration in Kerala to be re-elected since the [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977 election]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kerala Assembly elections: Welfare thrust helps left rewrite history|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article-amp/elections/kerala-assembly-elections-welfare-thrust-helps-left-rewrite-history-121050200715_1.html|access-date=2021-05-02|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=2 May 2021|last1=Sethuraman|first1=Sundar}}</ref>

On 21 May 2021, she took charge as the Minister for [[Department of Health and Family Welfare (Kerala)|Health and Family Welfare]], succeeding renowned CPI (M) leader [[K. K. Shailaja]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former journalist Veena George replaces KK Shailaja as Kerala Health Minister in Covid era|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/kerala/story/journalist-veena-george-shailaja-kerala-health-minister-covid-profile-1805161-2021-05-21|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Business Standard|date=21 May 2021}}</ref>

===Election candidature history===
====Parliament election candidature history====
{| width="45%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid" style="font-size: 94%;"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Constituency
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Opponent
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Result
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Margin
|----
|2019
|[[Pathanamthitta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pathanamthitta]]
|[[Anto Antony]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|style="background: #FB9898;" |lost
|style="background: #FB9898;" |44243<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10929-33constituency-wise-detailed-result/}}</ref>
|}
====Assembly election candidature history====
{| width="45%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="font-size: 94%;"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Constituency
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Opponent
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Result
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Margin
|----
|2016
|[[Aranmula (State Assembly constituency)|Aranmula]]
|Adv. K. Sivadasan Nair ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| style="background: #98FB98;" |win
| style="background: #98FB98;" |7646<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aranmula Assembly Election 2016 Latest News & Results|url=https://www.india.com/assembly-election-2016/kerala/aranmula/|access-date=2021-05-06|website=India.com|language=en-EN}}</ref>
|----
|2021
|[[Aranmula (State Assembly constituency)|Aranmula]]
|Adv. K. Sivadasan Nair ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| style="background: #98FB98;" |win
| style="background: #98FB98;" |19000<ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS11113.htm?ac=113|access-date=2021-05-06|website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|}

== Controversies and criticism ==

=== Protest-related injury controversy (2026) ===
In February 2026, [[Veena George]], Minister for Health and Family Welfare of [[Kerala]], was reportedly injured during a protest by members of the [[Kerala Students Union]] (KSU) at Kannur railway station.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Health Minister injured during opposition protest, hospitalised |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kerala-health-minister-injured-during-opposition-protest-hospitalised-11136201 |work=NDTV |date=25 February 2026 |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref> The incident occurred when protesters clashed with police, during which she sustained injuries to her neck and hand.<ref>{{cite news |title=Clash at Kannur station: Kerala health minister hospitalised following scuffle with protesting students |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/clash-at-kannur-station-kerala-health-minister-veena-george-hospitalised-following-scuffle-with-protesting-students-10552635/ |work=The Indian Express |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>

The incident led to a political dispute between the ruling [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)) and the opposition [[Indian National Congress]] and its student wing, the KSU. Leaders of the ruling party described the episode as a violent attack on a sitting minister.<ref>{{cite news |title=CM: Attack on health minister not a protest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/cm-attack-on-health-minister-not-a-protest/articleshow/128793987.cms |work=The Times of India |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref> In contrast, opposition leaders disputed this characterization, stating that available visuals did not indicate any direct physical assault and alleging that the extent of the injury had been exaggerated.<ref>{{cite news |title=Visuals show no one attacked Veena: Cong |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/visuals-show-no-one-attacked-veena-cong/articleshow/128792556.cms |work=The Times of India |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>

The controversy intensified following satirical protests by members of the KSU, including the symbolic presentation of a “Best Actress” award to the minister.<ref>{{cite news |title=KSU sends 'Best Actress' trophy to Kerala minister amid row |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2026/02/kerala-congress-student-wing-sends-best-actress-trophy-and-neck-brace-to-veena-george/ |work=The News Mill |date=28 February 2026 |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>

Several KSU members were arrested in connection with the protest.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Health Minister injured during protest at Kannur railway station |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2026/Feb/25/health-minister-veena-george-injured-during-protest-at-kannur-railway-station |work=The New Indian Express |date=25 February 2026 |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref> In subsequent legal proceedings, a sessions court granted bail to the accused, noting the absence of evidence indicating the use of weapons during the protest.<ref>{{cite news |title=Court grants bail to five KSU members arrested for alleged attack on health minister Veena George |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/court-grants-bail-to-five-ksu-members-arrested-for-alleged-attack-on-health-minister-veena-george/articleshow/129522058.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 March 2026 |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>

The incident received widespread media coverage and escalated into a broader political confrontation between the ruling and opposition alliances in the state.

=== Healthcare administration and negligence cases ===
The protest against the minister was linked to public and political criticism over alleged medical negligence incidents in government hospitals.<ref>{{cite news |title=Clash at Kannur station: Kerala health minister hospitalised following scuffle with protesting students |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/clash-at-kannur-station-kerala-health-minister-veena-george-hospitalised-following-scuffle-with-protesting-students-10552635/ |work=The Indian Express |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref> These included cases that raised concerns regarding patient safety and hospital oversight, prompting protests by opposition groups.

Opposition leaders accused the government of administrative lapses and demanded accountability, while the government maintained that such incidents were isolated and initiated inquiries and disciplinary actions.

=== Public criticism and political response ===
The controversy contributed to sustained criticism from opposition parties and political groups, and led to widespread debate in the media and on social platforms. Analysts noted that the episode intensified political tensions and public discourse regarding governance of the health sector.

Supporters of the government, however, argued that Kerala’s public healthcare system continues to perform strongly on national indicators and that many challenges are structural in nature rather than attributable to a single office-holder.<ref>{{cite report |title=State Health Index |publisher=NITI Aayog |year=2024}}</ref>

=== Political context ===
These events occurred within the broader political rivalry in Kerala between the CPI(M)-led Left Democratic Front and the Congress-led United Democratic Front, where political confrontations are often amplified during periods of heightened public and electoral activity.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:George, Veena}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]
[[Category:People from Aranmula]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:Indian Marxist journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian women television journalists]]
[[Category:Indian television journalists]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women members of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Health ministers of Kerala]]

Chief ministership of Raman Singh

2026-03-16T22:06:24Z

SaifurRahaman: /* References */Removed parent category of Category:2000s in Chhattisgarh Category:2010s in Chhattisgarh

{{Short description|Government of Chhattisgarh (2003–2018)}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox administration
| image = The former Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh, Dr. Raman Singh.jpg
| name = Chief ministership of Raman Singh
| premier = [[Raman Singh]]
| premier_link = List of chief ministers of Chhattisgarh
| term_start = 7 December 2003
| term_end = 11 December 2018
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| predecessor = [[Ajit Jogi]]
| successor = [[Bhupesh Baghel]]
| seal = Coat of arms of Chhattisgarh.svg
| seal_caption =
| official_url =
| seat1 = [[Dongargaon Assembly constituency|Dongargaon]]
| seat2 = [[Rajnandgaon Assembly constituency|Rajnandgaon]]
| seat3 = [[Rajnandgaon Assembly constituency|Rajnandgaon]]
| term_start1 = 7 December 2003
| term_end1 = 12 December 2008
| term_start2 = 12 December 2008
| term_end2 = 12 December 2013
| term_start3 = 12 December 2013
| term_end3 = 11 December 2018
| election1 = [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| election2 = [[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| election3 = [[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| appointer1 = [[List of governors of Chhattisgarh|Governor]] [[K. M. Seth]]
| appointer2 = [[List of governors of Chhattisgarh|Governor]] [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| appointer3 = [[List of governors of Chhattisgarh|Governor]] [[Shekhar Dutt]]
| cabinet1 = [[First Raman Singh ministry|First]]
| cabinet2 = [[Second Raman Singh ministry|Second]]
| cabinet3 = [[Third Raman Singh ministry|Third]]
}}
The '''chief ministership of Raman Singh''' commenced on 7 December 2003 and concluded on 17 December 2018, making him the second chief minister of the state of [[Chhattisgarh]], and the longest-serving chief minister in the state's history. He was sworn in by the then governor, [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]. Singh served three consecutive terms from 2003 to 2008, 2008 to 2013, and 2013 to 2018, representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. His tenure was marked by major welfare initiatives, particularly the reform of the Public Distribution System, which earned him the popular title ''“Chawal Wale Baba”''. His government was defeated in the [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], bringing his tenure to an end.

== Background ==
Following the formation of [[Chhattisgarh]] on 1 November 2000, the state was initially governed by the [[Indian National Congress]] with [[Ajit Jogi]] serving as the first [[Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh|Chief Minister]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Venkatesan |first=V. |date=2000-11-24 |title=A state is born |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/article30161477.ece |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref> The political landscape leading up to the [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] was marked by intense rivalry between the incumbent Jogi administration and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).

The BJP's campaign was spearheaded by Dr. Raman Singh, who was then serving as the Union Minister of State for Commerce and Industry in the [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] cabinet.<ref>{{cite web |title=Members Bioprofile: Singh, Dr. Raman |url=https://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=453 |publisher=[[Lok Sabha]] |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref> The 2003 elections were a watershed moment for the state, centered on issues of tribal identity, corruption allegations against the incumbent government, and the "Bahu-Beti-Roti" (Daughter-Sister-Bread) slogan focusing on safety and food security.<ref>{{cite book |last=Verma |first=D. |year=2004 |title=The New State Politics of India |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=112–115 |isbn=978-0195665432}}</ref>

In the final results, the BJP secured a decisive mandate, winning 50 out of the 90 assembly seats, effectively ending the Congress's hold on the newly formed state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3761-chhattisgarh-2003/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref> Dr. Raman Singh resigned from his central ministerial post to lead the state government, taking his first oath of office on 7 December 2003 at the Police Parade Ground in [[Raipur]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2003-12-07 |title=Raman Singh sworn in as Chhattisgarh CM |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/dec/07cg.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref> This marked the beginning of a 15-year tenure characterized by the centralization of welfare schemes and the expansion of the [[Public Distribution System (India)|Public Distribution System]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Khera |first=Reetika |date=2011-11-05 |title=India's Public Distribution System: Utilization and Impact |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=46 |issue=45 |pages=103–110 |jstor=23047243 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

== Economic Policy and Industrial Growth ==
The economic policy of the Raman Singh administration was centered on leveraging Chhattisgarh's vast mineral resources and transforming it into an industrial hub while maintaining strict fiscal discipline. Under his leadership, the state's [[Gross State Domestic Product]] (GSDP) witnessed a steady growth rate, often exceeding the national average during the 11th and 12th [[Five-Year Plans of India]].<ref>{{cite report |title=State Wise Data - GSDP at Current Prices |url=https://www.niti.gov.in/niti/content/state-wise-data |publisher=[[NITI Aayog]] |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

=== Fiscal Management and FRBM Compliance ===
Chhattisgarh became one of the first states in India to adopt and strictly adhere to the [[Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003|Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act]]. For much of the 2003–2018 period, the state maintained a revenue surplus, a feat noted by successive [[Finance Commission of India|Finance Commissions]].<ref>{{cite report |last=CAG |title=State Finances Audit Report for the year ended 31 March 2017 |url=https://cag.gov.in/en/audit-report/details/31245 |publisher=[[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref> The administration focused on increasing non-tax revenue through mineral royalties from coal, iron ore, and bauxite.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mineral-rich Chhattisgarh's royalty collection rises |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mineral-rich-chhattisgarh-s-royalty-collection-rises-114051500854_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=2014-05-15 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

=== Power Sector and Energy Surplus ===
A cornerstone of Singh's economic policy was the expansion of the power sector. By 2008, Chhattisgarh was declared a "Power Surplus State," attracting significant investment in energy-intensive industries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh: From power-deficit to power-surplus |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/chhattisgarh-from-power-deficit-to-power-surplus/397341/ |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=2008-12-12 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref> The state government facilitated the establishment of several thermal power plants through MoUs with private players and the expansion of the state-owned [[Chhattisgarh State Power Generation Company]].

=== Infrastructure and Urban Development ===
The administration's vision for economic modernization culminated in the development of **[[Nava Raipur|Naya Raipur]]** (now Nava Raipur Atal Nagar). Conceived as India's first greenfield planned city of the 21st century, it was designed to serve as a modern administrative and financial hub.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jain |first=A. K. |title=Planning and Development of Naya Raipur |journal=Journal of Institute of Town Planners |year=2012 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=45–58 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Naya Raipur: India's first smart city |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/naya-raipur-indias-first-smart-city/article8627315.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2016-05-21 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

=== Ease of Doing Business ===
Between 2015 and 2018, Chhattisgarh consistently ranked among the top states in India in the "Ease of Doing Business" rankings released by the [[Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade|DPIIT]] and the [[World Bank]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assessment of State Implementation of Business Reforms |url=https://eodb.dipp.gov.in/ |publisher=DPIIT, Ministry of Commerce and Industry |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref> The government introduced a 'Single Window System' for industrial clearances to reduce red tape and promote the manufacturing sector.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh launches single-window system for startups |url=https://www.economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/chhattisgarh-launches-single-window-system-for-startups/articleshow/54432124.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2016-09-20 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

== Public Distribution System (PDS) and Food Security ==
The transformation of the [[Public Distribution System (India)|Public Distribution System]] (PDS) is considered the hallmark of the Raman Singh administration. Upon taking office, Singh initiated a series of radical reforms to plug leakages and ensure food security for the state's tribal and rural population. These reforms were so successful that they were later studied as a model for the national-level [[National Food Security Act, 2013]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Drèze |first=Jean |last2=Khera |first2=Reetika |date=November 2011 |title=PDS in Chhattisgarh: Overcoming Apathy and Corruption |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=46 |issue=45 |pages=54–60 |jstor=23047239 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

=== The Chhattisgarh Food Security Act (2012) ===
In December 2012, Chhattisgarh became the first state in India to enact its own Food Security Act. This legislation made the "Right to Food" a legal entitlement for nearly 90% of the state's population, providing highly subsidized food grains (Rice at ₹1 per kg) to "Antyodaya" and "Priority" households.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh passes first food security act in the country |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/chhattisgarh-passes-first-food-security-act-in-the-country/article4226759.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2012-12-21 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Chhattisgarh Food Security Act, 2012 |url=https://khadya.cg.nic.in/pdsonline/cgfsa/English_Act.pdf |publisher=Department of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

=== Structural and IT Reforms ===
To eliminate corruption and the "middleman" culture, the administration implemented several systemic changes:
* **De-privatization of Fair Price Shops (FPS):** Private dealers were replaced by Community-based organizations, such as Gram Panchayats, Self-Help Groups (SHGs), and Co-operative societies.<ref>{{cite news |last=Masoodi |first=Ashwaq |date=2014-07-28 |title=How Chhattisgarh's PDS system became a model for the rest of India |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/nLh0fLp0k9lMly6jYx9L6L/How-Chhattisgarhs-PDS-system-became-a-model-for-the-rest-of.html |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]] |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>
* **CORE PDS and Computerization:** The government introduced an end-to-end IT solution, including GPS tracking of trucks carrying grains and SMS alerts to beneficiaries when stocks arrived at the shops.<ref>{{cite report |title=Computerisation of PDS in Chhattisgarh |url=https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/Chhattisgarh_PDS.pdf |publisher=Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>
* **Color-Coded Ration Cards:** Different colors were assigned to identify various categories of beneficiaries, reducing inclusion and exclusion errors.

=== Social Impact and Recognition ===
The PDS reforms led to a significant reduction in hunger and "calorie poverty" in the state, particularly among the [[Scheduled Tribes in India|Scheduled Tribes]] in the [[Bastar division]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Raghav |first=Pai |title=The Impact of PDS Reforms in Chhattisgarh |journal=Indian Journal of Human Development |year=2014 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=121–135 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref> The World Bank and various international agencies lauded the "Chhattisgarh Model" for its transparency.<ref>{{cite news |title=World Bank praises Chhattisgarh's PDS model |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/world-bank-praises-chhattisgarhs-pds-model/articleshow/12658824.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2012-04-14 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

=== Rice Procurement (Paddy Bonus) ===
To support the agrarian economy, Singh's government instituted a robust paddy procurement system. The state often paid a 'bonus' over and above the [[Minimum Support Price]] (MSP) set by the Central Government, leading Chhattisgarh to be known as the "Rice Bowl of India" (Dhan ka Katora).<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh CM Raman Singh announces Rs 300 bonus on paddy |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-cm-raman-singh-announces-rs-300-bonus-on-paddy/864380/ |work=The Financial Express |date=2017-09-21 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

== Healthcare and Social Security ==
During his 15-year tenure, the Raman Singh administration introduced several pioneering schemes aimed at providing universal healthcare and social safety nets for the marginalized sections of Chhattisgarh. The state’s healthcare policy was characterized by a shift towards insurance-based models and decentralized health infrastructure in tribal belts.

=== Mukhya Mantri Swasthya Bima Yojana (MSBY) ===
In 2012, the government launched the [[Mukhya Mantri Swasthya Bima Yojana]] (MSBY) to provide health insurance coverage to all citizens not covered under the central government's [[Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana]] (RSBY). This made Chhattisgarh one of the few states in India to move toward Universal Health Coverage (UHC).<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh moves towards universal health coverage |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/chhattisgarh-moves-towards-universal-health-coverage/article3955610.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2012-10-02 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref> The scheme provided an annual cover of ₹30,000 (later increased to ₹50,000) for hospitalization and surgical procedures to nearly 5.5 million families.<ref>{{cite report |title=Evaluation of MSBY in Chhattisgarh |url=http://cghealth.nic.in/shrc/ |publisher=State Health Resource Centre (SHRC), Chhattisgarh |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

=== Maternal and Child Health Initiatives ===
To combat the high [[Maternal mortality rate|Maternal Mortality Ratio]] (MMR) and [[Infant mortality rate|Infant Mortality Rate]] (IMR) in tribal regions, the administration launched several key programs:
* **Mahtari Jatan Yojana:** A scheme to provide nutritious cooked meals to pregnant women through Anganwadi centers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raman Singh launches Mahtari Jatan Yojana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/raman-singh-launches-mahtari-jatan-yojana/articleshow/52112458.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2016-05-04 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>
* **Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY):** Effective implementation of JSY led to a significant rise in institutional deliveries, which increased from 14.3% in 2003 to over 70% by 2018.<ref>{{cite report |title=NFHS-4 State Fact Sheet: Chhattisgarh |url=http://rchiips.org/nfhs/pdf/NFHS4/CG_FactSheet.pdf |publisher=International Institute for Population Sciences |year=2016 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>
* **102 Mahtari Express:** A dedicated ambulance service for pregnant women and infants to ensure timely transport to health facilities.

=== Social Security and Pension Schemes ===
The government expanded the scope of social security pensions for the elderly, widows, and persons with disabilities. Under the **Mukhyamantri Pension Yojana**, the state provided additional financial assistance over and above the central schemes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Security Schemes in Chhattisgarh |url=https://sw.cg.gov.in/ |publisher=Department of Social Welfare, Government of Chhattisgarh |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>
* **Chief Minister's Kanyadan Yojana:** This scheme provided financial aid for the mass marriages of daughters from BPL (Below Poverty Line) families to prevent debt traps due to marriage expenses.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mass marriages under Kanyadan Yojana in Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mass-marriages-under-kanyadan-yojana-in-chhattisgarh-115050501173_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=2015-05-05 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

=== Education and Tribal Welfare ===
* **Saraswati Cycle Yojana:** To reduce the dropout rate of tribal girl students in secondary schools, the government distributed free bicycles. Studies indicated a 30% increase in the enrollment of girls in high schools following the scheme's launch.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nair |first=S. |title=Impact of Cycle Schemes on Girl's Education in Rural Chhattisgarh |journal=Journal of Educational Planning and Administration |year=2015 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=245–260 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>
* **Prayas Schools:** Special residential schools were established in Naxal-affected districts to prepare tribal students for competitive exams like IIT-JEE and NEET.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prayas: Chhattisgarh's experiment with tribal education |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/prayas-schools-chhattisgarhs-experiment-with-tribal-education-1712345 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=2017-06-15 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>
== Internal Security and Counter-Naxalism ==
The Raman Singh administration’s tenure coincided with some of the most violent phases of the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]] in the [[Bastar division]]. Singh adopted a "two-pronged strategy" involving large-scale security operations combined with intensive infrastructure development in the "Red Corridor".<ref>{{cite news |last=Srivastava |first=A. |date=2013-12-10 |title=Inside Chhattisgarh's war on Maoists |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/inside-chhattisgarhs-war-on-maoists/article5441235.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

=== Salwa Judum and Supreme Court Ruling ===
In 2005, a local anti-Maoist movement known as [[Salwa Judum]] (meaning "Peace March" in the Gondi language) emerged in the Dantewada district. Initially a spontaneous local uprising, it was subsequently supported by the state government, which organized volunteers into Special Police Officers (SPOs).<ref>{{cite news |last=Pandita |first=Rahul |date=2011-07-06 |title=The tragic history of Salwa Judum |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-tragic-history-of-salwa-judum/article2162340.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

However, the movement became highly controversial due to allegations of human rights violations and the displacement of thousands of tribal villagers into government-run camps. In July 2011, in the landmark case of ''[[Nandini Sundar v. State of Chhattisgarh]]'', the [[Supreme Court of India]] declared the arming of SPOs unconstitutional and ordered the disbanding of Salwa Judum.<ref>{{cite web |title=Supreme Court judgment on Salwa Judum |url=https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2007/11689/11689_2007_judgement_05-Jul-2011.pdf |publisher=Supreme Court of India |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

=== Security Infrastructure and Modernization ===
Following the judicial ban on Salwa Judum, the administration shifted focus to professionalizing the state police force.
* **Greyhounds and Special Forces:** The state established the **District Reserve Guard (DRG)**, a specialized unit comprising local tribal youths and surrendered Maoists, who became the frontline force in anti-Naxal operations.<ref>{{cite news |title=DRG: The tribal force taking on Maoists in Bastar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/drg-chhattisgarh-police-naxal-bastar-attack-8580227/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2023-04-28 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>
* **BastarNet:** To provide digital connectivity in insurgency-hit areas, the government launched 'BastarNet', a 832-km optical fiber network to strengthen communication for both security and civilian use.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raman Singh launches BastarNet project |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/chhattisgarh-cm-launches-bastarnet-project-in-jagdalpur-118051000085_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=2018-05-10 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

=== Major Incidents and Surrender Policy ===
The tenure saw both significant losses and tactical gains. The **[[2010 Dantewada Maoist attack]]**, which resulted in the deaths of 76 CRPF personnel, and the **[[2013 Jhiram Ghati attack]]**, which wiped out the state's Congress leadership, were the most significant security setbacks.<ref>{{cite news |title=2013 Jhiram Ghati massacre: A black day for Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jhiram-ghati-attack-black-day-in-history-of-chhattisgarh-says-cm-baghel-2234991 |work=NDTV |date=2020-05-25 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

Conversely, the government's 'Surrender and Rehabilitation Policy' led to thousands of Maoists laying down arms, incentivized by financial aid and vocational training.<ref>{{cite report |title=Surrender and Rehabilitation Policy for Naxalites |url=https://mha.gov.in/en/divisionofstatistics/naxal-division |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

== Rural Development and Agriculture ==
Agriculture served as the backbone of the Raman Singh administration's rural outreach, earning Chhattisgarh the moniker "Rice Bowl of the Nation" (Dhan ka Katora). His policies were characterized by high state-led procurement, irrigation expansion, and direct financial incentives to farmers, which played a pivotal role in the BJP's consecutive electoral victories in 2008 and 2013.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhardwaj |first=Ashutosh |date=2013-11-09 |title=The 'Rice' of Raman Singh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/the-rice-of-raman-singh/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

=== Paddy Procurement and Bonus Policy ===
The administration overhauled the paddy procurement system by implementing a decentralized model. The state government provided a "Bonus" (incentive) over the [[Minimum Support Price]] (MSP) set by the Union Government, which significantly increased the disposable income of rural households. By 2014-15, Chhattisgarh had automated 1,988 procurement centers, making it one of the most transparent systems in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh CM Raman Singh announces Rs 300 bonus on paddy |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-cm-raman-singh-announces-rs-300-bonus-on-paddy/864380/ |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=2017-09-21 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

=== Irrigation and Solar Pump Schemes ===
To reduce the farmers' dependence on monsoon, the government launched the **Sour Sujala Yojana**, providing solar-powered irrigation pumps to farmers at highly subsidized rates. This was particularly effective in remote tribal areas where the conventional electricity grid was hard to maintain.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi launches Saur Sujala Yojana in Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/PM-Modi-launches-Saur-Sujala-Yojana-in-Chhattisgarh/article16086745.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2016-11-01 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref> The percentage of irrigated land saw a steady increase due to the completion of pending canal projects and the promotion of micro-irrigation.

=== Rural Infrastructure and Connectivity ===
* **Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY):** Under Singh's tenure, Chhattisgarh was frequently ranked among the top-performing states in rural road construction, connecting thousands of previously isolated tribal hamlets (paras) to main markets.<ref>{{cite web |title=PMGSY Performance Report Chhattisgarh |url=http://omms.nic.in/ |publisher=Ministry of Rural Development |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>
* **Bastar Net and Digital Inclusion:** In his third term, the government initiated the 'Bastar Net' project, laying an optical fiber network across the Maoist-affected southern districts to provide high-speed internet to village panchayats.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh CM launches BastarNet project |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/chhattisgarh-cm-launches-bastarnet-project-in-jagdalpur-118051000085_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=2018-05-10 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>
* **Mukhyamantri Gram Gaurav Path:** A scheme dedicated to constructing concrete roads and drainage systems within village limits to improve sanitation and mobility during the monsoon.

=== Livestock and Allied Sectors ===
The government promoted the "White Revolution" through the Chhattisgarh Rajya Sahakari Dugdh Mahasangh and introduced the **Emu Farming** and **Goat Rearing** schemes to provide alternative livelihoods. However, these allied sectors faced challenges in scaling up compared to the massive paddy procurement model.<ref>{{cite report |title=Chhattisgarh Agriculture Policy and Outlook |url=https://niti.gov.in/niti/writereaddata/files/chhattisgarh_presentation.pdf |publisher=[[NITI Aayog]] |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

== Industrial and Economic Development ==
Under the Raman Singh administration, Chhattisgarh transitioned from a newly formed agrarian state into one of India’s leading industrial and power-surplus states. The government’s economic strategy focused on leveraging the state’s mineral wealth—specifically coal and iron ore—while maintaining a revenue-surplus budget for much of his fifteen-year tenure.<ref>{{cite news |last=Das |first=R. Krishna |date=2014-05-15 |title=Mineral-rich Chhattisgarh's royalty collection rises |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mineral-rich-chhattisgarh-s-royalty-collection-rises-114051500854_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

=== Power Sector Transformation ===
A key pillar of Singh's industrial policy was the "Power Hub" vision. By streamlining clearances for thermal power plants and expanding state-run generation units, Chhattisgarh became a power-surplus state by 2008. This surplus energy was used as a major incentive to attract heavy industries, particularly in the steel and cement sectors.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh: From power-deficit to power-surplus |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/chhattisgarh-from-power-deficit-to-power-surplus/397341/ |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=2008-12-12 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref> The administration signed hundreds of Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) with private players, including the Jindal Group and Tata Steel, though some projects faced delays due to land acquisition and environmental hurdles.

=== Ease of Doing Business and Policy Reforms ===
Between 2015 and 2018, Chhattisgarh consistently featured in the top rankings of the "Ease of Doing Business" index conducted by the [[World Bank]] and the [[Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade|DPIIT]].<ref>{{cite web |title=State Reform Action Plan: Chhattisgarh Performance |url=https://eodb.dipp.gov.in/ |publisher=Government of India |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>
* **Single Window System:** The government launched an integrated online portal for industrial clearances, drastically reducing the time required for environmental and labor permissions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh launches single-window system for startups |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/chhattisgarh-launches-single-window-system-for-startups/articleshow/54432124.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2016-09-20 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>
* **Logistics and Connectivity:** To support industrial growth, the administration focused on the "Rail-Coal-Steel" corridor, working with the [[Indian Railways]] to expand freight lines in the northern and central belts.

=== Naya Raipur: The Planned Economic Hub ===
A significant achievement in urban-economic planning was the development of **[[Nava Raipur|Naya Raipur]]** (now Nava Raipur Atal Nagar). It was conceived as a modern administrative and financial capital to decongest Raipur and provide a world-class environment for IT and service-sector investments.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jain |first=A. K. |title=Naya Raipur: A Case Study in Greenfield Planning |journal=Journal of the Institute of Town Planners |year=2012 |volume=9 |pages=45–56 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref> While the city succeeded in shifting administrative functions, the transition of the commercial sector remained a gradual process through the end of Singh's term.

=== Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) ===
Beyond heavy industry, the **Industrial Policy (2014-2019)** offered specific subsidies for food processing, herbal medicine, and traditional handlooms (like Kosa silk). The government established several industrial estates through the [[Chhattisgarh State Industrial Development Corporation]] (CSIDC) to foster local entrepreneurship in the SME sector.<ref>{{cite report |title=Chhattisgarh Industrial Policy 2014-19 |url=https://www.csidc.in/policy.html |publisher=CSIDC |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

== Innovation and New Schemes ==
The Raman Singh administration was noted for several policy innovations that leveraged technology and decentralized governance to address chronic issues in education, digital divide, and tribal welfare. Many of these "Chhattisgarh Models" were later studied or adopted by other Indian states and the central government.

=== Prayas Schools: Educational Intervention in Conflict Zones ===
One of the most significant social innovations was the establishment of **Prayas Residential Schools** in 2010. Designed for meritorious students from Naxal-affected districts, these schools provided specialized coaching for national-level entrance exams like IIT-JEE and NEET. The initiative aimed to integrate tribal youth into the mainstream through elite professional education.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh's Prayas schools: A silent revolution |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/prayas-schools-chhattisgarhs-experiment-with-tribal-education-1712345 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=2017-06-15 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref> By 2018, hundreds of students from insurgency-hit areas had successfully cleared competitive exams, a feat recognized with the [[Prime Minister's Award for Excellence in Public Administration]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PM's Award for Excellence in Public Administration 2012-13 |url=https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/Prayas.pdf |publisher=Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

=== SKY (Sanchar Kranti Yojana) ===
In his third term, Singh launched the **Sanchar Kranti Yojana (SKY)**, one of the largest digital inclusion programs in India. The scheme aimed to distribute free smartphones to nearly 4.5 million people, including rural women and students, to promote digital literacy and ensure direct access to government services.<ref>{{cite news |title=President Kovind launches Sanchar Kranti Yojana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/president-launches-mobile-phone-distribution-scheme-in-chhattisgarh/article24522437.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2018-07-26 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref> This was coupled with the construction of several new telecom towers in the Bastar region to improve mobile penetration.

=== Chief Minister's Choice (Mukhyamantri Teerth Yatra Yojana) ===
To cater to the elderly population, the government introduced the **Teerth Yatra Yojana** in 2012, providing state-funded pilgrimage trips to senior citizens. This scheme became a popular social welfare model, later emulated by various other states including Delhi and Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh's pilgrimage scheme for seniors sets a trend |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/over-1-lakh-seniors-benefit-from-pilgrimage-scheme-116031200234_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=2016-03-12 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

=== 108 and 102 Ambulance Services ===
While emergency services existed elsewhere, Chhattisgarh integrated the **Sanjeevani Express (108)** and **Mahtari Express (102)** with a centralized call center that used GPS-based dispatching. This innovation drastically reduced the response time in remote forest areas, particularly for maternal emergencies.<ref>{{cite report |title=Health Infrastructure Innovation in Chhattisgarh |url=http://cghealth.nic.in/ |publisher=Department of Health and Family Welfare, Chhattisgarh |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

=== Digital PDS: CORE PDS ===
Chhattisgarh was the first state to introduce **CORE PDS** (Centralized Online Real-time Electronic PDS). This allowed beneficiaries to withdraw their rations from any Fair Price Shop in the city, similar to an ATM, breaking the monopoly of local ration shop owners and reducing corruption.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Khera |first=Reetika |title=The PDS in Chhattisgarh: A Case Study |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |year=2011 |volume=46 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

== Challenges and Controversies ==
Despite the administration's focus on development and welfare, the fifteen-year tenure of Raman Singh was marked by significant security challenges and several high-profile political and administrative controversies.

=== Internal Security Setbacks ===
The most persistent challenge was the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]. While the government claimed success in containment, several major attacks occurred during this period:
* **2010 Dantewada attack:** The killing of 76 [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) personnel in an ambush remains the deadliest attack on Indian security forces by Maoists.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dantewada massacre: 76 CRPF personnel killed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/76-crpf-personnel-killed-in-deadliest-naxal-attack/article389551.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2010-04-06 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>
* **2013 Jhiram Ghati attack:** A massive ambush on a convoy of Congress leaders resulted in the deaths of 27 people, including senior leaders [[Mahendra Karma]] and [[Vidya Charan Shukla]], raising questions about intelligence failures.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jhiram Ghati: The day a political generation was wiped out |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/jhiram-ghati-attack-chhattisgarh-congress-leaders-killed-6426372/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2013-05-25 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

=== Salwa Judum Controversy ===
The state-sponsored anti-Naxal militia, [[Salwa Judum]], drew international criticism for alleged human rights abuses. The [[Supreme Court of India]] eventually stepped in, labeling the practice of arming untrained tribal youths as "unconstitutional." The court's judgment was a major legal blow to the administration's security policy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nandini Sundar & Ors vs State Of Chhattisgarh |url=https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2007/11689/11689_2007_judgement_05-Jul-2011.pdf |publisher=Supreme Court of India |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

=== Allegations of Corruption ===
During the third term, the opposition and several activists raised allegations regarding administrative irregularities:
* **PDS Scam (NAN Scam):** In 2015, the Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB) conducted raids on the Civil Supplies Corporation, alleging a multi-crore scam involving the quality of rice and kickbacks. While the government maintained it was an administrative lapse, the case became a major political flashpoint.<ref>{{cite news |title=What is the Chhattisgarh PDS scam? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chhattisgarh-pds-scam-raman-singh-ajit-jogi-1423675-2019-01-04 |work=[[India Today]] |date=2019-01-04 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>
* **Sterilization Tragedy (2014):** The death of 13 women following a mass sterilization camp in Bilaspur led to a national outcry over the quality of healthcare infrastructure and pharmaceutical oversight in the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh sterilization deaths: A tragedy of errors |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30018712 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2014-11-12 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

=== Environmental Concerns ===
The administration's push for coal mining in the **Hasdeo Arand** forest region faced stiff resistance from tribal communities and environmentalists. The clearing of dense forests for mining projects was criticized for threatening local biodiversity and the traditional livelihoods of the [[Gondi people]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The battle for Hasdeo Arand |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/the-battle-for-hasdeo-arand-1563464160459.html |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]] |date=2019-07-19 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Raman Singh}}

[[Category:Raman Singh]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chief ministership of Raman Singh]]
[[Category:Chief ministerships of Indian states]]
[[Category:2000s in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2010s in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:History of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]

Upendra Maharathi

2026-03-15T06:27:09Z

SaifurRahaman: Started New Article!

{{Short description|Indian artist (1908–1981)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Upendra Maharathi
| image = Upendra Maharathi.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1908}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1981|1908}}
| death_place =
| monuments =
| other_names =
| siglum =
| citizenship = India
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Government College of Art & Craft]]
| occupation = Painter, sculptor, illustrator, architect, and graphic and textile designer
| organization =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| style =
| spouse = [[Padma Shri]]
| awards =
| website = 
}}
'''Upendra Maharathi''' was an Indian artist<ref name="B2">{{cite news |last1=Colin Youn |first1=Sean |title=The Gandhian Maharathi |url=https://www.asianage.com/life/art/190919/the-gandhian-maharathi.html |publisher=[[Asian Age]] |date=19 September 2019}}</ref> who worked in various mediums including painting, sculpture, illustration, architecture, graphic design, and textile design. He was born in the village of Narendrapur in [[Odisha]] and received his art education at the [[Government College of Art & Craft]] in Kolkata under [[Mukul Dey]] and [[Percy Brown (art historian)|Percy Brown]]. After completing his studies, he settled in Bihar.<ref name="C3"/> His more than 900 works have been preserved by the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], Delhi.<ref name="A1">{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Atul |title=गांधी जी की 150वीं सालगिरह पर देश देखेगा उपेन्द्र महारथी का कला संसार, पीएम मोदी कर सकते हैं उद्घाटन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/columns/blog/upendra-maharathi-artist-exhibition-national-gallery-of-modern-art-150th-anniversary-of-gandhi?pageId=2 |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=18 June 2019 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Towns Mirror Special: Art for the heart |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/the-towns-mirror-special-art-for-the-heart/articleshow/87765876.cms |publisher=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=18 November 2021}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Born in 1908 in Narendrapur, a small village in Odisha, Upendra joined the [[Government College of Art & Craft|Government College of Art and Craft]] in 1925. He was exposed to a variety of Western and indigenous techniques of art, craft and architecture at the school. His artistic style was shaped by the nationalist movement in Bengal, which supported [[Swadeshi movement|Swadeshi]] values and recognized the resistive, anti-colonial potential of art. Led by [[E. B. Havell]] and [[Abanindranath Tagore]], the movement encouraged students to revive traditional forms of Indian art. His art was also influenced by Gandhi's non-violent politics.<ref name="D4"/>

Maharathi created a diverse body of work that explored themes such as spiritualism, nationalism and self-discovery. He lived as a recluse, wandering around pilgrimage sites like [[Bodh Gaya]], [[Rajagriha]] and [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] and was known for substituting his canvas with various mediums such as cloth, wood, clay, and bronze.<ref name="C3"/>

As an architect, his notable artworks include the Vishwa Shanti Stupa in Rajgir, Japan's Gotemba Peace Pagoda, the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] in [[Bodh Gaya]], [[Nava Nalanda Mahavihara]] in [[Nalanda]], Vaishali Museum and Gandhi Mandap in Bodh Gaya.<ref name="A1"/>

Upendra Maharathi was also known for his innovative use of [[enamel paint]] on wood, a technique inspired by the Japanese style. He applied the tikuli style of art to practical and decorative objects such as coasters, trays and wall decorations. His work reflects the influence of [[Madhubani art|Mithila (Madhubani) painting]] on contemporary tikuli art.<ref>{{cite news |title=Five Lesser Known Handicrafts From Bihar |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/72022/five-lesser-known-handicrafts-from-bihar |publisher=[[Outlook India]] |date=3 October 2022}}</ref>

In 1940, he designed the Ramgarh Congress Nagar Complex,<ref name="B2"/> which included the "Glories of India" series and initiated a new movement in folk art. He was also an active participant in India's independence movement and was influenced by the ideologies of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. He abandoned the opportunity of an educational tour to Paris in response to Gandhi's call for promoting [[Swadeshi movement|Swadeshi]].

Later, as a special designer in the Department of Industries in the government of Bihar, Maharathi worked to bring together art, craft, and design. Upendra worked to revive the centuries-old tradition of handloom weaving in Bihar. He established an institute in [[Patna]]<ref name="D4">{{cite news |last1=Prasad |first1=Sujata |title=Upendra Maharathi, an artist extraordinaire |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/an-artist-extraordinaire-upendra-maharathi-5992225/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=15 September 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221125075721/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/an-artist-extraordinaire-upendra-maharathi-5992225/ |archive-date=25 November 2022}}</ref> for this purpose in 1956, which was later the state government renamed it the [[Upendra Maharathi Shilp Anusandhan Sansthan]] in his honor after his death. He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], one of the highest civilian honours by the [[Government of India]] in 1969 for his contributions to revitalizing traditional and native arts and handlooms.<ref name="C3">{{cite news |title=Chitracharya Upendra Maharathi |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?5720 |work=CCRT, Ministry of Culture |agency=Amritmahotsav.nic.in |date=7 September 2022}}</ref> He died in 1981.<ref name="D4"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [http://www.brandbharat.com/hindi/literature/history/art_upendra-maharathi.html Upendra Maharathi] on Brandbharat (Biography)
* [https://umsas.org.in/ Upendra Maharathi Shilp Anusandhan Sansthan]
* [https://www.artsillustrated.in/architecture/who-was-upendra-maharathi/ Who was Upendra Maharathi?]
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maharathi, Upendra}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Painters from Odisha]]

Savitr

2026-03-14T16:59:02Z

SaifurRahaman: adjusted content per sources and added references based on references

{{Short description|Vedic Hindu deity}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| mother = [[Aditi]]
| father = [[Kashyapa]]
| type = Hindu
| name = Savitra
| deity_of = God of the Sunrays <ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bla9DwAAQBAJ&dq=savitur+god+of&pg=PA103 | title=Essence of Inquiry: Vicharasangraham, A Commentary by Nome | date=19 January 2019 | publisher=Society of Abidance in Truth }}</ref>
| mantra = [[Gayatri mantra]]
| member_of = [[Ādityas|Aditya]]s
| abode = [[Sun]]
| consort = Pṛśni {{small|(according to ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'')<ref name = "BhP" >[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-bhagavata-purana/d/doc1127162.html#note-t-190332 Bhagavata Purana, Book 6 - Sixth Skandha, Chapter 18]</ref>}}
| children= {{ubl|Sāvitrī, Vyāhṛti and Trayī (daughters)|9 sons including Agnihotra, Paśu, Soma and Cāturmāsya {{small|(according to ''Bhagavata Purana'')<ref name = "BhP" />}}
| symbol = Chariot
}}}}
'''Savitṛ''' ({{langx|sa|सवितृ}} {{IAST3|Savitṛ}}, [[nominative]] [[Grammatical number|singular]]: {{lang|sa|सविता}} {{IAST3|Savitā}}, also rendered as '''Savitur'''),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keshavadas |first=Sadguru Sant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RupZEAAAQBAJ&dq=savitur+god+of&pg=PT63 |title=Gayatri: The Highest Meditation |date=2022-01-19 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-44807-8 |language=en}}</ref> in Vedic scriptures is an [[Ādityas|Aditya]] (i.e., an "offspring" of the [[Vedic]] primeval mother goddess [[Aditi]]). His name in [[Vedic Sanskrit]] connotes "impeller, rouser, vivifier."

He is sometimes identified with—and at other times distinguished from—[[Surya]], "the Sun god". When considered distinct from the Sun proper, he is conceived of as the divine influence or vivifying power of the Sun. The Sun before sunrise is called Savitr, and after sunrise until sunset it is called Sūrya.<ref>[[Monier-Williams]] ''Sanskrit Dictionary'' (1899), p. 1190.</ref>
Savitr is venerated in the [[Rig Veda]], the oldest component of the Vedic scriptures. He is first recorded in [[Mandala 3|book three]] of the Rigveda; (RV 3.62.10) later called the [[Gayatri mantra]]. Furthermore, he is described with great detail in Hymn 35 of the Rig Veda, also called the Hymn of Savitr.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv01035.htm|title = Rig Veda: Rig-Veda Book 1: HYMN XXXV. Savitar.}}</ref> In this hymn, Savitr is personified and represented as a patron deity. He is celebrated in eleven whole hymns of the Rig Veda and in parts of many others texts, with his name being mentioned about 170 times in aggregate.

Savitr disappeared as an independent deity from the [[Hindu pantheon]] after the end of the [[Vedic period]], but is still worshiped in modern [[Hinduism]] and is referred to as ''Sāvitrī.''

==Rigvedic deity==
Savitr is a deity whose name primarily denotes an agent, in the form of a noun derived from a verbal root with the agent suffix ''-tṛ'' added.
The name of Savitr belongs to a class of Vedic theonyms, together with Dhatṛ, Tratṛ and [[Tvastr]]. These names denote that these are agent gods, who create, protect, and produce, respectively.<ref name=MacDonell>{{cite book |author=MacDonell, A.A. |title=Vedic Mythology |publisher=Williams and Norgate |year=1881 |quote=They are known as ‘Fivers’ in Islam. The five first Imams or Teachers.}}</ref>

===Appearance===
Savitr has golden arms, and is broad-handed or beautiful-handed. He is also pleasant tongued or beautiful-tongued, and is once called iron-jawed. His eyes are golden as well. He is yellow-haired, an attribute shared with [[Agni]] and [[Indra]]. He dons on a tawny garb. He has a golden chariot with a golden axle, which is omni-form, just as he himself is capable of assuming all forms. His channel is analogized as a resplendent chariot drawn by two radiant steeds or by two or more bronze, white-footed stallions. Mighty splendour ("amati") is preeminently attributed to Savitr, and mighty "golden" splendour to him only. Such splendour he stretches out or diffuses. He illumines the air, heaven and earth, the world, the spaces of the earth, the vault of heaven.

===Functions===
Like [[Pushan]] and [[Surya]], he is lord of that which is mobile and is stationary. Savitr has been attributed to as upholding the movables and immovable, which signifies the maintenance of [[Ṛta]]. Savitr is a beneficent god who acts as protector of all beings, who are provident and guard the world of spirits. Being an [[Ādityas|Aditya]], Savitr is true to the Eternal Order and act as the score exacter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv02027.htm |series=Rig-Veda |at=Book 2: Hymn XXVII |title=Ādityas |translator-last=Griffith |translator-first=Ralph T.H.}}</ref>

His primordial pathways in the air are dustless and sleekly traversed, on them he is besought to fortify his invokers. He is prayed to convey the departed soul to where the righteous dwell. Savitr bestows immortality on the gods as well as length of life on man. He also bestowed immortality on the [[Rbhus]], who by the greatness of their deeds advanced to his dwelling. Like other gods, Savitr is a supporter of the cosmos. Also, he holds the whole world, a role which was also assigned to [[Vishnu]] in the Vedas.

===Abstract classification===
There are two classes of deities in the ''[[Rig Veda]]'' whose nature is founded on abstraction.
* The first class, consisting of the direct personifications of abstract notions – such as 'desire' – is rare, occurring only in the very latest hymns of the ''Rig Veda'' and due to that growth of speculation which is so plainly traceable in the course of the [[Vedic age]].{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

* The second and more numerous class comprises deities whose names primarily either denote an agent, in the form of a noun derived from a root with the suffix "''-tṛ''" (such as ''Dhatr'', 'Creator') or designate some attribute, such as ''[[Prajapati]]'' ('Lord of Creatures').

The class, judged by the evolution of the mythological creations of the [[Veda]], does not represent direct abstractions, but appears in each case to be derived from an epithet applied to one or more deities, illustrating a particular aspect of activity or character. Such epithets gradually become detached, finally attaining an independent status. Thus ''Rohita'', the 'Red One' (whose female form is ''Rohinī''), originally an epithet of the sun, as a separate deity in the capacity of a Creator.<ref name=":0" />
{{quote|... [the] second class of gods, who may be called 'abstract', is afforded by the agent gods – such as ''Dhatr'' – whose name expresses a function which they perform; ... they can be called 'functional gods'. In all the cases which are to be found in the [[Vedic literature]] we are able to say with a fair degree of plausibility that the conception formed itself from the use of the epithet in question, in the first place, of some concrete god; ... after denoting that deity in the special field of action, it was gradually made into a separate deity, concerned merely with the sphere of action in question. This, however, cannot be proved beyond doubt: It will, for instance, always be open to question whether ''Savitr'' is really an aspect of the sun, or whether he is god of stimulation, who by reason of similarity of nature has been made 'like to the sun'. In other cases there can be less doubt: The god ''Visnu'' cannot really be explained as a god of 'wide stepping' – he is a sun god, who happens to have a special sphere of activity ...<ref>{{cite book |title=The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads |volume=1 |author-link=Arthur Berriedale Keith |first=A. Berriedale |last=Keith |page=204}}{{full citation needed|year, publisher, place of publication|date=November 2019}}</ref>}}

''Savitr'' is never mentioned as having part in the [[Soma sacrifice]]
{{quote|a fact which is doubtless fair evidence that the ''[[Rig Veda]]'' did not know him as having a place in the rite, and that he was later brought in, perhaps because of his growing importance, perhaps as an ''Aditya''."<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Arthur Berriedale Keith |first=A. Berriedale |last=Keith |title=The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads |volume=2}}{{full citation needed|date=November 2014|page, year, publisher, pub. place all needed}}</ref>}}

===Solar aspects===
According to [[Yaska]], Sanskrit scholar of the 5th century BCE, who made various attempts to interpret difficult [[Vedic]] mythologies in his work ''[[Nirukta]]'' (''Etymology'') (12, 12), the time of Savitr’s appearance is when darkness has been removed. [[Sayana]]charya (on ''[[Rig Veda]]'') remarks that before his rising the sun is called Savitr, but from his rising to his setting, Surya. But Savitr is also sometimes spoken of as "sending to sleep", and must therefore be connected with evening as well as morning. He is, indeed, extolled as the setting sun in one hymn (2, 38); and there are indications that most of the hymns addressed to him are meant for either a morning or an evening sacrifice. He brings all two-footed and four-footed beings to rest and awakens them. He unyokes his steeds, brings the wanderer to rest; at his command night comes; the weaver rolls up her web and the skilful man lays down his unfinished work. Later the west was wont to be assigned to him, as the east to [[Agni]], and the south to [[Soma (deity)|Soma]].

The epithet "sūrya-raśmi" is used in the [[Rig Veda]] only once, and it is applied to Savitr:
<blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"> "Radiating with the beams of the Sun, golden-haired, Savitr raises up His effulgence continually from the east."</blockquote>

Like [[Surya]], Savitr is implored to remove evil nightmares and to render men sinless. Savitr drives away sorcerers and antagonism. He observes fixed laws. The waters and the wind are subject to his ordinance. He leads the waters and by his propulsion they flow broadly. The other gods follow his lead. No being, not even [[Indra]], [[Varuna]], [[Mitra]], [[Aryaman]], [[Rudra]], can resist his will and independent dominion. His praises are celebrated by the [[Vasus]], [[Aditi]], [[Varuna]], [[Mitra]] and [[Aryaman]]. He is lord of all things worthy, and bestows blessings pervading heaven, air, earth.
<blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;">... the connection of Savitr with the sun is fairly close. It is at least possible, therefore, that in its origin Savitr was not an independent creation, but was an epithet of Surya, but that question is of little importance: The essential feature of the god is not his original basis, but his function as the inspirer or impeller to holy sacrifice: The ritual act is repeatedly said in the Yajur Veda to be done ‘on the instigation of the god Savitr’.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |page=65 |title=The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads |volume=1 |author-link=Arthur Berriedale Keith |first=Arthur Berriedale |last=Keith}}{{full citation needed|needs year, publisher, publication place|date=November 2019}}</ref></blockquote>

In several passages of the ''Rig Veda'', Savitr and [[Surya]] appear simultaneously. It may even appear based on [[Arthur Berriedale Keith|A.B. Keith]]'s opinion that the terms Savitar and Surya are used interchangeably in certain hymns of the ''Rig Veda''. However it is worth noting that several other deities are directly associated with the epithet of Savitar in the ''Family Books''. They include Indra who is paired alongside Savitar,<ref>''Rig Veda'': Mandala 2, Hymn XXX, line 1</ref> and Tvastr who is compounded with Savitar.<ref>''Rig Veda'': Mandala 3, Hymn LV, line 19</ref> Furthermore, Savitar is unambiguously identified with Bhaga.<ref>''Rig Veda'': Mandala 5, Hymn LXXXII, line 3</ref> Savitar is also unambiguously called Pusan and Mitra.<ref>''Rig Veda'': Mandala 5, Hymn LXXXI, last lines</ref> While Savitar certainly has directly been charged with using Surya's rays, Savitar has a much more direct congruence with other deities. The [[Vedic]] poet observes:
<blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"> "[G]od Savitr has raised aloft his brilliance, making light for the whole world; Surya shining brightly has filled heaven and earth and air with his rays."{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}</blockquote>

In another hymn [[Surya]] is spoken of in terms ''Prasavitṛ'' (Vivifier){{citation needed|date=November 2014}}, an adjective usually applied to Savitr, and in the third verse{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} Savitr is apparently mentioned as the same god as [[Surya]]. In other hymns also, it is hardly possible to separate the two deities.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} In certain passages, Savitr combines with the rays of the sun or shines with the rays of the sun.

Savitr has a major role in creation. The relevant hymn mentions that:
"Indra measured six broad spaces, from which no existing thing is excluded: He it is who made the wide expanse of earth and the lofty dome of the sky, even he." Savitr assisted [[Indra]] in shaping the universe.<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian myth and Legend |url=https://archive.org/details/indianmythandleg47228gut |author-link=Donald Alexander Mackenzie |first=Donald A. |last=Mackenzie|publisher=Project Gutenberg }}</ref>

<blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;">[T]here are in the last book of the [[Rig Veda]] some hymns which treat the origin of the world philosophically rather than mythologically. Various passages show that in the cosmological speculation of the [[Rig Veda]] The sun was regarded as an important agent of generation. Thus he is called the soul (atma) of all that moves and stands. Statements such as that he is called by many names though one indicate that his nature was being tentatively abstracted to that of a supreme god, nearly approaching that of the later conception of Brahma. In this sense the sun is once glorified as a great power of the universe under the name of the golden embryo, hiranya-garbha, in ''[[Rig Veda]]''. It is he who measures out space in the air and shines where the sun rises. In the last verse of this hymn, he is called [[Prajapati]], lord of created beings , the name which became that of the chief god of the Brahmanas. It is significant that in the only older passage of the [[Rig veda]] in which it occurs, [[Prajapati]] is an epithet of the solar deity Savitr, who in the same hymn is said to rule over what moves and stands.<ref>{{cite book |title=Vedic Mythology |author-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell |first=A. A. |last=MacDonnel |page=13}}{{full citation needed|missing year, publisher, & place of publication|date=November 2019}}</ref></blockquote>

===Other names and epithets===
;Apam napat (Born of the Waters): Savitr is at least once.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv06050.htm |series=Rig Veda |at=Book 6: Hymn L |title=Viśvedevas |translator-last=Griffith |translator-first=Ralph T.H.}}</ref> called "apam napat" (Child of Waters), an epithet applied to [[Agni]] and [[Soma (deity)|Soma]] as well.

;God of the Middle Region: Commentator [[Yaska]] commenting on the verse where Savitr is attributed with causing rain, regards Savitr as belonging to the mesial region (or atmosphere) for possessing this ability, adding that the [[Ādityas|Aditya]]s, who are in heaven, are also called Savitr. It is probably owing to this epithet and because Savitr’s paths are said to be in the atmosphere, that this deity occurs among the gods of the mesial expanse among those of outer space in the [[Nighantu|Naighantuka]].

;Prajapati: Savitr is once depicted as the [[Prajapati]] of the world. In the [[Satapatha Brahmana]] (v. 12, 3, 5), Savitr has been identified with Prajapati and in the [[Taittiriya Brahmana]] (v. 1, 6, 4), it has been stated that Prajapati becoming Savitr created living beings.

;Damunas (Domestic): In the [[Rig Veda]], Savitr has been twice spoken of as domestic ("damunas"), an epithet otherwise almost entirely limited to Agni.

;Asura: Like many other gods, Savitr is mentioned as ‘[[asura]]’ in many hymns of the Rig Veda.

;Pusan: Savitr alone is the lord of vivifying power and on account of his movements (yamabhih), he becomes [[Pushan|Pusan]]. In two consecutive verses, Pusan and Savitr are described as connected. In the first the favour of Pusan who sees all beings is invoked, and in the second, Savitr is besought to stimulate the thoughts of worshipers who desire to think of the excellent brilliance of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]. The latter verse is the celebrated [[Gayatri Mantra|Savitri]], now termed as the [[Gayatri]] mantra, with which Savitr was in later times invoked at the beginning of [[Vedic]] study.

;Mitra: Savitr is also said to become [[Mitra]] by reason of his laws.

;Bhaga: Savitr seems sometimes to be identified with [[Bhaga]] also, unless the latter word is here only an epithet of Savitr. The name of Bhaga, the good god bestowing benefits is indeed often added to that of Savitr so as to form the single expression Savitr Bhaga or Bhaga Savitr, with the term Bhaga simply acting as a qualitative and attributive adjective.

==Savitr in the Brahmanas==
The Vedas do not specifically identify the Ādityas as there is no classification of the [[thirty-three gods]], except for in the Yajurveda (7.19), which says that there are eleven gods in heaven (light space), eleven gods in the atmosphere (intermediate space), and eleven gods on earth (observer space). In some passages of the [[Satapatha Brahmana]], the number of Ādityas is eight, and in other passages twelve Ādityas are mentioned.

Savitr disappears in post-Vedic literature and is absent from the corpus of [[Pauranic Hinduism]].<ref name = Wilson>{{Cite book|
author=Wilson, H. H.
|title=The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition
|publisher=Read Books Publications
|year=2006
}}
</ref><ref name = Muir>
{{Cite book
|author=Muir, John
|title=Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and Progress of the Religion and Institutions of India
|publisher=Williams and Norgate
|year=1863
|url=https://archive.org/details/originalsanskri01muirgoog
}}</ref>

==Hindu revivalism==
Some modern Hindu spiritual thinkers assign symbolism to the Vedic deities like Savitr. The Vedic deities are not only forces of nature, but also forces that exist within the human intellect and psyche, and help the individual in spiritual progress.<ref name=AurobindoSecret/>

According to [[Sri Aurobindo]], the Vedic depictions are deeper than mere imagery. The gods, goddesses and the evil forces mentioned in the Vedas represent various cosmic powers. They play a significant role in the drama of creation, preservation, and destruction in the inner world of a human being.<ref name=AurobindoSecret>{{cite book |author=Aurobindo, Sri |author-link=Sri Aurobindo |title=The Secret of the Vedas}}{{full citation needed|needs publisher, year, publ. place|date=November 2019}}</ref>

Once the senses are controlled and the mind is stabilized through slaying of all the dark powers, comes the awakening, the goddess Ushas (the Dawn), who brings along with her Ashvins (lords of bliss and vital strength) into the world of inner consciousness.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Secret of the Veda |last=Ghose |first=Aurobindo |year=1998 |publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram |pages=529}}</ref> After Ushas appears Aditi, the infinite Mother of the gods: First as Savitr, the Creator or Wisdom-Luminous, who represents the divine power essential for manifestation,<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Synthesis of Yoga |last=Ghose |first=Aurobindo |year=1999 |publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram |pages=485}}</ref> and then as Mitra, who as the divine Love and Harmony is considered as a friend of the illumined mind (Indra) and his associates. The Sun is of Truth, after which appear Rta (Truth in Action) and Rtachit (Truth consciousness).<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Life Divine |last=Ghose |first=Aurobindo |year=2005 |publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram |pages=124}}</ref>

==Popular culture ==
In [[DC Comics]]' [[Flash (DC Comics character)|The Flash]] comics and [[The CW]]'s ''[[The Flash (2014 TV series)|The Flash]]'' TV series, the [[Speedster (fiction)|speedster]] [[Savitar (character)|Savitar]] is an enemy of the Flash who named himself after the [[Hindu]] god.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Flash: Secrets of Savitar |url=https://www.dc.com/blog/2016/11/22/the-flash-secrets-of-savitar |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=DC |language=en}}</ref>

In a fiction by author Ryan Sequeira, called "EvOLv", where Savitr has been named as one of the Supreme Gods - parallel with [[Shiva]] - The God Savitr is referred to as the source of light in the multiverse.{{fact|date=August 2021}}

In the Dark-Hunter fantasy series by author [[Sherrilyn Kenyon]], Savitar is a Chthonian god killer who is thousands of years old and was responsible for policing the Atlantean pantheon.{{fact|date=August 2021}}

For the second and all subsequent seasons of the television series ''[[Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', [[Richard Gibbs]] composed new opening music whose words come from the [[Gayatri Mantra|Sāvitrī Mantra]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Casey|first=Jim|chapter="All This Has Happened Before": Repetition, Reimagination, and Eternal Return|title=Cylons in America: Critical Studies in Battlestar Galactica|editor-last1=Potter|editor-first1=Tiffany|editor-last2=Marshall|editor-first2=C.W.|location=New York|publisher=Continuum Books|date=2008|isbn=9780826428479|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mpcyEAAAQBAJ|page=238}}</ref> A literal translation of the verse can be given as: "May we attain that excellent glory of Savitar the god: so may he stimulate our prayers."<ref>{{cite book|last=Giffith|first=Ralph T. H.|title=The Hymns of the Rigveda. Vol. 2|location=Benares, India|publisher=E.J. Lazarus|year=1890|oclc=10900077|page=87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZURAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA87}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of solar deities]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*{{Wikiquote-inline}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rigvedic deities]]
[[Category:Solar gods]]
[[Category:Adityas]]

[[es:Savitar]]
[[pl:Sawitar]]

Rukmavati Ki Haveli

2026-03-03T23:42:37Z

SaifurRahaman: general fixed content as per guidelines and added references

{{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rukmavati Ki Haveli
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Govind Nihalani]]
| writer = [[Federico García Lorca]] (play) Govind Nihalani (screenplay)
| starring = [[Uttara Baokar]], [[Ila Arun]], [[Kitu Gidwani]], [[Jyoti Subhash]], [[Pallavi Joshi]], [[Sohaila Kapur]], [[Suneeta Sengupta]].
| producer =
| cinematography = Govind Nihalani
| editing =
| music = [[Ila Arun]]
| released = {{Film date|1991}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}'''''Rukmavati Ki Haveli''''' ({{langx|en|Rukmavati's Mansion}}) is a 1991 Indian film. The film is directed by [[Govind Nihalani]] and is based on [[Federico Garcia Lorca]]'s Spanish play ''[[The House of Bernarda Alba]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Jain |first=Madhu |date=31 December 1990 |title=Teletalk |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19901231-sponsor-sources-for-dd-appear-to-be-drying-up-813457-1990-12-30 |magazine=[[India Today]] |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Living Media]] |access-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117081914/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19901231-sponsor-sources-for-dd-appear-to-be-drying-up-813457-1990-12-30 |archive-date=17 January 2025 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |quote=Tamas is a difficult act to follow on the small screen. But Govind Nihalani seems set to do it with three Hindi telefilms based on modern European classics. He's just completed Rukmavati Ki Haveli, the working title of his adaptation of Federico Garcia Lorca'sThe House of Bernada Alba, with Uttara Baokar, Pallavi Joshi and Kittu Gidwani.}}</ref> The screenplay is written by Nihalani himself.

==Plot==
Nihalani's screenplay transports Lorca's Spanish setting on to a Rajasthan village. Rukmavati, a domineering matriarch has five daughters Savitri, Damayanti, Chandra, Mumal and Padma, all unmarried. The domineering woman has inexorable control over her daughters placing them all in a repressive setting where they don't have any social life of their own outside their home. The frustrated and angry daughters respond in their individual ways to their mother's cruelty leading to a tragic ending.

Nahar Singh starts courting the eldest daughter Savitri but the youngest daughter Padma falls in love with him. He also responds to her. This makes Mumal jealous of her. One night as Padma goes out with Nahar, Mumal follows them leading to a confrontation. Rukmavati fires at Nahar. Padma commits suicide. Rukmavati, shaken but unbending still, has only to say, "My daughter died a virgin."

==Cast==
*[[Uttara Baokar]] as Rukmavati.
*[[Ila Arun]] as Savitri.
*[[Kitu Gidwani]] as Mumal.
*[[Pallavi Joshi]] as Padma.
*[[Jyoti Subhash]] as Dhapabai.
*[[Sohaila Kapur]] as Damayanti.
*[[Suneeta Sengupta]] as Chandra.
*[[Shikha Diwan]] as Bhanwari.
*[[chandrima bhaduri]] as Nanisa.

==Awards==
Ajay Munjal and A.M. Padmanabhan won the [[39th National Film Awards]] for [[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]] and [[Samir Chanda]] for [[National Film Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]] for the film.<ref name="39thaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/78_39ndNfacatalogue.pdf|title=39th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=10 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710185719/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/78_39ndNfacatalogue.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0248384}}

{{Govind Nihalani}}
{{The House of Bernarda Alba}}

[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:1991 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Govind Nihalani]]
[[Category:Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Audiography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Doordarshan television films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}
[[Category:Works based on The House of Bernarda Alba]]

Choori Chikkanna

2026-03-03T22:27:42Z

SaifurRahaman: slightly reworked layout for clarity also and improved wording per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Choori Chikkanna
| image = ChooriChikkanna1969film.jpg
| caption =
| director = R. Ramamurthy
| producer = R. Ramamurthy
| writer = K. P. Kottarakkara <ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?si=fTQmHBhrFIDlE-jn&v=oPxkZ4bPt5Y&feature=youtu.be | title=ಅಸಲಿಗೆ ನಿಜವಾದ ಫ಼ೈಟರ್ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ ಯಾರು..? | Fighter Shetty | Cinema Swarasyagalu | Ep 233 | website=[[YouTube]] | date=21 January 2024 }}</ref>
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] [[Dinesh]] [[K. S. Ashwath]]
| music = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| cinematography = B. Dorairaj
| editing = R. Ramamurthy
| studio = Sri Rama Enterprises
| distributor = Sri Rama Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|1969|05|26|df=y}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Choori Chikkanna''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಚೂರಿ ಚಿಕ್ಕಣ್ಣ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1969 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film, directed by R. Ramamurthy and produced by R. Ramamurthy. The film stars [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]], [[Dinesh]] and [[K. S. Ashwath]]. The film has musical score by [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/choori-chikkanna-1969|title=Choori Chikkanna|accessdate=2015-01-16|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/crew/Choori-Chikkanna-1969-cast-and-crew/9219800895|title=Choori Chikkanna|accessdate=2015-01-16|publisher=nthwall.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116220924/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/crew/Choori-Chikkanna-1969-cast-and-crew/9219800895|archive-date=16 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Dr. Rajkumar]] as Chikkanna/Bhaskar
* [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] as Gopala
* [[Dinesh (Kannada actor)|Dinesh]] as Rajashekhar/Java Seth
* [[K. S. Ashwath]] as Krishnaraja
* Nagappa
* Keshavamurthy
* Ganapathi Bhat
* B. Narayana Rao
* Srikantaswamy
* Joker Shyam
* Judo Rathnam
* Jippi Krishna
* Ramamurthy
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as Vasantha
* [[B. V. Radha]]
* [[Jayakumari]]
* [[Vijayalalitha]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Choori-Chikkanna-K0000713|title=Choori Chikkanna Songs|accessdate=2015-01-16|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Kele Kele Nanna Kathe Heluve" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]], Rathnakar || [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]] || 04:44
|-
| 2 || "Nee Modalu Modalu" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Bangalore Latha]] || Chi. Udaya Shankar || 03:15
|-
| 3 || "Cycle Mele Banda" || [[S. Janaki]], [[L. R. Eswari]] || Chi. Udaya Shankar || 02:42
|-
| 4 || "Karaneri Banda" || P. B. Sreenivas || Chi. Udaya Shankar || 02:32
|-
| 5 || "Madayya Bandeya" || [[L. R. Eswari]] || Chi. Udaya Shankar || 03:48
|-
| 6 || "Mellage Nade Mellage" || P. B. Sreenivas || Chi. Udaya Shankar || 03:31
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|id=m4PcZkfe5Ak|title=Choori Chikkanna}}

[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:1969 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1969 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Satyam (composer)]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Ramamurthy]]

{{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Idiyappam

2026-03-03T15:39:48Z

SaifurRahaman: adjust references and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{short description|Rice noodle dish}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Idiyappam
| image = Idiyappam with Egg Masala Curry.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Idiyappam served with curry
| alternate_name = noolappam, indiapa, noolputtu, santhagai, ottu shavige, putu mayam, putu mayang, chomai, suvaijappam, sheveo
| type = Breakfast
| place_of_origin = [[India]]
| course =
| region = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Kerala]]
| associated_cuisine = [[Tamil cuisine]], [[Sri Lankan cuisine]], [[Kerala cuisine]]
| creator =
| mintime =
| maxtime =
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Rice flour]]
| minor_ingredient =
| variations =
| serving_size = 100 g
| calories =
| calories_ref =
| protein =
| fat =
| carbohydrate =
| glycemic_index =
| similar_dish =
| other =
}}
'''Idiyappam''', also known as '''indiappa''', '''noolappam''', '''noolputtu,''' '''sheveo''', '''santhagai''', or '''ottu shavige''', is a [[Sevai|string hopper]] dish originating from southern India. It consists of [[rice flour]] pressed into [[noodle]]s, laid into a flat [[Disk (mathematics)|disc]]-like shape and steamed. The dish also spread to [[List of Asian cuisines|Southeast Asia]]

== History ==
{{Main|Sevai}}
According to food historian [[K. T. Achaya]], idiyappam, appam, idli, dosa and vada were known during [[Tamilakam|ancient Tamil country]] the 1st century AD, as per references in the [[Sangam literature]].<ref name="The Story of our Food by K. T. Achaya">{{cite book | title=The Story of Our Food|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bk9RHRCqZOkC&pg=PA80 | author=K. T. Achaya|date = November 2003| page=80| publisher=Universities Press| isbn=81-7371-293-X }}</ref> Lokopakara (1025 CE) cookbook in [[kannada language|Kannada]] language also mentions a method of making shavige and the mold-presser used for it.<ref>"Lokopakara" Agri-History Bulletin No. 6 - (Trans) Ayangarya, Y. L. Nene, Nalini Sadhale, Valmiki Sreenivasa (Trans), 2004</ref>

== Distribution ==
Idiyappam is a culinary speciality throughout the Indian states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]] and the country of [[Sri Lanka]].The name idiyappam derives from [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. The Tamil word 'Idi' together forms the name Idiyappam. The dish is also, frequently, called as ''noolappam'' or ''noolputtu'', originating from the Tamil word ''nool'', meaning string or thread. In [[Karnataka]], it is known as Ottu Shavige in [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and it is also termed ''semige'' or ''semé da addae'' in [[Tulu language|Tulu]] in [[Mangalore]] and [[Udupi]]. In [[Maharashtra]] it is known as ''Shirvale''. In [[Karnataka]] distinction between Ottu Shavige (unbroken shavige) and [[sevai|shavige]] is made based on different recipes. In Mangalore and Udupi it is eaten with Tuluva chicken or fish curry, and a coconut milk dish called rasayana.<ref>{{cite web|title=Idiyappam|url=http://mariasmenu.com/vegetarian/idiyappam-nool-puttu-sevai|publisher=Marias Menu|access-date=12 April 2014}}</ref> It is also a common breakfast item in [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], and night snack in [[Indonesia]] where it is called ''Puttu Mayam'', typically served with brown sugar and grated coconut.

== Preparation ==
[[File:ಒಟ್ಟು ಶಾವಿಗೆ ತಯಾರಕ 2020.jpg|thumb|Ottu Shavige being prepared in a traditional wooden press, Karnataka]]
It is made of [[rice flour]], salt, and water. In most parts of [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] Idiyappam is steamed after making seva, while in the [[Kongu Nadu|Kongu]] region of [[Tamil Nadu]], the steamed rice flour ball is pressed to make Idiyappam, a reverse process more similar to Ottu Shavige in neighbouring [[Karnataka]].<ref>Ottu shavige http://vegrecipesofkarnataka.com/235-ottu-shavige-akki-shavige-idiyappam-semettu-nool-puttu.php</ref> In [[Tamil Nadu]], distinction between ''Idiyappam'' and ''Santhagai'' is made based on preparation technique. Steamed rice flour balls are pressed to make ''santhagai'', in contrast to Idiyappam, where pressed noodles are steamed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sevai Recipe (Santhagai) |url=https://www.yummytummyaarthi.com/sevai-recipe-sevai-mor-kuzhambu-vathal/ |website=Yummy Tummy |date=8 September 2022}}</ref> It is generally served as the main course at breakfast or dinner together with a curry (potato, egg, fish, or meat curry or rasam) and [[coconut]] [[chutney]]. It is served with coconut milk and sugar in the [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] region of Kerala. It is not usually served at lunch. In [[Kerala]] and [[Sri Lanka]], it is mostly eaten with spicy curries or rasam. Using wheat flour in its preparation gives it a brownish hue.

Putu mayam is made by mixing rice flour or idiyappam flour with water or [[coconut milk]], and pressing the dough through a sieve to make [[vermicelli]]-like noodles which are steamed, usually with the addition of juice from the aromatic [[Pandanus amaryllifolius|pandan]] leaf ([[screwpine]]) as flavouring. The noodles are served with grated [[coconut]] and [[jaggery]], or [[gur palm sugar|gur]] (date palm sugar). In some areas, ''gula melaka'' (coconut palm sugar) is the favourite sweetener. ''Putu piring'' is a version of putu mayam in which the rice flour dough is used to form a small cake around a filling of coconut and gur or jaggery.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mstar.com.my/kolumnis/cerita.asp?file=%2F2007%2F9%2F24%2FKOLUM%2FAROMA_RASA%2FAROMA_RASA_Heavenly_putu_piring&sec=mstar_kolum |title=AROMA RASA: Heavenly putu piring. |access-date=13 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618103300/http://mstar.com.my/kolumnis/cerita.asp?file=%2F2007%2F9%2F24%2FKOLUM%2FAROMA_RASA%2FAROMA_RASA_Heavenly_putu_piring&sec=mstar_kolum |archive-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=July 2019}}

== Serving ==
[[File:Putumayam.jpg|thumb|''Putu mayam'']]
This dish may be eaten for [[breakfast]] with a vegetable stew or [[avial]], or a [[fish]] [[curry]], etc. The same liking for serving the slightly sweet putu mayam, [[putu piring]], or [[cendol]] with savory dishes also occurs in [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]]. Idiyappam is typical of [[Kerala]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Karnataka]], as well as [[Tamil Nadu]]. A very finely ground, commercial idiyappam flour is sold as a sort of "instant" way to make all of these dishes.

In [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]], putu mayam and its relatives are commonly sold as [[street food]] from market stalls or carts, as well as being made at home, and are usually served cold. In [[Indonesia]], putu mayam is called [[putu mayang]] and is served with [[palm sugar]] mixed with [[coconut milk]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:ಒಟ್ಟು ಶಾವಿಗೆ ತಯಾರಕ 3.jpg|Ottu Shavige making in traditional wood presser, Karnataka.
File:Idiyappam Maker in wood.jpg|Wooden Idiyappam maker, Kerala or Tamil Nadu.
File:Tradtional brass chakli presser and it's various parts.jpg|Traditional brass presser used for sevai/ idiyappam and various other snacks.
File:IdiyappamMaking.ogg|Idiyappam made in modern presser with spinner on top, Tamil Nadu
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Kueh tutu]]
*[[Cuisine of Singapore]]
*[[Malaysian cuisine]]
*[[Indian cuisine]]
*[[Indonesian cuisine]]
*[[List of steamed foods]]
*[[Aush]]
*[[Rice noodles]]
*[[Rice vermicelli]]
*[[Khanom chin]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|Idiyappam}}

{{Sri Lankan cuisine}}
{{Malaysian cuisine}}
{{Indian cuisine}}

[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Indonesian rice dishes]]
[[Category:Kerala cuisine]]
[[Category:Kue]]
[[Category:Malaysian rice dishes]]
[[Category:Singaporean rice dishes]]
[[Category:Indian rice dishes]]
[[Category:Pakistani rice dishes]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan egg dishes]]
[[Category:Indian egg dishes]]
[[Category:Steamed foods]]
[[Category:Tamil cuisine]]
[[Category:Indonesian noodle dishes]]
[[Category:Malaysian noodle dishes]]
[[Category:Singaporean noodle dishes]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan noodle dishes]]

Jumbo (2008 film)

2026-03-03T11:54:24Z

SaifurRahaman: rework formatting and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|2008 film by Kompin Kemgumnird}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jumbo
| image = Jumbo hindi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Kompin Kemgumnird
| producer = [[Percept Picture Company]]
| writer = [[Evan Spiliotopoulos]] Aummaraporn Phandintong Amit Babber (Hindi Dialogue)
| based_on = {{based on|[[Khan Kluay]]|Kompin Kemgumnird}}
| narrator = Akshay Kumar
| starring = [[Akshay Kumar]] [[Rajpal Yadav]] [[Lara Dutta]] [[Asrani]] [[Gulshan Grover]]
| music = [[Ram Sampath]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = [[Percept Picture Company]]
| distributor = [[Shemaroo Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|12|25|India}}
| runtime = 89 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INRConvert|32|c}}<ref name="Jumbo - Movie - Box Office India">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1372|title=Jumbo - Movie - Box Office India|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|accessdate=2 February 2015|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421110343/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1372|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{INRConvert|21|c}}<ref name="Jumbo - Movie - Box Office India"/>
}}
'''''Jumbo''''' is a 2008 Indian animated [[adventure film|adventure]] film directed by Kompin Kemgumnird, produced by [[Percept Picture Company]] and features the [[Voice-over|voices]] of [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Lara Dutta]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Rajpal Yadav]], [[Asrani]], and [[Gulshan Grover]]. Jayveer Singh, aka Jumbo, is a little elephant who tries to find his father, and the journey of finding his father made him a war elephant.<ref name=jumbo3>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201901|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115125610/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201901|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 January 2012|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=30 August 2012|title=Jumbo Cast & Crew}}</ref> The film is a Hindi remake and Hindi dubbed version of the 2006 [[Cinema of Thailand|Thai film]] ''[[Khan Kluay]]'', which is based on "Chao Praya Prab Hongsawadee" by Ariya Jintapanichkarn.<ref>{{cite web|title=Akshay Kumar's Jumbo is official remake of Thai movie|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/dec/081208-Kompin-Kemgumnird-Khan-Kluay-Akshay-Kumar-Lara-Dutta-Jumbo-Bollywood-Filmy-Adlabs.htm|publisher=[[Mid-Day]]|author=Amul Sharma|date=8 December 2008|accessdate=30 August 2012|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215348/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/dec/081208-Kompin-Kemgumnird-Khan-Kluay-Akshay-Kumar-Lara-Dutta-Jumbo-Bollywood-Filmy-Adlabs.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was dubbed and released in Hindi where the creative direction on the film was done by [[Mayur Puri]].

''Jumbo'' was released worldwide on [[Christmas Day]] 2008, but performed poorly at the box office, grossing {{INRConvert|21|c}}.<ref name="Jumbo - Movie - Box Office India"/> Kumar was reportedly paid {{INRConvert|13|c}} for the dubbing and two promotional songs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Akshay Kumar's jumbo price for his 'Jumbo' voice!|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/akshay-kumar-s-jumbo-price-for-his-jumbo-voice_13990.htm|publisher=[[Zee News]]|date=22 October 2008|accessdate=1 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Akshay Kumar's JUMBO voice for nine crores!|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/08/oct/22-akshay-kumars-jumbo-voice-for-nine-crores-100806.asp|publisher=Glamsham|author=Abid|date=22 October 2008|accessdate=1 September 2012|archive-date=25 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825104233/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/08/oct/22-akshay-kumars-jumbo-voice-for-nine-crores-100806.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, a [[Direct to DVD|direct-to-DVD]] sequel titled ''[[Khan Kluay 2|Jumbo 2: The Return of the Big Elephant]]'' was released.<ref name=jumbo2>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Jumbo-2-The-Return-Of-The-Big-Elephant/movie-review/10442240.cms|work=[[Times of India]]|author=[[Nikhat Kazmi]]|date=21 October 2011|accessdate=30 August 2012|title=Jumbo 2: The Return Of The Big Elephant|archive-date=17 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117053805/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Jumbo-2-The-Return-Of-The-Big-Elephant/movie-review/10442240.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=August 2024}}
The film starts with actor [[Akshay Kumar]] singing the song "Everything's Gonna Be All Right," which is shown by him to a kid in a [[movie theater]]. The kid asks him why he is saying "everything's gonna be alright." Akshay then narrates the story of Jumbo from his childhood.

The story starts with Devi naming her son Jayveer Singh, aka Jumbo, in a jungle in the Shakti Nagar kingdom on the border of India and China. The other members of the herd ask who thought of this name, and in parallel, there is a battle between Shauryagarh and Shakti Nagar, where Jumbo's father, Yudhveer Singh, is currently fighting.

His mother never reveals any details of his father, and neither do the rest of the elephants in the herd. He is a happy-go-lucky elephant who loves to play with the other animals in the jungle. Occasionally he would be confronted by the other elephants of the herd, who would bully him on the history of his father. Tired of being teased about his father's cowardice in some war, he confronts his mom again, who somehow manages to rubbish the topic.

One night he learns that an army of Shauryagarh has entered the jungle, and they plan an overnight stay. In the hope of finding his father, Jumbo sets out to the camp and manages to find a tent that houses the royal elephant of that army, aka Bakhtavar Singh. He goes in and politely asks Bakhtavar if he has heard about Yudhveer. Suddenly, he becomes violent, and Jumbo starts running for cover. In the meantime, the soldiers standing outside see Jumbo running out of the tent and try to capture him.

Jumbo manages to go into the tent of prince Vikramaditya. Vikramaditya then saves Jumbo from the soldiers. It is then revealed that Vikramaditya is the captured prince of Shakti Nagar. Vikramaditya calms Jumbo down by simply placing a hand on his head and assuring him nothing is going to happen to him. The army chief, aka Senapati, comes to ask if Jumbo is in his tent, which he denies. When he returns to his tent, he sees that Jumbo has fled the scene.

After running away from the camp, Jumbo realises that he is separated from his mother and is lost in the jungle. He wanders in the jungle for a while, where he meets Sonia, a cute pink elephant. She takes him to her village and makes him meet a wise old [[Mahout]] who is the guardian of Sonia. He sees that Jumbo is badly wounded and tends to him. One day, Shauryagarh soldiers come to the village for grains and food. During this commotion, Jumbo, who is now all well, sneaks off into the woods. Sonia sees this and follows him. While searching for Jumbo, she is attacked by animals, and Jumbo saves her, injuring himself again. The [[Mahout]] is very impressed by Jumbo's bravery. Jumbo, still in search of his father, tries to talk to Dildar Yadav. Dilbar reveals that Yudhveer was the King's warrior elephant and says that he must be in the palace only.

Jumbo excited wants to go to the palace, but it's shown that only warrior elephants can go in the palace. So he joins the [[Mahout]]'s elephant troop, who are training to be warriors for the competition to become a royal elephant. Jumbo, who is weak at first, gains a lot of strength and grows up to become a very strong elephant who overpowers all the other elephants. Now all grown up, Jumbo and Sonia, who is shown to be Jumbo's girlfriend, are enjoying their alone time during a village festival. The Shauryagarh soldiers are still fending off the village. But this time Jumbo fights off everyone and defeats the soldiers.

The next day, the Mahout and his elephants, including Jumbo, are leaving for the Shakti Nagar's royal elephant warrior competition. Jumbo is selected for the final round and is initially winning, but his mother is also present in the competition as a spectator and screams his name. The soldiers hold her down, and this is seen by Jumbo, and he fights off the soldiers. The King is intrigued by Jumbo and walks up to him and clams him down just like Vikramaditya did when Jumbo was a child. The King is revealed to be Vikramaditya himself, all grown up. He announces that Jumbo is his new royal warrior elephant.

At night, Jumbo's mother finally tells him the story of his father and how he never returned after a war. They sneak into a tent that houses the ex-royal elephants, hoping to locate Jumbo's father. There they meet an old royal elephant who knows Jumbo's father. He then narrates what happened in the battle. He tells them that Jumbo's father was killed by Bakhtavar after a fierce battle.

Jumbo then set out with King Vikramaditya to avenge the death of his father. Jumbo shows the same strength and skill that his father possessed in his days. They challenge Bakhtavar for a one-on-one combat. Then follows a fierce battle between Jumbo and Bakhtavar, in which Jumbo kills Bakhtavar in the same manner that his father was killed. In the end, Akshay again emphasises his words, "Everything's gonna be all right when we walk side by side."

== Voice cast ==
* [[Akshay Kumar]] as Jayveer Singh "Jumbo" the elephant/Himself (narrator)
** Ashar Shaikh as Baby Jayveer Singh "Jumbo"
* [[Lara Dutta]] as Sonia
** Vaishnavi Shetty as Baby Sonia
* [[Rajpal Yadav]] as Dildar Yadav
* [[Dimple Kapadia]] as Devi, Jumbo's mother
* Amar Babaria as Rajkumar Vikramaditya
* [[Asrani]] as Senapati
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Bakhtavar Singh
* Hemant Rao as The Kid

== Music ==
The soundtrack was composed and directed by [[Ram Sampath]]. The lyrics were penned by Israr Ansari, Munna Dhiman, Asif Ali Beg.<ref name=jumbo3/> The album was released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jumbo Audio Cd |url=http://www.tseries.com/Shopping/tabid/265/CategoryID/1/List/1/SortField/PublicationStart/catpageindex/65/Level/1/ProductID/1335/Default.aspx |publisher=[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] |accessdate=1 September 2012 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== Track listing ===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers
|-
| 1 || "Everything's Gonna Be Alright" || [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
|-
| 2 || "Chayee Madhoshiyan" || [[Sona Mohapatra]], [[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
| 3 || "Dil Mera Jumbo" || [[Joi Barua]]
|-
| 4 || "Badhte Chalo" || [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
|-
| 5 || "Jaya He" || [[Krishna Beura]]
|-
| 6 || "Chayee Madhoshiyan" (Remix) || [[Sona Mohapatra]], [[Sonu Nigam]]
|}

== Release ==
''Jumbo'' had a [[limited release]] in 500 screens, due to most of the screen space taken by ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]'' and [[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Box Office Report for the Week|url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/BoxOffice/index.php?id=111|publisher=Planet Bollywood|accessdate=30 August 2012|archive-date=19 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219073831/http://planetbollywood.com/BoxOffice/index.php?id=111|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
The film opened to a poor response, grossing {{INRConvert|6|c}} in its opening week.<ref name="Jumbo - Movie - Box Office India"/> Within three weeks the film had grossed {{INRConvert|21|c}}.<ref name="Jumbo - Movie - Box Office India"/>

=== Critical response ===
[[Taran Adarsh]] from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated it 3/5 and said "JUMBO is a sweet, sincere and simple film that works. Who knows, it may spring a surprise this Christmas. Recommended for kids from 6 to 60".<ref>{{cite web|title=Jumbo (2008) critic review Taran Adarsh|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201901|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005014048/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201901|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 October 2013|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|author=[[Taran Adarsh]]|date=24 December 2008|accessdate=1 September 2012}}</ref> Gaurav Malani of ''[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]'' gave it 2/5 saying "Whether you are an Akshay Kumar aficionado or an animation genre fan, Jumbo won't appeal much to either. This time the animation format is enhanced but the storytelling is obsolete".<ref>{{cite web|title=Jumbo: Movie Review|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-12-25/news/28489549_1_gulshan-grover-akshay-kumar-lara-dutta|work=Economic Times|author=Gaurav Malani|date=25 December 2008|access-date=1 September 2012|archive-date=2 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602194918/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-12-25/news/28489549_1_gulshan-grover-akshay-kumar-lara-dutta|url-status=dead}}</ref> Khaled Mohamed from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave it 1.5 out 5 and said "Forget comparisons with the [[Disney films|Disney]] classics [[Bambi]] or [[Fantasia (1940 film)|Fantasia]], or the more recent [[Finding Nemo]] and [[Madagascar (franchise)|Madagascars]]. With round-the-clock exposure to the best animation in the world, you doubt even if pre-tweens will be enthralled by the caricatured animal life and the flat palette colours".<ref>{{cite web|title=Review: Jumbo |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/KhalidMohamed/Review-Jumbo/Article1-361006.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |author=Khaled Mohamed |date=26 December 2008 |accessdate=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607122040/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/KhalidMohamed/Review-Jumbo/Article1-361006.aspx |archivedate= 7 June 2014 }}</ref>

== Sequel ==
The sequel ''[[Khan Kluay 2|Jumbo 2: The Return of the Big Elephant]]'' was released on 21 October 2011. It received negative reviews<ref name=jumbo2/><ref>{{cite web|title=Review: 'Jumbo 2' size disappointment|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/review-jumbo-2-size-disappointment/195269-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026152942/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/review-jumbo-2-size-disappointment/195269-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 October 2011|publisher=[[IBN Live]]|author=Jhinuk Sen|date=22 October 2011|accessdate=30 August 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|1334413|Jumbo}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Indian animated films]]
[[Category:2008 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Animated films about elephants]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of Thai films]]
[[Category:Indian children's fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Indian historical adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian historical fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian animated fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian computer-animated films]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Animated films set in India]]

Ingeyum Oru Gangai

2026-03-03T05:07:41Z

SaifurRahaman: put up a entry

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ingeyum Oru Gangai
| image = Ingeyum Oru Gangai.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Manivannan]]
| screenplay = Manivannan
| story = [[P. Kalaimani]]
| producer = P. Kalaimani
| starring = [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]]
| cinematography = A.Sabapathy
| editing = L. Kesavan
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Everest Films
| released = {{film date|1984|8|10|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Ingeyum Oru Gangai''''' ({{Translation|A [[Ganges]] is here too}}) is a 1984 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]] directed by [[Manivannan]] and produced by [[P. Kalaimani]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=15 June 2020 |title=மணிவண்ணனின் இடம் இன்னும் காலியாகவே..! - 'அசுரக் கலைஞன்' மணிவண்ணன் நினைவு நாள் இன்று! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/559534-manivannan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202141003/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/559534-manivannan.html |archive-date=2 February 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2017 |title=ஆனந்தத் தேன்காற்று தாலாட்டுதே -27: படத்தைச் சொல்லிக் கொண்டிருக்கிறது பாடல்!- கவிஞர் முத்துலிங்கம் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2017/nov/13/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87--27-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D--%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-2807052.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730095912/https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2017/nov/13/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87--27-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D--%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-2807052.html |archive-date=30 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film stars [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] and [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]]. It was released on 10 August 1984 and emerged a success. The film was remade in Kannada as ''[[Prema Gange]]'' and in Telugu as ''[[Pavitra (1986 film)|Pavitra]]''.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=October 2022}}
Maruthayi lives in a village with her father and sister. Kathamuthu is a happy-go-lucky young man who makes living by stealing cows and demanding "maintenance" fee from the owners before returning them. When her cow goes missing, Marudayi accuses Kathamuthu and curses him. She is flabbergasted when she later finds out that it was her father who sold the cow to a butcher. She pleads with the butcher to return her cow, but he refuses until he gets paid back. Kathamuthu pays him and saves her cow. Maruthayi is embarrassed that she suspected him and falls in love with him. Kathamuthu promises to leave his thieving days behind and find a job.

Things go well until Maruthayi's father decides to find a groom for her. Kathamuthu asks for her hand but her father refuses to let his daughter marry a thief and beats him up. Kathamuthu decides to go to [[Chennai|Madras]] to find a job. Maruthayi asks him to take her with him but he refuses, saying that he will return with means and get her father's approval to rightfully marry her. While he is gone, her father forces her to marry a rich but physically disabled man. Though her husband showers affection on her, Maruthayi is unable to forget Kathamuthu. Meanwhile, Kathamuthu finds a good job and returns to claim her hand. He is enraged when he finds out that she is already married and vows to get her back come what may. Can he get his lost love back forms rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] as Murali<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=8 September 2020 |title='இதய'நாயகன் முரளி; சத்தமே இல்லாமல் கலெக்‌ஷன் காட்டிய வசூல் நாயகன்! - நடிகர் முரளி நினைவுதினம் இன்று |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/576186-actor-murali.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607154452/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/576186-actor-murali.html |archive-date=7 June 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
*[[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] as Maruthayi
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] as Maruthayi's husband
* T. K. S. Chandran
*[[Janagaraj]]
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Maruthayi's father
*[[Senthil]]
*[[Gandhimathi]]
*[[Y. Vijaya]]
*S. Varalakshmi
*Gemini Rajeshwari
}}

== Production ==
[[P. Kalaimani]] requested [[Manivannan]] to make a film for his production company to which he agreed. [[Gobichettipalayam]] was chosen as the filming location. Since composer [[Ilaiyaraaja]] was busy, Kalaimani collected the rights of Ilaiyaraaja's five unused songs from producers of other films and the storyline of ''Ingeyum Oru Gangai'' was developed based on them.<ref name="andhi">{{Cite web |date=24 February 2020 |title=நட்சத்திரங்களுடன் ஒரு வண்ணத்துப்பூச்சி: 32- இயக்குநர் ராசி அழகப்பன் எழுதும் தொடர் |url=http://andhimazhai.com/news/view/rasi-azhagppan-32.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105065442/http://andhimazhai.com/news/view/rasi-azhagppan-32.html |archive-date=5 January 2023 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=Andhimazhai |language=ta}}</ref> The film was launched at Prasad Studios along with song recording. [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]], [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]], [[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]] were originally reported to be the cast members.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 February 1984 |title=இங்கேயும் ஒரு கங்கை |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_116/4.jp2/full/1000%2C1367/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622145716/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_116/4.jp2/full/1000,1367/0/default.jpg |archive-date=22 June 2025 |access-date=28 June 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> It is the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] debut of Anuradha, who was given the stage name [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Shilpa Sebastian |date=21 April 2020 |title=Actor-politician Tara on the effect of the lockdown on the Kannada film industry |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-politician-tara-where-is-the-i-in-all-this/article31394007.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214084620/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-politician-tara-where-is-the-i-in-all-this/article31394007.ece |archive-date=14 December 2020 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2011 |title=After silver jubilee, Tara keen on direction |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2011/oct/20/after-silver-jubilee-tara-keen-on-direction-302143.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730070555/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2011/oct/20/after-silver-jubilee-tara-keen-on-direction-302143.html |archive-date=30 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]], who portrayed her character's husband, had to remove his signature beard for the role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ரிஷி |date=31 July 2020 |title=இயக்குநர் மணிவண்ணன்: நிழல்கள் முதல் நாகராஜசோழன் வரை |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/567427-director-manivannan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184514/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/567427-director-manivannan.html |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ingeyum Oru Gangai (1984) |url=https://mio.to/album/Ingeyum+Oru+Gangai+%281984%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304045408/https://mio.to/album/Ingeyum+Oru+Gangai+(1984) |archive-date=4 March 2022 |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=Music India Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ingeyum Oru Gangai Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraaja |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/ingeyum-oru-gangai-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730092623/https://macsendisk.com/product/ingeyum-oru-gangai-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja-2/ |archive-date=30 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref> The song "Solai Pushpangale" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] [[Shivaranjani]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2017 |title=சங்கீத மலர் கொண்டு துதித்தாரே! - கவிஞர் முத்துங்கம் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2017/nov/27/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87---%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-2815853.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730093131/https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2017/nov/27/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87---%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-2815853.html |archive-date=30 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |pages=159 |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}</ref> According to [[Charulatha Mani]], the line "sogum sollungale" from the song "touches upon the ''Sadharana Gandhara'' giving a hint of sadness that is so quintessential in this piece".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=29 September 2012 |title=Sivaranjani for pathos |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sivaranjani-for-pathos/article3947078.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730070426/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sivaranjani-for-pathos/article3947078.ece |archive-date=30 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Solai Pushpangale
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra1 = [[Gangai Amaran]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 = 4:17
| title2 = Oru Villa Valachu
| lyrics2 = [[Na. Kamarasan]]
| extra2 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Deepan Chakravarthy]], Gangai Amaran
| length2 = 5:08
| title3 = Annatha Nenachen
| lyrics3 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra3 = Gangai Amaran
| length3 = 1:57
| title4 = Santhana Kiliye
| lyrics4 = Gangai Amaran
| extra4 = [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length4 = 2:06
| title5 = Aattam Thaan
| lyrics5 = [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
| extra5 = S. P. Sailaja
| length5 = 3:37
| title6 = Therku Theru Machaney
| lyrics6 = Na Kamarasan
| extra6 = Gangai Amaran, P. Susheela
| length6 = 4:29
| title7 = Parama Sivan Thalaiyil Ulla
| lyrics7 = Gangai Amaran
| extra7 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| length7 = 2:42
| total_length = 24:16
}}

== Release ==
''Ingeyum Oru Gangai'' was released on 10 August 1984,<ref>{{Cite web |title=இங்கேயும் ஒரு கங்கை / Ingeyum Oru Gangai (1984) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/ingeyum-oru-gangai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116082431/https://screen4screen.com/movies/ingeyum-oru-gangai |archive-date=16 January 2024 |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> and emerged a success.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Nandini |author-link=Nandini Das |title=Indian films today: an anthology of articles on Indian cinema |publisher=[[National Film Development Corporation of India]] and [[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |year=1985 |isbn=9788120100008 |quote=Since then he is one of the most sought after directors of Tamil cinema, and his other film ''Ingeyum Oru Gangai'' (which was long in the making) also became a big hit!}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Manivannan}}

[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:1984 romance films]]
[[Category:1984 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manivannan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance films]]

Muthu Kalai

2026-03-03T04:50:49Z

SaifurRahaman: Stub

{{About||the actor of the same name|Muthukaalai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Muthu Kalai
| image = Muthu Kaalai.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[Gokula Krishnan]]
| writer = Gokula Krishnan
| producer = Raadhika Reddy
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]|[[Soundarya]]}}
| cinematography = [[Jayanan Vincent]]
| editing = T. R. Shekar K. R. Gowrishankar
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Shri Arkay Film Makers
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|02|24}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Muthu Kalai''''' is a 1995 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film written and directed by [[Gokula Krishnan]]. The film stars [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] and [[Soundarya]]. It was released on 24 February 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muthu Kaalai / முத்துகாளை |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/muthu-kaalai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530064852/https://screen4screen.com/movies/muthu-kaalai |archive-date=30 May 2022 |access-date=26 June 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen |language=}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=February 2023}}
The film begins with Poochi announcing bad news to Muthu Kaalai. Muthu Kaalai first refuses to see Poonjolai in her deathbed, but he finally accepts.

In the past, Poonjolai was from a rich family in her village, while Muthu Kaalai was a poor herdsman who worked for Raakayi. Since their first meeting, Poonjolai hated him and put him in a lot of troubles. Muthu Kaalai wanted to marry Poonjolai, but her uncles Sakthivel, Sangaiah, and Rathnavel were determined to wipe out his wish.

Later, they unite

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as Muthu Kaalai
*[[Soundarya]] as Poonjolai
*[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as Sakthivel
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Sangaiah, Poonjolai's uncle
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] as Rathnavel, Poonjolai's father
*[[Goundamani]] as Pattayakarar
*[[Senthil]]
*[[Vadivelu]] as Poochi
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Raakayi
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Deivanai
*[[Vaishnavi (Malayali actress)|Vaishnavi]] as Maheshwari
*[[Disco Shanti]]
*[[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]
*[[Singamuthu]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muthu Kaalai / Abhinaya |url=https://avdigital.in/products/muthu-kaalai-abhinaya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210104252/https://avdigital.in/products/muthu-kaalai-abhinaya |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=AVDigital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 1994 |title=Muthu Kaalai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/muthu-kaalai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1287445967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210104254/https://music.apple.com/in/album/muthu-kaalai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1287445967 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Antha Kanji Kalaiyatha" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]] || 5:06
|-
| "Engey Vaippaaru" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki || 4:52
|-
| "Ereduthu Ereduthu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] || 4:38
|-
| "Nalla Kaaram Pasu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 4:29
|-
| "Punnai Vanathu Kuyile" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki || 4:59
|}

== Reception ==
K. Vijayan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' stated, "Good acting, characterisation and the director's skills at telling a run-of-the-mill story make this in an above-average movie".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=18 March 1995 |title=Of good acting and fine skills of director |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Tx9OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZRMEAAAAIBAJ&hl=en&pg=4658%2C3497801 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607044111/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Tx9OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZRMEAAAAIBAJ&hl=en&pg=4658%2C3497801 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=28 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Karad

2026-02-18T19:34:07Z

SaifurRahaman: update information after review and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{travel guide|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karad
| other_name = Yashwantnagari
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = IMG Karad2.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Karad
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.285|N|74.184|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Satara district|Satara]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal Council
| governing_body = Karad Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 670
| population_total = 85,5 00(town + surrounding areas) 117,221 (including Malkapur)
| population_as_of = 2017
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Karadkar
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 415110
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 2164
| registration_plate = MH-50
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Indian road network|Major Highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH-48]], [[National Highway 166E (India)|NH-166E]], [[National Highway 266 (India)|NH-266]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| leader_party = Bhartiya Janata Party
| leader_title = MP
| leader_name = [[Udayanraje Bhosale]]
}}

'''Karad''' is a city in [[Satara district]] of [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. It is located 302 km (180.19 miles) from [[Mumbai]], 74 km from [[Sangli]] and 162 km from [[Pune]]. It lies at the confluence of the [[Koyna River]] and the [[Krishna River]] known as the "[[Pritisangam]]". The two rivers originate at [[Mahabaleshwar]], which is around 100 km from Karad. Karad is well known for [[sugar]] production and is known as the sugar bowl of Maharashtra owing to the presence of many sugar factories in and around Karad. It is considered an important educational hub in [[Western Maharashtra]] due to the presence of many prestigious educational institutes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swachh Survekshan-2019 |url=http://www.swachhbharaturban.gov.in/writereaddata/SS2019%20Final%20Report.pdf?id=1e4odkeypauppd12 |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=[[Swachh Survekshan]]}}</ref> Karad is resting place of the first chief minister of Maharashtra [[Yashwantrao Chavan]] situated at the confluence of the Krishna and Koyana rivers. It is ranked as the cleanest town in [[Swachh Survekshan]] 2020 in the category of population with less than 1 lakh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-20 |title=Karad tops Swachh ranking among smaller towns; Saswad, Lonavla are second and third |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/karad-tops-swachh-ranking-among-smaller-towns-saswad-lonavla-are-second-and-third/story-eYP5cRqpHYUitg5ZBIF8wN.html |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=President of India Announces Results of Swachh Survekshan 2022 |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1864209 |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=pib.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> There is demand for formation of karad district along with neighbouring [[Walwa, Sangli|Walva]], [[Shirala]], [[Patan, Maharashtra|Patan]], [[Palus sangli|Palus]] and [[Kadegaon Maharashtra|Kadegaon]] talukas.

Karad has an adjoining small town named [[Malkapur, Karad]] which has its own municipal council and a population of 86,671. Karad was awarded a prize under "Sant Gadagebaba Gramswachhata Abhiyan" started by [[Indian Government]].

==History==

It was originally known as "'''Karhatak'''", meaning "'''Elephant Market'''". Karad is also a city of historical importance. According to [[Mahabharata]], [[Sahadeva]] one of the [[Pandavas]] lived in the city also known to be pious as [[Lord Rama]] stepped his feet on this land.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mygola.com/karad-d1011495/hindu-temple|title=Hindu Temple in Karad, India|website=Mygola.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-10|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826074331/http://www.mygola.com/karad-d1011495/hindu-temple|url-status=dead}}</ref> Located to the south west of Karad is [[Karad Caves]], also known as Aghashiv Caves.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ahir|first=D. C.|title=Buddhist sites and shrines in India : history, art, and architecture|year=2003|publisher=Sri Satguru Publ.|location=Delhi|isbn=8170307740|page=197|edition=1.}}</ref>

The first capital of the [[Shilahara#Shilaharas of Southern Maharashtra .28Kolhapur Branch.29|Shilaharas]] was probably at Karad during the reign of [[Jatiga II]] as known from their copper plate grant of [[Miraj]] and Vikramankadevacharita of Bilhana. Hence sometimes they are referred as 'Shilaharas of Karad'. The capital was later shifted to [[Kolhapur]]. Among the Shilaharas of Kolhapur who ruled over [[Satara (city)|Satara]] and [[Belgaum|Belagavi]] districts from 1000 to 1215 A. D., [[Gonka]] deserves mention here, as he is described as the Lord of Karhad (Karad), Mairifvja (Miraj) and [[Konkan]].<ref>[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. IV, p. 281, Sanskrit Transcript.]</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Krishna Ghat.jpg|thumb|Krishna Ghat]]Karad is located at {{Coord|17.28|N|74.2|E|region:IN_type:city}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Karad.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Karad]</ref> It has an average elevation of 566 metres (1857 feet).

Five kilometres southwest of Karad are the [[Karad Caves]], which contain early Buddhist symbols.<ref name=AHIR>{{cite book|last=Ahir|first=D. C.|title=Buddhist sites and shrines in India: history, art, and architecture|year=2003|publisher=Sri Satguru Publ.|location=Delhi|isbn=8170307740|page=197|edition=1.}}</ref>

==Nearest Cities==
* [[Satara (city)|Satara]]: 51 km
* [[Pune]]: 162 km
* [[Sangli district|Sangli]] : 74 km
* [[Mumbai]] : 302 km
* [[Kolhapur]] : 64 km

==Tourism==

Tourist places in and around Karad are: (Distance in [[Kilometre|Km]])
*[[Pritisangam|Preeti Sangam]] (Krishna-Koyna Confluence) – 2 km
* Krishnamai Temple – 2 km
* [[Pritisangam|Pritisangam Udyan]] – 2 km
* Late Yashwantrao Chavan's Samadhi – 2 km
* Historical Monument 'Manore' (2 Minars) – 2 km
* Naktya Ravlyachi Vihir (Ancient Well) – 2 km [[File:Naktya Rawalchi Vihir.jpg |thumb|Naktya Rawalchi Vihir (Ancient Step Well)]]
* Masjid Built by Sultan Ali Adilshah (1557- 1580) – 2 km
* Sadashivgad – 5 km
* Khodashi Dam – 5 km
* [[Karad Caves|Agashiv Caves]] – 5 km
* Vasantgad – 15 km
* Talbeed (Ram Mandir) – 15 km
* Sar-Senapati [[Hambirrao Mohite]] Samadhi – 15 km
* Chauranginath Temple, Sonsal – 20 km
* Ramling Bet, Bahe – 30 km
* Shri [[Khandoba]] Devsthan, Pal – 30 km
* Ram Mandir Chaphal – 30 km
* Yamai Mandir, [[Aundh, Satara|Aundh]] – 35 km
* Uttarmand Dam – 35 km
* [[Sagareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary]] [[Palus, Maharashtra|Palus]] – 30 km
* [[Valmiki]] Temple – 45 km
* [[Chandoli National Park]] [[Shirala]] – 49 km
* Chandoli Dam Shirala – 50 km
*[[Koyna Dam]] – 60 km
* Nawja Waterfall – 65 km

==Cityscape==
The city has many important government offices and other institutions of significance. With the vision of great leader [[P. D. Patil]] the city was one of the few in India to have a well- planned underground [[Sewerage|drainage system]] well before in the 1960s. By end-2010, [[Malkapur, Karad]], on the outskirts of the city of Karad, is delivering water 24x7 to all its residents as a result of concrete steps taken by the Malkapur Nagar Panchayat (MNP) with support from the Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran (MJP), a state government entity. This is the first of its kind by a public body in India. Major offices and institutions in Karad are as follows:

* Karad Court, Karad
* [[Diwani]] -Foujdari Court, Karad
* [[Doordarshan]] Kendra, Karad
* Fire- Brigade, Karad
* Division Office, Karad
* [[Tehsil]] Office, Karad
* Khashaba Chounk
* [[Panchayat Samiti]], Karad
* Government [[Rest House]], Karad
* City Police Station, Karad
* [[Taluka]] Police Station, Karad
* Head Post Office, Karad
* Railway Station, Karad
* Airport, Karad
* [[MSRTC]] Depot, Karad
* Cottage Hospital, Karad
* [[Regional Transport Office|RTO]] Office, Karad
* Taswade [[MIDC]], Karad
* [[Nagarpalika]], Karad
* Town Hall, Karad

==Demographics==

{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Karad town and surrounding villages had total population of 74,355. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Karad has an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 72%. In Karad, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. Vast majority of people belong to Hinduism and Speak Marathi language.

==Transportation==

===National Highways===
The [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]] (formerly National Highway 4) goes through the Karad city. National Highway 48 (NH 48) is a major National Highway in Western and Southern India. NH 48 links four of the 10 most populous Indian cities - [[Mumbai]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Chennai]] and [[Pune]]. NH 48 also connects Karad to [[Uran Islampur]], [[Kolhapur]]. [[Pune]] is the largest metropolis near Karad and [[Kolhapur]], [[Sangli]] is an important trade centre and Karad is educational hub for [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]] training and a tourist destination.

===Airport===

An [[Airstrip]] was constructed in the 1955 by the [[Public Works Department]] to facilitate the [[Koyna dam]] project. It is currently being used for [[General aviation]] and pilot training. The airport is spread on 65 acres and the acquisition of more than 100 acres has been proposed. Runway 10/28 is 1280 meters long and 30 meters wide with a 60 meter by 60 meter apron. No navigational aids nor night landing facilities are available on the airstrip.
The State run [[Maharashtra Airport Development Company]] (MADC) plans to extend the 1,250 meters airstrip by another 1,500 m and widen it by 150 m.
Besides this the nearest airports are [[Pune Airport]] and [[Kolhapur Airport]].

===Railways===

* Karad – 4 km from city

Karad has [[Karad railway station|railway station]] situated near ogalewadi about 04 km distance on the Karad Vita road from Karad Bus stand. Karad is on route from [[Mumbai]] to [[Miraj]], [[Sangli district|Sangli]], [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]], and [[Bengaluru|Benguluru]] (some trains).
You can reach Karad from Mumbai or Pune easily by road or rail (''[[Mahalaxmi Express]]'', ''[[Koyna Express]]'',"[[Goa Express]]", ''[[Sahyadri Express]]'', ''[[Sharavati Express]]'', ''[[Dadar–Puducherry Chalukya Express]]'' or ''[[Dadar–Tirunelveli Chalukya Express]]'').

Railway Minister [[Suresh Prabhu]] has allocated funds for a plan to build a new 112 km railway line between Karad and [[Chiplun]].

;Nearest railway junction

* [[Miraj]] – 72 km
All super-fast trains like the ''Karnataka Sampark Kranti'', ''Deekshaboomi Express'', ''Rani Chenama Express'', ''Haripriya Express'' and ''Miraj Hubli Express'' stop at Miraj Junction. You can take private cars or [[MSRTC]] buses from Miraj to Karad. Travel time from Miraj to Karad is approxroximately 1 hour 15 minutes.

[[File:Karadrailway.jpg|thumb|centre|850px|Karad Railway Station]]

;; Railway Time Table Karad

;Towards Miraj - Kolhapur - Hubli

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
!No.!! Train No.!! Train Name !! Train Type!!Day!! Departure time

|-
| 01 || 01023|| Pune – Kolhapur|| Pune - Kolhapur Special || Daily ||01.37 Am
|-
|02 || 11097|| Pune – Ernakulam || Poorna Express || Sun ||02.25 Am
|-
|03|| 17318 || Dadar - Hubli || Hubballi Express|| Daily ||03.35 Am
|-
|04|| 17411 ||Mumbai - Kolhapur || Mahalaxmi Express || Daily ||04.05 Am
|-
|05|| 11021 ||Dadar - Tirunelveli || Tirunelveli Express || Sun, Wed, Thu ||04.45 Am
|-
|06|| 11035 || Dadar – Mysore || Sharavati Express || Fri ||04.45 Am
|-
|07|| 11005 || Dadar - Puducherry || Puducherry Express || Mon, Tue, Sat ||04.45 Am
|-
|08|| 16209 ||Ajmer – Mysore || All Mysore Express|| Mon, Sat ||05.40 Am
|-
|09 || 16505 || Gandhidham – Bangalore || GIMB SBC Bangalore Express||Wed ||05.40 Am
|-
|10 || 16507 || Jodhpur – Bangalore || JU SBC Bangalore Express||Sun, Fri||05.40 Am
|-
|11|| 16531 || Ajmer – Bangalore || SBC Garib Nawaz Express || Tue ||05.40 Am
|-
|12|| 71441 ||Satara – Kolhapur || Demu || Daily ||06.25 Am
|-
|13|| 11040|| Gondia – Kolhapur|| Maharashtra Express || Daily||07.50 Am
|-
|14|| 12148 ||Nizamuddin – Kolhapur || Nizamuddin Express || Fri||10.15 Am
|-
|15|| 12782 ||Nizamuddin – Mysore ||Swarnajayani Express ||Tue||10.15 Am
|-
|16|| 20475 ||Bikaner – Miraj || Bikaner Express || Tue ||11.15 Am
|-
|17|| 51409 || Pune – Kolhapur || Demu || Daily ||03.56 Pm
|-
|18|| 11028 || Satara – Dadar ||Dadar Express (Pandharpur)|| Mon,Tue,Sat ||04.25 Pm
|-
|19|| 11029 || Mumbai – Kolhapur ||Koyna Express|| Daily ||05.10 Pm
|-
|20|| 20674 || Pune – Kolhapur ||Vande Bharat Express || Sun, Wed ,Fri ||05.20 Pm
|-
|21|| 12780 || Nizamuddin – Vasco||Goa Express || Daily ||08.45 Pm
|-
|22|| 12494 || Nizamuddin –Miraj ||Darshan Express || Sat ||10.40 Pm
|-

| || || || 11023 Sahyadri Express >> Discontinued || ||
|-
| || || || Information by ( Basargi) : updated In August 2025 || ||

|}

;Towards Satara - Pune - Mumbai

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
!No.!! Train No.!! Train Name !! Train Type!!Day!! Departure time

|-
| 01|| 01024|| Kolhapur – Pune|| Pune - Kolhapur Special || Daily ||02.10 Am
|-
|02|| 12493 || Miraj - Nizamuddin ||Darshan Express || Sun ||06.40 Am
|-
|03|| 11426 || Kolhapur – Pune || Demu || Daily ||07.52 Am
|-
| 04|| 20673|| Kolhapur – Pune|| Vande Bharat || Mon ,Thu ,Sat ||10.05 Am

|-
|05|| 11027 || Dadar - Satara || Satara Express ||Mon ,Tue, Sat|| 12.35 Pm
|-
|-
|06|| 11030 || Kolhapur – Mumbai||Koyna Express|| Daily ||10.50 Am
|-
|07|| 12147 ||Kolhapur – [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Nizamuddin]] || Nizamuddin Express || Tue ||11.40 Am
|-
|08|| 12781 ||Mysore – Nizamuddin ||Swarnajayani Express ||Sat||11.40 Am
|-
|09 || 16210 ||Mysore – Ajmer || Ajmer Express|| Wed, Fri ||02.10 Pm
|-
|10|| 16506 || [[Bangalore]] – Gandhidham || Gandhidham Express|| Sun ||02.10 Pm
|-
|11|| 16508 || Bangalore - Jodhpur|| Jodhpur Express||Tue, Thu||02.10 Pm
|-
|12 || 16532 || Bangalore – Ajmer || Garib Nawaz Express || Sat ||02.10 Pm
|-
|13|| 20476 || Miraj -Bikaner || Bikaner Express || Tue ||03.50 Pm
|-
|14|| 11039|| Kolhapur - Gondia || Maharashtra Express || Daily||05.35 Pm
|-
|15|| 11098|| Ernakulam – Pune || Poorna Express || Tue ||06.50 Pm
|-
|16|| 51442 ||Kolhapur – Satara || Demu Special || Daily ||08.16 Pm
|-
|17 || 11006 || Puducherry - Dadar || Puducherry-Chalukya Express|| Mon, Wed, Thu ||10.00 Pm
|-
|18 || 11022 || Tirunelveli - Dadar || Tirunelveli Express|| Tue, Fri, Sat ||10.00 Pm
|-
|19 || 11036 || Mysore – Dadar|| Sharavati Express || Sun ||10.00 Pm
|-
|20|| 17317 || Hubli - Dadar || Hubli Express|| Daily ||10.45 Pm
|-
|21|| 11012 || Kolhapur - Mumbai || Mahalaxmi Express || Daily ||11.15 Pm
|-
|22|| 12779 || [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]] – Nizamuddin|| Goa Express || Daily ||11.58 Pm
|-

|-
| || || || 11024 Sahyadri Express >> Discontinued || ||
|-
| || || || Information by ( Basargi): Updated In August 2025 || ||

|}

==Culture==

===Performing arts===
The city has a major hall for cultural activities and exhibitions: [[Yashwantrao Chavan]] Memorial - Town Hall. Cultural events of various organizations and gatherings of schools are also held here. The "Venutai Chavan Hall" is used for classical concerts, conducting national and international seminars on topics like science, space, traditions, culture, spirituality, etc.

===Literature===
Karad has a tradition of literature lovers. The prestigious 76th [[Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan]] was held at banks of Krishna river in Karad in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/MAG-bhushan-deshmukh-artical-on-akhil-bhatiya-marathi-sahitya-sammelan-elaction-4487032-NOR.html|title=मुथा यांचे 'मराठी साहित्य संमेलनाची निवडणूक : एक दस्तऐवज' लवकरच|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref>

== Education ==
The [[Government College of Engineering, Karad]] (est. 1960) is one of India's oldest post-independence institutions awarding engineering graduate and post-graduate degrees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History and journey, About, Government College of Engineering, Karad |url=https://gcekarad.ac.in/about/History-and-journey |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=gcekarad.ac.in}}</ref>

==Notable people==

* [[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar]] (1856–1895), social reformer and newspaper editor born in Tembhu.
* [[Khashaba Jadhav]] (15 January 1926 – 14 August 1984) Born in a very poor farming family at Goleshwar Tal. Karad, the only individual [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] Medal Winner for India until 2000. He won India's first individual Olympic medal by winning the Bronze medal on 23 July 1952, in the [[Helsinki Olympic Games|1952 Helsinki Olympic Games]] for wrestling in [[bantamweight]], which is the unbeaten record for India in wrestling until today. In 1993, Maharashtra State awarded him the Shiv Chhattrapati Award posthumously. In 2001, the Central Government also awarded him the [[Arjuna Award]] posthumously.<ref>[http://www.satara.nic.in/htmldocs/prominet_personalities2.htm "Prominent Personalities"] District Satara.Web</ref>
* [[Yashwantrao Chavan]] (12 March 1913 – 25 November 1984), an eminent [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] politician, hailed from Karad. He was the first [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] and also served as the defence minister, finance minister, home minister, foreign affairs minister, and as the [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]] and became the first and only person from Maharashtra to hold this political post.
* [[Prithviraj Chavan]]: He was the 17th Chief Minister of Maharashtra. Chavan served as the Minister of State in the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] in the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs and Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances, and Pensions. Chavan was also General Secretary of the All-India Congress Committee (AICC), in-charge of many states, including Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Haryana, Gujarat, Tripura, and Arunachal Pradesh.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140516190446/http://satara.nic.in/ Satara district website]

{{Satara district topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Karad| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Satara district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]

Meera Deosthale

2026-02-08T17:39:14Z

SaifurRahaman: Page

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Meera Deosthale
| image = Meera Deosthale.jpg
| caption = Deosthale in 2018
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|11|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]], India<ref name="IndiaToday_5things_2016"/>
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2014–present
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]''|''[[Gud Se Meetha Ishq]]''|''Kuch Reet Jagat Ki Aisi Hai''}}
}}

'''Meera Deosthale''' (born 16 November 1995) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Television in India|Hindi]] television. Deosthale is best known for playing Chakor Singh Rajvanshi in ''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]'', for which she won a [[Gold Awards|Gold Award]]. She is also known for playing Paridhi "Pari" Khurana Shergill in ''[[Gud Se Meetha Ishq]]'' and Nandini "Nandu" Naren Ratansi in ''Kuch Reet Jagat Ki Aisi Hai''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meera Deosthale: I enjoy being the unconventional television bahu |work=The Times of India |date=4 February 2024 |accessdate=27 February 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meera-deosthale-i-enjoy-being-the-unconventional-television-bahu/articleshow/107399415.cms}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Deosthale was born on 16 November 1995 in [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sonarika Bhadoria has a sparky wish for BFF Meera Deosthale on her birthday; see pics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sonarika-bhadoria-has-a-sparky-wish-for-bff-meera-deosthale-on-her-birthday-see-pics/articleshow/79263576.cms |access-date=6 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=17 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Happy birthday Meera Deosthale: 5 things you didn't know about the Udaan actress |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/happy-birthday-meera-deosthale-5-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-udaan-actress-lifetv-352248-2016-11-16 |access-date=6 January 2021 |work=India Today |date=16 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref> While in school, Deosthale was a state-level basketball player and focused on sports, later moving to [[Mumbai]] with her mother when she developed an interest in being an actress and finished school.<ref name="IndiaToday_5things_2016">{{Citation |last=Uniyal |first=Parmita |title=Happy birthday Meera Deosthale: 5 things you didn't know about the Udaan actress |newspaper=[[India Today]] |date=16 November 2016 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/happy-birthday-meera-deosthale-5-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-udaan-actress-lifetv-352248-2016-11-16 |access-date=6 January 2017}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Meera Deosthale during an event in 2016.jpg|thumb|Deosthale at an event in 2016]]

Deosthale made her acting debut in 2014 with ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'', where she played Priya Malik. In 2015, she first played Riya in ''[[Zindagi Wins]]'' and then appeared as Eshwari Thakur in ''[[Dilli Wali Thakur Gurls]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/Where-humour-and-romance-go-hand-in-hand/articleshow/19340367.cms |title=Where humour and romance go hand in hand… |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=25 September 2019 |last1=Mazumdar |first1=Arunima }}</ref>

From 2016 to 2019, Deosthale played Chakor Singh Rajvanshi opposite [[Vijayendra Kumeria]] in ''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]''.<ref name="IndiaToday_2016">{{Citation |last=Dixit |first=Mini |title=Meera Deosthale, not Vidhi Pandya to play the role of Chakor on Colors' Udann |newspaper=[[India Today]] |date=7 February 2016 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/meera-deosthale-not-vidhi-pandya-to-play-role-of-chakor-on-colors-udaan-307543-2016-02-07 |access-date=6 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Udaan's Chakor aka Meera Deosthale is unwell |website=The Times of India |date=8 August 2016 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Udaans-Chakor-aka-Meera-Deosthale-is-unwell/articleshow/53597653.cms |access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref> The show proved to be a turning point in her career and earned her a [[Gold Awards|Gold Award]]. She quit the show in March 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-serials-that-broke-stereotypes-and-educated-india/articleshow/46772176.cms|title=5 TV serials that broke stereotypes and educated India |accessdate=23 December 2020 |website=The Times of India|date=4 June 2015 }}</ref>

From 2019 to 2020, she played Vidya Singh in ''[[Vidya (TV series)|Vidya]]'', opposite [[Namish Taneja]]. It went off air abruptly in March 2020 due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meera-chakor-deosthale-to-play-the-heroine-in-mahesh-pandeys-vidya/articleshow/69538605.cms|title=Meera 'Chakor' Deosthale to play the heroine in Mahesh Pandey's 'Vidya'|website=The Times of India|date=29 May 2019 |language=en|access-date=13 June 2019}}</ref> In 2022, she played Paridhi Khurana in ''[[Gud Se Meetha Ishq]]'', opposite [[Arhaan Behll]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/television/meera-deosthale-draws-inspiration-from-tom-hanks-in-forrest-grump-for-her-role-of-pari-in-gud-se-meetha-ishq |title=Meera Deosthale draws inspiration from Tom Hanks in 'Forrest Grump' for her role of 'Pari' in 'Gud Se Meetha Ishq' |website=Free Press Journal|accessdate=12 October 2022}}</ref> In the same year, she played Sweety, opposite [[Sharad Malhotra]], in her web debut ''[[Ratri Ke Yatri (web series)|Ratri Ke Yatri 2]]''.<ref name="Kanya Dosh" />

From February 2024 to May 2024, Deosthale played the role of Nandini "Nandu" Naren Ratansi in ''Kuch Reet Jagat Ki Aisi Hai'' opposite [[Zaan Khan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/exclusive-kuch-reet-jagat-ki-aisi-hais-meera-deosthale-on-shows-concept-was-crying-when-i-heard-story-1284843%3famp |title=Kuch Reet Jagat Ki Aisi Hai's Meera Deosthale on show's concept: 'Was crying when I heard story' |website=Pinkvilla |date=9 March 2024 |accessdate=28 March 2024}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''
| Priya Malik
|
|
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''Box Cricket League''
| Contestant
| Season 1
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| ''[[Zindagi Wins]]''
| Riya
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dilli Wali Thakur Gurls]]''
| Eshwari "Eshu" Thakur
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/dilli-wali-thakur-gurls-mirrors-society-say-actors_1567978.html|title='Dilli Wali Thakur Gurls' mirrors society, say actors|date=2015-03-26|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=2019-09-05}}</ref>
|-
| 2016–2019
| ''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]''
| Chakor Singh Rajvanshi
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/conceptualised-udaan-actually-for-a-film-mahesh-bhatt/15527187|title=Conceptualised 'Udaan' actually for a film: Mahesh Bhatt|date=14 August 2014|work=mid-day|access-date=15 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| ''Kitchen Champion 5''
| rowspan="2" | Contestant
|
|
|-
| ''[[Khatra Khatra Khatra]]''
|
|
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Vidya (TV series)|Vidya]] ''
| Vidya Singh
|
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Gud Se Meetha Ishq]]''
| Paridhi "Pari" Khurana Shergill
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-was-hesitant-about-taking-up-a-twin-heroine-project-initially-but-the-two-characters-are-very-different-meera-deosthale-on-her-new-show-gud-se-meetha-ishq-ishq/articleshow/90623165.cms|title=I was hesitant about taking up a two-heroine project initially: Meera Deosthale on Gud Se Meetha Ishq Ishq |accessdate=11 November 2022|website=The Times of India|date=3 April 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''Kuch Reet Jagat Ki Aisi Hai''
| Nandini "Nandu" Naren Ratansi
|
|
|-
|}

====Special appearances====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2016
| ''[[Swaragini – Jodein Rishton Ke Sur]]''
| rowspan="12" | Chakor Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Comedy Nights Live]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 10|Bigg Boss 10]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017
| ''[[Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Entertainment Ki Raat]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2018
| ''[[Tu Aashiqui]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan]]''
|<ref>{{cite web |accessdate=29 December 2017 |title=Colors to air New Years special 'Jashan-E-Tashan' |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/colors-air-new-years-special-jashan-e-tashan/ |website=Biz Asia|date=29 December 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Laado 2 (TV series)|Laado 2 – Veerpur Ki Mardani]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Bepannah]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka]]''
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Choti Sarrdaarni]]''
| rowspan="3" | Vidya Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 13|Bigg Boss 13]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-13-episode-91-highlights-housemates-ring-in-new-year-with-a-bang-1633049-2020-01-01|title=Bigg Boss 13 Episode 91 highlights: Housemates ring in New Year with a bang|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=1 January 2020|agency=Ist}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bahu Begum (2019 TV series)|Bahu Begum]]''
|
|-
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Ratri Ke Yatri (web series)|Ratri Ke Yatri 2]]''
| Sweety
| Episode: "Kanya Dosh"
|<ref name="Kanya Dosh">{{Cite news |date=3 September 2021 |title=Hungama Play's 'Ratri Ke Yatri 2' to feature telly superstars |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hungama-plays-ratri-ke-yatri-2-to-feature-telly-superstars |access-date=23 May 2022 |work=Telangana Today}}</ref>
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Singer(s)
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
|2021
|''Jhooti Jhooti Batiyaan''
|Rashmi Vartak, Vidyadhar Bhave
|<ref>{{cite web |accessdate=29 September 2022 |title=Official Music Video - Jhooti Jhooti Batiyaan ft. Meera Deosthale and Rajat Singh Bhasin|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=pv5okcVAyBw |website=YouTube|date=30 March 2021 }}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018
| rowspan="2"|[[Gold Awards]]
| [[Gold Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]''
|{{Nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2018 |title=Zee Gold Awards 2018: Jennifer Winget, Mouni Roy, Hina Khan, Ravi Dubey, Nakuul Mehta win big honours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/zee-gold-awards-2018-jennifer-winget-mouni-roy-hina-5225490/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |accessdate=17 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Stellar Performance of the Year - Female
| {{won}}
|-
| 2022
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Popular Actress (Drama)
| ''[[Gud Se Meetha Ishq]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=22nd Indian Television Academy Awards Nominations - Vote Now |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=Indian Television Academy Awards |url=https://ita2022.indiantelevisionacademy.com/}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|9577334}}
* [https://instagram.com/meera.deosthale Meera Deosthale] on [[Instagram]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deosthale, Meera}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]

Ratanbala Devi Nongmaithem

2026-02-07T22:07:48Z

SaifurRahaman: adding basic bio w/ infobox!

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Western name order|Nongmaithem Ratanbala Devi}}
{{Meitei name|Nongmaithem|Ratanbala|Devi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Ratanbala Devi
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], India
| image = Ratanbala Devi.jpg
| caption =
| fullname = Ratanbala Devi Nongmaithem
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |1999|12|2|df=y}}<ref name="aiff"/>
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]
| clubnumber =
| years1 = 2017–2018
| clubs1 = [[KRYPHSA F.C.|KRYPHSA]]
| caps1 = 6
| goals1 = 7
| clubs2 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
| years2 = 2018–2019
| caps2 = 7
| goals2 = 8
| years3 = 2019–2020
| clubs3 = [[KRYPHSA FC|KRYPHSA]]
| caps3 = 7
| goals3 = 10
| years4 = 2021–2025
| clubs4 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| caps4 = 34
| goals4 = 3
| years5 = 2025–
| clubs5 = [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]
| caps5 =
| goals5 =
| nationalyears1 = 2014
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-20 football team|India U19]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2017–
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 48
| nationalgoals2 = 13
| club-update = 18 April 2025
| nationalteam-update = 27 October 2025
}}
'''Ratanbala Devi Nongmaithem''' ({{langx|mni|Nongmaithem Ratanbala Devi}}, born 2 December 1999) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] from [[Manipur]], who plays for as a midfielder for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]] and [[India women's national football team]].<ref name="aiff">{{cite web |title=Ratanbala Devi profile by AIFF |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/29988 |publisher=AIFF}}</ref> She played her debut international match in the [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] Cup Qualifiers 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8016|title=Welcome to All India Football Federation|website=www.the-aiff.com|access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ratanbala was called up for the national team during the [[2018 AFC Women's Asian Cup qualification|2018 AFC Women's Asian Cup Qualifiers]], where she scored her first goal against [[Hong Kong women's national football team|Hong Kong]] on 11 April 2017. She then became a regular member of the [[India women's national football team]]. Her second goal was against [[Myanmar women's national football team|Myanmar]] in the [[2020 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament|2020 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifiers Round 1]] on 13 November 2018. The 3rd was in a [[Exhibition game|friendly]] against [[Hong Kong women's national football team|Hong Kong]] on 21 January 2019, the 4th at another friendly against [[Indonesia women's national football team|Indonesia]] on 27 January 2019 where she scored her first [[Hattrick (football)|hattrick]] for the national team.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9452|title=RATANBALA DEVI'S HATTRICK LEADS INDIA TO 3-0 WIN OVER INDONESIA|website=www.the-aiff.com|access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/india-women-football-team-indonesia-friendly-ratanbala-devi/article26104455.ece|title=Football: Ratanbala Devi's hat-trick leads India women to comfortable win|last=Sportstar|first=Team|website=Sportstar|date=27 January 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-04-10}}</ref> In the [[2019 Women's Gold Cup (India)|2019 Gold Cup]] she scored another goal against [[Nepal women's national football team|Nepal]] on 11 February 2019. In [[2019 SAFF Women's Championship]] she scored 2 goals, 1 against [[Maldives women's national football team|Maldives]] on 13 March and another against [[Sri Lanka women's national football team|Sri Lanka]] on 17 March. In the [[2020 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament#Group A 2|2020 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifiers Round 2]] she scored 1 goal in a 3-3 draw against [[Myanmar women's national football team|Myanmar]] on 9 April 2019. However, [[India women's national football team|India]] didn't qualify for the [[2020 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament|2020 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifiers Round 3]] because of a lower goal ratio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9578|title=INDIAN WOMEN HELD BY MYANMAR, BOW OUT ON GOAL DIFFERENCE|website=www.the-aiff.com|access-date=2019-04-10}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===International===
{{Updated|27 October 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan=8|[[India women's national football team|India]]
|2017
|4
|1
|-
|2018
|3
|1
|-
|2019
|25
|10
|-
|2021
|0
|0
|-
|2022
|6
|0
|-
|2023
|0
|0
|-
|2024
|0
|0
|-
|2025
|10
|1
|-
! colspan=2|Total
!48
!13
|}

:''Scores and results list India's goal tally first.''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+List of international goals scored by Nongmaithem Ratanbala Devi
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1. || 11 April 2017 || [[Kim Il-sung Stadium]], [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea]] || {{fbw|HKG}} || align=center|2–0 || align=center| 2–0 || [[2018 AFC Women's Asian Cup qualification|2018 AFC Women's Asian Cup Qualifiers]]
|-
| 2. || 13 November 2018 || [[Thuwunna Stadium]], [[Yangon]], [[Myanmar]] || {{fbw|MYA}} || align=center|1–1 || align=center| 1–2 || [[2020 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament|2020 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifiers]]
|-
| 3. || 21 January 2019 || [[Hong Kong]] || {{fbw|HKG}} || align=center|5–2 || align=center| 5–2 || rowspan=4| [[Exhibition match|Friendly]]
|-
| 4. || rowspan=3| 27 January 2019 || rowspan=3| [[Benteng Taruna Stadium]], [[Tangerang]], [[Indonesia]] || rowspan=3| {{fbw|INA}} || align=center|1–0 || rowspan=3 align=center| 3–0
|-
| 5. || align=center|2–0
|-
| 6. || align=center|3–0
|-
| 7. || 11 February 2019 || [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[India]] || {{fbw|NEP}} || align=center|1–2 || align=center| 1–2 || [[2019 Women's Gold Cup (India)|2019 Women's Gold Cup]]
|-
| 8. || 13 March 2019 || rowspan=2| [[Sahid Rangasala]], [[Biratnagar]], [[Nepal]] || {{fbw|MDV}} || align=center|5–0 || align=center| 6–0 || rowspan=2| [[2019 SAFF Women's Championship]]
|-
| 9. || 17 March 2019 || {{fbw|SRI}} || align=center|5–0 || align=center| 5–0
|-
| 10. || 9 April 2019 || [[Mandalarthiri Stadium]], [[Mandalay]], Myanmar || {{fbw|MYA}} || align=center|3–2 || align=center| 3–3 || [[2020 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament|2020 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifiers]]
|-
| 11. || rowspan=2| 5 December 2019 || rowspan=2| [[Pokhara Rangasala]], [[Pokhara]], Nepal || rowspan=2| {{fbw|SRI}} || align=center|3–0 || rowspan=2 align=center| 6–0 || rowspan=2| [[Football at the 2019 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|2019 South Asian Games]]
|-
| 12. || align=center|5–0
|-
| 13. || 2 July 2025 || [[700th Anniversary Stadium]], [[Chiang Mai]], [[Thailand]] || {{fbw|IRQ}} || align=center| 5–0 || align=center| 5–0 || [[2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup qualification]]
|-
|}

==Honours==

'''India'''
* [[SAFF Women's Championship]]: [[2019 SAFF Women's Championship|2019]]
* [[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] gold medal: [[Football at the 2019 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|2019]]

'''Sethu'''
*[[Indian Women's League]]: [[2018–19 Indian Women's League season|2018–19]]

'''Gokulam Kerala'''
*[[Indian Women's League]]: [[2021–22 Indian Women's League season|2021–22]]

'''KRYPHSA'''
*[[Indian Women's League]] runner-up: [[2019–20 Indian Women's League season|2019–20]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Gokulam Kerala crowned champion of IWL 2020 – As it happened |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/gokulam-kerala-vs-kryphsa-live-iwl-indian-womens-league-sabitra-bhandari-anju-tamang-ratanbala-kamala-devi-karishma-manisha-grace-football/article30813472.ece |website=Sportstar |date=13 February 2020 }}</ref>

'''Manipur'''
* [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]: [[2023–24 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2023–24]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Manipur champions for the 22nd time in Sr Women's NFC for Rajmata Jijabai Trophy |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/manipur-champions-for-the-22nd-time-in-sr-womens-nfc-for-rajmata-jijabai-trophy |website=AIFF |date=15 May 2024 }}</ref>
* [[National Games of India|National Games]] gold medal: [[2022 National Games of India|2022]]<ref>{{cite web |title=National Games 2022, October 10 HIGHLIGHTS: Manipur wins women's football gold; Tamil Nadu tops Group A in men's volleyball |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/national-games/national-games-2022-october-10-live-updates-results-highlights-gujarat/article65991366.ece |website=Sportstar |date=10 October 2022 }}</ref>

'''Individual'''
* Indian Women's League Most Valuable Player: [[2019–20 Indian Women's League season|2019–20]]
* Indian Women's League Emerging Player: [[2018–19 Indian Women's League season|2018–19]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/29988 Nongmaithem Ratanbala Devi] at All India Football Federation
* {{GSA player|ratanbala-devi/153337}}

{{India squad 2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ratanbala Devi, Nongmaithem}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]
[[Category:Women's association football forwards]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:KRYPHSA FC players]]
[[Category:Sethu FC players]]
[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC Women players]]
[[Category:Sribhumi FC players]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in football]]
[[Category:2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup players]]

Bhanita Das

2026-02-06T06:01:12Z

SaifurRahaman: created a details w/ refs...

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhanita Das
| birth_place = [[Chaygaon|Chhaygaon]], [[Assam]]
| occupation = Actress
| known_for = [[Village Rockstars]]
| awards = [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]]
}}

'''Bhanita Das''' is an Indian actress who works in [[Assamese cinema|Assamese language films]]. She is known for her role as Dhunu in the 2017 drama [[Village Rockstars]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village Rockstars' Oscar Journey Ends, But Has Been Incredible: Rima Das' Emotional Note |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/village-rockstars-oscar-journey-ends-but-has-been-incredible-rima-das-emotional-note-1964545 |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> that won many awards including four [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=65th National Film Awards: A look at the complete list of winners and more |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/65th-national-film-awards-1225873-2018-05-03 |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The film was also selected as India's official entry to the [[91st Academy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village Rockstars out of Oscar race |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/village-rockstars-out-of-oscar-race-in-foreign-language-film-category/cid/1679260 |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=The Telegraph (India)}}</ref> Bhanita is a recipient of the [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Naqvi |first=Sadiq |date=14 April 2018 |title=Bhanita Das' journey from a small village girl to national award winner |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/bhanita-das-journey-from-a-small-village-girl-to-national-award-winner/story-NxgJtrbeah62dHywiSkYlJ.html |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Bhanita was born in [[Chaygaon|Chhaygaon]], [[Assam]]. She is an elementary school girl and lives with her widowed mother who does farming to make end meets. Bhanita is the younger sister of [[Mallika Das]], who is pursuing degree in Chaygaon and was given an opportunity to assist [[Village Rockstars]]' director [[Rima Das]].<ref name=":0" />

== Village Rockstars ==
Bhanita was signed by Rima Das to play the lead role''.'' In this film she has played Dhunnu, a ten-year-old girl who is on the lookout for an electric guitar in her village so that she can start a rock band of her own with friends.<ref name=":0" /> She also appeared in the sequel of the film titled as ''[[Village Rockstars 2]]'', which premiered at the [[29th Busan International Film Festival]] on 4 October 2024 and competed in Kim Jiseok section.<ref name="rev:sd">{{cite web |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/village-rockstars-2-busan-review/5197799.article |title='Village Rockstars 2': Busan Review |first= Nikki|last= Baughan |date=4 October 2024 |access-date=5 October 2024 |website=[[ScreenDaily]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Awards
!Category
!Result
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|'''2018'''
|''[[Village Rockstars]]''
|[[65th National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=9705147}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Bhanita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Assamese cinema]]
[[Category:Best Child Artist National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Puru (Hinduism)

2026-01-21T08:28:51Z

SaifurRahaman: adding basic pg needs work!

{{Short description|Son of Yayati, one of ancestors of the Pandavas and Kauravas}}{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| father = [[Yayati]]
| mother = [[Sharmishtha]]
| texts = [[Mahabharata]], [[Puranas]]
| dynasty = [[Chandravamsha]]
| spouse= Kaushalya
| children= Janamejaya
}}

'''Puru''' ({{Langx|sa|पूरु|translit=Pūru}}) is a legendary king in [[Hinduism]]. He is the youngest son of King [[Yayati]] and [[Sharmishtha]],<ref name="Adi Parva - Mahabharat">{{cite web |author1=Mayank Srivastava |title=Story of Devayani, Yayati, Sharmishtha, Puru |url=https://www.newstrend.news/347969/devayani-yayati-sharmistha-puru/ |website=newstrend,news |date=7 May 2020 |access-date=9 May 2020 |language=hi}}</ref> and one of ancestors of the [[Pandava]]s and the [[Kauravas]]. King Puru marries Kausalya, and is succeeded by his son, Janamejeya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-06-16 |title=Puru, Pūru, Purū: 19 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/puru |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Legend==

=== Bhagavata Purana ===

In the nineteenth chapter of book nine of the [[Bhagavata Purana]], Puru is described as having four brothers; [[Yadu]], Turvasu, [[Druhyu]], and Anu. He exchanges his youth for the old age of his father [[Yayati]] when the latter gets cursed by [[Shukra|Shukracharya]], allowing his father to enjoy his youth for a thousand years.<ref name="Frawley1993">{{cite book|author=David Frawley|title=Gods, Sages and Kings: Vedic Secrets of Ancient Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HDYo-FMo7MC&pg=PA137|access-date=4 October 2012|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1005-1|pages=137–}}</ref> Afterwards, Yayati takes back his curse and makes Puru his heir, though he is the youngest of them all.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Pūru |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241858.html |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> His successor is Práchinvat; his son is Pravíra; his son is Manasyu.

=== Mahabharata ===
In the [[Mahabharata]]'s [[Adi Parva]], he is said to have inherited his kingdom in the [[Gangetic plain]]. He is said to have three mighty heroes as sons by his wife Pauṣṭi; Pravīra, Īśvara, and Raudrāśva. Pravira succeeded Puru, and was in turn succeeded by his son, Manasyu.<ref name="Vyasa2008">{{cite book|author=Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa|title=The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa First Book Adi Parva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYg_CBpCCHAC&pg=PA214|access-date=4 October 2012|date=31 March 2008|publisher=Echo Library|isbn=978-1-4068-7045-9|pages=214–}}</ref>

Puru's dynasty becomes the Puruvamsha, which was later renamed as Kuruvamsha, to which the [[Pandava]]s and the [[Kauravas]] belong.<ref name="Frawley1993" />

=== Rigveda ===
Another Puru is mentioned as a king in the [[Rigveda]] and as the father of [[Adityas]], married to [[Aditi]], living and ruling over an area of the [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvati river]].<ref name="SinghalGupta2003">{{cite book|author1=K. C. Singhal|author2=Roshan Gupta|title=The Ancient History of India, Vedic Period: A New Interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hoXqCmo-Xs8C&pg=PA48|access-date=4 October 2012|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0286-6|pages=48–}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Lunar Dynasty]]
* [[Yayati]]
* [[Pauravas]]

==Further reading==
* ''[[Mahabharata]], [[Adiparva]]'', verse. 71-80.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last= Dowson|first= John|title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature|url=https://archive.org/stream/aclassicaldictio00dowsuoft#page/n27/mode/2up|year=1888|publisher=Trubner & Co., London}}
* {{cite book |title=Puranic Encyclopaedia |last=Mani |first=Vettam |year=1964 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidas, Delhi |isbn=0-842-60822-2 | url=https://archive.org/stream/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft#page/n5/mode/2up }}

{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category: Mythological kings]]
[[Category: Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Lunar dynasty]]

Hitopadesha

2026-01-18T12:48:53Z

SaifurRahaman: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Medieval era Sanskrit text with animal fables}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Hitopadesha manuscript pages Nepalese manuscript 1800 CE.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|Nepalese manuscript of the ''Hitopadesha'', c.1800]]
{{Quote box
|quote = '''Maxim on learning'''
<poem>
Learning to a man is a name superior to beauty;
learning is better than hidden treasure.
Learning is a companion on a journey to a strange country,
learning is strength inexhaustible.
Learning is the source of renown
and the fountain of victory in the senate.
Learning is a superior sight,
learning is a livelihood;
a man without learning is as a beast of the field.
</poem>
|source = —''Hitopadesa'' Translator: Charles Wilkins<ref>Charles Wilkins (1886), [https://archive.org/stream/fablesandproverb00unknuoft#page/26/mode/2up Hitopadesa: Fables and Proverbs], London: George Routledge & Sons, page 27</ref>
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}
'''''Hitopadesha''''' ([[Sanskrit]]: हितोपदेशः, [[IAST]]: ''Hitopadeśa'', "Beneficial Advice") is an Indian text in the [[Sanskrit]] language consisting of [[fable]]s with both animal and human characters. It incorporates maxims, worldly wisdom and advice on political affairs in simple, elegant language,<ref name="Haksar2006">{{cite book|author=S. Narayana |translator-first=A.N.D. |translator-last=Haksar |title=Hitopadesa|url=https://archive.org/details/hitopadea0000unse |url-access=registration |year=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-140-45522-9}}</ref>{{rp|ix–xiv}} and the work has been widely translated.

Little is known about its origin. The surviving text is believed to be from the 12th-century, but was probably composed by [[Narayan Pandit|Narayana]] between 800 and 950 CE.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kaushik Roy|title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1IgAwAAQBAJ |year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-57684-0|page=151}}</ref> The oldest manuscript found in [[Nepal]] has been dated to the 14th century, and its content and style has been traced to the ancient Sanskrit treatises called the ''[[Panchatantra]]'' from much earlier.<ref name="Haksar2006" />{{rp|ix–xiv}}<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Panchatantra-Indian-literature#ref=ref119060 Panchatantra: INDIAN LITERATURE], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref>

==The author and his sources==
The authorship of the ''Hitopadesa'' has been contested. 19th-century Indologists attributed the text to [[Vishnu Sharma]], a narrator and character that often appears in its fables. Upon the discovery of the oldest known manuscript of the text in Nepal, dated to 1373, and the preparation of a [[critical edition]], scholars generally accept the authority of its two concluding verses. These verses mention Narayana as the author and a king called Dhavala Chandra as the patron of the text.<ref name="Haksar2006" />{{rp|ix–xiv}} But as no other work by this author is known, and since the ruler mentioned has not been traced in other sources, we know almost nothing of either of them. Dating the work is therefore problematic. There are quotations within it from 8th century works and other internal evidence may point to an [[East India]]n origin during the later [[Pala Empire]] (8th-12th century).<ref name="Haksar2006" />{{page needed|date=September 2022}}

Narayana says that the purpose of creating the work is to encourage proficiency in Sanskrit expression (''samskrita-uktishu'') and knowledge of wise behaviour (''niti-vidyam''). This is done through the telling of moral stories in which birds, beasts and humans interact. Interest is maintained through the device of enclosed narratives in which a story is interrupted by an illustrative tale before resuming. The style is elaborate and there are frequent pithy verse interludes to illustrate the points made by the various speakers.<ref>K. Ayyappa Paniker, ''Indian Narratology'', New Delhi, 2003, pp.78-83</ref> On account of these, which provide by far the greater part of the text, the work has been described as an anthology of (sometimes contradictory) verses from widespread sources relating to statecraft.<ref>Judit Törzök, ''Friendly Advice'' by Nārāyana and ''King Vikrama's Adventures'', New York University 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=KdV9dMQci9sC&dq=hitopadesa&pg=PA31 pp25ff]</ref>

The ''Hitopadesha'' is quite similar to the ancient Sanskrit classic, the ''Panchatantra'', another collection of fables with morals. Both have an identical frame story, although the ''Hitopadesha'' differs by having only four divisions to the ancient text's five. According to Ludwik Sternbach's critical edition of the text, the ''Panchatantra'' is the primary source of some 75% of the ''Hitopadesha'''s content, while a third of its verses can be traced to the ''Panchatantra''. In his own introductory verses, Narayana acknowledges that he is indebted to the ''Panchatantra'' and 'another work'. The latter is unknown but may possibly be the [[Dharmasastras]] or some other.<ref name="Haksar2006" />{{rp|xii–xv}}

== Contents ==
{{Quote box
|quote = '''Compassion'''
<poem>
As your life to you is dear,
So is his to every creature.
The good have compassion for all,
By comparison and analogy with their own nature.
</poem>
|source = —''Hitopadesa Book 1'' <ref name="Haksar2006" />{{rp|20}}
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}
The ''Hitopadesha'' is organized into four books, with a preface section called ''Prastavika''. The opening verse expresses reverence to the Hindu god [[Ganesha]] and goddess [[Saraswati]].<ref>Charles Wilkins (1886), [https://archive.org/stream/fablesandproverb00unknuoft#page/26/mode/2up Hitopadesa: Fables and Proverbs], London: George Routledge & Sons, page 17</ref> There are several versions of the text available, though the versions are quite similar unlike other ancient and medieval era [[Hindu text]]s wherein the versions vary significantly.<ref name="Haksar2006" />{{rp|ix-x, xvi–xviii}} The shortest version has 655 verses, while the longest has 749 verses.<ref name="Haksar2006" />{{rp|ix-x, xvi–xviii}} In the version translated by Wilkins, the first book of ''Hitopadesha'' has nine fables, the second and third each have ten, while the fourth has thirteen fables.<ref name=wilkins15>Charles Wilkins (1886), [https://archive.org/stream/fablesandproverb00unknuoft#page/26/mode/2up Hitopadesa: Fables and Proverbs], London: George Routledge & Sons, pages 15-16</ref>

===Book 1 ''Mitralabha'': How to gain a friend===
The Book 1 is introduced with the statement that wise and sincere friends may be poor or destitute, but it is they who may help one achieve successes in life. The book recommends that the good find good friends, they are like a vessel in which one deposits both joys and sorrows of life, and it is not words that define a friend but their behavior and actions.<ref>Charles Wilkins (1886), [https://archive.org/stream/fablesandproverb00unknuoft#page/28/mode/2up Hitopadesa: Fables and Proverbs], London: George Routledge & Sons, pages 29, 96-98</ref><ref name="Haksar2006" />{{rp|13–17}}

{| class="wikitable" align=center style = " background: transparent; "
|+ Book 1 of ''Hitopadesha''
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=80px style="background: #ffad66;" | Fable
| width=200px | Title<ref name=wilkins15/>
| width= 400px | Topics
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 1.1
| The pigeons, the crow, the mouse, the tortoise and the deer
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 1.2
| The traveller and the tiger
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 1.3
| The deer, the jackal and the crow
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 1.4
| The blind vulture, the cat and the birds
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 1.5
| The history of Hiranyaka the mouse
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 1.6
| The old man and his young wife
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 1.7
| The huntsman, the deer, the boar, the serpent and the jackal
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 1.8
| The rajah's son and the merchant's wife
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 1.9
| The jackal and the elephant
|
|}

===Book 2 ''Suhrdbheda'': How to lose a friend===
The Book 2 is introduced with the statement that great friendships can be destroyed by the cruel and envious beings who envy such friendship. The book states that misinformation creates wedge between friends, as does a focus on disagreements, rash action without due investigation and a lack of communication.<ref>Charles Wilkins (1886), [https://archive.org/stream/fablesandproverb00unknuoft#page/98/mode/2up Hitopadesa: Fables and Proverbs], London: George Routledge & Sons, pages 99, 150-167</ref><ref name="Haksar2006" />{{rp|75–84}}
{| class="wikitable" align=center style = " background: transparent; "
|+ Book 2 of ''Hitopadesha''
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=80px style="background: #ffad66;" | Fable
| width=200px | Title<ref name=wilkins15/>
| width= 400px | Topics
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 2.1
| The bull, the two jackals and the lion
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 2.2
| The ape and the wedge
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 2.3
| The thief, the ass and the dog
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 2.4
| The lion, the mouse and the cat
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 2.5
| The poor woman and the bell
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 2.6
| The adventures of Kanadarpaketu
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 2.7
| The farmer's wife and her two gallants
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 2.8
| The crow, the golden chain and the black serpent
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 2.9
| The lion and the rabbit
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 2.10
| The partridges and the sea
|
|}

===Book 3 ''Vigaraha'': War===
The third book presents a series of fables wherein war is described as a consequence of greed, criticism of others, wicked people and their ideologies, cruel and ungrateful leader, lack of restraint, lack of preparation, poor fortifications, weak military, weak diplomacy, and poor counsel.<ref>{{cite book|author=Friedrich Max Müller|title=The Second, Third and Fourth Books of the Hitopadesa |url=https://archive.org/details/secondthirdandf00mlgoog |year=1865|publisher=Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green|pages=60–109}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" align=center style = " background: transparent; "
|+ Book 3 of ''Hitopadesha''
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=80px style="background: #ffad66;" | Fable
| width=200px | Title<ref name=wilkins15/>
| width= 400px | Topics
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 3.1
| [[The geese and the peacocks]]
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 3.2
| [[The birds and the monkeys]]
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 3.3
| [[The ass dressed in a tiger's skin]]
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 3.4
| The elephants and the rabbits
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 3.5
| The goose and the crow
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 3.6
| The Varttaka and the crow
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 3.7
| The wheelwright and his wife
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 3.8
| The blue jackal
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 3.9
| The man who sacrificed his own son
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 3.10
| The barber who killed a beggar
|
|}

===Book 4 ''Sandhi'': Peace===
The fables in Book 4 state that it is always better to seek peace with seven types of people: the truthful, the virtuous, the just, the strong, the victorious, those with many brothers, and the self-destructing worthless.<ref>{{cite book|author=Friedrich Max Müller|title=The Second, Third and Fourth Books of the Hitopadesa |url=https://archive.org/details/secondthirdandf00mlgoog |year=1865|publisher=Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green|pages=110–151}}</ref> Peace can be achieved, states ''Hitopadesha'', if one examines one's own behavior and one's own seeking as much as that of the opponent, pays attention to the counsel of one's good friends, treats the opponent with respect and understanding that is in tune with the opponent's character, forms one or more of sixteen types of treaties, reciprocal assistance and cooperative ventures between the two sides thereby enabling the pursuit of truth.<ref>Charles Wilkins (1886), [https://archive.org/stream/fablesandproverb00unknuoft#page/n229/mode/2up Hitopadesa: Fables and Proverbs], London: George Routledge & Sons, page 227-263, 271-276</ref><ref name="Haksar2006" />{{rp|227–230}}

{| class="wikitable" align=center style = " background: transparent; "
|+ Book 4 of ''Hitopadesha''
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=80px style="background: #ffad66;" | Fable
| width=200px | Title<ref name=wilkins15/>
| width= 400px | Topics
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 4.1
| The geese and the peacocks: part 2
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 4.2
| The tortoise and the two geese
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 4.3
| The three fishes
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 4.4
| The merchant and his artful wife
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 4.5
| The cranes and the 'helpful' enemy
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 4.6
| The mouse and the hermit
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 4.7
| The wicked heron and the crab
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 4.8
| The Brahmin who broke the pots and pans
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 4.9
| The two giants
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 4.10
| The Brahmin and his goat
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 4.11
| The camel, the crow, the tiger and the jackal
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 4.12
| The old serpent and the frogs
|
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 4.13
| The Brahmin and the loyal mongoose
|
|}

===Closing===
The text ends with the following,

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
May peace forever yield happiness to all the victorious possessors of the earth,
May just men forever be free from adversity, and the fame of those who do good long flourish,
May prudence, like a glorious sun shine continually on your breasts,
May the earth, with all her vast possessions, long remain for your enjoyment.
</poem>
| ''Hitopadesa''|Translator: Charles Wilkins<ref>Charles Wilkins (1886), [https://archive.org/stream/fablesandproverb00unknuoft#page/n279/mode/2up Hitopadesa: Fables and Proverbs], London: George Routledge & Sons, page 277</ref>}}

== Translations ==
By the early 20th-century, translations of the ''Hitopadesha'' into the following Indian languages were known:<ref name="Haksar2006" />{{rp|ix–xi}}
*Eastern states of India: Bangla, Odiya
*Western states: Gujarati
*Central states: Marathi
*Northern states: Hindi, Newari, Urdu
*Southern states: Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu

The text has also been widely translated under different titles into Asian languages such as Burmese, Khmer, Thai, Malay, Persian, Sinhala, as well as into Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Spanish and Russian.<ref name="Haksar2006" />{{rp|ix–xi}}

[[Akbar]] (1542–1605) commended the work of translating the ''Hitopadesha'' to his own minister, [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazl]], with the suggestion that the poems which often interrupt the narrative should be abridged. Fazl accordingly put the book into a familiar style and published it with explanations under the title of the ''Criterion of Wisdom''.<ref>Sir Edwin Arnold (1893), [https://archive.org/stream/bookgoodcounsel00arnogoog#page/n16/mode/2up The Book of Good Counsels...: From the Sanskrit of "Hitopadesa."], London: W. H. Allen & Co. Limited, page x</ref>

The ''Hitopadesha'' was also a favourite among the scholars of the [[British Raj]]. It was the first Sanskrit book to be printed in the [[Nāgarī script|Nagari]] script, when it was published by [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] in [[Serampore]] in 1803–4, with an introduction by [[Henry Colebrooke]].<ref name=lanman/> This was followed by several later editions during the 19th century, including Max Müller's of 1884, which contains an interlinear literal translation.

Much earlier, [[Sir William Jones]] encountered the work in 1786 and it was translated into English the following year by [[Charles Wilkins]], who had also made the earliest English translation of the [[Bhagavad Gita]].<ref name="nyt-remus">{{citation | periodical=[[The New York Times]] | author=Charles Johnston | title=In India Too There Lived An Uncle Remus: Ancient Tales of the Panchatantra Now Appear in English | date=November 29, 1925 | page=BR2 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1925/11/29/archives/in-india-too-there-lived-an-uncle-remus-ancient-tales-of-the.html}}
</ref> A later translation by [[Edwin Arnold]], then Principal of [[Pune|Puna]] College, was published in London in 1861 under the title ''The Book of Good Counsels''.<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/hitopadesha_arnold/index.html Hitopadesa translated by E. Arnold on the Net]</ref>

==See also==
{{Wikiquote}}
* ''[[Panchatantra]]''
* [[List of Panchatantra Stories|List of ''Panchatantra'' Stories]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=lanman>{{citation | url = https://archive.org/stream/panchatantracoll00purnuoft#page/xxii/mode/2up | author = C. R. Lanman | author-link = C. R. Lanman | pages = xxii, xxxv | title = Notes on the Externals of Indian Books | work = The Panchatantra: a collection of ancient Hindu tales in the recension, called Panchakhyanaka, and dated 1199 A.D., of the Jaina Monk, Purnabhadra; critically edited in the original Sanskrit, by Johannes Hertel | publisher = [[Harvard Oriental Series]] | date = 1908}}</ref>
}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Max Müller]] (1884), [https://books.google.com/books?id=PLxfAAAAMAAJ Book I], [https://books.google.com/books?id=-DApAAAAYAAJ Books II, III, IV] ([https://books.google.com/books?id=LHOXl9AFBOQC alt])
* Lakshmīnarayaṇa Ṣarman (1830), [https://archive.org/details/hitopadeshaacol00agoog Hitopadesha by Vishnusarma], English translation with Sanskrit and Bengali versions, Harvard University archives
* Edwin Arnold (1861), [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/hitopadesha_arnold/ Hitopadesa: The Book of Good Counsels], Columbia University archives
** {{Librivox book |title=Book of Good Counsels |author=Sir Edwin Arnold}}
* Judit Törzsök (2007), [https://books.google.com/books?id=KdV9dMQci9sC&dq=hitopadesa&pg=PA31 “Friendly Advice” and “King Víkrama’s Adventures”, New York University], facing translation as part of the [[Clay Sanskrit Library]] series. (The translation of the Hitopadesha is "Friendly Advice", the first part of the book)

{{Panchatantra}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sanskrit texts]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Political history of India]]
[[Category:Indian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Indian legends]]
[[Category:Indian short story collections]]
[[Category:Collections of fables]]
[[Category:Fantasy anthologies]]
[[Category:Collections of fairy tales]]
[[Category:Panchatantra]]
[[Category:Frame stories]]

Gyarah Sidhi

2026-01-17T18:19:08Z

SaifurRahaman: put up a details...

{{No footnotes|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
[[File:Gyarah Siddi.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Gyarah Sidhi near [[Mehtab Bagh]].]]
'''Gyarah Sidhi''' ({{Literal translation|Eleven steps}}) are the remains of the astronomical [[observatory]] of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Humayun]]. The ruins are situated at a stone's throw from [[Babur]]’s [[Mehtab Bagh]], in a field on the banks of the [[Yamuna river]] in [[Agra]].<ref name="Outlook">{{cite web |title=Humayun’s observatory |url=http://traveller.outlookindia.com/destinationlink.aspx?id=168&destinationid=44&pagenum=2 |website=Outlook Traveller |access-date=18 July 2024 |archive-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715023650/http://traveller.outlookindia.com/destinationlink.aspx?id=168&destinationid=44&pagenum=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Agra beyond the Taj: Exploring tombs and gardens on the left bank of Yamuna |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/agra-beyond-the-taj-exploring-tombs-and-gardens-on-the-left-bank-of-yamuna/cid/2031729 |access-date=18 July 2024 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph |date=5 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="Agra">{{cite web |title=Gyarah Sidi Agra |url=https://agratourism.in/gyarah-sidi-agra |website=Agra Tourism |access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref>

==History==
Gyarah Sidhi or Eleven Steps refers to the steps overlooking the hemispherical cavities in the ground from which astronomical readings could be taken. Though nowhere close to their size, Humayun's observatory is an interesting, diminutive precursor to the massive [[Yantra Mandir|Jantar Mantars]] at [[Jaipur]] and [[Delhi]] built nearly 200 years later.

==Humayun and astronomy==
[[Humayun]] was absorbed in astrology and astronomy, manifesting his passion in the most eccentric way. The business at court was not conducted according to exigencies of matter on hand but deferred to the planets:

*Sunday and Tuesday for government - As the sun regulates sovereignty and Mars is the patron of soldiers.
*Saturday and Thursday were devoted to matters of religion.

He even went so far as dressing himself and his ministers according to the colours of the planets associated with particular days.

==See also==
* [[Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)]]
* [[Jantar Mantar, Delhi]]
* [[Humanyun Mosque]]
* [[List of astronomical observatories]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tourist attractions in Agra}}
{{Agra Division topics}}
{{Telescopes and Observatories in India}}
{{Portal bar|India|Astronomy|Stars|Spaceflight|Outer space|Solar System|Education|Science}}
{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:History of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Agra]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Agra]]
[[Category:Astronomical observatories in India]]
[[Category:Defunct astronomical observatories]]

District Hospital, Kollam

2025-12-30T00:24:52Z

SaifurRahaman: Done...

{{one source|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = A. A. Rahim memorial District Hospital
| org_group = [[Government of Kerala]] (administrative control) 
[[Kollam district|Kollam]] [[District Panchayat]] (operations)
| image = Government District Hospital in Kollam, Aug 2018.jpg
| caption = Entrance of Kollam District Hospital
| logo = 
| location = [[Kollam]]
| country = [[India]]
| healthcare =
| funding = [[Government]]
| type = District
| speciality =
| emergency = yes
| affiliation =
| beds = 537
| founded = 1957
| closed = 
| website =
| other_links = 

|
| helipad = No
}}

'''A. A. Rahim memorial District Hospital, Kollam''' is a general hospital located in [[Kollam]], Kerala, India. It is the main referral hospital for the Kollam district, and it provides a wide range of medical services, including inpatient and outpatient care, diagnostic and therapeutic services, and research. It was established on 20 December 1957, under the ownership of as a secondary level care institution. It was renamed after [[A. A. Rahim|A.A. Rahim]], politician, freedom fighter, and union minister.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

District hospital Kollam has sanctioned bed strength of 537. {{fact|date=June 2025}}

The Kollam District Hospital functions under the administrative control of the Health and Family Welfare Department, [[Government of Kerala]], while its operational control rests with the Kollam [[District council (India)|District Panchayat]].

== Out-Patient Departments ==

* General Medicine
* General Surgery
* Orthopaedics
* ENT
* Ophthalmology
* Psychiatry
* Pulmonology
* Dermatology
* Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
* Geriatrics
* NCD Clinic
* ART Clinic
* Filaria Clinic, IDRV Clinic, STD Clinic, Transgender Clinic
* Chemotherapy
* Dialysis
* Blood Bank<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sdma.kerala.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Kollam-HDMP.pdf|title=Kollam HDMP}}</ref>

Obstetrics and Gynaecology along with paediatrics are provided at [[Government Victoria Hospital, Kollam|Government Victoria Hospital]], Kollam

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|8.88842786377081|76.58590723921289|display=title}}

{{Kollam}}

[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1957]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Kollam]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in India]]

Sri Lanka women's cricket team in India in 2013–14

2025-12-17T13:40:54Z

SaifurRahaman:

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Sri Lanka women's cricket team in India in 2013–14
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of Sri Lanka.svg
| team2_name = Sri Lanka
| from_date = 17
| to_date = 28 January 2014
| team1_captain = [[Mithali Raj]]
| team2_captain = [[Shashikala Siriwardene]]
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won = 3
| team2_ODIs_won = 0
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Mithali Raj]] (169)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Yasoda Mendis]] (79)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Gouher Sultana]] (8)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Oshadi Ranasinghe]] (3) [[Chandima Gunaratne]] (3)
| player_of_ODI_series =
| no_of_twenty20s = 3
| team1_twenty20s_won = 1
| team2_twenty20s_won = 2
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Mithali Raj]] (79)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = {{nowrap|[[Shashikala Siriwardene]] (119)}}
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Soniya Dabir]] (4) [[Ekta Bisht]] (4) {{nowrap|[[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]] (4)}}
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Udeshika Prabodhani]] (5)
| player_of_twenty20_series =
}}

The [[Sri Lanka women's national cricket team]] toured [[India]] in January 2014. They played [[India women's national cricket team|India]] in three [[Women's One Day International|One Day Internationals]] (ODIs) and three [[Women's Twenty20 International|Twenty20 Internationals]] (T20Is), losing the ODI series 3–0 but winning the T20I series 2–1.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-women-tour-of-india-2013-14-707453 |title=Sri Lanka Women tour of India 2013/14 |access-date=8 July 2021 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/21/Sri_Lanka_Women_in_India_2013-14.html |title=Sri Lanka Women in India 2013/14 |access-date=8 July 2021 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! {{crw|IND}}<ref name="IND-squad">{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-women-tour-of-india-2013-14-707453/india-women-one-day-squad-709613/match-squads |title=Sri Lanka Women tour of India 2013/14/India Women One-Day Squad |access-date=8 July 2021 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
! {{crw|SL}}<ref name="SL-squad">{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-women-tour-of-india-2013-14-707453/sri-lanka-women-squad-707477/match-squads |title=Sri Lanka Women tour of India 2013/14/Sri Lanka Women Squad |access-date=8 July 2021 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Mithali Raj]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Ekta Bisht]]
* [[Soniya Dabir]]
* [[Anagha Deshpande]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]]
* [[Jhulan Goswami]]
* [[Karu Jain]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Harmanpreet Kaur]]
* [[Veda Krishnamurthy]]
* [[Smriti Mandhana]]
* [[Niranjana Nagarajan]]
* [[Poonam Yadav]]
* [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]]
* [[Punam Raut]]
* [[Amita Sharma]]
* [[Shubhlakshmi Sharma]]
* [[Gouher Sultana]]
* [[Vellaswamy Vanitha]]
|
* [[Shashikala Siriwardene]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Chamari Atapattu]]
* [[Chandima Gunaratne]]
* [[Eshani Lokusuriyage]]
* [[Lasanthi Madushani]]
* [[Dilani Manodara]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Yasoda Mendis]]
* [[Chamari Polgampola]]
* [[Udeshika Prabodhani]]
* [[Oshadi Ranasinghe]]
* [[Deepika Rasangika]]
* [[Maduri Samuddika]]
* [[Anushka Sanjeewani]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sripali Weerakkody]]
|}

==Tour Match==
===50-over match: India A v Sri Lanka===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 January 2014
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND|name=India A}}
| score1 = 185 (49.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Yasoda Mendis]] 53 (62)
| wickets1 = [[Preeti Bose]] 3/34 (9.5 overs)
| score2 = 174 (47.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 49 (77)
| wickets2 = [[Chandima Gunaratne]] 2/27 (8.3 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka Women won by 11 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-women-tour-of-india-2013-14-707453/india-a-women-vs-sri-lanka-women-tour-match-707461/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dr PVG Raju ACA Sports Complex]], [[Vizianagaram]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind) and [[Sanjeev Dua]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = India A Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==WODI Series==
===1st ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 January 2014
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 76 (39.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Yasoda Mendis]] 17 (43)
| wickets1 = [[Gouher Sultana]] 4/4 (8 overs)
| score2 = 80/3 (32.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mithali Raj]] 34[[not out|*]] (59)
| wickets2 = [[Oshadi Ranasinghe]] 1/15 (4 overs)
| result = India Women won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-women-tour-of-india-2013-14-707453/india-women-vs-sri-lanka-women-1st-odi-707463/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind) and [[Sanjeev Dua]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = Sri Lanka Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]] and [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] (Ind) both made their WODI debuts.
}}
===2nd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 January 2014
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 140 (47.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Yasoda Mendis]] 56 (29)
| wickets1 = [[Gouher Sultana]] 4/15 (10 overs)
| score2 = 143/3 (39.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 51 (74)
| wickets2 = [[Chandima Gunaratne]] 1/25 (8 overs)
| result = India Women won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-women-tour-of-india-2013-14-707453/india-women-vs-sri-lanka-women-2nd-odi-707465/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind) and [[Sanjeev Dua]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
===3rd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 January 2014
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|SL}}
| score1 = 229/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mithali Raj]] 104[[not out|*]] (109)
| wickets1 = [[Chamari Polgampola]] 2/34 (10 overs)
| score2 = 134 (44 overs)
| runs2 = [[Oshadi Ranasinghe]] 29[[not out|*]] (49)
| wickets2 = [[Poonam Yadav]] 4/13 (10 overs)
| result = India Women won by 95 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-women-tour-of-india-2013-14-707453/india-women-vs-sri-lanka-women-3rd-odi-707467/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind) and [[Sanjeev Dua]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = Sri Lanka Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Vellaswamy Vanitha]] (Ind) and [[Anushka Sanjeewani]] (SL) both made their WODI debuts.
}}
==WT20I Series==
===1st T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 January 2014
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|SL}}
| score1 = 147/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mithali Raj]] 67 (47)
| wickets1 = [[Oshadi Ranasinghe]] 2/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 148/7 (19.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shashikala Siriwardene]] 52 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]] 3/24 (4 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka Women won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-women-tour-of-india-2013-14-707453/india-women-vs-sri-lanka-women-1st-t20i-707469/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dr PVG Raju ACA Sports Complex]], [[Vizianagaram]]
| umpires = [[Krishnamachari Bharatan]] (Ind) and [[Umesh Dubey]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = Sri Lanka Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]], [[Vellaswamy Vanitha]] (Ind) and [[Anushka Sanjeewani]] (SL) all made their WT20I debuts.
}}
===2nd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 January 2014
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|SL}}
| score1 = 127/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Amita Sharma]] 23 (17)
| wickets1 = [[Udeshika Prabodhani]] 3/16 (4 overs)
| score2 = 118/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chamari Atapattu]] 40 (40)
| wickets2 = [[Soniya Dabir]] 1/14 (4 overs)
| result = India Women won by 9 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-women-tour-of-india-2013-14-707453/india-women-vs-sri-lanka-women-2nd-t20i-707471/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dr PVG Raju ACA Sports Complex]], [[Vizianagaram]]
| umpires = [[Krishnamachari Bharatan]] (Ind) and [[Umesh Dubey]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = Sri Lanka Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] (Ind) made her WT20I debut.
}}
===3rd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 28 January 2014
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|SL}}
| score1 = 117/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Punam Raut]] 38 (45)
| wickets1 = [[Maduri Samuddika]] 2/18 (4 overs)
| score2 = 121/4 (18.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shashikala Siriwardene]] 46[[not out|*]] (42)
| wickets2 = [[Ekta Bisht]] 2/22 (4 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka Women won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-women-tour-of-india-2013-14-707453/india-women-vs-sri-lanka-women-3rd-t20i-707473/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires = [[Krishnamachari Bharatan]] (Ind) and [[Umesh Dubey]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Karu Jain]] (Ind) made her WT20I debut.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-women-tour-of-india-2013-14-707453 Sri Lanka Women tour of India 2013/14] from [[Cricinfo]]

{{India women's national cricket team}}
{{Sri Lanka women's national cricket team}}
{{International cricket in 2013–14}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sri Lanka women's cricket team in India in 2013-14}}
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 in women's cricket]]
[[Category:Women's international cricket tours of India]]
[[Category:Sri Lanka women's national cricket team tours]]

Kohima War Cemetery

2025-12-15T05:31:58Z

SaifurRahaman: put up new entry...

{{Short description|CWGC cemetery in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox military memorial
|name= War Cemetery in Kohima
|body= [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]
|image= [[File:Cemetery with kohima.jpeg|300px|War Cemetery with Kohima City in background]]
|use_dates=
|established= {{start date and age|df=yes|1946}}
|designer= [[Colin St Clair Oakes]]
|coordinates= {{coord|25.6676093|94.1029403|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| mapframe-marker = cemetery
| location = [[Midland Ward]], [[Kohima]], Nagaland
|nearest_town=
|total= 1420
|by_country=Australia: 3 Canada: 5 India: 330 UK: 1082
|by_war=
[[World War II]]: 1420
|source=
}}
'''Kohima War Cemetery''' is a memorial dedicated to soldiers of the [[2nd Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|2nd British Division]] of the [[Allies of World War II|Allied Forces]] who died in the [[Second World War]] at [[Kohima]], the capital of the Indian state of [[Nagaland]] in April 1944. The soldiers died on the battleground of Garrison Hill in the [[tennis court]] area of the Deputy Commissioner's residence. According to the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]], which maintains this cemetery among many others in the world, there are 1,420 [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] burials of the Second World War at this cemetery, and a memorial to an additional 917 [[Hindu]] and [[Sikh]] soldiers who were cremated in accordance with their faith.<ref name=Cemetery>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2058100/KOHIMA%20WAR%20CEMETERY|title=Kohima War Cemetery|publisher=Commonwealth War Graves Commission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2058100|title= CWGC record. An additional memorial is for 917 Hindu and Sikh cremated dead|publisher= Commonwealth War Graves Commission}}</ref><ref name=White>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/4C2B25FC-2E6C-45F9-B785-8A75139E9A0A/0/ww2_kohima.pdf |title=The Battle of Kohima, North East India 4 April-22 June 1944 |work=Kohima Today |publisher=Archive Organization |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806001743/http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/4C2B25FC-2E6C-45F9-B785-8A75139E9A0A/0/ww2_kohima.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2009 }}</ref> The memorial was inaugurated by [[Field Marshal]] [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|Sir William Slim]], then Commander of the 14th Army in [[Burma]].<ref name=Field>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worcestershireregiment.com/wr.php?main=inc/burma_Worc_Regt|title=The Kohima Memorial|publisher=Worcestershire Regiment}}</ref>

==Location==
[[File:Entrance to Cemetery.jpeg|thumb|Entrance to the cemetery|left]]

The Kohima War Cemetery is located in the heart of Kohima, the capital city of the Indian state of Nagaland, at the location where a decisive battle was won by the Allied Forces during the Second World War, forcing the Japanese army to retreat.<ref name=Cemetery/> This location is on the ridge below and above the tennis court.{{Sfn|Graham|2005|p=133}}

==History==
In March 1944, the Japanese 15th Army attacked the British troops stationed in Kohima and [[Imphal]] in northeast India with intent to prevent an attack on Burma. In the first week of April, the Japanese attacked at Kohima and Imphal via [[Mizoram]] from the Indo-Burma border, to destroy the supply bases of the British. They laid siege on the Allied forces stationed at Kohima and also at Imphal.<ref name =Cemetery/><ref name =Kohima>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nam.ac.uk/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/britains-greatest-battles/imphal-kohima?page=2|title=The Context|publisher= National Army Museum}}</ref>

Reaching Kohima during April 1944, the Japanese 15th Army occupied a strategic location on Garrison Hill and continually attacked a small contingent of the Commonwealth forces, which successfully held their ground until reinforcements were brought in. In the battle at the tennis ground (now marked by white concrete lines) of the Deputy Commissioner's bungalow (which was destroyed during the war), which also involved hand-to-hand fighting between the opposing forces, the Commonwealth forces prevailed over the Japanese forces and forced them to retreat in defeat. There were heavy casualties on both sides.<ref name =Cemetery/> This battle was the turning point for the Allied forces.<ref name=Army>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nam.ac.uk/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/britains-greatest-battles/imphal-kohima?page=2|title=The Legacy|publisher=National Army Museum}}</ref>

In 2013, the British [[National Army Museum]] voted the Battle of Imphal and Kohima as "Britain's Greatest Battle".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nam.ac.uk/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/britains-greatest-battles|title=Britain's Greatest Battles|publisher=National Army Museum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/the-battle-for-kohima-heroes-of-world-war-ii.html|title=The Battle for Kohima: Heroes of World War II|date=28 June 2013|publisher=Warhistoryonline|access-date=6 March 2015|archive-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308180044/https://www.warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/the-battle-for-kohima-heroes-of-world-war-ii.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Kohima War Cemetery, Kohima, Nagaland (89).jpeg|thumb|The stone memorial with the [[Kohima Epitaph]]]]
[[File:Kohima War Cemetery (2024).jpg|thumb|Kohima Cemetery with view of Kohima]]
The cemetery is set in peaceful surroundings with well-manicured grassland in which roses bloom in season. The cemetery is sited at the exact location where the battle was fought, and provides a panoramic view of the city of Kohima.<ref name=Envis/> It is marked at its two ends by tall, concrete structures engraved with the cross.<ref name=Burma>{{cite web|url=http://www.burmastar.org.uk/epitaph.htm |title=The Kohima 2nd Division Memorial |publisher=[[Burma Star Association]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510152752/http://www.burmastar.org.uk/epitaph.htm |archive-date=2015-05-10 }}</ref>} Between the two structures, along the sloping ground, a series of terraces of {{Convert|3|-|5|m}} in height have been created; these contain stone markers embedded with bronze plaques carrying the name of each Commonwealth soldier who died on the Kohima battlefield. These markers are made distinctly visible by a white wash.<ref name=Envis/>

There are two memorial crosses, one at the upper end and the other at the lower end of the cemetery.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} The upper-end memorial is located at the highest end of the cemetery. It commemorates the names of the Indian and Sikh soldiers (917 [[Hindu]] and [[Sikh]] soldiers who had been cremated as per their religious rites) who were part of the [[British Indian Army]] and died on the battlefield.<ref name=White/> The epitaph inscribed on this memorial reads: {{cquote| Here, around the tennis court of the deputy commissioner, lie men who fought in the battle of Kohima in which they and their comrades finally halted the invasion of India by the forces of Japan in April 1944.}}

The lower-end memorial is dedicated to the 2nd Division. It is a {{Convert|15|ft}} tall, massive stone (similar to the stone used by the Naga tribes to mark the graves of their dead) fixed over a dressed stone platform. This stone was originally located on a spur at Maram, to the south of Kohima, which was then shifted with the help of Naga people to be erected at the 2nd British Division's war cemetery.<ref name=Field/><ref name=Burma/> While the top part of the memorial is marked with a cross, at the lower part lies a bronze plate that carries an epitaph. The epitaph, titled [[Kohima Epitaph]], reads:{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} {{cquote|When you go home tell them of us and say for your tomorrow we gave our today}}

The above verse, which became world-famous, is attributed to [[John Maxwell Edmonds]] (1875–1958) and is thought to have been inspired by [[Battle of Thermopylae#Epitaph of Simonides|the epitaph]] written by [[Simonides of Ceos|Simonides]] to honour the [[Sparta]]ns who fell at the [[Battle of Thermopylae]] in 480 BC.<ref name=Burma/><ref>{{cite web |author=Imperial War Museum |author-link=Imperial War Museum |url=http://archive.iwm.org.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.1261 |title=What is the Kohima Epitaph? |work=archive.iwm.org.uk |access-date=6 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230155628/http://archive.iwm.org.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.1261 |archive-date=30 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}.</ref>

Another notable feature at the site is a cherry tree near the tennis court where the battle was fought, where a small brass plaque reads:<ref name=Envis>{{Cite web|url=http://scstsenvis.nic.in/index3.aspx?sslid=181&subsublinkid=895&langid=1&mid=1|title=Kohima|publisher=National Informatics Centre}}</ref>{{Sfn|Bhattacharjee|2013|p=67}} {{cquote|For Your Tomorrow, We Gave Our Today}}

The original tree, from which a branch has been used to create the present tree where the plaque is fixed, had been used for target practice by the Japanese forces. It was destroyed during the battle. Hence, Kohima Battle is also known as the "Battle Under the Cherry Tree".{{Sfn|Bhattacharjee|2013|p=67}}<ref name=Envis/>

Close to the Garrison Hill, memorials for the 2nd Battalion, the [[Dorset Regiment|Dorsetshire Regiment]], and several other regiments have been established.<ref name =Cemetery/> There is a memorial to the dead of the 2nd Battalion, The Durham Light Infantry, inside the grounds of the Chief Secretary's Official Residence, just behind the Governor's House.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gentleman's Military Interest Club |url=https://gmic.co.uk/topic/61829-british-regiment-memorials-around-kohima-nagaland-india-regional-admin-award-38-certificate-of-merit/page/2/}}</ref>

In the list of the dead marked by stones at the cemetery, there are 64 names of [[Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders]] soldiers; the memorial, however, lists 96 names, out of which the graves of 32 personals were located.{{Sfn|Graham|2005|p=133}}

==Memorial service==
On the 60th anniversary of the end of World War II in 2005, a memorial service was held at the Kohima War Cemetery attended by 41 members of the [[Royal British Legion]]. Brigadier John Farmer, representing the Royal British Legion, and Brigadier RL Sharma of the [[Assam Rifles|2nd Assam Rifles]], laid wreaths at the memorial. Reverend Dr [[Neiliezhü Üsou]], officiating chaplain, conducted the memorial service. A notable pilgrim to the memorial was Hildra Martin Smith, aged 84, who came in a wheelchair; he had participated in the Kohima battle as a Lieutenant of the British Army. The visit was initiated by the Royal British Legion of the United Kingdom, which regularly sponsors such war grave pilgrimages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nagalim.nl/news/00000183.htm|title=Royal British Legion revisits war memories |work=The Morung Express|date=15 October 2005|access-date=8 March 2015|publisher= Nagalim.NL News}}</ref>

Ten years later another memorial service was held in the cemetery, attended by senior British Army officers, to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the [[Battle of Kohima]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/british-army-delegates-memorial-visit-to-kohima-war-cemetery/|title=British Army delegates memorial visit to Kohima War Cemetery|date=17 April 2014|access-date=21 December 2015|publisher=Eastern Mirror Nagaland}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Battle of Imphal]]
* [[Battle of Kohima]]
* [[Battle of the Tennis Court]]
* [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|XIV Army]]
* [[Imphal War Cemetery]]
* [[Victory Tunnel]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last= Bhattacharjee |first=Kishalaya |title=Che in Paona Bazar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMA7Ve2-VuIC&pg=PT67|year=2013|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4472-4741-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Graham |first=Gordon |title=The Trees are All Young on Garrison Hill: An Exploration of War and Memory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-U8dffskv6YC&pg=PA133|year=2005|publisher=Kohima Educational Trust|isbn=978-0-9552687-0-0}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{Find a Grave cemetery}}

[[Category:World War II memorials]]
[[Category:Kohima]]
[[Category:Cemeteries in India]]
[[Category:Indian military memorials and cemeteries]]
[[Category:Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kohima]]

West Jaintia Hills district

2025-12-14T06:38:03Z

SaifurRahaman: further correct formatting after review

{{More citations needed|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = West Jaintia Hills district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Meghalaya|District]] of [[Meghalaya]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Krang Suri Waterfall (6).jpg
| image_caption = Krang Suri Waterfalls
| image_map = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=225 |frame-height=225 |frame-align=center
|text= '''West Jaintia Hills district'''
|type=shape |id=Q13181190
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title= West Jaintia Hills district of Meghalaya
|type2=line|id2=Q1195|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Meghalaya
}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Meghalaya
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Jowai
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Meghalaya]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Jowai]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 1693
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 272185
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 63.5%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = 4
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH-44]], [[National Highway 40 (India)|NH-40]]
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|http://westjaintiahills.gov.in}}
}}

'''West Jaintia Hills district''' (Pron: ˈʤeɪnˌtɪə) is an administrative [[District]] in the state of [[Meghalaya]] in [[India]]. The united district (Jaintia Hills District) was created on 22 February 1972 and occupied an [[area]] of 3819 km2. It had a [[population]] of 272,185 (as of 2011). The district is part of the [[Meghalaya subtropical forests]] eco-region. With the bifurcation of the erstwhile Jaintia Hills District into East and West Jaintia Hills Districts, West Jaintia Hills District came into existence on 31 July 2012 with its headquarters at [[Jowai]]. Jowai is the host of all the heads of important governmental offices and establishments, educational institutions, hospitals, banking institutions, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About District {{!}} West Jaintia Hills District {{!}} India|url=https://westjaintiahills.gov.in/about-district/|access-date=2020-07-14|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Geography==
The total area of the district is 1693 km2. The district comprises one Civil Sub-Division Viz. Amlarem Civil Sub-Division and four Community and Rural Development (C&RD) Blocks viz. Amlarem C&RD Block, Laskein C&RD Block, Thadlaskein C&RD Block and Namdong C&RD Block with the following boundaries:

* North – Assam
* South – Bangladesh and East Jaintia Hills district
* East – Assam
* West – East Khasi Hills District

==Economy==
[[File:Cement Plant MCL.jpg|thumb|240px| View of MCL Cement plant, Lumshnong, East Jaintia Hills]]
Although the mainstay of the district is agriculture, due to the abundance of [[limestone]], plenty of cement factories have been set up in the district (now East Jaintia Hills). Coal mining at sites like [[Lad Rymbai]] ([[East Jaintia Hills district]]) is also one of the major activities. Most of the coal mining sites are now situated in the East Jaintia Hills district.

===Agriculture===
[[Lakadong turmeric|Lakadong Turmeric]] is a type of turmeric variety found in the West Jaintia hills district. It is one of the world’s finest turmeric varieties with the highest curcumin content of 7-9 % in comparison to 3% or less in other turmeric varieties. It has been identified under the One District, One Product (ODOP) initiative of Indian government. The State of Meghalaya has also applied for a Geographical Indication tag for it.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/centres-one-district-one-product-mission-gets-technology-boost-in-meghalaya/822541/?amp|title=Centre's 'one district one product' mission gets technology boost in Meghalaya|access-date=27 February 2022}}</ref>

==Divisions==
===Administrative divisions===
United Jaintia Hills district was divided into five blocks. With the bifurcation of the erstwhile district, West Jaintia Hills is divided into three blocks:<ref>{{cite map |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, New Delhi, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |title=Meghalaya Administrative Divisions |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/administrative_maps/MEGHALAYA.pdf |trans-title=|language=English |format=PDF |edition= |year=2011 |cartography= |scale= |series= |page= |section= |inset= |accessdate=2011-09-29 |isbn= |id= }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" width=65% style="border:1px solid black"
|- bgcolor=#99ccff
| '''Name'''
| '''Headquarters'''
| '''Population'''
| '''Location'''
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
| Amlarem|| [[Amlarem_Assembly_constituency|Amlarem]]|| 43,844|| [[File:Jaintia Hills Subdivisions Amlarem.png|108x108px|center]]
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
| Laskein|| Laskein||90,402
| [[File:Jaintia Hills Subdivisions Laskein.png|108x108px|center]]
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|[[Thadlaskein Lake|Thadlaskein]]||Mukhla Sohshrieh||1,37,939
| [[File:Jaintia Hills Subdivisions Thadlaskein.png|108x108px|center]]
|}

==Transport==
Since it is a land locked region and lacks railways and an airport, the only means of transportation is roadways. The main highway which runs through the district is [[National Highway 6 (India)|NH 6]].

==Demographics==
The district has a total population of 272,185, of which 134,406 are males and 135,946 are females. The density of population is 159.69 per km2. Scheduled Tribes are 257,941 which is 94.76% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011|title=District Census Meghalaya - Jaintia Hills|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/17/1707_PART_A_DCHB_JAINTIA%20HILLS.pdf|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
{{Bar box
|float=left
|title=Religion in West Jaintia Hills (2011)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Meghalaya|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW17C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1='''Religions'''
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Meghalaya|Christians]]|dodgerblue|67.12}}
{{bar percent|Others*|chartreuse|28.40}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Meghalaya|Hindus]]|orange|3.50}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.98}}
|caption=*Animists and [[Tribal religions in India|ethnic religions]]
}}

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of West Jaintia Hills district (2011)
|label1 = [[Pnar language|Pnar]] |value1 = 78.17 |color1 = teal
|label2 = [[War language|War]] |value2 = 12.55 |color2 =deepskyblue
|label3 = [[Khasi language|Khasi]] |value3 = 6.64 |color3 = darkblue
|label4 = Others |value4 = 2.64 |color4 = gray
}}
At the time of the 2011 census, 78.17% of the population spoke [[Pnar language|Pnar]], 12.55% [[War language|War]] and 6.64% [[Khasi language|Khasi]] as their first language.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html 2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue]</ref>

The common dialect in West Jaintia hills is Pnar, closely related to Khasi. Other dialects include Khynriam in the western part of district and War in the southern part of the district.

==Culture==
===Places of interest===
The places of interest in Jaintia hills include the below:
*[[Nartiang Durga Temple]] is a 600-year-old temple located in the West Jaintia Hills district of Meghalaya in northeastern India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Talukdar|first=Prasanta|date=2020-09-12|title=History lessons from Nartiang|url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2020/09/13/history-lessons-from-nartiang/|access-date=2022-01-18|website=The Shillong Times|language=en-US}}</ref> It is one of the 51 Shakta pithas and is one of the holiest sites for devotees of the Shaktism sect of Hinduism.
*'''Monoliths in Nartiang''' - The garden of monoliths features a collection of large monoliths that were erected as monuments for the old Jaintia kings.
*[[File:Nartiang Monoliths in Meghalaya are tallest in the world.jpg|thumb|Nartiang Monoliths.]]'''Megalithic Remnants - Nartiang''': Nartiang was the summer capital of the Jaintia Kings, of Sutnga State. Huge monoliths, form a landmark in the village. The Nartiang menhir measures 27 feet 6 inches in thickness.
*'''[[Thadlaskein Lake]]''': According to legend, this lake was dug with the ends of bows by members of 290 clans of U Sajar Niangli, a rebel general of Jaintia king, to commemorate the great exodus of the clans.
*'''Tyrshi Falls''': located at about 8 km from the Jowai.
* '''Ialong Park''': An ecological park with a view of the Pynthor Wah valley and the [[Myntdu_River|Myntdu river]].
* '''Jowai Presbyterian Church'''
*'''Syntu Ksiar''': Syntu Ksiar, which means 'golden flower' is a vast pool of calm water, where the river Myntdu which almost encircles Jowai, appears to come to a sudden halt. A valley well irrigated by the Myntdu River. Also called "Madan Madiah" or "Uncle's Ground," it is situated in the valley and has historical importance as the site of the freedom struggle's rise. Today, the ground has a monument of U Kiang Nangbah, a fighter of the Khasi people.
*'''Phe Phe Falls''': a two-tiered, secluded waterfall in the lush hills, renowned for its refreshing, clear blue plunge pool at the base where visitors can swim after a moderate trek through the scenic trail
* '''Thlu Amwi Falls'''
*'''Krangshuri Falls''': A tourist spot in Amlarem Sub-Division (War-Jaintia)
*'''Syndai''': An important village of West Jaintia Hills which is famous for a number of caves and caverns in the limestone-borne area, used as hide-outs during war times between Jaintia Hills and foreign intruders.
*'''Kudengrim''': known for wilderness, waterfalls, living root bridge, nature trails and more
*[[Dawki|Dawki - Shnongpdeng]]: border town known for nature, swimming, fishing and camping

==Education==
Although West Jaintia Hills is not known as an education hub, good{{Clarify|reason=subjective word - prestigious/large/advanced could be used|date=January 2025}} schools and colleges do exist in Jowai, Khliehriat and [[Nongtalang]]. Prominent Colleges in West Jaintia hills includes [[Jowai Polytechnic]] which is an AICTE recognised college, the [[Northeast Adventist University|North East Adventist University]] (previously known as Assam Training School) and the only Nursing School in the district is Dr. Norman Tunnel Hospital School Of Nursing. There are other colleges too namely [[Thomas Jones Synod College]], [[Nongtalang College]] and [[Kiang Nangbah Government College|Kiang Nangbah Govt. College]] [[Jowai]] which offers degree courses in arts and science. Jowai has good schools too for Secondary and Higher Secondary level, some of the well known schools in Jowai are [[K.J.P Synod Mihngi Higher Secondary School]], [[St Mary Mazzarello Girls Higher Secondary School]], [[North Liberty Higher Secondary School]] etc.

==See also==
* [[Hills States]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://westjaintiahills.gov.in/ Official website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = West Jaintia Hills
|North = [[Karbi Anglong district]], [[Assam]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[East Jaintia Hills district]]
|Southeast = [[Cachar district]], [[Assam]]
|South = ''[[Bangladesh]]''
|Southwest =
|West = [[East Khasi Hills]]
|Northwest = [[Ri-Bhoi]]
}}

{{Meghalaya}}

{{coord|25|27|N|92|12|E|type:adm3rd_source:itwiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:West Jaintia Hills District}}
[[Category:West Jaintia Hills district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Autonomous administrative divisions of India]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Meghalaya]]

Bhalaike

2025-12-12T23:44:43Z

SaifurRahaman: created a info first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhalaike
| other_name = Bhalai
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 15
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.857242|N|75.303950|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mansa district, Punjab|Mansa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Sardulgarh tehsil|Sardulgarh]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1457<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhalaike Village Population - Sardulgarh - Mansa, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35933-bhalaike-punjab.html |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi (Gurmukhi)]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 151506
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = PB51
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bhalaike''', sometimes spelled '''Bhalai''', is a village in the [[Sardulgarh]] [[tehsil]] of [[Mansa district, Punjab|Mansa district]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village & Panchayats {{!}} District Mansa, Government of Punjab {{!}} India |url=https://mansa.nic.in/village-panchayats/ |access-date=2022-09-12 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=mapsofindia |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/punjab/mansa/sardulgarh/bhalaike.html}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mansa district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mansa district, India]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Rashid Pur Altabari

2025-11-28T22:44:46Z

SaifurRahaman: adding new pg needs work!

{{Short description|Village in Kishanganj, Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rashid Pur Altabari
| official_name =
| coordinates = {{coord|26|14|11.1732|N|87|54|12.6252|E|display=inline,title}}
| demographics1_info1 = [[Surjapuri]], [[Urdu]]
| demographics1_title1 = Local
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| postal_code_type = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| settlement_type = Village
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2 = Purnia
| subdivision_name3 = Kishanganj
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| website = {{URL|kishanganj.nic.in}}
}}

'''Rashid Pur Altabari''' is a village in [[Bahadurganj, Kishanganj|Bahadurganj]], [[Kishanganj district]], [[Bihar]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Jama+Masjid+Rashid+Pur+Altabari/@26.2359101,87.9026142,17z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x39e50d9832400515:0x7ba0a0b8c7f0298a!8m2!3d26.2361895!4d87.9033655|title=Jama Masjid Rashid Pur Altabari|website=Jama Masjid Rashid Pur Altabari|language=en|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/95992390/|title=Md. Gufran &Ors. vs The State Of Bihar on 29 July, 2015|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/95992390/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701063158/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/95992390/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-07-01|title=Md. Gufran &Ors. vs The State Of Bihar on 29 July, 2015|date=2019-07-01|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref>

== Location ==
Rashid Pur Altabari is located on the Janta-Lohagara (T02) road. The village is about 20 km far from the district headquarter in north-west direction. The nearest city is Bahadurganj which is almost 13 km far. Bahadurganj is also block headquarter of the village. The village comes under Altabari panchayat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bgsys.co.in/|title=Altabari panchayat list|last=|first=|date=|website=bgsys.co.in|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref>

== Notable residents ==
* Md Anwar Alam, director Darul Uloom Bahadurganj<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://darululoombahadurganj.in/about.php|title=Darul Uloom Bahadurganj|website=darululoombahadurganj.in|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[File:Jama_masjid_rashid_pur_altabari_during_winter_season.png|thumb|281x281px|Jama Masjid an important landmark in Rashid Pur Altabari]]

[[Category:Villages in Kishanganj district]]

Hind Samachar

2025-11-07T10:57:46Z

SaifurRahaman: adjust references also and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|India daily Urdu newspaper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Hind Samachar
| image = Hind Samachar, Jalandhar (October 4, 2013).jpg
| type = Daily [[newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| founded = 1948
| owners =
| director =
| language = [[Urdu]]
| political_position = [[Liberalism|Liberal]]
| headquarters = [[Jalandhar]], India
| sister_newspapers = {{hlist|''[[Punjab Kesari]]''|''[[Navodaya Times]]''|''[[Jagbani]]''}}
| website = {{URL|http://epaper.hindsamachar.in/}}
}}

'''''Hind Samachar''''' ({{langx|ur|ہند سماچار|lit=India News|translit=Hind Samācār}}) is a daily [[Urdu]]<ref>{{Official website|http://www.hindsamachar.in/}}</ref> newspaper that is circulated in [[Mumbai]], India. It was one of the three newspapers started by the [[Punjab Kesari]] Group back in 1948. These three newspapers have a combined circulation of 975,000 copies on weekdays and 1.05 million copies on weekends. The head office is located in Civil Lines in Mumbai, and the newspaper is printed from [[Jalandhar]], [[Ambala]], and [[Jammu]].<ref>[http://www.allaboutnewspapers.com/oct08/story7.htm "Punjab Kesari group surging ahead with ideologically and technologically sophisticated vision"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126085232/http://www.allaboutnewspapers.com/oct08/story7.htm |date=26 January 2018 }} All about Newspaper, Vol # 3, No # 4, October - December 2008.</ref>

==History==
At the height of [[Punjab insurgency]] in the 1980s, founder [[Lala Jagat Narain|Jagat Narain]], who opposed terrorism was killed by terrorists in 1981, his son Ramesh Chander, an editor of the paper formed a 'Shaheed Parivar Fund' (Martyr Family Fund) for victims of terrorism in 1983, though a year later he himself was killed by terrorists. In all the newspaper lost 62 newspaper agents, hawkers, sub-editors and senior-sub editors to terrorists. Even today, the 'Shaheed Parivar Fund' continues to disburse funds to terrorist victims across India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rs 19.5 Lakh Distributed Among Terror-Hit Families |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=677423 |publisher=Outlook |date=21 March 2010 |access-date=9 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006233818/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=677423 |archive-date=6 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Plea to wipe out terror |url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051128/punjab1.htm|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=28 November 2005 }}</ref>

In August 2009, [[Vijay Kumar Chopra]], Editor-in- Chief of the Hind Samachar group, was elected by the Chairman of the [[Press Trust of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=V K Chopra of Hind Samachar elected as PTI Chairman |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article10410.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 August 2009 }}</ref>

== Prominent columnists ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2021}}
{|
|-
| [[Khushwant Singh]] || [[Shekhar Gurera]] ''(Cartoonist)''
|-
| [[Kuldip Nayar]] || Poonam I Kaushik
|-
| [[Shanta Kumar]] || [[Vineet Narain]]
|-
| Virendra Kapur || B G Verghese
|-
| [[Balbir Punj]] || [[Mahmood Shaam]]
|-
| [[Karan Thapar]] || Kalyani Shankar
|-
| Manmohan Sharma || Neera Chopra
|-
| [[Menaka Gandhi]] || Chandermohan
|-
| Chander Trikha || Nerja Chaudhry
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.hindsamachar.in/# Official website]

[[Category:Urdu-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1948]]
[[Category:Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Mass media in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]

Anavil

2025-10-28T15:03:30Z

SaifurRahaman: created some article w/ sources

{{Short description|Brahmin Community}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{infobox caste
| caste_name = Anavil Brahmin
| image =
| caption =
| veda =
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| languages = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| country = India
| state =
| populated_states = [[Gujarat]]
| region = [[West India]]
| ethnicity = [[South Asian ethnic groups|Indian]]
| India_migration =
| population =
| family_names =
| feudal_title =
| heraldic_title =
| lineage =
| color =
| throne =
| victory weapon =
| endogamous =
| notable_members =
| subdivisions =
| related =
| historical_grouping =
| disputed_grouping =
| status =
| education_reservation =
| employment_reservation =
| other_reservation =
| original_kingdom =
| other_kingdom =
| official_website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Anavil Brahmins''' are a community who despite not being numerically superior, are particularly dominant in the [[Surat district|Surat]] and [[Bulsar district]]s of south [[Gujarat]], India, where they have been significant land-owners and have an influential role in politics.<ref name="goody">{{cite book |title=The Oriental, the Ancient and the Primitive: Systems of Marriage and the Family in the Pre-Industrial Societies of Eurasia |first=Jack |last=Goody |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-52136-761-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdgos7fWazIC&pg=PA187 |page=187}}</ref><ref name="Streefkerk">{{cite book |title=Industrial Transition in Rural India: Artisans, Traders, and Tribals in South Gujarat |first=Hein |last=Streefkerk |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-86132-067-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_L3edKpCmm4C&pg=PA131 |page=131}}</ref>

The Anavils claim themselves to be [[Kanyakubja Brahmins|Kānyakubja Brahmins]] who migrated from [[Kannauj]] to Gujarat in the early medieval period<ref>{{Cite book |first=André |last=Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC |title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th-13th centuries|date=1990 |publisher=E.J. Brill|isbn=90-04-09249-8 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |url=https://archive.org/details/ageofimperialkan04bhar/page/n18/mode/1up?q=AnavilOFAxUSTmwGHUjBAssQ6AF6BAgFEAM#anavil |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial Kanauj |date=1951 |publisher=G. Allen & Unwin. |page=15}}</ref> and were never involved in priestly functions.
According to Shah, most other Brahmins in the region do not consider the Anavils to be Brahmins because they are neither priests nor connected to Sanskritic learning.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shah|first=A.M.|date=1982|title=Division and hierarchy: an overview of caste in Gujarat|journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology|volume=16|pages=9}}</ref> They comprise two sub-groups, called the Desai and the Bhathela, though both use the surname Desai.<ref name="Streefkerk 2">{{cite book |title=Industrial Transition in Rural India: Artisans, Traders, and Tribals in South Gujarat |first=Hein |last=Streefkerk |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-86132-067-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_L3edKpCmm4C&pg=PA184 |page=184}}</ref> The former acted as [[tax farmer]]s during the era of the [[Mughal Empire]], and developed into one of the dominant land-owning groups in [[South Gujarat]].<ref name="Streefkerk" /> They eventually underwent a process of [[Sanskritisation]] that saw them conform more closely to the classical Brahmin practices, such as [[dowry]] marriage, while the Bhathela continued to follow the [[brideprice]] system for marriage.<ref name="goody" /> The Desai are fewer in number but superior in traditional status. Among the Desais, the Pedivalas were the highest, and were respected as the local representatives for the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Breman |first=Jan |title=Patronage and Exploitation: Changing Agrarian Relations in South Gujarat, India |publisher=University of California Press |year=1974 |pages=46}}</ref>

They did not practice female infanticide.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Shah|first1=A. M.|title=Social Structure and Change: Women in Indian society|last2=Baviskar|first2=Baburao Shravan|last3=Ramaswamy|first3=E. A.|last4=Srinivas|first4=Mysore Narasimhachar|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=1996|pages=197}}</ref>

Srinivas and van deer Veen state that the Pedivala Desais paid dowry to their bridegroom's family, even though the bridegroom's family was considered inferior in status to the Pedivalas. According to the mindset of the Pedivalas, the dowry was considered to be ''[[dakshina]]'' accompanying the bride in the ''[[Kanyadana|kanyadan]]'' rite.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srinivas |first=M. N. |title=Some Reflections on Dowry |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1984 |pages=12}}</ref>

The Anavils are associated with the expansion of agriculture in south Gujarat. As Mughal authority in the region weakened, the Anavils were able to expand their territory and control. Since the Mughal Empire wanted to expand the area of land under cultivation, they confirmed the Anavils' aristocratic statuses and employed them in local administration. The Anavils' power was further solidified during [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] rule of the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Binay Bhushan |title=Peasant History of Late Pre-Colonial and Colonial India |publisher=Center for Studies in Civilizations |year=2008 |pages=689 |chapter="Bonded Labour" as a Form of Labour Utilization in Agriculture and an Aspect of the Wider Question of Control over Land and Credit}}</ref>

Formerly the Anavils accepted brides from Patidar families.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tambs-Lyche |first=Harald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOsrDwAAQBAJ&dq=anavil+patidar&pg=PA1929 |title=Transaction and Hierarchy: Elements for the Theory of Caste |publisher=Routledge |year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-39396-6 }}</ref>

== Notable people ==

* [[Bhulabhai Desai]] (1877-1946), Indian independence activist and acclaimed lawyer<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mehta |first=Shirin M. |date=1978 |title=The Bardoli Satyagraha of 1928: A Note on Organizations |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=602}}</ref>
* [[Morarji Desai]] (1896-1995),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Martel |first1=Gordon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgKxCwAAQBAJ |title=Studies in British Imperial History: Essays in Honour of A.P. Thornton |last2=Lavender |first2=Wayne |date=16 June 1986 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1349182442 |page=204}}</ref> independence activist and Prime Minister of India

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |author=Jan Breman |title=The Poverty Regime in Village India: Half a Century of Work and Life at the Bottom of the Rural Economy in South Gujarat |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 }}
*{{cite book |author=Klaas W. van der Veen |title=I Give Thee My Daughter: A Study of Marriage and Hierarchy Among the Anavil Brahmans of South Gujarat |publisher=Van Gorcum |year=1972 }}

{{Social groups of Gujarat}}

[[Category:Brahmin communities of Gujarat]]

National Highway 35 (India, old numbering)

2025-10-17T06:13:44Z

SaifurRahaman: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 112 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Dharma talk

2025-09-05T01:39:28Z

SaifurRahaman: reworked formatting for clarity and updated info for accuracy

{{Short description|Public discourse on Buddhism by a Buddhist teacher}}
[[Image:Stephen Batchelor.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Stephen Batchelor (agnostic)|Stephen Batchelor]] giving a Dharma talk at [[Upaya Zen Center]] in [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]]]]
A '''Dharma talk''' (Sanskrit) or '''Dhamma talk''' (Pali) or '''Dharma sermon''' (Japanese: {{Nihongo|2=法語|3=Hōgo}}, Chinese: {{Lang|zh|法語}}) is a public discourse on [[Buddhism]] by a Buddhist teacher.<ref>{{cite book | last = Sawada | first = Janine Anderson | title = Confucian Values and Popular Zen: Sekimon Shingaku in Eighteenth-Century Japan | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | date =1993 | page=20 | isbn = 0-8248-1414-2 | oclc = 45733077 }}</ref>

In [[Theravāda Buddhism]], [[Pariyatti|the study of Buddhist texts]] and listening to Dhamma talks by monks or teachers are common and important practices.

In some [[Zen]] traditions a Dharma talk may be referred to as a [[Buddhist terms and concepts#T|t]]eisho ({{Lang|ja|提唱}}).<ref>{{cite book | last =Farrer-Halls | first =Gill | title =The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Buddhist Wisdom | publisher =Quest Books | date =2000 | url =https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000farr/page/151 | page =[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000farr/page/151 151] | isbn =0-8356-0786-0 }}</ref> However, according to [[Taizan Maezumi]] and [[Bernard Glassman]],<ref>{{cite book | last = Maezumi | first = Taizan |author2=Bernard Glassman | title = The Hazy Moon of Enlightenment | publisher=Wisdom Publications | date = 2007 | series=On Zen Practice | page=Glossary | isbn = 978-0-86171-314-1 | oclc = 73742251 }}</ref> a teisho is "a formal commentary by a Zen master on a koan or Zen text. In its strictest sense, teisho is non-dualistic and is thus distinguished from a Dharma talk, which is a lecture on a Buddhist topic."<ref>{{cite book | last = Maezumi | first = Taizan |author2=Bernard Glassman | title = The Hazy Moon of Enlightenment | publisher=Wisdom Publications | date = 2007 | series=On Zen Practice | page=163 | isbn = 978-0-86171-314-1 | oclc = 73742251 }}</ref> In this sense, a teisho is thus a ''formal'' Dharma talk.<ref>{{cite book | last = O'Halloran | first =Maura | title = Pure Heart, Enlightened Mind: The Life and Letters of an Irish Zen Saint | publisher = Wisdom Publications | date = 2007 | page=80 | isbn = 978-0-86171-283-0 | oclc =83977483 }}</ref> [[Vietnam]]ese master [[Thích Nhất Hạnh]] says the following about Dharma talks:<ref>{{cite book |last=Thích |first=Nhất Hạnh |title=Opening the Heart of the Cosmos: Insights on the Lotus Sutra |date=2003 |publisher=Parallax Press |isbn=1-888375-33-7 |page=43 |oclc=52980455}}</ref>

{{blockquote|A Dharma talk must always be appropriate in two ways: it must accord perfectly with the spirit of the Dharma and it must also respond perfectly to the situation in which it is given. If it only corresponds perfectly with the teachings but does not meet the needs of the listeners, it's not a good Dharma talk; it's not appropriate.}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.audiodharma.org/ Examples of recorded dharma talks in English at audiodharma.org]
*[https://dharmaseed.org/ Examples of recorded dharma talks in English at dharmaseed.org]
*[https://tricycle.org/dharmatalks/ ''Tricycle: The Buddhist Review''<nowiki/>'s online video dharma talks]
*[https://www.shenlun.org/dharma-talk/ Dharma Talk Free Distribution Magazine (Indonesia Language)]
*[http://www.buddhanet.net/audio-talks.htm Buddhanet dharma talks]
*[https://tnhaudio.org/ Thich Nhat Hanh dharma talks]
*[http://dhammatalks.net Dhamma talks in multiple languages]

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Zen]]
[[Category:Buddhist sermons]]

{{buddhism-stub}}
{{zen-stub}}

Ayanavaram Kariyamanikka Perumal Temple

2025-07-27T19:48:52Z

SaifurRahaman: created the place needs work...

{{Notability|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Ayanavaram Kariyamanikka Perumal Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Kariyamanikka Perumal temple, Ayanavaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|13.097330|N|80.225870|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Chennai district]]
| location = [[Ayanavaram]]
| elevation_m = 59
| deity = Kariyamanikka Perumal
| architecture =
| website =
}}

'''Kariyamanikka Perumal Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Ayanavaram]] neighborhood in [[Chennai]] district of [[Tamil Nadu]] State in the peninsular [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kariyamanika Perumal Temple – Hindu Temple Timings, History, Location, Deity, shlokas |url=https://www.ishtadevata.com/temple/kariyamanika-perumal-temple-ayanavaram-chennai/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-22 |title=கோவில் சொத்துகளில் முறைகேடு: ஐகோர்ட் உத்தரவு |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/detail.php?id=2004910 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630032056/https://m.dinamalar.com/detail.php?id=2004910 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Dinamalar |language=ta}}</ref>

Kariyamanikka Perumal Temple is situated at an altitude of 59 m above the mean sea level with the geographical coordinates of {{coord|13.097330|N|80.225870|E}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GeoHack - Ayanavaram Kariyamanikka Perumal Temple |url=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ayanavaram_Kariyamanikka_Perumal_Temple&params=13.097330_N_80.225870_E_type:landmark |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=geohack.toolforge.org}}</ref>

Kariyamanikka Perumal temple is under the control of the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]], Government of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arulmigu Kariya Manikka Perumal Temple, Ayanavaram, Chennai - 600023, Chennai District [TM000741]. |url=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=741 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=hrce.tn.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Perumal temples in Chennai district]]
{{TamilNadu-hindu-temple-stub}}

R K Hegde

2025-06-29T17:04:50Z

SaifurRahaman: brief update content after review further for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}

'''Dr Ramachandra Kuppayya Hegde''' (9 July 1931 in [[Uttara Kannada]] – 20 July 1991) was an Indian academic and the second Vice Chancellor of [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Vice-Chancellors, UAS Dharwad – University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad |url=https://uasd.edu/previous-chancellor/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Education ==
Hegde completed his early education in Kekkar school, where he topped the [[Bombay]] state matriculation exam. In college he completed his B.Sc. degree in agriculture and M.Sc. in plant pathology. He went in 1961 to [[Ohio State University]] for an M.S. in plant pathology. He joined the [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] in [[New Delhi]] and obtained a Ph.D. with a gold medal under the able guidance of R. L. Munjal. He conclusively proved the serodiagonistic test which could be used in identification of physiologic races of Colletotrichum lindemuthainum.

== Career ==
Hegde worked as an agricultural demonstrator and [[lecturer]] from 1956 to 1960. He served as assistant mycologist at the Department of Horticulture at Research Station Chettalli from 1962 to 1967. After that he joined the University of Agricultural sciences as assistant professor of plant pathology at the College of Agriculture Dharwad, where he was later promoted to associate professor of plant pathology. In 1969 he became a professor of plant pathology.

He served in various committees. Member of ICAR Committee constituted to survey the beetle vine diseases. He served as member of selection and screening committees of Agricultural Scientists recruitment board. Hegde represented [[India]] in international symposia and visited the [[United States]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Australia]] as a visiting professor. He guided 10 PhD students and over 30 M.Sc. students in [[plant pathology]].

Hegde served as head of the Department of Plant Pathology of University of Agricultural sciences from 1978 onwards and as head, Division of Plan and Soils of UAS [[Bangalore]]. He was promoted to director of instruction at the College of Agriculture Dharwad from 1982 to 1987 and director of postgraduate studies in 1987. He them became the vice chancellor of University of Agricultural Sciences from November 1989 till his death on 20 July 1991.

== Legacy ==
Hegde worked in diverse fields of [[Plant Pathology]]. He published over 200 scientific papers on [[physiology]], [[epidemiology]] and integral management of fungal eases of plants which were published in [[India]]n and international journals of repute.

An annual RK Hegde memorial lecture is organised at the college.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-05 |title=Hegde memorial lecture today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/111499985.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2025-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

{{botanist|Hegde}}

==References==
<references/>

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hegde, Ramachandra Kuppayya}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Ohio State University College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:People from Uttara Kannada]]

Nizamabad North mandal

2025-06-21T19:56:04Z

SaifurRahaman: cleanup structure per standard format further and improved wording for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nizamabad North
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline = Nizamabad Mandals.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Mandals of Nizamabad District
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.672|N|78.094|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Population 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=606536|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=17 June 2015}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 503 001,002,003,186,230
| registration_plate = '''TS 16'''
| website = {{URL|http://nizamabad.telangana.gov.in/mandals-villages/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nizamabad North''' is an administrative district located in the [[revenue division]]<ref name="telangana">{{cite web|url=http://nizamabad.telangana.gov.in/district-profile/|title=District Profile – The Official Website of Nizamabad District |website=nizamabad.telangana.gov.in|accessdate=6 December 2018}}</ref> and city of [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]] under [[Nizamabad Urban (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nizamabad Urban Constituency]]. It is one of the 27 [[Tehsil|mandals]] within [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad District]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Telangana]].<ref name="telangana2">{{cite web|url=http://nizamabad.telangana.gov.in/mandals-villages/|title=Mandals & Villages – The Official Website of Nizamabad District |website=nizamabad.telangana.gov.in| accessdate=6 December 2018}}</ref>

On 11 October 2016, the government of Telangana reorganized the districts and mandals of the state. During reorganisation, the erstwhile [[Nizamabad mandal]] was divided into four mandals namely ''Nizamabad North'', ''[[Nizamabad South Mandal|Nizamabad South]]'', ''[[Nizamabad (Rural) (Assembly constituency)|Nizamabad Rural]]'' and ''Mugpal''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/Telangana-gets-21-new-districts/article15479100.ece|title=Telangana gets 21 new districts|work=The Hindu|access-date=27 May 2017|language=en}}</ref>

== Administration ==
Governed by [[Nizamabad Municipal Corporation]], the Nizamabad North mandal along with Nizamabad South and Nizamabad Rural represent the [[Nizamabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lok Sabha constituency of Nizamabad]] in the state of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf
|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=18 June 2015|page=9}}</ref>

== Municipal Wards ==
Out of the 60 [[municipal ward]]s in the city 25 wards are administered under Nizamabad North, the rest of the wards are in Nizamabad South.<ref>http://www.apsec.gov.in/.../Telangana%20Elected%20Corporators%20List,%202014.pdf{{Dead link | date=June 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

The ward numbers under Nizamabad North : 1 to 10, 27, 37 to 50.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Cities and towns in Nizamabad district}}

[[Category:Nizamabad, Telangana]]
[[Category:Mandals in Nizamabad district]]

Governor of Rajasthan

2025-06-13T06:49:40Z

SaifurRahaman: New Initial Article & Citations.

#REDIRECT [[List of governors of Rajasthan]]

Central Plantation Crops Research Institute

2025-05-20T07:18:19Z

SaifurRahaman: New...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

{{Infobox College
| name = Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod
| image = CPCRI_Main_Building.jpg
| motto =
| established = 1974
| type = [[Public University|Public]]
| academic_affiliation = [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.5|N|74.9|E|type:edu|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{url|cpcri.gov.in}}
| city =
| pushpin_map = Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption =
}}

CPCRI New website url. [https://cpcri.gov.in/page https://cpcri.gov.in]

The '''Central Plantation Crops Research Institute''' ('''CPCRI''') https://cpcri.gov.in/page is a [[Central government|central]] [[research institute]] for [[plantation]] [[Cash crop|crops]], headquartered in [[Kasargod]], [[Kerala]] in India. It was established in 1970<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, CPCRI |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/cpcri-kudlu-kasaragod/168/}}</ref> as one of the [[agricultural research]] institutes in the National Agricultural Research System (NARS) under the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR), [[Government of India]]. The Institute has the mandate to undertake research on coconut, [[areca nut]], [[Borassus|palmyra]], and [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]].

==History==
[[File:CPCRI Kasaragod, Kerala, India.jpg|thumb|CPCRI Kasaragod]]
The institute was established in 1916 as Coconut Research Station at [[Kasargod]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI) |url=https://kasargod.nic.in/en/central-plantation-crops-research-institute-cpcri/}}</ref> and was later taken over by the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR). Central Plantation Crops Research Institute was established by ICAR in 1970 by merging Central Coconut Research Station at Kasaragod and [[Kayamkulam]], along with Central Arecanut Research Station, [[Vittal (town)|Vittal]] and its five substations at [[Palode]] ([[Kerala]]), [[Kannara, Thrissur|Kannara]] (Kerala), [[Hirehalli]] ([[Karnataka]]), [[Mohitnagar]] ([[West Bengal]]) and [[Kahikuchi]] ([[Assam]]).

All India Co-ordinated Coconut and Arecanut Improvement Project (AICCAIP) started functioning from 1972 at CPCRI, Kasaragod and later renamed as All India Coordinated Research Project on Palms (AICRP) in 1986. The AICRP has 14 centres on coconut, four on oil palm and one on palmyra.

==Research==
Initially mandated to conduct research on coconut, [[areca nut]], cocoa, cashew, [[oil palm]], and spices, the institute later separated research on cashew, oil palm, and spices to establish independent institutes. In 2023, the CPCRI expanded its mandate to include [[palmyra palm]].

The institute's research programs are structured into five divisions:
*Crop Improvement
*Crop Production
*Crop Protection
*Physiology
*Biochemistry
*Post Harvest Technology
*Social Sciences.

Additionally, it oversees the International Coconut Gene Bank for South Asia situated at [[Kidu, Karnataka|Kidu]] in [[Karnataka]]. Serving as the headquarters of the All India Co-ordinated Research Project (AICRP) on palms, it manages 28 centers spread across 14 states and one union territory, encompassing 13 SAUs/SHUs, one CAU, and four ICAR institutes.

There are two regional stations at [[Kayamkulam]] (Kerala) and [[Vittal (town)|Vittal]] (Karnataka). There are four research centres at [[Mohitnagar]] (West Bengal), Kahikuchi (Assam), and [[Kidu, Karnataka|Kidu]] (Karnataka). Besides, there are two [[Krishi Vigyan Kendra]] (KVKs) in Kasaragod and Kayamkulum.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://cpcri.icar.gov.in}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Education in Kasaragod]]
[[Category:1916 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Kerala]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Kerala]]

Manvini Bhavai (film)

2025-02-25T19:21:09Z

SaifurRahaman: minor improved formatting for clarity also and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manvini Bhavai
| image = Manvini Bhavai Film Official Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Upendra Trivedi]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
*Aashish Trivedi
*Upendra Trivedi
}}
| story =
| based_on = {{Based on|[[Manvini Bhavai]]|[[Pannalal Patel]]}}
| screenplay =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Upendra Trivedi]]
*[[Anuradha Patel]]
*Arvind Pandya
*Chandrakant Pandya
*Kalpana Divan
}}
| music = Gaurang Vyas
| cinematography =
| editing = I. N. Kunu
| studio =
| runtime = 151 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|1993}}
| distributor =
| budget =
}}
'''''Manvini Bhavai''''' is a 1993 [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] film directed [[Upendra Trivedi]], starring Upendra Trivedi and [[Anuradha Patel]] in lead role. The film was produced by Upendra Trivedi and Aashish Trivedi. Based on an [[Manvini Bhavai|eponymous novel]] written by Indian writer [[Pannalal Patel]], the film tells a love story of Kalu (Trivedi) and Raju (Patel), with a backdrop of rural setting of [[north Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite book |title=41st National Film Festival |year=1994 |url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/76_41stNfacatalogue.pdf |page=189}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Bibekananda Ray|author2=Naveen Joshi|title=Conscience of the Race: India's Offbeat Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IedkAAAAMAAJ&q=manvini+bhavai|year=2005|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|language=en|isbn=978-81-230-1298-8|page=141}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Upendra Trivedi]]
*[[Anuradha Patel]]
*Chandrakant Pandya
*Kalpana Divan

==Plot==
The film narrates the story of farmer and his struggle to survive during the [[Indian famine of 1899–1900]]. With a backdrop of famine, it depicts a love story between Kalu (Trivedi) and Raju (Patel).

==Accolades==
The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Gujarati]] at the [[41st National Film Awards]]. Producers Aashish Trivedi and Upendra Trivedi were awarded the Rajat Kamal and a cash prize of {{INR|20000}}, while director Upendra Trivedi was awarded the Rajat Kamal and a cash prize of {{INR|20000}}. The award was given for depicting the drought-torn lives of villagers through the eyes of the protagonist.<ref>{{cite book |title=41st National Film Festival |year=1994 |url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/76_41stNfacatalogue.pdf |page=74}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati films]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt4127096}}

[[Category:Indian historical films]]
[[Category:1990s Gujarati-language films]]

Alexander Kinloch Forbes

2024-09-19T17:53:42Z

SaifurRahaman: created basic pg w/ sources...

{{Short description|Colonial administrator in British India}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Alexander Kinloch Forbes
| image =Alexander Kinloch Forbes.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Portrait and signature of Alexander Kinloch Forbes
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date ={{Birth date|1821|7|7}}
| birth_place = [[London]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1865|8|31|1821|7|7}}
| death_place = Poona (now [[Pune]]), British India
| occupation = Writer, judge
| language = English, [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = British
| education =
| alma_mater = [[East India Company College|Haileybury]]
| period =
| genres =
| movement =
| notableworks = [[Ras Mala|Râs Mâlâ]]
| spouse = Margaret Moir Forbes-Mitchell
| partner =
| children = Six
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active =
}}
'''Alexander Kinloch Forbes''' (7 July 1821 – 31 August 1865) was a colonial administrator in [[British India]].

==Early life==
Forbes was born in [[London]] on 7 July 1821 to John Forbes-Mitchell (1786-1822) of Thainston and Ann Powell (m. 1809 d. 1861). He was the youngest among six siblings.<ref name="Ranieval2013"/> He was christened on 9 August 1821 at St. Mary, St. Marylebone, London.<ref>"England Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," database, FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NYRF-CTY : 30 December 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721212316/https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NYRF-CTY |date=21 July 2017 }}, Alexander Kinlock Forbes Mitchell, Alexander Kinlock Forbes Mitchell; citing, reference; FHL microfilm 580,910, 580,911, 580,912.</ref> He was educated at a school in [[Finchley]]. He articled to [[George Basevi]], an architect, for eight months but later joined a college [[East India Company College|Haileybury]] as he was appointed to Bombay Civil Service by [[Sir Charles Forbes, 1st Baronet|Sir Charles Forbes]] in 1840. He left it in 1842 and arrived in [[Bombay]], India in November 1843.<ref name="Shastriv2015">{{cite web | last=Shastri | first=Paul John & Parth | title=Forbes, Gujarati's renaissance man | website=The Times of India | date=31 August 2015 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Forbes-Gujaratis-renaissance-man/articleshow/48737160.cms | access-date=1 September 2015 | archive-date=3 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903041554/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Forbes-Gujaratis-renaissance-man/articleshow/48737160.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ForbesNairne1878">{{cite book|last1=Forbes|last2=Nairne|title=Râs Mâlâ: Hindoo Annals of the Province of Goozerat, in Western India|url=https://archive.org/details/rsmlhindooannal00forbgoog|year=1878|publisher=Richardson|pages=xv–xvi}}</ref>

==Administrative career==
[[File:Alexander Kinloch Forbes Handwriting.png|thumb|Handwriting of Forbes]]
Forbes was appointed in 1842 to the [[Indian Civil Service|Civil Service]] of the [[East India Company]], later moved to [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] in 1843.<ref name="Chotai2016">{{cite thesis|last=Chotai|first=Dhara Kantibhai|title=Literary Historiography in Gujarati in The 19th century Issues in Ideology, Identity and Representation|chapter=Chapter 3|type=PhD|publisher=[[Central University of Gujarat]]|location=Gandhinagar|date=2016|chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/192581|pages=113–140|hdl=10603/192581|access-date=2020-05-08|archive-date=2021-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022075714/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/192581|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Jhaveri19562">{{cite book|last=Jhaveri|first=Krishnalal Mohanlal|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.143057/2015.143057.Further-Milestones-In-Gujarati-Literature#page/n23/mode/2up|title=Further milestones in Gujarāti literature|publisher=N. M. Tripathi & Co.|year=1924|location=Bombay|pages=14–15}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> He spent his initial two and half years as Assistant Collector of [[Ahmednagar]] and [[Khandesh]]. Later he was appointed as Assistant Judge in [[Ahmedabad]] in November 1846 where he noted the absence of literary society.<ref name="Shastriv2015"/> He served in different departments in Gujarat such as First Assistant Collector of Ahmedabad and Political Agent to [[Mahi Kantha Agency|Mahi Kantha]] until he went home in March 1854. During this period he collected material which was later published as ''[[Ras Mala]]'' in 1856.

He went back to England in 1854 and returned at the end of 1856. He was appointed as Assistant Judge at [[Surat]] and later, in 1858, appointed to the same post at [[Khandesh]]. He returned to Gujarat and applied for the vacant [[Kathiawar Agency|Political Agency of Kathiawar]]. He was turned down but later moved to Kathiawar in September 1859 to subdue the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]] by the [[Vagher]]s. The rebellion subdued by March 1860 and he returned to Surat as the Acting Judge. He was appointed Secretary to the Government in March 1861.

He accepted a post in [[Sadr Diwani Adalat|Sudder Court]] which made him one of the first six Judges of the [[Bombay High Court]] in August 1862. He served there until his death in 1865. He also held the honorary post of Vice Chancellor of the [[University of Bombay]]. The A. Kinloch Forbes Gold Medal was awarded for proficiency in law at LL.B. Examination of the university.<ref name="ForbesNairne1878"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/puisnejudge/judges/ForbesAK.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=bombayhighcourt.nic.in |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721201601/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/puisnejudge/judges/ForbesAK.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Literature==
Forbes was introduced to Indian languages and literature through the works of [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]] and was inspired to learn Indian languages. So after moving to Ahmedabad, he began to learn [[Gujarati language]] first from Rao Saheb Bhogilal Pranavallabh (1818–1889), and then from [[Dalpatram]], a Gujarati poet. He came into contact with Dalpatram through [[Bholanath Divetia]] in 1848.<ref name="Chotai2016" /><ref name="Jhaveri19562"/> Dalpatram taught him Gujarati while Forbes encouraged him to write in Gujarati. They became close friends. He inspired Dalpatram to write ''Laxmi Natak'' published in 1849, the first play in Gujarati, based on Greek drama [[Plutus (play)|''Plutus'']].<ref name=toi>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Briton-inspired-Dalpatram-to-write-in-Gujarati-language/articleshow/30639604.cms|title=Briton inspired Dalpatram to write in Gujarati language|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2014-02-22|access-date=2014-02-22|last=Unnithan|first=Chitra|archive-date=2014-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221095007/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Briton-inspired-Dalpatram-to-write-in-Gujarati-language/articleshow/30639604.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Datta1988">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1319|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|page=1319}}</ref>

On 26 December 1848 he started the [[Gujarat Vernacular Society]] in [[Ahmedabad]], which contributed to a literary renaissance in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]. The fund of Rs 9601 was raised from locals, [[Baroda State]] and British officers. The society started the first public library, first school for girls, first periodical, first newspaper and first literary magazine of Gujarat.<ref name="Shastriv2015" /> He was the president of Andrews Library in [[Surat]] in 1850 and founded Gujarati Sabha in [[Bombay]] in 1865. Gujarati Sabha was later renamed Farbas Gujarati Sabha after him. He organized conclave of Gujarati poets in 1852 at [[Idar State]]. Dalpatram's ''Farbesvilas'' was an account of this conclave.<ref name="toi" /><ref name="Datta1988" />

Forbes also had a deep interest in archaeology, ancient monuments and manuscripts, which made him intensely interested in the old archaeological and historical remains of Gujarat.<ref name="Chotai20162">{{cite thesis|last=Chotai|first=Dhara Kantibhai|title=Literary Historiography in Gujarati in The 19th century Issues in Ideology, Identity and Representation|chapter=Chapter 3|type=PhD|publisher=[[Central University of Gujarat]]|location=Gandhinagar|date=2016|chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/192581|pages=113–140|hdl=10603/192581|access-date=2020-05-08|archive-date=2019-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430205048/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/192581|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Jhaveri19562"/> In 1856, he published ''[[Ras Mala]]'' in two volumes which documented the history and chronicles from 8th century to arrival of British and folk literature of Gujarat as well as an historical account of the place and people he came to know during his stay in Gujarat.<ref name="toi" /><ref name="SinghGaur2008">{{cite book|author1=Surinder Singh|author2=I. D. Gaur|title=Popular Literature and Pre-modern Societies in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC&pg=PA181|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1358-7|pages=181–182}}</ref><ref name="Chotai20162" /><ref name="Jhaveri19562" />

He also translated Dalpatram's essay ''Bhoot Nibandh'' as ''Demonology and Popular Superstitions of Gujarat''.

==Death==
Forbes died in Poona (now [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India) on 31 August 1865 after a brief illness.<ref name="Ranieval2013"/><ref name="ForbesNairne1878"/> Dalpatram composed ''Farbes viraha'', a Gujarati [[elegy]] in his memory.<ref name=toi/><ref name="Datta1988"/><ref name="HallWrigley2007">{{cite book|author1=Edith Hall|author1-link=Edith Hall |author2=Amanda Wrigley|title=Aristophanes in Performance, 421 BC-AD 2007: Peace, Birds and Frogs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fAjUXmBnNYUC&pg=PA117|year=2007|publisher=MHRA|isbn=978-1-904350-61-3|page=117}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Forbes married Margaret-Moir Forbes-Mitchell (1825-1 November 1904), daughter of Henry David Forbes-Mitchell of Bawlgownie, in Bombay on 25 March 1846.<ref>{{cite book|last=Urban|first=Sylvanus|title=The Gentleman's Magazine|volume=XXV|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dewIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA639|year=1846|publisher=John Bowyer Nichols and Son|location=London|page=639}}</ref> They had six children; Edward Esme Forbes (1855-1920), Emmeline Maria Elizabeth Forbes, Margaret Theodora Lawrence Forbes (d. 1939), John Fraser Forbes (1847-1887), Henry David Erskine Forbes (1849-1920), and Alexander Abernethie Forbes (b. 1851).<ref name="Ranieval2013">{{cite book|author=The Marquis of Ruvigny and Ranieval|title=The Plantagenet Roll of the Blood Royal: The Mortimer-Percy Volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOHHuwI8tD4C&pg=PA228|date=May 2013|publisher=Heritage Books|isbn=978-0-7884-1872-3|pages=228–230}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Ras Mala|Râs Mâlâ:Hindoo Annals of the Province of Goozerat, in Western India]]''

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Mehta |first=Dipak |title=Arvachintana Suryodayna Chhadidar (Life and Works of Alexander Kinloch Forbes) |language=gu |date=2015 |publisher=[[Gujarat Vidhya Sabha|Gujarat Vidyasabha]] |location=Ahmedabad |isbn=978-93-83814-45-9}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Forbes, Alexander}}
[[Category:1821 births]]
[[Category:1865 deaths]]
[[Category:Administrators in British India]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language writers]]
[[Category:People from Finchley]]

In-situ conservation in India

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