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Divide and conquer

2026-06-01T04:25:44Z

Safetechgroupin: put up new entry w/ infobox

{{short description|Strategy in politics and sociology}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{other uses}}

[[File:Philip-ii-of-macedon.jpg|thumb|Tradition attributes the origin of the motto to [[Philip II of Macedon]]: {{langx|grc|διαίρει καὶ βασίλευε}} ''diaírei kài basíleue'', meaning "divide and rule"]]

The term '''divide and conquer''' in [[politics]] refers to an entity gaining and maintaining political power by using divisive measures.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/divide%20and%20conquer | title=Definition of DIVIDE AND CONQUER }}</ref> This includes the exploitation of existing divisions within a political group by its political opponents, and also the deliberate creation or strengthening of such divisions.<ref name="EW">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/divide-and-conquer|title=Dictionary.com | Meanings & Definitions of English Words|website=Dictionary.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1093/jla/2.2.417 | title=Divide and Conquer | date=2010 | last1=Posner | first1=Eric A. | last2=Spier | first2=Kathryn E. | last3=Vermeule | first3=Adrian | journal=Journal of Legal Analysis | volume=2 | issue=2 | pages=417–471| doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Definition==
The concept primarily refers to the practice of creating divisions between opponents to prevent them from uniting against a common foe, allowing the one who divides to gain or maintain political control.<ref name="EW" /><ref name="AH">{{cite web | url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=divide |title=The American Heritage Dictionary entry: Divide}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/divide%20and%20conquer |title=Definition of DIVIDE AND CONQUER}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191828836.001.0001/acref-9780191828836-e-104 | isbn=978-0-19-182883-6 |title=A Dictionary of African Politics | chapter=Divide and rule | date=24 January 2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> As a [[Maxim (philosophy)|maxim]], it is commonly recommended to political rulers.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198734901.001.0001/acref-9780198734901-e-561 | isbn=978-0-19-873490-1 | title=Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs | chapter=DIVIDE and rule | date=17 September 2015 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref> A secondary usage of the idea refers to the practice of "dividing one's own forces or personnel so as to deal with different tasks simultaneously."<ref name="AH" /> The exact wording of the idiom in English is varied,<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EuvqPkAq2bkC&pg=PA112 | title=Early American Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases | isbn=978-0-674-21981-6 | last1=Whiting | first1=Bartlett Jere | date=1977 | publisher=Harvard University Press }}</ref> including ''divide and rule'' (mainly in [[British English]] but rarely used),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/divide-and-conquer | title=Divide and conquer}}</ref> ''divide and conquer'' (in [[American English|American]], the most common variation),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/divide-and-rule | title=Divide and rule }}</ref> ''divide and govern'', and ''divide so that you may rule''.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rT5PEAAAQBAJ | title=Dictionary of European Proverbs | isbn=978-1-134-86461-4 | last1=Strauss | first1=Emanuel | date=12 November 2012 | publisher=Routledge}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The phrase "divide and conquer" (from the [[Latin language|Latin]] {{lang|lat|divide et impera}}) first appeared in English around 1600.<ref name="EW" />

[[Edward Coke]] denounces it in Chapter I of the Fourth Part of the ''[[Institutes of the Lawes of England]]'', reporting that when it was demanded by the [[House of Lords|Lords]] and [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|Commons]] what might be a principal motive for them to have good success in [[Parliament of England|Parliament]], it was answered: "{{lang|lat|Eritis insuperabiles, si fueritis inseparabiles. Explosum est illud diverbium: Divide, & impera, cum radix & vertex imperii in obedientium consensu rata sunt.}}" ("You would be invincible if you were inseparable. This proverb, Divide and rule, has been rejected, since the root and the summit of authority are confirmed by the consent of the subjects.")<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2pOAAAAYAAJ&q=Divide+and+rule,+has+been+rejected,+since+the+root+and+the+summit+of+authority+are+confirmed+by+the+consent+of+the+subjects.%22 | title=The Selected Writings and Speeches of Sir Edward Coke | isbn=978-0-86597-313-8 | last1=Coke | first1=Sir Edward | date=2003 | publisher=Liberty Fund }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cRwEAAAQBAJ&dq=Divide+and+rule%2C+has+been+rejected%2C+since+the+root+and+the+summit+of+authority+are+confirmed+by+the+consent+of+the+subjects.%22&pg=PA213 | title=The American Colonies and the British Empire, 1607-1783, Part II | isbn=978-1-000-17333-8 | last1=Greene | first1=Jack P. | date=29 May 2022 | publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref>

In a minor variation, [[Francis Bacon|Sir Francis Bacon]] wrote the phrase as {{lang|lat|separa et impera}} in a letter to [[James VI and I|James I]] of 15 February 1615. [[James Madison]] made this recommendation in a letter to [[Thomas Jefferson]] of 24 October 1787,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch17s22.html |title=Constitutional Government: James Madison to Thomas Jefferson |publisher=Press-pubs.uchicago.edu |access-date=2011-08-27}}</ref> which summarized the thesis of ''[[Federalist No. 10]]'':<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa10.htm|title=The Federalist #10|work=constitution.org}}</ref> "Divide et impera, the reprobated axiom of tyranny, is under certain (some) qualifications, the only policy, by which a republic can be administered on just principles."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nd2vRt1JGMC&dq=the%20reprobated%20axiom%20of%20tyranny&pg=PA207 | title=Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution | isbn=978-1-4299-2366-8 | last1=Holton | first1=Woody | date=14 October 2008 | publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3491599 | doi=10.2307/3491599 | jstor=3491599 | last1=Holton | first1=Woody | title="Divide et Impera": "Federalist 10" in a Wider Sphere | journal=The William and Mary Quarterly | date=2005 | volume=62 | issue=2 | pages=175–212 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

{{lang|lat|Divide et impera}} is the third of three political maxims in [[Immanuel Kant]]'s ''[[Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch|Perpetual Peace]]'' (1795), ''Appendix I'', the others being {{lang|lat|Fac et excusa}} ("Act now, and make excuses later") and {{lang|lat|Si fecisti, nega}} ("If you commit a crime, deny it"):<ref>{{cite web|title=Immanuel Kant: Perpetual Peace: Appendix I|url=https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/latta-perpetual-peace-a-philosophical-essay-1917-ed|url-status=live|access-date=11 October 2021|website=Online Library of Liberty|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218192525/https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/latta-perpetual-peace-a-philosophical-essay-1917-ed |archive-date=18 December 2020 }}</ref> Kant refers to these tactics when describing the traits of “despotic moralists."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xMB7BsT_w4gC&dq=kant%20%22Si%20fecisti%2C%20nega%22&pg=PA120 | title=Political Writings | isbn=978-0-521-39837-4 | last1=Kant | first1=Immanuel | date=1991 | publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref>

== Politics ==

In politics, the concept refers to a strategy that breaks up existing power structures, and especially prevents smaller power groups from linking up, causing rivalries and fomenting discord among the people to prevent a [[rebellion]] against the elites or the people implementing the strategy. The goal is either to pit the lower classes against themselves to prevent a [[revolution]], or to provide a desired solution to the growing discord that strengthens the power of the elites.<ref name="Ilia Xypolia 2016. P. 9">{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/03017605.2016.1199629 |title = Divide et Impera: Vertical and Horizontal Dimensions of British Imperialism|journal = Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory|volume = 44|issue = 3|pages = 221–231|year = 2016|last1 = Xypolia|first1 = Ilia|hdl = 2164/9956|s2cid = 148118309|hdl-access=free| url=https://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/2164/9956/Xypolia_Divide_et_Impera_Vertical_and_Horizontal_imperialism.pdf}} p. 221.</ref>

The principle "{{lang|lat|divide et impera}}" is cited as a common in politics by [[Traiano Boccalini]] in {{lang|it|La bilancia politica}}.<ref>'''1''' [https://archive.org/details/imgGI273MiscellaneaOpal/page/n151 §136] and '''2''' [https://books.google.com/books?id=w36PM_6gDOoC&pg=PA225 §225]</ref>

=== Economics ===

In economics, the concept is also mentioned as a strategy for [[market segmentation]] to get the most out of the players in a competitive market.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Webber|first=Harry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DtxbznhRYsC|title=Divide and Conquer: Target Your Customers Through Market Segmentation|date=1998-06-19|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-17633-6|language=en}}</ref>

== Historical examples ==

===Roman Empire===
In his history of the Gallic Wars, ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico]]'', Julius Caesar narrates the following episode:

{{blockquote|Ipse Diviciacum Haeduum magnopere cohortatus docet necesse esse manus hostium distineri, ne cum tanta multitudine uno tempore confligendum sit.<ref>Caesar, ''De Bello Gallico'' 1.31.6</ref>}}

Translated into English, this reads:

{{blockquote|He made a powerful and a personal appeal to Diviciacus the Aeduan, showing him how important an advantage it was for the Roman state, and for the welfare of both parties, to keep the contingents of the enemy apart, so as to avoid the necessity of fighting at one time against so large a host.<ref>trans. H. J. Edwards, Loeb Classical Library (1917)</ref>}}

The Gauls were a people who shared a language and culture but were politically independent from one another, being separated into a number of tribes. Their interests frequently being at odds, and with existing populations being disrupted by large-scale migrations of other peoples being commonplace, warfare between the tribes was endemic; mostly simmering at a low level in the form of constant raids, but occasionally erupting in paroxysms of violence which saw entire cities laid waste and their populations dispersed or enslaved. For this reason the tribes frequently had bitter hatred for the others.<ref>Goldsworthy (2006), pp. 212–214</ref><ref>Woolf, ''Becoming Roman'' (1998), pp. 23–25</ref><ref>Drinkwater, ''Roman Gaul'' (1983), p. 19</ref>

These weaknesses — the lack of centralized political authority and the resultant animosity between the tribes — were relentlessly and systematically exploited by Caesar during his conquest of Gaul.<ref>Goudineau, ''Le Dossier Vercingétorix'' (2001), pp. 180–185</ref> Caesar used a system of incentives and punishments to ally with some tribes and intimidate others, ensuring that he was only ever fighting one opponent at a time.<ref>Goldsworthy (2006), pp. 280–285</ref> He carefully presented himself as a defender of Gallic interests, and his military actions as aimed only at hostile tribes who threatened the peace and stability of Gaul.<ref>Caesar, ''BG'' 1.33–35 (on the Aedui as "brothers of the Roman people")</ref> Neighboring tribes often agreed with his assessment, viewing those he assailed as deadly foes who had all too often plagued them, rather than as fierce potential allies in the wars to come. Many even supplied Roman forces with grain or auxiliary troops, or even offered the use of their towns as permanent bases for legionaries.<ref>Woolf (2012), p. 119</ref><ref>Example: the Remi in ''BG'' 2.3–5</ref>

Eventually, though, there could be no mistaking Caesar’s true motive: not pacification, but conquest.<ref>Goudineau (2001), p. 201: "Ce que César voulait, c’était la domination permanente."</ref> The Gauls realized that they were on the verge of becoming a conquered people without ever having fought a war in their defense.<ref>Roymans, ''Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity'' (2009), p. 224</ref>

In response they elected [[Vercingetorix]] of the Arverni to lead the unified Gallic resistance with the goal of expelling the Romans from Gaul.<ref>Caesar, ''BG'' 7.4</ref> Although Vercingetorix was a leader of an exceptionally high caliber, banding together the disparate tribes as had never been done, and enforcing discipline and order on a people who never known either; and despite his innovative strategy of continual retreat before the superior legions, burning or destroying all food that they left behind them denying Caesar the set-piece battle he desired, Vercingetorix eventually erred. Harried by the Romans, he and his forces sheltered in the walled city of [[Alesia (city)|Alesia]]. Caesar entrapped them within a double ring of defensive fortifications: one to keep Vercingetorix and his army confined, the other as protection against the relief army that was sure to come, and the Romans waited.<ref>Goldsworthy (2006), pp. 320–335</ref><ref>Goudineau (2001), pp. 280–295</ref>

In the subsequent [[Battle of Alesia]], Caesar's legions won such a crushing victory that Gallic resistance to Roman rule was no longer possible.<ref>Caesar, ''BG'' 7.88–89</ref> Vercingetorix rode into the Roman camp alone and silently fell at the feet of Caesar, laying down his arms in token of submission in what Plutarch described as “the most famous surrender in antiquity.”<ref>Plutarch, ''Life of Caesar'' 27.3</ref> The rest of the tribes followed, and they were integrated as the province of Roman Gaul. The region was eventually organized into the Tres Galliae ([[Gallia Belgica]], [[Gallia Lugdunensis]], and [[Gallia Aquitania]]) alongside the older [[Gallia Narbonensis]].<ref>Drinkwater (1983), pp. 15–20</ref><ref>Strabo, ''Geography'' 4.1–3</ref>

===Mongol Empire===

While the [[Mongols]] imported [[Islam in Central Asia|Central Asian Muslims]] to serve as administrators in [[China]], the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara in Central Asia, using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=41930343|journal=Journal of Asian History|volume= 13|number=2|date=1979|pages=137–8|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|title=Sino-Khitan Administration in Mongol Bukhara|last1=Buell|first1=Paul D.}}</ref>

=== British India ===
Some Indian historians and politicians, such as politician [[Shashi Tharoor]], assert that the [[British Raj]] frequently used this tactic to consolidate their rule and prevent the emergence of the [[Indian independence movement]], citing [[Mountstuart Elphinstone|Lord Elphinstone]] who said that "''Divide et impera'' was the old Roman maxim, and it should be ours."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tharoor |first=Shashi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=atcqMQAACAAJ |title=Inglorious Empire: What the British Did to India |date=2017 |publisher=Hurst |isbn=978-1-84904-808-8 |pages=101 |language=en}}</ref> A ''Times Literary Supplement'' review by British historian Jon Wilson suggests that although this was broadly the case, a more nuanced approach might be closer to the facts.<ref>Wilson, Jon, 2016, ''[[India Conquered|India Conquered: Britain's Raj and the chaos of empire]]'', cited in a review of Tharoor's work by Elizabeth Buettner in "Debt of Honour: why the European impact on India must be fully acknowledged", ''Times Literary Supplement'', 11 August 2017, pages 13-14.</ref> On the other hand, Proponents of [[Hindutva]], the ideology of the current and recent Indian governments over the years, strongly stress Hindu-Muslim conflict going back centuries before the arrival of the British.

The classic nationalist position was expressed by the Indian jurist and supporter of [[Indian reunification]] [[Markandey Katju]], who wrote in the Pakistani paper ''[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]'' in 2013:<ref name="Katju2013">{{cite web |author1=Markandey Katju |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/02-Mar-2013/the-truth-about-pakistan |publisher=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]] |title=The truth about Pakistan|date=2 March 2013 |access-date=29 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110103720/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/columns/02-Mar-2013/the-truth-about-pakistan |archive-date=10 November 2013 |language=en|url-status=live |author1-link=Markandey Katju }}</ref>
{{blockquote| Up to [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857]], there were no communal problems in India; all communal riots and animosity began after 1857. No doubt even before 1857, there were differences between Hindus and Muslims, the Hindus going to temples and the Muslims going to mosques, but there was no animosity. In fact, the Hindus and Muslims used to help each other; Hindus used to participate in [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]] celebrations, and Muslims in [[Holi]] and [[Diwali]]. The Muslim rulers like the [[Mughals]], [[Nawab of Awadh]] and [[Murshidabad]], [[Tipu Sultan]], etc. were totally secular; they organised [[Ramlilas]], participated in Holi, Diwali, etc. [[Ghalib]]'s affectionate letters to his Hindu friends like Munshi Shiv Naraln Aram, Har Gopal Tofta, etc. attest to the affection between Hindus and Muslims at that time. In 1857, the ‘[[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Great Mutiny]]’ broke out in which the Hindus and Muslims jointly fought against the British. This shocked the British government so much that after suppressing the Mutiny, they decided to start the policy of divide and rule (see online "History in the Service of Imperialism" by B.N. Pande). All communal riots began after 1857, artificially engineered by the British authorities. The British collector would secretly call the Hindu [[Pandit]], pay him money, and tell him to speak against Muslims, and similarly he would secretly call the [[Maulvi]], pay him money, and tell him to speak against Hindus. This communal poison was injected into our body politic year after year and decade after decade.<ref name="Katju2013"/>}}

Historian [[John Keay]] takes a contrary position regarding British policy, writing:

{{blockquote|Stock accusations of a wider Machiavellian intent to 'divide and rule' and to 'stir up Hindu-Muslim animosity' assume some premonition of a later partition. They make little sense in the contemporary context. 'Divide and rule' as a governing precept supposes the pre-existence of an integrated entity. In an India politically united only by British rule – and not yet even by the opposition which it generated – such a thing did not exist. Division was a fact of life. As [[Maulana Muhammad Ali]] would later put it, 'we divide and you rule'. Without recognising, exploring and accommodating such division, British dominion in India would have been impossible to establish, let alone sustain. Provoking sectarian conflict, on the other hand, was rarely in British interest.<ref>''History of India'', John Keay, pp. 464, 2010</ref>}}

[[Srinivas Kumar Sinha|General S.K. Sinha]], former Vice-Chief of Army Staff, writes that contrary to what the notion of divide and rule would predict, the [[British Indian Army]] was effectively integrated:

{{quotation|The undivided army was a unique institution set up by the British in India... [A]ll combat units, except [[Gurkha|Gorkhas]] and [[The Garhwal Rifles|Garhwalis]], had a mixed combination of Muslims and non-Muslims. They fought wars together and lived as friendly comrades in peace, owing loyalty to their regiments. Political developments with the emergency of the Congress and the Muslim League did not affect them. The Indian Army was totally apolitical till June 3rd 1947... In fact, during the Partition holocaust and till that date, both Muslim and non-Muslim soldiers remained totally impartial in dealing with communal violence. After June 3, 1947 things started changing.<ref>''The Partition of Soldiers'', General S.K. Sinha, ''The Asian Age'', 2015, [https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-asian-age/20150129/281943131290027]</ref>}}

=== French Algeria ===
{{Excerpt|Kabyle myth|paragraphs=1-2}}

=== Ottoman Empire ===
The Ottoman Empire often used a divide-and-rule strategy, pitting [[Armenians]] and [[Kurds]] against each other.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cheterian |first1=Vicken |title=Denial of violence. Ottoman past, Turkish present, and collective violence against the Armenians 1789–2009, Fatma Müge Göçek, New York, Oxford University Press, 2014, pp. 656, US$78.00 (hardback), HC 978-0199334209 |journal=Nationalities Papers |date=2016 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=652–654 |doi=10.1080/00905992.2016.1158006 |s2cid=156252380 |quote=Yet, irony of history, instead of chasing the Armenians from the eastern provinces to make a new home for the Balkan Muslim refugees, they practically eliminated Armenians and consolidated an ethnic Kurdish presence in eastern Anatolia. Having lost the capacity to practice imperial policies of "divide and rule", today Turkey finds itself face-to-face with Kurdish nationalism.}}</ref>

=== Europe ===
* [[Classical Athens|Athenian]] historian [[Thucydides]] in his book [[History of the Peloponnesian War]] claimed that [[Alcibiades]] recommended to [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] statesman Tissaphernes, to weaken both Athens and Sparta for his own Persian's benefit. Alcibiades, suggested to Tissaphernes that '''The cheapest plan was to let the Hellenes wear each other out, at a small share of the expense and without risk to himself''.<ref>Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, 8.46.2</ref>
* Tacitus in Germania. chapter 33 writes "May the tribes, I pray, ever retain if not love for us, at least hatred for each other; for while the destinies of empire hurry us on, fortune can give no greater boon than discord among our foes."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qxcMAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22I%20pray%2C%20ever%20retain%20if%20not%20love%20for%20us%22&pg=PA112 | title=The Agricola and Germany of Tacitus: And the Dialogue on Oratory | last1=Tacitus | first1=Cornelius | date=1877 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0083%3Achapter%3D33 | title=Cornelius Tacitus, Germany and its Tribes, chapter 33 }}</ref>
* In [[Revolutions of 1848]], the governments which were being revolted against used this tactic to counter the rebels.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSHEDwAAQBAJ&q=divide+et+impera | title=The Revolutionary Movement of 1848-9 in Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Germany: With Some Examination of the Previous Thirty-three Years| last1=Edmund Maurice| first1=C.| date=11 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mKRsElYNkC&q=1848+%22divide+et+impera%22&pg=PA435 |title = A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples, Second Edition|isbn = 9781442698796|last1 = Magocsi|first1 = Paul Robert|date = 18 June 2010| publisher=University of Toronto Press }}</ref>
* The colonial authorities in [[British Cyprus]] often stirred up the [[Turkish Cypriots|Turkish minority]] in order to neutralize agitation from the [[Greek Cypriots|Greek majority]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grob-Fitzgibbon|first1=Benjamin|title=Imperial Endgame: Britain's Dirty Wars and the End of Empire|date=2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-30038-5|page=285}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jordan|first1=Preston Lim|title=The Evolution of British Counter-Insurgency during the Cyprus Revolt, 1955–1959|date=2018|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319916200|page=58}}</ref> This policy intentionally cultivated further animosity between the already divided Greek majority and the Turkish minority (which consists of 18% of the population) in the island that remains [[Cyprus dispute|divided to this day]] after an invasion by [[Turkey]] to establish the state of [[North Cyprus]] (which is only [[Diplomatic recognition|diplomatically recognized]] by Turkey).<ref>{{cite web|title=International Justice: The Case of Cyprus|date=13 May 2016 |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/constantine-tzanos/international-justice-the_b_9934090.html|publisher=The [[HuffPost]]|access-date=1 November 2017|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>
*The [[Partition of Ireland|partition of Ireland in 1921]] has been claimed as an intentional implementation of this strategy by [[David Lloyd George]], although the religious divisions in Ireland were notorious and of long standing.<ref>{{Cite news|last=McGreevy|first=Ronan|title=100 years ago today the partition of Ireland was made official|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/100-years-ago-today-the-partition-of-ireland-was-made-official-1.4444655|access-date=2021-01-04|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref> The [[Stanford University|Stanford]] historian [[Priya Satia]] claims that the partition of Ireland was in ways a patch-test for the [[Partition of India|partition of India in 1947]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=University|first=Stanford|date=2019-03-08|title=Partition of 1947 continues to haunt India, Pakistan|url=https://news.stanford.edu/2019/03/08/partition-1947-continues-haunt-india-pakistan-stanford-scholar-says/|access-date=2021-01-04|website=Stanford News|language=en}}</ref>

===Colonialism===

According to Richard Morrock, four tactics of divide and rule practiced by Western colonialists are:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morrock |first=Richard |date=1973 |title=Heritage of Strife: The Effects of Colonialist "Divide and Rule" Strategy upon the Colonized Peoples |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40401707 |journal=Science & Society |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=129–151 |jstor=40401707 |issn=0036-8237}}</ref>

# The manufacture of differences within the targeted population;
# The amplification of existing differences;
# The use of these differences for the benefit of the colonial empire; and
# The carry over of these differences into the post-colonial period.

== Foreign policy ==

=== United States ===

Some analysts assert that the [[United States]] is practicing the strategy in the 21st-century Middle East through their supposed escalation of the [[Shia–Sunni relations |Sunni–Shia conflict]]. British journalist [[Nafeez Ahmed]] cited a 2008 [[RAND Corporation]] study for the [[United States Armed Forces |U.S Armed Forces]] which recommended "divide and rule" as a possible strategy against the [[Arab world |Muslim world]] in [[War on Terror #Etymology |"the Long War"]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Pentagon plan to 'divide and rule' the Muslim world |language=en |work=Middle East Eye |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/pentagon-plan-divide-and-rule-muslim-world-1690265165 |access-date=2018-06-29}}</ref>

=== Israel ===
{{main|Israeli support for Hamas}}

Professor [[Avner Cohen]], a former Israeli religious affairs official, publicly acknowledged that Hamas was "Israel's creation."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Higgins |first1=Andrew |title=How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas - WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123275572295011847 |access-date=1 May 2024 |work=WSJ |date=24 January 2009 |archive-date=26 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926212507/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123275572295011847.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Similar statements have been made by [[Yasser Arafat]].<ref>{{cite news |title=How Israel went from helping 'create' Hamas to bombing it |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/hamas-israel-war/how-israel-went-helping-create-hamas-bombing-it-718378 |access-date=1 May 2024 |work=The Business Standard |date=14 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501014540/https://www.tbsnews.net/hamas-israel-war/how-israel-went-helping-create-hamas-bombing-it-718378 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Assertions of Israeli support for Hamas date back to the late 1970s and early 1980s, a period marked by significant political upheaval in the Middle East. Former Israeli officials have openly acknowledged Israel's role in providing funding and assistance to Hamas as a means of undermining secular Palestinian factions such as the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO). Brigadier General [[Yitzhak Segev]], who served as the Israeli military governor in Gaza during the early 1980s, admitted to providing financial assistance to the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], the precursor of Hamas, on the instruction of the Israeli authorities. The aim of the support was to weaken leftist and secular Palestinian organizations.<ref name="blowback" />

Israel contributed to the construction of parts of Islamist politician [[Ahmed Yassin]]'s network of mosques, clubs, and schools in Gaza, as well as the expansion of these institutions.<ref name="blowback">{{cite news |last1=Sayedahmed |first1=Dina |title=Blowback: How Israel Went From Helping Create Hamas to Bombing It |url=https://theintercept.com/2018/02/19/hamas-israel-palestine-conflict/ |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=The Intercept |date=19 February 2018 |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201211111/https://theintercept.com/2018/02/19/hamas-israel-palestine-conflict/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Shlomo Brom]], retired general and former deputy to Israel's national security adviser, believes that an empowered Hamas helps Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu avoid negotiatings over a Palestinian state, suggesting that there is no viable partner for peace talks.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news |last1=Mazzetti |first1=Mark |last2=Bergman |first2=Ronen |title='Buying Quiet': Inside the Israeli Plan That Propped Up Hamas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/10/world/middleeast/israel-qatar-money-prop-up-hamas.html |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=10 December 2023 |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501235259/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/10/world/middleeast/israel-qatar-money-prop-up-hamas.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bezalel Smotrich]], a far-right lawmaker and finance minister under Netanyahu Government, called the Palestinian Authority a "burden" and Hamas an "asset".<ref>{{cite news |title=Israeli far-right Minister Bezalel Smotrich described Hamas as 'asset' in unearthed tweet |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/palestine-israel/2024/01/23/israel-bezalel-smotrich-hamas-asset/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |work=The National |date=23 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501014540/https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/palestine-israel/2024/01/23/israel-bezalel-smotrich-hamas-asset/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Russia ===

Some consider that contemporary [[Russia|Russian]] affairs also have characteristics of a "divide and rule" strategy. Applied domestically to secure [[Vladimir Putin|Vladimir Putin's]] power in Russia,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reddaway |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Reddaway |title=Russia's domestic security wars: Putin's use of divide and rule against his hardline allies |publisher=Palgrave Pivot |year=2018 |isbn=978-3319773919}}</ref> it is used abroad in [[Russian disinformation]] campaigns to achieve "regime security, predominance in Russia’s near abroad, and world-power status for Russia".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karlsen |first=Geir Hågen |date=2019-02-08 |title=Divide and rule: ten lessons about Russian political influence activities in Europe |journal=Palgrave Communications |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |article-number=19 |doi=10.1057/s41599-019-0227-8 |issn=2055-1045|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Wiktionary|divide and conquer}}
* [[Soft power]]
* [[Hard power]]
* [[International relations]]
* [[Political realism]]
* [[False flag]]
* [[Destabilisation]]
* [[Identity politics]]
* [[Black propaganda]]
* [[Might makes right]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Divide And Rule}}
[[Category:1st-millennium BC introductions]]
[[Category:Conflict (process)]]
[[Category:Latin words and phrases]]
[[Category:Organizational conflict]]
[[Category:Political terminology]]
[[Category:Power (social and political) concepts]]
[[Category:Strategy]]
[[Category:Concepts in political philosophy]]

2023 Nagpur flood

2026-05-21T01:55:12Z

Safetechgroupin: put up initial article w/ sources...

{{Short description|Flood in India}}
{{Infobox weather event
| image size =
| image name =
| image alt text =
| image =
| caption =
| duration = 23 September 2023
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| damages =
| damages (USD) =
| fatalities = 4
| affected = [[Nagpur]] inclusive of [[Vidarbha|Vidarbha Regions]]
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
}}
The '''2023 Nagpur Flood''' was a [[flooding]] event that occurred in the city of [[Nagpur]] in the Indian State of [[Maharashtra]] on September 24, 2023. The flood caused deaths and economic destruction with several hundred people being evacuated in various parts of the city.

==Cause==
The flood was caused due to 109 mm heavy rains in the city, causing the [[Nag River|Nag river]] to overflow into nearby areas, flooding homes, schools commercial areas and hospitals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Anwesha |date=2023-09-24 |title='Could have minimised damage if...': Devendra Fadnavis as rain cripples Nagpur |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/we-could-have-minimised-damage-if-maharashtra-deputy-cm-devendra-fadnavis-visits-flood-hit-nagpur-11695545622978.html |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> An ill-planned storm water drainage system and encroachment along the Nag river that blocks the flow of the river.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Irreversible blunder' - Nagpur's fate ?? |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2023/9/27/-Irreversible-blunder-Nagpur-s-fate-.html |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=www.thehitavada.com |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, unchecked growth of ''[[Eichhornia]]'' weed in the [[Ambazari Lake|Ambazari lake]], caused by sewage intrusion, flowed with the current and blocked major [[Discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] points along the Nag river which also contributed to the flooding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambazari area hit by floods due to Eichhornia weeds infestation |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2023/9/24/Ambazari-area-hit-by-floods-due-to-Eichhornia-weeds-infestation.html |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=www.thehitavada.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
There were four recorded deaths and more than 400 people were evacuated<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-24 |title=Watch {{!}} Nagpur flooded amid heavy rainfall; 4 dead, 400 evacuated so far |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/watch-videos-nagpur-floods-8953557/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> from their homes by rescue and relief teams including the [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF) and State Disaster Response Force (SDRF).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-23 |title=Rain wreak havoc in Nagpur; NDRF, SDRF deployed in flooded areas |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/rain-nagpur-ndrf-sdrf-flooded-areas-8953225/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> An estimated 10000 houses were affected.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-27 |title=NHAI will rebuild the damage bridge near Panchsheel Talkies in 3 to 4 months - The Live Nagpur |url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2023/09/27/nhai-will-rebuild-the-damage-bridge-near-panchsheel-talkies-in-3-to-4-months/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> A relief fund of [[₹]]10,000 was announced for affected families and ₹5,00,0000 for affected business owners.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-09-23 |title=Nagpur Rains: Flood-Affected Families To Get Financial Support From Government |url=https://www.bqprime.com/nation/nagpur-rains-flood-affected-families-to-get-financial-support-from-government |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=BQ Prime |language=en}}</ref> A bridge on the [[Nag River|Nag river]] collapsed, blocking a major highway in the city. The retaining wall of Nag river had collapsed at various locations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-27 |title=Daga lauout skating rink slab on Nag River which caused the flood will be broken soon - The Live Nagpur |url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2023/09/27/daga-lauout-skating-rink-slab-on-nag-river-which-caused-the-flood-will-be-broken-soon/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> On November 5, 2023, a flood mitigation project worth ₹266.63 crore was announced for repairs to infrastructure and improving drainage deepening of the [[Nag River|Nag river]], strengthening the dam at Ambazari, desilting of the [[Ambazari Lake|Ambazari lake]] and removal of encroachments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-05 |title=Rs 266.63-crore flood mitigation project approved for Nagpur city |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/rs-266-63-crore-flood-mitigation-project-approved-for-nagpur-city-9013666/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-05 |title=Nag river encroachments to be razed, bed to be widened, Ambazari dam fortified: TOI told you so |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/nag-river-encroachments-to-be-razed-bed-to-be-widened-ambazari-dam-fortified-toi-told-you-so/articleshow/104978587.cms |access-date=2023-11-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2023 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Maharashtra|2023 floods]]
[[Category:Floods in India]]
[[Category:September 2023 in India]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in Maharashtra|2023 floods]]
[[Category:Nagpur division]]
[[Category:2023 floods in Asia]]

List of Disney Channel (India) series

2026-05-05T05:08:49Z

Safetechgroupin: Added the data w/ refs...

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
[[File:2024 Disney Channel text logo.svg|right|200px]]
This is a list of '''original programming''' by [[Disney Channel (India)|Disney Channel]] in India.

==Original shows==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Series
! Production company
! Premiere date
! End date
! Notes
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Vicky & Vetaal]]''
| [[Cinevistaas Limited]]
| 7 October 2006
| 17 March 2007
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/sep/sep285.htm|title=Disney targets five local productions; to kick off with 'Vicky Aur Vetaal'|date=28 September 2006|accessdate=16 November 2017|archive-date=29 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129082426/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/sep/sep285.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2007
| ''[[Dhoom Machaao Dhoom]]''
| Sol (production company)|SOL Productions
| 8 January 2007
| 10 January 2008
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/dec/dec228.htm|title=Disney to launch second local product 'Dhoom Machaao Dhoom'|date=20 December 2006|accessdate=20 May 2017|archive-date=16 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091116155726/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/dec/dec228.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Agadam Bagdam Tigdam]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Contiloe Entertainment]]
| 18 May 2007
| 9 November 2007
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/lingo-mazaa/cid/1266610|title=Lingo Mazaa|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=India|date=19 July 2009|accessdate=8 January 2023|archive-date=9 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109004247/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/lingo-mazaa/cid/1266610|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2008
| ''[[Break Time Masti Time]]''
| 6 October 2008
| 30 January 2009
| Indian adaptation of ''[[Quelli dell'intervallo]]''
|-
| ''[[Nach to the Groove]]''
|rowspan="2"|SOL Productions
| 1 April 2008
| December 2008
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k8/mar/mar290.php|title=Disney to launch Nach to the Groove|date=27 March 2008|accessdate=4 June 2017|archive-date=11 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511180956/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k8/mar/mar290.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Kya Mast Hai Life]]''
| 27 April 2009
| 4 July 2010
| Season 1 (27 April 2009 – 5 November 2009) Season 2 (17 April 2010 – 4 July 2010)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k10/apr/apr96.php|title=Kya Mast Hai Life's second season started on 17 April and ended on 4 July after a one-hour season finale.|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-date=22 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622062628/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k10/apr/apr96.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2010
| ''[[Big Bada Boom]]''
| [[The Walt Disney Company India]]
| 5 April 2010
| 9 May 2011
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://corporate.disney.in/sites/default/files/press-releases/pdfs/DISNEY%20CHANNEL%C3%ADS%20NEWEST%20STARS%20ZAIN%2C%20TARA%20AND%20MURTUZA%20ON%20%C3%ABBIG%20BADA%20BOOM%C3%AD%20ALL%20THIS%20SUMMER.pdf|title=Disney to launch "Big Bada Boom|access-date=5 June 2017|archive-date=15 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615092500/http://corporate.disney.in/sites/default/files/press-releases/pdfs/DISNEY%20CHANNEL%C3%ADS%20NEWEST%20STARS%20ZAIN,%20TARA%20AND%20MURTUZA%20ON%20%C3%ABBIG%20BADA%20BOOM%C3%AD%20ALL%20THIS%20SUMMER.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ishaan: Sapno Ko Awaaz De]]''
| [[Red Chillies Entertainment|Red Chillies Idiot Box]]
| 15 May 2010
| 27 March 2011
| Season 1 (15 May 2010 – 13 November 2010) Season 2 (12 December 2010 – 27 March 2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/news/10/dec/11-shahrukhs-musical-drama-ishaan-is-back-121001.asp|title=Shahrukh's musical drama 'Ishaan' is back|date=11 December 2010|access-date=19 May 2017|archive-date=23 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023060544/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/news/10/dec/11-shahrukhs-musical-drama-ishaan-is-back-121001.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Art Attack#International broadcast|Art Attack with Gaurav Juyal]]''
| The Walt Disney Company India [[HIT Entertainment]]
| 19 September 2010
| 8 June 2014
| Indian adaptation of ''[[Art Attack]]'' Season 1 (19 September 2010 – 13 April 2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/art-attack-to-premier-on-disney-this-sunday-44445.html|title=Art Attack' to premier on Disney this Sunday|date=18 September 2010|accessdate=2 June 2017|archive-date=13 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613090223/https://www.adgully.com/art-attack-to-premier-on-disney-this-sunday-44445.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Season 2 (4 June 2011 – 26 November 2011) Season 3 (15 December 2013 – 8 June 2014)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Om_w_lslCAU|title=Art Attack India Season 3 Promo|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2011
| ''[[Best of Luck Nikki]]''
| The company (production company)|The Company
| 3 April 2011
| 16 April 2016
| Indian adaptation of ''[[Good Luck Charlie]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k11/mar/mar245.php|title=Disney Channel to launch weekly sitcom on 3 April|access-date=19 May 2017|archive-date=30 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930064048/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k11/mar/mar245.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Season 1 (3 April 2011 – 8 March 2012) Season 2 (3 June 2012 – 1 January 2013) Season 3 (7 July 2013 – 8 December 2013) Season 4 (2 August 2015 – 16 April 2016)
|-
| ''[[Mai Ka Lal]]''
| SOL Productions [[The Walt Disney Company India]]
| 12 June 2011
| 2 January 2012
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/index.html?id=49880_Disney+Channel+launches+Mai+Ka+Laal|title=Disney Channel launches 'Mai Ka Laal'|date=7 June 2011|access-date=19 May 2017|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133547/http://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/index.html?id=49880_Disney+Channel+launches+Mai+Ka+Laal|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| ''[[The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir]]''
| The Company
| 8 April 2012
| 18 August 2013
| Indian adaptation of ''[[The Suite Life of Zack & Cody]]'' Season 1 (8 April 2012 – 1 July 2012)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/disney-channel-launches-all-new-family-sitcom-the-suite-life-of-karan-and-kabir-on-april-8-112040500097_1.html|title=Disney channel launches all new family sitcom|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=5 April 2012|accessdate=20 May 2017|archive-date=27 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627184833/http://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/disney-channel-launches-all-new-family-sitcom-the-suite-life-of-karan-and-kabir-on-april-8-112040500097_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Season 2 (27 January 2013 – 18 August 2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/television/the-suite-life-of-karan-and-kabir-back-with-second-season-610331|title=The Suite Life of Karan and Kabir back with second season|date=22 January 2013|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=10 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210014800/http://movies.ndtv.com/television/the-suite-life-of-karan-and-kabir-back-with-second-season-610331|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2013
| ''[[Disney Q Family Mastermind]]''
| [[BBC Worldwide]]
| 25 February 2013
| 13 June 2013
| Indian version of ''[[Mastermind (TV series)|Mastermind]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/benjamin-gilani-host-disney-q-the-family-mastermind-disney-channel|title=Benjamin Gilani to host Disney Q - The Family Mastermind on Disney Channel|date=19 February 2013|accessdate=20 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shake It Up (Indian TV series)|Shake It Up]]''
| SOL Productions
| 30 March 2013
| 2 November 2013
| Indian adaptation of the American show of the [[Shake It Up (American TV series)|same name]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/disney-launches-a-dance-driven-series-shake-it-up-53864.html|title=Disney launches a dance driven series "Shake it up"|date=2 April 2013 |accessdate=20 May 2017|archive-date=6 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906183549/https://www.adgully.com/disney-launches-a-dance-driven-series-shake-it-up-53864.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oye Jassie]]''
| Magic Works Entertainment
| 13 October 2013
| 2 February 2014
| Indian adaptation of ''[[Jessie (2011 TV series)|Jessie]]''<ref name="The Hindu - 12 October 2013 - Family fun">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/family-fun/article5226389.ece|title=Family fun|date=12 October 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=20 May 2017|archive-date=30 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830192608/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/family-fun/article5226389.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014
| ''[[Captain Tiao]]''
| The Company
| 2 March 2014
| 9 October 2015
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Captain-Tiao-Vivek-Oberoi-says-it-was-like-a-practice-session-for-him-to-tackle-such-questions-from-his-son-in-the-future-/articleshow/30776906.cms|title='Captain Tiao' was a practice session: Vivek Oberoi|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 February 2014|accessdate=20 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Arjun - Prince of Bali]]''
| [[Green Gold Animations]]
| 1 June 2014
| 11 September 2016
| Animated series [[Spin-off (media)|Spin-off]] series from 2013 film [[Chhota Bheem and the Throne of Bali]] Season 1 (1 June 2014 – 22 November 2014) Season 2 (21 May 2015 – 11 November 2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/disney-india-bets-big-on-arjun-prince-of-bali-rolls-out-merchandise-and-mobile-game|title=Disney India bets big on Arjun|date=1 June 2015|accessdate=20 May 2017|archive-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720110214/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/disney-india-bets-big-on-arjun-prince-of-bali-rolls-out-merchandise-and-mobile-game|url-status=live}}</ref> Season 3 (20 March 2016 – 11 September 2016)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4Lp_TqXMnw|title=Arjun, Prince of Bali | Season 3 | Hiranya Trailer 1|via=www.youtube.com|access-date=5 June 2017|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128110455/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4Lp_TqXMnw|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="7"|2015
| ''Zindagi Khatti Meethi''
| [[Film Farm India|Film Farm Productions]]
|rowspan="3"| 31 January 2015
| 6 June 2015
|rowspan="5"|<ref name= Family>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/42834_Disney-Channel-hopes-to-get-the-family-in|title=Disney Channel hopes to get the family in|date=23 December 2014 |accessdate=23 December 2014|archive-date=25 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225192002/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/42834_Disney-Channel-hopes-to-get-the-family-in|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Kabhi Aise Geet Gaya Karo''
| Cinevistaas Limited
| 2 May 2015
|-
|''Lage Raho Chachu''
| Contiloe Entertainment
| 25 July 2015
|-
|''Goldie Ahuja Matric Pass''
| The Company
|rowspan="2"|1 February 2015
|17 October 2015
|-
|''Maan Na Maan Mein Tera Mehmaan''
| Optimystix Entertainment
|19 September 2015
|-
|''[[Palak Pe Jhalak]]''
| Rose Audio Visuals
| 27 September 2015
| 9 December 2015
|Indian adaptation of ''[[That's So Raven]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://121newsonlines.blogspot.in/2015/09/disney-channel-coming-up-with-new-show.html|title=Disney Channel Coming up with New Show, Palak pe Jhalak:Takes You on a Futuristic Ride of 'Bhavisyavaani's'|date=21 September 2015|accessdate=20 May 2017|archive-date=6 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906183306/http://121newsonlines.blogspot.in/2015/09/disney-channel-coming-up-with-new-show.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Vicky Aur Vetaal''
| Cinevistaas Limited
| 15 November 2015
| 3 April 2016
| [[Reboot (fiction)|Reboot]] of [[Vicky & Vetaal|2006]] series<ref>{{cite news|title=Sadhil Kapoor bags a show on Disney|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sadhil-Kapoor-bags-a-show-on-Disney/articleshow/48583197.cms|accessdate=2015-08-21|archive-date=25 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325011323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sadhil-Kapoor-bags-a-show-on-Disney/articleshow/48583197.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|2016
| ''[[Gabbar Poonchwala]]''
| Lost Boy Productions
| 11 January 2016
| 4 April 2016
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/disney-channel-to-launch-a-unique-and-exciting-show-gabbar-poonchwala-64763.html|title=Disney Channel to launch a unique and exciting show, Gabbar Poonchwala!|date=12 January 2016|access-date=21 May 2017|archive-date=27 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327085242/https://www.adgully.com/disney-channel-to-launch-a-unique-and-exciting-show-gabbar-poonchwala-64763.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gaju Bhai]]''
| [[Toonz Animation]] The Walt Disney Company India
| 18 April 2016
| 11 May 2018
| Animated series<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/disney-india-launches-gajju-bhai-with-hyundai-and-patanjali-as-sponsors-160418|title=Disney India launches 'Gaju Bhai'|date=18 April 2016|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621125146/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/disney-india-launches-gajju-bhai-with-hyundai-and-patanjali-as-sponsors-160418|url-status=live}}</ref> Season 1 (18 April 2016 – 10 October 2016) Season 2 (22 January 2018 – 11 May 2018)
|-
| ''V 4 Viraat''
| Toonz Animation
| 24 May 2016
| 15 November 2016
| Animated series<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://disneychannel.disney.in/v-4-viraat|title=V 4 Viraat|via=disneychannel.disney.in|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-date=6 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606043822/http://disneychannel.disney.in/v-4-viraat|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Astra Force]]''
| Graphic India
| 27 November 2016
| 18 August 2017
| Animated series<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-superhero-series-astra-force-unveiled-on-his-74th-birthday-3077134/ |title=Amitabh Bachchan's superhero series Astra Force unveiled on his 74th birthday |work=The Indian Express |date=11 October 2016 |accessdate=9 May 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015084415/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-superhero-series-astra-force-unveiled-on-his-74th-birthday-3077134/ |archivedate=15 October 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Yom (TV series)|Yom]]''
| Graphiti Multimedia
| 1 May 2017
| 11 August 2017
| Animated series<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/graphiti-to-produce-local-animated-series-yom-for-disney-channel-india-151215|title=Graphiti to produce local animated series 'Yom' for Disney channel india|date=15 December 2015|accessdate=20 May 2017|archive-date=5 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605054655/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/graphiti-to-produce-local-animated-series-yom-for-disney-channel-india-151215|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''Simple Samosa''
|Ice Candy
| 14 May 2018
| 5 July 2018
|Animated series,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayCbXzUePgo|title=Simple Samosa | Brand New Show | In Hindi | Disney India|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> also aired on [[Disney Junior (India)|Disney Junior]]
|-
|2019
|''Oye Golu''
| Popcorn Animation Studios
| 5 May 2019
| 21 January 2020
|Animated series<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/2019-indian-animated-ips-fair|title=2019: How did Indian animated IPs fair?|date=12 December 2019|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=12 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212063133/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/2019-indian-animated-ips-fair|url-status=live}}</ref> Season 1 (5 May 2019 – 28 July 2019) Season 2 (16 December 2019 – 21 January 2020)
|-
|2019
|''[[Super V]]''
| Cornerstone Animation Star India
| 5 November 2019
| 26 January 2020
|Animated series,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/promo-of-virat-kohli-as-superhero-super-v-released-watch-here-2362423.html | title=Promo of Virat Kohli as Superhero Super V Released, Watch Here | date=25 October 2019 | access-date=29 June 2022 | archive-date=29 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629151554/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/promo-of-virat-kohli-as-superhero-super-v-released-watch-here-2362423.html | url-status=live }}</ref> also aired on [[Star Plus]], [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]], [[Hotstar]] and [[Marvel HQ]]
|-
| rowspan="1" |2020
|''Disney Imagine That''
|Disney Broadcasting (India) Limited
| 6 September 2020
|present
|Season 1 (6 September 2020 – 29 November 2020)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-28|title=Can you Imagine That on Disney Channel India?|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/can-you-imagine-that-on-disney-channel-india-200828|access-date=2020-09-02|website=Indian Television Dot Com|language=en|archive-date=4 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904104056/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/can-you-imagine-that-on-disney-channel-india-200828|url-status=live}}</ref> Season 2 (18 April 2021 – present)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/disney-channel-readies-for-summer-fun-with-new-season-of-imagine-that-210330|title=Disney Channel readies for summer fun with new season of 'Imagine That'|date=30 March 2021|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419140007/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/disney-channel-readies-for-summer-fun-with-new-season-of-imagine-that-210330|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==Movies==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" data-sort-type="date" | Premiere date
! scope="col" | Production company
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | References
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Feluda in film#Animated|Feluda: The Kathmandu Caper]]''
| 1 January 2011
| DQ Entertainment International
| First animated film based on ''[[Feluda]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/industrybriefing/disney-brings-satyajit-ray%E2%80%99s-detective-feluda-to-the-small-screen_40497.html|title=Disney brings Satyajit Ray's detective Feluda to the small screen|date=30 December 2010|accessdate=19 May 2017|archive-date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727144129/http://www.exchange4media.com/industrybriefing/disney-brings-satyajit-ray%E2%80%99s-detective-feluda-to-the-small-screen_40497.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Luck Luck Ki Baat]]''
| 30 September 2012
| {{Unbulleted list|SOL Productions|[[The Walt Disney Company India]]}}
| Remake of [[List of Disney Channel original films|Disney Channel original movie]] ''[[The Luck of the Irish (2001 film)|The Luck of the Irish]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k12/sep/sep291.php|title=Disney India's first ever MADE FOR TELEVISION Film to premiere on 30 Sep.|date=28 September 2012|accessdate=18 May 2017|archive-date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908055815/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k12/sep/sep291.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''Apna Bhai Gaju Bhai''
| 3 July 2016
| {{Unbulleted list|[[Toonz Animation]]|The Walt Disney Company India}}
| Based on 2016 Disney Channel India original series ''Gaju Bhai'' First Disney Channel India movie based on a TV series
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/When-Jollywoods-Superstar-meets-Bollywoods-superstar/articleshow/52868823.cms|title=When Jollywood's Superstar meets Bollywood's superstar!|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 June 2016|accessdate=18 May 2017|archive-date=27 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627165056/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/When-Jollywoods-Superstar-meets-Bollywoods-superstar/articleshow/52868823.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==Disney XD original series==
* ''The Adventures of King Vikram'' (2012–2014)<ref name= local>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k12/july/july124.php|title=Kids channels hunt for growth, local talent|date=14 July 2012|accessdate=20 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908055803/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k12/july/july124.php|archive-date=8 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''[[Chorr Police (TV Show)|Chorr Police]]'' (2009–2012)
* ''[[Howzzattt]]'' (2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/disney-xd-all-set-to-launch-the-new-gully-cricket-series-howzzat-50066.html|title=Disney XD all set to launch the new Gully Cricket Series 'Howzzat'|first=Adgully|last=Bureau|website=www.adgully.com|date=10 May 2012 |access-date=16 July 2019|archive-date=13 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713101521/https://www.adgully.com/disney-xd-all-set-to-launch-the-new-gully-cricket-series-howzzat-50066.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Luv Kushh'' (2012–2014)<ref name= local/>
* ''[[Feluda in film#Animated|Mysteries and Feluda]]'' (2011)<ref name= local/>
* ''P5 - Pandavas 5'' (2011–2012)<ref name= local/>

==Hungama TV original series==
* ''[[Hero – Bhakti Hi Shakti Hai]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/may/may246.htm|title='Hero' to debut on Hungama TV on 30 May|date=28 May 2005|access-date=26 October 2022|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410195549/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/may/may246.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2005–2007){{efn|name=hero|Disney property since 2006}}
*''Zoran''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sail-with-zoran/article2249837.ece|title=Sail with Zoran|date=2 July 2007|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920200934/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sail-with-zoran/article2249837.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> (2007)

==Footnotes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==Videos==
*[[High School Musical 2 (soundtrack)#High School Musical 2: Hindi Version|"All for One (Aaja Nachle)"]] from ''[[High School Musical 2]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/28/business/media/28disney.html|title=Disney Youth Don't Bop; They're Singing in Hindi|newspaper=The New York Times|date=28 January 2008|accessdate=23 May 2017|last1=Barnes|first1=Brooks|archive-date=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106043235/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/28/business/media/28disney.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[High School Musical 2 (soundtrack)#High School Musical 2: Hindi Version|"Ud Chale"]] from ''High School Musical 2''
*"Ek Hai Hum (All for One)" from ''High School Musical 2''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/disney-channels-my-school-rockswinners-star-high-school-musical-2song|title=Disney Channel's 'My School Rocks'winners to star in 'High School Musical 2'song|date=28 January 2008|accessdate=23 May 2017|archive-date=16 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516092448/http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/disney-channels-my-school-rockswinners-star-high-school-musical-2song|url-status=live}}</ref>
*"[[Shake It Up (Indian TV series)#Promotion|Shake it Up]]" (Medley of songs "Shake It Up", [[ABCD: Any Body Can Dance#Soundtrack|"Bezubaan" and "Sorry Sorry"]]) from ''[[Shake It Up (Indian TV series)|Shake It Up]]'' and ''[[ABCD: Any Body Can Dance]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tc02.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/dance-icons-prabhudeva-and-remo-d|title=Dance Icons Prabhudeva and Remo D'Souza 'Shake It Up' for ABCD on Disney Channel's soon-to-be-launched dance show|date=29 January 2013|accessdate=23 May 2017|archive-date=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310090536/http://tc02.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/dance-icons-prabhudeva-and-remo-d|url-status=live}}</ref>
*"Happy Birthday Mickey" (Bollywood celebrities [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Sushant Singh Rajput]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Meet Bros]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Shraddha Kapoor]], [[Anushka Sharma]], [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Amit Trivedi]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Nargis Fakhri]], [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Aditya Roy Kapur]], [[Tiger Shroff]], [[Sidharth Malhotra]] and [[Kailash Kher]] wishing [[Mickey Mouse]] Happy Birthday)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wpPwhQmCd2k|title=Bollywood Celebrities Wish Mickey Mouse Happy Birthday | Disney India|via=www.youtube.com|access-date=4 June 2017|archive-date=21 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121042109/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wpPwhQmCd2k|url-status=live}}</ref>
*"Sab Sahi Hai Bro" (promotional song for ''[[Aladdin (2019 film)|Aladdin]]''{{'}}s Indian release performed by [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/will-smith-loves-badshah-s-aladdin-song-sends-special-message-watch-video/story-Znbbod7W8rdJyllFROLsML.html|title=Will Smith loves Badshah's Aladdin song, sends special message. Watch video|date=20 May 2019|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=16 July 2019|archive-date=16 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716145306/https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/will-smith-loves-badshah-s-aladdin-song-sends-special-message-watch-video/story-Znbbod7W8rdJyllFROLsML.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of programs broadcast by Disney Channel (India)]]
*[[List of programs broadcast by Hungama TV]]
*[[List of Disney television films]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Disney Channel India Original Series}}

[[Category:Lists of Indian television series|Disney]]
[[Category:Lists of television series by network|Disney India]]
[[Category:Disney Channel (Indian TV channel) original programming|*]]
[[Category:Disney Channel related-lists]]

Sarada Saradaga

2026-04-21T20:57:51Z

Safetechgroupin: made initial pg needs work - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sarada Saradaga
| image = Sarada Saradaga.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| story = [[Janardhana Maharshi]]
| screenplay = S. V. Krishna Reddy
| producer = G. V. Prasad
| director = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
| starring = [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] [[Sindhu Tolani]] [[Siva Balaji]] [[Ruthika]] [[Pranathi]]
| music = S. V. Krishna Reddy
| cinematography = Arun Kumar
| editing = K. V. Krishna Reddy
| studio = Damini Entertainments Pvt Ltd
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|1|27}}
| runtime = 117 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sarada Saradaga''''' ({{translation}} ''Funny funnily'') is a 2006 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]], produced by G.V.Prasad on Damini Entertainments Pvt Ltd banner and directed by [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]], who also provided film's screenplay and music.<ref>{{cite web |title=Damini Entertainments Prod No.1 - press meet Photos - Telugu Cinema - Rajendra Prsad, Srikanth, Sindhu Tolani |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-depl.html}}</ref> The film's star cast includes [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Sindhu Tolani]], [[Siva Balaji]], [[Ruthika]], and [[Pranathi]]. The film was reported to be similar to the Hindi film ''[[Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?]]'' (2005).<ref>[https://mymazaa.com/telugu/reviews/movie/Sarada+Saradaga.html mymazaa review]</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins with a celebrated beautician, Raghava, who runs a parlor. All the teenagers are crazy and nag him for the nuptial, which annoys him. So, his acolyte Ali fabricates the story that Raghava is a spouse to erase them. Once, a charming girl, Lavanya, acquaints Raghava, and both reciprocate each other. Just before Lavanya proposes, unbeknownst, Ali repeats the same play with her, leading to her leaving him disheartened. Now, Raghava is rigid but seeks to gain Lavanya, regardless. Amidst arrives Balaraju, Raghava's bestie, the man of wit, who starts his game sensing his trouble. He schemes a phony story, forging a character Maya as Raghava's wife and posing her as a vixen, domineering and accustomed to a terrible lifestyle. Hearing it, Lavanya wants to check. Balaraju leads a delightful life with his simple and beautiful wife, Sundari, who has immense faith in him. Siri, their adjacent resident whose husband Prem stays in [[Dubai]], Balaraju supports her as a sibling, and she respects him similarly. Indeed, Prem and Siri fell in love and espoused without their elder's approval and exited. Hence, Prem left the country to earn money for their future.

Balaraju currently pleads with Siri to act as Maya, and they portray her torments on Raghava before Lavanya. Yet, she is not ready and plans to reform Maya. Ergo, Balaraju raised the dose by stating Maya is amoral, and she maintains an affair with a guy, Subba Rao. Lavanya intends to view him when Balaraju forges as Subba Rao and prepares a passionate duet in a park. Here, a dead heat situation occurs; Sundari observes her husband's affinity with Siri and chases him. Simultaneously, Prem returns, and the two witness their romance, which is misconstrued. Devastated, Prem quits Siri and goes back to his parents. Furious, Sundari pledges to seek vengeance on Balaraju. She lures a neighbor, Kona, and pretends to have a courtship with him to irk Balaraju. Parallelly, Siri learns of Prem's arrival and pleads for contact, but he discards her. Destiny makes Prem and Lavanya childhood mates, and she asks and accompanies Prem to talk with Siri to clear doubts. Spotting Maya therein, they ultimately get it wrong and walk out. Besides, Balaraju flares up on Sundari when she rebukes, announcing his passion with Siri when he attempts to apprise the fact, but she deaf ears. Thus, Balaraju's plan boomerangs and shatters the relationships. At last, Raghava designs a shot to resolve the suspicions, and the three pairs are happily reunited. Finally, the movie ends with the proclamation: ''The world's most dangerous game is a lie.''

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Balaraju
*[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] as Raghava
*[[Sindhu Tolani]] as Lavanya
*[[Siva Balaji]] as Prem
*[[Ruthika]] as Balraju's Wife Sundari
*[[Pranathi]] as Siri / Maaya
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Kona
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Ali
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Sunil
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as Public / Blade Babji
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Police Inspector
*[[Giri Babu]] as Prem's father
*[[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|A.V.S]] as Lavanya's father
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Waiter
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as Constable
*[[Jhansi (actress)|Jhansi]] as Balaraju's servant
*[[Jayalalita]] as Lavanya's mother
*Kalpana
*Ammudi
*Nandana
*Master Sandeep as Balaraju's son
{{colend}}

==Production==
The ''[[muhurat shot|muhurat]]'' took place on 12 October 2005 at [[Padmalaya Studios]] coinciding with Vijayadashami.<ref>{{cite web |title=Damini Entertainments - Muhurat Photos - Telugu Cinema - Rajendra Prasad, Srikanth |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-depl.html}}</ref>
== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sarada Saradaga
| type = film
| artist = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2005
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 29:50
| label = Supreme Music
| producer = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
| prev_title = [[Hungama (2005 film)|Hungama]]
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = [[Mayajalam (2006 film)|Maayajaalam]]
| next_year = 2006
}}

The music was composed by [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]. Music released on Supreme Music Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cineradham.com/newsongs/song.php?movieid=3750 |title=Sarada Saradaga (Songs) |work=Cineradham}}</ref> The audio release function took place at a Holiday Inn hotel on 17 December 2005.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-saradasaradaga.html | title=Sarada Saradaga - audio function - Telugu Cinema - Rajendra Prasad, Srikanth, Sindhu Tolani|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=17 December 2005 }}</ref> Later, the audio was acquired by a private music label company ''<nowiki/>'XTRA Audio'.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarada Saradaga Audio |url=https://m.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLnsTuebM6_ypisuD8GZ-o6JdhUJ1ovyfi |website=YouTube}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:50
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Dont Worry, Be Happy
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = [[Jassie Gift]]
| length1 = 4:42
| title2 = Malle Malle
| lyrics2 = Chandrabose
| extra2 = [[Kailash Kher]], [[Sayanora Philip]]
| length2 = 4:46
| title3 = Yenno Janma Janmalanunchi
| lyrics3 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra3 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Vasundhara Das]]
| length3 = 5:19
| title4 = Nuvvu Naaku
| lyrics4 = Bhuvana Chandra
| extra4 = [[Sriram Parthasarathy]], Sumangali
| length4 = 5:23
| title5 = Rajasa Munna Ranganayaka
| lyrics5 = Bhuvana Chandra
| extra5 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length5 = 5:04
| title6 = Sye Sye Saradaga
| lyrics6 = Vishwa
| extra6 = [[Anushka Manchanda]]
| length6 = 4:36
}}

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 2/5 stars and wrote, "On a whole, ''Sarada Saradaga'' which is supposed to be a comedy flick, fails to entertain".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-saradasaradaga.html |title=Sarada Saradaga |work=Idlebrain.com|date=27 January 2006|last=Jeevi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{S. V. Krishna Reddy}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. V. Krishna Reddy]]

Dharam Singh (field hockey, born 1919)

2026-04-13T05:16:49Z

Safetechgroupin: added bio

{{short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{distinguish|Dharam Singh (field hockey, born 1937)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{MedalTop}}
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|field hockey]]}}[[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalGold|[[1952 Summer Olympics|1952 Helsinki]]|[[Field hockey at the 1952 Summer Olympics|Team Competition]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1964 Summer Olympics|1964 Tokyo]]|[[Field hockey at the 1964 Summer Olympics|Team Competition]]}}
{{MedalBottom}}
'''Dharam Singh Gill''' (19 January 1919 in [[Gandiwind]] – 5 December 2001 in [[Chandigarh]]) was an Indian [[field hockey]] player who played as a right back in the gold medal winning team at the 1952 Helsinki Olympic Games.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/dharam-singh-gill-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418120909/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/dharam-singh-gill-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Dharam Singh Olympic Results |accessdate=15 September 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{India FH Squad 1952 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FH Squad 1964 Summer Olympics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Dharam}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Amritsar]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1952 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Amritsar district]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Dhyan Chand Award]]
[[Category:Indian field hockey coaches]]

{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}
{{India-Olympic-medalist-stub}}

Rajesh Kumar Singh (Bihar politician, born 1972)

2026-04-11T20:36:58Z

Safetechgroupin: Done!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{About|||Rajesh Kumar Singh (disambiguation){{!}}Rajesh Kumar Singh}}
{{distinguish|Raju Yadav}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajesh Kumar Singh
| image =
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| constituency = Nalanda Local Authority
| predecessor = [[Kapildev Prasad Singh]]
| successor = [[Reena Devi]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = July 2015
| nickname = Raju Yadav
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|05|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bihar Sharif]],[[Nalanda district]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| other_party = [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| spouse = [[Reena Devi]]
| parents = Ramvriksh Prasad (Father)
| alma_mater = Intermediate
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)|Janata Dal]]
}}

'''Rajesh Kumar Singh''', also known as '''Raju Yadav''', is an Indian politician who served as a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] to the Nalanda local bodies from 2009 to July 2015. He won the M.L.C. election in July 2009 as a [[Lok Janshakti Party]] candidate. At present he is a member of [[Janata Dal (United)]]. His wife [[Reena Devi]] also represents the same seat from 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uniindia.com/~/five-criminals-planning-to-kill-former-mlc-raju-yadav-arrested/States/news/1329923.html|title=Five criminals planning to kill former MLC Raju Yadav arrested}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is married to [[Reena Devi]] who became member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]] after he retired from active politics in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=122271|title=Biennial Election to the Bihar Legislative Council from Local Authorities' Constituencies.|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Nitish Kumar]]
*[[Government of Bihar]]
*[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
*[[Kapildev Prasad Singh|Kapildev Singh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rajesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:People from Nalanda district]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]

{{Bihar-politician-stub}}

Thiyagi

2026-04-05T10:40:58Z

Safetechgroupin: made some data from scratch - done

{{for|the 1982 film|Thyagi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thiyagi
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Ramjibhai Arya S. R. Krishna Ayyangar
| producer =
| writer = S. R. Krishna Ayyangar
| screenplay =
| story = S. R. Krishna Ayyangar
| based_on =
| starring = [[V. N. Janaki]] N. Krishnamurthi V.S. Mani ''Stunt'' Somu K. Devanarayanan
| narrator =
| music = [[S. V. Venkatraman]] T. R. Ramanathan
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Moorthi Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1947|8|22|India}}<ref name=anandan>{{cite book|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1947-cinedetails12.asp|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru|trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films|publisher=Sivakami Publishers|author=Film News Anandan|authorlink=Film News Anandan|date=23 October 2004|location=Chennai|language=Tamil|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170417012128/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1947-cinedetails12.asp|archivedate=17 April 2017|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| runtime = 2 hrs. 20 mins. (12700 ft.)
| country = [[India]]
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Thiyagi''''' ({{translation|Martyr}}) is a 1947 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by Ramjibhai Arya and S. R. Krishna Ayyangar<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author2=Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|publisher=Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1998|pages=649 |url=https://chasingcinema.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/text.pdf}}</ref> and featured [[V. N. Janaki]] and N. Krishnamurthi in the lead roles.<ref name=hindu>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Thyagi-1947/article14517030.ece | title=Thyagi (1947) | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=30 July 2016 | accessdate=17 April 2017 | last=Guy | first=Randor | authorlink=Randor Guy | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170214100438/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Thyagi-1947/article14517030.ece | archivedate=14 February 2017 | url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story is about a [[dalit]] girl and the son of a wealthy [[Zamindar]] who was educated abroad. He falls in love with her. The girl is prevented from entering a temple by the priest. She undergoes various difficulties in life owing to the low-status of her caste. The film exposed the difficulties faced by oppressed people including proscription from entering temples.<ref name=hindu />

==Cast==
The following list is adapted from ''[[The Hindu]]'' article<ref name=hindu /> and from the database of [[Film News Anandan]].<ref name=anandan />
{{div col}}
*[[V. N. Janaki]]
*N. Krishnamurthi
*V. S. Mani
*''Stunt'' Somu
*K. Devanarayanan
*K. S. Angamuthu
*Thodi Kannan
*Kolathu Mani
*T. V. Sethuraman
*C. K. Nagaratnam
*V. Saroja
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
Music was composed by [[S. V. Venkatraman]] and [[T. R. Ramanathan]] while the lyrics were penned by Papanasam Rajagopala Iyer. The songs had a patriotic theme with social values and were acclaimed by the people.<ref name=hindu />

==Reception==
The film fared well at the box office and is remembered for the splendid performance of V. N. Janaki and for the songs with social themed lyrics and pleasing music.<ref name=hindu />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. V. Venkatraman]]
[[Category:1947 drama films]]
[[Category:1947 films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. R. Ramanathan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1947 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1947 Indian films]]

Arshad Khan (Indian politician)

2026-04-04T03:27:40Z

Safetechgroupin: Starting Initial Details W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arshad Khan
| office = [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_end = May 2012
| term_start = Mar 2007
| native_name = अरशद ख़ान
| native_name_lang = Hi
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| leader = [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
}}

'''Arshad Khan''' (born 25 May 1953, [[Hindi]]: अरशद खां) is an Indian politician. He is a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] 2007 Constituency [[Puranpur Assembly constituency]] for [[Bahujan Samaj Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARSHAD KHAN(Bahujan Samaj Party(BSP)):Constituency- PURANPUR(PILIBHIT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/up2007/candidate.php?candidate_id=85 |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Arshad Khan winner in Puranpur, Uttar pradesh Assembly Elections 2007: LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/2007/puranpur/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Puranpur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/puranpur-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Puranpur Assembly Constituency Election Result 2022 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/puranpur.html |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref> He joined [[Samajwadi Party]] in 2023.

== Political career ==
In 2022, he lost the assembly [[Samajwadi Party]] elections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puranpur Election Result 2022 LIVE: Puranpur MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/puranpur-assembly-elections-up-129/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

The 42 (Kolkata)

2026-03-22T22:29:23Z

Safetechgroupin: minor add page for clarity and corrected details

{{short description|Residential skyscraper in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = The 42
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = 95177-Kolkata.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = The 42 as seen in 2020
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_mark =
| pushpin_relief =
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| etymology =
| status = {{Color|green|Completed}}
| building_type = [[Residential]] [[Skyscraper]]
| architectural_style =
| classification =
| location = Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| address = 42b, Jawaharlal Nehru Rd., Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| location_city = [[Kolkata]]
| location_country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.548276|N|88.349613|E|display=inline,title}}
| altitude =
| current_tenants =
| namesake =
| groundbreaking_date = 2008
| construction_start_date = 2012
| construction_stop_date =
| completion_date = 2019<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The 42|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1202103/the-42-kolkata-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216110218/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1202103/the-42-kolkata-india|archive-date=16 December 2019|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
| topped_out_date = 2019
| opened_date =
| inauguration_date =
| relocated_date =
| renovation_date =
| closing_date =
| demolished_date =
| cost =
| ren_cost =
| client =
| owner =
| landlord =
| affiliation =
| architectural = 249 m (817 ft)<ref>{{Ctbuh|id=14870|title=The 42, Kolkata|access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref>
| tip = 260 m (820 ft)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=The 42|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1202103/the-42-kolkata-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216110218/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1202103/the-42-kolkata-india|archive-date=16 December 2019|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
| antenna_spire = 260 m (820 ft)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kolkata’s ‘The 42’ Residential Skyscraper Becomes The Tallest Building in India With 65 Floors |url=https://www.india.com/viral/kolkatas-the-42-residential-skyscraper-becomes-the-tallest-building-in-india-with-65-floors-see-pictures-3633954/|date=2019-04-17|access-date=2025-03-19}}</ref>
| roof =
| top_floor = {{convert|249|m|ft}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The 42, Kolkata |website=skyscraperpage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=96604 |access-date=2022-12-30}}</ref>
| observatory =
| diameter =
| circumference =
| weight =
| other_dimensions =
| structural_system =
| size =
| material = [[Glass]] / [[Concrete|Reinforced Concrete]]<ref name=":1" />
| floor_count = 65<ref>{{Ctbuh|id=14870|title=The 42, Kolkata|access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref>
| floor_area =
| elevator_count =
| grounds_area =
| architect =
| architecture_firm = Hafeez Contractor
| developer = Mani Group, Salarpuria Sattva Group, Diamond Group & Alcove Realty
| engineer =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| main_contractor = ACC India Pvt Ltd (Indian Subsidiary of Arabian Construction Co, Middle East)
| awards =
| designations =
| known_for = Tallest building in Kolkata, tallest completed building in India outside [[Mumbai]]
| ren_architect =
| ren_firm =
| ren_engineer =
| ren_str_engineer =
| ren_serv_engineer =
| ren_civ_engineer =
| ren_oth_designers =
| ren_qty_surveyor =
| ren_contractor =
| ren_awards =
| number_of_rooms =
| parking =
| website = 
| embed =
| embedded =
| references =
| footnotes =
| highest_prev =
| highest_next =
| highest_start =
| highest_end =
| highest_region =
| highest_reflabel =
}}
'''The 42''' is a [[residential]] [[skyscraper]] in [[Kolkata]], in the state of [[West Bengal, India]].<ref name=cloudtoi>{{cite news|title=Cloud-kisser on Chowringhee|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-08/kolkata/35688901_1_dubai-s-burj-khalifa-diamond-group-itd-cementation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014220926/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-08/kolkata/35688901_1_dubai-s-burj-khalifa-diamond-group-itd-cementation|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 October 2013|access-date=21 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-42-in-kolkata-becomes-indias-tallest-building/articleshow/68900814.cms|title='The 42' in Kolkata becomes India's tallest building |agency=TNN |date=April 16, 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-05-07 }}</ref> It is located on [[Chowringhee Road]], the [[central business district]] of the city, between the [[Commercial property|commercial]] building of [[Tata Centre]] and the [[residential]] building of [[Jeevan Sudha]]. It was first proposed in 2008 but construction was delayed for nearly two years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tallest in town & country|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080809/jsp/calcutta/story_9668146.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080809113513/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080809/jsp/calcutta/story_9668146.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 August 2008|access-date=21 March 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=9 August 2008}}</ref> The construction was completed in 2019, making it the tallest building in the country at that time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/city/kolkata/kolkata-high-rise-becomes-tallest-building-in-the-country/videoshow/68904047.cms|title = Kolkata high-rise becomes tallest building in the country | City - Times of India Videos}}</ref>

It is the [[List of tallest buildings in India|tallest completed building]] in India outside of [[Mumbai]], and the [[List of tallest buildings in India|14th tallest building in the country overall.]]

==History==
The premises originally belonged to the [[Raj Darbhanga|Maharaja]] of [[Darbhanga]].

==Details==

Planned by developers Mani Group, Salarpuria Sattva Group, Alcove Realty & Diamond Group, to be Kolkata's tallest residential building. Located on [[Chowringhee Road]], in the middle of the city, the skyscraper has 65 floors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/62-storey-building-on-chowringhee-road-kolkata-gets-tallest-residential-skyscraper/|title=62-storey building on Chowringhee Road: Kolkata gets tallest residential skyscraper|date=2015-06-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref>

==Protest==
The developers of The 42 have faced a civil suit in the [[Calcutta High Court]] filed by [[ITC Limited]], the owners of the adjoining 'Fountain Court' property. The suit filed by ITC claims that ITC's right to receive light and air will be violated by the 65-storeyed residential building being constructed to the west of its 'Fountain Court' property. On 19 August 2013, the [[Calcutta High Court]] passed an order that any steps taken by the developers would be subject to the outcome of the case filed by ITC. On 8 May 2014, the Court ordered that the developers of The 42 should not proceed with the construction at a pace to defeat the interests of ITC. (Calcutta High Court, GA Case No 2698 / 2013) The matter is pending before the Calcutta High Court.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tallest building project stuck in legal row|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Tallest-building-project-stuck-in-legal-row/articleshow/29226208.cms|access-date=9 May 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=23 January 2014}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:The 42 - Residential Building 01.jpg|''The 42'', is coming up in between [[Jeevan Sudha]] and [[Tata Centre]] buildings - August 2016
File:The 42 (Kolkata) seen from a distance.jpg|''The 42'', under construction, seen from a distance - August 2016.
File:Birla Planetarium Kolkata (24455076008).jpg|''The 42'', Kolkata, under construction, 2017.
File:Kolkata the 42 resedential Building IMG 20181214 095812.jpg|''The 42'', Close view - August 2017
The 42, Kolkata, (under-construction) across the Maidan by Innocentbunny.jpg|''The 42'', Kolkata, under construction, 2018.
File:The 42 illuminated with the Indian Tricolour.jpg|''The 42'', illuminated in the colours of the Indian Tricolour in commemoration of [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]], 2019
File:The 42 Kolkata on Independence Day.jpg|''The 42'', on [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] 2019
File:A photo of large building from Victoria Memorial Garden, Kolkata, India.jpg|''The 42'', as seen from [[Victoria Memorial]]'s Garden - April 2022
File:The 42.jpg|''The 42'', on a bright sunny day.
File:The 42 (26 July 2022).jpg|''The 42'', as seen from [[Howrah]]
</gallery>

==See also==

* [[List of tallest buildings in India]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Kolkata]]
* [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[List of tallest structures in India]]
* [[List of tallest structures in the world]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in different cities in India]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Asia]]
* [[List of tallest residential buildings]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.the42.in/}}
*[http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/kolkata Building at The Skyscraper Center database]

{{Kolkata topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:42}}
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Residential skyscrapers in India]]

Balaghat

2026-03-18T16:31:33Z

Safetechgroupin: minor cleanup

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{About|the municipality in Madhya Pradesh, India|its namesake district|Balaghat District}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Balaghat
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 230
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2
| image2 = Balaghat junction .jpg
| caption2 = Balaghat Junction Railway Station
| image1 = Tiger in Kanha.jpg
| caption1 = Indian Tiger in Kanha Tiger Reserve
| image3 = Gangulpara.jpg
| caption3 = Gangulpara Reservoir Balaghat
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.8|N|80.18|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Balaghat district|Balaghat]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Balaghat Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 288
| population_total = 84,261
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = 1)[[Hindi language|Hindi]] (Primary) 2)[[English language |English]] (Additional)
3)[[Powari language|Powari]] (पोवारी) language (language of Powar/Panwar people's),

4) [[Gondi language|Gondi]] (caste language of schedule tribes people's),
Chattisgarhi language (speaking in northeastern part of balaghat),
5) [[Marathi language|Marathi]] (speaking by some marathi communities in south part of Balaghat)

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 481001
| registration_plate = MP-50
| website = {{URL|https://balaghat.nic.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Balaghat''' is a city and a [[municipality]] in [[Balaghat district]], in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is the administrative headquarters of [[Balaghat District]]. [[Wainganga River]] flows beside the town. The nearest airport is Birsi ([[Gondia]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nagarpalikabalaghat.com/|title=Nagar Palika Balaghat|accessdate=18 September 2025}}</ref>

The headquarters of the district was originally called "Burha" or "बूढ़ा". Later, however, this name fell into disuse and was replaced by "Balaghat", which was originally the name of the district only. Balaghat is known for its tile factories, rice mills and forests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Balaghat, Government of Madhya Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://balaghat.nic.in/en/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Geography==
Balaghat is located at {{Coord|21|48|N|80|11|E|region:IN_type:city}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Balaghat.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Balaghat, India|website=www.fallingrain.com|accessdate=18 September 2025}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 288 metres (944 feet).

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 Census of India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Balaghat had a population of 84,216. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Government==
Balaghat Is part of [[Balaghat Assembly constituency]],<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> in [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] [[Anubha Munjare]] is elected mla from [[Indian National Congress]]. Entire assembly is part of [[Balaghat Lok Sabha constituency]] in 2024 [[Bharti Pardhi]] is elected mp from balaghat lok sabha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/balaghat-madhya-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547790-2024-06-04|title=Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Bharti Pardhi Wins by a Margin of 174512 Votes|first=India Today News|last=Desk|date=4 June 2024|website=India Today|accessdate=18 September 2025}}</ref>

==Education Institute==
Many Govt and Private School situated in balaghat, There are number of educational institutions in Balaghat, such as a Government Boys and Government Girls schools.<ref>https://balaghat.nic.in/en/education/</ref>

Many higher education college are available in balaghat belongs to [[Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya|Rani Durgawati University]] Jabalpur.<ref>https://balaghat.nic.in/en/public-utility-category/colleges-universities/</ref>
* [https://www.spubgt.ac.in/spu/ Sardar Patel University, Balaghat]
* JataShankar Trivedi Government P.G. College, Balaghat
* Government Kamla Nehru Girls College, Balaghat
* [https://satpudapolytechnic.com/ Govt. Polytechnic College, Balaghat]

==Notable people==
* [[Anand Bais]]
* [[Gaurishankar Bisen]]
* [[Hemlata Mahishwar]]
* [[Hugh Bartlett]]

==Transport==
Balaghat is connected with Railway and Roadways, Balaghat junction railway station is major railway station of city, [[Jabalpur]] - [[Gondia]] railline passing through balaghat. Many trains halting in here.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/balaghat-junction-btc/3743|title=32 Departures from Balaghat SECR/South East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|accessdate=18 September 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{EB1911 poster|Balaghat}}

{{Jabalpur Division}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Balaghat| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Balaghat district]]

[[sv:Balaghat (distrikt)]]

Pavithra Janani

2026-03-15T03:41:06Z

Safetechgroupin: Done

{{short description|Indian television actress (born Jan 31,1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pavithra Janani
| image =
| birth_name = Pavithra Janani
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|1|30}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| years_active = 2014{{endash}}present
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress}}
| spouse =
| known_for = ''[[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave]]'' ''[[Thendral Vandhu Ennai Thodum]]''
| relatives =
| website =
}}

'''Pavithra Janani''' (born 30 January 1995) is an Indian actress, who predominantly works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] television. Pavithra is best known for her role, Malar vizhi Vetrivel on [[Star Vijay]]'s soap opera ''[[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eeramana Rojaave to go off-air soon; Pavithra Janani thanks everyone for the love - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/eeramana-rojaave-to-go-off-air-soon-pavithra-janani-thanks-everyone-for-the-love/articleshow/85322537.cms|access-date=2025-01-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In 2024, she participated in the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8|Bigg Boss 8]]'' where she emerged as 3rd runner-up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |last=a |first=manimegalai |title=மினி பிக்பாஸ் வீட்டுல் இருந்து தான் வருகிறேன்! பாட்டோடு என்ட்ரி கொடுத்த பவித்ரா ஜனனி! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/pavithra-janani-enter-in-bigg-boss-tamil-season-8-mma-sky1zu#image1 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8: Eeramana Rojave actress Pavithra Janani steps into the spotlight|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-eeramana-rojave-actress-pavithra-janani-steps-into-the-spotlight/articleshow/113934450.cms|access-date=2025-01-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Pavithra is also known for her roles in the television shows ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi]]'', ''[[Office (TV series)|Office]]'', ''[[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani]]'', ''[[Mahabharatham (TV series)|Mahabharatham]]'' and ''[[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]''.

==Career==
Pavithra started her career in 2013 with [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s mythology drama series ''[[Mahabharatham (TV series)|Mahabharatham]]'', where she played the role of queen [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]]. She later played supporting roles in [[Star Vijay]]'s workplace comedy television series ''[[Office (TV series)|Office]]'' and family drama ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi]]'' playing the dual role of Janani and Tulasi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=5 Tamil soap opera actresses who enjoy massive fan following|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/5-tamil-soap-opera-actresses-who-enjoy-massive-fan-following/739547|access-date=2025-01-11|website=zoomtventertainment.com|language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, she played Malarvizhi Vetrivel in Star Vijay's ''[[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave]]'' opposite Dhiraviam Rajakumaran. From 2021 to 2023, she played Abhinaya in [[Star Vijay]]'s ''[[Thendral Vandhu Ennai Thodum]]'' opposite Vinoth Babu, for which she received wide acclaim for her role as well as the pairing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eeramaana Rojaave crosses 400 episodes; actors Pavithra Janani and Dhiraviam Rajakumaran thank fans|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/eeramaana-rojaave-crosses-400-episodes-actors-pavithra-janani-and-dhiraviam-rajakumaran-thank-fans/articleshow/71855825.cms|access-date=2025-01-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum to premiere on August 16 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/thendral-vanthu-ennai-thodum-to-premiere-on-august-16/articleshow/85239680.cms |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, Pavithra participated in the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8|Bigg Boss 8]]'', where she finished as third runner up.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8: From strong contender to finalist – Pavithra Janani's remarkable journey|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-from-strong-contender-to-finalist-pavithra-jananis-remarkable-journey/photostory/117355603.cms |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pavithra Janani: I have learnt people, lessons, and gained an experience of a whole lifetime|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-fame-pavithra-janani-i-have-learnt-people-lessons-and-gained-an-experience-of-a-whole-lifetime/articleshow/117481698.cms|access-date=2025-01-23|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2013{{Dash}}2016
| ''[[Mahabharatham (TV series)|Mahabharatham]]''
| Queen [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]]
|
|
|-
| 2014{{Dash}}2015
| ''[[Office (TV series)|Office]]''
| Vanitha
|
|
|-
| 2014-2017
| ''[[Kalyanam Mudhal Kadhal Varai]]''
|Kavya Karthick
|
|
|-
|2015
| ''[[Nizhal (TV series)|Nizhal]]''
| Pooja
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Nizhal-a-serial-on-human-values-hits-a-100/articleshow/49195048.cms|title= Nizhal, a serial on human values, hits a 100|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2015-2016
| ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi]]''
| Janani/Tulasi
|
|
|-
| 2015–2017
| ''[[Lakshmi Vandhachu (TV series)|Lakshmi Vandhachu]]''
| Gayatri
|
|
|-
| 2015–2017
| ''[[Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu (TV series)|Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu]]''
| Indhu
|
|
|-
| 2015–2018
| ''[[Kula Deivam (TV series)|Kula Deivam]]''
| Shruthi
|
|
|-
|2016{{Dash}}2018
| ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi season 3]]''
|Rajeswari Veluchamy
|
|
|-
| 2016–2019
| ''[[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]''
| Karthika
|
|
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani]]''
| Divya
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/69150/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Vaishali---Pavithra-out-in-Raja-Rani-serial.htm|title=ராஜா ராணி தொடரில் இருந்து விலகிய பவித்ரா|date=21 May 2018 |publisher=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2018–2021
| ''[[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave]]''
|Malarvizhi Vetrivel
|rowspan="2"|Lead female role
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onenov.in/pavithra-tv-actress/|title=Actress Pavithra Debuting Main Role In Eeramana Rojave}}</ref>
|-
| 2021–2023
| ''[[Thendral Vandhu Ennai Thodum]]'' || IAS Abhinaya
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum Completes 150 Episodes; Cast, Crew Celebrate|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/thendral-vanthu-ennai-thodum-completes-150-episodes-cast-crew-celebrate-4783196.html|access-date=2025-01-11|website=News 18|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya]]'' || Contestant
|
|
|-
|2024–2025
|''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8|Bigg Boss 8]]''
| Contestant
|3rd runner-up
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet 5 finalists of Bigg Boss Tamil 8
|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/visualstories/entertainment/meet-5-finalists-of-bigg-boss-tamil-8-203152-17-01-2025|access-date=2025-01-18|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of Indian television actresses]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.instagram.com/pavithra.janani Pavithra Janani on Instagram]
* {{IMDb name|13339240}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Janani, Pavithra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:1995 births]]

Trans-Karakoram Tract

2026-03-12T09:31:44Z

Safetechgroupin: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|Chinese-administered area of Kashmir}}{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}{{Infobox territory
| official_name = Trans-Karakoram Tract
| other_name = Shaksgam Tract
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Region administered by [[China]] as a part of [[Xinjiang]]
| nickname =
| motto =
| pushpin_map = Trans-Karakoram Tract and Aksai Chin relief
| pushpin_label_position = top
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the Trans-Karakoram Tract within the Southern [[Xinjiang]] region is disputed by India
| pushpin_mapsize = 300px
| coordinates = {{coord|36|01|33|N|76|38|46|E|type:landmark|display=title,inline}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Administering state]]
| subdivision_name = [[China]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous regions of China|Autonomous Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Xinjiang]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Prefectures of China|Prefecture]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kashgar Prefecture|Kashgar]]
| subdivision_type3 = County
| subdivision_name3 = [[Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County|Taxkorgan]] and [[Kargilik County|Kargilik]]
| area_total_km2 = 5180
}}
[[File:Kashmir Region November 2019.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Central Intelligence Agency]] map of the former [[British Raj|British Indian]] [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] with present-day borders, showing the Trans-Karakoram Tract in the northern part of the state (hatched red){{efn|[[Siachen Glacier]] is under Indian administration despite being labelled "contested territory" in the map.}}]]
The '''Trans-Karakoram Tract''' ({{zh|c=喀喇昆仑走廊|p=Kālǎkūnlún zǒuláng}}), also known as the '''Shaksgam Tract''' ({{langx|ur|{{nq|شکسگام}}|translit=Shaksgām}}), is an area of approximately {{convert|2000|sqmi|km2|order=flip|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Trivei|first=Abishek|date=8 July 2019|title=Why the 1963 Sino-Pakistan Boundary Agreement Is Unlawful in Light of the Recent ICJ Advisory Opinion on the Chagos Archipelago, 2019|url=https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2019/07/abhishek-trivedi-sino-pakistan-boundary/|access-date=2021-11-07|website=www.jurist.org}}</ref> north of the [[Karakoram]] watershed, including the [[Shaksgam River|Shaksgam Valley]].{{sfn|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|p=238}}{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=101}} The tract is administered by China as part of its [[Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County|Taxkorgan]] and [[Yecheng County|Yecheng]] counties in the [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]].

Following the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|accession of Jammu and Kashmir]] to India in 1947, India claimed sovereignty over all its territory. At that time the northern boundary of Jammu and Kashmir was marked along the [[Yarkand River]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} In the 1950 border definition, India retracted the northern border south of the Yarkand River, but included the Shaksgam Valley within Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite book |author=R Chandrashekhar |url=https://cenjows.gov.in/pdf/Layout_THE-GILGIT-AND-BALTISTAN-REGIONS-OF-J&K_%20Inside_28-11-17.pdf |title=THE GILGIT AND BALTISTAN REGIONS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR STATE |date=2017 |website=Center for Joint Warfare Studies |publisher=Xtreme Office Aids Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-93-84492-36-6 |location=[[New Delhi]] |page=63 |quote=An area that is legally part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir has since 1963 been administered by China as a part of Kargilik County and Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in the Kashgar Prefecture of Xinjiang Autonomous Region. Prior to 1963 the Shaksgam tract had been administered as a part of Shigar.}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="3rdedition">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/CompleteAtlasOfTheWorld3rdEdition2016 |title=Complete Atlas Of The World |date=2016 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |edition=3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/CompleteAtlasOfTheWorld3rdEdition2016/page/n239 238] |quote=(claimed by India) |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> However, the adjoining [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] region came under Pakistani control through the [[First Kashmir War]]. Pakistan and China signed [[Sino-Pakistan Agreement]] in 1963 and a border based on 1899 [[Macartney–MacDonald Line]] was recognized as the international border by China and Pakistan.<ref name=":0252">{{Cite book |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |author-link=Alastair Lamb |title=Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy; 1846–1990 |date=1991 |publisher=Roxford Books |isbn=978-0-907129-06-6 |edition=1st |location=Hertingfordbury, Hertfordshire |pages=40 |quote=In 1905 the Hunza cultivation of Raskam was stopped. De facto the Northern Frontier was considered by the British to be the 1899 proposal as modified by Curzon in 1905, an alignment which, interestingly enough, was eventually to be confirmed in its essentials by the Sino-Pakistani Boundary Agreement of 2 March 1963. Indian writers have insisted that in this transaction Pakistan surrendered to China no less than 2,050 square miles of territory to which, in any case, it had no right: in fact, if anything, Pakistan gained a bit, perhaps twenty square miles or so.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Noorani|first=A. G.|date=20 October 2006|title=Facing the truth|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/world-affairs/article30211220.ece|website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|quote=The Shaksgam Valley was never part of Kashmir and the northern and eastern boundaries of Kashmir were undefined.|author-link=A. G. Noorani}}</ref><ref name="Time">{{cite magazine |url =https://time.com/archive/6807801/pakistan-signing-with-the-red-chinese/ | title =Signing with the Red Chinese | magazine =[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date =15 March 1963 | access-date =28 October 2019 |url-status = | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130318005638/https://time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870184,00.html | archive-date =18 March 2013}}</ref> India has never accepted the Sino-Pakistan Agreement, asserting that Islamabad "unlawfully" attempted to cede the area to Beijing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-02 |title=India lodges protest with China over its infra development in Shaksgam valley |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-protest-china-infra-development-shaksgam-valley-9303777/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Most of the tract is composed of the Shaksgam Valley and was formerly administered as part of [[Shigar District|Shigar]], a district (formerly a [[tehsil]]) in the [[Baltistan]] region.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} A polo ground in Shaksgam was built by the Amacha rulers of Shigar according to local traditions, and the Rajas of Shigar used to invite the Amirs of [[Hotan]] to play polo there.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sering |first=Senge |date=1 December 2011 |title=Polo Diplomacy as Part of Indo-Pak CBMs: Any Takers? |url=https://archive.claws.co.in/732/polo-diplomacy-as-part-of-indo-pak-cbms-any-takers-senge-sering.html |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=archive.claws.co.in|quote=Locals claim that the rulers of Shigar made regular trips to the valleys north of the Karakoram ridge and during one of those visits, the Mir of Yarkand, in modern day East Turkestan, travelled across the Shaksgam River to greet the Raja and subsequently joined him for the polo match. From that time on, the rulers of both states arranged annual polo tournaments at the Muztaghi Shagaran with much fanfare, mostly in autumn to mark the end of the harvest season.}}</ref> {{Citation needed span|text=Most of the names of the mountains, lakes, rivers and passes are in Balti/Ladakhi, suggesting that this land had been part of Baltistan/Ladakh region for a long time.|date=March 2026}}

The tract is one of the most inhospitable areas of the world, with some of the highest mountains of the [[Karakoram Range]], including [[Broad Peak]], [[K2]] and [[Gasherbrum]]. On the southeast, it is adjacent to the highest battlefield in the world on the [[Siachen Glacier]] region which is controlled by India.

== History ==

[[File:Jammu and Kashmir in 1888 Survey of India map.jpg|thumb|300px|Boundary of Kashmir in the 1888 [[Survey of India]] map of India. The undefined boundary shown in dash line from [[Malubiting]], [[Raskam]], Aktagh to Karakunlun Shan {{coord|35.28312|N|80.261863|E|region:CN|display=inline}}]]
[[File:Map India and Pakistan 1-250,000 Tile NI 43-4 Chulung.jpg|thumb|300px|Detailed map showing part of the Trans-Karakoram Tract near the [[Shaksgam River]] ([[Army Map Service|United States Army Map Service]], 1953)]]
[[File:Shaksgam valley.jpg|thumb|300px|The Shaksgam Valley ([[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]]) photographed in August 2008]]

Historically the people of [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]] cultivated and grazed areas to the north of the [[Karakoram]], and the [[Mir of Hunza]] claimed those areas as part of Hunza's territories. Those areas included the [[Raskam]] Valley, north of the Shaksgam Valley.<ref name=Lall>{{citation |last=Lall |first=J. S. |title=Aksaichin and Sino-Indian Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OlJuAAAAMAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=Allied Publishers |page=85}}
</ref>

In 1889 the first expedition to the Shaksgam Valley by a European was undertaken by [[Francis Younghusband]] (who referred to the Shaksgam as the Oprang).<ref>{{Cite book
| last = Younghusband
| first = Francis
| author-link = Francis Younghusband
| title = The Heart of a Continent
| year = 1896
| pages = 200ff
| publisher = Asian Educational Services
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Avk88OI8bQkC
| isbn = 9788120608504}}</ref>

In March 1899 the British proposed, in a formal Note from Sir [[Claude MacDonald]] to China, a new boundary between China and British India. The Note proposed that China should relinquish its claims to suzerainty over Hunza, and in return Hunza should relinquish its claims to most of the [[Taghdumbash Pamir|Taghdumbash]] and Raskam districts.{{sfnp|Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers|1970|pp=102,  366}} It further outlined a border broadly following the main [[Karakoram]] crest, dividing the watersheds of the [[Indus]] and Tarim rivers, with a deviation to pass through a Hunza post at Darwaza near the [[Shimshal]] Pass.{{sfnp|Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers|1970|pp=102,  366}} The Chinese did not respond to the Note and the Indian government never revisited the boundary in the same form again.{{sfnp|Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers|1970|pp=74–75,  102}} The [[Macartney-MacDonald Line|MacDonald Line]] was modified in 1905 to include in India a small area east of the Shimshal Pass, to put the border on a stretch of the Shaksgam River.{{sfnp|Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers|1970|p=308}}
[[File:Northern_Frontier_1899,_1905,_1963.png|thumb|300x300px|Map comparing 1. 1899 [[Macartney–MacDonald Line]] (dashed segments with circles) 2. 1905 modification to Macartney–MacDonald Line (solid dots) 3. The China-Pakistan Border as settled in 1963 (star symbols) 4. Traditional border shown on many British maps (dashed lines)]]
At the same time, in view of "[[The Great Game]]", Britain was concerned at the danger of Russian expansion as [[Qing dynasty]] China weakened and so adopted a policy of claiming a border north of the Shaksgam River. This followed a line proposed by Sir John Ardagh in a Memorandum of 1897.{{sfnp|Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers|1970|p=107}} That border included the Mir of Hunza's claim over the Raskam Valley. However, British administration never extended north of the Karakoram watershed.<ref>{{harvp|Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers|1970|p=298}}, citing Alistair Lamb in the ''Australian Outlook'', December 1964</ref>

From 1899 until the independence of India and creation of Pakistan in 1947, the representation of the border on maps varied. In 1926 [[Kenneth Mason (geographer)|Kenneth Mason]] explored and surveyed the Shaksgam Valley.<ref name="Mason">{{Cite book
| last = Mason
| first = Kenneth
| author-link = Kenneth Mason (geographer)
| title = Exploration of the Shaksgam Valley and Aghil ranges, 1926
| year = 1928
| pages = 72ff
| publisher = Asian Educational Services
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LrbVqD06aXYC
| isbn =9788120617940 }}</ref>
In 1927 the Government of [[British Raj|British India]] abandoned any claim to the area north of the MacDonald Line, but the decision did not find its way on to British maps.{{sfnp|Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers|1970|pp=107,  298}} By 1959, however, Chinese maps were published showing large areas west and south of the MacDonald line in China. That year, the Government of Pakistan announced its willingness to consult on the boundary question.<ref name="ibs">{{Citation
| author=The Geographer. Office of the Geographer. Bureau of Intelligence and Research. Department of State, United States of America
| title=China – Pakistan Boundary
| url=http://blankonthemap.free.fr/3_geographie/33_karakoram/337_siachen/doc/Boundaries_Shaksgam.pdf
| series=International Boundary Study
| volume=85
| date=November 15, 1968
| publisher=Florida State University College of Law
}}</ref>

Since 1947, India has claimed sovereignty over the entire area of the pre-1947 independent state of Jammu and Kashmir and maintains that Pakistan and China do not share a common border.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

In 1954 the ''[[Times Atlas]]'' predominantly depicted the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract (the region between the Karakoram and Kuen Lun mountains) as a part of Kashmir under the caption "Undefined Frontier area".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Verify Access |url=https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/verify?redirectUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidrumsey.com%2Fluna%2Fservlet%2Fdetail%2FRUMSEY%7E8%7E1%7E225351%7E5506055%3APakistan%2C-Kashmir%2C-Afghanistan--Pla%3Fqvq%3Dq%3AAfghanistan%3Bsort%3Apub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_list_no_initialsort%3Blc%3ARUMSEY%7E8%7E1%26sort%3Dpub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_list_no_initialsort%26mi%3D70%26trs%3D389&helpUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fdocumentation.lunaimaging.com%2Fdisplay%2FV75D%2FBrowsing%2Band%2BViewing%2BMedia%23BrowsingandViewingMedia-BrowsingandViewingMedia&showTip=false&showTipAdvancedSearch=false&advancedSearchUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fdocumentation.lunaimaging.com%2Fdisplay%2FV75D%2FSearching%23Searching-Searching |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=www.davidrumsey.com}}</ref> The northern border published by the 1954 ''Times Atlas'' more or less followed the watershed of the Kuen Lun range from the Taghdumbash Pamir to the Yangi Dawan pass north of Kulanaldi, but east of the Yangi Dawan Pass, the border deviated from the watershed of the Kuen Lun range on the edge of the highlands of [[Kashmir]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

== Sino-Pakistan Frontier Agreement ==
{{Main|Sino-Pakistan Agreement}}
[[File:Alignment Official Pakistan map 1962.jpg|thumb|300px|Official alignment of the Government of Pakistan in 1962 according to the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] of India. The border is in the extreme north and is depicted as a dotted line with the caption Alignment Official Pakistan Map 1962.]]
In 1959, the Pakistani government became concerned over Chinese maps that showed areas the Pakistanis considered their own as part of China. In 1961, [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]] sent a formal note to China; there was no reply. It is thought that the Chinese might not have been motivated to negotiate with Pakistan because of Pakistan's relations with India.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

In 1962 the [[Government of Pakistan]] published an official map depicting the alignment of the northern border of Kashmir, which depicted much of the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract as part of Kashmir.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} The alignment published by the Government of Pakistan was mostly similar to the portrayal of the northern Border of Kashmir depicted in the 1954 Times Atlas, though in places, the Government of Pakistan's position deviated from the 1954 Times Atlas, and included areas as part of Kashmir which were to the north of the border of Kashmir shown in the Times Atlas.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} {{Citation needed span|text=Thus the official position of the Government of Pakistan prior to the 1963 Sino-Pakistan Agreement was that the northern border of Pakistan was on the Kuen Lun range, and the territory ceded by the Government of Pakistan was not just restricted to the Shaksgam Valley but extended to the Kuen Lun range.|date=March 2026}} For an idea of the extent of the Trans-Karakoram Tract or the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract, a view the map (C) from the Joe Schwartzberg's Historical Atlas of South Asia at DSAL in Chicago with the caption, "The boundary of Kashmir with China as portrayed and proposed by [[United Kingdom|Britain]] prior to 1947"<ref>{{Cite web |title=-- Schwartzberg Atlas -- Digital South Asia Library |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/fullscreen.html?object=125 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20221223090006/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/fullscreen.html?object=125 |archive-date=2022-12-23 |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> would show that the geographical and territorial extent of the Trans-Karakoram Tract or the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract is more or less the territory enclosed between the northernmost line and the innermost lines.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

After Pakistan voted to grant China a seat in the United Nations, the Chinese withdrew the disputed maps in January 1962, agreeing to enter border talks in March. Negotiations between the nations officially began on October 13, 1962, and resulted in the Sino-Pakistan Agreement signed on 2 March 1963 by foreign ministers [[Chen Yi (communist)|Chen Yi]] of China and [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] of Pakistan.<ref name=Time/> The resulting Sino-Pak border largely followed the MacDonald Line, with the exception of Shimshal area, where China ceded areas Pakistan claimed on the basis of grazing rights of people of Hunza.<ref name=":0252" />

The Indian government believes that the agreement resulted in the surrendering of a significant area to China. As claimed by Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in a parliamentary session, "According to the survey of Pakistan maps, even those published in 1962, about {{convert|11000|sqmi|km2|disp=sqbr}} of [[Sinkiang]] territory formed part of Kashmir. If one goes by these maps, Pakistan has obviously surrendered over {{convert|12810.87|sqmi|km2|disp=sqbr}} of territory".<ref>Formal statement of Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru in the [[Parliament of India]] on March 5, 1963</ref> However, the Indian political analyst and historian [[A. G. Noorani]] claims that Shaksgam Valley never formed part of Kashmir, and that the northern and eastern boundaries of Kashmir remained undefined.<ref>{{cite web |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |author-link=A. G. Noorani |date=20 October 2006 |title=Facing the truth |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/world-affairs/article30211220.ece |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |quote=The Shaksgam Valley was never part of Kashmir and the northern and eastern boundaries of Kashmir were undefined.}}</ref> The historian [[Alastair Lamb]], noting the Indian stance in his analysis of the agreement, states that the Indian government has repeatedly used the agreement as to claim "existence of a Pakistan-China “axis” directed towards the humiliation of India".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy; 1846-1990 |date=1991 |publisher=Roxford Books |isbn=978-0-907129-06-6 |edition=1. publ |location=Hertingfordbury, Hertfordshire |pages=242}}</ref> He further adds that the western frontiers along Karakoram had been clearly established by British note to China in 1899 and its subsequent modification in 1905 had been admitted by Chinese authorities in Xinjiang during 1930s, the same border which was more or less followed during the 1963 demarcation.<ref name=":0" /> According to Lamb:<ref name=":0" />

{{Blockquote|text=There were, in fact, only three problems outstanding. First; the altered status of [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]], once regarded by [[Qing dynasty|China]] as a tributary state, had to be accepted, even if tacitly, by [[Beijing]]. Second: the termination of old Hunza claims to territory and rights north of the Karakoram, which the British had de facto abandoned in 1936, would have to be confirmed, again tacitly if need be. Finally: the precise alignment of the Hunza-[[Sinkiang]] border, particularly in the region of the [[Khunjerab]] and [[Shimshal]] Passes, would have to be delimited. When all this had been agreed, it only remained the reconcile the maps on the two sides (based on different surveys of varying, and sometimes dubious, quality) by joint demarcation on the ground; and the job would be done. A task which the British had started with their Note to China of 1899 would have at last been completed.}}Lamb claims that contrary to Indian claims, China ceded some {{convert|20|sqmi|km2|abbr=on|order=flip}} of area to Pakistan between Shimshal Pass and Uprang Jilga River which had been placed within Chinese territory under 1905 border.<ref name=":0252" /> The political scientist [[Taylor Fravel]] notes that China withdrew from {{convert|1942|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|order=flip}} of territory, including Oprang Valley, Prang and Bund Darwaza Valley, Kharachanai salt mines and the town of Sokh Bolaq. Pakistan also kept six out of seven disputed passes under its possession.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Fravel |first=M. Taylor |author-link=Taylor Fravel |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Strong_Borders_Secure_Nation/02Hjr6RUckwC?hl=en |title=Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes |date=2008 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-2887-6 |pages=116 |language=en}}</ref> [[Sumit Ganguly]] states that Pakistan gained {{convert|1942|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|order=flip}} in Shimshal Valley in return of ceding its claim over {{convert|2730|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|order=flip}} in Shaksgam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ganguly |first=Sumit |url= |title=The India-China Relationship: Rivalry and Engagement |last2= |first2= |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-566723-3 |editor-last=Frankel |editor-first=Francine R. |editor-link=Francine R. Frankel |pages=118 |language=en |chapter=India and China: Border Issues, Domestic Integration, and International Security |quote=Under the terms of the settlement, Pakistan gained some 750 square miles of territory from the Chinese while ceding its claim to 1,050 square miles. |editor-last2=Harding |editor-first2=Harry |editor-link2=Harry Harding (political scientist)}}</ref> According to [[Neville Maxwell]], Pakistan gave up only map claims while China had to withdraw from the territory it administered.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maxwell |first=Neville |author-link=Neville Maxwell |title=India's China war |date=1970 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-394-47051-1 |location=New York |pages=215-217}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Yinsugaiti Glacier]]
* [[Sarpo Laggo Glacier]]
* [[Siachen Glacier]]
* [[Sino-Indian War|Sino-Indian conflict]]
* [[:Category:Territorial disputes of China|List of disputed territories of China]]
* [[List of disputed territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Territorial disputes of Pakistan|List of disputed territories of Pakistan]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{citation |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=First published in 2000 |isbn=1860648983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003}}}}
* {{citation |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Snedden |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-342-7 |ref={{sfnref|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015}}}}
* {{Citation |last=Woodman |first=Dorothy |author-link=Dorothy Woodman |title=Himalayan Frontiers |publisher=Barrie & Rockcliff |year=1969 |ref={{sfnref|Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers|1969}}}}
** {{citation |last=Woodman |first=Dorothy |title=Himalayan Frontiers: A Political Review of British, Chinese, Indian, and Russian Rivalries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkCAAAAAIAAJ |year=1970 |publisher=Praeger |ref={{sfnref|Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers|1970}}}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|Trans-Karakoram Tract}}

* [http://jammukashmir.nic.in Jammu and Kashmir Official Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080511194625/http://www.northernareas.org.pk/ Northern Areas Official Website]

{{Regions and administrative territories of Kashmir}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Tracts]]
[[Category:China in the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Sino-Indian border dispute]]
[[Category:China–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Geography of Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Kashgar Prefecture]]
[[Category:Karakoram]]
[[Category:Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County]]
[[Category:Subregions of Kashmir]]

Treaty of Punakha

2026-03-10T02:27:36Z

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{{Short description|1910 treaty between Bhutan and British India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = Treaty of Punakha
| long_name =
| image = PunakhaDzong.jpg
| image_width = 300
| caption = [[Punakha Dzong]], where the Treaty of Punakha was enacted
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1910|01|08}}
| location_signed = [[Punakha Dzong]]
| date_sealed =
| date_effective = 10 January 1910
| condition_effective = [[Ratification]] by [[British India]]
| date_expiration = 1947
| signatories = [[Sikkim]] Political Officer [[Charles Alfred Bell]]; [[Druk Gyalpo|Bhutanese King]] [[Ugyen Wangchuck]] and his ministers
| parties = [[British India]]; [[Kingdom of Bhutan]]
| ratifiers = Viceroy and Governor-General [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Sir Gilbert John Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound]] ([[British India]])
| depositor =
| language = English
| wikisource =
}}
'''The Treaty of Punakha''' was an agreement signed on 8 January 1910, at [[Punakha Dzong]] between the recently consolidated [[Kingdom of Bhutan]] and [[British India]]. The Treaty of Punakha is not a stand-alone document, but represents a modification of the [[Treaty of Sinchula]] of 1865, the prior working agreement between Bhutan and British India.<ref name=Geo>{{cite book|title=Geography of a Himalayan kingdom: Bhutan |first1=Neil |last1=Fraser |first2=Anima |last2=Bhattacharya |first3=Bimalendu |last3=Bhattacharya |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |page=17 |year=2001 |isbn=81-7022-887-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzLsd5nvzGwC |accessdate=2011-08-25}}</ref> As such, the Treaty of Punakha is an amendment whose text incorporates all other aspects of the Treaty of Sinchula by reference.

Under the Treaty of Punakha, Britain guaranteed Bhutan's independence, granted Bhutanese Royal Government an increased stipend, and took control of [[foreign relations of Bhutan|Bhutanese foreign relations]]. Although this treaty began the practice of delegating Bhutanese foreign relations to another suzerain, the treaty also affirmed Bhutanese independence as one of the few Asian kingdoms never conquered by a regional or colonial power.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of Bhutan |last=Rose |first=Leo E. |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca |year=1977 |isbn=0-8014-0909-8 |page=24 |quote=[T]here can be no doubt that since at least the tenth century no external power has controlled Bhutan, although there have been periods when various of its neighbors have been able to exert a strong cultural and/or political influence there.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Raven Crown: The Origins of Buddhist Monarchy in Bhutan |last=Aris |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Aris |publisher=Serindia Publications |location=Chicago |year=2005 |isbn=1-932476-21-0 |page=15 |quote=[Bhutan was] peripheral to the great empire of power and faith [i.e., Tibet], yet never subjugated to it. }}</ref>

==Background and enactment==
{{main|Duar War}}
For five months, between 1864 and 1865, [[Bhutan]] and [[British India]] engaged in the [[Duar War]], which Bhutan lost. As a result, Bhutan lost part of its sovereign territory, accompanied by forced cession of formerly occupied territories. Under the terms of the [[Treaty of Sinchula]], signed on 11 November 1865, Bhutan ceded territories in the [[Assam]] [[Duars]] and [[Bengal]] [[Duars]], as well as the eighty-three square kilometer territory of Dewangiri in southeastern Bhutan, in return for an annual subsidy of 50,000 [[rupee]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bhutan: a Kingdom in the Himalayas : a study of the land, its people, and their government |first1=Nagendra |last1=Singh |edition=2nd |chapter=Appendix VII – The Treaty of Sinchula |page=243 |publisher=Thomson Press Publication Division |year=1978 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TSRuAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=2011-08-25}}</ref>

By the turn of the century, continuing geopolitical developments raised the question of a new treaty. Ugyen Wangchuck had consolidated power as [[Penlop of Trongsa]] and was unanimously elected monarch by government and religious cadres just two years earlier, in December 1907.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bhutan, a kingdom in the Himalayas: a study of the land, its people and their government |first=Nagendra |last=Singh |edition=3rd |publisher=S. Chand |year=1985 |page=52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i2BDAAAAYAAJ |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref>

The Treaty of Punakha was enacted on 8 January 1910, at the signing at [[Punakha]] by [[Sikkim]] Political Officer [[Charles Alfred Bell]] and the first [[Druk Gyalpo]] (King of Bhutan) [[Maharaja]] [[Ugyen Wangchuck]].<ref name=Treaty/>

==Aftermath and abrogation==
The Treaty of Punakha created a precedent for treaty modification and foreign suzerainty, and affirmed the practice of foreign subsidy to the Royal Government.<ref name=Schicklgruber>{{cite book|title=Bhutan: mountain fortress of the gods |first=Christian |last=Schicklgruber |publisher=Shambhala |year=1998 |isbn=9780906026441 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q1uAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=2011-08-21}}</ref> The payments and lands subject to the Treaty of Punakha were accompanied by several contemporary and later agreements, some of which ultimately undid the Punakha amendments.<ref name=CS1>{{Country study|country=Bhutan |abbr=bt |editor=Savada, Andrea Matles |date=September 1991 |section=Foreign Relations – India |author=Worden, Robert L. |pd=yes}}</ref><ref name="Warikoo 2009 139">{{cite book|title=Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-political and Strategic Perspectives |volume=13 |series=Routledge contemporary South Asia series |first=K. |last=Warikoo |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] US |year=2009 |page=139 |isbn=978-0-415-46839-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSrLXTgPFFgC |accessdate=2011-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carnegieendowment.org/newsletters/SAP/pdf/march07/india_bhutan_treaty.pdf |title=Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty |date=1949-08-08 |publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |accessdate=2011-08-12 |archive-date=31 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231211420/https://carnegieendowment.org/newsletters/SAP/pdf/march07/india_bhutan_treaty.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Treaty of Punakha accompanied other contemporary agreements that had the effect of sharing profits from [[Asian elephant|elephant]] hunting inequitably in Britain's favor;<ref name=Geo/> assigning land in [[Motithang]] ([[Thimphu Province]]) and a hill station between [[Chukha District|Chukha]] and [[Thimphu]] to the British; and assigning a portion of British [[Kalimpong]] to Bhutan, which later became [[Bhutan House]] owned by the [[Dorji family]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDxx_ibIwZ0C |title=Himalayan kingdom Bhutan: tradition, transition, and transformation |first=Awadhesh Coomar |last=Sinha |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=81-7387-119-1 |accessdate=2011-08-12}}</ref> The land around the Kalimpong estate had previously been ceded from [[Bhutan]] to [[British India]] at the conclusion the [[Bhutan War]] and as a condition of the [[Treaty of Sinchula]] in 1865.<ref name=Syamukapu>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hbgVAQAAMAAJ |title=Syamukapu: The Lhasa Newars of Kalimpong and Kathmandu |first=Deb Shova Kansakar |last=Hilker |publisher=Vajra Publications |year=2005 |isbn=99946-644-6-8 |accessdate=2011-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eONIAQAAIAAJ |title=Arts of Asia |volume=17 |publisher=Arts of Asia Publications |year=1987 |page=107 |accessdate=2011-08-12}}</ref> Kazi [[Ugyen Dorji]] of the [[Dorji family]] settled the land and took advantage of the lucrative trade routes through [[Kalimpong]], and by 1898 assumed the roles of Trade Agent and mediator between the [[British Empire]] and [[Tibet]].<ref name=Brief>{{cite web |url=http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/pubFiles/v19_2.pdf |accessdate=2011-08-12 |year=2002 |first=Khandu-Om |last=Dorji |title=A Brief History of Bhutan House in Kalimpong |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105082422/http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/pubFiles/v19_2.pdf |archivedate=5 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

On 8 August 1949, Bhutan's independence was recognised by India. On 23 April 1948, [[Sonam Topgay Dorji]], also of the [[Dorji family]], headed the Bhutanese delegation to recently independent [[India]], meeting [[Indian Prime Minister|Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Topgay and Nehru established [[Bhutan–India relations]], prompted by a growing security concern over [[Communism|Communist]] [[China]]. Bilateral negotiations lasted through 8 August 1949, culminating in the Indo-Bhutan Treaty. Under this agreement, India returned the land around [[Deothang]], subject of part of the 1865 [[Bhutan War|Anglo-Bhutanese War]].<ref name="Warikoo 2009 139"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carnegieendowment.org/newsletters/SAP/pdf/march07/india_bhutan_treaty.pdf |title=Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty |date=1949-08-08 |publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |accessdate=2011-08-12 |archive-date=31 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231211420/https://carnegieendowment.org/newsletters/SAP/pdf/march07/india_bhutan_treaty.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In February 2007, the [[Druk Gyalpo|Fifth King]] [[Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck]] signed a new treaty of friendship with [[India]], replacing the treaty of 1949.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhutan and India sign new treaty |publisher=BBC |date=2007-02-08 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6341143.stm |accessdate=2008-11-06}}</ref>

==Text of the treaty==
Below is the full text of the Treaty of Punakha.
{{quote|text=Whereas it is desirable to amend Articles IV. and VIII. of the [[Treaty of Sinchula|Treaty concluded at Sinchula]] on the 11th day of November, 1865, corresponding with the Bhutia year Sing Lang, 24th day of the 9th month, between the British Government and the Government of Bhutan, the undermentioned amendments are agreed to on the one part by Mr. [[Charles Alfred Bell|C. A. Bell]], Political Officer in [[Sikkim]], in virtue of full powers to that effect vested in him by the Right Honourable [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Sir Gilbert John Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound]], [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|P.C.]], [[Order of the Star of India|G.M.S.I.]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|G.M.I.E.]], [[Order of St Michael and St George|G.C.M.G.]], [[Earl of Minto]], [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy and Governor-General of India]] in council, and on the other part by His Highness Sir [[Ugyen Wangchuck]], [[Order of the Star of India|K.C.I.E.]], [[Druk Gyalpo|Maharaja of Bhutan]].

The following addition has been made to Article IV. of the [[Treaty of Sinchula|Sinchula Treaty]] of 1865.

:"The British Government has increased the annual allowance to the [[Government of Bhutan]] from fifty thousand rupees (Rs. 50,000) to one hundred thousand rupees (Rs. 100,000) with effect from the 10th January, 1910."

Article VIII. of the Sinchula Treaty of 1865 has been revised and the revised Article runs as follows: –

:"The British Government undertakes to exercise no interference in the internal administration of Bhutan. On its part, the Bhutanese Government agrees to be guided by the advice of the British Government in regard to its external relations. In the event of disputes with or causes of complaint against the [[Maharaja]]s of [[Sikkim]] and [[Cooch Behar]], such matters will be referred for arbitration to the British Government which will settle them in such manner as justice may require, and insist upon the observance of its decision by the Maharajas named."

Done in quadruplicate at [[Punakha]], Bhutan, this eighth day of January in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and ten, corresponding with the Bhutia date, the 27th day of the 11th month of the Earth-Bird (Sa-ja) year.

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
[[Charles Alfred Bell|C. A. Bell]], Political officer in Sikkim. Eighth January, nineteen hundred and ten (8 January 1910).
{{Col-3}}
(seal) Seal of Political officer in Sikkim.
{{Col-3}}
Seal of [[Druk Desi|Dharma Raja]]. [seal] Seal of His Highness the [[Druk Gyalpo|Maharaja of Bhutan]]. (seal) Seal of Tatsang Lamas. (seal) Seal of [[Penlop of Trongsa|Tongsa Penlop]]. (seal) Seal of Paro [[Penlop]]. (seal) Seal of Zhung Dronyer. (seal) Seal of Timbu [[Jongpen]]. (seal) Seal of Punaka [[Jongpen]]. (seal) Seal of Wangdu Potang [[Jongpen]]. (seal) Seal of Taka [[Penlop]]. (seal) Seal of Deb Zimpon. (seal) [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|MINTO]], Viceroy and Governor-General of India.
{{Col-end}}

This treaty was ratified by the Viceroy and Governor-General of India in Council at [[Fort William (India)|Fort William]], on the twenty-fourth day of March, A.D. one thousand nine hundred and ten (24 March 1910).

S. H. BUTLER, Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign Department.<ref name=Treaty>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8pgsAAAAYAAJ |title=East India (Tibet): Papers relating to Tibet |volume=2–4 |authorlink=Foreign and Commonwealth Office |author=Great Britain Foreign Office, India |publisher=Printed for H. M. Stationery Off., by Darling |year=1904 |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref><ref group=Note>The term "Bhutia", which appears in this text, does not refer to the modern [[Bhutia]], but to the Bhutanese.</ref>|source=Treaty of Punakha}}

==See also==
* [[Foreign relations of Bhutan]]
* [[History of Bhutan]]
* [[Treaty of Sinchula]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* Matteo Miele, ''Chinese Shadows on Bhutanese Independence after the Treaty of Punakha. The Tibetan Buddhist Connection and the British Diplomatic Action'', in Seiji Kumagai (ed.), ''Buddhism, Culture and Society in Bhutan'', Vajra Publications, Kathmandu, 2018, pp. 215-239

[[Category:Treaties of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Treaties of British India]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1910]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1910]]
[[Category:1910 in India]]
[[Category:1910s in British India]]
[[Category:Bhutan–India relations]]
[[Category:Bhutan–United Kingdom relations]]

Umeed (1962 film)

2026-03-04T03:59:33Z

Safetechgroupin: made basic entry from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Umeed
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Nitin Bose]]
| producer = Rajan Sahai
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ashok Kumar]]|[[Joy Mukherjee]]|[[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]]|[[Leela Naidu]]}}
| music = [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]]
| cinematography =
| editing = [[Bimal Roy]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1971}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Umeed''''' is a 1971 Indian [[Hindi language|Hindi]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Nitin Bose]], with [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Joy Mukherjee]], [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]], [[Leela Naidu]] playing the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UMEED (B&W) ~ Bollywood VHS video tape ~ joy mukherjee, nanda, ashok kumar |url=https://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/394813326833 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=eBay |language=en-gb}}</ref>

The film has a hit music by [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]] and lyrics by [[Shakeel Badayuni]] with song like ''Mujhe Ishq Hai Tujhise'' sung by [[Mohammed Rafi]] becoming all-time hit.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dev |first=Sujata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=noAyCwAAQBAJ&dq=Umeed+1962&pg=PT126 |title=Mohammed Rafi Voice Of A Nation |date=2015-10-01 |publisher=Om Books International |isbn=978-93-80070-97-1 |language=en}}</ref> In a rare instance, [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]], the music director sang two of the songs too in the movie. The movie was ready to release in 1962, but it was a delayed release in 1971, due to distribution problems.

==Cast==
* [[Ashok Kumar]] as Jwalaprasad
* [[Joy Mukherjee]] as Shankar
* [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]] as Leela
* [[Leela Naidu]] as Mala
* Kartar Singh as Mill Gatekeeper
* [[Leela Mishra]] as Leela Naidu
* [[Tarun Bose]] as Shukla
* Chandrima Bhaduri as Shankar's mother
* Sabita Chatterjee as Rosie
* Ravikant as Doctor
* Nazir Kashmiri as Servant
* [[Laxmi Chhaya]] as dancer / singer
* Jeevan Kala as dancer / singer
* Madhumati as dancer / singer

==Soundtrack==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song<ref>{{Cite web |title=Umeed Movie Trailer, Star Cast, Release Date, Box Office, Movie Review {{!}} Umeed Movie budget and Collection {{!}} Umeed |url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/movie/umeed-1 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=www.indianfilmhistory.com |language=en}}</ref> !! Singer
|-
| "Umeed Ke Sahare"
| [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]]
|-
| "Mera Dil Hai Pyar Ka"
| Ravi
|-
| "Mujhe Ishq Hai Tujhise"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Aaja Meri Jaan Tere Qurbaan"
| [[Mahendra Kapoor]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Dil Ko Bachana Babuji, Na Aana Tum Kabhi"
| Usha Mangeshkar, [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Humne Chaha Magar"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Thodi Si Aur Pee Le"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id =0157133}}

[[Category:1962 films]]
[[Category:1962 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Contract (2008 film)

2026-03-02T22:14:47Z

Safetechgroupin: typo fix

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Contract
| image = Contract Hindi Movie.jpg
| director = [[Ram Gopal Varma]]
| producer = [[Praveen Nischol]] [[Ajay Bijli]] Sanjeev K. Bijli
| writer = [[Prashant Pandey]]
| music = Amar Mohile Bappi Tutul Sana Kotwal Rooshin Dalal Clinton Mascarenhas (Background score)
| starring = Adhvik Mahajan Prasad Purandare [[Sakshi Gulati]] [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] [[Amruta Subhash]] [[Kishor Kadam]] [[Sumeet Nijhawan]] [[Upendra Limaye]]
| distributor = [[PVR Pictures]]
| studio = PVR Pictures
| cinematography = [[Aseem Mishra]]
| editing = Amit Parmar Nipun Ashok Gupta
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2008|07|18}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Contract''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action drama film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/contract-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mtewmzg|title=Contract|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref> written by [[Prashant Pandey]] and directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]]. The film is set against the backdrop of [[terrorism]] and the infiltration by [[Research and Analysis Wing|R.A.W.]] and the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau.]]<ref name="toi7">{{Cite news|work=Times of India |title=Movie Reviews: Contract |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Contract/movie-review/3251648.cms |first=Nikhat |last=Kazmi |date=2008-07-18}}</ref>

Starring Adhvik Mahajan, [[Upendra Limaye]], Prasad Purandare, and [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] in pivotal roles, the film received mixed reviews.<ref name="tt6">{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080719/jsp/entertainment/story_9568903.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080728092050/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080719/jsp/entertainment/story_9568903.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 July 2008 |work=The Telegraph (Calcutta) |first=Priyanka |last=Roy |date=2008-07-19 |title=Don't sign it}}</ref><ref name="ht5">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/cinema-news/reviews/Review-Contract/Article1-324866.aspx |date=2008-07-18 |work=Hindustan Times |title=On Planet Kill Kill |first=Khalid |last=Mohamed |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231035037/http://www.hindustantimes.com/cinema-news/reviews/Review-Contract/Article1-324866.aspx |archivedate=31 December 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> The film was screened retrospectively at the 2010 [[Fribourg International Film Festival]].<ref name="India Today">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20120528-edouard-waintrop-on-the-new-indian-cinema-758464-2012-05-18 |title=Edouard Waintrop on the New Indian Cinema : UP Front – India Today |work=India Today |date=18 May 2012 |access-date=27 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="David">{{cite web|author=David |title=The Films of Ram Gopal Varma – An Overview |publisher=Cinema Strikes Back |date=16 June 2006 |url=http://www.cinemastrikesback.com/?p=1202 |accessdate=22 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725153007/http://www.cinemastrikesback.com/?p=1202 |archivedate=25 July 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story revolves around an ex-[[Special Protection Group]] Commando, Amaan Malik, whose wife and daughter are killed in a terrorist attack. Indian agents, working with the [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] of India, approach Amaan for collaboration to hunt the mastermind behind the serial terrorist attacks in Mumbai, Sultan. Sultan is executing another mission of serial blasts, including a government hospital in [[Mumbai]]. Supported by the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)]], how [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] and Amaan are able to infiltrate the underworld gangs to reach Sultan forms the rest of the plot.

== Cast ==
* Adhvik Mahajan as Amaan Malik
* [[Sakshi Gulati]] as Iya
* [[Kishor Kadam]] as Dara Bajaj
* [[Sumeet Nijhawan]] as R.D.
* [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] as Divya Jalani
* [[Upendra Limaye]] as Goonga
* [[Amruta Subhash]] as Goonga's Wife
* Ranjeev Verma as karim ali
* Vibha Cheebur as Commissioner
* Prasad Purandare as Ahmad Hussain
* Jaspaul Sandhu as Home Minister
* Raaj Gopal as RAW Shridhar
* [[Vikas Shrivastav]] as RAW Lalji
* [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as Sultan Jabbar Khan
* Brajesh Jha as Zahwari
* Yasir Khan as Allwyn
* Jai Tari as Bhansal

== Soundtrack ==
* "Maula Khair Kare" – [[Shilpa Rao]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
* "The Heart Of Contract" – Instrumental
* "Jeene Ka" – Runa Rizvi, Ravi Shankar
* "Badalon Pe" – [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
* "Saathiya" – [[Adnan Sami]], [[Tulsi Kumar]]
* "Har Kafan" – Abhishek Nailwal, Runa Rizvi
* "Twinkle Twinkle" – Amitrajit Bhattacharee, Devika Verma, Rajana Verma, Trishe
* "Khallas" – [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Sudesh Bhosle]], [[Sapna Awasthi]]
* "Hai Aag Yeh" – [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
* "Take Lite" – [[Jiah Khan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1242843}}

{{Ram Gopal Varma}}

[[Category:Films directed by Ram Gopal Varma]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films about jihadism]]
[[Category:2008 action drama films]]
[[Category:2000s spy thriller films]]
[[Category:2008 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa fiction]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Films about the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:2000s avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]
[[Category:Intelligence Bureau (India) in fiction]]
[[Category:Films about law enforcement in India]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:PVR Inox Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]

Govt. Senior Secondary School 31 P.S.

2026-02-22T19:11:19Z

Safetechgroupin: added a data

{{more citations needed|date=October 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Government Senior Secondary School 31 P.S.
| coordinates = {{coord|29|33|47.43|N|73|23|09.66|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| region = [[Ganganagar district|Ganganagar]]
| superintendent = D.E.O. Secondary Sri Ganganagar
| principal = Vinod Kumar Panday
| faculty = [[Arts]],
| enrollment = 200
| motto = अस्तो मा सदगम्य तमसो मा ज्योतिर्गमय।
| established = {{start date|1954}}
| type = Government
| grades = 10+2 level
| location = [[31 P.S.]], [[India]]
| campus = Rural
| nickname = Bada School
| schedule = 10:00 am to 4:00 pm
| website = http://gsss31ps.wix.com/gsss31ps
}}

'''Government Senior Secondary School 31 P.S.''', also known as '''GSSS31PS''', is a day boarding school situated in [[31 P.S.]] Tehsil [[Raisinghnagar]] ([[Sri Ganganagar]] district), [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. Earlier it was known as '''Government Secondary School 31 P.S.'''. It is one of the oldest schools in Sri Ganganagar district.

==History==
[[File:Gsss31psname.jpg|thumb|School sign]]
GSSS 31 P.S., the oldest government primary school, was started as a ''Pathshala'' in 1954 by the [[Government of Rajasthan]] for the education of the village's poor pupils. Raised to a secondary school in 1984, it developed into a senior secondary school in 2007 and was named a government senior secondary school. The school is managed and run by the Secondary Education Department of Rajasthan.

==Affiliation==
[[File:Building GSSS31ps.jpg|thumb|School building]]
The school was affiliated to the [[Rajasthan Board of Secondary Education|RBSE]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rajeduboard.nic.in/ |title=Board of Secondary Education, Rajasthan, Ajmer |access-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925040952/http://www.rajeduboard.nic.in/ |archive-date=25 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The institute is monitored by District Education Officer for secondary education Nagar under Education Department of Rajasthan state government. The school has permanent recognition for a 10+2 level from the Government of Rajasthan and the Board of Secondary Education, Rajasthan.

==Academics==
The school offers secondary classes from year 9 to year 12 in Arts, including History, Political Science, [[Hindi literature]], and Geography.

==Sports and other activities==
The school has separate grounds for hockey, football, volleyball, cricket, and athletics. Other activities offered includepottery, photography and science clubs, Scouts, Guides, Cubs and Bulbuls, cultural groups, SUPW (social productive works) and social services, NSS and career guidance. The school has a well-managed and fulfilled library where thousands of books of all subjects are available.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.rajshiksha.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804004114/http://www.rajshiksha.gov.in/ |date=4 August 2010 }}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Education in Sri Ganganagar district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1954]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Ajantha Mendis

2026-02-16T15:01:15Z

Safetechgroupin: fixed information also and corrected details after review

{{Short description|Sri Lankan cricketer (born 1985)}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Ajantha Mendis
| image = Mendis_bowling.jpg
| country = Sri Lanka
| fullname = Balapuwaduge Ajantha Winslow Mendis
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|3|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Moratuwa]], Sri Lanka
| heightft = 5
| heightinch = 11
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off break|off spin]]
| role = [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2008–2015
| testdebutdate = 23 July
| testdebutyear = 2008
| testdebutagainst = India
| testcap = 109
| lasttestdate = 24 July
| lasttestyear = 2014
| lasttestagainst = South Africa
| odidebutdate = 10 April
| odidebutyear = 2008
| odidebutagainst = West Indies
| odicap = 134
| lastodidate = 26 December
| lastodiyear = 2015
| lastodiagainst = New Zealand
| odishirt = 40
| T20Idebutdate = 10 October
| T20Idebutyear = 2008
| T20Idebutagainst = Zimbabwe
| T20Icap = 22
| lastT20Idate = 27 May
| lastT20Iyear = 2014
| lastT20Iagainst = England
| T20Ishirt = 40
| club1 = [[Wayamba cricket team|Wayamba]]
| year1 = 2007–2019
| club2 = [[Sri Lanka Army Sports Club (cricket)|Sri Lanka Army]]
| year2 = 2006–2019
| club3 = [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]]
| year3 = 2011
| club4 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| year4 = 2008–2010
| club5 = [[Nagenahira Nagas]]
| year5 = 2012
| club6 = [[Pune Warriors India|Pune Warriors]]
| year6 = 2013
| club7 = [[Lahore Qalandars]]
| year7 = 2014
| club8 = [[Sydney Thunder]]
| year8 = 2014
| club9 = [[Sylhet Super Stars]]
| year9 = 2015
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 19
| runs1 = 213
| bat avg1 = 16.38
| 100s/50s1 = 0/1
| top score1 = 78
| deliveries1 = 4,730
| wickets1 = 70
| bowl avg1 = 34.77
| fivefor1 = 4
| tenfor1 = 1
| best bowling1 = 6/99
| catches/stumpings1 = 2/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 87
| runs2 = 188
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| bat avg2 = 8.17
| top score2 = 21[[Not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 4,154
| wickets2 = 152
| bowl avg2 = 21.86
| fivefor2 = 3
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 6/13
| catches/stumpings2 = 15/–
| column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| matches3 = 39
| runs3 = 8
| bat avg3 = 2.66
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 4*
| deliveries3 = 885
| wickets3 = 66
| bowl avg3 = 14.42
| fivefor3 = 2
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 6/8
| catches/stumpings3 = 6/–
| column4 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches4 = 81
| runs4 = 1,889
| bat avg4 = 17.99
| 100s/50s4 = 1/7
| top score4 = 101
| deliveries4 = 13,231
| wickets4 = 307
| bowl avg4 = 23.28
| fivefor4 = 18
| tenfor4 = 3
| best bowling4 = 7/37
| catches/stumpings4 = 25/–
| date = 26 December
| year = 2016
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/268739.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
{{Infobox military person
|name=Ajantha Mendis
|birth_date=11 March 1985 –
|birth_place=[[Moratuwa]]
|death_place=
|placeofburial=
|placeofburial_label= Place of burial
|image=
|caption=
|nickname=
|allegiance={{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lanka]]
|branch=[[Sri Lanka Army]]
|serviceyears=2005 –
|rank=[[Lieutenant]]
|commands=
|unit=[[Sri Lanka Artillery]]
|battles=
|awards=
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}
'''Balapuwaduge Ajantha Winslow Mendis''' ({{langx|si|අජන්ත මෙන්ඩිස්}}; born 11 March 1985) better known as '''Ajantha Mendis,''' is a Sri Lankan former international [[cricket]]er who played for the [[Sri Lankan national cricket team]] in all three formats. He is also known as the "mystery spinner" due to his unusual variations in bowling action. In August 2019, he retired from all forms of cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27483808/ajantha-mendis-retires-all-forms-cricket |title=Ajantha Mendis retires from all forms of cricket |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=28 August 2019}}</ref> Mendis was a member of the Sri Lankan team that won the [[2014 ICC World Twenty20]].

Mendis made his [[One Day International]] debut against the West Indies at [[Port of Spain]] in 2008 and took 3 for 39. He also played for the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in the [[Indian Premier League]]. He holds the record for the fastest 50 wickets in ODIs, with 19 matches.

His first [[test cricket|Test Match]] was against India at [[Colombo]] on 23 July 2008, in which he returned match figures of 8–132, thereby becoming the first Sri Lankan bowler to get an eight-wicket haul on Test debut. Mendis won the [[ICC Men's Emerging Cricketer of the Year|Emerging Player of the Year]] award at the ICC Awards ceremony held in Dubai in September 2008.

Until February 2017, he was the only bowler to have taken six wickets in a Twenty20 International, and he has achieved the feat twice, claiming the world record figures of 6 wickets for 8 runs for Sri Lanka against Zimbabwe on 18 September 2012 which were later broken by [[Deepak Chahar]] in 2019 in a T20I against Bangladesh.<ref name="T20records">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/305212.html|title=Records – Twenty20 matches – Bowling records – Best figures in an innings|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=4 January 2015}}</ref> On 26 October 2012, Ajantha Mendis received the Sri Lankan Order of Bantu, the highest civilian honour in Sri Lanka.

==Early years and personal life==
Born on 11 March 1985, Mendis hails from a hamlet in [[Moratuwa]]. He is the third child in a family of five with an elder brother and a sister. He was raised [[Catholic Church|Catholic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucanews.com/2009/03/04/catholics-pray-for-sri-lankan-cricketers/ |title=Catholics pray for Sri Lankan cricketers following attack |publisher=Union of Catholic Asian News |date=4 March 2009 |access-date=25 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124002919/http://www.ucanews.com/2009/03/04/catholics-pray-for-sri-lankan-cricketers/ |archive-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/cricket/article4449758.ece|title=Ajantha Mendis is the sorcerer's apprentice|work=The Times|date=3 August 2008|access-date=25 September 2009|author=Dileep Premachandran}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He has had his basic education at St Anthony's College at Kadalana in his village where there were no facilities at all for sports. He subsequently entered Moratuwa Maha Vidyalaya in the year 2000. During a cricket coaching class, Mendis' talents were initially identified by the school coach named Mr. Lucky Rogers back in the year 1998 when he was just 13 years of age. In the year 2000 he represented the school under-15 cricket team and he was selected to the first eleven team. He also deputised for the school team captain. This slow medium bowler with a variation of leg spin was adjudged the Best Bowler at the big matches twice in 2001 and 2002.

==Military career==
Sri Lanka Artillery Cricket Committee noticed his talents when he played a cricket match against the Army under-23 Division 11 during 2003/2004 tournaments. Following this, he was invited to enlist in the regular force of the [[Sri Lanka Army]], particularly due to the low number of cricketers from Colombo schools joining the Army in the recent years. He enlisted, partly due to the reason that his father, the breadwinner of the family had died the week before due to a heart attack.<ref name="defence.lk">{{Cite web |url=http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20080613_04 |title=Soldier creating history in International cricket |access-date=26 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702014712/http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20080613_04 |archive-date=2 July 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Following basic training he played for the army team and saw active military service as a [[Gunner (rank)|Gunner]] in the [[Sri Lanka Artillery]],<ref name="defence.lk"/> a regiment of the [[Sri Lanka Army]]. Following the Asia Cup final, he was promoted to the rank of [[Sergeant]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.army.lk/morenews.php?id=14381| title = Army's Sensational Spinner Ajantha Mendis Promoted, Sri Lanka Army}}{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> on 7 July 2008, and the next day [[Officer (armed forces)|commissioned]] as a [[Second Lieutenant]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20080709_07 |title=Promotion for new cricketing hero, Ajantha, Ministry of Defence |access-date=9 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080712155001/http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20080709_07 |archive-date=12 July 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Domestic and franchise cricket==
Mendis has represented the Army in 23 limited over matches and 59 two/three-day matches, in which he has 38 wickets and 244 wickets respectively to his credit. Mendis bowls off-spin as his stock delivery and he has a few more variations in his armoury-leg spin, top spin and faster bowl. All this was developed during 2006/2007 domestic season on his own. He also extended his purple patch in the domestic season 2007/2008 under-23 division 1 tournament and was later selected to the pool of "Academy Squad" organised by Sri Lanka Cricket. There, he was able to polish his cricketing skills further. He had the opportunity of touring neighbouring India on an eight-day tour in June 2007 where he was given the opportunity to play two two-day matches. In the meantime, Sri Lanka Cricket selectors could not ignore his performance in the Premier Limited Over Tournament 2007/2008 and got him selected to play in the "Provincial Tournament 2008" representing "Wayamba Province" under the National Captain. In that tournament, he performed exceptionally well with the ball. Local TV commentators predicted him as the ideal replacement for senior spinner [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] in time to come and nicknamed him the "Mysterious Bowler". His performance in the said tournament got the National selectors to observe him more closely, after he became the most successful bowler by taking 68 wickets in nine matches, which is also a record in any form of domestic cricket.

In the [[2010 County Championship]], Mendis was to play for [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]] as their overseas player for the season as a replacement for [[Imran Tahir]], but he was unable to fulfill his contract and never appeared for the county.

On 18 May 2008, [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] signed Mendis, until the end of the 2008 season.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/351421.html |title=Mendis joins Kolkata Knight Riders |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 August 2019}}</ref> At the 2013 [[Indian Premier League]] Auctions held in [[Chennai]], India on 3 February 2013, Mendis proved to be one of the most expensive players sold, purchased by the [[Pune Warriors India]] for $725,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.emirates247.com/sports/cricket/ipl6-t20-player-auction-live-coverage-mumbai-pay-1-million-for-all-rounder-rcb-feast-on-quickies-2013-02-03-1.493569|title=IPL6 T20 player auction 'live' coverage: Mumbai pay $1 million for all-rounder; RCB feast on quickies|access-date=3 February 2013}}</ref>

Mendis played for [[Lahore Qalandars]] in [[Pakistan Super League]] held at U.A.E in February 2016.

==2009 Lahore Attack==
On 3 March 2009, the bus that carried the Sri Lankan cricketers to the [[Gaddafi Stadium]] in [[Lahore]], for the third day's play of the second Test match between Sri Lanka and Pakistan, [[2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team|was fired at by masked gunmen]]. Mendis was among seven Sri Lankan cricketers who were injured in the attack, which killed five policemen who guarded the bus.<ref>(3 March 2009). {{cite web| url = https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2009/03/03/1235842395321.html| title = "Sri Lanker players shot in Lahore"}}. ''The Sydney Morning Herald''.</ref>

==International career==
===Golden debut years===
After becoming the leading wicket-taker in the 2007-08 Premier League with 54 wickets at an average of ten, Mendis was picked in the ODI squad for the series [[Sri Lankan cricket team in the West Indies in 2007–08|against West Indies]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wivsl/content/story/342044.html |title=Jayasuriya faces axe for West Indies series |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wivsl/content/story/342129.html |title=Jayasuriya left out of West Indies ODIs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 August 2019}}</ref> He made his [[One Day International]] (ODI) debut on 10 April 2008 in first ODI against West Indies. He announced his arrival on the international stage with three for 39 off 10 overs in this game, and dumbfounded the West Indian batsmen with his range of variations without a perceptible change in his action.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wivsl/content/story/346113.html |title=We need to make a plan against Mendis: Bravo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 August 2019}}</ref> Rob Steen summed up the impact of this initial performance by stating "I have just seen the future of spin bowling – and his name is Ajantha Mendis." However, West Indies won the match by one wicket.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wivsl/content/story/345846.html |title=Chanderpaul clinches final-ball thriller |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 August 2019}}</ref> In the second ODI, he bowled four wicketless overs for 21 runs and West Indies won the match and sealed the series 2–0.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14069/scorecard/319135/west-indies-vs-sri-lanka-2nd-odi-sri-lanka-tour-of-west-indies-2007-08 |title=2nd ODI, Sri Lanka tour of West Indies at Port of Spain, Apr 12 2008 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 August 2019}}</ref>

During [[2008 Asia Cup]], Mendis made his mark with match winning bowling performance, which took him to won the player of the series of award as well. Against Pakistan on 29 June 2008, he took 4 for 47 and Sri Lanka won the match by 64 runs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/asiacup/content/story/358599.html |title=Sangakkara ton sets up 64-run win |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 August 2019}}</ref> On 6 July 2008, in the Asia cup final against India, Mendis delivered a match winning spell of astonishing figures of 6 for 13. Sri Lanka won their fourth Asia cup title by 100 runs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/asiacup/content/story/360084.html |title=Mendis spins Sri Lanka to title triumph |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 August 2019}}</ref>

Mendis made his Test debut in [[Test cricket]] against India in at the [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], Colombo, on 23 July 2008. He claimed his first wicket in his fifth over, bowling [[Rahul Dravid]] out with a delivery now christened the [[carrom ball]], that turned from middle and hit off stump. He went on to claim the wickets of [[Anil Kumble]], [[Zaheer Khan]] and [[VVS Laxman]] to finish with figures of 4 for 72. He followed this up with 4 for 60 in India's second innings. His match figures of 8 for 132 are the best by any Sri Lankan bowler on Test debut, bettering [[Kosala Kuruppuarachchi]]'s 7 for 85 against Pakistan in 1985–86. After the game [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] stated that "When I started playing Test cricket, I was not as good as Mendis. He is exceptional. He is the future of Sri Lankan cricket". Mendis collected his first [[ten-wicket haul]] in the very next match, which Sri Lanka went on to lose. With 26 wickets (ave.18.38) in the series, Mendis broke [[Alec Bedser]]'s world record for most wickets by a bowler on his debut in a three-Test series.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Alter|first1=Jamie|title=Tailenders' batting swung match – Sangakkara|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/364564.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=10 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/current/story/364772.html
|title=Mendis beats a Bedser best|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=13 August 2008 |access-date=13 August 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080817075307/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/current/story/364772.html| archive-date= 17 August 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> He was named player of the series award for his efforts.

On 10 October 2008 during first match in [[2008 Quadrangular Twenty20 Series in Canada|Quadrangular Twenty20 Series]], Mendis made his [[Twenty20]] debut against Zimbabwe in King City, Canada as the 22nd T20I cap for Sri Lanka. He claimed four for 15 in four overs and won the man of the match award. In the next game he took four wickets for 17 against Canada and went on to take three wickets for 23 in the four-nation series final against Pakistan, helping his side to a five-wicket win. For his remarkable performance of 11 wickets for 55 in just three games, Ajantha Mendis was adjudged the player of the series.

===Test cricket===
On 6 August 2010 during the series against India, Mendis scored his highest Test score of 78.

For his performances in 2008, he was named in the World Test XI by [[ESPNcricinfo]].<ref name="espncricinfo.com">{{cite web| url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/review2008/content/story/385077.html| title = Raucous and freakish. Cricket }}</ref>

===One Day Internationals===

Ajantha Mendis, playing his eighth ODI, picked up the first six-wicket haul in the Asia Cup final against India in July 2008. His 6 for 13 is the third-best bowling performance in a tournament final, and the third-best for a spinner in ODIs. His 17 wickets is the best for an edition of the Asia Cup, and he bagged those wickets at an astounding average of 8.52. Ajantha Mendis won the man of the match award in the finals as well as the player of the tournament award for his efforts.

He has also broken fastest 50 wicket record in ODI, previously held by [[Ajit Agarkar]] of India for 23 matches. He broke the record by snatching 50 wickets in just 19 matches.

For his performances in 2009 and 2014, he was named in the World ODI XI by the ICC.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/427665.html| title = Johnson and Gambhir scoop top awards}}</ref> For his performances in 2008, he was also named in the World ODI XI by ESPNcricinfo.<ref name="espncricinfo.com"/>

Mendis played Compaq cup in 2009 but unfortunately he didn't play well as India won the series.

Mendis was not included to the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]] team and he did not play in the other bilateral series in late 2014 to late 2015. He was included to the ODI and T20I series [[West Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2015–16|against West indies]] in October 2015. He took 2 wickets in the first ODI at [[R Premadasa Stadium]] and with these two wickets, he reached 150 ODI wickets, becoming the 8th Sri Lankan to reach that milestone. In the batting, Sri Lanka was in good position to win the game, but with the magical bowling by [[Sunil Narine]], Sri Lanka lost 9 wickets with 21 more runs to win the game. Mendis came on to bat and scored a magnificent 21 runs, guided the team to win the match by 1 wicket. He smashed a huge six to [[Johnson Charles]] for a free hit, through long-on to reach his highest ODI score of unbeaten 21 runs.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-west-indies-2015-16/content/story/935415.html| title = Recent Match Report – West Indies vs Sri Lanka 1st ODI 2015/16 }}</ref>

===Twenty20 cricket===
In the [[2009 ICC World Twenty20]] in England, Mendis was the third highest wicket taker, behind Pakistan's [[Saeed Ajmal]] and [[Umar Gul]]. He was a contender for Man of the Tournament, but came third behind teammate [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]]. He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by ESPNcricinfo for the 2009 T20I World Cup.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/wt202009/content/story/410204.html| title = The top crop}}</ref>

Mendis has twice set the record for best figures in a Twenty20 International. On 8 August 2011, he took six wickets for 16 runs in the [[Australian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2011|second Twenty20 international]] against Australia, becoming the first bowler to take six wickets in a Twenty20 international, and surpassing Umar Gul's five wickets for six runs recorded against New Zealand in 2009.<ref>{{citation |title=Ajantha Mendis spins Sri Lanka to T20 series victory over Australia|agency=Associated Press | work=The Guardian|date=8 August 2011}}</ref> The following year, on 18 September 2012 in the opening match of the [[2012 ICC World Twenty20]] against Zimbabwe, Mendis bettered this record by taking six wickets for eight runs. Up to date, Mendis is the '''only bowler to take six wicket hauls in Two Twenty20 internationals.'''<ref name="T20records" />

===Back injury===
Mendis faced a severe back injury in second half of 2014. It was like a disc fracture in the back. He has not been able to bowl at all during this period. Now slowly with rest and rehab, he has started to do a bit of running and bowling.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/icc-world-t20-2016/top-stories/Mystery-faded-matured-Ajantha-Mendis-bides-time/articleshow/48753127.cms| title = Mystery faded, matured Ajantha Mendis bides time. New Zealand in India 2016 News – Times of India}}</ref>

==Bowling style==
Mendis, although classified as slow-medium, bowls a mixture of deliveries, including googlies, off-breaks, top-spinners, flippers and leg-breaks, as well as the [[carrom ball]], released with a flick of his middle finger. For Sri Lanka Army in 2007–08 he averaged a mere 10.56 and took 46 wickets in six games, his strike rate a startling 31. This gained him a call-up to the full Sri Lanka squad for the Caribbean tour in April 2008.

[[File:Mendis bowling.jpg|thumb|right|Mendis bowling]]The veteran West Indies cricket writer Tony Becca wrote in the ''Jamaica Gleaner'': "Mendis bowls everything. With a smile on his face as he caresses the ball before delivering it, he bowls the offbreak, he bowls the legbreak, he bowls the googly, he bowls the flipper, he bowls a straight delivery, he bowls them with different grips and different actions, he bowls them with a different trajectory and at a different pace, and he disguises them brilliantly. The result is that he mesmerises, or bamboozles, batsmen.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://jamaicagleaner.com/gleaner/20080413/sports/sports2.html |title=Thank you Chanderpaul, welcome Mendis |first=Tony |last=Becca |publisher=jamaica gleaner |date=13 April 2008 |access-date=18 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705211314/http://jamaicagleaner.com/gleaner/20080413/sports/sports2.html |archive-date=5 July 2008 }}</ref>

Jerome Jayaratne, the Sri Lanka Cricket Academy coach, said: "Mendis is unusual, freaky, and has developed a ball which he releases with a snap of his fingers ([[carrom ball]]), which is very unusual compared to other orthodox spin bowlers." That ball is reminiscent of the former Australia spinner [[John Gleeson (cricketer)|Johnny Gleeson]], who had a similar delivery.<ref name="Ajantha Mendis – The future of Sri Lankan spin">{{cite news|url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/347833.html|title=The future of Sri Lankan spin|first=Sa'adi|last=Thawfeek|access-date=30 June 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080614052503/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/347833.html| archive-date= 14 June 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

Although the ball can be made to either turn away from or into a right-handed batsman, Mendis uses it to turn away from a right-handed batsman, to contrast it with his off-breaks and googlies. The Australian Test cricketer and coach [[Peter Philpott]] actually predicted the rise of a bowler such as Mendis in a book written in 1973.[http://planetnz.com/palmheads/myhacks.php?pg=bent_finger]

<blockquote>
"...Eventually, I see the Iverson method being best employed by an
orthodox off-spinner. Instead of a basic Iverson attack with occasional
orthodox off-spin, there is a great future for an accurate off-spinner who
produces a difficult-to-detect leg spinner every now and then. I could
visualise such a bowler causing great concern amongst batsmen, and young
off-spinners might be well rewarded for experimentation in this field..."
</blockquote>

==ICC Awards==
On 10 September 2008, Ajantha Mendis won the "Emerging Player of the Year" award at the ICC Awards ceremony in Dubai. Mendis was the top choice of the 25-person Voting Academy, coming in ahead of England's up-and-coming Stuart Broad, South Africa's fast bowler Morne Morkel and India's fast bowler Ishant Sharma.

The Emerging Player of the Year Award was one of eight individual prizes given at the 2008, ICC Awards. Players eligible for this award must be under 26 years of age at the start of the voting period (9 August 2007) and have played no more than five Test matches and/or 10 ODIs before the start of the voting period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/369199.html|title=Mendis named as ICC's Emerging Player|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=10 September 2008 |access-date=18 September 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080915222456/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/369199.html| archive-date= 15 September 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=268739}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=[[ICC Men's Emerging Cricketer of the Year|Emerging Player of the Year]]|before=[[Shaun Tait]] |after= [[Peter Siddle]] |years=2008 }}
{{s-end}}
{{ICC Emerging Player of the Year}}
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}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mendis, Ajantha}}
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List of Delhi Capitals records

2026-02-12T02:54:39Z

Safetechgroupin: update information for clarity

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
'''[[Delhi Capitals]]'''  are a franchise [[cricket]] team that represents the city of [[Delhi]] in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). Founded in 2008 as '''Delhi Daredevils''' (DD), the franchise is owned by the [[GMR Group]] and [[JSW Group]]. The team's home ground is [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]] which is in [[New Delhi]].

== Listing notation ==
;Team notation
* (200–3) indicates that a team scored 200 [[run (cricket)|runs]] for three [[Wicket#Dismissal of a batsman|wicket]]s and the innings was closed, either due to a successful run chase or if no playing time remained
* (200) indicates that a team scored 200 runs and was [[End of an innings (cricket)|all out]]

;Batting notation
* (100) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was [[dismissal (cricket)|out]]
* (100*) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out

;Bowling notation
* (5–20) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while conceding 20 runs

;Currently playing
* {{dagger}} indicates a current cricketer

;Start Date
* indicates the date the match starts

== Team records ==

=== Team Performance ===
{{Main|List of Indian Premier League seasons and results}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;font-size:93%;
|-
! Year
! Total
! Wins
! Losses
! No result
! Tied and won
! Tied and lost
! Win %
! Position
! Summary
|-
! [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]]
| 15 || 7 || 7 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 46.67% || 4th || Semi-finalists
|-
! [[2009 Indian Premier League|2009]]
| 15 || 10 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 66.67 || 3rd || Semi-finalists
|-
! [[2010 Indian Premier League|2010]]
| 14 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 50.00 || 5th || Group-Stage
|-
! [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]]
| 14 || 4 || 9 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 23.07 || 10th || Group-Stage
|-
! [[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]]
| 18 || 11 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 61.11 || 3rd || Playoffs
|-
! [[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]]
| 16 || 3 || 13 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 18.75 || 9th || Group-Stage
|-
! [[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]]
| 14 || 2 || 12 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 16.67 || 8th || Group-Stage
|-
! [[2015 Indian Premier League|2015]]
| 14 || 5 || 9 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 35.71 || 7th || Group-Stage
|-
! [[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]]
| 14 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 50.00 || 6th || Group-Stage
|-
! [[2017 Indian Premier League|2017]]
| 14 || 6 || 8 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 42.86 || 6th || Group-Stage
|-
! [[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]]
| 14 || 5 || 9 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 35.71 || 8th || Group-Stage
|-
! [[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]]
| 16 || 10 || 6 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 64.29 || 3rd || Playoffs
|-
! [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]]
| 17 || 9 || 8 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 55.88 || 2nd || Runners up
|-
! [[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]]
| 14 || 10 || 4 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 71.43 || 1st || Playoffs
|-
! [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]]
| 14 || 7 || 7 ||| 0 || 0 || 0 || 50.00 || 5th || Group-Stage
|-
! [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]]
| 14 || 5 || 9 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 35.71 || 9th || Group-Stage
|- class=sortbottom
! Total
| '''225''' || '''103''' || '''120''' || '''2''' || '''3''' || '''1''' || '''45.78''' || colspan=2|'''Runners Up'''
|-
| colspan=10 | Last Updated: 2 June 2022<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?id=117;type=trophy |title= Season Summary |access-date=1 October 2020 |work= ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|}

=== Team wins, losses and draws ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;font-size:93%;
|-
! Opponent
! Span
! Matches
! Won
! Lost
! Tied and won
! Tied and lost
! No Result
! Win %
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]]–[[2015 Indian Premier League|2015]], [[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]]–[[2024 Indian Premier League|present]] || 27 || 10 || 17 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 38.46
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Deccan Chargers]]† || [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]]–[[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]] || 11 || 7 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 63.63
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Gujarat Lions]]† || [[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]]–[[2017 Indian Premier League|2017]] || 4 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 75.00
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]]† || [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]] || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 50.00
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]]–[[2024 Indian Premier League|present]] || 30 || 13 || 16 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 45.00
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Lucknow Super Giants]] || [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]]–[[2024 Indian Premier League|present]] || 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0.00
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Mumbai Indians]]|| [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]]–[[2024 Indian Premier League|present]]|| 33 || 15 || 18 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 45.45
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Pune Warriors India]]†|| [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]]–[[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]]|| 6 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 60.00
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Punjab Kings]]|| [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]]–[[2024 Indian Premier League|present]]|| 30 || 14 || 15 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 48.33
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Rajasthan Royals]]|| [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]]–[[2015 Indian Premier League|2015]], [[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]]–[[2024 Indian Premier League|present]]|| 27 || 13 || 14 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 48.14
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Rising Pune Supergiant]]†|| [[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]]–[[2017 Indian Premier League|2017]]|| 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 50.00
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]|| [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]]–[[2024 Indian Premier League|present]]|| 28 || 10 || 17 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 35.71
|-
|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|[[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]]–[[2024 Indian Premier League|present]]
|21
|9
|11
|1
|0
|0
|45.23
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=10 | Last updated: 12 April 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy|title=Team records – Results summary|publisher=ESPN|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 October 2020}}</ref> 
'''Note:'''
* ''Tie+W and Tie+L indicates matches tied and then won or lost by [[Super Over|super over]]''
* ''The result percentage excludes no results and counts ties (irrespective of a tiebreaker) as half a win''
* ''The total matches does not include matches played for Champions League T20''
* †No longer exists.
|}

== Result records ==

=== Greatest win margin (by runs) ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Margin
! Opposition
! Venue
! Date
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 97 runs
| [[Rising Pune Supergiant|RPS]] || [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|April|11}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 67 runs
| [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|March|31}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 59 runs
| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[Dubai International Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|October|5}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 55 runs
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || rowspan=2|[[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|April|27}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 51 runs
| [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|April|15}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=4 | Last Updated: 5 October 2020<ref name="Largest victories">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/largest_margins.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |title= Largest Victories |access-date=1 October 2020 |work= ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|}

=== Greatest win margin (by balls remaining) ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Balls remaining
! Margin
! Opposition
! Venue
! Date
|-
! 67
| 6 wickets || [[Gujarat Titans|GT]] || [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|17}}
|-
! 57
| rowspan=2|9 wickets || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|April|20}}
|-
! 42
| [[Deccan Chargers|DC]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|April|22}}
|-
! 40
| rowspan=2|8 wickets || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || rowspan=3|[[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|April|12}}
|-
! 39
| rowspan=2|[[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|April|15}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 17 April 2024<ref name="Largest victories" />
|}

=== Greatest win margins (by wickets) ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Margin
! Opposition
! Venue
! Date
|-
! 10 wickets
| [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]], [[Cape Town]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|April|19}}
|-
! rowspan=6|9 wickets
| [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|April|19}}
|-
| [[Deccan Chargers|DC]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|April|22}}
|-
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Kingsmead Cricket Ground|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|May|5}}
|-
| [[Deccan Chargers|DC]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|May|10}}
|-
| [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|April|21}}
|-
| [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|May|1}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=4 | Last Updated: 3 October 2020<ref name="Largest victories" />
|}

=== Narrowest win margin (by runs) ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Margin
! Opposition
! Venue
! Date
|-
! 1 run
| [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|April|29}}
|-
! rowspan=2|4 runs
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|April|18}}
|-
| [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|May|2}}
|-
! 7 runs
| [[Rising Pune Supergiant|RPS]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|May|12}}
|-
! 9 runs
| [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[Kingsmead cricket ground|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|April|23}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=4 | Last Updated: 3 October 2020<ref name="Smallest victories">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/smallest_margins.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |title= Smallest Victories |access-date=1 October 2020 |work= ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|}

=== Narrowest win margin (by balls remaining) ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Balls remaining
! Margin
! Opposition
! Venue
! Date
|-
! rowspan=2|0 ball
| 6 wickets || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Stadium]], [[Raipur]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|May|20}}
|-
| 7 wickets || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|April|14}}
|-
! rowspan=5|1 ball
| 5 wickets || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|May|24}}
|-
| 5 wickets || rowspan=2|[[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|March|10}}
|-
| 5 wickets || [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|April|15}}
|-
| 2 wickets || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|May|9}}
|-
| 5 wickets || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|October|17}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 19 October 2020<ref name="Smallest victories" />
|}

=== Narrowest win margins (by wickets) ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Margin
! Opposition
! Venue
! Date
|-
!1 wicket
|[[Lucknow Super Giants|LSG]]
|[[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium|Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]], India
|24 March 2025
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |2 wickets
| [[Gujarat Lions|GL]] || [[Green Park Stadium]], [[Kanpur]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|May|10}}
|
|-
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|May|9}}
|-
! 3 wickets
| [[Pune Warriors India|PWI]] || [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|April|17}}
|-
! rowspan=4|4 wickets
| [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[Centurion Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|May|21}}
|-
| [[Deccan Chargers|DC]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|May|5}}
|-
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Dubai International Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|April|9}}
|-
| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|April|7}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 3 October 2020<ref name="Smallest victories" />
|}

=== Tied Matches ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Team 1
! Team 2
! Venue
! Date
|-
| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|April|16}}
|-
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|March|30}}
|-
| [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] || [[Dubai International Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|September|20}}
|-
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] || [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|April|25}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=4 | Last Updated: 25 April 2021<ref name="Smallest victories" />
|}

== Team scoring records ==

=== Highest Totals ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Score'''
! '''Opposition'''
! '''Venue'''
! '''Date'''
|-
! 257/4
| [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || rowspan=2|[[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|27}}
|-
! 231/4
| [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|April|23}}
|-
! 228/4
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|October|3}}
|-
! 224/4
| [[Gujarat Titans|GT]] || rowspan=2|[[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|24}}
|-
! 221/8
| [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]]|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|May|7}}
|-
|-class=sortbottom
| colspan="4" | Last updated: 9 May 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |title= Highest totals|publisher=ESPN|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Lowest Totals ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Score'''
! '''Opposition'''
! '''Venue'''
! '''Date'''
|-
! 66
| [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|May|6}}
|-
! 67
| [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|April|30}}
|-
! 80
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|May|4}}
|-
! 83
| rowspan=2|[[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|April|18}}
|-
! 84
| [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|Sheikh Zayed Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|April|21}}
|-class=sortbottom
| colspan="4" | Last updated: 3 October 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_innings_totals.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |title= Lowest totals|publisher=ESPN|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Highest match aggregate ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!'''Aggregate'''
!'''Team 1'''
!'''Team 2'''
!'''Venue'''
!'''Date'''
|-
! 504/13
| [[Delhi Capitals|DC]] (257/4) || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] (247/9) || rowspan=3|[[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|27}}
|-
! 465/17
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] (266/7) || [[Delhi Capitals|DC]] (199) || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|20}}
|-
! 444/12
| [[Delhi Capitals|DC]] (224/4) || [[Gujarat Titans|GT]] (220/8) || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|24}}
|-
! 439/13
| [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] (234/5) || [[Delhi Capitals|DC]] (205/8) || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|7}}
|-
! 438/12
| [[Delhi Capitals|DC]] (228/4) || [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] (210/8) || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|October|3}}
|-
|-class=sortbottom
| colspan="5" | Last updated: 27 April 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_match_aggregates.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |title= Highest Match aggregates|publisher=ESPN|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Lowest match aggregate ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!'''Aggregate'''
!'''Team 1'''
!'''Team 2'''
!'''Venue'''
!'''Date'''
|-
! 135/10
| [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] (67) || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] (68/0) || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|April|30}}
|-
! 161/14
| [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] (80) || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] (81/4) || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|May|4}}
|-
! 162/7
| [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] (104/7) || [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] (58/0) || [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]], [[Cape Town]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|April|19}}
|-
! 181/14
| [[Gujarat Titans|GT]] (89) || [[Delhi Capitals|DC]] (92/4) || [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|17}}
|-
! 185/13
| [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] (92) || [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] (93/3) || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|April|16}}
|-
|-class=sortbottom
| colspan="5" | Last updated: 17 April 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_match_aggregates.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |title= Lowest Match aggregates|publisher=ESPN|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

== Individual Records (Batting) ==

===Most runs===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!'''Rank'''
!'''Runs'''
!'''Player'''
!'''Matches'''
!'''Innings'''
!'''Period'''
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3,284
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 111 || align="center" | 110 || 2016–2024
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 2,550
| {{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 88 || align=center | 88 || 2009–2024
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 2,375
| {{sortname|Shreyas|Iyer}} || align=center | 87 || align=center | 87 || 2015–2021
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 2,174
| {{sortname|Virender|Sehwag}} || align=center | 79 || align=center | 79 || 2008–2013
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 2,066
| {{sortname|Shikhar|Dhawan}} || align=center | 63 || align=center | 63 || 2008–2021
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 27 April 2024<ref name="Most career runs">{{cite news |title= Most career runs |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Highest individual score===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!'''Rank'''
!'''Runs'''
!'''Player'''
!'''Opposition'''
!'''Venue'''
!'''Date'''
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 128*
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|May|10}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 119
| {{sortname|Virender|Sehwag}} || rowspan=2|[[Deccan Chargers|DC]] || rowspan=2|[[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|May|5}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 109*
| {{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|May|10}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 108
| {{sortname|Quinton|de Kock}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|April|17}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 107*
| {{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|March|29}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 3 October 2020<ref>{{cite news |title=Highest individual score |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Highest career average===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Average
!Player
!Innings
!Not out
!Runs
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 53.00
| {{sortname|Vijay|Shankar|dab=cricketer}} || align=center | 11 || align=center | 7 || align=center | 212 || 2018-2018
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 51.50
| [[Tristan Stubbs]]|| align="center" | 14 || align="center" | 6 || align="center" | 412 || 2024-202t
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 44.13
| [[JP Duminy]]|| align="center" | 35 || align="center" | 12 || align="center" | 1,015 || 2014-2016
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 39.93
| [[Kevin Pietersen]]|| align="center" | 19 || align="center" | 4 || align="center" | 599 || 2012-2014
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 38.98
| [[Shikhar Dhawan]]|| align="center" | 63 || align="center" | 10 || align="center" | 2,066 || 2008-2021
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Qualification: 10 innings. Last Updated: 24 March 2025<ref>{{cite news |title= Highest career average |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/highest_career_batting_average.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Highest strike rates===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Strike rate
!Player
!Runs
!Balls Faced
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 160.32
| {{sortname|Virender|Sehwag}} || align=center | 2,174 || align=center | 1,356 || 2008–2013
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 149.29
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 3,180 || align=center | 2,130 || 2016–2024
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 147.25
| [[Prithvi Shaw]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 1,879 || align=center | 1,187 || 2018–2023
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 135.63
| [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 2,550 || align=center | 1,880 || 2009–2024
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 134.83
| [[Quinton de Kock]] || align=center | 720 || align=center | 534 || 2014–2016
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Qualification= 500 balls faced. Last Updated: 24 April 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Highest strike rate |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/highest_career_strike_rate.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most half-centuries===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Half centuries
!Player
!Innings
!Runs
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 23
| {{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 83 || align=center | 2,461 || 2009–2024
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 18
| {{sortname|Shikhar|Dhawan}} || align=center | 63 || align=center | 2,066 || 2008–2021
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 16
| {{sortname|Shreyas|Iyer}} || align=center | 87 || align=center | 2,200 || 2015–2021
|-
| {{sortname|Virender|Sehwag}} || align=center | 79 || align=center | 2,174 || 2008–2013
|-
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 99 || align=center | 2,884 || 2016–2024
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 28 March 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Most half-centuries |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_fifties_career.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most centuries===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Centuries
!Player
!Innings
!Runs
!Period
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 2
| {{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}} || align=center | 55 || align=center | 1,435 || 2009-2013
|-
| {{sortname|Shikhar|Dhawan}} || align=center | 55 || align=center | 1,859 || 2008-2021
|-
| align=center rowspan=6| 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=6| 1
| {{sortname|AB|de Villiers}} || align=center | 26 || align=center | 671 || 2008-2010
|-
| {{sortname|Virender|Sehwag}} || align=center | 79 || align=center | 2,174 || 2008-2013
|-
| {{sortname|Kevin|Pietersen}} || align=center | 19 || align=center | 599 || 2012-2014
|-
| {{sortname|Quinton|de Kock}} || align=center | 23 || align=center | 720 || 2014-2016
|-
| {{sortname|Sanju|Samson}} || align=center | 28 || align=center | 677 || 2016-2018
|-
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}} || align=center | 76 || align=center | 2,292 || 2016-2021
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 2 May 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Most centuries |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_hundreds_career.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most Sixes===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Sixes
!Player
!Innings
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 130
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 99 || 2016–2024
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 88
| {{sortname|Shreyas|Iyer}} || align=center | 87 || 2015–2021
|-
| {{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 83 || 2009–2024
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 85
| {{sortname|Virender|Sehwag}} || align=center | 79 || 2008–2013
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 56
| [[Prithvi Shaw]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 71 || 2018–2023
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 28 March 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Most sixes |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_sixes_career.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most Fours===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Fours
!Player
!Innings
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 275
| {{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 83 || 2009–2024
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 266
| {{sortname|Virender|Sehwag}} || align=center | 79 || 2008–2013
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 264
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 99 || 2016–2024
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 229
| {{sortname|Shikhar|Dhawan}} || align=center | 63 || 2008–2021
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 208
| [[Prithvi Shaw]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 71 || 2018–2024
|-
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 28 March 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Most fours |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_fours_career.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Highest strike rates in an inning===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Strike rate
!Player
!Runs
!Balls Faced
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 422.22
| {{sortname|Chris|Morris|dab=cricketer}} || align=center | 38* || align=center | 9 || [[Rising Pune Supergiant|RPS]] || [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|April|11}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 371.42
| {{sortname|Tristan|Stubbs}} || align=center | 26* || align=center | 7 || [[Gujarat Titans|GT]] || rowspan=2|[[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|24}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 361.11
| {{sortname|Jake|Fraser-McGurk}} || align=center | 65 || align=center | 18 || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|20}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 320.00
| {{sortname|Abhishek|Porel}} || align=center | 32* || align=center | 10 || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|March|23}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 311.11
| {{sortname|Jake|Fraser-McGurk}} || align=center | 84 || align=center | 27 || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|27}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=8 | Qualification: Minimum 25 runs. Last Updated: 27 April 2024<ref>{{cite news |title= Highest strike rate in an Inning |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/highest_strike_rate_innings.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most sixes in an innings===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Sixes
!Player
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 10
| {{sortname|Shreyas|Iyer}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || rowspan=5|[[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|April|27}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 9
| {{sortname|Kevin|Pietersen}} || [[Deccan Chargers|DC]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|April|19}}
|-
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}} || rowspan=2|[[Gujarat Lions|GL]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|May|4}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 8
| {{sortname|Chris|Morris|dab=cricketer}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|April|27}}
|-
|{{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}} || [[Gujarat Titans|GT]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|24}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 24 April 2024<ref>{{cite news |title= Most sixes in an Inning |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_sixes_innings.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most fours in an inning===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Fours
!Player
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 15
| {{sortname|Quinton|de Kock}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|April|17}}
|-
| {{sortname|Shreyas|Iyer}} || [[Gujarat Lions|GL]] || [[Green Park Stadium]], [[Kanpur]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|May|10}}
|-
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|May|10}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 14
| {{sortname|Shikhar|Dhawan}} || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|October|17}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 13
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Virender|Sehwag}} || [[Deccan Chargers|DC]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|May|5}}
|-
| [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|April|21}}
|-
| {{sortname|Shikhar|Dhawan}} || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|April|18}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 18 April 2021<ref>{{cite news |title= Most fours in an Inning |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_fours_innings.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most runs in a season===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Runs
!Player
!Matches
!Innings
!Season
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 684
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}} || align=center| 14 || align=center| 14 || {{sort|2018|[[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]]}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 618
| {{sortname|Shikhar|Dhawan}} || align=center | 17|| align=center | 17|| {{sort|2020|[[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]]}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 534
| {{sortname|Gautam|Gambhir}} || align=center| 14|| align=center| 14 || {{sort|2008|[[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]]}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 521
| {{sortname|Shikhar|Dhawan}} || align=center| 16|| align=center| 16 || {{sort|2019|[[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]]}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 519
| {{sortname|Shreyas|Iyer}} || align=center| 17|| align=center| 17 || {{sort|2020|[[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]]}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 13 November 2020<ref>{{cite news |title= Most runs in a series |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_series.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most ducks===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Ducks
!Player
!Matches
!Innings
!Period
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 6
| {{sortname|Virender|Sehwag}} || align=center | 79 || align=center | 79 || 2008-2013
|-
| {{sortname|Shikhar|Dhawan}} || align=center | 55 || align=center | 55 || 2008-2021
|-
| align=center rowspan=4| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=4| 5
| {{sortname|Morne|Morkel}} || align=center | 37 || align=center | 15 || 2011-2013
|-
| {{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}} || align=center | 55 || align=center | 55 || 2009-2013
|-
| {{sortname|Shahbaz|Nadeem}} || align=center | 61 || align=center | 19 || 2011-2018
|-
| {{sortname|Shreyas|Iyer}} || align=center | 79 || align=center | 79 || 2015-2020
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 2 May 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Most ducks |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_ducks_career.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

==Individual Records (Bowling)==

===Most career wickets===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Wickets
!Player
!Matches
!Innings
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 106
| {{sortname|Amit|Mishra}} || align=center | 99 || align=center | 99 || 2008–2021
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 76
| {{sortname|Kagiso|Rabada}} || align=center | 50 || align=center | 50 || 2017–2021
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 62
| [[Axar Patel]]{{dagger}} || align="center" | 83 || align="center" | 82 || 2014–2024
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 60
| [[Anrich Nortje]]{{dagger}} || align="center" | 46 || align="center" | 46 || 2020–2024
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 45
| {{sortname|Morne|Morkel}} || align=center | 37 || align=center | 37 || 2011–2013
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 27 April 2024 <ref>{{cite news |title=Most career wickets |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Best figures in an innings===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Figures
!Player
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|5/17}}
| {{sortname|Amit|Mishra}} || [[Deccan Chargers|DC]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|May|15}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|4/11}}
| {{sortname|Amit|Mishra}} || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|April|15}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|4/15}}
| {{sortname|Rajat|Bhatia}} || [[Deccan Chargers|DC]] || [[Kingsmead cricket ground|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|May|13}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|4/17}}
| {{sortname|JP|Duminy}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|April|18}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|4/18}}
| {{sortname|Pawan|Negi}}|| [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|May|1}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 3 October 2020<ref>{{cite news |title= Best bowling figures in an innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Best career average===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Average
!Player
!Wickets
!Runs
!Balls
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 19.25
| {{sortname|Farveez|Maharoof}} || align=center | 27 || align=center | 520 || align=center | 420 || 2008-2010
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 19.30
| {{sortname|Kagiso|Rabada}} || align=center | 69 || align=center | 1,332 || align=center | 960 || 2017-2021
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 21.05
| {{sortname|Ashish|Nehra}} || align=center | 36 || align=center | 758 || align=center | 606 || 2009-2013
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 21.48
| {{sortname|Imran|Tahir}} || align=center | 29 || align=center | 623 || align=center | 434 || 2014-2016
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 23.10
| {{sortname|Nathan|Coulter-Nile}} || align=center | 20 || align=center | 462 || align=center | 369 || 2014-2016
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Qualification: 250 balls. Last Updated: 2 May 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Best career average |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_career_bowling_average.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Best career economy rate===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Economy rate
!Player
!Wickets
!Runs
!Balls
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6.61
| {{sortname|Glenn|McGrath}} || align=center | 12 || align=center | 357 || align=center | 324 || 2008-2008
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6.80
| {{sortname|Axar|Patel}} || align=center | 25 || align=center | 803 || align=center | 708 || 2019-2021
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7.12
| {{sortname|Dirk|Nannes}} || align=center | 22 || align=center | 596 || align=center | 502 || 2009-2010
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7.35
| {{sortname|Amit|Mishra}} || align=center | 106 || align=center | 2,507 || align=center | 2,046 || 2008-2021
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7.36
| {{sortname|Shahbaz|Nadeem}} || align=center | 40 || align=center | 1,480 || align=center | 1,205 || 2011-2018
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Qualification: 250 balls. Last Updated: 2 May 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Best career economy rate |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_career_economy_rate.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Best career strike rate===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Strike rate
!Player
!Wickets
!Runs
!Balls
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 13.9
| {{sortname|Kagiso|Rabada}} || align=center | 69 || align=center | 1,332 || align=center | 960 || 2017-2021
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 14.9
| {{sortname|Imran|Tahir}} || align=center | 29 || align=center | 623 || align=center | 434 || 2014-2016
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 15.5
| {{sortname|Farveez|Maharoof}} || align=center | 27 || align=center | 520 || align=center | 420 || 2008-2010
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 15.7
| {{sortname|Yo|Mahesh}} || align=center | 18 || align=center | 418 || align=center | 283 || 2008-2010
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 16.6
| {{sortname|Anrich|Nortje}} || align=center | 22 || align=center | 512 || align=center | 366 || 2020-2020
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Qualification: 250 balls. Last Updated: 2 May 2021<ref>{{cite news |title= Best career strike rate |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl-kochi/engine/records/bowling/best_career_strike_rate.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most four-wickets (& over) hauls in an innings===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Four-wicket hauls
!Player
!Matches
!Balls
!Wickets
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4
| {{sortname|Kagiso|Rabada}} || align=center | 42 || align=center | 960 || align=center | 69 || 2018-2021
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3
| {{sortname|Amit|Mishra}} || align=center | 99 || align=center | 2,046 || align=center | 106 || 2008-2021
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1
| colspan=5|''10 Players.''
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 2 May 2021<ref>{{cite news |title= Most four-wicket hauls in an innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_4wi_career.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Best economy rates in an inning===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Economy
!Player
!Overs
!Runs
!Wickets
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| {{sort|1|1.50}}
| {{sortname|Ashish|Nehra}} || align=center | 4 || align=center | 6 || align=center | 1 || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Mangaung Oval]], [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|May|15}}
|-
| {{sortname|Jaydev|Unadkat}} || align=center | 2 || align=center | 3 || align=center | 1 || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|May|25}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|2.25}}
| {{sortname|Zaheer|Khan}} || align=center | 4 || align=center | 9 || align=center | 2 || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Stadium]], [[Raipur]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|May|12}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|2.66}}
| {{sortname|Ashish|Nehra}} || align=center | 3 || align=center | 8 || align=center | 1 || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Mangaung Oval]], [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|May|17}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| {{sort|5|2.75}}
| {{sortname|Farveez|Maharoof}} || align=center | 4 || align=center | 11 || align=center | 2 || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|April|19}}
|-
| {{sortname|Morne|Morkel}} || align=center | 4 || align=center | 11 || align=center | 2 || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|April|12}}
|-
| {{sortname|Umesh|Yadav}} || align=center | 4 || align=center | 11 || align=center | 2 || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|April|16}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Qualification: 12 balls bowled. Last Updated: 3 October 2020<ref>{{cite news |title=Best economy rates in an innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_economy_rate_innings.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Best strike rates in an inning===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Strike rate
!Player
!Balls
!Runs
!Wickets
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|3.0}}
| {{sortname|Ravichandran|Ashwin}} || align=center | 6 || align=center | 2 || align=center | 2 || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Dubai International Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|September|20}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|4.0}}
| {{sortname|Rajat|Bhatia}} || align=center | 16 || align=center | 15 || align=center | 4 || [[Deccan Chargers|DC]] || [[Kingsmead cricket ground|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|May|13}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| {{sort|3|4.5}}
| {{sortname|JP|Duminy}} || align=center | 18 || align=center | 17 || align=center | 4 || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|April|18}}
|-
| {{sortname|Amit|Mishra}} || align=center | 18 || align=center | 11 || align=center | 4 || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|April|15}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|4.8}}
| {{sortname|Amit|Mishra}} || align=center | 24 || align=center | 17 || align=center | 5 || [[Deccan Chargers|DC]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|May|15}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Qualification: Minimum 2 wickets. Last Updated: 3 October 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title= Best strike rates in an innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_strike_rate_innings.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most runs conceded in a match===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Figures
!Player
!Overs
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|0/65}}
| {{sortname|Umesh|Yadav}} || align=center| 4|| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|May|10}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|2/63}}
| {{sortname|Varun|Aaron}}|| align=center| 4|| [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|May|25}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| {{sort|3|0/59}}
| {{sortname|Imran|Tahir}} || align=center| 4|| [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|May|15}}
|-
| {{sortname|Kagiso|Rabada}} || align=center| 4|| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|May|2}}
|-
| {{sortname|Pat|Cummins}} || align=center| 4|| [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|May|6}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last updated:3 October 2020<ref>{{cite news |title= Most runs conceded in a match |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_runs_conceded_innings.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most wickets in a season===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Wickets
!Player
!Innings
!Season
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 30
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Kagiso|Rabada}}|| align=center | 17 || {{sort|2020|[[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]]}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 25
| align=center | 12 || {{sort|2019|[[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Morne|Morkel}} || align=center rowspan=3| 16|| {{sort|2012|[[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]]}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 24
| {{sortname|Avesh|Khan}}||{{sort|2021|[[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]]}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 22
| {{sortname|Anrich|Nortje}}|| {{sort|2020|[[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]]}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 13 November 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Most wickets in a series |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_series.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Hat-trick===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No
!Bowler
!Against
!Wickets
!Venue
!Date
!Ref.
|-
| 1
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | [[Amit Mishra]]
| [[Deccan Chargers|DC]]
|
* [[Ravi Teja (cricketer)|Ravi Teja]] ([[caught|c]] [[Shoaib Malik]])
* [[Pragyan Ojha]] ([[caught|c]] [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]])
* [[RP Singh]] ([[stumped|st]] [[Dinesh Karthik]])
| [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India
| 15 May 2008
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/336020/delhi-daredevils-vs-deccan-chargers-37th-match-indian-premier-league-2007-08 |title=37th match (N), Delhi, May 15 2008, Indian Premier League |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 3 October 2020
|}

==Individual Records (Wicket-keeping)==

===Most career dismissals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Dismissals
!Player
!Matches
!Innings
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 93
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}} || align=center | 108 || align=center | 98 || 2016-2024
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 45
| {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}} || align=center | 56 || align=center | 55 || 2008-2014
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 25
| {{sortname|Naman|Ojha}} || align=center | 35 || align=center | 33 || 2011-2018
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 14
| {{sortname|Kedar|Jadhav}} || align=center | 41 || align=center | 21 || 2010-2015
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5
| {{sortname|Phil|Salt}} || align=center | 9 || align=center | 9 || 2023-2023
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 27 April 2024<ref name="wicket-keeper">{{cite news |title= Most wicket-keeper career dismissals |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_career.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most career catches===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Catches
!Player
!Matches
!Innings
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 72
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}} || align=center | 108 || align=center | 98 || 2016-2024
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 30
| {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}} || align=center | 56 || align=center | 55 || 2008-2014
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 23
| {{sortname|Naman|Ojha}} || align=center | 35 || align=center | 33 || 2011-2018
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 10
| {{sortname|Kedar|Jadhav}} || align=center | 41 || align=center | 21 || 2010-2015
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5
| {{sortname|Phil|Salt}} || align=center | 9 || align=center | 9 || 2023-2023
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 27 April 2024<ref name="wicket-keeper" />
|}

===Most career stumpings===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Stumpings
!Player
!Matches
!Innings
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 21
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}} || align=center | 108 || align=center | 98 || 2016-2024
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 15
| {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}} || align=center | 56 || align=center | 55 || 2008-2014
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4
| {{sortname|Kedar|Jadhav}} || align=center | 41 || align=center | 21 || 2010-2015
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 2
| {{sortname|Naman|Ojha}} || align=center | 35 || align=center | 33 || 2011-2018
|-
| {{sortname|Quinton|de Kock}} || align=center | 23 || align=center | 17 || 2014-2016
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 27 April 2024<ref name="wicket-keeper" />
|}

===Most dismissals in an innings===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Dismissals
!Player
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4
| {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}} || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Mangaung Oval]], [[Bloemfontein]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|May|17}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=9| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=9| 3
| {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}} || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|April|27}}
|-
| {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}} || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|March|10}}
|-
| {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}} || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|March|31}}
|-
| {{sortname|Naman|Ojha}} || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|May|15}}
|-
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}} || [[Rising Pune Supergiant|RPS]] || [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|April|11}}
|-
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}} || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|March|26}}
|-
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|April|7}}
|-
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}} || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|May|4}}
|-
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}} || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|April|20}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 20 April 2021<ref>{{cite news |title= Most dismissals in an innings by a wicket-keeper |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_innings.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most dismissals in a series===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Dismissals
!Player
!Matches
!Innings
!Series
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 24
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}} || align=center| 16 || align=center | 16 || {{sort|2019|[[2019 Indian Premier League]]}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 17
| {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}} || align=center| 15 || align=center | 15 || {{sort|2009|[[2009 Indian Premier League]]}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 16
| {{sortname|Naman|Ojha}} || align=center| 18 || align=center | 18 || {{sort|2012|[[2012 Indian Premier League]]}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 13
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}} || align=center| 14 || align=center | 14 || {{sort|2020|[[2020 Indian Premier League]]}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 12
| {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}} || align=center| 14 || align=center | 14 || {{sort|2010|[[2010 Indian Premier League]]}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 13 November 2020<ref>{{cite news |title= Most dismissals in a series by a wicket-keeper |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_series.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

== Individual Records (Fielding) ==

===Most career catches===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Catches
!Player
!Matches
!Innings
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 43
| {{sortname|Axar|Patel}} || align=center | 78 || align=center | 78 || 2019-2024
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 40
| {{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}} || align=center | 88 || align=center | 87 || 2009-2024
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 34
| {{sortname|Shreyas|Iyer}} || align=center | 87 || align=center | 87 || 2015-2021
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 29
| {{sortname|Virender|Sehwag}} || align=center | 79 || align=center | 79 || 2008-2013
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 27
| {{sortname|Shikhar|Dhawan}} || align=center | 63 || align=center | 63 || 2008-2021
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 27 April 2024<ref>{{cite news |title= Most career catches by a non-wicket-keeper |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_career.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most catches in an innings===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Dismissals
!Player
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 4
| {{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}} || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|March|31}}
|-
| {{sortname|Rahul|Tewatia}} || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|March|24}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=12| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=12| 3
| {{sortname|AB|de Villiers}} || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|May|2}}
|-
| {{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|April|4}}
|-
| {{sortname|Virender|Sehwag}} || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|April|23}}
|-
| {{sortname|Irfan|Pathan}} || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|May|19}}
|-
| {{sortname|Johan|Botha|dab=cricketer}} || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|April|23}}
|-
| {{sortname|Virender|Sehwag}} || [[Pune Warriors India|PWI]] || [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|May|19}}
|-
| {{sortname|JP|Duminy}} || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Stadium]], [[Raipur]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|May|12}}
|-
| {{sortname|Trent|Boult}} || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|May|20}}
|-
| {{sortname|Kagiso|Rabada}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|April|14}}
|-
| {{sortname|Shimron|Hetmyer}} || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|October|9}}
|-
| {{sortname|Shikhar|Dhawan}} || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|April|10}}
|-
| {{sortname|Shikhar|Dhawan}} || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|April|15}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 15 April 2021<ref>{{cite news |title= Most dismissals in an innings by a non-wicket-keeper |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_innings.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most catches in a series===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Catches
!Player
!Matches
!Innings
!Series
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 13
| {{sortname|AB|de Villiers}} || align=center| 15 || align=center | 15 || {{sort|2009|[[2009 Indian Premier League]]}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 9
| {{sortname|Virender|Sehwag}} || align=center | 11 || align=center | 11 || {{sort|2011|[[2011 Indian Premier League]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Trent|Boult}} || align=center | 14 || align=center | 14 || {{sort|2018|[[2018 Indian Premier League]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Axar|Patel}} || align=center | 14 || align=center | 14 || {{sort|2019|[[2019 Indian Premier League]]}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=9| 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=9| 8
| {{sortname|Shikhar|Dhawan}} || align=center| 14 || align=center | 14 || {{sort|2008|[[2008 Indian Premier League]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}} || align=center| 11 || align=center | 11 || {{sort|2010|[[2010 Indian Premier League]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Irfan|Pathan}} || align=center| 17 || align=center | 17 || {{sort|2012|[[2012 Indian Premier League]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Murali|Vijay}} || align=center| 11 || align=center | 11 || {{sort|2014|[[2014 Indian Premier League]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|JP|Duminy}} || align=center| 14 || align=center | 14 || {{sort|2015|[[2015 Indian Premier League]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Chris|Morris|dab=cricketer}} || align=center| 12 || align=center | 12 || {{sort|2016|[[2016 Indian Premier League]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Shreyas|Iyer}} || align=center| 16 || align=center | 16 || {{sort|2019|[[2019 Indian Premier League]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Kagiso|Rabada}} || align=center| 17 || align=center | 17 || {{sort|2020|[[2020 Indian Premier League]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Shikhar|Dhawan}} || align=center| 8 || align=center | 8 || {{sort|2021|[[2021 Indian Premier League]]}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 2 May 2021<ref>{{cite news |title= Most catches in a series by a non-wicket-keeper |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_series.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

== Individual Records (Other)==
===Most matches===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Matches
!Player
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 108
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}} || 2016-2024
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 99
| {{sortname|Amit|Mishra}} || 2008-2021
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 88
| {{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}} || 2009-2024
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 87
| {{sortname|Shreyas|Iyer}} || 2015-2021
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 84
| [[Axar Patel]]|| 2019-2025
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=4 | Last Updated: 24 March 2025<ref>{{cite news |title= Most career matches |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/most_matches_career.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most matches as captain===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Matches
!Player
!Won
!Lost
!Tied
!NR
!Win %
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 52
| {{sortname|Virender|Sehwag}} || 28 || 24 || 0 || 0 || 53.84 || 2008-2012
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 41
| {{sortname|Shreyas|Iyer}} || 21 || 18 || 2 || 0 || 53.65 || 2018-2020
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 40
| [[Rishabh Pant]]{{dagger}} || 21 || 18 || 1 || 0 || 53.75 || 2021–2024
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 23
| {{sortname|Zaheer|Khan}} || 10 || 13 || 0 || 0 || 43.47 || 2016-2017
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 21
| {{sortname|Gautam|Gambhir}} || 10 || 11 || 0 || 0 || 47.61 || 2009-2018
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Last Updated: 27 April 2024<ref>{{cite news |title= Most matches as captain |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/most_matches_as_captain.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

==Partnership Record==
===Highest partnerships by wicket===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Wicket
!Runs
!First batsman
!Second batsman
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|01|1st Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 151 || {{sortname|Mahela|Jayawardene}} || {{sortname|Virender|Sehwag}} || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|April|21}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|02|2nd Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 189* || {{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}} || {{sortname|Naman|Ojha}} || [[Deccan Chargers|DC]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|May|10}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|03|3rd Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 134 || {{sortname|Quinton|de Kock}} || {{sortname|Karun|Nair}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|April|17}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|04|4th Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 128 || {{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}} || {{sortname|Paul|Collingwood}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|March|29}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|05|5th Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 110* || {{sortname|JP|Duminy}} || {{sortname|Ross|Taylor}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|April|17}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|06|6th Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 71 || {{sortname|Marcus|Stoinis}} || {{sortname|Axar|Patel}} || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[Dubai International Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|November|5}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|07|7th Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 91 || {{sortname|Kagiso|Rabada}} || {{sortname|Chris|Morris|dab=cricketer}} || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|April|22}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|08|8th Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 48* || {{sortname|Paul|Collingwood}} || {{sortname|Ashish|Nehra}} || [[Deccan Chargers|DC]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|April|18}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|09|9th Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 29 || {{sortname|Manoj|Tiwari|Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)}} || {{sortname|Rahul|Shukla}} || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|May|15}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|10|10th Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 19* || {{sortname|Manoj|Tiwari|Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)}} || {{sortname|Siddarth|Kaul}} || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|May|15}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 13 November 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_by_wicket.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |title= Highest partnerships by wicket |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Highest partnerships by runs===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Wicket
!runs
!First batsman
!Second batsman
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| {{sort|02|2nd Wicket}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 189*
| {{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}} || {{sortname|Naman|Ojha}} || [[Deccan Chargers|DC]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|May|10}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 154
| {{sortname|Shreyas|Iyer}} || {{sortname|JP|Duminy}} || rowspan=2|[[Mumbai Indians|MI]] || rowspan=3|[[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|April|23}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| {{sort|01|1st Wicket}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 151
| {{sortname|Mahela|Jayawardene}} || rowspan=2|{{sortname|Virender|Sehwag}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|April|21}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 146
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}} || [[Punjab Kings|KXIP]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|April|23}}
|-
| align=center | {{sort|02|2nd Wicket}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 144
| {{sortname|Mitchell|Marsh}} || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|May|11}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 11 May 2022<ref>{{cite news |title= Highest partnerships by runs |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_for_any_wicket.html?id=117;team=4344;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.iplt20.com/teams/delhi-capitals IPL team Delhi Capitals web page on official IPL T20 website - IPLT20.com]
*[https://www.delhicapitals.in Official Site]

{{Delhi Capitals}}
{{Delhi Capitals squad}}
{{Indian Premier League}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delhi Capitals records}}
[[Category:Delhi Capitals]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian cricket records and statistics]]
[[Category:Indian Premier League records and statistics|Delhi]]

Advaita Guru Paramparā

2026-02-09T01:21:16Z

Safetechgroupin: added references

{{Short description|Traditional list historical teachers of Advaita Vedanta}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2013}}
{{Advaita}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}

The '''''Advaita Guru-Paramparā''''' ("Lineage of Gurus in Non-dualism") is the traditional lineage (''[[parampara]]'') of divine, [[Vedas|Vedic]] and historical teachers of [[Advaita Vedanta]]. It begins with the ''[[Deva (Hinduism)|Daiva]]-paramparā'', the gods; followed by the ''[[Rishi|Ṛṣi]]-paramparā'', the Vedic seers; and then the ''Mānava-paramparā'', with the historical teachers [[Gaudapada]] and [[Adi Shankara]], and four of Shankara's pupils.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/advaita-parampara.html |title=The Advaita Vedânta Home Page - Advaita Parampara |access-date=14 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729062751/http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/advaita-parampara.html |archive-date=29 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Of the five contemporary ''[[Acharya|acharyas]]'', the heads of the five Advaita ''[[Matha|mathas]]'', four ''[[Acharya|acharyas]]'' trace their lineage to those four pupils and one to [[Adi Shankara]] himself.

From mediaeval times, [[Advaita Vedanta]] influenced other Indian religions as well, and since the 19th century it came to be regarded as the central [[Hindu philosophy|philosophy]] of Indian religion. Several [[Neo-Vedanta]] movements and teachers, most notably the [[Ramakrishna Order]], trace their roots to Advaita Vedanta, while the [[Inchegeri Sampradaya]] ([[Nisargadatta Maharaj]]) and [[Ramana Maharshi]] are popularly considered as Advaita Vedanta, though rooted in respectively the [[Nath]] and Tamil folk Saivite religion.

==Advaita Vedanta and paramparā==
[[Advaita Vedanta]] is an Indian religious tradition of textual exegesis and yogic praxis, which states that the knowledge of the unity of ''Atman'' and ''Brahman'' is liberating. It is based on the textual exegesis of the [[Upanishads]], the [[Brahma Sutras]], and the [[Bhagavad Gita]]. It traces its roots back to Vedic times, as described in the ''Advaita Guru Paramparā'', the Advaita version of the [[Guru–shishya tradition]]. Historically, [[Adi Shankara]] is regarded as its most influential teacher. This influence goes back to medieval times, when Advaita Vedanta came to be regarded as the central philosophy of the post-Vedic religions, and its philosophy influenced several Indian religious traditions.

In several Indian religious and philosophical traditions, all knowledge is traced back to the Gods and to the [[Rishis]] who saw the [[Vedas]]. The successive ''rishis'' and teachers of various Indian traditions are honoured in ''Guru-[[paramparā]]s'', lists of teachers in the [[Guru–shishya tradition]]s.

==Deva, Rsi and Manav Paramparā==
The current Acharyas, the heads of the four maṭhas set up by Adi Shankara, trace their authority back to the four main disciples of Shankara.<ref name="parampara" /> Each of the heads of these four maṭhas takes the title of [[Shankaracharya]] ("the learned Shankara") after Adi Shankara.<ref name=ryanjonesmatha>{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones |author2=James D. Ryan |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC |year=2006|publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 |pages=280 }}</ref> The Advaita guru-paramparā (''Lineage of Gurus in Non-dualism'') begins with the mythological time of the Daiva-paramparā, followed by the vedic seers of the Ṛṣi-paramparā, and the Mānava-paramparā of historical times and personalities:<ref name="parampara">{{cite web |url=http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/advaita-parampara.html |title=The Advaita Vedânta Home Page — Advaita Parampara |publisher=Advaita-vedanta.org |date=1999-05-05 |accessdate=2012-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729062751/http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/advaita-parampara.html |archive-date=29 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="vidya-ashramvidyaorder.org">http://www.vidya-ashramvidyaorder.org/index.V.html | Under Page: BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ABOUT SANKARA AND GAUDAPAD</ref><ref>Book: Shri Gowdapadacharya & Shri Kavale Math (A Commemoration volume). p. 38.</ref>{{refn|group=note|नारायणं पद्मभुवं वशिष्ठं शक्तिं च तत्पुत्रं पराशरं च व्यासं शुकं गौडपादं महान्तं गोविन्दयोगीन्द्रं अथास्य शिष्यम् । श्री शंकराचार्यं अथास्य पद्मपादं च हस्तामलकं च शिष्यम् तं तोटकं वार्त्तिककारमन्यान् अस्मद् गुरून् सन्ततमानतोऽस्मि ॥ ''[[Vishnu|nārāyanam]] padmabhuvam [[vasiṣtha]]m [[Shakti Maharishi|śakti]]m ca tat-putram [[Parashara|parāśaram]] ca'' ''[[Vyasa|vyāsam]] [[śuka]]m [[gauḍapāda]] mahāntam [[Govinda Bhagavatpada|govinda]] yogīndram athāsya śiṣyam '' ''[[Adi Shankara|śri śankarācārya]]m athāsya [[padmapāda]]m ca [[hastāmalaka]]m ca śiṣyam'' ''tam [[Totakacharya|totakam]] [[Suresvara|vārtikakāra]]manyān asmad gurūn santatamānato’smi ''<ref name="vidya-ashramvidyaorder.org"/>}}

Traditional sloka lists the essential ''Advaita Guru parampara'' as follows:{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}
:Sada Shiva Samarambham
:Sankaracharya Madhyamam
:Asmat aacharya Paryantham
:Vande Guru Paramparaa

Which translates as :
:Beginning with lord Sadashiva,
:With Sankaracharya in the middle,
:And till my acharya,
:I bow to the tradition of teachers

=== Daiva-paramparā ===
* [[Shiva]]
* Padmabhuva ([[Brahma|Brahmā]])

=== Ṛṣi-paramparā ===
* [[Vasistha|Vaśiṣṭha]]
* [[Śakti Maharṣi|Śakti]]
* [[Parāśara]]
* [[Vyāsa]]{{refn|group=note|the famous redactor of the vedas, he is also traditionally identified with [[Bādarāyaṇa]], the composer of the [[Brahma Sutra|Brahmasūtras]]}}
* [[Śuka]]

=== Mānava-paramparā ===
* [[Gauḍapāda]]
* [[Govinda bhagavatpāda]]
* [[Śankara bhagavatpāda]], and then Shankara's four disciples
:* [[Padmapāda]]
:* [[Hastāmalaka]]
:* [[Toṭaka]]
:* Vārtikakāra ([[Sureśvara]]) and others

=== Gurus in the four yugas ===
Each [[Yuga]] has its own gurus or Acharyas:<ref>Book: Shri Gowdapadacharya & Shri Kavale Math (A Commemoration volume). p. 62.</ref>
* In the [[Satya Yuga|Satya or Krata Yuga]]: [[Shiva]] and [[Brahma|Lord Brahma]].
* In the [[Treta Yuga]]: [[Vasishtha|Vasishta Maharishi]], [[Śakti Maharṣi]] and [[Parashara|Parashara Maharishi]].
* In the [[Dvapara Yuga]]: [[Vyasa|Veda Vyasa]] and [[Shuka|Sri Shuka Acharya]]
* In the [[Kali Yuga]]: [[Gaudapada|Sri Gaudapada Acharya]], [[Govinda Bhagavatpada]]<nowiki/>charya, [[Adi Shankara|Shri Shankarāchārya]], and the subsequent lineage.
:

===Jagadgurus of the four Advaita Mathas===
{{Main|Dashanami Sampradaya}}

According to tradition, Sankara organised a section of the ''Ēkadaṇḍisannyāsins'' into the [[Dashanami Sampradaya|Vedic dashanami order]], establishing four mathas in north, west, east, and south India, to facilitate the teaching of Advaita Vedanta, and maintain the dharma. He entrusted his four disciples to each of these four mathas. Some of the famous and current Mathadhipatis titled 'Sankaracharyas' are listed below:
* [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]]
**[[Sri Sacchidananda Shivabhinava Narasimha Bharathi|Sri Sacchidananda Shivabhinava Narasimha Bharathi Mahaswami]] (1865–1912); initiated many into Adi Shankaracharya's philosophy including [[Sacchidanandendra Saraswati]]- founder of Adhyatma Prakashana Karyalaya; known as "Abhinava Shankara" because of his many tours around Bharatvarsha spreading the Advaita Vedanta philosophy and [[Hindu Dharma]]
**[[Chandrashekhara Bharati (III)|Sri Chandrashekhara Bharathi Mahaswami]] (1912–1954).
**[[Abhinava Vidyatirtha|Sri Abhinavavidya Tirtha Mahaswamiji]] 1954–1989); A great [[Yogi]] and master of scriptures. In His many tours of Bharatvarsha and also Nepal He established many maths, shrines and temples.
**[[Bharathi Tirtha|Sri Bharathi Tirtha Mahaswami]] (1989- ); A sage and present Jagadguru of Shringeri Peetha, Sringeri, [[Karnataka]].
**[[Vidhushekara Bharathi|Sri Vidhushekara Bharathi Mahaswami]], ''Uttaradhikara'' (successor-designate).
* [[Jyotir Math]]
** [[Swaroopanand Saraswati|Swami Swaroopanand Saraswati]]
**Swami Avimukteshwaranad Saraswati
* [[Govardhana matha|Govardhan Peetham]]
**[[Nischalananda Saraswati|Swami Nishchalanand Saraswati]]
* [[Kalika Pitha]]
**[[Sadanand Saraswati|Swami Sadanand Saraswati]]
* [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham|Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam]] (Moolamnaya Sarvajya Peetam)
** [[Chandrashekarendra Saraswati|Pujyashree Chandrashekarendra Saraswati]], 68th Acharya
** [[Jayendra Saraswathi|Pujyashree Jayendra Saraswathi]] , 69th Acharya
** [[Vijayendra Saraswati Swamigal|Pujyashree Shankara Vijayendra Saraswati]], 70th Acharya
** [[Satya Chandrashekarendra Saraswati|Pujyashree Satya Chandrashekarendra Saraswati]], 71st Acharya

==Acharyas known from literary sources==

===Ancient Acharyas===
* [[Yajnavalkya]]: taught Brahmavidya to his wife [[Maitreyi]], which is recorded in [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad|Brhadaranyaka Upanishad]].
* [[Aruni|Uddalaka]]: taught Brahmavidya to his son [[Shvetaketu|Svetaketu]] in [[Chandogya Upanishad]].

===Pre-Badarayana Acharyas===
Works of these Advaita Acharyas are not available now, but were quoted in [[Brahma Sutras]]:
* Badari (referred to in Br. Su. I.2.30, III.1.1, IV.3.7, IV.4.10)
* Audulomi (referred to in Br. Su. I.3.21, III.4.45, IV.4.6)
* Kasakrtsna (referred to in Br. Su. I.4.220)
* Asmarathya (referred to in Br. Su. I.2.29, I.4.20)
* Atreya (referred to in Br. Su. III.4.4)
* Karsajini (referred to in Br. Su. III.1.9)
* [[Badarayana]] (author of Brahmasutra)

===Post-Badarayana Acharyas===
Works of the following Acharyas are available and are still being taught and studied:
* [[Gaudapada]] (700–780 approx.) (Karika on ''Mandukyopanishad'')
* [[Govinda bhagavatpāda]] (750–850 approx.) (Wrote ''Brahmasiddhi'')
* [[Adi Shankara]] (8th cent. CE–9th cent. CE) (Commentary on the [[ Prasthanatrayi]] and ''[[Upadeśasāhasrī]]'' or 'A thousand teachings')

===Post-Sankara Acharyas===
* [[Sureśvara]] (8th century–9th century), also known as Vartikakara. (Treatise on Sankara's ''Taittiriyopanishad''-commentary, ''Brhadaranyakopanishad''-commentary, ''[[Naishkarmya Siddhi]]'' or "Perfection of the actionlessness", ''Manasollasa'')
* [[Padmapadacharya|Padmapada]] (8th century–9th century) (''Pancapadika'' or treatise on the 5 chapters)
* [[Hastamalakacharya|Hastamalaka]] (8th century–9th century) (Wrote ''Hastamalakiyam'')
* [[Vacaspati Mishra]] (841–900) (''Bhamati'', a treatise on Shankara's commentary of the brahmasutras)
* Sarvajnatma Muni (850–950) (''Sankshepa-Sariraka'')
* [[Sriharsha]] (1169–1225) (Wrote ''[[Sriharsha|Khandana-khanda-khadya]]'' or "Sweets of refutation" against [[Nyaya]])
* Prakasatma Yati (AD 1200) (''Pancapadika-Vivarana'')
* Citsukha (12th century–Early part of 13th century) (Wrote ''Citsukhi'', wrote among the first known biographies of Shankara called ''Brihat Shankaravijayam''{{sfn|Sundaresan|2000|p=116}})
* Ananda Giri (13th century)- also known as the Tikakara. (Wrote treatises and commentaries on almost all the works of Sankara, Compiled a biography of Adi Shankara called "Prachina Shankaravijayam", which is considered the most authoritative, reliable and the most widely-cited hagiography of Sankara.{{sfn|Isayeva|1993|p=70}} (It is said nobody knows the mind of Sankara, better than Ananda Giri.)
* Vimuktatma (AD 1200) (''Ishtasiddhi'' or "Proof for God")
* [[Amalananda]] (AD 1247) (''Vedanta-Kalpataru'', a commentary on ''Bhamati'' of Vacaspati Misra)
* Bĥaratī Tīrtha (1328-1380),{{sfn|Nikhalananda|1931|p=xiv}} the teacher of Vidyaranya{{sfn|Nikhalananda|1931|p=xiv}} (''[[Dŗg-Dŗśya-Viveka]]''){{sfn|Nikhalananda|1931|p=xiv}}
* [[Vidyaranya]] (1350–1386) (Wrote ''Pancadasi'', Compiled a biography of Shankara called ''Madhaviya shankara digvijaya.''{{sfn|Sundaresan|2000|p=158}}<ref>[https://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/sankara-vijayam.html THE SANKARAVIJAYA LITERATURE], The Advaita Vedanta Home Page</ref>)
* Sadananda Yogindra (mid 15th century) (''Vedantasara'', the most popular introductory text in Advaita Vedanta)
* Dharmaraja Adhvarindra (1550–1650) (''Vedanta-Paribhasha'', an epistemological work on Advaita Vedanta)
* Nrsimha Ashrama (1500–1600)
* [[Madhusudana Saraswati]] (1565–1650) (Wrote a philosophical treatise called ''Advaita-siddhi'' or "Evidence on the account of Nonduality")
* [[Appayya Dikshita]] (AD 1603) (''Parimala'', ''Siddhanta-lesa-sangraha'' on theory of the single soul)
* Lakshmidhara Kavi (''Advaita-Makaranda'')

==Neo-Vedanta==
{{Main|Neo-Vedanta}}

While strictly speaking only members of the [[Dashanami Sampradaya]] belong to the Advaita Guru Paramparā, Advaita Vedanta has attracted popular recognition since the 19th century, and [[Neo-Vedanta]] movements have developed with roots in, of similarities with, the Advaita tradition.

===Ramakrishna Order===
* [[Ramakrishna Paramahamsa|Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]]
:* [[Vivekananda|Swami Vivekananda]] (1863–1902), disciple of Sri Ramakrishna, wrote books on four Hindu [[Yoga]]s: [[Bhakti Yoga]], [[Jnana Yoga]], [[Karma Yoga]] and [[Raja Yoga]]. The ''Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda'' contains a complete collection of transcribed lectures. He spoke at the [[Parliament of the World's Religions]] in [[Chicago]] in 1893.
:*[[Disciples of Ramakrishna]]

===Mata Amritanandamayi Math===
[[Mata Amritanandamayi Math]], founded by [[Mata Amritanandamayi|Sri Mata Amritanandamayi devi]] follows Advaita philosophy and traditions. The sanyasis are initiated in the Puri order of [[Dashanami Sampradaya]]. According to the tradition set forth by Adi Shankaracharya, the Puri Sannyasa tradition is characterised by the following – formal allegiance to the Shringeri Math

* First Acharya (teacher) - [[Sureśvara]]charya
* Sampradaya (customs) - Bhurivara Sampradaya
* Kshetra (Temple) – [[Ramanathaswamy Temple|Rameswaram]]
* Deva (God) – [[Varaha|Adi Varaha Swamy]] (The incarnation of Lord Vishnu in the form of a boar)
* Devi (Goddess) – [[Kamakshi Amman Temple|Kamakshi]]
* Veda – [[Yajurveda]]
* Upanishad – [[Katha Upanishad|Kaṭhopaniṣad]]
* Mahavakya (statement revealing the nature of Absolute Reality ) – [[Ahaṁ Brahmāsmi]]
* Tirtha (Holy River) – [[Tungabhadra River]]
* Gotra (descent or lineage) – Bhaveshavar Rishi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amritapuri.org/14530/sampradaya.aum|title = Shankaracharya's four Sannyasa orders|date = 15 June 2000}}</ref>

[[Mata Amritanandamayi Math|Swami Amritaswarupananda Puri]] was the first to be initiated as Sanyasin by [[Mata Amritanandamayi|Sri Mata Amritanandamayi devi]] in this order.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amritapuri.org/14524/sannyasi.aum|title=Even Sannyasi's breath should be for the good of others|date=15 June 2000}}</ref> Swami Amritatmananda Puri, Swami Ramakrishnananda Puri, Swami Pranavamritananda Puri, Swamini Krishnamrita Prana and Swami Poornamritananda Puri are other few notable sanyasis initiated in this order.

===Divine Life Society, Chinmaya Mission, Arsha Vidya Gurukulam===
{{Main|Divine Life Society|Chinmaya Mission|Arsha Vidya Gurukulam|}}

* [[Tapovan Maharaj|Swami Tapovan Maharaj]] (1889–1957): A ''Virakta [[mahatma]]'', Guru of [[Chinmayananda|Swami Chinmayananda]] post the latter's Sanyas Deeksha by [[Swami Sivananda]]
* [[Swami Sivananda]] (1887–1963): Hindu Saint who founded the [[Divine Life Society]] in Rishikesh, India. Author of more than 300 works of theology and philosophy. According to his disciples, achieved [[Moksha]] upon death.<ref name=home>[http://www.dlshq.org Divine Life Society] Official Website</ref> Bestowed [[sanyasa]] upon
:*[[Swami Krishnananda]] (1922–2001), Hindu saint who was the General Secretary of the Divine Life Society in Rishikesh, India from 1958 to 2001. Foremost disciple of Swami Sivananda. Author of more than 200 works of theology and philosophy. According to disciples, achieved Moksha upon death.<ref name=home/><ref name=krishorg>[http://swami-Krishnananda.org Swami-Krishnananda.org] Official Website</ref>
:* [[Chinmayananda|Swami Chinmayananda]] (1916–1993), (1916–1993), ''[[Sannyas]] [[diksha]]'' bestowed by [[Swami Sivananda]] in [[Rishikesh]]. Disciples founded the [[Chinmaya Mission]]; 'Chinmaya' means "pure consciousness.".
::*[[Dayananda Saraswati (Chinmaya Mission)|Swami Dayananda Saraswati]], (1930–2015) Founder of 'Arsha Vidya' tradition. He has set up [[Arsha Vidya Gurukulam|Gurukulams]] in Rishikesh, Coimbatore, Nagpur, Saylorsburg (USA), has taught ten long-term courses in Advaita Vedanta, and has initiated more than 200 disciples into Sannyasa, among them being; Swami Paramarthananda and Swami Tattvavidananda. The advaita teacher and author Sri Vasudevacharya is also a disciple.
:* [[Swami Chidananda]] (1916–2008)
:* [[Shantananda Saraswati|Swami Shantananda Saraswati]] (1934-2005)

===Other teachers===
* [[Mannargudi Raju Sastri]] (1815–1903), Formed 'The Advaita Sabha' for propagating the tenets of the Advaita faith.
* [[Narayana Guru|Sri Narayana Guru]] (1856–1928)- Vedic scholar, mystic philosopher, prolific poet and social reformer, from the present-day [[Kerala]].
* [[Sri Aurobindo]] (1872–1950) Bengali philosopher-sage who synthesized Advaita thought with Western philosophical theories of [[evolution]].
* Tibbetibaba (-d.1930) - Hindu [[Bengali people|Bengali]] Saint whose life was based on both Advaita Vedanta and Mahayana principles.
* [[Swami Atmananda]] (1883–1959) lived in [[Kerala]].
* [[Prajnanapada]] (1891–1974), disciple of Niralamba Swami and a great exponent of Advaita philosophy. He was in charge of Channa Ashram in West Bengal, India.
* [[Bhagawan Nityananda]] (1897?–1961) was an Indian guru. His teachings are published in the "Chidakash Gita". Nityananda was born in Koyilandy (Pandalayini), Kerala, South India. His teachings are simple and on the nonduality.
* [[Swami Karpatri]] (1905–1980), a well-known ''[[sannyasi]]'' of [[Varanasi]]
* [[Swami Parthasarathy]] (1927- ), Popularly referred to as 'Swamiji', Parthasarathy is known as the modern exponent of Vedanta. He has written 10 books in all, including commentaries on [[Bhagavad Gita]], Atmabodha, [[Bhaja Govindam]] and many other books. His ashram is situated around 100 km from [[Mumbai]] in the hills of Malavli, near [[Lonavla]].
* [[G. Balakrishnan Nair]] Vedanta scholar, Sanskrit academic, philosopher, author and interpreter of the scriptures and Vedanta.
* [[Vagbhatananda|Vagbhatananda Kunjikkannan]] (1885-1939). intellectual figure, Social Reformer and Advaitin.

==Advaita Vedanta interpreted==

===Inchegeri Sampradaya===
{{Main|Inchegeri Sampradaya}}

The Inchegeri Sampradaya is rooted in the [[Nath]]-tradition, but is popularly regarded as Advaita Vedanta.

*[[Siddharameshwar Maharaj]]
:*[[Nisargadatta Maharaj|Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj]] (1897–1981) - A 20th-century master of [[Advaita]] from [[Mumbai]], ''[[I Am That]]'' (1973, collected talks)
::* [[Ramesh Balsekar]] (1917–2009)

===Ramana Maharshi===
Ramana Maharshi underwent a profound [[religious experience]] when he was 16, whereafter he left home to become a sanyassin. While his own (spare) writings reveal his Tamil Saivite background, devotees with a Brahmon and/or Neo-Vedanta background have interpreted him in an Advaita Vedanta framework. His popularisation in the west was initially aided by a Theosophical framework, while his devotee Poonja spawned the [[Neo-Advaita]] movement, which was also influenced by [[Rajneesh|Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh]].

* [[Ramana Maharshi|Shri Ramana Maharshi]] (1879–1950) the silent sage of [[Tamil Nadu]] who had a profound realization of nonduality.
:* [[Sri H.W.L. Poonja]] (1910–1997), or Papaji. Devotee of Sri Ramana Maharshi, he denied being part of any formal tradition, and remained always available, welcoming newcomers to his home and satsangs.

==See also ==

* [[List of teachers of Vedanta]]
* [[List of Hindus]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|35em}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|}}
* {{cite book |last=Isayeva |first=Natalia |title=Shankara and Indian Philosophy |year=1993 |publisher=State University of New York Press (SUNY) |location=Albany |isbn=0-7914-1282-2}}
* {{Citation | last =Nikhalananda | first =Swami |pages=| year =1931 | title =Drg-Drsya-Viveka. An inquiry into the nature of the 'seer' and the 'seen.' | publisher =Sri Ramakrishna Asrama | url =https://archive.org/details/drgdrsyaviveka030903mbp|volume=}}
* {{cite journal | last =Sundaresan | first =Vidyasankar | year =2000 | title =Conflicting hagiographies and history: The place of Śaṅkaravijaya texts in Advaita tradition | journal =International Journal of Hindu Studies | volume =4 | issue =2 | pages =109–184 | publisher =Springer | doi =10.1007/s11407-000-0004-7 | url =https://dn721900.ca.archive.org/0/items/MadhviyaShankaraVijayaVenkataramanK.R./Shankaravijaya-history%20Vidyasankar%20Sundaresan.pdf}}
{{refend}}

{{Hinduism topics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Advaita Guru Parampara}}
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Advaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:Lists of Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Advaita Vedanta]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related lists]]

More Card

2026-02-07T04:36:08Z

Safetechgroupin:

{{Short description|Public transit smart card used in India}}
{{Infobox electronic payment
| image= [[File:morecardindia.jpg|300px]]
| name= More Card
| location= [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| launched= 2011
| currency= [[Indian rupee|INR]]
| credit_expiry= None
| maximum_credit= INR 1,000
| automatic_recharge= Automatic top up
| technology_1=
| manager=
| homepage= http://www.travelwithmore.com
| successor = [[National Common Mobility Card]]
}}
'''More Card''' is a [[contactless smart card]] for paying transportation fares in [[public transport system]]s in [[India]]. Tipped as a nationwide interoperable transport card, the card aims to be a single point of transaction, applicable in state buses, Metro and even parking. The card was launched in 2012 in [[Delhi]], initially acting as a common card for the Delhi Metro and its feeder buses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/whatnew_details.aspx?id=axxd290CIsUlld|title = "More Delhi"- Common mobility card launched for Delhi metro and feeder buses}}</ref>

==Name and logo==
The brand name More has been chosen to signify the national bird peacock (in Hindi & related Indian languages - such as those using the [[Devanagari]] script - मोर [mor] means [[peacock]]) as also literally, to convey that you get more and more by using this card. The logo of the card is an illustration of peacock.

==History==
In a move to aid commuter convenience, and to mitigate its cash handling pains, [[BEST Transport division|BEST]], adopted a new alternative method of paying for bus fares. From January 2007, the multi-application card system called [[BEST Transport division#Go Mumbai Smart Card|GO Mumbai card]] was made available to the desired commuters. The purpose of the "Go Mumbai" card was to have a uniform currency for various kinds of transactions like paying tolls, paying for fuel, payments at railway canteens, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://go4mumbai.com/Go-Mumbai-Smart-Card.php|title=Central Railway Suburban Time Table 2008 - Go4Mumbai.com|website=go4mumbai.com}}</ref> The [[BEST Transport division#Go Mumbai Smart Card|GO Mumbai card]] scheme was introduced by Kaizen Automation Pvt Ltd in April 2008. The card intended to help users travel in Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport ([[BEST Transport division|BEST]]) buses and local trains.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cr-s-go-mumbai-smart-card-scheme-gets-poor-response/481549/|title=CR's Go Mumbai smart card scheme gets poor response|date=26 June 2009}}</ref>

The card, launched first for BEST buses, was later extended to Central and Western Railway services and promised to be a transport card for seamless connectivity in Mumbai. While BEST conductors were provided with hand-held devices to validate the cards, Go Mumbai devices were installed at all railway stations. There were also plans to extend it to toll collection, taxis and autos. The railways' efforts to popularise the GO Mumbai card scheme proved futile. But the dreams crashed after Kaizen Limited, the company involved in the project, failed to supply enough number of hand-held devices to check the card's validity. Another reason for its failure was that the commuters did not find it easy to use. According to railway officials, of the 37 lakh commuters who travel every day by CR, only 12,000 used the Go Mumbai card. Of the 33 lakh commuters on WR, only 39 used it. The BEST and railways have decided to do away with the 'Go Mumbai ticketing' smart card by the end of 2010. The State Bank of India that was the payment operator between the railways and Kaizen had expressed willingness to do the project but was given up later.

With the failure of the Go Mumbai card, The National Urban Transport Policy has envisaged a common mobility card — a single ticketing card for public transport — that can be used anywhere in the country. It can be used on national, state, and city modes of transit and will have a common framework. “For rolling out a common mobility card and an automatic fare-collection system across India, it is important to have national standard specifications so that various systems can be integrated seamlessly,” said S.K. Lohia, officer on special duty (urban transport), in the central ministry of urban development. He has written to all public transport undertakings in the country, including the chairman of the railway board and operators of the metro and monorail systems. A company owned by the finance ministry has already embarked on the project following guidelines by the Reserve Bank of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/speakup/1447695/report-mumbai-s-experiment-with-smart-card-fails|title = Mumbai's experiment with smart card fails|date = 5 October 2010}}</ref> This national common mobility card (NCMC), named 'More', was unveiled by [[Ministry of Urban Development (India)|Union Urban Development Minister]] [[Kamal Nath]] by December 2011 and was expected to take five years before the card becomes operational throughout the country.

The implementation of 'More' was decided to be partly funded by the Central government under the [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission|JNNURM]] scheme covering the buses sanctioned under it. To roll out the card on an all-India basis to ensure the standardisation of the NCMC, UTI Infrastructure Technology and Services Limited<ref>{{Cite web| title=Introduction to Common Mobility Card (CMC) | url=http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/programs/ai/rti/india/national/2011/email_alerts/UTITISL.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203085317/http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/programs/ai/rti/india/national/2011/email_alerts/UTITISL.pdf | archive-date=2011-12-03}}</ref> has been appointed as the technology aggregator to implement the project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/a-single-travel-card-for-all-public-transport-on-cards-147982-2011-12-06|title = A single travel card for all public transport on cards| date=7 December 2011 }}</ref> An agreement was signed with the [[Jaipur City Transport Services Limited]] and the card will be operational in buses across Rajasthan's state capital by March 2012. The [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]] and Bhopal Municipal Corporation were also at an advance stage of entering into an agreement. In Mumbai, to begin with, these cards may be issued to those having monthly passes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/soon-one-card-for-all-modes-of-transport/884775/|title = Soon, one card for all modes of transport|date = 7 December 2011}}</ref>

==More Delhi==
The More Delhi card was available for sale from August 2012 and can be used both in the Delhi Metro and feeder buses. Like the Delhi Metro smart card, the More card can be purchased from Rs 50 onwards. The government is planning to integrate it with [[Delhi Transport Corporation]] (DTC) as well. Incidentally, the More card is designed to be used across the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-11/delhi/33152915_1_feeder-buses-travel-card-delhi-metro|title='More' travel card launch in Delhi today - Times Of India|work=The Times Of India |date=November 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105210057/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-11/delhi/33152915_1_feeder-buses-travel-card-delhi-metro|archive-date=2013-11-05}}</ref> In [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi NCR]] region it can be used in Metro, DMRC run feeder buses and would have the future provision of use in DTC and Cluster Buses run by DIMTS. This is first such card in India. The card was launched for use by commuters in Metro and 10 DMRC run Feeder Buses on route no ML 5 & 56 plying from Shastri Park Metro station to Mayur Vihar [[Delhi Metro#Phase III|Phase III]] via Akshardham, NOIDA Link Road, Mayur Vihar Phase I, Dharamshila Cancer Hospital, Vasundhara Enclave.

==More Mumbai==
The [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] has conducted a meeting for initiating National Common Mobility Card (NCMC), which has been launched by the Union Ministry of Urban Development for cashless travel across the city. UTI Infra will offer [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority|MMRDA]] and other transit and para-transit corporations various services to implement unified ticketing solutions to avoid the repeated inconvenience of small cash transactions. The unified card will be called ‘More Mumbai.’ Top officials of the railways, bus transport corporations and municipal corporations attended the meeting convened by MMRDA for the purpose.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/A-unified-smart-card-for-Mumbai-city-travel/article20423899.ece|title=A unified smart card for Mumbai city travel|first=S.|last=Shanker|website=@businessline|date=20 April 2012 }}</ref>

==Card usage==
More cards can be used in the same way as any other smart cards to enter and exit Metro stations, by tapping on or holding within an inch of the designated space on the [[Automated fare collection system|automatic fare collection]] (AFC) gates. Delhi metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) launched online recharge for its smart card users. This facility is being introduced in order to make services more and more automated and reduce manpower and associated problems. It is launched in association with [[ICICI Bank]] as the gateway provider. Currently, the payment can be done with only [[debit card|debit]] and [[credit card]]s but soon the other net banking facilities will also be provided. The users can log on to www.dmrcsmartcard.com to get the recharge done with a minimum amount of INR 100 and maximum INR 1,000 per card. Multiple smart cards can also be recharged by a single user. However to complete the process, users will have to physically validate their recharge by using the Add Value Machine (AVM). Add value machine is a touch screen based machine which provides information about the amount available and the last recharge done. For now, around 39 AVM's are being installed in 13 metro stations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iamwire.com/2013/05/delhi-metro-launches-online-recharge-service-for-smart-card-users/ |title=Delhi Metro launches online recharge service for smart card users |access-date=2013-05-23 |archive-date=2013-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606233018/http://www.iamwire.com/2013/05/delhi-metro-launches-online-recharge-service-for-smart-card-users/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rapid transit in India}}

[[Category:Smart cards]]
[[Category:Contactless smart cards]]
[[Category:Fare collection systems]]

Debi Prasanna Pattanayak

2026-02-06T06:28:33Z

Safetechgroupin: added details

{{Short description|Indian academic and linguist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Debi Prasanna Pattanayak
| image = Debi Patnaik(SA).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1931|03|14}}
| birth_place = [[Tigiria]], [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]], [[Odisha]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| monuments =
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Cornell University]], New York, [[Ravenshaw University]], [[Cuttack]]
| occupation = Professor, linguist, social scientist and author
| years_active =
| employer =
| organization = [[Central Institute of Indian Languages]], [[Mysore]]
| agent =
| known_for =
| notable_works = Adding [[Bodo language]] to the 8th schedule of the [[Constitution of India]], classical language status for [[Odia language|Odia]]
| style =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = Madhusudan Pattanayak, Minamali Debi
| relatives = [[Akshaya Mohanty]] (brother-in-law)
| callsign =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website =
| footnotes =
| module = {{Listen|pos=center| embed=yes |filename = Debi Prasanna Pattanayak.oga |title = Pattanayak's voice |type = speech |description = Recorded January 2014}}
}}

'''Debi Prasanna Pattanayak''' (born 14 March 1931) is an Indian professor, [[linguist]], [[social scientist]] and author.<ref name="Pattanayak19901">{{cite book|author=Debi Prasanna Pattanayak|title=Multilingualism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQYICqUZJ8UC&pg=PA115|year=1990|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn=978-1-85359-072-6|pages=115–}}</ref> He was the founder-director of the [[Central Institute of Indian Languages]], [[Mysore]] and former chairman of [[Institute of Odia Studies and Research]], Bhubaneswar. Pattanayak was awarded [[Padma Shri]] in [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1980–89)|1987]].<ref name=pdma>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2009) |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |quote=32 Dr. Debiprasanna Pattanayak PS KAR Litt. & Edu. |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510095705/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |archivedate=2013-05-10 }}</ref> for his contribution to formalize, and adding [[Bodo language]] in the 8th schedule of the [[Constitution of India]]. He also take a major role led [[Odia language]] to acquire the status of a "classical language".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/jubilation-over-classical-language-status-for-odia/article5712461.ece|title = Jubilation over classical language status for Odia|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 21 February 2014|last1 = Barik|first1 = Satyasundar}}</ref>

[[File:Debi Prasanna Pattanayak talkng at International Conclave for Odia language 2015, New Delhi.ogg|thumb|Debi Prasanna Pattanayak delivering keynote speech at International Conclave for Odia language 2015, New Delhi]]

== Selected works ==
* Multilingualism in India<ref name="Pattanayak1990">{{cite book|author=Debi Prasanna Pattanayak|title=Multilingualism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQYICqUZJ8UC&pg=PA118|year=1990|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn=978-1-85359-072-6|pages=118–}}</ref>
* Intensive Hindi course: drills<ref name="PattanayakFairbanks1968">{{cite book|author1=Debi Prasanna Pattanayak|author2=Gordon H. Fairbanks|author3=Bal Govind Misra|title=Intensive Hindi course: drills|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8oBjAAAAMAAJ|year=1968|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies}}</ref>
* Language and Social Issues: Princess Leelavathi Memorial Lectures<ref name="Pattanayak1981">{{cite book|author=Debi Prasanna Pattanayak|title=Language and Social Issues: Princess Leelavathi Memorial Lectures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6phAAAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Prasaranga, Manasagangotri}}</ref>
* Papers in Indian Sociolinguistics<ref name="Pattanayak1978">{{cite book|author=Debi Prasanna Pattanayak|title=Papers in Indian Sociolinguistics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gs8JAQAAIAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages}}</ref>
* An Introduction to Tamil Script, Reading & Writing<ref name="PattanayakThirumalai1980">{{cite book|author1=Debi Prasanna Pattanayak|author2=M. S. Thirumalai|title=An Introduction to Tamil Script, Reading & Writing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcAZAAAAIAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages}}</ref>
* Multilingualism and mother-tongue education<ref name="PattanayakIllich1981">{{cite book|author1=Debi Prasanna Pattanayak|author2=Ivan Illich|title=Multilingualism and mother-tongue education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SL-eAAAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-561304-9}}</ref>
* Language Policy and Programmes<ref name="Pattanayak1971">{{cite book|author=Debi Prasanna Pattanayak|title=Language Policy and Programmes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkODrGJEFpcC|year=1971|publisher=Ministry of Education and Youth Services, Government of India}}</ref>
* Advanced Tamil Reader, Part 1<ref name="PattanayakThirumalai1974">{{cite book|author1=Debi Prasanna Pattanayak|author2=M. S. Thirumalai|author3=K. Rangan|title=Advanced Tamil Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXhkAAAAMAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages}}</ref>
* An Outline of Kumauni Grammar<ref name="AptePattanayak1967">{{cite book|author1=Mahadev L. Apte|author2=Debi Prasanna Pattanayak|title=An Outline of Kumauni Grammar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnEaAQAAIAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Duke University, Program in Comparative Studies on Southern Asia}}</ref>
* Language and Cultural Diversity: The Writings of Debi Prasanna Pattanayak, Volume 2<ref name="PattanayakArts">{{cite book|author1=Debi Prasanna Pattanayak|author2=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|title=Language and Cultural Diversity: The Writings of Debi Prasanna Pattanayak|year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3-eoAEACAAJ|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts and Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-5395-8}}</ref>
* Language, Education, and Culture<ref name="Pattanayak1991">{{cite book|author=Debi Prasanna Pattanayak|title=Language, Education, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEWCfd_V1XAC|year=1991|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages}}</ref>
* A Controlled Historical Reconstruction of Oriya, Assamese, Bengali, and Hindi<ref name="Pattanayak1966">{{cite book|author=Debi Prasanna Pattanayak|title=A Controlled Historical Reconstruction of Oriya, Assamese, Bengali, and Hindi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yecvAAAAIAAJ|year=1966|publisher=Mouton|isbn=9783111000657 }}</ref>
* Conversational Oriya<ref name="PattanayakDash1972">{{cite book|author1=Debi Prasanna Pattanayak|author2=Gaganendranath Dash|title=Conversational Oriya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gs99QgAACAAJ|year=1972|publisher=Sulakshana Pattanayak}}</ref>
* Orissa, Oriya and the Multilingual Context<ref name="Pattanayak2003">{{cite book|author=Debi Prasanna Pattanayak|title=Orissa, Oriya and the Multilingual Context|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmvePAAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Orissa Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7586-072-8}}</ref>
* Multilingualism and Multiculturalism: Britain and India<ref name="Pattanayak1987">{{cite book|author=Debi Prasanna Pattanayak|title=Multilingualism and Multiculturalism: Britain and India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZ4pAAAACAAJ|year=1987|publisher=University of London Institute of Education|isbn=978-0-85473-270-8}}</ref>
* An Introduction Ti Tamil Script, Reading & Writing<ref name="PattanayakS.1980">{{cite book|author1=Debi Prasanna Pattanayak|author2=Thirumalai M. S.|title=An Introduction Ti Tamil Script, Reading & Writing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZDqcQAACAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Central institute of Indian languages}}</ref>
* An Introduction to Tamil Script, Reading & Writing<ref name="PattanayakThirumalai1985">{{cite book|author1=Debi Prasanna Pattanayak|author2=M. S. Thirumalai|title=An Introduction to Tamil Script, Reading & Writing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5wsUnQEACAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Central Institute of Indian languages}}</ref>
* Rabīndra smaraṇīkā<ref name="Pattanayak1963">{{cite book|author=Debi Prasanna Pattanayak|title=Rabīndra smaraṇīkā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1XQRAQAAIAAJ|year=1963|publisher=Biśvabhāratī oḍiā sāhitya parishada}}</ref>
* Kabilipi<ref name="PattanayakMehera1957">{{cite book|author1=Debi Prasanna Pattanayak|author2=Gaṅgādhara Mehera|title=Kabilipi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BHtoHQAACAAJ|year=1957|publisher=Biśva Bhāratī, Oḍiā Gabeshaṇā Bibhāga}}</ref>

== Honors ==
* Kalinga Sahitya Samman 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/33816/first-kalinga-sahitya-samman-conferred-dr-debi-prasanna-patnaik/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140226090315/http://odishasuntimes.com/33816/first-kalinga-sahitya-samman-conferred-dr-debi-prasanna-patnaik/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 February 2014|title=First Kalinga Sahitya Samman conferred on Dr Debi Prasanna Patnaik | Sambad English|date=24 February 2014}}</ref>
* Tigiria Samman 2011<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mbctv.co.in/viewnews.php?news_id=4616 |title=Tigiria Deserves Recognition as Birthplace of Odissi: Subhas Chandra Pattanayak |access-date=7 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140226090215/http://www.mbctv.co.in/viewnews.php?news_id=4616 |archive-date=26 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orissamatters.com/tag/dr-debi-prasanna-patnaik/|title=Dr.Debi Prasanna Patnaik}}</ref>
* Padma Shri, 1987<ref name=pdma/>
* PhD (Ravenshaw University)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.odishabook.com/Aticle/PhotoNews/2013/07/02/Noted-linguist-Debi-Prasanna-Pattanayak-being-conferred-the-honorary |title=Noted linguist Debi Prasanna Pattanayak being conferred the honorary | Photo News | OdishaBook |website=www.odishabook.com |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140226090231/http://www.odishabook.com/Aticle/PhotoNews/2013/07/02/Noted-linguist-Debi-Prasanna-Pattanayak-being-conferred-the-honorary |archive-date=26 February 2014 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Authority control}}
{{Commons category|Debi Prasanna Pattanayak}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pattanayak, Debi Prasanna}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Scholars from Odisha]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odia language]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Utkal Ratna Samman]]
[[Category:Linguists of Odia]]

Naina Ashwin Kumar

2026-02-05T04:38:30Z

Safetechgroupin: Added a bio nd citations...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{more footnotes|date=December 2012}}

'''Naina Ashwin Kumar''', also known as Naina Wonderkid, is an Indian [[table tennis]] player. She was born in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], the capital of the Indian state [[Andhra Pradesh]], on 22 March 2000.

==Academic studies==
Under an international [[General Certificate of Secondary Education]], this [[ambidextrous]]<ref name=hindu/> young lady appeared for the Grade 10 exam at the age of eight. Completing the examination, conducted by the [[Cambridge International Examinations]] CIE Board, she became the youngest Asian girl to pass that level of testing.<ref name=hindu>{{cite web|author=V.V. Subrahmanyam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article1082573.ece |title=NATIONAL / ANDHRA PRADESH : Child prodigy dreams of reaching the skies |work=The Hindu |date=2011-01-12 |accessdate=2012-12-18}}</ref> At the end of Ms. Kumar's tenth year, she also completed Grades 11 and 12 from [[Andhra Pradesh Board of Intermediate Education]]. At age 12, she had already began her sophomore year toward a B.A. in Mass Communication at [[St. Mary's College, Hyderabad|St. Mary's College]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stmaryscollege.in/Hall_of_Fame.aspx |title=ST.MARY'S - Hall of Fame |publisher=Stmaryscollege.in |date= |accessdate=2013-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506012347/http://www.stmaryscollege.in/Hall_of_Fame.aspx |archive-date=6 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

At age seven, she recorded a music album. The CD includes her singing ''[[Ramayana: The Epic]]''.

She translated the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' into English.<ref name=hindu/> Naina learned the basics of [[English language|English]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and her region's primary language between 5 and 7 of age.

==Table tennis==
In [[Table Tennis]], Naina Ashwin Kumar became a national champion, winning the bronze medal in the sub-junior girls category. Kumar achieved quarter-finalist status in the junior girls competition. In team events, Naina won gold in the under twelve,<ref name=hindu/> fourteen, and sixteen age brackets in 2010. In [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] she took first place in the sub-junior singles. She was awarded bronze in [[Bolpur]] and won the south zone title in Bangalore in 2012. She also won the team bronze medal during the youth girls nationals competition. All of this makes her 'state topper' in under twelve, fourteen, and sixteen age brackets. She was ranked number one in sub-junior girls for table tennis in India.

Outside of India, Naina participated in an international [[table tennis]] tournament, which was held in [[Austria]], and achieved 6th seed. She represented India at a training camp in [[China]]. With that group, she participated in an Asian junior championship in New Delhi. She also played at the India Junior & Cadet Open in [[Dehradun]] and won team gold in [[cadet]]s and bronze in the individuals competition.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article1082573.ece Child prodigy dreams of reaching the skies]
* [https://archive.today/20130126150003/http://cityplus.jagran.com/city-news/naina-an-inborn-talent-with-excellence_1300425811.html Naina, an inborn talent with excellence ]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Naina Ashwin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female table tennis players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Telangana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

All India Revolutionary Students Federation

2026-02-04T20:46:03Z

Safetechgroupin: further reworked references based on references also and corrected details

{{Short description|Organisation in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
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The '''All India Revolutionary Students Federation''' (AIRSF) was a frontal organisation of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].

==History==

The [[Radical Students Union]] (RSU) organised an all-India seminar in [[Madras]] in August 1981 to discuss the nationality question in India.
The Revolutionary Students' Organisations Co-ordination Committee (RSOCC) was formed as a follow-up step.
Four years later, in 1985 the All India Revolutionary Students' Federation held its first conference in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2010/venugopal290710p.html
|title=Killing Azad: Silencing the Voice of Revolution
|author=N Venugopal
|work=MR Zine
|year=2010
|accessdate=2012-04-26}}</ref>
[[Yalavarthi Naveen Babu]], later to become a senior Naxalite leader, became editor of the AIRSF magazine ''Kalam'' in 1990.<ref name=Myrdal2012>{{cite web
|url=http://sanhati.com/articles/4579/
|title=Delhi - Naveen Babu Memorial Lecture
|author=Jan Myrdal
|work=Sanhati
|date=6 February 2012
|accessdate=2012-04-27}}</ref>
The AIRSF was banned in [[Andhra Pradesh]], but in 2004 the state government lifted the ban to allow for peace talks.
While talks were underway the [[People's War Group]] (PWG) merged with [[Maoist Communist Centre]] (MCC) to form the Communist Party of India (Maoist).<ref name=Vanguard20090810/>

The Naxalites suffered a serious setback in 2005.<ref name=Reddy20111115/>
After Congress legislator C. Narsi Reddy was killed, on 17 August 2005 a ban was re-imposed in Andhra Pradesh on the Communist Party of India (Maoist) and its frontal organisations including the AIRSF and the [[Radical Youth League]].<ref name=Vanguard20090810/>
Bans were repeatedly reimposed, one year at a time. In August 2006 the ban was extended for a year.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Andhra-extends-ban-on-Naxal-groups/articleshow/1885561.cms
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104043729/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-11/india/27795298_1_cpi-maoist-organisations-radical-youth-league
|url-status=live
|archive-date=4 January 2013
|title=Andhra extends ban on Naxal groups
|date=11 August 2006
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|access-date=2012-04-26}}</ref>
In August 2009 the Andhra Pradesh government extended the ban for another year.<ref name=Vanguard20090810/>
In August 2011 the ban was again extended for another year.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/08/17/banon-communist-party-of-india-maoist-extended.html
|work=OneIndia
|title=Ban on Communist Party of India (Maoist) extended
|date=17 August 2011
|access-date=2012-04-26}}</ref>

==References==
<references>

<ref name=Reddy20111115>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2627841.ece
|date=15 November 2011
|title=Maoists to float new body of students in tribal areas
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|author=K. SRINIVAS REDDY
|accessdate=2012-04-26}}</ref>
<ref name=Vanguard20090810>{{cite web
|url=http://indianvanguard.wordpress.com/2009/08/10/andrapradesh-ban-on-cpi-maoist-and-front-organisations-extended-for-one-more-year/#more-2085
|work=Indian Vanguard
|title=Ban on CPI Maoist and front organisations extended for one more year
|date=10 August 2009
|accessdate=2012-04-26}}</ref>

</references>
{{Communist Party of India (Maoist)}}
[[Category:Student wings of communist parties of India]]
[[Category:Defunct Maoist organisations in India]]
[[Category:Mass organisations of the Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]
[[Category:Volunteer organisations in India]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Student organizations established in 1985]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by India]]

Acting prime minister

2026-01-31T18:30:16Z

Safetechgroupin: brief updated layout for clarity and updated info

{{Short description|Cabinet member serving as prime minister}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2021}}
{{Executive}}
An '''acting prime minister''' is a member of a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] (often in [[Westminster system]] countries) who is serving in the role of [[prime minister]], whilst the individual who normally holds the position is unable to do so. The role is often performed by the [[deputy prime minister]] (where that position exists), or by another senior minister.

The office is commonly used when the prime minister is absent from the territory of that nation or when the prime minister is unable to perform duties for health reasons.

The position of acting prime minister may be distinguished from that of [[Caretaker government|caretaker]] prime minister (typically referring to an outgoing prime minister following an electoral defeat and who by [[convention (norm)|convention]] does not implement new policies) and [[Interim government|interim]] prime minister (who is appointed to perform a similar role to a caretaker prime minister).

==By country==
===Australia===
According to ''House of Representatives Practice'', an official publication of the [[Parliament of Australia]], the [[Prime Minister of Australia]] "may make temporary ministerial arrangements without reference to the [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]]. A Minister may act for another Minister on account of absence from Australia or from the Ministry or due to ill health. The ''Acts Interpretation Act'' confers upon an Acting Minister the same power and authority with respect to the absent Minister's statutory responsibilities."<ref name=aus>[http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/practice/chapter2 Chapter 2 House, Government and Opposition, ''House of Representative Practice'' (5th edition)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002215353/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/practice/chapter2 |date=2017-10-02 }}. Published by the Parliament of Australia.</ref>

The position of ''acting prime minister'' is a special case of an acting minister, and generally occurs when the prime minister is travelling overseas, is on vacation, or is in ill health. In the early 20th century, when travel by ship was still the norm, it was not uncommon for there to be an acting prime minister for months on end.

The [[Deputy Prime Minister of Australia|deputy prime minister]] is usually designated as the acting prime minister, although another senior member of the government may fill the role if both the prime minister and deputy prime minister are unavailable.<ref name=aus/> An acting prime minister is required quite frequently – for instance, between 3 December 2007 and 23 February 2009 (during [[Kevin Rudd]]'s first term), [[Julia Gillard]] acted as prime minister on 16 separate occasions.<ref>[http://www.aph.gov.au/~/media/Estimates/Live/fapa_ctte/estimates/add_0809/pmc/answers/PM4.ashx Dates and individuals who acted as Acting Prime Minister]</ref>

The term ''acting prime minister'' is sometimes also applied to someone who is temporarily appointed prime minister following a death in office (more commonly called a ''caretaker prime minister'' or an ''interim prime minister''). Examples include [[Frank Forde]] (seven days following [[John Curtin]]'s death), [[Earle Page]] (19 days following [[Joseph Lyons]]' death), and [[John McEwen]] (22 days following [[Harold Holt]]'s disappearance).

Unlike those who merely acted in the absence of a prime minister, Forde, Page and McEwen were officially commissioned by the governor general and took the oath of office; they are considered prime ministers in their own right.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prime Ministers|url=https://primeMinisters.moadoph.gov.au/prime-Ministers|website=Australian Prime Ministers|publisher=Museum of Australian Democracy|accessdate=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314174122/https://primeministers.moadoph.gov.au/prime-ministers|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Canada===
In Canada, the [[Deputy Prime Minister of Canada|deputy prime minister]]—a position that is not always in use—becomes acting head of government in the event that the prime minister is absent from Canada or incapacitated.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} Prior to the creation of the deputy prime minister position, acting prime ministers were routinely appointed when prime ministers were temporarily away from their duties; however, prime ministers typically appointed a different cabinet member each time, rather than designating one specific person as a permanent official "deputy".{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

In February 1958, Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]] appointed [[Ellen Fairclough]] as acting prime minister for two days while he was absent from his duties; Fairclough was historically noteworthy as the first woman ever given the duty.<ref>"As Acting Prime Minister Ellen Fairclough First Again". ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', February 21, 1958.</ref>

===China===
After the death of [[Zhou Enlai]], the first [[Premier of the State Council]], then Vice Premier [[Hua Guofeng]] served as acting premier of the State Council. Hua Guofeng became Premier of the State Council after serving as acting premier of the State Council for two months.

After [[Zhao Ziyang]] resigned as [[Premier of the State Council]] to the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress]] in November 1987, then Vice Premier [[Li Peng]] became Acting Premier. Li Peng later formally became premier in April 1988.

=== India ===
In 1964 after the death of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first [[Prime Minister of India]], then [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] served as the acting prime minister for thirteen days, till the appointment of [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] as prime minister.

In 1966 Nanda again served as the acting prime minister for thirteen days after the death of Shastri, the second Prime Minister of India, till the appointment of [[Indira Gandhi]] as prime minister.

===Israel===
{{Main|Acting Prime Minister of Israel}}
The designated acting prime minister takes the role of prime minister as acting prime minister, for up to one hundred consecutive days, if the incumbent is temporarily incapacitated.<ref>{{cite news|title=Miri Regev appointed acting PM while Netanyahu abroad|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-first-miri-regev-appointed-acting-pm-while-netanyahu-abroad/|accessdate=20 February 2018|work=[[Times of Israel]]|date=14 June 2017}}</ref> Whilst in other countries the term "Acting Prime Minister" only refers to an individual actually performing the role, in Israel the term is also in use when a designated Minister is allocated, even if they never actually perform the role.

===New Zealand===
In New Zealand, the acting prime minister is the designated head of government when the incumbent is not available to fulfill their duties. This includes when the prime minister is overseas, unwell, or otherwise temporarily unavailable. Typically this position is filled by the [[Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand|Deputy Prime Minister]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/our-business-units/cabinet-office/supporting-work-cabinet/cabinet-manual/2-ministers-crown-2|title=Deputy Prime Minister|work=Cabinet Manual|publisher=Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet|accessdate=6 March 2018}}</ref> [[Hugh Watt]], who was then the deputy prime minister, served as acting prime minister for six days, after [[Norman Kirk]] died in office in 1974.

Deputy Prime Minister [[Winston Peters]] was serving as acting prime minister as of 21 June 2018 until 2 August 2018, while [[Jacinda Ardern]] took maternity leave.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jacinda Ardern on baby news: 'I'll be Prime Minister and a mum'|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/political/348449/ardern-i-ll-be-prime-minister-and-a-mum|accessdate=19 January 2018|publisher=RNZ|date=19 January 2018}}</ref>

Prior to the establishment of the deputy prime minister role, a senior minister would be appointed to act as prime minister when, for example, the incumbent was travelling overseas. In the current era, when both the prime minister and deputy prime minister are unavailable, the next highest-ranking minister who is available will be asked to act as prime minister, until a colleague of higher rank is available again.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/politics/bennett-to-serve-as-acting-pm-while-key-english-are-out-of-nz/ |title=Bennett to serve as acting PM while Key, English are out of NZ |first1=Felix |last1=Marwick |first2=Claire |last2=Trevett |website=[[Newstalk ZB]] |accessdate=6 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Parker|first=Dan|url=http://www.newshub.co.nz/general/tony-ryall-promoted-to-acting-prime-minister-2009082018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306142503/http://www.newshub.co.nz/general/tony-ryall-promoted-to-acting-prime-minister-2009082018|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 6, 2018|title=Tony Ryall promoted to Acting Prime Minister|date=20 August 2009|accessdate=6 March 2018|publisher=[[Newshub]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Chapman|first=Grant|url=http://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2017/11/kelvin-davis-takes-charge-of-the-country-as-acting-prime-minister.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112092356/http://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2017/11/kelvin-davis-takes-charge-of-the-country-as-acting-prime-minister.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 12, 2017|title=Kelvin Davis takes charge of the country as Acting Prime Minister|date=9 November 2017|accessdate=6 March 2018|publisher=[[Newshub]] }}</ref>

===Sri Lanka===
In [[Sri Lanka]], an acting prime minister is a senior minister appointed to take the role of prime minister in the absence of the incumbent. [[Wijeyananda Dahanayake]] was appointed acting prime minister on September 26, 1959 following the assassination of [[S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike]]. He was subsequently confirmed as prime minister by parliament.

===United Kingdom===
In the UK, nobody has the right of automatic succession to the prime ministership.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brazier|first=Rodney|title=Choosing a Prime Minister: The Transfer of Power in Britain|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2020|isbn=978-0-19-885929-1|pages=174}}</ref> However, it is generally considered by those with an interest in the matter that in the event of the death of the prime minister, it would be appropriate to appoint an interim prime minister, though there is some debate as to how to decide who this should be.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Norton|first=Philip|date=2016|title=A temporary occupant of No.10? Prime Ministerial succession in the event of the death of the incumbent|journal=[[Public Law (journal)|Public Law]]|pages=34}}</ref> This role is distinct to the [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]], a ceremonial role for when the Prime Minister is temporarily indisposed for an engagement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-04 |title=The deputy prime minister and first secretary of state |url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/deputy-prime-minister-first-secretary-state |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Institute for Government |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Priddy|first=Sarah|date=19 October 2020|title=Attendance of the Prime Minister at Prime Minister's Questions (PMQs) since 1979|url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn04401|url-status=live|access-date=3 June 2021|website=[[parliament.uk]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424174138/https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn04401/ |archive-date=24 April 2020 }}</ref>

According to [[Rodney Brazier]], there are no procedures within government to cope with the sudden death of the prime minister.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brazier|first=Rodney|title=Choosing a Prime Minister: The Transfer of Power in Britain|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2020|isbn=978-0-19-885929-1|pages=84}}</ref> There is also no such title as Acting Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brazier|first=Rodney|title=Choosing a Prime Minister: The Transfer of Power in Britain|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2020|isbn=978-0-19-885929-1|pages=68}}</ref> Despite refusing "...to discuss a hypothetical situation" with [[BBC News]] in 2011,<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 December 2011|title=MP urges 'line of succession' rules for prime minister|language=|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-16283292|access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref> the [[Cabinet Office]] is said to have said in 2006:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vennard|first=Andrew|date=2008|title=Prime Ministerial succession|journal=[[Public Law (journal)|Public Law]]|pages=304}}</ref><blockquote>There is no single protocol setting out all of the possible implications. However, the general constitutional position is as set out below. There can be no automatic assumption about who The Queen would ask to act as caretaker Prime Minister in the event of the death of the Prime Minister. The decision is for her under the Royal Prerogative. However, there are some key guiding principles. The Queen would probably be looking for a very senior member of the Government (not necessarily a Commons Minister since this would be a short-term appointment). If there was a recognized deputy to the Prime Minister, used to acting on his behalf in his absences, this could be an important factor. Also important would be the question of who was likely to be in contention to take over long-term as Prime Minister. If the most senior member of the Government was him or herself a contender for the role of Prime Minister, it might be that The Queen would invite a slightly less senior non-contender. In these circumstances, her private secretary would probably take soundings, via the Cabinet Secretary, of members of the Cabinet, to ensure that The Queen invited someone who would be acceptable to the Cabinet to act as their chair during the caretaker period. Once the Party had elected a new leader, that person would, of course, be invited to take over as Prime Minister.</blockquote>Additionally, when the prime minister is travelling, it is standard practice for a senior duty minister to be appointed who can attend to urgent business and meetings if required, though the prime minister remains in charge and updated throughout.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mason|first=Chris|date=15 August 2016|title=Is Boris Johnson running the country?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/37086680|url-status=live|access-date=19 March 2021|website=[[BBC News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815163132/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/37086680 |archive-date=2016-08-15 }}</ref>

On 6 April 2020, then [[First Secretary of State]], [[Dominic Raab]], deputised for Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]] following his admittance to hospital with [[COVID-19]] and remained in post until April 26th.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 April 2020|title=Statement from Downing Street: 6 April 2020|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/statement-from-downing-street-6-april-2020|access-date=19 March 2021|website=[[gov.uk]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Prime ministers| ]]
[[Category:Heads of government|Prime Minister, Acting]]

Presidency of Pratibha Patil

2026-01-25T09:30:03Z

Safetechgroupin: New!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Short description|Indian president from 2007 to 2012}}
{{Infobox administration
|image=The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg
|name=Presidency of Pratibha Patil
|term_start={{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|25}}
|term_end={{dts|format=dmy|2012|07|25}}
|president=[[Pratibha Patil]]
|president_link=President of India
|party=[[Indian National Congress]]
|election=[[2007 Indian presidential election]]
|seat=[[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]]
|predecessor=[[Presidency of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
|successor=[[Presidency of Pranab Mukherjee|Pranab Mukherjee]]
|seal=Emblem of India.svg
|seal_caption=Emblem of India}}
{{Short description|Indian presidential administration from 2007 to 2012}}
'''Presidency of Pratibha Patil''' was started on 25 July 2007<ref>https://eoi.gov.in/kabul/?pdf0201?000</ref> when she took the oath as the twelfth and the first woman president of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil |url=http://pratibhapatil.nic.in/profile.html |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=pratibhapatil.nic.in}}</ref>

== Domestic affairs ==

=== Mercy petitions ===
Patil disposed of 39 mercy petitions during her tenure, commuting 35 and rejecting 4.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-07-25 |title=Pratibha Patil passes on 11 clemency pleas to Pranab Mukherjee |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/pratibha-patil-passes-on-11-clemency-pleas-to-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/15134250.cms |access-date=2023-06-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Foreign visits ==
{{main|List of international presidential trips made by Pratibha Patil}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Pratibha}}
[[Category:Presidencies of India]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in India]]

Lunar dynasty

2026-01-12T11:54:03Z

Safetechgroupin: cleanup article also as per guidelines

{{Short description|Mythological Hindu dynasty}}
{{Redirect|Somavanshi|the dynasty of present-day Odisha|Somavamshi dynasty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Lunar Dynasty
| common_name = Kingdom of Kuru
| status = Empire
| image_flag =
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| event1 =
| capital = [[Mathura]], [[Hastinapura]]
| common_languages = [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| leader1 = [[Pururavas]]
| leader2 = [[Yayati]]
| leader3 = [[Haiheya Kingdom|Haiheya]]
| leader4 = [[Kartavirya Arjuna|Sahasrarjun Maharaj]]
| leader5 = [[Krishna]]
| title_leader = [[Monarch]]
| today =
}}

The '''Lunar dynasty''' ([[IAST]]: '''Candravaṃśa''') is a lineage or dynasty which claims to be descended from [[Chandra]] or [[Chandra|Soma]] (the Hindu [[lunar deity]]).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TGyzMJYZn-0C&pg=PA21 |title=Message of the Purans |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Ltd |first=B. B. |last=Paliwal |year=2005 |page=21 |isbn=978-8-12881-174-6}}</ref>

According to the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'', [[Pururavas]] was the son of [[Budha]] (himself often described as the son of Soma) and the gender-switching deity [[Ila (Hinduism)|Ila]] (born as the daughter of [[Shraddhadeva Manu|Manu]]).{{sfn|Thapar|2013|p=308}} Pururavas's great-grandson was [[Yayati]], who had five sons named [[Yadu (legendary king)|Yadu]], [[Turvashas|Turvasu]], [[Druhyus|Druhyu]], [[Anu (tribe)|Anu]], and [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]]. These seem to be the names of five Vedic tribes as described in the [[Vedas]].<ref>{{cite book |author=A. K. Warder |author-link=A. K. Warder |title=An Introduction to Indian Historiography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCluAAAAMAAJ |year=1972 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |pages=21–22 }}</ref>

According to the ''Mahabharata'', Lunar dynasty's progenitor [[Ila (Hinduism)|Ila]] ruled from Prayaga, and had a son Shashabindu who ruled in the country of Bahli.<ref>{{cite book |first=Wendy |last=Doniger |title=Splitting the difference: gender and myth in ancient Greece and India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4pgM3birUwC&pg=PA273 |access-date=25 August 2011 |year=1999 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-15641-5 |page=273}}</ref> The son of Ila and [[Budha]] was [[Pururavas]], who became the first Chandravamsha, emperor of all of the earth. Ila's descendants were also known as the Ailas.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&dq=aila+Ila&pg=PA17 Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world, Volume 1 by Gaṅgā Rām Garg]</ref>[[File:LUNAR_DYNASTY_(Chandravamsha).png|388x388px|thumb|Chandravamsha family tree]]

== In Mahabharata ==
{{main|Kuru Kingdom}}
{{see also|Mahabharata|Kurukshetra War}}

In Hindu texts, the [[Kurukshetra War]], which forms the subject of the Indian epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'', was largely fought between rival branches of the Lunar dynasty, famously resulting in [[Arjuna]]'s turn away from war and the reprimand of his mentor Krishna. Krishna reminds Arjuna that dharma stands above everything, and the text forms an integral cultural cornerstone for all four [[Kshatriya]] houses.

By the conclusion of the Kurukshetra War, most of the Yaduvamsha lineage is in peril. The sinking of [[Dvārakā]] sees the destruction of the entire Yaduvamsha lineage, with the exception of [[Vajra (king)|Vajra]], who was saved by [[Arjuna]], and later becomes the King of Mathura.

== Branches and rulers of dynasty ==
{{main|Puru and Yadu Dynasties}}
{{see also|Turvasu Druhyu and Anu Dynasties}}

==See also==
* [[Solar dynasty]]
* [[Mahabharata]]
* [[History of Hinduism]]
* [[Puru and Yadu Dynasties]]
* [[Chandra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |last=Thapar |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Past Before Us|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline}}

[[Category:Lunar dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Kshatriya]]
[[Category:Mythological peoples]]
[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]

Achinta Sheuli

2026-01-05T22:13:54Z

Safetechgroupin: Starting New Article From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian weightlifter (born 2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Achinta Sheuli
| image = Achinta Sheuli.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Sheuli in August 2022
| fullname =
| nickname =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| alma mater =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|11|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Deulpur]], [[Howrah district]], [[West Bengal]], India<ref>{{cite news |title=Lifter Achinta mulls state switch |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/lifter-achinta-sheuli-mulls-west-bengal-switch/cid/1742404 |access-date=27 September 2022 |newspaper=The Telegraph | location=India | first=Sayak | last=Banerjee | date=4 February 2020}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| website =
| sport = [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]
| event = 73 kg
| collegeteam =
| universityteam =
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| partner =
| former_partner =
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| highestranking =
| pb =
| updated =
| show-medals = y
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport| Men's [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalComp|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Weightlifting at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's 73 kg|73 kg]]}}
{{MedalComp|[[Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships|2019 Apia]]|73 kg}}
{{MedalGold|[[2021 Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships|2021 Tashkent]]|73 kg}}
{{MedalComp|[[Junior World Weightlifting Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2021 Junior World Weightlifting Championships|2021 Tashkent]]|73 kg}}
}}

'''Achinta Sheuli''' (born 24 November 2001) is an Indian [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifter]] who competes in the 73 kg weight class.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-01 |title=Who is Achinta Sheuli? Weightlifter who won India's third gold medal at Commonwealth Games 2022 |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/achinta-sheuli-weightlifter-wins-indias-third-gold-medal-at-commonwealth-games-2022-1659329862-1 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref>

At the [[Weightlifting at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's 73 kg|2022 Commonwealth Games]], he set a Games record of 313 kg and won gold.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birmingham 2022 Results |url=https://results.birmingham2022.com/ |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=results.birmingham2022.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Selvaraj |first1=Jonathan |title=Achinta Sheuli wins gold in 73kg weightlifting in Commonwealth Games 2022 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/commonwealth-games/know-your-athlete/achinta-sheuli-wins-cwg-weightlifting-gold-73kg-howrah-west-bengal-birmingham-2022-commonwealth-games/article65708814.ece |access-date=1 August 2022 |work=Sportstar |date=1 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He lifted 143 kg in snatch (Games Record & equal to his previous personal best) and 170 kg in clean & jerk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CWG 2022: Achinta Sheuli wins gold in men's 73kg weightlifting |url=https://www.espn.in/commonwealth-games/story/_/id/34324182/cwg-2022-day-3-achinta-sheuli-wins-gold-mens-73kg-weightlifting |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=ESPN.in |date=31 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

He won the silver medal at the [[2021 Junior World Weightlifting Championships]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarangi |first1=Y. B. |title=Achinta Sheuli wins silver at World Junior Weightlifting Championships |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/achinta-sheuli-wins-silver-at-world-junior-weightlifting-championships/article34651415.ece |access-date=29 July 2022 |work= Sportstar |date=26 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and is a two-time Commonwealth Championships gold medalist.<ref>{{cite news |title=Achinta Sheuli stitches a new life on the weightlifting platform |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/sheuli-stitches-a-new-life-on-the-weightlifting-platform-5970361/ |access-date=29 July 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=6 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sheuli was born in a lower middle class [[Bengali people|Bengali family]] at [[Deulpur]], [[Panchla]] in [[Howrah district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-01 |title=The family was running on 500 rupees, earned by my mother! Achinta said after winning the gold |url=https://thehindustangazette.com/latest-news/the-family-was-running-on-500-rupees-earned-by-my-mother-achinta-said-after-winning-the-gold-10688 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=The Hindustan Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref> He studied in Deulpur High School. He started weightlifting in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zari needle to barbell, how CWG champ Achinta Sheuli lifted himself up |url=https://www.espn.in/commonwealth-games/story/_/id/34326301/achinta-sheuli-gold-cwg-2022-zari-embroidery-needle-barbell-gold-medal |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=ESPN.in |date=August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> His father Pratik Sheuli was a manual laborer who died in April 2013. His elder brother Alok was also a weightlifter but dropped out to support his career and the family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Achinta Sheuli, Kolkata weightlifter who smashed CWG record to win GOLD |url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/sports/meet-achinta-sheuli-kolkata-weightlifter-who-smashed-commonwealth-games-record-to-win-gold-in-pics-2491748 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zari needle to barbell, how CWG champ Achinta Sheuli lifted himself up |url=https://www.espn.in/commonwealth-games/story/_/id/34326301/achinta-sheuli-gold-cwg-2022-zari-embroidery-needle-barbell-gold-medal |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=ESPN.in |date=August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Achinta helped his mother and brother in their embroidery work that called for precision, even as he was training for weightlifting that called for power.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zari needle to barbell, how CWG champ Achinta Sheuli lifted himself up |url=https://www.espn.in/commonwealth-games/story/_/id/34326301/achinta-sheuli-gold-cwg-2022-zari-embroidery-needle-barbell-gold-medal |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=ESPN.in |date=August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Sheuli participated in Youth National Games in [[Haryana]] and stood in the third position. He won the Junior National level weightlifting tournament in 2013 for 50kg weight class and got a chance to enter the Army Sports Institute, [[Pune]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=সরকার |first=সন্দীপ |date=2022-08-01 |title=Exclusive: বাবার শেষকৃত্য করেছিলেন ধার করে, ধান বয়ে মিলত ঘুগনি-ডিম, হাওড়ার অচিন্ত্যর রূপকথা |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/sports/commonwealth-games-2022-exclusive-howrah-weightlifter-achintya-sheuli-wins-gold-know-his-unknown-story-908017 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-01 |title=Underweight once, Achinta Sheuli does heavy lifting to extend India's golden run at Commonwealth Games weightlifting |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/commonwealth-games/underweight-once-achinta-sheuli-does-heavy-lifting-to-extend-indias-golden-run-at-commonwealth-games-weightlifting-8062876/ |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
* ''[[The Times of India]]'' TOISA Weightlifter of the Year: 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toisa-2021-neeraj-chopra-headlines-the-list-of-winners/articleshow/94847901.cms|title=TOISA 2021: Neeraj Chopra headlines the list of winners|date=14 October 2021|access-date=26 October 2022|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026215006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toisa-2021-neeraj-chopra-headlines-the-list-of-winners/articleshow/94847901.cms|archive-date=26 October 2022|location=New Delhi|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IWF|12769}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheuli, Achinta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Indian male weightlifters]]
[[Category:Weightlifters from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Howrah district]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in weightlifting]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games squash players for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
{{India-weightlifting-bio-stub}}

Mangelal Meena

2026-01-05T13:50:50Z

Safetechgroupin: Added basic stub added tags...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mangelal Meena
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Rajgarh Laxmangarh Assembly constituency|Rajgarh Laxmangarh]]
| term_start = December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| profession =
| education =
| net_worth =
| website =
}}

'''Mangelal Meena''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[16th Rajasthan Assembly]] from [[Rajgarh Laxmangarh Assembly constituency|Rajgarh Laxmangarh]]. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajgarh Laxmangarh (ST) assembly election results 2023: Rajgarh Laxmangarh (ST) Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/rajasthan/rajgarh-laxmangarh-st-assembly-result-20068 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajgarh Laxmangarh Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Rajgarh Laxmangarh Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election/rajgarh-laxmangarh-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meena, Mangelal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Alwar district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}

Harakali Protiher

2026-01-02T20:08:39Z

Safetechgroupin: expanded details for clarity and added references

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Harakali Protiher
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2 May 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Katulpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katulpur]]
| predecessor = [[Shyamal Santra]]
| successor = Incumbent
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
| residence = [[Kotulpur]], [[West Bengal]]
| alma_mater = [[Vinayaka Missions University]]
| profession = Assistant Teacher
| education = Master of Arts
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Harakali Protiher''' is a politician from [[Katulpur Assembly constituency]] in [[Bankura district|Bankura District]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kotulpur Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Harakali Protiher of BJP wins|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kotulpur-election-result-2021-live-updates-kotulpur-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3697136.html|access-date=2021-05-17|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal Elections Results 2021: Full List Of Winners|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-west-bengal-elections-2021-results-full-list-of-winners-tmc-bjp-701937|access-date=2021-05-17|website=IndiaTV News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kotulpur, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/kotulpur-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797336-2021-05-02|access-date=2021-05-17|website=The India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nirmal Kumar Dhara (Criminal & Asset Declaration)|url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=357|access-date=2021-05-17|website=MyNeta.com}}</ref> He was elected as a member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Katulpur Assembly constituency]] in May 2021.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Protiher, Budhrai}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Bankura district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-BJP-politician-stub}}
{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Baccaurea courtallensis

2025-12-27T12:52:14Z

Safetechgroupin: Starting Initial Details and Citations

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant from the Western Ghats, in India}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = കുറുക്കന്തൂറി.jpg
| genus = Baccaurea
| species = courtallensis
| authority = (Wight) Müll.Arg.
|synonyms =
*''Baccaurea macrostachya'' (Wight & Arn.) Hook.f.
*''Pierardia courtallensis'' Wight
*''Pierardia macrostachya'' Wight & Arn.
}}

'''''Baccaurea courtallensis''''' is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family [[Phyllanthaceae]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Baccaurea courtalensis - EUPHORBIACEAE |url=http://www.biotik.org/india/species/b/bacccour/bacccour_en.html |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=www.biotik.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTNS5Q8P1L8C&dq=Baccaurea+courtallensis&pg=PA173 | title=Underutilized and Underexploited Horticultural Crops: Vol.03 | isbn=9788189422851 | last1=Peter | first1=K. V. | date=2 June 2008 }}</ref> It is endemic to the [[Western Ghats]] mountains in India. It is a medium size evergreen understory tree frequent in tropical wet evergreen forests of the low and mid-elevations (40-1000m). It is a Near Threatened species according to the ''[[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''<ref name=":1" />''.''

== Description ==
It is a medium size tree up to 10-18m tall and girth up to 1.3 m.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brandis |first=Dietrich |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/106594 |title=Indian trees : an account of trees, shrubs, woody climbers, bamboos, and palms indigenous or commonly cultivated in the British Indian empire |date=1906 |publisher=A. Constable |location=London}}</ref> Bark is grey and generally smooth or scaly. The leaves are simple, alternate and clustered at twig end. The leaf petiole is 1.2 to 3.8 cm long and swollen at both ends.

The flowers are scarlet in colour and dioecious. Inflorescence are in long stalks arranged in clusters growing on the trunk of the tree i.e. cauliflorous.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooker |first=Joseph Dalton |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/61980 |title=The flora of British India |date=1890 |publisher=L. Reeve |volume=5 |location=London}}</ref> Male inflorescence is clustered all over the trunk. Female inflorescence is clustered mostly at the base of the trunk.<ref name=":1" /> The fruit are globose, crimson coloured and ribbed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cooke |first=Theodore. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42182 |title=The flora of the presidency of Bombay |last2=Cooke |first2=Theodore |date=1903 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |volume=2 |location=London}}</ref> Fruits are sour to sweet in taste when fully ripe. Pollen size 10 to 12 μM.<ref name=":5" />

== Common names ==
Malayalam: Mootilpazham, Mootilthoori, Mootippuli, Mootikaya<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Baccaurea courtallensis - Mootapalam |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Mootapalam.html |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Gamble |first=J. S. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96916 |title=A manual of Indian timbers; an account of the growth, distribution, and uses of the trees and shrubs of India and Ceylon with descriptions of their wood-structure |publisher=S. Low, Marston & co. ltd |edition=New and revised|location=London}}</ref>

Kannada: Kolikukke, Kodikukke, Kolakukki<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

Tamil: Kuran Pazam<ref name=":4">Mathpati, Mahesh and Vaishnavi C (2013). [https://indiabiodiversity.org/biodiv/content/projects/project-883e0d7b-2705-4527-a71f-67bec4517317/127.pdf Useful plants that are increasingly rare, as perceived by the Adivasi Community in the Gudalur Region]". Action for Community Organisation, Rehabilitation and Development, Gudalur</ref> Pulichampazham, Mootupazham (மூட்டுப்பழம்)<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Nandhini |first=Karuppiah |last2=David |first2=Vincent Joshuva |last3=Manimekalai |first3=Venugopal |last4=Ravichandran |first4=Perumal |date=2023-04-27 |title=Floral biology of Baccaurea courtallensis – an endemic tree species from peninsular India |url=https://www.threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/8180 |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |language=en |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=22940–22954 |doi=10.11609/jott.8180.15.4.22940-22954 |issn=0974-7907|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
This tree is endemic to the Western Ghats.<ref name=":1">Page, N (2017). [https://ruffordorg.s3.amazonaws.com/media/project_reports/Endemic%20Woody%20Plants.pdf A Photographic Guide-Endemic Woody Plants of the Western Ghats]. Pp.iii+201. Trial Blazer Printers and Publishers. Bangalore.</ref> It grows in the tropical evergreen forests and occasionally grows along river or stream banks in the moist deciduous forests of southern India.<ref name=":5" />

== Ecology ==
Flowering: Aug, Nov, Dec.,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> February to March/ May in southern Western Ghats.<ref name=":5" /> Leaf buds and fruits are eaten by [[Nilgiri langur|Nilgiri Langurs]],<ref>Ramachandran, K. K. (1995). [http://docs.kfri.res.in/KFRI-RR/KFRI-RR106.pdf Status survey of primates in Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary and adjacent areas]. KFRI Research Report 106. December 1995. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur. Pp. 34</ref> [[Asian elephant|Elephants]] and [[Lion-tailed macaque|Lion-tailed Macaques]] were also known to feed on the ripe fruits.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baccaurea courtallensis – Karthik's Journal |url=https://www.wildwanderer.com/baccaurea-courtallensis/ |access-date=2022-07-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Uses ==
The fruit is edible<ref name=":3" /> and eaten by people<ref name=":4" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Baccaurea courtallensis flowers 06.jpg|''Baccaurea courtallensis'' flowers
File:Baccaurea courtallensis flowers 10.jpg|Baccaurea courtallensis flowers
File:Baccaurea courtallensis from Biodiversity Park Sreekandapuram IMG 8619.jpg|Baccaurea courtallensis fruits
File:Baccaurea courtallensis from Biodiversity Park Sreekandapuram IMG 8633.jpg|Baccaurea courtallensis fruits
File:Baccaurea courtallensis fruits from Alaram WLS during the Odonate Survey 2015 (10).jpg|Baccaurea courtallensis fruits
File:Baccaurea courtallensis fruits from Alaram WLS during the Odonate Survey 2015 (20).jpg|Baccaurea courtallensis fruits
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q13114197}}

[[Category:Endemic flora of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Flora of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Flora of Kerala]]
[[Category:Flora of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Baccaurea|courtallensis]]

Tunga River

2025-12-18T13:12:42Z

Safetechgroupin: Enhanced content and organization

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Tunga River
| name_nativg
e =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image = Tunga River Thirthahalli.JPG
| image_size =
| image_caption = River Tunga near Chibbalagudde, Thirthahalli
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length_km = 147
| length_ref = approx.
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = [[Gangamoola]]
| source1_location = [[Chikmagalur district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Tungabhadra River]]
| mouth_location = [[Koodli]], [[Bhadravati, Karnataka]], [[India]]
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

The '''Tunga River''' (alternatively spelled Thunga) is a river in [[Karnataka]] state, southern [[India]]. The river is born in the [[Western Ghats]] (Sahyadri Mountains) on a hill known as ''Varaha Parvata'' at a place called ''[[Gangamoola]]'' in Chikkamagaluru district.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-30 |title=Tungabhadra River: Origin, States & Map from Start to End - Rivers Insight |url=https://riversinsight.com/tungabhadra-river/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> From here, the river flows through two districts in [[Karnataka]] - [[Chikmagalur District]] and [[Shimoga District]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tunga River, Origin, Religious Spots |url=https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/tunga-river/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

It is 147 km long and merges with the [[Bhadra River]] at [[Koodli]], a small town near [[Shimoga City]], Karnataka.<ref name=":1" /> The confluence of the two rivers continues as [[Tungabhadra]] from this point on. The Tungabhadra flows eastwards and merges with the [[Krishna River]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].

It has a dam built across it at [[Gajanur Shimoga|Gajanur]], and a larger dam has been built across the compound [[Tungabhadra River]] at [[Hospet]].

==Religious centres==
[[Sringeri]], on the banks of the Tunga, has several temples, the most important being the Śhāradā Temple and the Vidyāśhankara Temple.<ref name=":1" /> Hariharapura is another religious centre on the bank of the Tunga River in the Chikkamagalur district.

== River front project ==
Karnataka took up a river front project in January 2024 at a cost of Rs.103 crore as part of ''Shivamogga Smart City''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tejaswi |first=Marx |date=2024-01-31 |title=Karnataka gets first riverfront project on Tunga |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/31/karnataka-gets-first-riverfront-project-on-tunga |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Pollution ==
Like many other rivers in India, the Tunga too suffers from pollution. In March 2025, the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) revealed that seven sources are polluting the Tunga River. The study, submitted to the district administration and the KSPCB, said approximately 47.79 million litres per day (MLD) of sewage, with most of it allegedly generated by Shivamogga city, is being released into the river's catchment area as of December 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=KSPCB identifies seven pollution sources in Tunga River |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/kspcb-identifies-seven-pollution-sources-in-tunga-river-3435782 |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Harakere, Uragadur, the stretch near Purle, Holebenavalli, Goravinakatte, SPM Road, and Thevarchatnahalli, all in Shivamogga district, are the seven identified sources of pollution.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Netravati River]]
* [[Mangalore]]
* [[Sharavati|Sharavati River]]
* [[Linganamakki Dam]]

== References ==
<references />
==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Tunga River}}

{{Hydrology of Karnataka|state=expanded}}

{{coord|14|00|N|75|40|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Rivers of Karnataka]]

{{Karnataka-geo-stub}}
{{India-river-stub}}

Tiwa-English Dictionary

2025-12-16T06:11:37Z

Safetechgroupin: made initial data w/ sources - done

{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| congress =
| media_type = [[Dictionary]]
| pages = 864
| awards =
| isbn =
| isbn_note =
| dewey =
| genre = Dictionary
| set_in =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes = 7610 headwords, 8576 sub-entries, thousands of phrases, idioms and examples, all marked for their phonemic tones with indication of borrowings from Assamese/Bengali, Hindi, Khasi and Karbi dialect synonyms in the Amsai, Magro and Amkha dialects, besides the primary Marjong variety.
| exclude_cover =
| published = 29 March 2014
| publisher = Don Bosco Center for Indigenous Culture
| oclc =
| title_working =
| orig_lang_code =
| image_size =
| alt =
| author = U V Jose
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| subject =
| translator =
| name = Tiwa-English Dictionary
| illustrator = Horsing Kholar, Silvanus Kholar, Nobel Maslai and Romeo Maslai
| cover_artist = Linda Konnerth and Piten Basumatary
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| image =
| caption = First Edition of ''Tiwa-English Dictionary''
| website =
| editors = UV Jose, Horsing Kholar, Juliana Maslai, Alfred Maslai, Bibiana Maslai, Simon Mithi
}}
'''Tiwa-English Dictionary: with English-Tiwa Index''' is a dictionary of the [[Tiwa language (India)|Tiwa language]] of Northeast India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Breugel|first=Seino van|title=Review of Jose & Kholar (2014): Tiwa-English Dictionary: with English-Tiwa Index|url=https://benjamins.com/catalog/ltba.38.2.11van|access-date=2021-10-21|website=ltba.38.2.11van|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Museum|first=Don Bosco|title=Tiwa-English Dictionary|url=https://dbcic.org/publication/tiwa-english-dictionary/|access-date=2021-10-21|website=dbcic.org}}</ref>

==About the author==
Dr. UV Jose who has a PhD in linguistics, has been associated with [[Umswai Valley]], the [[Tiwa (Lalung)|Tiwa tribe]] and the Tiwa language for more than 10 years.

His analysis of Tiwa is aided by his knowledge of related languages like Garo, Rabha and Boro, and that of Khasi, Karbi, Assamese and Hindi, with which Tiwa has had, and continues to have much contact.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Don Bosco India -|url=https://www.donboscoindia.com/english/bis/default_ms.php?yr=2014&mn=3&newsid=7032&pno=1&newsidlist=,7034,7033,7032,7031,7030,7029,7028,7027,7026,7025,|access-date=2021-10-21|website=www.donboscoindia.com}}</ref>
His some of the other works include the following
1. Isorni Khurang (Rabha language) (2022)
2. Pidan katha khakai (Rabha) (2014)
3. Khubil kodal (Tiwa) (2022)
4. Holy Bible in Thiva (2019)
5. Hewa Hason (Morangali language) (2017)
6. Juju bidirongi sastar v.1 (Rabba) (2016)
7. Juju Bidirongi sastar: bak II (Rabba) (2017)
8. Learner's Khasi Dictionary: with english-khasi index (2022)

==See also==
*[[Deo Langkhui]]
*[[Wanshuwa Festival]]
*[[Shikdamakha]]
*[[Tiwa Autonomous Council|Tiwa Autonomous Council (Tiwashong)]]
*[[Machal Lalung]]
*[[Horsing Kholar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Dictionaries by language]]
[[Category:Tiwa (India)]]

Shani Shingnapur

2025-11-25T07:26:50Z

Safetechgroupin: update page for consistency and fixed typos

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shani Shingnapur
| other_name = Sonai
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = Shani Shignapur renowned for its Shani temple.jpg
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.4000|N|74.8167|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmadnagar]]
| established_title = 
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Newasa]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = '''†'''
| area_total_km2 = 82.36
| elevation_m = 499
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 414105
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02427
| blank1_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Ahmednagar]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{convert|35|km|mi}}
| blank2_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = {{convert|84|km|mi}}
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Shirdi]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|74|km|mi}}
| footnotes = '''†''' [http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Ahmadnagar/places_Sonai.html Maharashtra Govt. gazetteer Website]
'''‡'''[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Sonai.html Falling grain]
}}

'''Shani Shingnapur'''<ref name = "TOI">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3096822.cms |title=TOI |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2008-06-03 |access-date=2010-08-30 |first1=Vasundhara |last1=Sanger}}</ref> or '''Shani Shinganapur'''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kpd9lLY_0-IC&q=SHINGaNAPUR&pg=PA26 |title=''Students' Britannica India'' By Dale Hoiberg, Indu Ramchandani |isbn=9780852297605 |access-date=2010-08-30|last1=Hoiberg |first1=Dale |year=2000 |publisher=Popular Prakashan }}</ref> or '''Shingnapur'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Villages/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx?State_Code=27&SearchKey=Shinganapur |title=Census – India |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=2010-08-30}}</ref> is a village in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. Situated in [[Nevasa]] [[Taluka]] in [[Ahmednagar district]], the village is known for its popular temple of [[Shani]], the [[Hindu]] god associated with the planet ([[graha]]) [[Saturn]]. The village is 35 kilometres from the city of [[Ahmednagar]].

==Details==
Shingnapur is also famous for the fact that no house in the village has doors, only door frames. Despite this, officially no theft has been reported in the village<ref name = "mahagov"/> although there were reports of theft in 2010 and 2011.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jain|first=Swati|title=The Village With No Locks or Doors|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20160526-the-village-with-no-locks-or-doors|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=31 May 2016|access-date=13 June 2017}}</ref>

The temple is believed to be a "jagrut devasthan" (lit. "alive temple"), meaning that a deity still resides in the temple. Villagers believe that god Shani punishes anyone attempting thievery.<ref name = "mahagov">{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Ahmadnagar/places_Sonai.html |title=Maharashtra Govt. gazetteer Website |publisher=Maharashtra.gov.in |access-date=2010-08-30}}</ref> The deity here is "Swayambhu" ([[Sanskrit]]: self-evolved deity) that is self emerged from earth in form of black, imposing stone. Though no one knows the exact period, it is believed that the [[Swayambhu]] Shanaishwara statue was found by shepherds of the then local hamlet. It is believed to be in existence at least since the start of [[Kali Yuga]].

The village has a post office and a high school known as ''Shri Shanishwar Vidya Mandir'' besides the primary schools run by the [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]]. The chief source of water supply in the village is wells.<ref name = "mahagov"/>

== Historical importance ==
[[File:Shrine of Shani Shingnapur.webm|thumb|Shrine of Shani Shingnapur]]
The story of the [[swayambhu]] statue handed down from generations through word of mouth, goes something like this: When the shepherds touched the big black stone with a pointed rod, the stone started bleeding. The shepherds were astounded. Soon the whole village gathered around to watch the miracle. On that night Lord Shaneeshwara appeared in the dream of the most devoted and pious of the shepherds.

He told the devout shepherd that He is "Shaneeshwara", and the unique black stone is His swayambhu form. The shepherd prayed, asking the Lord whether he should construct a temple for Him. To this, Lord Shani said there is no need for a roof as the whole sky is His roof and He prefers to be under open sky. He asked the shepherd to do daily pooja and 'tēla ("oil") [[abhisheka]]' every Saturday. He also promised the whole hamlet will have no fear of dacoits or burglars or thieves.

So, Lord Shanaishwara can be seen even today, in the open yard without any roof. To this day, there are no doors for any houses, shops, temples.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Why-this-village-including-its-bank-has-no-front-doors/articleshow/45779747.cms|title= No front doors in village of Shani Shingnapur|work=The Times of India|date=6 January 2015}}</ref> Due to the fear of Lord Shani, none of the structures, be it dwelling houses, huts, shops, etc. situated within one kilometer radius of this Lord Shani temple have doors or locks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20160526-the-village-with-no-locks-or-doors|title=Village with no locks and doors|work=BBC.com|date=31 May 2016}}</ref> No thievery or burglary was reported until 2010 when first theft was reported and again another one was reported in 2011. Shani Shingnapur is visited daily by thousands of devotees praying for Lord Shaneswara's blessings. The place is busiest on Saturdays. Shani [[Thrayodashi]] is also considered to be a favourite day of the lord. Similarly Saturday falling on '[[Amavasya]]' (New moon day in Sanskrit and many other Indian languages) is considered to be a favourite day of the Lord Shanaishwara and on those days devotees seeking his blessings throng this temple in huge numbers. In the history of the village, there has not been a single incident of riot, murder or rape. It is believed that nobody from the village has ever gone to a home of the aged, nor has there been a single complaint lodged in a police station.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shanidev.com/an-unique-devasthan.html |title=Shani Shingapur |access-date=10 June 2019 |archive-date=28 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528231910/http://www.shanidev.com/an-unique-devasthan.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Shree Shanidev Temple, Shani Shingnapur.jpg|left|thumb|Shree Shanidev Temple, Shani Shingnapur]]
[[File:Shree Shanidev Temple, Stambha.jpg|right|thumb|Shree Shanidev Temple, Stambha]]

==Shrine of Shani==
The shrine for Shani consists of a five and a half foot high black rock installed on an open-air platform, which symbolizes the god Shani. A [[Trishula]] (trident) is placed along the side of the statue and a [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] (bull) image is on the south side. In front are the small images of [[Shiva]] and [[Hanuman]].

Generally, the temple has 30,000–45,000 visitors a day, which swells to around three lakh people on ''[[amavasya]]'', believed to be the most auspicious day to appease Shani.<ref name = "TOI"/> The village holds a fair in honour of the deity on this day. A bigger festival is held on new moon days that fall on Saturdays. Devotees bathe Lord Shani's image with water and oil and offer flowers, and ''udid'' to him. A palanquin procession of Shani is held on the day of the fair.<ref name = "mahagov"/> Another celebration is the birthday of Shani, ''Shani Jayanti''.<ref name = "TOI"/>

The shrine gained popularity with the film ''Surya Putra Shanidev'' made by film producer [[Gulshan Kumar]]<ref name = "TOI"/> and featuring [[Puneet Issar]], [[Mahesh Thakur]], [[Dharmesh Tiwari]], and [[Anuradha Paudwal]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-u_OX7aUhE |title=सूर्यपुत्र शनि देव Surya Putra Shani Dev I Hindi Devotional Full Movie I Hindi Film Bollywood |language=en |access-date=2024-05-10 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

==Entry to women==
[[File:ShaniShingnapurEntranceGate.jpg|thumb|Entrance Gateway of Shani Shingnapur]]
According to a 400-year tradition, women are restricted from entering the inner sanctum. On 26 January 2016, a group of over 500 women, led by activist [[Trupti Desai]], marched to the temple under the group "[[Bhumata Ranragani Brigade]]", demanding entry into the Inner sanctum. They were stopped by the police.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/women-activists-try-to-enter-shani-shingnapur/article8154850.ece Women marching to Shani temple stopped]</ref>

In a landmark judgement on 30 March 2016, the [[Bombay High Court]] asked Maharashtra government to ensure that women are not denied entry to any temple.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/women-cant-be-barred-from-entering-shani-shinganapur-temple-bombay-hc/|title=Shani Shingnapur row: Allow women entry to temples, says Bombay HC|date=2016-03-31|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref> On 8 April 2016, the Shani Shingnapur trust finally allowed the women devotees to enter the sanctum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shani-shingnapur-temple-trust-allows-women-devotees-inside-inner-sanctum-316951-2016-04-08|title=Shani Shingnapur temple allows women inside inner sanctum|website=indiatoday.intoday.in|date=8 April 2016 |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.asianage.com/mumbai/religious-head-s-statement-receives-flak-all-round-656 | title=Religious head's statement receives flak all round | date=12 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.asianage.com/mumbai/meeting-shani-temple-row-fails-resolve-issue-056 | title=Meeting on Shani temple row fails to resolve issue | date=7 February 2016 }}</ref>

==UCO Bank==
In January 2011, the United Commercial (UCO) Bank opened a 'lockless' branch in the village, the first of its kind in the country, taking note of the near-zero crime rate in the region. The local police were reported to be unhappy over this development and as it amounted to a breach of conditions, because the Central government of India has made it mandatory for all banks to have high security. The bank has doors, but they will always remain open. However, it was reported by the local legislator and the bank officials that adequate precautions were being taken for the safety of lockers and important documents within them.<ref name = "Lockless">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/God-as-guard-Bank-opens-lockless-branch/articleshow/7300436.cms|access-date=January 17, 2010|title=God as guard: Bank opens 'lockless' branch|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=January 17, 2010}}</ref>

== Bull carting ==
[[File:Sugar cane juice extraction by bull carting, on way to Shani Shingnapur.webm|thumb|Sugar cane juice extraction by bull carting, on way to Shani Shingnapur]]
The path to [[Singnapur|Shingnapur]] village is covered with sugarcane fields and locals use [[bull]]s to extract juice from the sugarcane, instead of machines. These types of juice extraction centres are known as ''Rasavanti''.<ref>{{cite news|title=A village with no doors, no thefts|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2017/mar/17/a-village-with--no-doors-no-thefts-1582603.html|access-date=25 July 2017|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Shani Shingnapur}}
* [http://www.shanidev.com/ Official site of the temple]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190824194156/http://www.travelpraise.com/shani-shingnapur/ Interesting facts About Shani Shingnapur Temple]}}
* [http://shanishingnapur.blogspot.com/ Shani Shingnapur Information]
* [http://ahmednagar.gov.in/html_docs/shani.htm Ahmednagar District page about the temple]
* [https://templeknowledge.com/shani-shingnapur-temple/ facts About Shani Shingnapur Temple]

{{Hindu temples in Maharashtra}}
{{Navagraha}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Villages in Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:Shani temples]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]

Temblai

2025-11-22T04:43:35Z

Safetechgroupin: made basic pg first draft

{{Short description|Religious deity in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
[[File:Temblai mandir.jpg|alt=Tryamboli temple on Temblai hill, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India|thumb|Tryamboli temple on Temblai hill, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India]]
'''Temblai Devi''' or '''Tryamboli''' (as known locally) is form of Renuka devi, an incarnation of Goddess [[Durga]] and the presiding deity of temple located on a hilltop in the eastern part of [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].

On account of the temple, the [[hillock]] on which the temple is located is known as Temblai hill. The temple complex has two temples, the bigger temple on the southern end is Temblai devi while the one on the northeastern side is a smaller one dedicated to Yamai devi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kolhapurworld.in/2015/temblai-temple/|title=Temblai Temple Kolhapur World|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-20}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The location is flanked on the northern side by a road and the southern side by the territorial army quarters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Tembalai+Mandir/@16.6981577,74.2587754,17z/data=!4m21!1m15!4m14!1m5!1m1!1s0x3bc10034374a61b5:0x1c15328c1b7e0405!2m2!1d74.2600779!2d16.6980531!1m6!1m2!1s0x3bc10034374a61b5:0x1c15328c1b7e0405!2sTembalai+Mandir,+Vikramnagar,+Kolhapur,+Maharashtra+416005!2m2!1d74.2600779!2d16.6980531!3e0!3m4!1s0x3bc10034374a61b5:0x1c15328c1b7e0405!8m2!3d16.6980531!4d74.2600779|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps|language=en|access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref> Devotees, especially women visit the temple and pray to marry a man of their choice or if married, wish and pray for the long and healthy life of their husband.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ishtadevata.com/temple/temblai-hill-temple-kolhapur-kolhapur/|title=Temblai Hill Temple|website=Hindu Temple Timings, History, Location, Deity, shlokas|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-28|archive-date=28 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928110318/https://www.ishtadevata.com/temple/temblai-hill-temple-kolhapur-kolhapur/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is also a well-known local tourist spot for visitors and locals. The Temblai temple complex has been recognized as one of the many places to visit for tourists coming to the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=11 Best Places To Visit in Kolhapur|url=https://www.travelindiatravel.in/best-places-to-visit-in-kolhapur/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=Travel India Travel|language=en-US}}</ref> There exists another temple of Temblai devi near the [[Panchganga River|Panchganga river]] at Kadamwadi a short distance away from this grand temple.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kolhapurcorporation.gov.in/Rankala/rankala_mahotsav_at_%20a_glance.htm|title=Rankala Mahotsav...|website=kolhapurcorporation.gov.in|access-date=2019-11-12}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The temple complex has a large idol of [[Ganesha|Ganpati]] in the open plateau section on the northeastern side of the temple. Next to the Ganpati idol is a small commemorative bust statue of [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji]] built by the Devasthan committee. The local authorities have developed this area with a small children's park.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kolhapurworld.in/2015/temblai-temple/|title=Temblai Temple Kolhapur World|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-25}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In the pre-independence era, the hillock was a centre for treating tuberculosis patients on account of fresh air winds blowing in over the hill.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esakal.com/paschim-maharashtra/temblai-hill-cleanliness-campaign-kolhapur-sakal-event-172444|title=कुठे हरवली मूळ त्र्यंबोली टेकडी? |website=www.esakal.com|language=mr|access-date=2019-11-22}}</ref>

Another relatively lesser known temple of Goddess Temblai is located in the city on the banks of the Panchaganga river at Kadamwadi on the northeastern side of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kolhapurcorporation.gov.in/Rankala/rankala_mahotsav_at_%20a_glance.htm|title=Rankala Mahotsav...|website=kolhapurcorporation.gov.in|access-date=2019-04-08}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Legend ==
[[File:Temblai Ganpati.jpg|alt=Ganesha statue at the Temblai hill temple complex|thumb|Ganesha statue at the Temblai hill temple complex]]
Local legends say that Goddess Renuka is the sister of Mahalaxmi and she actively supported Mahalaxmi in her endeavours to slay the demons in the region. However, after the wars Mahalaxmi did not accord her due respect to Goddess Renuka and she came down to the hill and sat there with her back towards Mahalaxmi. This is the reason why the idol of Mahalaxmi at her temple faces the west and that of the Goddess Renuka at Temblai faces the east. Every year during Navratri there is a procession that celebrates the reconciliation of the two sisters on the fifth day of Lalitpanchami.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/ot-getaway-guides/kolhapur-modern-temple-town/|title=Kolhapur: Modern Temple Town|website=Outlook Traveller|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/ot-getaway-guides/kolhapur-modern-temple-town/|title=Kolhapur: Modern Temple Town|website=Outlook Traveller|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref>

== Culture and celebration ==
[[File:Shivaji statue at Temblai hill.jpg|alt=Shivaji maharaj|thumb|A bust statue of the founder of the Maratha empire, [[Shivaji]] inside the temple complex]]
In the month of ''Shravan'', pilgrims flock to the temple for the annual pilgrimage known as Temblai yatra (''jatra'') where people from far off areas of Kolhapur and Belgaum district arrive to worship the Goddess.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} Every year during [[Navaratri|Navratri]], on the fifth day of Lalitapanchami, a palkhi procession is taken from the [[Mahalaxmi Kolhapur|Mahalaxmi]] temple to Temblai mandir at Temblai hill. As of 2013, over 1 million devotees visited the temple during Navratri festival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/Temblai-temple-abuzz-on-fifth-day-of-Navaratra/articleshow/23836752.cms|title=Temblai temple abuzz on fifth day of Navaratra - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref> Local dialects use a common salutation to the Goddess ''Tembali chya navane chang bhala,'' this has extensively been used in ''sholkas'' and ''bhajans'' that devotees sing and play during the annual pilgrimage and other times at their homes.<ref>[https://ormp3.org/fabcde/temblai-chya-navan-changbhal.html ''Song dedicated to Goddess Temblai'']</ref> During the festival special arrangements are made by the administration to manage traffic and diversions for the convenience of the devotees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/Police-to-divert-traffic-for-yatra-to-Tremboli-Traffic-diversion-for-Tremboli-yatra/articleshow/54670018.cms|title=tremboli: Police to divert traffic for yatra to Tremboli Traffic diversion for Tremboli yatra|date=October 4, 2016|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-30}}</ref> The royal family of Shahu II had special regard for the Temblai fair as people had a special importance for his presence during the event.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.63251|title=Shri Shahu Chhatrapati Maharaja Of Kolhapur Vol I|last=Latthe A.b|date=1924}}</ref>

Another legend from the ''Karvir Puran'' states that Temblai, the younger sister of Mahalaxmi, left the city of Kolhapur 1800 years ago and came over to the hillock three miles from the city and remained there with her back to her elder sister at [[Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur|Mahalaxmi temple]]. Every year in the month of ''Ashvin'', on the fifth day of the bright moon, the elder sister Mahalaxmi visits her younger sister at Temblai. The festival is now celebrated as traditional event where a procession is carried out with Mahalaxmi placed in a palkhi and followed by a young unmarried girl cutting a pumpkin to commemorate the killing of the demon ''Kolhasur'' by Mahalaxmi [[Ambabai]].<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=11 Oct 2021|title=Mahalaxmi's procession to Temblai hill without devotees|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/mahalaxmis-procession-to-temblai-hill-without-devotees/articleshow/86917447.cms|access-date=2021-12-13|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Temblai hill hosts a fair in the temple complex that has 15000–20000 pilgrims. There are offerings and distribution of sweets to the Goddess. The fair has food and toy stalls along with fun rides attractions for children.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=asAMAAAAIAAJ&dq=temblai&pg=PA311|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency|date=1886|publisher=Government Central Press|language=en}}</ref> In October 2021, the Kolhapur Municipal corporation announced the launch of a special bus service during [[Navaratri|Navratri]] for pilgrims to visit the Temblai, Mahalakshmi, [[Jyotiba Temple|Jyotiba]], [[Balumama]] and Nrusinhwadi temples in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rahul Gayakwad|date=7 Oct 2021|title=Kolhapur: E-bookings of temple visit slots get good response |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/e-bookings-of-temple-visit-slots-get-good-response/articleshow/86816907.cms|access-date=2021-12-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> However the authorities did not allow devotees for the traditional ''kohala'' ceremony for second year in a row amid concerns of the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=11 Oct 2021 |title=Mahalaxmi's procession to Temblai hill without devotees |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/mahalaxmis-procession-to-temblai-hill-without-devotees/articleshow/86917447.cms |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

The royal family of the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha empire]] had also been actively participating in the temple celebrations. On one instance, the queens of the royal family of Kolhapur had invited [[Shahu II of Kolhapur|Shahu II]] to perform a ceremony at the Temblai festival after his marriage.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zOMdAAAAMAAJ&q=temblai|title=Shahu Chhatrapati: A Royal Revolutionary|last=Keer|first=Dhananjay|date=1976|publisher=Popular Prakashan|language=en}}</ref>

In 2009, the Temblai temple at Panchganga ghat was also the venue for the Kolhapur municipal corporation event of [[Rankala Lake|Rankala]] mahotsav.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kolhapurcorporation.gov.in/Rankala/rankala_mahotsav_at_%20a_glance.htm|title=Rankala Mahotsav...|website=kolhapurcorporation.gov.in|access-date=2019-11-12}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2015, a five member heritage committee of the [[Kolhapur Municipal Corporation]] declared Temblai as a heritage structure under the immediate protection category.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=21 Apr 2015|title=Heritage panel vows to conserve centuries old structures|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/Heritage-panel-vows-to-conserve-centuries-old-structures/articleshow/46994766.cms|access-date=2020-12-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Temblai locality and the army ==
The Temblai area is a formation of three hillocks, one of which has the Renuka devi temple complex. The second one has a water tank built over it. The third one on the opposite side of the road was donated by the royal family of Chhatrapati of Kolhapur in the 1950s for utilization by the Indian army territorial army contingent.<ref name=TOI1>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/Soldiers-to-salute-Kolhapurs-royal-family/articleshow/35921037.cms|title=Soldiers to salute Kolhapur's royal family|first=Samrat|last=Phadnis|date=2 June 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref> Prior to this the hillock was the headquarter and barrack of the royal army called Rajaram rifles (that later merged with Maratha regiment in 1951) that was under Chattrapati's command during colonial times.<ref name=TOI1 /> In December 2018, an event exhibition was organized for citizens by the [[Territorial Army (India)|territorial army]] to commemorate the armed forces flag day. This exhibition had a display of various arms and ammunition including machine guns, rocket launchers and grenade launchers. There was a small function too to felicitate family members of martyrs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kolhapur/a-light-cross-connection-for-kolhapurkars/articleshow/67054807.cms|title=A light cross-connection for Kolhapurkars - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref> The Temblai hillock is a small plateau overlooking the areas of [[Ruikar colony]], Unchgaon and Vikram nagar. The locality towards the eastern side of the temple is a valley area and is known as Temblai wadi by the name of the presiding deity of the temple.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* https://abpmajha.abplive.in/videos/kolhapur-kohala-panchami-sohala-tryamboli-devi-utsav-live-1pm-595506
* https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/kolhapur-western-maharashtra-news/kolhapur/changing-kolhapur-temblai-wadi/articleshow/53049738.cms

[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Devi temples in India]]
[[Category:Hindu deities]]

Ken River

2025-10-28T18:25:28Z

Safetechgroupin:

{{Other uses|Ken (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Ken River
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology = 
| image = Raneh falls, Madhya Pradesh 17.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Ken river
| map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align= center|type=line|id=Q3322395|text=Interactive Map}}
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bundelkhand]]
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 = 
| length = {{convert|427|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|310|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://nwda.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/3750199679.PDF|title= Hydrology |publisher= National Water Development Authority|website=nwda.gov.in |access-date=22 April 2014}}</ref>
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location =
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_max = 
| source1 = Ahirgawan
| source1_location = Kaimur Range, [[Katni district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| source1_coordinates =
| source1_elevation = {{cvt|550|m}}
| mouth = [[Yamuna River]]
| mouth_location = Chilla Ghat, [[Banda District, India|Banda district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25|46|N|80|31|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

The '''Ken River''' is one of the major [[river]]s in the [[Bundelkhand]] region of central [[India]] and flows through the states of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is a tributary of the [[Yamuna]].

==Course==
The Ken River originates near the village Ahirgawan on the north-west slopes of [[Barner Range]] in [[Katni district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nwda.gov.in/writereaddata/sublink2images/17.pdf |title=Chapter 2 – Physical Features |access-date=2010-07-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107185934/http://nwda.gov.in/writereaddata/sublink2images/17.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2007}}</ref> After {{cvt|427|km}}, it merges with [[Yamuna]] river at Chilla village in [[Banda district, India|Banda district]] in Uttar Pradesh at {{coord|25|46|N|80|31|E|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}.
It flows for {{cvt|292|km}} in Madhya Pradesh, {{cvt|84|km}} in Uttar Pradesh, and {{cvt|51|km}} forms the boundary between the two states.<ref name=hy>{{cite book |title=Hydrology and water resources of India |volume=((57 of water science and technology library)) |chapter=Tributaries of Yamuna river |author1=Jain, S. K.|author2=Agarwal, P. K. |author3=Singh, V. P. |year=2007 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-5179-1 |page=354 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&q=Yamuna+River&pg=RA1-PA345}}</ref><ref name=envis>{{cite web |title=A Watershed |publisher=Envis Madhya Pradesh |url=http://www.mpenvis.nic.in/newsletter%5CENVIS-NW-JAN-MAR%2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721172403/http://www.mpenvis.nic.in/newsletter%5CENVIS-NW-JAN-MAR%2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date =2011-07-21 |access-date=2010-07-15}}</ref>

Crossing the [[Bijawar-Panna Plateau]], the Ken River cuts a {{cvt|60|km}} long, and {{cvt|150–180|m}} deep gorge. Several streams join in this gorge making waterfalls. The Ken valley separates the [[Rewa Plateau]] from the Satna Plateau.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkPUnn3HiZoC&q=Satna+plateau&pg=PA22 |title=Spatial framework and economic development |first=S. K. |last=Sharma |year=2000 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=9788172111113 |access-date=2010-07-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rivers of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Yamuna River]]

Pradeep Kumar Chaudhary

2025-10-17T04:14:53Z

Safetechgroupin: Started

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

'''Pradeep Kumar Chaudhary''' is an [[Indian politician]] who is serving as [[Member of 18th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bulandshahr Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of 18th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/ElectedMembers/18 |website=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}</ref> In [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], he won with 127,076 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GEN ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MARCH-2022 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS2465.htm?ac=65 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Pradeep Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Jagat Singh (Sant)

2025-10-03T01:28:18Z

Safetechgroupin: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Indian spiritual leader (1884–1951)}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| background = #FFA500
| name = Jagat Singh
| image = RS-JagatSinghJi.jpg
| religion = [[Sant Mat]], [[Radha Soami]]
| parents =
| spouse = Mata Sada Kaur
| children = 1
| relatives =
| occupation = * Professor of chemistry (33 years)
*Spiritual leader of Radha Soami Satsang Beas sect
| alias = Sardar Bahadur Maharaj Ji
| location = [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]]
| title = [[Sant (religion)|Sant]]
| Period = 1948–1951
| Predecessor = [[Sawan Singh]]
| Successor = [[Charan Singh (Sant)|Charan Singh]]
| ordination =
| post = [[Satguru]]
| birth_date = 27 July 1884
| birth_place = Nussi, [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab, British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1951|10|23|1884|7|27}}
| death_place = Beas, [[Punjab, India]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.rssb.org/}}
}}

'''Jagat Singh''' (1884–1951) was an Indian spiritual leader and the head of [[Radha Soami Satsang Beas]]. He served as the guru for Beas Dera for three years, until his death in 1951 at the age of 67. He worked as a college chemistry professor at an Agricultural College<ref>''Radhasoami Reality: the logic of a modern faith'' by [[Mark Juergensmeyer]]. p.51. Princeton University Press, 1991</ref> and was honoured for his service by the British as ''[[Sardar Bahadur]]''. After retirement he was chosen by his spiritual master to be his successor, becoming the third spiritual head of Radha Soami Satsang Beas. Jagat Singh assigned the duties of his successor and guru to his initiate [[Charan Singh (Sant)|Charan Singh]].

==Background==
Jagat Singh was born on 27 July 1884 into a family of prosperous and religious Jat Sikh farmers,<ref>''In the footsteps of the Master'', p.3. RS Satsang Beas, 1993</ref> in the small village of Nussi in the Jalandhar District of the Punjab, India. His parents were Sardar Bhola Singh, a farmer, and Mata Nand Kaur. His Mother, Mata Nand Kaur died when Jagat Singh was five years old. He was raised by his father's aunt (stepmother) Bibi Rukmani Kaur. He received his initial education in the Christian Mission School at Jalandhar. He then passed his MSc degree in Chemistry at the Government College of Lahore.<ref>''In the footsteps of the Master''. p.3. RS Satsang Beas, 1993</ref> He joined the Punjab Agricultural College, Lyallpur, in 1911 as Assistant Professor of Chemistry and retired as Vice Principal of the institution in 1943 receiving the title Sardar Bahadur for his thirty-two years of meritorious service.<ref>''Heaven on Earth'' by Daryai Lal Lal Kapur. p.244. RS Satsang Beas, 1986</ref><ref>''The science of the soul'' by [[Maharaj Sardar Bahadur Jagat Singh]]. p.vii. Radha Soami Satsang Beas, 1959</ref>

==Spiritual path==
In Abbottabad on 28 December 1910 at the age of twenty-six, he was initiated into the meditation practice of [[Surat Shabd Yoga]] (also known as ''Nam Bhakti'') by [[Sawan Singh]]. He had gone there with his cousin Sardar Bhagat Singh Kaler and the Judge Rai Sahib Munshi Ram to hear his future guru, who was still in service there, deliver [[satsang]].
Throughout his own career as a college professor he made it a point to spend most of his weekends with his guru Hazur Maharaj Sawan Singh at the [[Radha Soami Satsang Beas|Dera]] and to spend most of his time in the [[Surat Shabd Yoga]] meditation practice. After his retirement in 1943, he lived permanently at [[Radha Soami Satsang Beas]].<ref>''Heaven on Earth'' by Daryai Lal Lal Kapur. p.229. RS Satsang Beas, 1986</ref>

He was once described by the Muslim mystic Sain [[Baba Lasoori Shah|Lasoori Shah]] of [[Faisalabad|Lyallpur]] as a "perfect disciple" who became a "perfect Master".<ref>''Discourse on Sardar Bahadur Jagat Singh'' by Air Vice Marshal Kundan Sondhi. R.S.Greetings periodical April 1971, pp.26-40. RS Satsang USA</ref><ref>''Heaven on Earth'' by Daryai Lal Lal Kapur. p.236. RS Satsang Beas, 1986</ref>

== Death and successor ==
He died on the morning of 23 October 1951. Before he died he appointed [[Charan Singh (Sant)|Charan Singh]] as his spiritual successor in a written will.

==Books==
He wrote following books.
* [https://rssb.org/book-EN-002-0.html ''The Science of the Soul'' (English)]
* ''Discourses on Sant Mat II'' (English)

== Further reading ==

* [https://rssb.org/book-footsteps.html In the Footsteps of the Master] (English) - a pictorial album of his life and teachings

==References==
* Jagat Singh, ''Discourses on Sant Mat'', volume 2. Compiled translated talks. {{ISBN|81-8256-710-6}}
* Jagat Singh, ''Science of the Soul'', Beas: Radha Soami Satsang Beas. Compiled translated excerpts from talks and letters. {{ISBN|978-81-8256-914-0}}
* Kapur, Daryai Lal, ''Heaven on Earth'', Beas: Radha Soami Satsang Beas, 1986. Historical narrative. {{ISBN|978-81-8256-122-9}}
* Munshi Ram, ''With the Three Masters'', volume 2 ({{ISBN|81-8256-501-4}}) and volume 3 ({{ISBN|81-8256-502-2}}), Beas: Radha Soami Satsang Beas. Diary excerpts.
* [https://rssb.org/book-footsteps.html ''In the Footsteps of the Master''.] Biographical photograph album. Radha Soami Satsang Beas, 1993.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rssb.org/ Radha Soami Satsang Beas]
* [http://www.mountainman.com.au/guru_ji.html The Science of the Soul - The Wisdom of Guru Ji]

{{Modern Sikh writers}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jagat Singh}}
[[Category:Surat Shabd Yoga]]
[[Category:Sant Mat gurus]]
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1951 deaths]]
[[Category:Sardar Bahadurs]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Narasimharaju

2025-09-29T05:27:26Z

Safetechgroupin:

'''Narasimharaju''' or '''Narasimha Raju''' is the name of two Indian actors:

* [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)]] (1923–1979), Indian comedian
* [[Narasimharaju (Telugu actor)]] (born 1951)

== See also ==
* [[Narasimha (disambiguation)]]
* [[Raju (disambiguation)]]
* [[Narasimharaja]], a locality in Mysore, Karnataka, India
* [[Narasimharajapura]], a town in Karnataka, India

{{hndis}}

Leeds Tiger

2025-09-18T08:19:38Z

Safetechgroupin: Added initial stub needs work

{{Use British English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Short description|19th-century mounted Bengal tiger}}

{{Infobox animal
| name = Leeds Tiger
| image = Leeds Tiger 23 August 2021 (12i).jpg
| caption = The Leeds Tiger, 2021
| alt = Colour photograph showing the head of a taxidermied tiger, jaws open, displaying its teeth
| species = [[Bengal tiger]]
| gender = Probably male
| death_date = 1860
| death_place = [[Doon Valley|Deyrah Dhoon valley]], near [[Dehradun]], [[India]]
| death_cause = Shot by [[Charles Reid (Indian Army officer)|Charles Reid]]
| resting_place = Mounted and displayed at [[Leeds City Museum]], [[Leeds]], [[West Yorkshire]], England
| resting_place_coordinates =
| known_for = Past mythical dangerous reputation; Present visitor attraction
| owner = [[Leeds City Council]]
| weight =
| height =
| appearance =
|website = [https://museumsandgalleries.leeds.gov.uk/leeds-city-museum/ Leeds City Museum]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Leeds Tiger''' is a [[taxidermy]]-mounted 19th-century [[Bengal tiger]], displayed at [[Leeds City Museum]] in [[West Yorkshire]], England. It has been a local visitor attraction for over 150 years.

The tiger was shot and killed by [[Charles Reid (Indian Army officer)|Charles Reid]] in the [[Doon Valley|Dehrah Dhoon valley]] near [[Dehradun]], India, in 1860. It was displayed as a tiger skin at the [[1862 International Exhibition]], and sold to [[William Gott (philanthropist)|William Gott]], who had it mounted by Edwin Henry Ward, and presented it in 1863 to the museum of the [[Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society]] in the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]], England.

The Leeds Tiger's novelty and size drew public attention, as did the myths of a "dangerous reputation" which accumulated over the years. In 1979, Leeds City Museum curator Adrian Norris said, "The tiger has always been very popular with the public, and school parties in general".

== Origins and acquisition ==
[[File:Colonel Charles Reid (2).jpg|thumb|right|Colonel Charles Reid, 1858|alt=Black and white photographic portrait of a white man with dark hair and moustache in military uniform]]
[[File:The Prince of Wales Killing a Tiger 1876 (1).JPG|thumb|right|19th-century tiger-hunting in India|alt=Lithographic image showing hunters in howdahs on two elephants with Indian mahouts; a white hunter is firing a gun at a snarling tiger at short range. Four or more further elephants with Indian mahouts and hunters in howdahs are in the background.]]
The [[Bengal tiger]] which ultimately became the mounted Leeds Tiger in [[Leeds City Museum]] originally inhabited the [[Doon Valley]], near [[Dehradun]]; a valley near [[Mussoorie]] hill station in [[Uttarakhand]], northern India. The animal was shot in March 1860 by Colonel [[Charles Reid (Indian Army officer)|Charles Reid]] (later General Sir Charles Reid, [[Order of the Bath|GCB]]) of the [[Sirmoor Battalion]] (2nd [[Gurkha]]s).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tuker|first=Francis|title=Gorkha: The Story of the Gurkhas of Nepal|publisher=Constable and Co.|year=1957|location=London|pages=92}}</ref> Reid was a sportsman who, on one 1872 afternoon in [[Elginshire]], [[Shooting sports#Great Britain|bagged]] 25.5 brace of [[grouse]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The moors and forests: Elginshire |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18720830/010/0003 |access-date=18 June 2021 |work=Morning Post |agency=British Newspaper Archive |url-access=subscription |date=30 August 1872 |page=3 col.e}}</ref> He wrote to a friend about the tiger kill:<blockquote>I had a tiger{{nbsp}}... which is now in the museum at Leeds, which was the largest tiger I ever killed or ever saw. As he lay on the ground he measured 12 feet 2 inches – his height I did not measure – from the tip of one ear to the tip of the other 19{{frac|1|2}} inches. I never took skull measurements, nor did I ever weigh the tiger{{nbsp}}... The three tigers mentioned are the largest I ever killed – all Dhoon tigers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Sterndale|first=Robert Armitage|title=Natural history of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon|publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co.|year=1884|location=Calcutta|pages=593}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The larger carnivora of India |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0003345/18860731/037/0009?browse=true |access-date=22 June 2021 |work=Madras Weekly Mail |agency=British Newspaper Archive |url-access=subscription |date=31 July 1886 |page=9 col 4, 10 col a}}</ref></blockquote>

M.B. Bose (1926) defends the published measurements of tiger kills by hunters such as Reid, and gives an explanation of the body lengths achieved by some Bengal tigers: "Length alone does not necessarily constitute fitness{{nbsp}}... The elongated tiger is a result of the disease known to animal [[Pathology|pathologists]] and [[Zoology|zoologists]] as ''vertebromegaly'' in which the centra of the respective [[vertebra]]e become very much elongated and gothic in structure".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bose |first1=M.B. |title=Large tigers |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002922/19260422/173/0019 |access-date=22 June 2021 |work=Englishman's Overland Mail |agency=British Newspaper Archive |url-access=subscription |date=22 April 1926 |page=19 col.b}}</ref> However the ''Madras Weekly Mail'' (1890) says that hunters such as Reid would measure tigers along the curves "from the nose over the head, down the neck and along the backbone" including the tail. "A naturalist measures tigers in a straight line" without the tail.<ref>{{cite news |title=The measuring of tigers |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003345/18900514/058/0014 |access-date=22 June 2021 |work=Madras Weekly Mail |agency=British Newspaper Archive |url-access=subscription |date=14 May 1890 |page=436/14 col.a}}</ref>

In the 19th century the male pronoun was preferred for individuals in general, but in this case the masculinity of the tiger might have been obvious. Tiger testicles are visible, and male Bengal tigers can be almost twice as large as females.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cook |first1=Maria |title=How to Tell a Female & Male Tiger Apart |url=https://sciencing.com/tell-female-male-tiger-apart-7717047.html |website=sciencing.com |publisher=Sciencing |access-date=17 June 2021 |date=19 April 2018}}</ref> Charles Reid's original measurements remain unverified; if verified the Leeds Tiger might originally have been one of the largest tigers on record.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Largest feline carnivore|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-feline-carnivore|access-date=25 March 2021|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB}}</ref> Such kills were normally skinned and cured in India before being shipped back to London. This one was displayed in the [[1862 International Exhibition]],<ref name=":0" /> while the specimen was still an unmounted tiger skin.{{refn|Ebony Andrews (2009) describes the mounted tiger as strangely-shaped and over-sized due to its time as a rug.<ref name=":3" /> It is true that the original Bengal tiger was described as "the largest I ever killed" by Reid but the tiger skin is not described as a rug in contemporary documents. After more than 150 years the mount is sagging, but it is the original mount by Ward, and the current shape is a recognisable part of the identity of the Leeds Tiger.|group=nb}} As with [[cowhide]] and cowskin rugs, the cured and trimmed tiger pelt can be synonymous with the tiger rug, the only difference being whether it is displayed on the wall or floor.{{refn|Trade in tiger skin rugs is now illegal. Traditionally the tiger skin rug was just the cured pelt with no additional material (except perhaps the mounting of the head), as can be seen here: {{cite news |title=Trader sold 'extinct' tiger skin rugs on eBay |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-37523209 |access-date=18 June 2021 |work=BBC News |date=30 September 2016}} Hence the original trimmed pelt of the Leeds Tiger has sometimes been referred to as a tiger skin rug.|group=nb}} Since the specimen was cured as a [[hunting trophy]] skin or rug which would typically include the mounted head, it is possible that the head of the mounted Leeds Tiger still contains the skull and teeth of the original Bengal tiger shot in India.<ref name="Andrews" />{{rp|33}}

After the exhibition, the skin was purchased by [[William Gott (philanthropist)|William Gott]] (1797–1863), the son of [[Benjamin Gott]].<ref>{{cite news|date=29 August 1863|title=Death of Wm Gott Esq|page=5 col 2|work=Leeds Intelligencer|agency=British Newspaper Archive|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000193/18630829/023/0005|url-access=subscription|access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="Leeds Mercury 17 Dec 1862">{{cite news|date=17 December 1862|title=Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society : Professor Owen's inaugural address|page=3 col 2|work=Leeds Mercury|agency=British Newspaper Archive|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000076/18621217/010/0003|url-access=subscription|access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> Gott commissioned Edwin Henry Ward (father of [[Rowland Ward]]) to mount it for the museum of the [[Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Anonymous|date=1862|title=Forty-third report of the Council of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society|journal=Reports of the Council of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society|volume=43|pages=9}}</ref>

== Display and mount ==
The mount was [[Accession_number_(cultural_property)|allocated an accession number]] in Leeds,{{refn|Accession number is LEEDM.C.1862.29.13.|group=nb}} and displayed in the [[Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society|Philosophical Hall]] on [[Park Row, Leeds|Park Row]]. Its label read, "Shot in Deyrah Dhoon in March 1860 by Colonel Charles Reid, C.B., H.M. 2nd Goorkahs (Sirmoor Rifles) by whom this tiger is exhibited".<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Norris|first=Adrian|date=1985|title=Notes on the Natural History Collections in Leeds City Museum. Number 5: The Leeds Tiger|journal=Leeds Naturalists' Club Newsletter|volume=2|issue=1 |pages=19–20}}</ref> The Leeds Tiger drew public attention. At the annual [[conversazione]] of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society in 1863, the Reverend [[Thomas Hincks (naturalist)|Thomas Hincks]] stated that, "he was afraid that the tiger{{nbsp}}... had been too much the great lion{{nbsp}}... and that they had neglected many other noble beasts surrounding it".<ref>{{cite news|date=9 December 1863|title=Leeds Philosophical Society: the conversazione|page=3 col 5|work=Leeds Mercury|agency=British Newspaper Archive|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000076/18631209/010/0003|url-access=subscription|access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> In a long article extolling the philanthropy of William Gott, the ''Leeds Mercury'' reported, "The setting up of this tiger is so natural and so perfect in posture and anatomical detail, that it is certainly to be looked upon as a work of art quite as much as an object for scientific observation{{nbsp}}... "<ref name="Leeds Mercury 2 Jan 1863">{{cite news|date=2 January 1863|title=Visit to the art exhibition in the Leeds Philosophical Hall no.IV|page=4 col 1|work=Leeds Mercury|agency=British Newspaper Archive|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000076/18630102/017/0004|url-access=subscription|access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> and in the same vein, "[[Richard Owen|Professor Owen]] has more than once stated that it is the finest and largest animal of its species not only in England but in Europe".<ref name="Leeds Mercury 17 Dec 1862" /><ref name=":2" />

Additional material has been used to increase the area of the skin for mounting purposes.{{refn|The nature of the extra material used to convert the tiger skin to a full mount is unknown. It may be Victorian synthetic fur, or it may be parts of other tiger skins|group-nb}} Ebony Andrews (2009) suggests that the taxidermist Ward would have mounted the tiger skin to be viewed from above and laterally so that patching or the strange shape of the head might have remained unnoticed.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Andrews|first=Ebony|title=The Biographical Afterlife of the Leeds Tiger|publisher=University of Leeds, unpublished masters dissertation|year=2009|location=Archives at Leeds Discovery Centre|pages=18}}</ref> In 2016 the Leeds Tiger, together with several other natural history exhibits, was temporarily placed in frozen storage at [[Leeds Discovery Centre]] to destroy any infestation by the [[webbing clothes moth]] which had been detected in the gallery. The mount was returned to the museum after treatment.<ref>{{Cite web|title="Video: How they reclaimed Leeds' shabby tiger from the moths"|url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/video-how-they-reclaimed-leeds-shabby-tiger-moths-1796084|website=Yorkshire Post|date=27 June 2016|access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref>

The museum in Leeds has been through many incarnations, but the Leeds Tiger has been on display through all of them, almost continuously for over 150 years.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Brears|first=Peter|title=Of Curiosities & Rare Things: the story of Leeds City Museum|publisher=The Friends of Leeds City Museum|year=1989|isbn=0-907588-077|location=Leeds}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Roles|first=John|title=Director's Choice|publisher=Scala Arts and Heritage Publishers Limited|year=2014|isbn=978-1-85759-840-7|location=London|pages=29}}</ref>

<gallery class="center">
Leeds Tiger in original glass case (1).JPG|Leeds Tiger in original glass case, c.1900|alt=Black and white photograph of freestanding display case on plinth, with glass front and sides and opaque top and back, containing a stuffed tiger surrounded by vegetation. Other display cases are visible in background, and the room has an elaborate gallery with further cases on an upper level.
Leeds Tiger 17 June 2021 (16).JPG|Leeds Tiger display, 2021|alt=Colour photograph of a modern display showing the tiger, seen from the front, behind a glass panel, its feet raised about two feet above floor level
Leeds Tiger 17 June 2021 (32).JPG|Additional material was added below the chin|alt=Colour photograph of the tiger's head and neck seen from below
</gallery>

== Leeds Tiger myths ==
[[File:Henry Crowther.jpg|thumb|right|Henry Crowther promoted the forty-bullocks myth|alt=Black and white photograph of a bearded man in jacket and tie looking down a microscope]]
In a 1906 museum guidebook, the curator [[Henry Crowther]] wrote that the original Bengal tiger "destroyed forty bullocks in six weeks and was considered so formidable that no native dare venture into the jungle where this noble beast reigned supreme".<ref name=":4" /><ref name="YEP 31 Dec 2016" /> There does not seem to be any contemporary evidence for this but the myth was perpetuated by its 1950s label: "This magnificent man-eater was presented to the City Museum by William Gott. It had long terrorised the villagers and farmstock of a limited area, and besides accounting for several natives, no fewer than forty bullocks were killed during a period of six weeks".<ref name=":1" /> In 2016, the story was revisited by the ''[[Yorkshire Evening Post]]'' which reported, "We'll never know for certain whether the Leeds Tiger really lived up to its dangerous reputation, but today it sends a shiver down the spines of visitors to Leeds City Museum".<ref name="YEP 31 Dec 2016">{{cite news|date=31 December 2016|title=Leeds nostalgia: The story of the Leeds Tiger|work=Yorkshire Evening Post|publisher=JP Media|url=https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/leeds-nostalgia-story-leeds-tiger-608724|access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> In 2021 [[Leeds Museums & Galleries]] curator Clare Brown stated that there was no evidence "that it was anything other than a large tiger minding its own business in a quiet Himalayan valley on the day Charles Reid turned up and shot it".<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 April 2021|title=The Tiger Who Came to Leeds|url=https://museumsandgalleries.leeds.gov.uk/featured/leeds-tiger/|access-date=16 June 2021|website=Leeds Museums & Galleries|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Paul Chrystal (2016) suggests that the Leeds Tiger was "saved from the curators' skip by ''[[The Yorkshire Post]],'' when it mounted a successful campaign to retain it as a popular centrepiece of the museum's collection".<ref name=chrystal>{{cite book |last1=Chrystal |first1=Paul |title=Leeds in 50 Buildings: 9. Leeds City Museum 1819 Park Row |date=2016 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |location=Leeds, England |isbn=9781445654553 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XB-tCwAAQBAJ&q=yorkshire+post+museum+tiger&pg=PT36 |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref> However the museum's curator Adrian Norris said in 1979,<ref name="Andrews">{{cite thesis | type=Ph.D.|publisher=University of Leeds |last1=Andrews |first1=Ebony Laura |title=Interpreting Nature: Shifts in the Presentation and Display of Taxidermy in Contemporary Museums in Northern England |date=2013 |page=184 |url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6637/1/Thesis%20Hard%20Copy%20with%20Figures%2015-05-14.pdf |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref> <blockquote>The tiger has always been very popular with the public, and school parties in general, and is one of the few items in the Museum we dare not remove, or cover, for fear of being swamped with complaints from members of the public, who in some cases have travelled many hundreds of miles just to see it.<ref name="Andrews" /></blockquote>

==Mount designed for drama==
<gallery mode=packed heights="200px">
Leeds Tiger 23 August 2021 (17).JPG|Foot|alt=Colour photograph of foot of the tiger, with claws
Leeds Tiger 23 August 2021 (14f).jpg|Eye|alt=Colour photograph of head of the tiger, from side, showing glass eye, whiskers, and teeth
Leeds Tiger 17 June 2021 (5).JPG|Stance|alt=Colour photograph of the whole tiger, seen from front right and dominated by head and neck
Leeds Tiger 23 August 2021 (15).JPG|Gape|alt=Colour photograph of open mouth of the tiger, from front, showing teeth and inside of mouth
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Leeds Tiger}}
* {{cite web |author=Leeds City Council Communications team |title=Leeds Museums and Galleries object of the week - The Leeds Tiger |url=https://news.leeds.gov.uk/news/leeds-museums-and-galleries-object-of-the-week-the-leeds-tiger |publisher=Leeds Museums and Galleries |access-date=27 June 2021 |date=13 January 2016}}

{{authority control}}
[[Category:1860 animal deaths]]
[[Category:Individual tigers]]
[[Category:Individual taxidermy exhibits]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Leeds]]
[[Category:Bengal tiger]]

Internal security

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#REDIRECT [[Domestic security]]

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}}

Sama vritti

2025-08-06T14:02:50Z

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{{Short description|Pranayama technique}}
[[File:Kumbhaka terminology.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of yogic breath.]]
'''Sama vritti''' ({{langx|sa|समावृत्ति|samavritti}}) is a [[pranayama]] technique.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-21 |title=Covid-19 recovery: A complete guide to how yoga and breathing can help build immunity |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/covid-19-recovery-a-complete-guide-to-how-yoga-and-breathing-can-help-build-your-immunity-7717481/ |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It involves equating the durations of [[inhalation]] (''puraka''), retention (''antara [[kumbhaka]]''), [[exhalation]] (''rechaka'') and second retention (''bahya kumbhaka'') before inhaling again.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kriyananda|first=|authorlink=Kriyananda|title=Kriya Yoga|url=|date=1994|publisher=Ankh Hermes|isbn=9020251597}}</ref><ref name=Ansgar>{{cite book|last=Schoeberl|first=Ansgar|title=The Gift of Abhyasa: A Personal Encounter with the Yogic Trinity|url=|date=2013|publisher=Books on Demand|isbn=9783848267217|page=46}}</ref><ref name=Baldwin>{{cite book|last=Baldwin|first=Hilaria|authorlink=Hilaria Baldwin|title=The Living Clearly Method: 5 Principles for a Fit Body, Healthy Mind & Joyful Life|url=|date=2016|publisher=Harmony/Rodale|isbn=9781623366988|page=56}}</ref>

''Visama vritti'' involves breathing with different duration in each step.<ref name=Ansgar/>

==Technique==
''Sama vritti'' involves controlling the natural breathing process (''sahaja vritti''). It is often considered a basic technique, but its usage can be deceptively challenging due to the relative difficulty to retain breath as opposed to inhaling.<ref name=Baldwin/> Its quality depends on every person's fitness and lung capacity, although the required ability to optimize breath and tolerate retention improves with practice.<ref name=Ansgar/> It is recommendable to start by unequal breath or ''visama vritti'', with reduced retention times, and progressively adapting into ''sama'' over time.<ref name=Ansgar/><ref name=Baldwin/>

To execute ''sama vritti'', the user must be comfortably seated or prone, with the spine straight and the eyes closed. Focusing mentally on the breath, the user then inhales counting up to a chosen number (for instance, up to three), retains breath counting up to the same number, exhales the same time and retains again before continuing.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schmid|first=Arlene A.|title=Yoga Therapy for Stroke: A Handbook for Yoga Therapists and Healthcare Professionals|url=|date=2018|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|isbn=9780857013279|page=175}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Pranayama]]

Rajguru

2025-07-06T23:19:45Z

Safetechgroupin: put up a data

'''Rajguru''', also spelled as '''Rajyaguru''', is an ancient title and surname of the [[Indian subcontinent]] which means ''royal priest''.<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of India |first1=Hermann |last1=Kulke |authorlink1=Hermann Kulke |first2=Dietmar |last2=Rothermund |authorlink2=Dietmar Rothermund |edition=Fourth |publisher=Routledge |orig-date=1986 |year=2004 |page=5 |isbn=9780415329194 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C |accessdate=25 December 2012}}</ref>

Another meaning based on the references of Rajgurus in various ancient texts, is someone who advised the King on matters of governance to keep it aligned to dharma or righteousness as defined in ancient scriptures, Vedas.

== Notable people ==
*[[Rajguru Aggavamsa Mahathera]], Bangladeshi Buddhist
*[[Rajguru Priyo Ratana Mahathera]], Buddhist guru
*[[Basavaraj Rajguru]] (1917–1991), Hindustani singer
*[[Hari Rajguru]] (born 1939), Indian cricketer
*[[Jayi Rajaguru]] (1739–1806), Indian independence activist
*[[Prakash Rajguru]] (1939—2006), Indian cricketer
*[[Rinku Rajguru]] (born c. 2000), Indian film actress
*[[Satyanarayana Rajguru]], Indian litterateur, epigraphist and historian
*[[Shaktipada Rajguru]] (1922–2014), Indian Bengali writer
*[[Shivaram Rajguru]] (1908–1931), Indian revolutionary

{{surname}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian royal advisors]]

N. Karthik

2025-07-03T22:23:12Z

Safetechgroupin: Added new details w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Indian Tamil politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''N. Karthik''' (1 June 1964) is an Indian Tamil politician and a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]. He won the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]] Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Elections representing [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] in [[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016 |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2020 |title=DMK MLA accuses government of failing to contain COVID-19 spread |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/dmk-mla-accuses-government-of-failing-to-contain-covid-19-spread/article32476250.ece |publisher=[[தி இந்து]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=N. KARTHIK (Winner) |url=https://www.myneta.info/tamilnadu2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=2317 |publisher=My Neta}}</ref>

== Electoral history ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Constituency
!Party
!Votes Secured
!Result
!Vote %
|-
|2016
|[[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|75,459
|Won
|40.02%
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]

Jardine, Skinner and Company

2025-06-09T06:23:46Z

Safetechgroupin: Put Up New Details

{{Short description|Trading company based in Calcutta, India}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Jardine Skinner & Co., Jardine Henderson Ltd.
| logo =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_caption =
| trading_name = 
| native_name = 
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| type =
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| industry = Trading
| genre = 
| fate = Merged into Jardine Henderson
| predecessor =
| successor = Jardine Henderson Limited
| foundation = 1825
| founder =
| defunct = 1946
| location_city = [[Calcutta]]
| location_country = India
| locations = 
| area_served = Britain, India, China
| key_people =
| products = Textiles, opium, tea etc.
| production =
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}}
'''Jardine, Skinner and Company''' was a [[trading company]] based in [[Calcutta]], India. It was founded in 1825, initially dealing in textiles.
Later it branched out into opium, tea, timber and petroleum.
The company was closely associated with [[Matheson & Company]] of [[London]] and [[Jardines (company)|Jardine Matheson & Co]] of Hong Kong.

==Early years==

Jardine, Skinner & Co. was founded in 1825 in [[Bombay]].{{sfn|Chapman|2004|p=114}}
The early partners of Jardine Skinner were from [[Scotland]], as were the partners of many of the British managing agencies of Bombay and [[Calcutta]].{{sfn|Misra|1999|p=29}}
Kinship ties were important, with new members often drawn from Scottish relatives.{{sfn|Misra|1999|p=32}}
In 1844 the company was reformed in Calcutta by David Jardine and Charles B. Skinner.{{sfn|Chapman|2004|p=114}}
David Jardine (1819-1853) was the eldest son of [[William Jardine (merchant)|William Jardine]]'s sister Margaret.{{sfn|Pichon|2006|p=529}}

Jardine Skinner was a merchant and also became a shipping agent and shareholder in shipping companies.{{sfn|Jones|2002|p=52}}
The company imported cotton goods from [[Manchester]] and [[Glasgow]], and exported indigo, silk, and later jute. Their agents in Glasgow were James Ewing & Co., and their agents in Manchester were Matheson & Scott. The latter was associated with [[Matheson & Company]] of [[London]] and [[Jardines (company)|Jardine Matheson]] of Hong Kong.{{sfn|Chapman|2004|p=114}} Jardine Skinner and Jardine Matheson were not legally connected, although both used the facilities of Matheson & Co., which [[James Matheson]] founded in 1848 after he returned from China.{{sfn|Jones|2000|p=33}}

==Opium trade==

With high levels of competition in the textile trade, Jardine Skinner earned additional income by shipping [[opium]] to Jardine Matheson in China.{{sfn|Chapman|2004|p=114}}
While Jardines carried opium for the larger suppliers, [[Apcar and Company]] catered to many smaller local dealers. With slower boats, the Apcars charged much lower rates than Jardines, ranging from Rs8 to Rs10 per chest compared to upward of Rs28 per chest charged by Jardines.{{sfn|Harcourt|2006|p=104}}
The Apcars and Jardine Skinner also exported opium to Singapore for use by the Chinese in the [[Malay Peninsula]] or for distribution to other locations in [[southeast Asia]].{{sfn|Munro|2003|p=58}}

There were two types of opium, Bengal opium and [[Malwa]] opium, produced by private growers in central India and Rajputana.{{sfn|Harcourt|2006|p=92}}
In the early years Jardine Skinner had to deal with fluctuations in both quality and quantity, but strict controls later helped standardize the product.{{sfn|Harcourt|2006|p=93}}
In 1856 a risk emerged from [[P&O]], who appeared to be trying to enter and dominate the opium trade by undercutting the rival companies. The companies managed to strike a deal to retain the current rates.{{sfn|Harcourt|2006|p=106}}
By 1860 Jardine Skinner and Jardine Matheson dominated the opium trade.{{sfn|Trocki|1999|p=112}}

==Later expansion==

Jardine Skinner was one of the more prosperous of the British trading houses in India, but was relatively small. In the 1845–48 period it operated with a liquid capital of just £100,000.{{sfn|Chapman|2004|p=99}}
In the 1850s the company was the agent for the large Glasgow merchant house of J & A Dennistoun, which was active in England, France, the USA and Australia.{{sfn|Munro|2003|p=29}}
In the late 1850s Matheson and Company was appointed Jardine-Skinner's principal agent in London, handling imports of commodities such as tea, rice, silk, cotton, jute and indigo.{{sfn|Harvey|1981|p=8}}
In the early 1960s Jardine Skinner represented J. Ewing and Company of Glasgow, the turkey-red dyers.{{sfn|Munro|2003|p=16}}

By 1860 Jardine Skinner were conducting a large trade in tea, and later they expanded into timber and petroleum.{{sfn|Chapman|2004|p=115}}
Jardine Skinner entered into joint ownership arrangements with Matheson & Co. of a number of tea estates in the early 1860s.{{sfn|Harvey|1981|p=9}}
In the 1880s Jardine Skinner was profitable, but only making a return of 2% – 3% on capital.{{sfn|Misra|1999|p=24}}
The original indigo and silk filature businesses were no longer profitable, and the company was looking for new ways to deploy its capital.{{sfn|Wilkins|Schröter|1998|p=208}}
Capital rose to £1.3 million by 1890. The company had to weather financial crises in 1848 and 1866, supported by credit from Matheson & Co., and in 1890 returned the favor when Matheson found itself in difficulty.{{sfn|Chapman|2004|p=115}}

The company was among the most influential of the agency houses that dominated the [[Bengal Chamber of Commerce]], after [[Andrew Yule and Company]] and [[Bird and Company]].{{sfn|Misra|1999|p=40}}
By 1890 Jardine Skinner controlled six jute mill companies out of a total of twenty-one in India.
With ample capital, the company was having difficulty finding investment opportunities.{{sfn|Chapman|2004|p=124}}
Jardine Skinner was the fourth largest jute mills operator in 1910-11 after Bird and Company, Thomas Duff and Company and Andrew Yule.{{sfn|Bagchi|1970|p=236}}
The jute trade suffered at times from oversupply. Jardine Skinner was among the major Calcutta firms whose representatives met in London on 10 October 1911 to discuss setting up a cartel to regulate the trade.{{sfn|Stewart|1998|p=89}}

In the early 20th century the laws governing companies in India were relaxed, making it possible for firms like Jardine Skinner to control large numbers of publicly traded enterprises with very little capital outlay. Jardine Skinner would typically run the companies they controlled as if they were subsidiaries, dispensing with boards of directors.{{sfn|Wilkins|Schröter|1998|p=207}}
In 1946 Jardine Skinner merged with George Henderson to form Jardine Henderson.
At first the Jardine and Stuart families controlled the new firm, although some Indian families held 40% of the shares. In the early 1970s a large number of shares were transferred to Indians as the main British shareholders died. Several British shareholders of the company remain to this day.{{sfn|Jones|2000|p=33}}
As of 2016 Jardine Henderson had pan-India pest control operations, headquartered in [[Kolkata]].{{sfn|Welcome to Jardine Henderson Limited}}
The company also had interests in real estate, mining, engineering tea gardens and marketing, carton manufacturing and printing, through Shalimar Paints, Bellis India, Color Cartons Limited, Diamond Products and Packaging Limited, Rydak Syndicate, and others, some of which it continues to operate.{{sfn|About Jardine Henderson Limited}} <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jardine Henderson – Corporate Website|url=https://jardinehenderson.com/|access-date=2021-04-10|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
'''Citations'''
{{reflist |colwidth=30em}}
'''Sources'''
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |ref={{harvid|About Jardine Henderson Limited}}|url=http://www.indiamart.com/company/2363415/aboutus.html
|title=About Jardine Henderson Limited|publisher=Jardine Henderson|work=Indiamart|access-date=2016-03-13}}
*{{cite book|last=Bagchi|first=Amiya Kumar|title=Elites in south asia
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2u88AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA236|access-date=2013-11-10|publisher=CUP Archive|chapter=European and Indian Entrepreneurship in India, 1900-30
|year=1970|id=GGKEY:R8YQ4FKC94Z}}
*{{cite book|last=Chapman|first=Stanley|title=Merchant Enterprise in Britain: From the Industrial Revolution to World War I
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adHhYTIZyf0C&pg=PA99|access-date=2013-11-07
|date=2004-01-29|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-89362-6}}
*{{cite book|last=Harcourt|first=Freda|title=Flagships of Imperialism: The P & O Company and the Politics of Empire from Its Origins to 1867
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmMLqQXmIkMC&pg=PA103|access-date=2013-11-05
|date=2006-09-05|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-1-84779-145-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Harvey|first=Charles E.|title=The Rio Tinto Company: An Economic History of a Leading International Mining Concern, 1873-1954
|url=https://archive.org/details/riotintocompanye0000harv|url-access=registration
|page=[https://archive.org/details/riotintocompanye0000harv/page/8 8]
|access-date=2013-11-07
|year=1981|publisher=Alison Hodge Publishers|isbn=978-0-906720-03-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Geoffrey|title=Merchants to Multinationals: British Trading Companies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-uCPTZMDmQC&pg=PA178|access-date=2013-11-07
|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-829450-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Geoffrey G|title=The Multinational Traders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_g1HNwz9inMC&pg=PA52|access-date=2013-11-10
|date=2002-06-01|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-45070-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Misra|first=Maria|title=Business, Race, and Politics in British India, c.1850-1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNs2RFFIC4EC&pg=PA24|access-date=2013-11-10
|date=1999-04-29|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-154268-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Munro|first=J. Forbes|title=Maritime Enterprise and Empire: Sir William Mackinnon and His Business Network, 1823-93
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dm6tSiRizBcC&pg=PA58|access-date=2013-11-05
|year=2003|publisher=Boydell Press|isbn=978-0-85115-935-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Pichon|first=Alain Le|title=China Trade and Empire: Jardine, Matheson & Co. and the Origins of British Rule in Hong Kong, 1827-1843
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ql7CqEV6d4C&pg=PA529|access-date=2013-11-10
|date=2006-08-10|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-726337-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Stewart|first=Gordon Thomas|title=Jute and Empire: The Calcutta Jute Wallahs and the Landscapes of Empire
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBkNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA89|access-date=2013-11-07
|year=1998|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-5439-6}}
*{{cite book |last=Trocki|first=Carl A.|title=Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy: A Study of the Asian Opium Trade, 1750-1950
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mj73KUl7P7IC&pg=PA112|access-date=2013-11-10
|year=1999|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-21500-8}}
*{{citation|ref={{harvid|Welcome to Jardine Henderson Limited}}|url=http://www.jardinehenderson.com/
|title=Welcome to Jardine Henderson Limited|publisher=Jardine Henderson|access-date=2016-03-13}}
*{{cite book|last1=Wilkins|authorlink1=Mira Wilkins|first1=Mira|last2=Schröter|first2=Harm G.|title=The Free-standing Company in the World Economy, 1830-1996
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddbft0cU6qcC&pg=PA207|access-date=2013-11-10
|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-829032-2}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jardine Skinner}}
[[Category:Companies established in 1825]]
[[Category:Shipping companies of British India]]
[[Category:Opium in India]]
[[Category:1825 establishments in India]]

Sangrampur methanol poisonings

2025-05-05T03:01:55Z

Safetechgroupin: made some details w/ refs - done

The '''Sangrampur methanol poisonings''' occurred when a methanol-tainted batch of illegal alcohol killed 143 people at [[Sangrampur, Magrahat|Sangrampur]] village in [[Magrahat I]] CD Block of [[Diamond Harbour subdivision]] in December 2011, affecting mainly manual workers of [[South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref name="la">{{cite news|last=Magnier|first=Mark|title=Bootleg liquor laced with methanol kills 143 people in India|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/1102369--bootleg-liquor-laced-with-methanol-kills-143-people-in-india|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=16 May 2012|location=Toronto|date=15 December 2011}}</ref>

==The incident==
Victims around [[South 24 Parganas district]] started becoming sick on December 13, 2011, after drinking a home-brewed alcoholic beverage known as {{Transliteration|bn|chepti}}. The drinks contained [[methanol]], a toxic chemical that, when ingested, can lead to blindness or death from nervous system paralysis. On December 14, victims admitted to hospitals complained about stomach pain, diarrhea and breathing problems. Within 48 hours, the death toll rose to 143, and many more were in critical condition. Most who died were manual laborers and others of low socio-economic class, who bought the liquor at illegal bars called {{Transliteration|bn|thekas}}.<ref name="la" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Tainted bootleg booze kills 143 in India|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tainted-bootleg-booze-kills-143-in-india/|access-date=24 February 2013|date=December 15, 2011|work=CBS News}}</ref> Later, the death number rose to 156 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2011/dec/161211-West-Bengal-hooch-deaths-rise-to-156.htm |title=West Bengal hooch deaths rise to 156 |publisher=Mid-day.com |date=2011-12-16 |accessdate=2012-08-10}}</ref>

==Official response==
The [[Government of West Bengal]] paid $4,000 to the family of each victim and arrested seven people for distributing the liquor. 10 illegal liquor shops in the [[Diamond Harbour subdivision]], one of the affected communities, were shut down by the police as well.<ref name="la" />

==See also==
*[[List of alcohol poisonings in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sangrampur methanol poisonings}}
[[Category:Crime in West Bengal]]
[[Category:2011 in India]]
[[Category:Alcohol-related deaths in India]]
[[Category:Methanol poisoning incidents]]
[[Category:2010s in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Disasters in West Bengal]]

Thallarevu mandal

2025-02-26T04:27:24Z

Safetechgroupin: made initial details nd citations - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thallarevu Mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| official_name =
| area_total_km2 = 414.75
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}
}}

'''Thallarevu Mandal''' is one of the 21 mandals in [[Kakinada district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. As per census 2011,<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4930-thallarevu-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh.html|website=census2011.co.in|title=Villages & Towns in Thallarevu Mandal of East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh}}</ref> there are 13 villages.

== Demographics ==
Thallarevu Mandal has total population of 82,799 as per the Census 2011 out of which 41,438 are males while 41,361 are females and the Average Sex Ratio of Thallarevu Mandal is 998. The total literacy rate of Thallarevu Mandal is 70.58%. The male literacy rate is 66.13% and the female literacy rate is 59.49%.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.co.in/subdistrict/thallarevu-mandal-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh-4930|title=Thallarevu Mandal Population, Religion, Caste East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh|website=Census India}}</ref>

== Towns and villages ==

=== Villages ===

#Chollangi
#Chollangi Peta
#G. Vemavaram
#[[Injaram]]
#Koringa
#Latchipalem
#Neelapalle
#P. Mallavaram
#Patavala
#Pillanka
#Polekurru
#Sunkarapalem
#Uppangala
#gadimoga

== See also ==
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kakinada district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Kakinada district]]
[[Category:Mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

Indumati

2025-02-19T03:08:29Z

Safetechgroupin: Put Up A Data!

{{wikt|sa:इन्दुमती}}
'''Indumati''' or '''Indumathi''' may refer to:

*Indumati, in Hindu mythology, the consort of [[Aja of Kosala]]
*[[Indumathi (film)|''Indumathi'' (film)]], 2009 Indian film
*Indumati, a fictional princess in the Indian animated series ''[[Chhota Bheem]]''
*[[Indumati Bhattacharya]], Indian politician
*[[Indumati Chimanlal Sheth]], Indian politician and educationist
*[[Indumathi D.]], Indian particle physicist
*[[Indumati Gopinathan]], Indian pathologist
*[[Indumati Babuji Patankar]], Indian activist
*[[Indumathi Kathiresan]], Indian football player

{{Disambiguation}}
[[Category:Indian feminine given names]]
[[Category:Feminine given names]]

Reliance Stadium (cricket ground)

2025-02-17T15:37:21Z

Safetechgroupin: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Reliance Stadium]]
{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from unnecessary}}
}}

Tiruvalluva Malai

2025-01-12T18:53:41Z

Safetechgroupin: made a entry nd citations

{{Short description|Hagiographic anthology of Valluvar and his work}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{wikisourcelang|ta|திருவள்ளுவமாலை|Tiruvalluva Maalai}}
'''Tiruvalluva Malai''' ({{Langx|ta|திருவள்ளுவ மாலை|lit=Tiruvaḷḷuva Mālai|translit=Garland of Tiruvalluvar}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hinnells |first=John R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDSxCwAAQBAJ&dq=tiruvalluva+malai&pg=PA411 |title=Who's Who of World Religions |date=1991-12-12 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-09500-1 |pages=411 |language=en}}</ref> is an [[anthology]] of [[Old Tamil|ancient Tamil]] [[paean]]s containing fifty-five verses each attributed to different poets praising the ancient work of the [[Tirukkural|Kural]] and its author [[Valluvar|Tiruvalluvar]]. With the poets' time spanning across centuries starting from around 1st century CE, the collection is believed to have reached its present form by 10th century CE.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil, 1975|pp=58–59}} With the historical details of the ancient philosopher and his work remaining obscure, much of the legend on the Kural and Tiruvalluvar as they are known today are chiefly from this work.{{sfn|Mohan Lal, 1992|p=4333}} The collection also reveals the name of the author of the Kural text as 'Tiruvalluvar' for the first time, as Tiruvalluvar himself composed the Kural text centuries earlier without indicating his name anywhere in his work.{{sfn|Anonymous, n.d.}} Reminiscing this, [[E. S. Ariel]], a [[French people|French]] scholar of the 19th century, famously said of the Tirukkural thus: ''Ce livre sans nom, par un autre sans nom'' ("The book without a name by an author without a name").{{sfn|Pope, 1886|p=i (Introduction)}}

==History and dating==
===Traditional account===
According to traditional and legendary accounts, after writing the Kural text, Tiruvalluvar left for [[Madurai]] on the advice of his friends to "triumph over the college of the doctors" at the [[Third Sangam|Madurai College]].{{sfn|Robinson, 2001|p=20}} On the way to [[Madurai]], at Idaykarlyi, he met [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]] and [[Idaikkadar]] and revealed the purpose of his journey and they joined him, too, in his journey to the College of Madurai.{{sfn|Robinson, 2001|p=20}} Upon reaching the Madurai College, Tiruvalluvar submitted his text, calling it ''Muppāl'',{{sfn|Pillai, 1972|p=3}} before [[Shiva|Somasundara]], in the hearing of the [[Pandiyan Kingdom|Pandyan king]] and his ministers, chiefs, and scholars.{{sfn|Robinson, 2001|p=20}} This alarmed the assembly of professors.{{sfn|Robinson, 2001|p=20}} Legend has it that forty-nine professors "sat as kings of the sweet tongue" on the bench of poets, known as ''Sanga palagai'', by the [[Meenakshi Temple, Madurai#Temple tank and surrounding portico|tank covered with the golden lotus]] at the [[Meenakshi Temple|Madurai temple]].{{sfn|Robinson, 2001|p=21}}{{sfn|Muniapan and Rajantheran, 2011|p=461}}{{sfn|Visalakshi, 2017|p=354}} The scholars there were adept at finding errors in the most skillful compositions.{{sfn|Robinson, 2001|p=21}} This is well known by the account of [[Nakkirar II]], one of the later scholar of the Madurai College lineage who even dared to say to [[Lord Shiva|Shiva]], "Though you show us your frontal eye, a fault is a fault", on his appearing to favor an amateur poet named Dharumi.{{sfn|Robinson, 2001|p=21}} The assembly of scholars said to have doubted Tiruvalluvar's erudition and said to him that the bench on which they sat will make room for the best treatise in [[Old Tamil language|high Tamil]], which shall be taken as a sign of acceptance of his work.{{sfn|Robinson, 2001|p=21}}{{sfn|Muniapan and Rajantheran, 2011|p=461}}{{sfn|Manavalan, 2009|p=41}} When Tiruvalluvar laid his book thereupon, the seat immediately contracted itself to the size of the work throwing all the professors into the lotus pond.{{sfn|Robinson, 2001|p=21}}{{sfn|Muniapan and Rajantheran, 2011|p=461}}{{sfn|Manavalan, 2009|p=41}} Scrambling out of the water, the forty-nine scholars pronounced a stanza each in praise of Tiruvalluvar and his work.{{sfn|Robinson, 2001|p=21}} Idaikkadar and Avvaiyar, who accompanied Tiruvalluvar in the journey, broke their silence and gave their opinion in the form of poetry. With four more verses adding to the corpus, including that by divine elements such as the voices of the Oracle, Namagal ([[Saraswati]]), and Iraiyanar (Shiva), the collection came to be known as the Tiruvalluva Malai or "the garland to Tiruvalluvar".{{sfn|Robinson, 2001|p=27}}

===Historical account===
As with the date of the Tirukkural and its author itself, the exact date of the composition of the verses of the Tiruvalluva Malai remains unclear. All the contributors of the Tiruvalluva Malai pre-date the period of the earliest commentators of the Kural text such as [[Manakkudavar]].{{sfn|Kandasamy, 2020|p=16}} Historically, the time of the contributors spans several centuries starting from around 1st century CE. According to [[S. N. Kandasamy]], the work must have been composed no later than 7th and 8th centuries CE.{{sfn|Kandasamy, 2003|p=99}}{{sfn|Kandasamy, 2020|p=16}} The verses must have been compiled into its present form by around 10th century CE.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil, 1975|pp=58–59}} [[David Shulman]] attributes it to the [[Chola period]].{{sfn|Shulman, 2016|p=94}}

==Content==
Tiruvalluva Malai is a collection of verses said to have been composed by gods, goddesses, and poets of different times, all belonging to the legendary [[Tamil Sangam]] at [[Madurai]].{{sfn|Mohan Lal, 1992|p=4333}}{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil, 1975|p=129}} A total of 55 poets have composed their encomia in 55 verse in the collection, all written several centuries after the composition of the Kural text.{{sfn|Velusamy and Faraday, 2017|pp=54–55}} With the exception of [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]] and Idaikkadar, both of whom composed their verses in [[Kural (poetic form)|Kural venpa]] [[Metre (poetry)|metre]] ([[couplet]] form), all the 53 poets have written their composition in the [[Venpa]] ([[quatrain]]) form.{{sfn|Iraikuruvanar, 2009|pp=65–67}}

The Tiruvalluva Malai refers to the Kural text mostly as ''Muppāl'', a name preferred by Tiruvalluvar himself. The name appears in 15 different places, including verses 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 30, 31, 39, 44, 46, 49, and 53, indicating the title of the work.{{sfn|Pillai, 1972|pp=3, 9}}

Following is a sample verse in quatrain from the collection, written by poet [[Kapilar]] (c. 1st century CE):{{sfn|Kowmareeshwari, 2012|p=viii}}{{sfn|Vedhanayagam, 2017|pp=7–8}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%"
|-
|'''''Original:''''' தினையளவு போதாச் சிறுபுல்நீர் நீண்ட பனையளவு காடும் படித்தால் — மனையளகு வள்ளைக்கு உறங்கும் வளநாட! வள்ளுவனார் வெள்ளைக் குறட்பா வரி. (Verse 5) ||'''''Meaning:''''' As the tiny dew upon the blade of a grass reflects The whole of a tall palm tree nearby, So the pithy Kural couplets of Tiruvalluvar reflect The wholesome thoughts of humanity.
|}

==Contributors==
Contributors of the Tiruvalluva Malai include three divine poets and 52 Sangam poets.
{{div col|rules=no|gap=3em|small=yes|colwidth=20em}}
# [[Oracle|Asariri]] ([[Oracle|the Oracle]])
# [[Saraswathi|Naamagal]] ([[Saraswathi|Goddess Saraswathi]])
# [[Iraiyanar]] ([[Lord Shiva]])
# [[Ukkira Peruvaluthiyar]]
# [[Kapilar]]
# [[Paranar]]
# [[Nakkirar I]]
# [[Mamulanar]]
# [[Kalladar]]
# [[Seethalai Sathanaar]]
# [[Marutthuvan Dhamodharanar]]
# [[Nagan Devanar]]
# [[Arisil Kilar]]
# [[Ponmudiyar]]
# [[Kodhamanar]]
# [[Naththathanar]]
# [[Mugaiyalur Sirukarunthumbiyar]]
# [[Aasiriyar Nallanthuvanar]]
# [[Keerandhaiyar]]
# [[Sirumedhaviyar]]
# [[Nalgur Velviyar]]
# [[Thoditthalai Viluthandinar]]
# [[Velliveedhiyar]]
# [[Mangudi Marudhanar]]
# [[Ericchalur Malaadanar]]
# Pokkiyaar
# [[Mosikeeranar]]
# [[Kaari Kannanar]]
# [[Madurai Tamil Naganar]]
# [[Baratham Paadiya Perundevanar]]
# [[Uruthirajenma Kannar]]
# [[Perunchithiranar (Sangam poet)|Perunchithiranar]]
# [[Nariveruvu Thalaiyar]]
# [[Madurai Tamilaasiriyar Sengunrur Kilar]]
# [[Madurai Aruvai Vanigan Ilavettanar]]
# Kavisagara Perundevanar
# [[Madurai Perumarudhanar]]
# [[Kovoor Kilar]]
# [[Uraiyur Mudhukootthanar]]
# Ilikat Perunkannanar
# Seyir Kaviriyar Maganaar Saathanar
# Seyalur Kodum Senkannanar
# [[Vannakkan Saathanar]]
# [[Kalathur Kilar]]
# Nacchumanar
# [[Akkaarakkani Nacchumanar]]
# [[Nappalatthanar]]
# [[Kulapathi Nayanar]]
# [[Thenikkudi Keeranar]]
# Kodi Gyalanmaani Boodhanar
# [[Kowniyanar]]
# Madurai Paalasiriyanar
# [[Alangudi Vanganar]]
# [[Idaikkadar]]
# [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]]
{{div col end}}

==Commentaries==
There are several commentaries to the Tiruvalluva Malai, interpreting the meaning of the verses, written over the centuries. The first commentary on the work was written in the 19th century by [[Tirutthanigai Saravanaperumal Aiyar]].{{sfn|Desikar, 1969|p=118}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Tamils|Literature|Poetry}}
* [[Tirukkural]]
* [[Glossary of names for the Tirukkural]]

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{ref begin|30em}}
* {{cite book |author=Edward Jewitt Robinson |title=Tamil Wisdom: Traditions Concerning Hindu Sages and Selections from Their Writings |url=https://archive.org/details/tamilwisdomtradi0000robi |year=2001 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |ref={{sfnRef |Robinson, 2001}}}}
* {{cite book |author=A. A. Manavalan |title=Essays and Tributes on Tirukkural (1886–1986 AD) |year=2009 |publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies |location=Chennai |edition=1 |ref={{sfnRef|Manavalan, 2009}}}}
* {{cite book |author=Mohan Lal |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4341 |year=1992 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1221-3 | ref={{sfnRef|Mohan Lal, 1992}}}}
* {{cite web |title=Tirukkural |url=http://acharya.iitm.ac.in/tamil/kural/kural_ref.php |website=Acharya |access-date=8 October 2007 |ref={{sfnRef|Anonymous, n.d.}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009021425/http://acharya.iitm.ac.in/tamil/kural/kural_ref.php |archive-date=2007-10-09}}
* {{cite book |last=Pope |first=G. U. |title=The Sacred Kurral of Tiruvalluva Nayanar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43871 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |date=1886 |location=New Delhi |ref={{sfnRef|Pope, 1886}}}}
* {{cite book |author=Kamil Zvelebil |title=Tamil Literature |series=Handbook of Oriental Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kx4uqyts2t4C&pg=PA124 |year=1975 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-04190-7 |ref={{sfnRef|Kamil Zvelebil, 1975}}}}
* {{cite journal|title= Ethics (business ethics) from the Thirukkural and its relevance for contemporary business leadership in the Indian context | author= Balakrishnan Muniapan and M. Rajantheran| journal= International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management | volume= 4 |number= 4 |year=2011 | pages = 453–471 |url = https://www.academia.edu/21748352 |ref={{sfnRef|Muniapan and Rajantheran, 2011}} }}
* {{cite book |editor=N. Velusamy |editor2=Moses Michael Faraday |title=Why Should Thirukkural Be Declared the National Book of India? |publisher=Unique Media Integrators |edition=First |date=February 2017 |location=Chennai |language=ta, en |isbn=978-93-85471-70-4 |ref={{sfnRef|Velusamy and Faraday, 2017}}}}
* {{cite book |author= S. N. Kandasamy |title= தமிழிலக்கியச் செல்வம் [Tamil Literary Resource] |year= 2003 |publisher= Meiyappan Padhippagam | location= Chidambaram |pages= |ref={{sfnRef|Kandasamy, 2003}} }}
* {{cite book |author= S. N. Kandasamy |title= திருக்குறள்: ஆய்வுத் தெளிவுரை (பெருட்பால், பகுதி 1) [Tirukkural: Research commentary: Book of Porul, Part 1] |year= 2020 |publisher= Manivasagar Padhippagam | location= Chennai |pages= |ref={{sfnRef|Kandasamy, 2020}} }}
* {{cite book |author= M. Shanmukham Pillai |script-title=ta:திருக்குறள் அமைப்பும் முறையும் |trans-title=The structure and method of Tirukkural |year=1972 |edition=1 |publisher=University of Madras |location=Chennai |ref={{sfnRef|Pillai, 1972}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Iraikuruvanar |script-title=ta:திருக்குறளின் தனிச்சிறப்புகள் |trans-title=Unique features of the Tirukkural |publisher=Iraiyagam |edition=1 |date=2009 |location=Chennai |language=Tamil |ref={{sfnRef |Iraikuruvanar, 2009}}}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Kowmareeshwari |editor-first=S. |title=Pathinen Keezhkanakku Noolgal |publisher=Saradha Pathippagam |series=Sanga Ilakkiyam |volume=5 |edition=1 |date=August 2012 |location=Chennai |language=ta |ref={{sfnRef|Kowmareeshwari, 2012}}}}
* {{cite book | last=Vedhanayagam |first=Rama |script-title=ta:திருவள்ளுவ மாலை மூலமும் எளிய உரை விளக்கமும் |trans-title=Tiruvalluvamaalai: Source with simple commentary |publisher=Manimekalai Prasuram |edition=1 |date=2017 |location=Chennai |language=ta |ref={{sfnRef|Vedhanayagam, 2017}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Desikar |first=S. Dhandapani |script-title=ta:திருக்குறள் அழகும் அமைப்பும் |trans-title=Tirukkural: Beauty and Structure |publisher=Tamil Valarcchi Iyakkam |date=1969 |location=Chennai |pages=118 |language=Tamil |ref={{sfnRef|Desikar, 1969}}}}
* {{cite journal | last = Visalakshi | first = S. P. | title = Active vs Reactive Texts in the translation of Thirukkural | journal = International Journal of Trend in Research and Development | volume = | issue = Special Issue | pages = 354–355 | date = August 2017 | language = | url = http://www.ijtrd.com/papers/IJTRD12070.pdf | jstor = | issn = 2394-9333 | doi = | id = | access-date = 30 November 2023 | ref={{sfnRef|Visalakshi, 2017}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Shulman |first= David |title=Tamil—A Biography |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |date=2016 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages= |language= |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/680313496/Tamil-A-Biography-David-Shulman|ref={{sfnRef|Shulman, 2016}}}}
{{ref end}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=K. Panneerselvam |script-title=ta:திருக்குறள் அமைப்பு |trans-title=Tirukkural Structure |year=2016 |edition=1 |publisher=Manivasagar Padhippagam |location=Chennai |language=ta |pages=123–125}}
{{refend}}

{{Tirukkural}}
{{Tamil language}}

[[Category:Tirukkural]]
[[Category:Ancient India]]
[[Category:Tamil Hindu literature]]

Deep Bora

2024-12-20T02:16:45Z

Safetechgroupin: expanded page per standard format

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Deep Bora
| image =
| country =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|10|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Gauhati]] (now Guwahati), [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling =
| role = Batsman
| club1 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| year1 = 1994/95 - 1997/98
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =
| date = 31 May 2019
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/27214.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Deep Bora''' (born 1 October 1972) is former Indian [[first-class cricket]]er. He played 6 first-class matches and 8 [[List A cricket|List A]] matches for [[Assam cricket team|Assam]] from 1994/95 to 1997/98.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/27214.html|title=Deep Bora|access-date=31 May 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Bora was a right-handed batsman.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=27214}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bora, Deep}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Assam cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Guwahati]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1970s-stub}}