https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Sadnasankar138 2026-08-06T20:33:20Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saidapet_Assembly_constituency&diff=531907 2026-05-08T14:03:29Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: Made New Pg</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 23<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Saidapet.svg<br /> <br /> | district = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}<br /> | alliance = {{legend2|#dd1100|'''[[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | mla = [[ARUL PRAKASAM.]]<br /> | latest_election_year = 2026<br /> | name = Saidapet<br /> | electors = 204,146 <br /> | reservation = None<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Saidapet''' is a constituency of the [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|legislative assembly]] of the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It covers the city of [[Saidapet]] in [[Chennai district]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 23 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and forms a part of [[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency]] for elections to the [[Parliament of India]]. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 23. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. Former chief minister M Karunanidhi represented this.<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> === Madras State ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Winner<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | [[T. P. Elumalai]] and [[N. Ramakrishna Iyer]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | [[A. S. Doraisami Reddiar]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | [[Munu Adhi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | [[M. Karunanidhi]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Assembly<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Winner<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fifth]]<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | [[M. Karunanidhi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Sixth]]<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | [[D. Purushothaman]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Seventh]]<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | D. Purushothaman<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eighth]]<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> | [[Saidai Sa. Duraisamy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Ninth]]<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | [[R. S. Sridhar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Tenth]]<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | [[M. K. Balan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eleventh]]<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | [[K. Saidai Kittu]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Twelfth]]<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | [[V. Perumal]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Twelfth]]<br /> | 2001 by-election<br /> | [[Radha Ravi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Thirteenth]]<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> |rowspan=2| [[G. Senthamizhan]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fourteenth]]<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fifteenth]]<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> |rowspan=2| [[M. Subramaniam|Ma. Subramanian]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Sixteenth]]<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Seventeenth]]<br /> | [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | [[Arul Prakasam. M]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2026|2026]]|{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}|50.63}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.38}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.18}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.78}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.24}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.13}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.10}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.37}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.05}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.35}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.95}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|36.70}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.46}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.96}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.08}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.14}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|15.89}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Saidapet}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arul Prakasam |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes=81,205 |percentage=50.63 |change=''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ma. Subramanian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,691 |percentage=32.85 |change={{decrease}}17.53 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Senthamizhan]] |party= Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= 17,839 |percentage=11.12 |change={{increase}}9.81 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Srividya G. |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=5,918 |percentage=3.69 |change={{decrease}}3.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=924 |percentage=0.58 |change={{decrease}}0.15 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,514 |percentage=17.78 |change={{increase}}0.7}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,60,401 |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =204146 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing={{increase}}50.63 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Saidapet&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Saidapet Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a023|access-date= 25 Jul 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ma. Subramanian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=80,194 |percentage=50.38% |change=+3.2 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Saidai Duraisamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,786 |percentage=31.91% |change=-5.6 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Snegapriya |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=13,454 |percentage=8.45% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Suresh Kumar |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=10,717 |percentage=6.73% |change=+5.11 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Senthamizhan]] |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,081 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,158 |percentage=0.73% |change=-1.38 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,408 |percentage=18.48% |change= 8.80% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=159,169 |percentage=57.05% |change= -2.52% }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=653|percentage=0.41% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 278,995 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.20% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Saidapet&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ma. Subramanian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=79,279 |percentage=47.18% |change=+3.23 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Ponnayan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,024 |percentage=37.51% |change=-14.27 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Kalidass |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,000 |percentage=3.57% |change=+1.61 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. R. Sahadevan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=5,913 |percentage=3.52% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Elumalai |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,221 |percentage=3.11% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=3,541 |percentage=2.11% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Manoharan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,725 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,255 |percentage=9.67% |change= 1.85% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=168,018 |percentage=59.57% |change= -10.84% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 282,052 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.59% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Saidapet&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Senthamizhan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=79,856 |percentage=51.78% |change=+5.54 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Msh Kumaar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,785 |percentage=43.95% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Kalidass |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,018 |percentage=1.96% |change=+0.93 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Chandrasekar |party=MMKA |votes=878 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,071 |percentage=7.83% |change= 4.23% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=154,225 |percentage=70.41% |change= 4.29% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 219,038 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.54% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Saidapet&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Senthamizhan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=75,973 |percentage=46.24% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. R. Baskaran |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=70,068 |percentage=42.65% |change=-2.47 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Venugopal |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=11,675 |percentage=7.11% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ranganathan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,692 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,905 |percentage=3.59% |change= 0.59% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=164,295 |percentage=66.12% |change= 19.90% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 248,483 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.88% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Saidapet&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Perumal]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,118 |percentage=48.13% |change=-9.97 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. R. Baskaran |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=58,237 |percentage=45.12% |change=+43.87 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Subramani |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,996 |percentage=4.65% |change=+1.56 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Stephen Denis |party=Independent politician |votes=691 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,881 |percentage=3.01% |change= -19.80% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=129,076 |percentage=46.22% |change= -10.15% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 279,266 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.97% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Saidapet&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Saidai Kittu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=76,031 |percentage=58.10% |change=+21.37 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Saidai Duraisamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,178 |percentage=35.29% |change=-22.09 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. R. Panneer Selvam |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,036 |percentage=3.08% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Ravindran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,869 |percentage=1.43% |change=-0.43 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Venugopal |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,638 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,853 |percentage=22.81% |change= 2.16% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=130,871 |percentage=56.37% |change= 2.90% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 236,503 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.72% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Saidapet&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. K. Balan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,235 |percentage=57.37% |change=+36.87 }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. S. Sridhar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,473 |percentage=36.72% |change=-10.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Jayachandran |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=3,038 |percentage=2.76% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Nandakumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,053 |percentage=1.86% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Krishnamoorthy |party=Janata Party |votes=715 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,762 |percentage=20.65% |change= -5.89% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=110,216 |percentage=53.47% |change= -12.64% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 209,145 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.33% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Saidapet&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. S. Sridhar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,767 |percentage=47.05% |change=-2.12 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Saidai Duraisamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,178 |percentage=20.51% |change=-28.84 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. M. Krishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,551 |percentage=15.11% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. J. M. Charles |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=16,912 |percentage=13.77% |change=-35.58 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Panchatcharam |party=Independent politician |votes=947 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sadai V. Muthu |party=Independent politician |votes=919 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,589 |percentage=26.54% |change= 26.36% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=122,784 |percentage=66.11% |change= -0.26% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 188,305 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.30% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Saidapet&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Saidai Duraisamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,869 |percentage=49.35% |change=+3.41 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. Purushothaman]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,679 |percentage=49.17% |change=+1.22 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=190 |percentage=0.18% |change= -1.84% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=107,133 |percentage=66.36% |change= 7.35% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,613 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.40% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Saidapet&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. Purushothaman]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,403 |percentage=47.95% |change=+11.25 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Saidai Duraisamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,706 |percentage=45.94% |change=+16.37 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Subramani |party=Janata Party |votes=4,870 |percentage=5.78% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,697 |percentage=2.01% |change= -5.12% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=84,261 |percentage=59.01% |change= 8.73% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,121 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 11.25% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Saidapet&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. Purushothaman]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,160 |percentage=36.70% |change=-17.77 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Kannan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,882 |percentage=29.56% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Nethaji |party=Janata Party |votes=16,339 |percentage=22.08% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Jagaveerapandian |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,176 |percentage=11.05% |change=-32.66 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,278 |percentage=7.13% |change= -3.63% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=74,014 |percentage=50.28% |change= -16.87% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,319 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -17.77% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Saidapet&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Karunanidhi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,334 |percentage=54.46% |change=-6.5 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Kamalingam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=50,823 |percentage=43.70% |change=+6.13 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. M. Annamlai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,034 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Krishnamurthy |party=Independent politician |votes=943 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,511 |percentage=10.76% |change= -12.62% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=116,290 |percentage=67.15% |change= -5.78% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 177,248 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -6.50% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Saidapet&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Karunanidhi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,401 |percentage=60.96% |change=+2.88 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. G. Vinayagamurthi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,919 |percentage=37.58% |change=+0.18 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Saradambal |party=Independent politician |votes=665 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,482 |percentage=23.38% |change= 2.69% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=87,602 |percentage=72.93% |change= 6.93% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,979 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.88% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Saidapet&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Munu Adhi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,123 |percentage=58.08% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vinayakam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,902 |percentage=37.40% |change=-17.74 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. S. Naidu |party=Tamilnad Socialist Labour Party |votes=2,888 |percentage=4.52% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,221 |percentage=20.69% |change= 4.10% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=63,913 |percentage=66.00% |change= 33.03% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,751 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 2.94% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Saidapet&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. Doraiswami Reddiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,888 |percentage=55.14% |change=+39.25 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. P. Loganathan |party=Independent politician |votes=10,410 |percentage=38.55% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kamalathan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,703 |percentage=6.31% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,478 |percentage=16.58% |change= 14.25% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=27,001 |percentage=32.97% |change= -52.05% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,890 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 39.25% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1952===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Saidapet&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. P. Elumalai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,703 |percentage=15.89% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Ramakrishna Iyer |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,806 |percentage=13.56% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kannan |party=Republican Party of India |votes=11,689 |percentage=9.43% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Gnana Parakasam |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=11,390 |percentage=9.19% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. Govindaraja Naicker |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=10,298 |percentage=8.31% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Kanniappa Chetty |party=Independent politician |votes=9,987 |percentage=8.06% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. K. Desikan |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=9,725 |percentage=7.84% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rathinam |party=Independent politician |votes=9,157 |percentage=7.39% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. M. Naganathanam |party=Republican Party of India |votes=8,955 |percentage=7.22% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. P. Madhavan |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=7,657 |percentage=6.18% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. K. Palani |party=Independent politician |votes=3,512 |percentage=2.83% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,897 |percentage=2.34% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=123,977 |percentage=85.02% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 145,818 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= July 8, 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= October 5, 2010}}<br /> [https://web.archive.org/web/20060422213926/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/21/stories/2006042121630400.htm 2001 By-election]<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{coord|13.024|80.220|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Chennai district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santosh_Kumar_Suman&diff=532956 2026-05-07T13:41:59Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: Made A Bio</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1975)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Santosh Kumar Suman<br /> | image = File:Santosh Suman.png<br /> | caption =<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|2|10|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Mahakar, [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Bihar]], India<br /> | office = Cabinet Minister, [[Government of Bihar]]<br /> | term_start = 28 January 2024<br /> | term_end = 15 April 2026<br /> | governor = <br /> | 1blankname = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata = [[Nitish Kumar]]<br /> | successor = [[Samrat Choudhary]]<br /> | 2blankname = Ministry and Departments<br /> | 2namedata = * Minor water resources<br /> | predecessor = <br /> | term_start1 = 16 November 2020<br /> | term_end1 = 9 August 2022<br /> | 1blankname1 = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata1 = [[Nitish Kumar]]<br /> | 2blankname1 = Ministry and Departments<br /> | 2namedata1 = * Minor Irrigation<br /> * SC &amp; ST Welfare<br /> * Information Technology <br /> * Disaster Management<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Narendra Narayan Yadav]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ratnesh Sada]]&lt;br&gt;[[Vijay Kumar Mandal]]&lt;br&gt;[[Krishna Kumar Mantoo]]<br /> | office2 = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]]<br /> | term_start2 = 7 May 2018<br /> | office3 = President, [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]]<br /> | term_start3 = 26 April 2022<br /> | parents = * [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]] (Father)<br /> * Shanti Devi (Mother)<br /> | party = [[Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular)]]<br /> | children = 2<br /> | predecessor3 = [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]<br /> | citizenship = [[Indian people|Indian]] <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Santosh Kumar Suman''' (born 10 February 1975) is an [[Indian politician]] from [[Bihar]]. He is a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] representing the [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]], and was elected unopposed in the elections in March 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bihar Legislative Council elections 2018: Nitish Kumar, Rabri Devi, 9 others elected unopposed&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Zee News |title=Bihar Legislative Council elections 2018: Nitish Kumar, Rabri Devi, 9 others elected unopposed |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/bihar-legislative-council-elections-2018-nitish-kumar-rabri-devi-9-others-elected-unopposed-2101404.html |accessdate=28 March 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328111614/https://zeenews.india.com/india/bihar-legislative-council-elections-2018-nitish-kumar-rabri-devi-9-others-elected-unopposed-2101404.html |archive-date=28 March 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Six new faces besides Nitish Kumar, Rabri Devi and Sushil Kumar Modi elected to Bihar Council |work=Daily News &amp; Analysis |date=20 April 2018 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-six-new-faces-besides-nitish-kumar-rabri-devi-and-sushil-kumar-modi-elected-to-bihar-council-2606805}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CM Nitish Kumar, RJD leader Rabri Devi among 11 elected unopposed to Bihar Legislative Council&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=14 March 2024 |title=CM Nitish Kumar, RJD leader Rabri Devi among 11 elected unopposed to Bihar Legislative Council |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitish-rabri-among-11-elected-unopposed-to-bihar-legislative-council/article67950467.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125132709/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitish-rabri-among-11-elected-unopposed-to-bihar-legislative-council/article67950467.ece |archive-date=25 November 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is the son of former Bihar chief minister [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=2020-11-16|title=Nitish Kumar Oath Ceremony: Santosh Suman becomes minister|url=https://english.newsnationtv.com/videos/india/nitish-kumar-oath-ceremony-santosh-suman-son-of-jitan-ram-manjhi-becomes-minister-8/68039|access-date=2020-12-02|website=News Nation English|archive-date=9 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709135125/https://english.newsnationtv.com/videos/india/nitish-kumar-oath-ceremony-santosh-suman-son-of-jitan-ram-manjhi-becomes-minister-8/68039|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Santosh served as the minister of information technology, disaster management, and minor water resources in the [[Ninth Nitish Kumar ministry]] from 28 January 2024 to 20 November 2025, the minister of SC/ST welfare in the [[Eighth Nitish Kumar ministry]] from 16 August 2022 to 13 June 2023, and the minister of minor irrigation and SC/ST welfare in the [[Seventh Nitish Kumar ministry]] from 16 November 2020 to 9 August 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=2020-11-16|title=Nitish Kumar Oath Ceremony: Santosh Suman becomes minister|url=https://english.newsnationtv.com/videos/india/nitish-kumar-oath-ceremony-santosh-suman-son-of-jitan-ram-manjhi-becomes-minister-8/68039|access-date=2020-12-02|website=News Nation English|archive-date=9 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709135125/https://english.newsnationtv.com/videos/india/nitish-kumar-oath-ceremony-santosh-suman-son-of-jitan-ram-manjhi-becomes-minister-8/68039|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Manjhi, Santosh Suman}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1975 births]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]<br /> [[Category:People from Gaya, India]]<br /> [[Category:Hindustani Awam Morcha politicians]]<br /> [[Category:State cabinet ministers of Bihar]]<br /> <br /> {{bihar-politician-stub}}</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Projapati_2&diff=526954 2026-05-07T10:55:11Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: Created New Details.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2025 Bengali-language family drama film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Projapati 2<br /> | image = Projapati 2 (2025) film poster.jpeg<br /> | caption = Promotional poster<br /> | director = [[Avijit Sen]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Arindam |date=2025-07-12 |title=Glimpses from the shoot of ''Projapati 2'', starring Dev and Mithun Chakraborty, in London |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/t2/glimpses-from-the-shoot-of-projapoti-2-starring-dev-and-mithun-chakraborty-in-london-prnt/cid/2112765 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220184758/https://www.telegraphindia.com/t2/glimpses-from-the-shoot-of-projapoti-2-starring-dev-and-mithun-chakraborty-in-london-prnt/cid/2112765 |archive-date=2025-12-20 |access-date=2025-12-21 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |quote=“London is very, very important to the story, and Mithun Da and Dev are phenomenal in the film,” said Avijit Sen.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | producer = Gurupada Adhikari&lt;br /&gt;[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]&lt;br /&gt;Atanu Raychaudhuri&lt;br /&gt;Pranab Kumar Guha&lt;br /&gt;Swastik Bibek Ruia<br /> | starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]]&lt;br /&gt;Dev&lt;br /&gt;[[Anirban Chakrabarti]]&lt;br /&gt;Jyotirmoyee Kundu&lt;br /&gt;Anumegha Kahali &lt;br /&gt;[[Shakuntala Barua]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Idhika Paul]]<br /> | music = '''Songs:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Jeet Gannguli]]&lt;br /&gt;'''Background score:'''&lt;br /&gt;Rathijit Bhattacharjee<br /> | cinematography = Subhankar Bhar<br /> | editing = Sujay Datta Ray<br /> | distributor = SSR Cinemas<br /> | runtime = 150:46 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br /> | budget = {{INR|7 crore}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-12-29 |title='১২:১ মানুষ চেনাল! এই শিক্ষা যথেষ্ট, আমার কোনও অভিযোগ নেই', স্ক্রিনিং কমিটির বৈঠক নিয়ে দেব |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/why-dev-is-not-supporting-screening-committees-all-isues-dgtl/cid/1657409 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230053227/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/why-dev-is-not-supporting-screening-committees-all-isues-dgtl/cid/1657409 |archive-date=2025-12-30 |access-date=2025-12-30 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title=বাজেট ৭ কোটি, ৪ দিনেই কত কামাই দেবের প্রজাপতি ২-এর? কোয়েল-শুভশ্রী অনেকটা পিছিয়ে |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bangla/entertainment/projapoti-2-box-office-day-4-devs-film-earns-2-13-cr-mitin-koel-mullick-and-subhashree-ganguly-fall-behind-271766996417458.html#google_vignette |access-date=3 January 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=29 December 2025 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | screenplay = Subhadeip Das<br /> {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br /> | label1 = Dialogues by<br /> | data1 = Subhadeip Das<br /> }}<br /> | story = Avijit Sen &lt;br&gt; Atanu Raychaudhuri<br /> | production_companies = [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev Entertainment Ventures]]&lt;br /&gt;Bengal Talkies<br /> | released = {{Film date|2025|12|25|df=y}}<br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Projapati 2''''' (Subtitled as '''''Bhalobasha'''''; {{IPA|bn|prɔd͡ʒapoti 2}}; {{Translation|'''''Butterfly 2'''''}}) is a 2025 [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Culinary arts|culinary]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Avijit Sen]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-09-06 |title=কোথায় হবে 'প্রজাপতি ২'-এর গানের শুটিং? অভিনয়ের ইচ্ছা পরিচালক অভিজিতের? জন্মদিনে সব ফাঁস |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/how-director-avijit-sen-celebrating-his-this-year-birthday-dgtl/cid/1631077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224191548/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/devs-film-prajapati-2-is-not-getting-a-show-at-nandan-dgtl/cid/1656213 |archive-date=2025-12-24 |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Produced by [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] and Atanu Raychaudhuri under the respective banners of [[Dev Adhikari|Dev Entertainment Ventures]] and Bengal Talkies, Pranab Kumar Guha and Swastik Bibek Ruia served as its co-producers. A [[Spiritual successor|spiritual sequel]] to the 2022 blockbuster ''[[Projapoti (2022 film)|Projapati]]'', the film stars [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and Dev in the lead roles, reuniting for the third time on-screen, alongside an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Anirban Chakrabarti]], Jyotirmoyee Kundu (in her debut), Anumegha Kahali, [[Kharaj Mukherjee]], [[Aparajita Auddy]] and [[Shakuntala Barua]] in other pivotal roles, with [[Idhika Paul]] in a special appearance. It revolves around a Bengali family's restaurant and home which become the backdrop for an emotional reunion as scattered generations return for a festival, forcing them to redefine their bonds and sense of belongings.<br /> <br /> Initially titled as ''Protikkha'', the film began its production in December 2024, marking Chakraborty's 359th and Dev's 48th film as actors. It was announced in January 2025, in the fourth collaboration between Sen and Dev, also pairing the latter with Paul for the third time. [[Principal photography|Principal Photography]] commenced in July 2025 and wrapped by in October 2025. Predominantly shot in [[London]] and [[Edinburgh]], portions were filmed in [[Kolkata]]. Music of the film is composed by [[Jeet Gannguli]], while Rathijit Bhattacharjee provided its score. Subhankar Bhar and Sujay Datta Ray handled its cinematography and editing respectively.<br /> <br /> ''Projapati 2'' was released in the theatres on 25 December 2025, on the eve of [[Christmas]], to positive reviews from critics and audience alike with specific appraisals of its cast performances, direction, script and musical score.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> After certain death of his wife, Joy Chakraborty leaves India permanently and starts living in London as a chef with his only daughter Mimmim. His father Gour Chakraborty, a restaurant owner in Kolkata, wants his son to get re-married. He, along with his wife Ganga, daughter Babi and daughter-in-law Bishu try a lot to convince his son for remarriage. But Joy is happy with his daughter Mimmim and do not want to marry anyone else as he still loves his late wife. <br /> <br /> During Durga Puja vacation, while Joy along with his daughter comee to India, though Video calling, Gour meets with Joy's colleague Madhu who is very close to Joy's daughter. Gour funded 50 Lakhs INR to Joy for opening Joy's own kitchen in London and also asked Joy to marry Madhu for the future of Mummum. <br /> <br /> This 50 Lakhs INR Gour gained as an advance by selling his own beloved house to a local promoter which in turn caused his death. Following his father's death Joy decides to shift permanently again to India and renovates his father's restaurant for a fresh start as a symbol of Love of a child for his father.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Gour Chakraborty<br /> * [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] as Joy Chakraborty, Gour's son&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ghosal |first=Sharmistha |date=2025-12-18 |title=Dev opens up about ''Projapati 2'', working with Mithun Chakraborty and why being a good human comes before every label |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Dec/18/dev-opens-up-about-projapati-2-working-with-mithun-chakraborty-and-why-being-a-good-human-comes-before-every-label |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220182527/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Dec/18/dev-opens-up-about-projapati-2-working-with-mithun-chakraborty-and-why-being-a-good-human-comes-before-every-label |archive-date=2025-12-20 |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=[[Indian Express]] |language=en |quote=This story mirrors my relationship with my father in some ways. This film started with Atanu da saying, “This is Gurupada’s story.” My father’s name is Gurupada, so we first shot Mithun’s scenes where he is addressed as Gurupada.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=De |first=Susmita |date=2025-11-10 |title='জীবনে দুটো জিনিস নিয়ে কখনও আপস করি না...', কোন প্রসঙ্গে এ কথা বললেন দেব? |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/projapati-2-teaser-out-dev-and-mithun-chakraborty-upcoming-movie-release-on-25th-december/200437616.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221082734/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/projapati-2-teaser-out-dev-and-mithun-chakraborty-upcoming-movie-release-on-25th-december/200437616.cms |archive-date=2025-12-21 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Anurupa |date=2025-12-21 |title=কোলে নয়, ক্যাঙ্গারু ব্যাগে সন্তান, দেবের কোলে কে এই খুদে? |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/dev-new-movie-emotional-role-prajapati-2-10929279 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223195342/https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/bollywood-hollywood-celebrity-meetups-2025-10941867 |archive-date=2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Jyotirmoyee Kundu as Madhu<br /> * Anumegha Kahali as Mimmim, Joy's daughter<br /> * [[Aparajita Auddy]] as Babi, Joy's sister<br /> * [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] as Bishu, Babi's husband<br /> * [[Shakuntala Barua]] as Ganga, Gour's wife<br /> * [[Kanchan Mallick]] as Gour's hotel-manager<br /> * [[Partha Bhowmick]] as Bhajahari Kar<br /> * Biswajit Ghosh Majumder as Ratan<br /> * Sriparna Roy as Bhajahari's sister<br /> <br /> === Special appearances ===<br /> * [[Paran Bandyopadhyay]] as Bhajahari's father<br /> * [[Idhika Paul]] as Shree, Joy's wife<br /> * [[Anirban Chakrabarti]] as Sakibul Hassan Jhontu<br /> * [[Ambarish Bhattacharya]] as Keshto, wedding caterer<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> <br /> === Development ===<br /> Following the success of ''[[Pradhan (film)|Pradhan]]'' (2023), the box-office hit trio of [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], director [[Avijit Sen]] and producer Atanu Raychaudhuri reportedly was to collaborate for the fourth time;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-02-23 |title='প্রজাপতি' এগারো কোটির মুখ দেখলেও ভাল ব্যবসা করেনি, খুব চিন্তার বিষয়: অতনু রায় চৌধুরী |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/video/watch-video-director-and-producer-of-projapati-discusses-about-marketing-of-bengali-film-dgtl/cid/1409196 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222132507/https://www.anandabazar.com/video/watch-video-director-and-producer-of-projapati-discusses-about-marketing-of-bengali-film-dgtl/cid/1409196 |archive-date=2025-12-22 |access-date=2025-12-22 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-12-25 |title=মায়ের হাতের পায়েস খাওয়া, সকাল থেকে 'হল ভিজ়িট', জন্মদিনে ঘুচল শুভশ্রীর সঙ্গে মান-অভিমান? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/dev-shares-his-birthday-plan-also-shares-the-response-on-projapati-2-movie-which-is-relesed-on25th-december-dgtl/cid/1656789 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230052653/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/dev-shares-his-birthday-plan-also-shares-the-response-on-projapati-2-movie-which-is-relesed-on25th-december-dgtl/cid/1656789 |archive-date=2025-12-30 |access-date=2025-12-30 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sen also expressed to make a [[Hindi]] film with Dev in the lead and Raychaudhuri as producer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-06-26 |title=দক্ষিণী ইন্ডাস্ট্রিতে অভিজিৎ? 'বানালে হিন্দি ছবি বানাব, নায়ক হবেন দেব', দাবি পরিচালকের |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-director-avijit-sen-says-if-he-makes-plan-to-work-in-bollywood-he-will-cast-dev-dgtl/cid/1526637 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222132808/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-director-avijit-sen-says-if-he-makes-plan-to-work-in-bollywood-he-will-cast-dev-dgtl/cid/1526637 |archive-date=2025-12-22 |access-date=2025-12-22 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Dey |first1=Aratrika |last2=Saha |first2=Ayantika |date=2025-03-05 |title=বলিউডেও কাজ করব অবশ্যই |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/director-avijit-sen-shares-his-life-journey-know-details/200352686.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221161116/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/director-avijit-sen-shares-his-life-journey-know-details/200352686.cms |archive-date=2025-12-21 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2024 however, it was revealed that Sen met Dev and narrated two scripts, one of which titled as ''Protikkha'' was reportedly nodded by the latter, who was &quot;keen&quot; to work on the film,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kundu |first=Kasturi |title=Dev Projapati 2: বড়দিনে ফের জমবে অতনু রায়চৌধুরী- অভিজিৎ- দেবের মজলিশ? খাদানের সাফল্যের মাঝেই ঘোষণা দেবের |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/dev-announces-his-next-projapati-2-amid-khadaan-success-along-with-upcoming-puja-release-raghu-dakaat-8585681 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105071116/https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/bollywood-tollywood-live-news-deepika-dev-debolina-nandy-updates-10972170 |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; however, would finalize it only after hearing the final script, which was still progressing writing. The same month, ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' noted that [[Mithun Chakraborty]] would also star in the film,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-02-02 |title=বছরশেষে বড় পর্দায় মিঠুন-দেব জুটি! জল্পনা টলিপাড়ায়, কী বললেন ছবির প্রযোজক? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/topic/avijit-sen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222131403/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/a-candid-chat-with-producer-atanu-raychaudhuri-and-director-avijit-sen-before-the-release-of-their-latest-film-pradhan-dgtl/cid/1482999 |archive-date=2025-12-22 |access-date=2025-12-22 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; reuniting with Dev for the third time after ''[[Herogiri]]'' (2015) and ''[[Projapoti (2022 film)|Projapati]]'' (2022), also collaborating with Sen and Raychaudhuri secondly after working on the latter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Arindam |date=2025-12-25 |title=There are stories I genuinely want to tell, and 2026 is going to be special: Dev on 'Projapati 2' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/t2/there-are-stories-i-genuinely-want-to-tell-and-2026-is-going-to-be-special-dev-on-projapati-2-prnt/cid/2139512 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251225181737/https://www.telegraphindia.com/t2/there-are-stories-i-genuinely-want-to-tell-and-2026-is-going-to-be-special-dev-on-projapati-2-prnt/cid/2139512 |archive-date=2025-12-25 |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |quote=&quot;I have known Mithun Da since 2009, and to play our characters, we really didn’t have to ‘act’ as such. It was so natural. Our off-screen bonding translates so well on screen&quot;, says Dev}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2024, Raychaudhuri confirmed the news.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Soumita |date=2024-08-03 |title=Mithun Chakraborty {{!}} Dev: ফের বাবা-ছেলের ভূমিকায় মিঠুন-দেব! প্রথমবার সুপারস্টারের সঙ্গে জুটিতে বাংলাদেশের ফারিন... |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/mithun-chakraborty-and-dev-will-be-as-father-son-in-avijit-sen-next-film-pratiksha-also-cast-tasnia-farin_533173.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223062817/https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/mithun-chakraborty-and-dev-will-be-as-father-son-in-avijit-sen-next-film-pratiksha-also-cast-tasnia-farin_533173.html |archive-date=2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=[[Zee 24 Ghanta]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Protikkha'' was to be Dev's 46th film as actor, which later would be actually ''[[Khadaan]]'' (2024) as the former was usually rumoured to have a release in the [[Christmas]] weekend of 2024 as each film in this trio had always been released that time since.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-06-28 |title=শীতে দেব একাই আসছেন এ বছর, জুটি বেঁধে 'ব্রহ্মা-বিষ্ণু-মহেশ্বর' আসছেন না? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/dev-adhikaris-khadan-may-release-in-december-dgtl/cid/1534298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222134040/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/dev-adhikaris-khadan-may-release-in-december-dgtl/cid/1534298 |archive-date=2025-12-22 |access-date=2025-12-22 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Principal photography]] was expected to commence in [[London]] from 19 November 2024, which was postponed in October 2024 due to the extremely cold weather and delayed to July 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Majumder |first=Suparna |date=2024-10-25 |title=লন্ডনে দেব-মিঠুনের শুটিং পিছোল, কবে শুরু 'প্রতীক্ষা' ছবির কাজ? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-and-mithun-chakraborty-starrer-bengali-film-pratikhya-shooting-update/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221081234/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-and-mithun-chakraborty-starrer-bengali-film-pratikhya-shooting-update/ |archive-date=2025-12-21 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-10-25 |title=বড়দিনে আসছে না 'প্রতীক্ষা', মিঠুন-দেবকে নিয়ে ছবির শুটিং কি আগামী মাসে? জল্পনা টলিপাড়ায় |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/industry-sources-revealed-makers-start-prepping-for-bengali-film-pratikhya-starring-mithun-chakraborty-and-dev-dgtl/cid/1555553 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223051759/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/industry-sources-revealed-makers-start-prepping-for-bengali-film-pratikhya-starring-mithun-chakraborty-and-dev-dgtl/cid/1555553 |archive-date=2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-22 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; On its prolongation, Raychaudhuri revealed &quot;A little more time must be needed to dedicate to develop the film's screenplay. We are not willing to make a film by writing just haphazardly to bring two superstars.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The film had its official announcement on 2 January 2025 as ''Projapati 2'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |first=শ্রেয়শ্রী |date=2025-02-03 |title=আসছে দেব-মিঠুনের ''প্রজাপতি ২'' |url=https://kolkatatvonline.in/entertainment/dev-atanus-new-film-announced-on-vasant-panchami-prajapati-2-to-release-kolkatatv-online-entertainment-news/,%20https://kolkatatvonline.in/scroll/dev-atanus-new-film-announced-on-vasant-panchami-prajapati-2-to-release-kolkatatv-online-entertainment-news/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221075241/https://kolkatatvonline.in/scroll/dev-atanus-new-film-announced-on-vasant-panchami-prajapati-2-to-release-kolkatatv-online-entertainment-news/ |archive-date=2025-12-21 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Kolkata TV |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-01-02 |title=Mithun Chakraborty and Dev's 2022 blockbuster ''Projapati'' to get a sequel |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/avijit-sens-2022-blockbuster-projapati-starring-dev-and-mithun-chakraborty-to-get-a-sequel/cid/2074880 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220194309/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/avijit-sens-2022-blockbuster-projapati-starring-dev-and-mithun-chakraborty-to-get-a-sequel/cid/2074880 |archive-date=2025-12-20 |access-date=2025-12-20 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |quote=Released theatrically on December 23, 2022, ''Projapati'' earned over Rs 13 crore, thereby emerging as the highest grossing Bengali film of the year.}}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[spiritual successor]] to the 2022 film, changing its title from ''Protikkha''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ananda |first=A. B. P. |date=2025-01-02 |title=নতুন বছরে দেব-অভিজিৎ-অতনুর নতুন উপহার, আসছে 'প্রজাপতি'-র সিক্যুয়াল |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/dev-atanu-roy-chowdhury-abhijit-sen-new-film-projapati-2-announced-entertainment-news-tollywood-1113401 |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=[[ABP Ananda]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Pre-production ===<br /> {{Quote box<br /> | quote = &quot;During a script meeting last year, we learned something interesting — in society, we hear about a single mother raising a child which is equally challenging for a single father, in a different way. That emotion stayed with me, and it became the core concept of the film. In ''Projapati'', the son wanted his father to get married. In this film, the father wants his son, who is a single parent, to get married. The casting, director, and producer remain the same. There’s nostalgia, branding, and emotional continuity — so the name ''Projapati 2'' felt right, instead of ''Protikkha''.<br /> | author = — [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] on the title change of the film in an interview at ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-12-25 |title=Dev talks about Projapati 2 and why the future excites him more than ever |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/dev-talks-about-projapati-2-and-why-the-future-excites-him-more-than-ever/2002864 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |language=bn-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | width = 35%<br /> }}<br /> Cinematographer [[Gopi Bhagat]], a long-time collaborator of Sen, exited the film due to his commitment to ''[[Manohar Pandey]]'' (2026), which led Subhankar Bhar to replace him. Sen further renewed his norm technicians—Subhadeip Das as screenwriter,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-11-30 |title=পর্দায় ইধিকার মৃত্যু, না অন্য কিছু? 'প্রজাপতি ২' মুক্তির আগে জানালেন চিত্রনাট্যকার শুভদীপ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/subhadeip-das-screenplay-writer-of-projapoti-2-shares-his-work-experience-with-dev-dgtl/cid/1651168 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251225052449/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/subhadeip-das-screenplay-writer-of-projapoti-2-shares-his-work-experience-with-dev-dgtl/cid/1651168 |archive-date=2025-12-25 |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sujay Datta Ray as editor, Anindit Roy and Adeep Singh Manki as sound designer;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Subhadrika |date=2025-12-26 |title=Director Avijit Senn is back with Projapoti 2 with Dev, Mithun Chakraborty, Anumegha, and Idhika Paul |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Dec/26/director-avijit-senn-is-back-with-projapoti-2-with-dev-mithun-chakraborty-anumegha-and-idhika-paul |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105072509/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Dec/26/director-avijit-senn-is-back-with-projapoti-2-with-dev-mithun-chakraborty-anumegha-and-idhika-paul |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=[[Indulge Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; dance choreographers [[Baba Yadav]] and Adil Shaikh also joined the technical crew in their maiden collaborations with Sen. [[Jeet Gannguli]] signed the film as the music composer in his collaborations for the second time with Sen after ''[[Tonic (film)|Tonic]]'' (2021);&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=দে |first1=সুস্মিতা |last2=ঘোষ |first2=শান্তনু |date=2025-12-17 |title='জিতের দুঃখ ছিল গত ৩-৪ বছরে কেউ ওঁকে কাজ দেয়নি...' |url=https://eisamay.com/videos/projapati-2-is-set-to-release-on-december-25-producer-atanu-raychaudhury-and-director-avijit-sen-shares-their-experience-to-work-with-dev-and-mithun-chakraborty/200452176.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221082249/https://eisamay.com/videos/projapati-2-is-set-to-release-on-december-25-producer-atanu-raychaudhury-and-director-avijit-sen-shares-their-experience-to-work-with-dev-and-mithun-chakraborty/200452176.cms |archive-date=2025-12-21 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhatnagar |first=Mudit |date=2025-11-25 |title=Jeet Gannguli, Dev Return With High Energy Title Track For Projapati 2 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/jeet-gannguli-dev-return-with-high-energy-title-track-for-projapati-2-article-153201492 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224055159/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/jeet-gannguli-dev-return-with-high-energy-title-track-for-projapati-2-article-153201492 |archive-date=2025-12-24 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en |quote=Jeet Gannguli said, “The title track of Projapati 2 was created with a lot of joy and nostalgia. Dev and I share a long journey and this song reflects our comfort and chemistry.”}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rathijit Bhattacharjee, another frequent collaborator of Sen came on the board to provide its background score,{{Efn|Rathijit Bhattacharjee had collaborated with [[Avijit Sen]] as both song and score composer previously in ''[[Projapati]]'' (2022) and ''[[Pradhan (film)|Pradhan]]'' (2023), but in ''Projapati 2'' he served only the latter.|name=single character}} in his third collaboration with the latter after ''Projapati and'' ''[[Pradhan (film)|Pradhan]]'' (2023).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Saha |first=Souvik |date=2025-07-23 |title=''Projapati 2'' Music Directors: Jeet Gannguli and Rathijit Bhattacharjee Promise Soulful Soundtrack for Upcoming Bengali Movie {{!}} Cinekolkata.com |url=https://cinekolkata.com/tollywood/projapoti-2-music-directors-jeet-gannguli-and-rathijit-bhattacharya-promise-soulful-soundtrack-for-upcoming-bengali-movie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221075917/https://cinekolkata.com/tollywood/projapoti-2-music-directors-jeet-gannguli-and-rathijit-bhattacharya-promise-soulful-soundtrack-for-upcoming-bengali-movie |archive-date=2025-12-21 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Cine Kolkata |language=en-US |quote=Gannguli’s melodies have become synonymous with emotion and nostalgia, especially in projects starring Megastar Dev, making every new release much awaited by fans.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By late-December 2024, Sen began location scouting for the film in London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-01-15 |title=বড় পর্দায় মিঠুন-দেব জাদু ফিরছে, ছোট পর্দাতেও কি একই ম্যাজিক দেখাবেন অভিজিৎ? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/on-april-dance-bangla-dance-will-start-with-mithun-chakraborty-dgtl/cid/1574808 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223054850/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/on-april-dance-bangla-dance-will-start-with-mithun-chakraborty-dgtl/cid/1574808 |archive-date=2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-23 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Initially, the film was set to begin production in March 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; However, the plans were rescinded owing to pre-production delays, resulting in the film's eventual commencement being pushed to July 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Atanu Roychowdhuri talks about his upcoming movie Projapati 2 starring Dev and mithun chakraborty ENT |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/,%20https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/atanu-roychowdhuri-talks-about-his-upcoming-movie-projapati-2-starring-dev-and-mithun-chakraborty-ent-113543 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Muhurat shot|muhurat]] of the film held on 2 February 2025 at Bengal Talkies' office with the film's cast and crew,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhanja |first=Sandipta |date=2025-02-02 |title=আসছে দেব-মিঠুনের 'প্রজাপতি ২', লন্ডনে শুটিং, বসন্ত পঞ্চমীতে ঘোষণা অতনুর |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-mithun-chakrabortys-projapati-2-to-arrive-on-christmas-2025/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221080336/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-mithun-chakrabortys-projapati-2-to-arrive-on-christmas-2025/ |archive-date=2025-12-21 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; on the occasion of [[Vasant Panchami]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-02-02 |title=আসছে 'প্রজাপতি ২', বসন্ত পঞ্চমীতে দেব-অতনুর ঘোষণা! উপস্থিত পরিচালক অভিজিৎ, লীনা, শৈবাল |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/producer-atanu-roychowdhury-did-saraswati-puja-and-did-official-announcement-of-prajapati-2-dgtl/cid/1579055 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223200825/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/producer-atanu-roychowdhury-did-saraswati-puja-and-did-official-announcement-of-prajapati-2-dgtl/cid/1579055 |archive-date=2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-23 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Both Chakraborty and Dev had reportedly finalised looks for their respective characters at a look-test, which was reportedly in early-February 2025 at a studio in Kolkata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-07-05 |title=Dev reunites with Mithun Chakraborty for 'Projapoti' sequel, shoot begins in the UK |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-reunites-with-mithun-chakraborty-for-projapoti-sequel-shoot-begins-in-the-uk/cid/2111598 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220183750/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-reunites-with-mithun-chakraborty-for-projapoti-sequel-shoot-begins-in-the-uk/cid/2111598 |archive-date=2025-12-20 |access-date=2025-12-20 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |quote=&quot;We are back,&quot; Dev wrote on social media Saturday, sharing photos with Mithun, director Avijit Sen and other members of the production team at Rugby, Warwickshire.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WBBO |date=2025-11-01 |title=Decoding the Poetic Punch: Taglines That Powered Dev-Avijit Sen's Bengal Talkies Triumphs |url=https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/11/01/decoding-the-poetic-punch-taglines-that-powered-dev-avijit-sens-bengal-talkies-triumphs/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221170757/https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/11/01/decoding-the-poetic-punch-taglines-that-powered-dev-avijit-sens-bengal-talkies-triumphs/ |archive-date=2025-12-21 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Tollywood Chronicle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Casting ===<br /> [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]] actress [[Tasnia Farin]] was approached to play the female lead alongside Dev in August 2024,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-08-04 |title=Farin regrets staying silent on quota reform movement |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/farin-regrets-staying-silent-quota-reform-movement-3669341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223061941/https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/farin-regrets-staying-silent-quota-reform-movement-3669341 |archive-date=2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=en |quote=Director Avijit Sen commented on Farin's casting, saying, &quot;Farin was selected by Atanu Raychaudhuri. I also admire her acting. We were looking for a new face to pair with Dev.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tasnia Farin to star alongside Roaring Star Dev in 'Protikkha' |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/5/760428 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223195926/https://www.daily-sun.com/5/760428 |archive-date=2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=[[Daily Sun (Bangladesh)|Daily Sun]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; on Raychaudhuri's proposal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title=Tasnia Farin withdraws from 'Protikkha' |url=https://www.thedhakapost.com/entertainment/2024/09/11/2724 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223182030/https://www.thedhakapost.com/entertainment/2024/09/11/2724 |archive-date=2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=The Dhaka Post |language=Bangla |quote=However, since the Indian visa is closed, Farin is not able to go to Kolkata in time. After a recent discussion with the movie’s producer, Atanu Roy Chowdhury, Farin made this decision.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=Bangladeshi actress Tasnia Farin has been dropped from Dev starrer Atanu Roychowdhury upcoming movie ENT |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/,%20https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/bangladeshi-actress-tasnia-farin-has-been-dropped-from-dev-starrer-atanu-roychowdhury-upcoming-movie-ent-170334 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223193652/https://www.aajkaal.in/news/bangladeshi-actress-tasnia-farin-has-been-dropped-from-dev-starrer-atanu-roychowdhury-upcoming-movie-ent-170334 |archive-date=2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=[[Aajkal|Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, she came out of the project in September 2024 due to the temporary halt of [[Visa requirements for Indian citizens|Indian visas]] regarding the [[July Revolution (Bangladesh)|July revolution]] in [[Bangladesh]].{{Efn|Multiple references are listed here.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-09-11 |title=মিলছে না ভিসা, বদলে যাচ্ছেন দেবের আগামী ছবির বাংলাদেশি নায়িকা? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actress-tasnia-farin-will-not-play-devs-heroine-in-producer-atanu-roy-chowdhurys-next-film-dgtl/cid/1545066 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241009024223/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actress-tasnia-farin-will-not-play-devs-heroine-in-producer-atanu-roy-chowdhurys-next-film-dgtl/cid/1545066 |archive-date=2024-10-09 |access-date=2025-12-23 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-09-10 |title=Farin opts out of Indian film due to visa complications |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/farin-opts-out-indian-film-due-visa-complications-3699061 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223183124/https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/farin-opts-out-indian-film-due-visa-complications-3699061 |archive-date=2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=en |quote=&quot;If we can't start filming in November, we risk losing the availability of Dev and Mithun Chakraborty. But securing visas on time is also uncertain,&quot; Farin noted.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-08-11 |title=Ongoing unrest casts doubt on Farin's upcoming film |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/ongoing-unrest-casts-doubt-farins-upcoming-film-3674401 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223184113/https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/ongoing-unrest-casts-doubt-farins-upcoming-film-3674401 |archive-date=2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=en |quote=The actress mentioned that Indian visas have been temporarily halted, leaving her participation in the project in doubt.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-10 |title=That's why Farin left Dev's movie |url=https://www.thedailybestnews.com/news-detail/84 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223190512/https://www.thedailybestnews.com/news-detail/84 |archive-date=2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=www.thedailybestnews.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-09-12 |title=Tasnia Farin: ভারতের ভিসা মিলছে না, দেবের ছবি থেকে সরে হাঁফ ছেড়ে বাঁচলেন তাসনিয়া? |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/bangladeshi-actress-tasnia-farin-backed-out-from-dev-film-pratiksha-7064356 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223194258/https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/bollywood-hollywood-celebrity-meetups-2025-10941867 |archive-date=2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-04 |title=Tasnia Farin stars with Dev in 'Projapoti 2'? |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/5/785126 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223185239/https://www.daily-sun.com/5/785126 |archive-date=2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=[[Daily Sun (Bangladesh)|Daily Sun]] |language=en |quote=''Anandabazar Online'' also stated the shooting of “Projapoti 2” will start in March in London. It is not yet known whether any part of the film will be shot in Kolkata.}}&lt;/ref&gt;|name=fs}} [[Nusraat Faria]] entered talks to replace Farin in the same month, while the makers dropped the idea to cast her for the same reason.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ghatak |first=Anuska |date=2024-09-19 |title=Nusrat Faria to Replace Tasnia Farin in Atanu Roy Chowdhury's 'Pratiksha' Opposite Dev? |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/news-movies/nusrat-faria-to-replace-tasnia-farin-in-atanu-roy-chowdhurys-pratiksha-opposite-dev/2024/09/19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223193026/https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/news-movies/nusrat-faria-to-replace-tasnia-farin-in-atanu-roy-chowdhurys-pratiksha-opposite-dev/2024/09/19 |archive-date=2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en |quote=Atanu Raychaudhuri clarified, “Like Tasnia, Nusrat is also from Bangladesh. If the first person can’t come due to visa issues, the second person will face the same problem!”}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-09-18 |title=দেবের আগামী ছবি 'প্রতীক্ষা'য় নেই তাসনিয়া, তাঁর জায়গায় আসছেন কি নুসরত? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/nusrat-faria-may-replace-tasnia-farin-in-new-movie-pratiksha-opposite-dev-dgtl/cid/1546696 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241010075818/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/nusrat-faria-may-replace-tasnia-farin-in-new-movie-pratiksha-opposite-dev-dgtl/cid/1546696 |archive-date=2024-10-10 |access-date=2025-12-23 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-09-19 |title=ফারিণের পর সুযোগটি হাতছাড়া হলো ফারিয়ার! |url=https://barta24.com/details/entertainment/245540 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223202231/https://www.barta24.com/details/entertainment/245540/nusrat-faria-tasnia-farin-dev-film-protikkha |archive-date=2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Barta 24 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then the role went to [[Idhika Paul]] in May 2025, pairing with Dev for the third time after ''Khadaan'' and ''[[Raghu Dakat]]'' (2025), but she declined the role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |date=2025-05-30 |title=গররাজি ইধিকা! আদৌ কি চলতি বছরে মুক্তি পাবে দেবের 'প্রজাপতি ২'? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/specualtions-are-actress-idhika-paul-is-no-more-associated-with-prajapati-2-dgtl/cid/1608173 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250707132551/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/specualtions-are-actress-idhika-paul-is-no-more-associated-with-prajapati-2-dgtl/cid/1608173 |archive-date=2025-07-07 |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2025, [[Television|TV]] actress Jyotirmoyee Kundu was cast in that role in her cinematic debut.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |date=2025-06-24 |title=আনন্দবাজারের খবরে সিলমোহর, দেবের 'প্রজাপতি ২'-এর নায়িকা ছোটপর্দার জ্যোতির্ময়ীই, শুটিং কবে? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/dev-will-start-next-movie-prajapati-2-shooting-from-july-dgtl/cid/1613951 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250905165839/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/dev-will-start-next-movie-prajapati-2-shooting-from-july-dgtl/cid/1613951 |archive-date=2025-09-05 |access-date=2025-12-21 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Arani |date=2025-06-25 |title=আসছে 'প্রজাপতি ২', দেবের পোস্টে উচ্ছ্বসিত অনুরাগীরা |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-starer-new-film-prajapati-2-shooting-will-start-soon/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224190138/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-starer-new-film-prajapati-2-shooting-will-start-soon/ |archive-date=2025-12-24 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-11-25 |title=এক মেয়ের বাবা হলেও 'রোম্যান্সে' আপত্তি নেই! দেবের সঙ্গে প্রেমের দৃশ্যে অভিনয় করলেন জ্যোতির্ময়ী |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actress-jyotirmoyee-kundu-shares-her-work-experience-with-dev-in-prajapati-2-dgtl/cid/1649408 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251225053310/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actress-jyotirmoyee-kundu-shares-her-work-experience-with-dev-in-prajapati-2-dgtl/cid/1649408 |archive-date=2025-12-25 |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In an interview to ''Anandabazar Patrika'', on her involvement to the film, she stated &quot;Getting the opportunity to be Dev Da's leading lady, is a bonus for me.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |date=2025-06-02 |title=দেবদার বিপরীতে অভিনয়ের সুযোগ মানে উপরি পাওনা! 'প্রজাপতি ২' নিয়ে মুখ খুললেন জ্যোতির্ময়ী |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/is-actress-jyotirmoyee-kundu-interested-to-act-with-dev-in-projapoti-2/cid/1608896 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251223054835/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/is-actress-jyotirmoyee-kundu-interested-to-act-with-dev-in-projapoti-2/cid/1608896 |archive-date=2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-24 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; The name of her character was revealed to be Madhu in a source by ''[[Aajkaal]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-20 |title=First look revealed of Jyotirmoyee Kundu as Madhu in ''Projapati 2'' |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/,%20https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/first-look-revealed-of-jyotirmoyee-kundu-as-madhu-in-projapati-2-178233 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=[[Aajkal|Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, Paul was also reportedly roped in for an important role alongside Dev.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-07-14 |title='প্রজাপতি ২' ছবিতে জোড়া নায়িকা! জ্যোতির্ময়ী ছাড়া আর কোন নায়িকার সঙ্গে প্রেমে মজবেন দেব? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/speculations-are-actress-idhika-paul-will-be-seen-with-dev-in-projapoti2-movie-dgtl/cid/1618473 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224194925/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/speculations-are-actress-idhika-paul-will-be-seen-with-dev-in-projapoti2-movie-dgtl/cid/1618473 |archive-date=2025-12-24 |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhanja |first=Sandipta |date=2025-07-14 |title=বড় চমক, 'প্রজাপতি ২' ছবিতে দেবের বিপরীতে ইধিকাই 'নায়িকা'! |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/idhika-paul-joins-projapati-2-casting/ |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Shakuntala Barua]] joined the film in June 2025, secondly collaborating with Sen after ''Tonic''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |date=2025-05-31 |title=শ্বেতা, ইধিকার পর দেবের বিপরীতে ছোট পর্দার আর এক নায়িকা! কাকে দেখা যাবে 'প্রজাপতি ২'-এ? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/speculations-are-bengali-serial-actress-jyotirmoyee-kundu-going-to-paired-up-opposite-dev-in-prajapati-2-dgtl/cid/1608386 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250707132550/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/speculations-are-bengali-serial-actress-jyotirmoyee-kundu-going-to-paired-up-opposite-dev-in-prajapati-2-dgtl/cid/1608386 |archive-date=2025-07-07 |access-date=2025-12-25 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, [[Kharaj Mukherjee]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-01-02 |title=Mithun Chakraborty and Dev's 2022 blockbuster ''Projapati'' to get a sequel |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/avijit-sens-2022-blockbuster-projapati-starring-dev-and-mithun-chakraborty-to-get-a-sequel/cid/2074880 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220194309/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/avijit-sens-2022-blockbuster-projapati-starring-dev-and-mithun-chakraborty-to-get-a-sequel/cid/2074880 |archive-date=2025-12-20 |access-date=2025-12-20 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |quote=Released theatrically on December 23, 2022, ''Projapati'' earned over Rs 13 crore, thereby emerging as the highest grossing Bengali film of the year.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Aparajita Auddy]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; and [[Kanchan Mullick]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; was signed to play other prominent roles. In July 2025, media reports confirmed [[Anirban Chakrabarti]]'s inclusion in the film, which marks his second collaboration with Chakraborty after ''[[Shastri (2024 film)|Shastri]]'' (2024) and third collaboration with Dev after ''Pradhan'' and ''Khadaan''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Arani |date=2025-07-11 |title='প্রজাপতি ২' ছবিতে কোন ভূমিকায় পর্দার একেন? ফাঁস অনির্বাণ চক্রবর্তীর লুক |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/anirban-chakrabarti-in-projapoti-2-tollywwod-film/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-12 |title=ফের অনির্বাণ-দেব জুটি, কোন ছবিতে দেখা যাবে তাঁদের? |url=https://najarbandi.in/prajapati-2-dev-anirban-shakibul-look/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251225052016/https://najarbandi.in/prajapati-2-dev-anirban-shakibul-look/ |archive-date=2025-12-25 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=Najarbandi |language=bn-BD}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anumegha Kahali, the then-anchor of [[Dance Bangla Dance|Dance Bangla Dance - Season 13]] who previously shared screen with Chakraborty in ''[[Kabuliwala (2023 film)|Kabuliwala]]'' (2023),&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-12-15 |title=London gave us clean frames and memorable moments: Atanu Raychaudhuri on ''Projapati 2'' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/t2/london-gave-us-clean-frames-golden-sunsets-and-memorable-moments-presenter-atanu-raychaudhuri-pens-a-diary-on-the-london-shoot-of-projapati-2-prnt/cid/2137930 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220193113/https://www.telegraphindia.com/t2/london-gave-us-clean-frames-golden-sunsets-and-memorable-moments-presenter-atanu-raychaudhuri-pens-a-diary-on-the-london-shoot-of-projapati-2-prnt/cid/2137930 |archive-date=2025-12-20 |access-date=2025-12-20 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; was auditioned and selected to play the daughter of Dev's character in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |date=2025-11-12 |title=ঋত্বিক-আবীর আঙ্কেল সিনেমার বাবা, ওদের সঙ্গে শুটিং করি! ওরা তো সত্যিকারের বাবা নয়: অনুমেঘা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/child-artist-anumegha-kahali-opens-up-on-her-study-childhood-and-shooting-life-dgtl/cid/1647090 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251224183529/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/child-artist-anumegha-kahali-opens-up-on-her-study-childhood-and-shooting-life-dgtl/cid/1647090 |archive-date=2025-12-24 |access-date=2025-12-24 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Filming ===<br /> {{Multiple image<br /> | image1 = London Bridge Illuminated.jpg<br /> | image2 = Stratford-upon-Avon canal, Lowsonford - geograph.org.uk - 434203.jpg<br /> | direction = horizontal<br /> | align = right<br /> | footer = The film was predominantly shot in [[London]].<br /> }}<br /> Principal photography began with the first schedule on 5 July 2025 in [[London]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-05 |title=Megastar Duo Dev and Mithun Chakraborty Start Projapati 2 Journey |url=https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/07/05/megastar-duo-dev-and-mithun-chakraborty-start-projapati-2-journey/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221161616/https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/07/05/megastar-duo-dev-and-mithun-chakraborty-start-projapati-2-journey/ |archive-date=2025-12-21 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Tollywood Chronicle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Sen reportedly completed some portions in 7 days, which were supposed to take 10 days.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=ঘোষ |first1=দেবলীনা |last2=মাঝি |first2=সুমন |date=2025-07-17 |title=মিঠুন-দেব অভিনীত 'প্রজাপতি ২'-এর লন্ডন যাত্রা |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/dev-and-mithun-chakraborty-film-projapoti-2-shooting-in-london/200394872.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221081657/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/dev-and-mithun-chakraborty-film-projapoti-2-shooting-in-london/200394872.cms |archive-date=2025-12-21 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Arani |date=2025-07-09 |title=চোখে চশমা, হাতে ধোঁয়া ওঠা কফি, লন্ডনে 'প্রজাপতি ২'-এর শুটিংয়ের ফাঁকে অন্য মেজাজে দেব |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-share-his-photos-in-between-shooting-of-praojapoti-2-in-london/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224190534/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-share-his-photos-in-between-shooting-of-praojapoti-2-in-london/ |archive-date=2025-12-24 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A crucial scene was filmed in [[Stratford-upon-Avon]] with Chakraborty and Dev.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The [[India national cricket team|Indian Cricket team]] was invited in the sets of the film following their [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2025–26|victory in 2-match series]], when the shooting took place in [[Birmingham]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Arindam |date=2025-07-05 |title=Glimpses from the shoot of Projapoti 2 in London |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/glimpses-from-the-shoot-of-projapoti-2-in-london/1534219?fbclid=IwY2xjawLm4ZhleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHjqUeWrD77OzIpOu9qcvshrATd3L7pnnKec5qJjGpm_pqSKE1uEpf6G8S7Md_aem_6B_0vRBRRr_qh8nvfS0D5Q |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220195741/https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/glimpses-from-the-shoot-of-projapoti-2-in-london/1534219 |archive-date=2025-12-20 |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2online]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 12 July, filming took place on [[London Bridge|London bridge]] which was revealed by Dev through a post on [[Instagram]], evoking memories of the shooting of the song &quot;Police Chorer Preme Porechhe&quot; from his 2012 film ''[[Challenge 2]]'' there.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |date=2025-07-12 |title='প্রজাপতি ২'-তেও কি পুলিশের চরিত্র? বিখ্যাত গানের স্মৃতি উস্কে দিয়ে কী ইঙ্গিত দিলেন দেব? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/mp-actor-dev-shares-his-memories-of-shooting-at-london-after-a-long-time-dgtl/cid/1618088 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250807225607/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/mp-actor-dev-shares-his-memories-of-shooting-at-london-after-a-long-time-dgtl/cid/1618088 |archive-date=2025-08-07 |access-date=2025-12-24 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-07-14 |title=Dev and Mithun Chakraborty wrap shooting for 'Projapoti 2' in London |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-and-mithun-chakraborty-wrap-shooting-for-avijit-sens-film-in-london/cid/2113040 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220185509/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-and-mithun-chakraborty-wrap-shooting-for-avijit-sens-film-in-london/cid/2113040 |archive-date=2025-12-20 |access-date=2025-12-20 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |quote=A sequel to Projapoti was announced earlier this year in January. The shooting for the sequel kicked off in London earlier this month.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first schedule was wrapped by on 15 July 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Arani |date=2025-07-15 |title='ফ্যামিলি নিয়ে ব্যস্ত, অ্যাকশন পরে হবে', ঘোষণা করেই সপরিবারে লন্ডন ছাড়লেন দেব |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/superstar-dev-off-to-scotland-after-completing-projapoti-2-shooting-in-london/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224191101/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/superstar-dev-off-to-scotland-after-completing-projapoti-2-shooting-in-london/ |archive-date=2025-12-24 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In early-August 2025, filming moved to [[Edinburgh]] for some song sequences with a little schedule.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-24 |title=Mithun Chakraborty Shines in 'Projapati 2' Title Track Shot Across London: Song Sets the Tone for the Film |url=https://theinduszone.com/mithun-chakraborty-shines-in-projapati-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221174653/https://theinduszone.com/mithun-chakraborty-shines-in-projapati-2/ |archive-date=2025-12-21 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=www.theinduszone.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhanja |first=Sandipta |date=2025-07-05 |title=সপ্তাহান্তে জোড়া ধামাকা দেবের, লন্ডনে উড়ল 'প্রজাপতি ২', গানে গানে প্রেম নিবেদন শুভশ্রীকেও! |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-starts-projapati-2-shooting-in-london-dhumketu-song-teaser-out/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224051536/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-starts-projapati-2-shooting-in-london-dhumketu-song-teaser-out/ |archive-date=2025-12-24 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The second schedule of the film began on 6 September 2025 in [[Kolkata]]. Paul began filming in this schedule.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-07-19 |title=পর্দায় আবার দেব-ইধিকার জমজমাট প্রেম! জানেন, 'প্রজাপতি ২'-এ নায়িকার শেষ পরিণতি কী? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/is-idhika-paul-doing-second-lead-heroine-in-devs-film-dgtl/cid/1619746 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224195312/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/is-idhika-paul-doing-second-lead-heroine-in-devs-film-dgtl/cid/1619746 |archive-date=2025-12-24 |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Filming wrapped by on 30 October 2025 with a [[Durga Puja]] song sequence,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-10-30 |title=Dev completes shooting for Avijit Sen's 'Projapoti 2', set for Christmas release |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-completes-shooting-for-avijit-sen-directed-sequel-set-for-christmas-release/cid/2130349#goog_rewarded |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220183306/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-completes-shooting-for-avijit-sen-directed-sequel-set-for-christmas-release/cid/2130349 |archive-date=2025-12-20 |access-date=2025-12-20 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; picturised on Chakraborty and Dev under the choreography by Yadav, at a massively erected set which was built at Bharatlaxmi Studio prior to the commencement of this schedule, in September, under the supervision by Ananda Adhya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Majumder |first=Rahul |date=2025-10-29 |title=Puja Spirit Fills Bharat Lakshmi Studio as Dev Idhika Paul and Mithun Chakraborty Dance for Projapati 2 Song Sequence |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/,%20https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/puja-spirit-fills-bharat-lakshmi-studio-as-dev-idhika-paul-and-mithun-chakraborty-dance-for-projapati-2-song-sequence-106592 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=[[Aajkal|Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WBBO |date=2025-10-29 |title=Joyous Wrap-Up: Projapoti 2 Cast and Crew Celebrate Amid Maa Durga's Glow |url=https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/10/29/joyous-wrap-up-projapoti-2-cast-and-crew-celebrate-amid-maa-durgas-glow/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221170427/https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/10/29/joyous-wrap-up-projapoti-2-cast-and-crew-celebrate-amid-maa-durgas-glow/ |archive-date=2025-12-21 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Tollywood Chronicle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Music ==<br /> {{Main|Projapati 2 (soundtrack)}}[[Jeet Gannguli]] composed the [[Soundtrack album|soundtrack]] of the film;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-12-17 |title='মন মানে না' দেখে ডিপ্রেশনে চলে গিয়েছিলাম, খারাপ ছবি হলেও জিৎদার গানে ছবি হিট: দেব |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/topic/jeet-gannguli |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223180916/https://www.anandabazar.com/video/tollywood-actor-dev-and-music-director-jeet-gangulys-chemistry-in-bengali-films-brings-back-nostalgia-dgtl/cid/1654955 |archive-date=2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-23 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-12-19 |title=লাইভে এসে দেবের জন্য পাত্রী খুঁজছেন সঙ্গীতশিল্পী জিত ! শোনামাত্রই রুক্মিণী বললেন... |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/entertainment/projapati-2-dev-jeet-ganguly-talks-about-journey-promotion-strategy-and-actors-wedding-plan-west-bengal-news-wbs25121901155 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; it marks his eighth and twentieth collaborations with Chakraborty and Dev respectively, after working with the former on ''[[Yuddho]]'' (2005), ''[[MLA Fatakeshto]]'' (2006), ''[[Minister Fatakeshto]]'' (2007), ''[[Tiger (2007 film)|Tiger]]'' (2007), ''[[Herogiri]]'' (2015), ''[[Jole Jongole]]'' (2018) and ''[[Shontaan]]'' (2024), and with the latter on ''[[I Love You (2007 Bengali film)|I Love You]]'' (2007), ''[[Premer Kahini]]'' (2008), ''[[Mon Mane Na (2008 film)|Mon Mane Na]]'' (2008), [[Challenge (2009 film)|''Challenge'']] (2009), ''[[Paran Jai Jaliya Re]]'' (2009), ''[[Dujone]]'' (2009), ''[[Bolo Na Tumi Aamar]]'' (2010), ''[[Dui Prithibi (2010 film)|Dui Prithibi]]'' (2010), ''[[Shedin Dekha Hoyechilo]]'' (2010), ''[[Paglu]]'' (2011), ''[[Romeo (2011 film)|Romeo]]'' (2011), ''[[Paglu 2]]'' (2012), ''[[Challenge 2]]'' (2012), ''[[Rangbaaz (2013 film)|Rangbaaz]]'' (2013), ''[[Herogiri]]'' (2015), ''[[Love Express (2016 film)|Love Express]]'' (2016), ''[[Chaamp]]'' (2017), ''[[Kidnap (2019 film)|Kidnap]]'' (2019) and ''Tonic''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-10-26 |title=দেবের খোঁচা না কি মজা? জিৎ গাঙ্গুলিকে জড়িয়েই কোন প্রসঙ্গ টানলেন অভিনেতা? |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/dev-comments-on-shubhshree-jeet-ganguly-sarthopor-movie-premier-10594446 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223194617/https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/bollywood-hollywood-celebrity-meetups-2025-10941867 |archive-date=2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-11-24 |title='Projapati 2' title track featuring Mithun Chakraborty shows the actor soaking in the beauty of London |url=https://tennews.in/projapati-2-title-track-featuring-mithun-chakraborty-shows-the-actor-soaking-in-the-beauty-of-london/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224055604/https://tennews.in/projapati-2-title-track-featuring-mithun-chakraborty-shows-the-actor-soaking-in-the-beauty-of-london/ |archive-date=2025-12-24 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=National News Portal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rathijit Bhattacharjee provided its [[Film score|background score]], in his fifth collaboration with Dev after ''Projapati'', ''Pradhan'', ''Khadaan'' and ''Raghu Dakat''.{{Efn|Rathijit Bhattacharjee had collaborated with [[Avijit Sen]] as both song and score composer previously in ''[[Projapati]]'' (2022) and ''[[Pradhan (film)|Pradhan]]'' (2023), but in ''Projapati 2'' he served only the latter.|name=single character}}<br /> <br /> The soundtrack of ''Projapati 2'' preceded with five singles composed by Gannguli: &quot;Love You Papa&quot; was the first to be released on 14 November 2023. It was followed by the second single &quot;Projapati Song&quot; on 24 November, &quot;Hasli Keno Bol&quot; on 6 December, &quot;Maa Esheche&quot; on 16 December and &quot;Aaj Theme Jaak&quot; released on 25 December 2025, whereas Prasen and Priyo Chattopadhyay penned the lyrics; &quot;Joy Panta&quot;, an instrumental theme from the original score was composed by Bhattacharjee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title=Jeet Gannguli and Dev are back with an energetic title song for ''Projapati 2'' |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/jeet-gannguli-dev-projapati-2-title-track-release-article-153202054 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251227075705/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/jeet-gannguli-dev-projapati-2-title-track-release-article-153202054 |archive-date=2025-12-27 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]] |language=en |quote=Dev shared, “The title track of ''Projapati 2'' has a vibe that can instantly elevate your spirits. Collaborating with Jeet is always seamless because we are in sync with each other’s rhythm. This song symbolizes our journey and the film's vibrant energy.”}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Marketing ==<br /> The teaser of ''Projapati 2'' was exclusively attached to the prints of ''[[Raghu Dakat]]'' (also starring Dev), ''[[Raktabeej 2]]'' and ''[[Devi Chowdhurani (2025 film)|Devi Chowdhurani]]'' for theatrical screenings, all of them released in [[Durga Puja]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WBBO |date=2025-09-27 |title=Bengali Cinema Ignites Pujo Fever with Exclusive Teasers of ''Projapati 2'', ''Vijaynagar'er Hirey'' and ''LGNR'' |url=https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/09/27/bengali-cinema-ignites-pujo-fever-with-exclusive-teasers-of-projapati-2-and-lgnr/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221161813/https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/09/27/bengali-cinema-ignites-pujo-fever-with-exclusive-teasers-of-projapati-2-and-lgnr/ |archive-date=2025-12-21 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Tollywood Chronicle |language=en |quote=''Projapoti 2''’s 1-minute teaser (CBFC ‘U’, certified September 25) reunites Dev and Mithun Chakraborty in a heartwarming father-son saga.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Majumder |first=Rahul |date=2025-11-10 |title=Mithun Chakraborty-Dev starrer ''Projapati 2'' teaser details |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/,%20https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/dev-mithun-chakraborty-starrer-projapati-2-teaser-details-176706 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251225182356/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/dev-mithun-chakraborty-starrer-projapati-2-teaser-details-176706#goog_rewarded |archive-date=2025-12-25 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The first poster of the film was unveiled on 1 November 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-11-01 |title=Poster out for Dev's ''Projapoti 2'' ahead of theatrical release this Christmas |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/poster-out-for-devs-projapoti-2-ahead-of-theatrical-release-this-christmas/cid/2130736 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220191023/https://www.telegraphindia.com/images/favicon.png |archive-date=2025-12-20 |access-date=2025-12-21 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |first=শ্রেয়শ্রী |date=2025-11-01 |title=পোস্টার রিলিজ করে ''প্রজাপ্রতি ২''-র মুক্তির দিন ঘোষণা |url=https://kolkatatvonline.in/scroll/prajaprati-2-release-date-announced-by-releasing-the-poster-kolkatatv-online-entertainment-news/,%20https://kolkatatvonline.in/scroll/prajaprati-2-release-date-announced-by-releasing-the-poster-kolkatatv-online-entertainment-news/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221075624/https://kolkatatvonline.in/scroll/prajaprati-2-release-date-announced-by-releasing-the-poster-kolkatatv-online-entertainment-news/ |archive-date=2025-12-21 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Kolkata TV |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WBBO |date=2025-11-02 |title=Have You Noticed the Green Dot? The Hidden 'Vegetarian' Guarantee on the Projapati 2 First Poster. |url=https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/11/02/have-you-noticed-the-green-dot-the-hidden-vegetarian-guarantee-on-the-projapoti-2-first-poster/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221172428/https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/11/02/have-you-noticed-the-green-dot-the-hidden-vegetarian-guarantee-on-the-projapoti-2-first-poster/ |archive-date=2025-12-21 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Tollywood Chronicle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The teaser was officially released on 10 November 2025 with an extended version of 96 seconds,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-11-10 |title='Projapati 2' teaser: Dev's Joy balances fatherhood and professional duties in London |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/devs-joy-balances-fatherhood-and-professional-duties-in-london/cid/2132214 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220192433/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/devs-joy-balances-fatherhood-and-professional-duties-in-london/cid/2132214 |archive-date=2025-12-20 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |quote=The one-minute-36-second-long video opens with Dev’s Joy walking through the streets of London. A voiceover tells us he never compromises on two things — an opportunity to cook and his unwillingness to ignore his parents’ problems.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Piya |date=2025-11-11 |title=The heart-warming teaser of Projapoti 2 visualises fathers as providers, protectors and nurturers |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-heart-warming-teaser-of-projapoti-2-visualises-fathers-as-providers--protectors-and-nurturers/2002066 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220195313/https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-heart-warming-teaser-of-projapoti-2-visualises-fathers-as-providers--protectors-and-nurturers/2002066 |archive-date=2025-12-20 |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2online]] |language=en |quote=Dev's voiceover throughout the teaser is poignant and impactful and indicates also that his character probably narrates his own story in this film.}}&lt;/ref&gt; upgraded from the a-minute longer version screened in theatres previously.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WBBO |date=2025-11-10 |title=''Projapati 2'' Drops *Extended* Teaser: Deeper Emotional Layers in Mithun-Dev Reunion |url=https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/11/10/projapati-2-drops-extended-teaser-deeper-emotional-layers-in-dev-mithun-reunion/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221172731/https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/11/10/projapati-2-drops-extended-teaser-deeper-emotional-layers-in-dev-mithun-reunion/ |archive-date=2025-12-21 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Tollywood Chronicle |language=en |quote=Clocking in at 96 seconds, it weaves richer dialogues on parental sacrifices, single parenting woes, and unbreakable family ties across three generations, resonate amid Jeet Gannguli’s soulful score and Rathijit Bhattacharjee’s evocative background, evoking smiles and nostalgia.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=বাবার ভালবাসা মানে না বয়সের ব্যাকরণ! দেব-মিঠুনের 'প্রজাপতি ২'-এর প্রথম ঝলক আর কী বোঝালো দর্শককে? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/dev-mithun-chakraborty-starrer-projapati-2-teaser-details-176706 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=[[Aajkal|Aajkaal]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; The trailer of the film was released on 22 December 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Piya |date=2025-12-22 |title=The trailer of the family entertainer Projapati 2 blends comedy with emotion |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-trailer-of-the-family-entertainer-projapati-2-blends-comedy-with-emotion/2002848 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2online]] |language=en |quote=Unlike ''Projapati'', the element of fun and laughter is expected to be less in Projapati 2, with greater emphasis on the emotional aspect of the story.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-12-22 |title='Projapati 2' trailer: Mithun Chakraborty, Dev's father-son duo reunite in London |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/mithun-chakraborty-devs-father-son-duo-reunite-in-london/cid/2139090 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251225180335/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/mithun-chakraborty-devs-father-son-duo-reunite-in-london/cid/2139090 |archive-date=2025-12-25 |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Despite posters being hung outside the hall, the film did not get screening slots and advance bookings at Navina cinema hall,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-12-24 |title=নন্দনে উড়বে 'প্রজাপতি 2'? অন্যান্য কোথায় এই ছবির প্রদর্শন? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/entertainment/dev-raises-issue-on-not-getting-hall-for-projapati-2-lawho-gouranger-naam-rey-mitin-ekti-khunir-sandhaney-also-release-on-same-date-west-bengal-news-wbs25122401256 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; one of the famous single screen theatres where Dev's films had created several box-office records.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-12-23 |title=হু-হু করে বিক্রি হচ্ছে টিকিট, আগাম 'হাউসফুল' ঘোষণা হলমালিকের! তবু কেন শো পাচ্ছেন না দেব? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/devs-film-prajapati-2-is-not-getting-a-show-at-nandan-dgtl/cid/1656213 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224191548/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/devs-film-prajapati-2-is-not-getting-a-show-at-nandan-dgtl/cid/1656213 |archive-date=2025-12-24 |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kanji |first=Subhasmita |date=2025-12-23 |title=Dev writes a cryptic post as ''Projapoti 2'' didn't get any show in this hall |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/dev-writes-a-cryptic-post-as-projapoti-2-didnt-get-any-show-in-this-hall-182481 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251227080228/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/dev-writes-a-cryptic-post-as-projapoti-2-didnt-get-any-show-in-this-hall-182481 |archive-date=2025-12-27 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film had a premiere on 3 January 2026, attended by [[Srijit Mukherji]], [[Rukmini Maitra]] and other film personalities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Dharitri |date=2026-01-03 |title=Glimpses from the premiere of the Bengali film Projapati 2 |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/galleries/2026/Jan/03/glimpses-from-the-premiere-of-the-bengali-film-projapati-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105072922/https://www.indulgexpress.com/galleries/2026/Jan/03/glimpses-from-the-premiere-of-the-bengali-film-projapati-2?utm_source=website&amp;utm_medium=related-stories |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=[[Indulge Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the success of the film, Dev visited the [[Boro Maa Kali Temple, Naihati|Boro Maa Kali Temple]] at [[Naihati]] to seek blessings, along with Sen and Kundu on 4 January 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dev Visit Boro Maa Temple: 'মুখ্যমন্ত্রীকে বলেছি', কী নিয়ে নালিশ দেবের? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/actor-dev-and-projapoti-2-team-visit-naihati-boro-maa-kali-temple-for-his-last-movie-success-entertainment-gossip-sum-1326399-2026-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105065622/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/actor-dev-and-projapoti-2-team-visit-naihati-boro-maa-kali-temple-for-his-last-movie-success-entertainment-gossip-sum-1326399-2026-01-04 |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=[[Aaj Tak]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Rudra Narayan |last2=Saha |first2=Shalmali |date=2026-01-04 |title=Dev at Boro Maa: 'প্রজাপতি ২' হিট হতেই নৈহাটিতে দেব! বড়মার কাছে প্রকাশ করলেন নতুন বছরের পরিকল্পনা |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/dev-at-boro-maa-offered-prayers-at-boro-maa-temple-naihati-with-jyotimoyi-kundu-sal-l18-local18-2482625-page-5.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105065957/https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/dev-at-boro-maa-offered-prayers-at-boro-maa-temple-naihati-with-jyotimoyi-kundu-sal-l18-local18-2482625.html |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=[[News 18]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> <br /> === Theatrical ===<br /> ''Projapati 2'' is theatrically released on 25 December 2025, with 256 screens across [[West Bengal]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WBBO |date=2025-10-26 |title=The Great Bengali Release Date Domino: Christmas Decision Triggers Jan 23rd Clashes |url=https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/10/26/the-great-bengali-release-date-domino-christmas-decision-triggers-jan-23rd-clashes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221162716/https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/10/26/the-great-bengali-release-date-domino-christmas-decision-triggers-jan-23rd-clashes/ |archive-date=2025-12-21 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Tollywood Chronicle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; coinciding with [[Dev Adhikari|Dev]]’s birthday and [[Christmas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Dev Mithun Projapati 2 Photos: ফের বাবা, ছেলে রূপে পর্দায় মিঠুন ও দেব, কবে মুক্তি পাচ্ছে 'প্রজাপতি ২'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/photo/dev-mithun-chakraborty-father-son-duo-onscreen-projapati-2-movie-to-release-on-christmas-2025-shooting-unseen-photos-soc-1302390-2025-11-11 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=[[Aaj Tak]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; It clashed with ''[[Mitin: Ekti Khunir Sandhaney]]'' and ''[[Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WBBO |date=2025-12-20 |title=Christmas 2025 Bengali Films cleared by CBFC: ''Projapati 2'' Longest, ''Mitin Mashi 3'' and ''Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey'' Close Behind |url=https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/12/20/christmas-2025-bengali-films-cleared-by-cbfc-projapati-2-longest-mitin-mashi-3-and-lawho-gouranger-naam-rey-close-behind/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221173751/https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/12/20/christmas-2025-bengali-films-cleared-by-cbfc-projapati-2-longest-mitin-mashi-3-and-lawho-gouranger-naam-rey-close-behind/ |archive-date=2025-12-21 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Tollywood Chronicle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Anurupa |date=2025-10-27 |title=Bengali Cinema: বড়দিনে 'প্রজাপতি ২ সহ বড় ২ রিলিজ, জানুন কারা থাকছেন প্রতিযোগিতায়.. |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/bangla-film-release-strategy-christmas-impa-federation-meeting-10597492 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223194258/https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/bollywood-hollywood-celebrity-meetups-2025-10941867 |archive-date=2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ''Projapati 2'' became the first Bengali flim to get released in [[Saudi Arabia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dev Starrer Projapati 2 Becomes First Bengali Film to Premiere in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/dev-starrer-projapati-2-becomes-first-bengali-film-to-premiere-in-saudi-arabia-307922 |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=www.aajkaal.in |language=bn-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Home media ===<br /> The digital streaming rights for ''Projapati 2'' were acquired by [[ZEE5]] for {{Indian rupee|12}} crore. The film began streaming from 27 March 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-04-01 |title=Bangla ZEE5 To Premiere Mithun-Dev Starrer Superhit Family Drama ‘Projapati 2’ On 27th March, 2026 |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/bangla-zee5-to-premiere-mithun-dev-starrer-superhit-family-drama-projapati-2-on-27th-march-2026/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409053531/https://www.medianews4u.com/bangla-zee5-to-premiere-mithun-dev-starrer-superhit-family-drama-projapati-2-on-27th-march-2026/ |archive-date=2026-04-09 |access-date=2026-04-09 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> <br /> === Box office ===<br /> ''Projapati 2'' opened to thunderous response earning {{INR|1.65}} crore on its first day,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-12-18 |title=বক্স অফিসে কত আয় করে ব্লকবাস্টার হয়েছিল মিঠুন ও দেবের 'প্রজাপতি ২'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/box-office-collection-of-mithun-chakraborty-dev-blockbuster-movie-projapati-4-times-earnings-of-budget-box-office-report-projapati-2-coming-soc-1318957-2025-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105071608/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/box-office-collection-of-mithun-chakraborty-dev-blockbuster-movie-projapati-4-times-earnings-of-budget-box-office-report-projapati-2-coming-soc-1318957-2025-12-18 |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=[[Aaj Tak]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; being the fourth highest opener in the domestic Bengali market after ''[[Dhumketu (2025 film)|Dhumketu]]'' (2025), ''[[Amazon Obhijaan]]'' (2017) and ''[[Chander Pahar (film)|Chander Pahar]]'' (2013).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WBBO |date=2025-12-26 |title=Christmas 2025 Box Office: Big Openings for Projapati 2, Mitin Mashi 3 and LGNR — Yet Khadaan Remains Ahead |url=https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/12/26/christmas-2025-box-office-big-openings-for-projapati-2-mitin-mashi-3-and-lgnr-yet-khadaan-remains-ahead/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102061011/https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/12/26/christmas-2025-box-office-big-openings-for-projapati-2-mitin-mashi-3-and-lgnr-yet-khadaan-remains-ahead/ |archive-date=2026-01-02 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Tollywood Chronicle |language=en |quote=''Projapati 2'' secured 4th biggest opening ever for any Bengali movie, only behind ''Dhumketu'', ''Amazon Obhijaan'' and ''Chander Pahar''.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reportedly, it led the box-office in the clash and grossed over {{INR|7.55}} crore in just four days,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WBBO |first= |date=2025-12-30 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Nearly 2 Lakh Viewers Watched Bengali Films This Christmas Weekend: TollyChronicle Report |url=https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/12/30/bengali-films-christmas-2025-footfalls-report/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409055930/https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/12/30/bengali-films-christmas-2025-footfalls-report/ |archive-date=2026-04-09 |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Tollywood Chronicle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; beating the footfalls of ''[[Dhurandhar]]'' in West Bengal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WBBO |first= |date=2025-12-29 |title=FACT CHECK: Christmas Weekend 2025 — Projapati 2 Leads Bengali BO with Rs. 7.55 cr, BUT… Dhurandhar Holdover Matches All New Releases |url=https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/12/29/fact-check-christmas-weekend-2025-projapati-2-leads-bengali-bo-with-rs-2-25-cr-but-dhurandhar-holdover-matches-all-new-releases/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409055652/https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/12/29/fact-check-christmas-weekend-2025-projapati-2-leads-bengali-bo-with-rs-2-25-cr-but-dhurandhar-holdover-matches-all-new-releases/ |archive-date=2026-04-09 |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Tollywood Chronicle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It became the second highest-grossing Bengali franchise at that time,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WBBO |first= |date=2026-01-30 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Projapati Overtakes Guptodhon Franchise to Claim No. 2, But the Race Is Far From Over |url=https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2026/01/30/exclusive-projapati-overtakes-guptodhon-franchise-to-claim-no-2-but-the-race-is-far-from-over/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409060932/https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2026/01/30/exclusive-projapati-overtakes-guptodhon-franchise-to-claim-no-2-but-the-race-is-far-from-over/ |archive-date=2026-04-09 |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Tollywood Chronicle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; until the release of ''[[Vijaynagar'er Hirey]]'' of [[SVF Kakababu franchise]] in January 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WBBO |first= |date=2025-12-30 |title=Projapati Becomes 2nd Highest-Grossing Bengali Film Franchise — Closing In On Elite League |url=https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/12/30/projapati-becomes-4th-highest-grossing-bengali-film-franchise-closing-in-on-elite-league/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409060659/https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/12/30/projapati-becomes-4th-highest-grossing-bengali-film-franchise-closing-in-on-elite-league/ |archive-date=2026-04-09 |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Tollywood Chronicle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Critical reception ===<br /> Raima Ganguly of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and opined &quot;''Projapati 2'' knows exactly what it wants to be and wears its commercial heart on its sleeve. Mithun Chakraborty delivers a performance rooted in quiet strength and lived-in emotion. Dev looks effortlessly dapper throughout, carrying the film with ease and confidence.&quot; She also praised Kahali's performance, addressing her as &quot;the surprise package&quot; and Gannguli's music.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Raima |date=2025-12-27 |title=''Projapati 2'' Movie Review: A full-on commercial treat with heart, laughs and star power |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/projapati-2/movie-review/126190110.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226192945/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/projapati-2/movie-review/126190110.cms |archive-date=2025-12-26 |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}{{rating|3.5|5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anurupa Chakraborty of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote &quot;The father-son bond is beautifully captured in this simple meal of leftover rice&quot;. She also added that seeing Mithun and Dev together in this picture, one can only exclaim, &quot;Joy Guru!&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Anurupa |date=2025-12-27 |title=''Projapati 2'' Review: জয়-গুরু..! পান্তা ভাতেই মিশল বাপ-ব্যাটার প্রেম, কেমন হল 'প্রজাপতি ২'? |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/dev-mithun-chakraborty-starrer-projapoti-2-review-read-here-10947066 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226194355/https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/parno-mitra-joins-tmc-after-bjp-exit-10948661 |archive-date=2025-12-26 |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=bn}}{{rating|4|5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Rinika Roy Chowdhury of ''[[Ei Samay]]'' reviewed the film and wrote &quot;There is no exaggeration, no artificiality anywhere—it naturally touches the hearts of the viewers. Instead of heroic swagger, Dev's performance here is marked by a sense of responsibility and sensitivity. Mithun Chakraborty's presence deepens the emotional impact of the film.&quot; She also praised the cinematography, editing and soundtrack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=রায় চৌধুরী |first=রিনিকা |date=2025-12-26 |title='প্রজাপতি ২', সম্পর্কের মূল্য আর পারিবারিক বন্ধনের কথা বলে |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/projapati-2-movies-story-talks-about-the-value-of-relationships-and-family-bonds/200455572.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251227044411/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/projapati-2-movies-story-talks-about-the-value-of-relationships-and-family-bonds/200455572.cms |archive-date=2025-12-27 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; A reviewer of ''[[Aaj Tak]]'' highlighted &quot;It has been proven once again that Dev never lags behind in the competition, who understands perfectly how to balance commercial and family-oriented films.&quot; She also considered the film as a &quot;Mithun Chakraborty vehicle&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-12-29 |title=Projapati 2 Review: 'প্রজাপতি ২' কেমন হল? দেখতে যাওয়া যাবে? Review পড়ে নিন |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/dev-mithun-chakraborty-starrer-projapoti-2-review-bengali-movie-review-entertainment-news-sum-1323636-2025-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230150720/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/dev-mithun-chakraborty-starrer-projapoti-2-review-bengali-movie-review-entertainment-news-sum-1323636-2025-12-29 |archive-date=2025-12-30 |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=[[Aaj Tak]] |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Addressing Chakraborty as &quot;the emotional backbone of the film&quot;, Souvik Saha of ''Cine Kolkata'' rated the film 3/5 stars and opined &quot;The culinary angle, chef challenges and food-related conflicts are woven naturally into the story. From London-to-Kolkata transitions to the authentic ''bhater hotel'' setting, the film retains a strong Bengali essence, reflecting middle-class struggles and familial bonds. Music by Jeet Gannguli, particularly Nachiketa’s standout track, elevate key moments.&quot; He also praised its cinematography, editing and punchlines by Das.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Saha |first=Souvik |date=2025-12-26 |title=Projapati 2 Review : A Familiar Father-Son Story Saved by Emotion |url=https://cinekolkata.com/review/projapati-2-review/ |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Cine Kolkata |language=en-US}}{{rating|3|5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sharmistha Ghosal of ''[[The New Indian Express|Indulge Express]]'' quoted &quot;There is nothing to reiterate about the presence and performance of Mithun Chakraborty, who spontaneously turns on his natural flair on the screen. A special mention must be made of Kharaj Mukherjee – Tulsi Chakraborty of our generation – who can elicit laughter even during predictable moments. But the one person who steals the show and owns the film from the beginning to the end is Dev. He’s not only looking smart and dapper as he always does, but he also steals the moments with poise, grace and restraint of a mature actor.&quot; She also cited Kahali as &quot;the true lady superstar of the film&quot;, who matched her tiny steps with Chakraborty and Dev with aplomb.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ghosal |first=Sharmistha |date=2025-12-25 |title=Dev's Christmas release, Projapati 2, is a family entertainer you can't miss! |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/cinema/2025/Dec/25/devs-christmas-releaseprojapati-2-is-a-family-entertainer-you-cant-miss |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102054933/https://www.indulgexpress.com/cinema/2025/Dec/25/devs-christmas-releaseprojapati-2-is-a-family-entertainer-you-cant-miss |archive-date=2026-01-02 |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=[[Indulge Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Dipanwita Ghosh Mukherjee of ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote &quot;The director has depicted the continuous flow of dreaming, having those dreams shattered, and then piecing together the fragments to build new dreams, which is so characteristic of ordinary middle-class families; this film will also evoke even more emotions.&quot; She also added that there's no need to mention Mithun Chakraborty separately, whose performance spoke for itself, and also Dev had delivered another incredibly mature performance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ghosh Mukherjee |first=Dipanwita |date=2025-12-26 |title=প্রজাপতি ২: পড়ুন রিভিউ |url=https://www.aaroananda.com/story/entertainment-news/movie-reviews/projapoti-2-mastering-mass-appeal-in-family-drama/10981326 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102053413/https://www.aaroananda.com/story/entertainment-news/movie-reviews/projapoti-2-mastering-mass-appeal-in-family-drama/10981326 |archive-date=2026-01-02 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn}}{{rating|3|5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Award<br /> !Ceremony date<br /> !Category<br /> !Recipient(s)<br /> !Result<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |9th WBFJA Awards<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |11 January 2026<br /> |Most Popular Film<br /> |''Projapati 2''<br /> |{{Nominated}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Actor (Male)<br /> |[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Director<br /> |[[Avijit Sen]]<br /> |{{Nominated}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Music Director<br /> |[[Jeet Gannguli]]<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Playback Singer (Male)<br /> |[[Jeet Gannguli]]<br /> |{{Nominated}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Promising Actor (Female)<br /> |Anumegha Kahali<br /> |{{Nominated}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Promising Actor in a Comic Role<br /> |[[Kharaj Mukherjee]]<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2025 films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Bengali-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 romantic comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language family drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language romantic comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Avijit Sen]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Jeet Gannguli]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in London]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in London]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Dev Entertainment Ventures films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]<br /> [[Category:Films about father–daughter relationships]]<br /> [[Category:Films about widowhood in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films about chefs]]<br /> [[Category:Films about food and drink]]<br /> [[Category:Films about arranged marriage]]<br /> [[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]<br /> [[Category:Films about businesspeople]]<br /> [[Category:Films about death]]<br /> [[Category:Films about families]]<br /> [[Category:Indian sequel films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian family films]]<br /> [[Category:Slice of life films]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valparai_Assembly_constituency&diff=543481 2026-05-07T09:58:15Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: Made A Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{coord|10.327556|N|76.955271|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Valparai<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 124<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Valparai.svg<br /> | established = 1967<br /> | district = [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi]]<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | mla = [[Casual vacancy|Vacant]]<br /> | party = &lt;!-- {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} --&gt;<br /> | alliance = &lt;!-- {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}} --&gt;<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | electors = 173,608 <br /> }}<br /> '''Valparai''' is a legislative assembly in [[Coimbatore district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], which includes the city of [[Valparai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its State Assembly Constituency number is 124. Valparai Assembly constituency is part of [[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf<br /> |title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies<br /> |access-date = 2008-10-10<br /> |work = Tamil Nadu<br /> |publisher = Election Commission of India<br /> |url-status = dead<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf<br /> |archive-date = 2009-02-06<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; This seat is reserved for candidates from the [[Scheduled Castes]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Election<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1967]]<br /> | rowspan=2|[[E. Ramaswamy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1971]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1977]]<br /> | R. S. Thangavelu<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1980]]<br /> | [[A. T. Karuppiah]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1984]]<br /> | V. Thangavelu<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989]]<br /> | P. Lakshmi<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1991]]<br /> | A. Sridharan<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1996]]<br /> | [[V. P. Singaravelu]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001]]<br /> | rowspan=2|[[N. Kovaithangam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2011]]<br /> | [[M. Arumugham]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2016]]<br /> | V. Kasthuri Vasu<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2021]]<br /> | [[T. K. Amulkandasami]]<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | Kutty (alias) Sudhakar. A<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2026|2026]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|36.34}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.34}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.68}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|49.16}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.94}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|53.21}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.50}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.71}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.52}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|63.46}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|56.83}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|34.18}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|65.35}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|66.24}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Valparai}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate= A. Sudhakar|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,671 |percentage=36.34 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Lakshmana Singh|party=AIADMK|votes=43728 |percentage=29.07 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sreedharan|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes=45,300 |percentage=30.11 |change=''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Umadevi Periyapaandi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=5256 |percentage=3.49 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above (India) |votes=675 |percentage=0.45 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes= 150,431 |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 172284|change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2021 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Valparai&lt;ref name=election2021&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Tmil Nadu General Legislative Election 2021 - Tamil Nadu - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date= 19 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Valparai Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a124|access-date= 2 Jul 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. K. Amulkandasami]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=71,672 |percentage=49.34% |change=+0.66 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Arumugham]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=59,449 |percentage=40.93% |change=+38.5 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Kohila |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=7,632 |percentage=5.25% |change=+4.55 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Senthilraj |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=3,314 |percentage=2.28% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above (India) |votes=1,415 |percentage=0.97% |change=-0.56 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Murugaraj |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=1,335 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,223 |percentage=8.41% |change= 2.68% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=145,259 |percentage=70.69% |change= -2.35% }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=87|percentage=0.06% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 205,479 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.66% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Valparai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Kasthuri Vasu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,980 |percentage=48.68% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Paulpandi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,736 |percentage=42.95% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Manibharathi |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,494 |percentage=2.43% |change=-46.73 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Murugesan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,565 |percentage=1.78% |change=-0.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above (India) |votes=2,206 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Anbazhagan |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=1,284 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Saraladevi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,019 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,244 |percentage=5.74% |change= 2.99% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=143,743 |percentage=73.04% |change= -3.70% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 196,795 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -0.47% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2011 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Valparai&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Arumugham]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=61,171 |percentage=49.16% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Kovaithangam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=57,750 |percentage=46.41% |change=-7.53 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Murugesan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,273 |percentage=1.83% |change=-1.49 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Rangasami |party=Independent politician |votes=1,912 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Arumugam |party=Independent politician |votes=787 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,421 |percentage=2.75% |change= -21.55% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=124,440 |percentage=76.74% |change= 9.23% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,159 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -4.78% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Valparai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Kovaithangam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46,561 |percentage=53.94% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kalaiyarasan Susi |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=25,582 |percentage=29.64% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Murugaraj |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=6,845 |percentage=7.93% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thangavel |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,861 |percentage=3.31% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. A. Shreedaran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,696 |percentage=1.96% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Devaki |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=823 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Thilagavathi |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=521 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ravichandran |party=Independent politician |votes=447 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,979 |percentage=24.30% |change= 4.20% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=86,321 |percentage=67.51% |change= 4.18% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,872 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= 0.73% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Valparai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Kovaithangam]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=47,428 |percentage=53.21% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Dr. K Krishnaswamy]] |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=29,513 |percentage=33.11% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Chinnaswami |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,626 |percentage=8.56% |change=+3.09 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Manoharan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,425 |percentage=1.60% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ravichandran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,223 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kanagaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=708 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Pukalendhi |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=613 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,915 |percentage=20.10% |change= -7.10% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=89,131 |percentage=63.33% |change= -7.05% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 140,873 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -6.29% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Valparai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. P. Singaravelu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,284 |percentage=59.50% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kurichimanimaran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,012 |percentage=32.30% |change=-28.41 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Tamilvanan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,082 |percentage=5.47% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Karuppasamy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,244 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,272 |percentage=27.20% |change= 3.94% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=92,918 |percentage=70.38% |change= 4.25% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,911 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.21% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Valparai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Sridharan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,284 |percentage=60.71% |change=+18.19 }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. T. Karuppiah]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=34,100 |percentage=37.45% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kulandairaj |party=Janata Party |votes=596 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,184 |percentage=23.26% |change= 15.85% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=91,063 |percentage=66.13% |change= -7.85% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,551 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 18.19% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Valparai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Lakshmi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,296 |percentage=42.52% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. M. Shanmugam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,624 |percentage=35.11% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Thangavelu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,842 |percentage=16.48% |change=-46.98 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. M. Thiyagarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,411 |percentage=4.90% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,672 |percentage=7.41% |change= -22.09% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=90,063 |percentage=73.99% |change= 1.82% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,811 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -20.94% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Valparai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Thangavelu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=48,779 |percentage=63.46% |change=+22.62 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. T. Karuppiah]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=26,109 |percentage=33.97% |change=-22.86 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Thiyagarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=695 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Madasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=544 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vellasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=489 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,670 |percentage=29.49% |change= 13.51% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=76,864 |percentage=72.16% |change= 1.19% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,330 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 6.63% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Valparai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. T. Karuppiah]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=46,406 |percentage=56.83% |change=+30.3 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Kovaithangam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,354 |percentage=40.85% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kuppuswami |party=Independent politician |votes=1,670 |percentage=2.05% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,052 |percentage=15.98% |change= 8.33% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=81,658 |percentage=70.97% |change= 13.20% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,974 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 22.65% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Valparai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. S. Thangavelu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,926 |percentage=34.18% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. T. Karuppiah]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=16,241 |percentage=26.53% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. M. Shanmugham |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=16,008 |percentage=26.15% |change=-39.2 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Vellusamy |party=Janata Party |votes=7,098 |percentage=11.60% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Chelliah |party=Independent politician |votes=401 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,685 |percentage=7.65% |change= -32.87% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=61,215 |percentage=57.77% |change= -6.39% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,590 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -31.16% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Valparai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. Ramaswamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,779 |percentage=65.35% |change=-0.89 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kuppuswamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,728 |percentage=24.82% |change=-8.94 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Makaliappan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,733 |percentage=7.98% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Raji |party=Independent politician |votes=570 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Subramaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=534 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,051 |percentage=40.53% |change= 8.05% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=59,344 |percentage=64.16% |change= -5.86% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,532 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.89% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Valparai&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. Ramaswamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,945 |percentage=66.24% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Nachimuthu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,868 |percentage=33.76% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,077 |percentage=32.48% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=61,813 |percentage=70.02% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,874 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010|url-status= dead|df= mdy-all}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Coimbatore district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br /> [[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khada_Parsi&diff=509428 2026-05-06T21:17:54Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: creating a details more to come</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Heritage statue in Byculla, Mumbai}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox monument<br /> | name = Khada Parsi<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image = Standing Parsi Statue or the Khada Parsi and the Byculla Hotel - Bombay, Circa 1850-1870 (cropped).jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = Standing Parsi Statue or the Khada Parsi, {{circa}} 1870<br /> | location = [[Byculla]], [[Mumbai]], India<br /> | designer = <br /> | type = [[Statue]]<br /> | material = [[Cast iron]]<br /> | length = <br /> | width = <br /> | height = {{Convert|40|ft|m}}<br /> | weight = <br /> | visitors_num = <br /> | visitors_year = <br /> | begin = 1865<br /> | complete = 1867<br /> | dedicated = <br /> | open = <br /> | restore = 2014<br /> | dismantled = <br /> | dedicated_to = Cursetjee Manockjee (1763—1845)<br /> | pushpin map = <br /> | relief = <br /> | pushpin map alt = <br /> | pushpin label position = <br /> | map caption = <br /> | pushpin mapsize = <br /> | mapframe = yes&lt;!-- See [[#Mapframe maps]] for more information. --&gt;<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|18.9715541|72.8324427|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | website = <br /> | extra_label = <br /> | extra = <br /> }}<br /> '''Khada Parsi''', '''Ubha Parsi'''{{efn|in the [[Marathi language]]}} ({{translation|Standing Parsi}}){{efn|[[Rais Shaikh]], MLA and corporator of the area, claims that the statue is actually referred to as the &quot;Khara Parsi&quot; ({{Translation|True Parsi}})&lt;ref name=&quot;IEArt22&quot; /&gt;}} or '''Cursetjee Fountain''' is a Grade 1 heritage monument located in [[Byculla]], [[Mumbai]], India.&lt;ref name=&quot;IEArt22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |first=Mohamed |last=Thaver |date=2022-03-19 |title=Art Street: The 'Oldest Parsi in Mumbai' who has been overseeing the city for over 150 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/art-street-the-oldest-parsi-in-mumbai-who-has-been-overseeing-the-city-for-over-150-years-7826790/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Installed in 1867, the monument features a life-sized [[cast iron]] statue of Cursetjee Manockjee (19 August 1763 — 7 May 1845), a prominent [[Parsi]] businessman and philanthropist, atop a pillar and surrounded by mermaid fountains.&lt;ref name=&quot;Print2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Walimbe |first=Kasturi |date=2026-04-12 |title=Khada Parsi in Byculla is an act of colonial defiance. And a son's tribute to his father |url=https://theprint.in/feature/around-town/khada-parsi-in-byculla-is-an-act-of-colonial-defiance-and-a-sons-tribute-to-his-father/2902534/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is considered one of the oldest Parsi statues in Mumbai.&lt;ref name=&quot;IEArt22&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> ===Commissioning===<br /> [[File:Manockjee Cursetjee Brockedon.jpg|thumb|[[Manockjee Cursetjee]] commissioned the statue as a tribute to his father]]<br /> The monument was commissioned by [[Manockjee Cursetjee]] as a tribute to his father, Cursetjee Manockjee, a philanthropist. In 1862, Manockjee Cursetjee visited an international exhibition in [[London]] and saw a [[Chile]]an fountain on display, featuring four waterspout mermaid fountains&lt;ref name=&quot;Print2024&quot; /&gt; surrounding the ancient goddess [[Ceres (mythology)|Ceres]]. This statue was commissioned by Chilean politician Pascual Binemelis Campos and was installed in the city of [[Concepción, Chile]] in 1857.&lt;ref name=&quot;HaywardMermaid18&quot; /&gt; This statue inspired Cursetjee to dedicate a monument to his father.&lt;ref name=&quot;MMElsewhere08&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1865, he went to London once again, accompanied by his daughter Serene, and commissioned fountain maker John Bell to build the structure. The total cost of the monument at the time was approximately {{INRConvert|20|k|year=1865}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Print2024&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Installation===<br /> Municipal officials objected to the installation of the statue. Manockjee Cursetjee then reclaimed some land in Byculla that he had donated and got the statue installed, without any formal approval or any formal inauguration. It thus became only the third statue of an Indian in Bombay after those of [[Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy]] and [[Jagannath Shankarseth]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Print2024&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Reverence by locals===<br /> Soon after, Govind Narayan, a historian, stated that locals began treating it &quot;almost as an object of worship, offering coconuts and prayers.&quot; They would collect the water from the fountain for their use and use the lamps as streetlights.&lt;ref name=&quot;Print2024&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Neglect===<br /> By 1915, there were reports of its neglect, with reports stating that the lamps were missing and that the fountains were running dry.&lt;ref name=&quot;Print2024&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Shift in location and donation to BMC===<br /> The statue was initially installed on the one end of Clare Road in Byculla. In 1928, it was relocated to its current location on the other side of Clare Road, at the base of the Byculla bridge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Print2024&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Khada Parsi and vintage cars, c. 1929.jpg|thumb|Khada Parsi and vintage cars, c. 1929]]<br /> The statue was then presented to the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) by the family with the condition that it be maintained and provided with a continuous water supply for its fountains. While it was initially placed in a more prominent, open setting, urban development eventually resulted in it being hemmed in by two major flyovers: the Y-shaped flyover and the Byculla flyover.&lt;ref name=&quot;MMElsewhere08&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |first=Sudhir |last=Suryawanshi |date=Apr 2, 2008 |title=Khada Parsi may stand elsewhere |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/khada-parsi-may-stand-elsewhere/articleshow/15798777.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Design==<br /> The [[life-size statue]] of Cursetjee Manockjee is depicted as a man with a moustache who is dressed in traditional Parsi attire, the ''jama-pichori'', and a shawl draped over his shoulders. In its left hand, the statue holds two pieces of sandalwood while it holds a book in its right hand, signifying scriptures from [[Zoroastrianism]]. An identifying plaque states:&lt;ref name=&quot;Print2024&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Quote|Cursetjee Manockjee. Born 19th August 1763. Died 7th May 1845.}}<br /> <br /> The central pillar on which the statue stands is about {{Convert|40|ft|m}} tall. The pillar resembles the [[pillars of Ashoka]] and the [[Persepolitan column]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Print2024&quot; /&gt; The base of the pillar features four [[mermaid]]s blowing conches, which function as water fountains. The mermaids are depicted with their breasts bare and they have long, curling tails.&lt;ref name=&quot;HaywardMermaid18&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hayward |first=Philip |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=JuxjDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT51&amp;lpg=PT51&amp;dq=Mermaid+statue+panjim |title=Scaled for Success: The Internationalisation of the Mermaid |date=2018-07-26 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-86196-951-7 |language=en |page=51}}&lt;/ref&gt; The mermaids were surrounded by four gas lights, and four more gas lights are placed a little higher on the pillar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Print2024&quot; /&gt; The structure is built in the [[Gothic Revival architecture]] style.&lt;ref name=&quot;HaywardMermaid18&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The fountain's water came from Vihar Water Works and the gas for the lights was sourced from the Bombay Gas Company.&lt;ref name=&quot;Print2024&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Relocation proposals==<br /> Over the decades, the monument was subject to neglect, corrosion, and theft of its bronze lamps. In the late 2010s, the BMC considered shifting the statue to a different location, such as Five Gardens in [[Matunga]] or a traffic island near the [[Bhau Daji Lad Museum]], to improve its visibility and protect it from traffic pollution.&lt;ref name=&quot;MMElsewhere08&quot; /&gt; It was also proposed to be shifted to the Mumbai Fire Brigade headquarters. However, heritage conservationists and the local community opposed the move, arguing that the statue was a landmark intrinsic to Byculla.&lt;ref name=&quot;IERetain09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |first=Shweta |last=Desai |date=2009-01-25 |title=Khada Parsi to retain his Byculla spot |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/khada-parsi-to-retain-his-byculla-spot/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Restoration==<br /> In 2014, the BMC completed a major restoration project at a cost of approximately {{INRConvert|2|c|year=2014}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;MMRestored14&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |first=Chaitanya |last=Marpakwar |date=2014-06-19 |title=Iconic Khada Parsi statue restored |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/iconic-khada-parsi-statue-restored/articleshow/36786876.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The renovated statue was inaugurated in the presence of [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena]] chief [[Uddhav Thackeray]]. Pankaj Joshi was the consulting architect for the project, who claims that it is the only cast iron statue in the city. {{INRConvert|6|l|year=2014}} would be spent on its maintenance yearly. The eight gas lamps were restored. The mermaid water fountain was restored with black basalt rock sourced from [[Rajasthan]]. More than 400 pieces of the monument were restored using stones from [[Nagpur]], Rajasthan and [[Mangalore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |first=Omar |last=Rashid |date=2014-06-20 |title=After restoration, Khada Parsi stands tall |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/after-restoration-khada-parsi-stands-tall/article6133996.ece |access-date=2026-04-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sandblasting]] was done to clean the statue of decades of dirt and dust, after which a special putty was applied and then oxidized to produce a jet black colour. Fresh pipelines for water and gas were constructed; the eight lamps will use around {{Convert|8|kg|oz}} of gas per hour. Further, a small seating space was cleared around the fountain. Skilled workers from [[Makrana]], Rajasthan, were brought to conduct the stone work.&lt;ref name=&quot;MMRestored14&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Portrayal==<br /> [[File:A painting titled ‘Landscape’ by AM Mali. It features the Khada Parsi fountain statue at Byculla, Mumbai (Dates Unknown).jpg|thumb|A painting titled ''Landscape'' by A. Mali. It features the Khada Parsi fountain statue at Byculla, Mumbai (Dates Unknown)]]<br /> The statue is portrayed in a 1948 painting by A. S. Tendulkar and in another undated painting by A. Mali. Both these paintings were on display at the [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]] as part of the ''Bombay Framed'' exhibition in April 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;Print2024&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2014, graphic designer and illustrator Garima Gupta created an animated video featuring the statue.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |first=Dhara |last=Vora |date=8 August 2014 |title=Khada Parsi gets its own video |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/culture/article/Khada-Parsi-gets-its-own-video-15514154 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Mid-day}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Commons category inline}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Monuments and memorials in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Cultural history of Maharashtra]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anupam_Mittal&diff=487005 2026-05-04T17:43:58Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur and investor}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = &lt;!-- defaults to article title when left blank --&gt;<br /> | image = Anupam Mittal.jpg<br /> | image_upright = <br /> | landscape = <br /> | caption = <br /> | pronunciation = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|12|23|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India {{small|(present-day Mumbai)}}<br /> | education = <br /> | alma_mater = [[Boston College]]<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|[[Entrepreneur]]|[[Businessperson]]|[[Investor]]}}<br /> | years_active = 1996–present<br /> | organization = [[Shaadi.com]]<br /> | television = ''[[Shark Tank India]]'' (2021–present)<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Aanchal Kumar|2013}}<br /> | mother = <br /> | father = <br /> | awards = <br /> | children = 1<br /> | signature = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Anupam Mittal''' (born 23 December 1971&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-01-05 |title=Anupam Mittal Biography: Birth, Age, Family, Education, Career, Net Worth, Shark Tank India, and More |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/anupam-mittal-biography-1641395244-1 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;) is an Indian entrepreneur, business executive and [[angel investor]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kashyap |first=Karan |title=The 8 Most Prominent Angel Investors In India |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/krnkashyap/2016/09/29/the-8-most-prominent-angel-investors-in-india/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is the founder and CEO of People Group and [[Shaadi.com]]. Apart from starting Shaadi.com, an Indian online wedding service, he has also been a prominent investor in [[Shark Tank India (season 1)|''Shark Tank'' Season 1]], [[Shark Tank India (season 2)|2]], 3, 4 and [[Shark Tank India (season 3)|5]], investing in over 250 companies. He was also the co-founder and chairperson of the [[Internet and Mobile Association of India]] (IAMAI) from 2006 to 2007 and is currently on its Governing Council. He is the recipient of the [[Karmaveer Chakra Award]]. He has also acted in and produced Bollywood films such as [[99 (2009 film)|''99'']] and [[Flavors (film)|''Flavors'']].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Leadership {{!}} IAMAI |url=https://www.iamai.in/our-leadership |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.iamai.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-04 |title=Anupam Mittal net worth: The Shaadi.com founder's net worth is around Rs 15 Crore |url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/anupam-mittal-net-worth-the-shaadicom-founders-net-worth-is-around-rs-15000-crore |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shanthi |first=S. |date=2022-02-04 |title=Anupam Mittal: The Bull Shark |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/entrepreneurs/anupam-mittal-the-bull-shark/416945 |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> He was born in Mumbai, India, and did his schooling at Jai Hind College. He graduated from [[Boston College]], Massachusetts. He did his MBA in Operations and Strategic Management.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-28 |title=Ashneer Grover to Vineeta Singh; Educational qualifications of Shark Tank India judges |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ashneer-grover-to-vineeta-singh-a-quick-look-at-the-educational-qualifications-of-shark-tank-india-judges/photostory/89891928.cms |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Following his graduation, Mittal worked at [[MicroStrategy]] as a product manager. A personal experience with a matrimonial consultant sparked an idea. He then started Sagai.com in 1997, the first of its kind, an online matrimonial portal now known as Shaadi.com. After Shaadi.com, Mittal started India’s first mobile gaming company, Mauj Mobile and India’s property marketplaces, [[Makaan.com]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-04 |title=Anupam Mittal celebrates 10th anniversary with Anchal Kumar; Check out net worth of Shark Tank India judge |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/shark-tank-indias-anupam-mittals-net-worth-1228658 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He served as the Chairperson of the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI) from 2006–2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anupam Mittal launches DreamDeal initiative; provides budding Indian entrepreneurs grants upto Rs 1 lakh |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/anupam-mittal-launches-dreamdeal-initiative-provides-budding-indian-entrepreneurs-grants-upto-rs-1-lakh/2623025/ |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=Financialexpress |date=9 August 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-07 |title=Shark Tank India: Failures to towering success, here are Anupam Mittal's lesser-known facts |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/shark-tank-india-failures-towering-success-here-are-anupam-mittals-lesser-known-facts-1062850 |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Balakrishnan |first=Reghu |date=2014-11-27 |title=Anupam Mittal: The fund man behind Ola, Shaadi &amp; many more |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/anupam-mittal-the-fund-man-behind-ola-shaadi-many-more-114112600287_1.html |access-date=2023-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-12-07 |title=Social networking sites are not a threat to conventional websites: Anupam Mittal, founder &amp; CEO, People Group |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/interviews/social-networking-sites-are-not-a-threat-to-conventional-websites-anupam-mittal-founder-ceo-people-group/articleshow/9284085.cms |access-date=2023-02-12 |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-08-07 |title='It is best time for start-ups to raise money in India' |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/lsquoIt-is-best-time-for-start-ups-to-raise-money-in-India/article20330318.ece |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shaadi.com's Anupam Mittal: A Bachelor Finds Success as an Online Matchmaker |url=https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/shaadi-coms-anupam-mittal-a-bachelor-finds-success-as-an-online-matchmaker/ |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=Knowledge at Wharton |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Startups and investments ===<br /> Anupam Mittal was one of the earliest investors in [[Ola Cabs]], one of India's biggest mobility start-ups. Mittal has been an angel investor in over 250 startups before Shark Tank in sectors such as clean technology, consumer internet, mobile, healthcare and [[Software as a service|SaaS]]. Some notable investments are Rupeek, Agnikul, Basic Home Loan, Animall, Interactive Avenues, [[BigBasket]], [https://mitigata.com/ Mitigata-Smart Cyber Insurance], [[Rapido (company)|Rapido]] and WhatFix.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shark Tank India Season 2: 15 सही कंपनी में निवेश 200 कंपनियों के नुकसान को कवर करने के लिए काफी, अनुपम मित्तल का क्या है संकेत? |url=https://hindi.economictimes.com/sme/shark-tank-india-season-2-anupam-mittal-on-start-up-investment/articleshow/97266161.cms |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=The Economic Times Hindi |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Shark Tank ===<br /> Mittal has been a &quot;Shark&quot; on the [[SonyLIV|SonyLiv]] reality program ''Shark Tank India'' in Seasons [[Shark Tank India (season 1)|1]], [[Shark Tank India (season 2)|2]] and [[Shark Tank India (season 3)|3]]. In Season 1, he invested ₹54,000,000 (US$680,000) across 25 businesses, whereas In Season 2,{{INRConvert|54000000}} across 25 businesses whereas In Season 3 he invested close to {{INRConvert|80500000}} in companies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-14 |title='There were hardly any VCs in India': Shark Tank's Anupam Mittal shares how he raised funds |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/entrepreneurship/story/there-were-hardly-any-vcs-in-india-shark-tanks-anupam-mittal-shares-how-he-raised-funds-from-sequoia-svb-westbridge-370161-2023-02-14 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Business Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Films and entertainment ====<br /> Mittal also acted and produced in the Bollywood movies ''[[99 (2009 film)|99]]'' and ''[[Flavors (film)|Flavors]]'', directed by his close friends [[Raj &amp; DK]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Koimoi com |date=2023-01-31 |title=Did You Know? Shark Tank Panelist Anupam Mittal Has Produced A Bollywood Film With Raj &amp; DK, Featured In Another Co-Starring Boman Irani! |url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/did-you-know-shark-tank-panelist-anupam-mittal-has-produced-a-bollywood-film-with-raj-dk-featured-in-another-co-starring-boman-irani/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; On television, Mittal has appeared in Seasons 1 and 2 of the Indian business reality show ''Shark Tank India''. As part of the promotions for ''Shark Tank India'', Mittal has appeared in several other television and shows, like [[Amitabh Bachchan]]’s ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'' and ''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]''.<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> [[File:Anupam Mittal with Aanchal Kumar 2.jpg|thumb|Mittal with his wife Aanchal Kumar]]<br /> <br /> Mittal was born on 23 December 1971 in [[Mumbai]] to Bhagwati Devi Mittal and Gopal Krishna Mittal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=From Millionaire To Bankruptcy And Bouncing Back To New Heights: Success Story Of Anupam Mittal |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/from-millionaire-to-bankruptcy-and-bouncing-back-to-new-heights-success-story-of-anupam-mittal-2798866.html |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=Zee News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013, Mittal married his long-term girlfriend, [[model (person)|model]] [[Aanchal Kumar]], in [[Jaipur]]. They have a daughter, Alyssa Mittal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-12-04 |title=Shark Tank India judge Anupam Mittal shares stunning pictures from his daughter Alyssa Mittal's mermaid-themed birthday party; see pics |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shark-tank-india-judge-anupam-mittal-shares-stunning-pictures-from-his-daughter-alyssa-mittals-mermaid-themed-birthday-party-see-pics/articleshow/95976876.cms |access-date=2023-07-05 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-02 |title=When Shark Tank India's Anupam Mittal tied the knot with Bigg Boss 4's Anchal Kumar. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shark-tank-india-anupam-mittal-bigg-boss-anchal-kumar-wedding-video-7753273/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and recognitions ==<br /> * 2011, Mittal received the award for the most innovative company in India by ''[[Fast Company]]'', a US Business Publication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-08-07 |title='It is best time for start-ups to raise money in India' |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/lsquoIt-is-best-time-for-start-ups-to-raise-money-in-India/article20330318.ece |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Mittal received Karmaveer Chakra Award in the category of Entrepreneurs for Social Change.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-07 |title=9 Lesser Known Facts About Shark Tank India's Anupam Mittal |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/facts-about-shark-tank-india-s-anupam-mittal/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=ScoopWhoop |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Mittal was listed by ''[[Business Standard]]'' as the top angel investor in 2014 and 2015 for investing in 25 and 34 start-ups respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Ranju |date=2018-01-25 |title=Here's why top angel investors take a back seat on investing in start-ups |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/here-s-why-top-angel-investors-take-a-back-seat-on-investing-in-start-ups-118012401739_1.html |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *In 2016, Mittal was listed under The 8 Most Prominent Angel Investors in India by ''[[Forbes]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> * In 2020, he got an award as Outstanding Serial Entrepreneur and Angel Investor by the [[TiE]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2020-01-29 |title=TiE Mumbai announces its Hall of Fame |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/tie-mumbai-announces-its-hall-of-fame-120012900660_1.html |access-date=2023-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *He has also ranked in list of 50 Most Powerful People in India by a business weekly, ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shark Tank India: All you need to know about the shark Anupam Mittal, his net worth and personal life |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/shark-tank-india-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-shark-anupam-mittal-his-net-worth-and-personal-life/74bb5e556049 |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb name|1355925}}<br /> <br /> {{Shark Tank}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mittal, Anupam}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian businesspeople]]<br /> [[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Boston College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Indian company founders]]<br /> [[Category:Shark Tank India]]<br /> [[Category:1971 births]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khola,_Goa&diff=509791 2026-04-21T10:36:24Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: creating new details v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Village in Goa, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Khola<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Goa#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Goa, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|15.07|N|73.97|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Goa]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[South Goa]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 403702<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 91-08346-XXX XXX<br /> | registration_plate = GA <br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = <br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Canacona]]<br /> | website = {{URL|goa.gov.in}} <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Khola''' is a [[village]] located in [[Canacona taluka|Canacona]], [[Goa]], [[India]]. &quot;Cola&quot; is the variation of the same name.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Team |first1=Herald |title=The spicy and successful tale of Khola |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-spicy-and-successful-tale-of-Khola-/159811 |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=Herald Goa |date=24 April 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> Located in the northernmost part of Canacona taluk, [[South Goa district|South Goa]], the historic fort of [[Cabo de Rama Fort]] is located in this village.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Team |first1=Herald |title='Collapsed wall of Cabo de Rama fort needs urgent attention' |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/%E2%80%98Collapsed-wall-of-Cabo-de-Rama-fort-needs-urgent-attention%E2%80%99/176160 |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=Herald Goa |date=14 June 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notability==<br /> Cultivated uniquely on Khola village's hilly slopes, the [[Khola chilli]] stands out with its striking red hue and elongated shape, boasting moderate pungency and an enticing aroma that defines its distinctive flavor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Agri dept to try growing Khola chillies on flat land |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/agri-dept-to-try-growing-khola-chillies-on-flat-land/articleshow/76804361.cms |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=6 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=6 Indian Foods With GI Tags |url=https://www.news18.com/web-stories/lifestyle/6-indian-foods-with-gi-tags-1527411/ |website=www.news18.com |access-date=8 October 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chandra |first1=Kavita Kanan |title=The many shades of red |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/the-many-shades-of-red-1040676.html |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Team |first1=Herald |title=GI tag brings cheer to Khola's chilli farmers |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/GI-tag-brings-cheer-to-Khola%E2%80%99s-chilli-farmers-/156300 |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=Herald Goa |date=29 January 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Khola Chilli was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]] under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] on 28 August 2019 (valid until 5 August 2028).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chandra |first1=Kavita Kanan |title=The many shades of red |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/the-many-shades-of-red-1040676.html |access-date=24 September 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Geographical Indications Intellectual Property India |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/618 |access-date=24 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Year ender 2019: From Odisha's 'Rasagola' to Goa's 'Khola Chilli', here's the list of GI Tags 2019 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/odisha-s-rasagola-to-goa-s-khola-chilli-list-of-gi-tags-2019-divd-1628927-2019-12-17 |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=India Today |date=17 December 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Team |first1=Herald |title=&quot;Chilli&quot;ng their way to the bank |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/na/%E2%80%9Cchilli%E2%80%9Dng-their-way-to-the-bank-/116677 |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=Herald Goa |date=22 June 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Tourist Attractions==<br /> Khola (Cola) beach is located at this village.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Goa beaches set up 'no selfie' zones to prevent accidents |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/goa-beaches-set-up-no-selfie-zones-to-prevent-accidents/story-7L9kv86WXUyvfy6UoMPwEL.html |access-date=8 October 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in South Goa district]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenoth_G._Adiyodi&diff=509241 2026-04-20T20:20:20Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: creating new pg from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian zoologist}}<br /> {{About|the zoologist|the politician|K. G. Adiyodi}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Kenoth Govindan Adiyodi<br /> | image = Dr. K. G. Adiyodi.jpg<br /> | caption = K. G. Adiyodi in 1995<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1937|01|12}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Peralam]], [[North Malabar]] (present-day [[Peralam]], [[Kannur District]], [[Kerala]], [[India]])<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|05|28|1938|02|27}}<br /> | death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<br /> | citizenship = <br /> | alma_mater = [[Madras Christian College]], [[Kerala University]]<br /> | known_for = <br /> | signature = &lt;!--(filename only)--&gt;<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kenoth Govindan Adiyodi''' (1937–2001) was an Indian [[Zoology|zoologist]], author, and administrator. He was a member of the [[Union Public Service Commission|Union Public Service Commission of India (UPSC)]] at the time of his death in 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.upsc.gov.in/list-former-chairmen-and-members-commission |title=List of former Chairmen of the Commission |website=Union Public Service Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[K. G. Adiyodi]]'s scientific achievements include founding the International Society for Invertebrate Reproduction,&lt;ref name=&quot;isird&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.isird.org/ |title=ISIRD - Honorary members | website=International Society of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development}}&lt;/ref&gt; launching the Society's International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=editorialBoard&amp;journalCode=tinv20 |title=Invertebrate Reproduction &amp; Development Editorial Board |website=Taylor &amp; Francis Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; and publishing a 12 volume, 18 book treatise titled Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates with his wife and former Rhodes Visiting Fellow, Rita G. Adiyodi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.wiley.com/en-bd/exportProduct/pdf/9780471999096 |format=PDF |title=Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Volume 9, Part B, Progress in Male Gamete Ultrastructure and Phylogeny |website=Wiley}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> K. G. Adiyodi served as Vice Chancellor of [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]] and as Dean of Faculty of Science, [[University of Calicut]].<br /> <br /> == Life and career ==<br /> <br /> === Early life and education ===<br /> <br /> Kenoth Govindan Adiyodi was born in 1937 at Karivelloor,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Anilkumar |first=G. |last2=Hodgson |first2=Alan |last3=Primlani |first3=Mohan |date=2002 |title=Professor (Dr) K. G. Adiyodi 1938–2001 |url= |journal=Invertebrate Reproduction &amp; Development |language=en |volume=41 |issue=1-3 |pages=v–vi |doi=10.1080/07924259.2002.9652727 |issn=0792-4259}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peralam, a village in the [[Kannur district|Kannur District]] of Kerala State, to Kavil Kambrath Govinda Poduval and Kenoth Lakshmi Pillayathiri Amma. After his initial schooling at [[Payyanur]], he completed his Intermediate (Pre-University) from [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St. Aloysius College]], Mangalore in 1955 and graduated with a B.Sc. (Hons) in Zoology from [[Madras Christian College]] in 1958. He completed his MA from [[University of Madras]]. He moved to [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in 1964 to work on a research project funded by the [[Ford Foundation]] and was awarded a doctorate degree by [[Kerala University]] in 1970 for his work on Insect Neuroendocrinology under the supervision of K. K. Nayar.<br /> <br /> === Career ===<br /> <br /> Adiyodi began his teaching career as lecturer at [[St. Agnes College]], Karnataka University, Mangalore (1958–1959). He was also Lecturer at [[St. Joseph's College, Devagiri]] (1959–1964).<br /> <br /> Adiyodi joined University of Calicut in 1970 where he served as Reader in Zoology (1970 to 1977), Professor of Invertebrate Reproductive Physiology (1977 to 1994), and Dean of Faculty of Science (1988 to 1991).<br /> <br /> Adiyodi was Vice-Chancellor, Cochin University of Science and Technology (1994–1996) and was the first [[Malayali]] to serve as a member of the Union Public Service Commission of India (1996–2001).<br /> <br /> === Academic achievements ===<br /> [[File:Dr. K. G. Adiyodi and Dr. Rita G. Adiyodi.png|thumb|K. G. Adiyodi and Rita G. Adiyodi.]]<br /> Adiyodi began his research career in insect physiology. His research interests turned to crustacean reproduction and growth after his marriage to Rita Gomez in 1966 who was then doing research work on growth, regeneration, and reproduction in land crabs. Adiyodi published in many international journals including Journal of Insect Physiology, Journal of Morphology, Biological Bulletin, General &amp; Comparative Endocrinology, and Experientia (now Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences). His work “Endocrine Control of Reproduction in Decapod Crustacea” published in Biological Reviews, Cambridge Philosophical Society (1970) was a notable landmark in his scientific career.<br /> <br /> === International Society for Invertebrate Reproduction ===<br /> <br /> It was while attending an international conference on comparative endocrinology in London in the early 1970s that K. G. Adiyodi felt the need to bring all areas of invertebrate reproductive biology into a comprehensive discipline of its own. Until then, studies on comparative endocrinology were mostly on vertebrates. His discussions with many like-minded participants at the London conference motivated him to take the initial steps to organize an international symposium dedicated to invertebrate reproduction.<br /> <br /> The first International Symposium on Reproductive Physiology of Invertebrates (ISIR) was organised by K. G. Adiyodi and Rita G. Adiyodi at University of Calicut (1975). The International Society for Invertebrate Reproduction was founded at the Calicut symposium and ISIR was recognized as the first international symposium organized by the Society. Advances in Invertebrate Reproduction (Vol.I) published in 1977 was based on proceedings of the inaugural symposium.<br /> <br /> The International Society of Invertebrate Reproduction held its second symposium at [[University of California, Davis]] (1978) where Adiyodi was honoured with an honorary plaque as the Society's Founder. K. G. Adiyodi was Founder Secretary General of the Society from 1975 to 1986. The Society later expanded its scope to include invertebrate development and renamed itself as the International Society of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development.&lt;ref name=&quot;isird&quot; /&gt; The Society's meetings are now called the International Congress of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development (ICIRD).<br /> <br /> === International Journal for ISIR ===<br /> <br /> The Adiyodis moved to [[University of Oxford]] when Rita Adiyodi won the [[Rhodes]] Visiting Fellowship in 1976 and K. G. Adiyodi joined her on another assignment in 1977.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://rhodesproject.com/list-of-scholars |title=List of Scholars |website=The Rhodes Project}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adiyodi started work on launching an international journal for ISIR in 1977 while at Oxford and his efforts bore fruition when Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam agreed to publish the journal after a favourable feasibility study. The journal was named International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction and went to print in 1979. Adiyodi served as the editor-in-chief of the new publication with Prof. K. G. Davey of York University, Canada and K. C. Highnam of [[University of Sheffield]], UK as associate editors. The journal was renamed the International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development in 1984, and then, the Invertebrate Reproduction and Development.<br /> Balaban Press, Israel later took over the publication of the journal from Elsevier Biomedical Press. Volume 41, Numbers 1-3 (September 2002) issue of this journal, published by Balaban Press was dedicated to the memory of Adiyodi. The journal is currently published by [[Taylor &amp; Francis]].<br /> <br /> === Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates (RBI) – a multi-volume treatise ===<br /> <br /> The groundwork for putting together a multi-volume treatise on the reproductive biology of invertebrates was made when the Adiyodis were at Oxford University. The treatise was originally planned in six volumes on a thematic basis. Boullin initiated this project at [[John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.]] in 1978 and Stephen D. Thornton, helped with its work as Publishing Editor, Life Sciences. Volume I of the treatise was published in 1982. Some operational changes following the release of Volume II in 1983 led to the signing of a partnership with Oxford &amp; IBH, New Delhi for the Indian Editions of the treatise from Volume III onwards. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. continued to publish the international editions. With the release of Volume VI Part B (1994), the Adiyodis completed all six planned volumes (eight books) of the original series. Subsequent volumes, collectively named as the Progress Series, were guest-edited by scientists of international standing. A total of 18 books were published in the 12 volume, RBI series, the last in 2005.<br /> <br /> ==== Titles of books in the treatise ====<br /> {{div col|colwidth=35em}}<br /> {{bulleted list |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. and Adiyodi, R.G. (Editors) (1982) Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Vol. I, Oogenesis, Oviposition and Oosorption. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Chichester, UK.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. and Adiyodi, R.G. (Editors) (1983) Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Vol.II Spermatogenesis and Sperm Function. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Chichester, UK.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. and Adiyodi, R.G. (Editors) (1988) Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Vol..III, Accessory Sex Glands. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Chichester, UK and Oxford &amp; IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. and Adiyodi, R.G. (Editors) (1989) Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Vol.IV Part A Fertilization, Development and Parental Care. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Chichester, UK and Oxford &amp; IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. and Adiyodi, R.G. (Editors) (1990) Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Vol.IV Part B Fertilization, Development and Parental Care. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Chichester, UK .and Oxford &amp; IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. and Adiyodi, R.G. (Editors) (1992) Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Vol.V Sexual Differentiation &amp; Behaviour. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Chichester, UK and Oxford &amp; IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. and Adiyodi, R.G. (Editors) (1993) Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Vol.VI Part A. Asexual Propagation and Reproductive Strategies. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Chichester, UK and Oxford &amp; IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. and Adiyodi, R.G. (Editors) (1994) Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Vol. VI Part B. Asexual Propagation and Reproductive Strategies. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Chichester, UK and Oxford &amp; IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. and Adiyodi, R.G. (Series Editors) J. R. Collier (Volume Editor) (1997) Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Vol. VII Progress in Developmental Biology. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Chichester, UK and Oxford &amp; IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi.<br /> | <br /> Adiyodi, K.G. and Adiyodi, R.G. (Series Editors) T. S. Adams (Volume Editor) (1997) Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Vol. VIII Progress in Reproductive Endocrinology. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Chichester, UK and Oxford &amp; IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. and Adiyodi, R.G. (Series Editors) B. G. M. Jamieson (Volume Editor) (1999) Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Vol. IX Part A. Progress in Male Gamete Ultrastructure and Phylogeny. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Chichester, UK and Oxford &amp; IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. and Adiyodi, R.G. (Series Editors) B. G. M. Jamieson (Volume Editor) (2000) Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Vol.IX Part B. Progress in Male Gamete Ultrastructure and Phylogeny. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Chichester, U. K. and Oxford &amp; IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. and Adiyodi, R.G. (Series Editors) B.G.M. Jamieson (Volume Editor) (2000) Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Vol.IX Part C. Progress in Male Gamete Ultrastructure and Phylogeny. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Chichester, UK and Oxford &amp; IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. and Adiyodi, R.G. (Series Editors) August Dorn (Volume Editor) (2000) Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Vol.X Part A. Progress in Developmental Endocrinology. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Chichester, UK and Oxford &amp; IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. and Adiyodi, R.G. (Series Editors) August Dorn (Volume Editor) (2000) Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Vol. X Part B. Progress in Developmental Endocrinology. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Chichester, UK and Oxford &amp; IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. and Adiyodi, R.G. (Series Editors) Roger N. Hughes (Volume Editor) (2002) Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Vol.XI Progress in Asexual Reproduction. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Chichester, UK and Oxford &amp; IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. and Adiyodi, R.G. (Series Editors) Alexander S. Raikhel and Thomas W. Sappington (Volume Editors) (2002) Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Vol.XII Part A. Progress in Vitellogenesis. Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, USA and Plymouth, UK.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. and Adiyodi, R.G. (Series Editors) A. S. Raikhel (Volume Editor) (2005) Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Vol.XII Part B. Progress in Vitellogenesis. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group.<br /> }}<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> === Popular scientific literature ===<br /> <br /> Adiyodi was the Founder Secretary of the [[Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad]], a not-for-profit organization and one of India's largest popular science organizations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.keralawindow.net/news_april.html |title='April' in Kerala History |website=Kerala Window}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also served as the President of Deseeya Sastra Vedi (National Science Forum), a similar organization.<br /> <br /> Adiyodi was a prolific writer in English and [[Malayalam]]. His first book Theyyavum Thirayum was published when he was an intermediate student. Jeevante Udbhavavum Bhaviyum won him the [[M.P. Paul]] Prize in 1965. Adiyodi's Keralathile Vishapambukal, a book on the poisonous snakes of Kerala was published in the weekly edition of [[Mathrubhumi]] in the early 1960s. Pradhamika Janthusastram written for teaching zoology at the undergraduate level was published by the [[Kerala Sahitya Academy]] in 1967.<br /> <br /> === Vice-Chancellor of Cochin University of Science &amp; Technology ===<br /> <br /> Adiyodi served as Vice-Chancellor of Cochin University of Science and Technology from 1994 to 1996. Collaborative partnerships in teaching and research with reputed universities around the world during this time helped bring Cochin University into national and international focus. Adiyodi secured the prestigious MHO-Partnership Programme of the Government of Netherlands for CUSAT which allowed the university to receive financial grants from the Dutch government. The Dutch government selects one University from each partner country.<br /> <br /> === Leadership roles ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dr. K. G. Adiyodi speaking.png|thumb|K. G. Adiyodi speaking at the International Congress of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry in Kyoto, Japan, 1972.|300px]]<br /> <br /> Adiyodi served in various leadership roles, some of which are listed below:<br /> {{bulleted list |<br /> Founder Secretary General, International Society of Invertebrate Reproduction, Tubingen, Germany (1975-1986) <br /> |<br /> Founder President, Indian Society of Invertebrate Reproduction (1978-1986)<br /> |<br /> Vice-President, Indian Society of Comparative Endocrinology, 1974<br /> |<br /> Vice-President, Indian Society of Comparative Animal Physiology, 1994<br /> |<br /> President, Calicut University Teachers Association<br /> |<br /> Founder and Founder Secretary, Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad (1962-1965)<br /> |<br /> President, Desiya Sastra Vedi (1986-1994)<br /> |<br /> President, Kerala Biotechnology Consortium, 1995<br /> |<br /> Member, Science, Technology and Environment Committee of the Govt. of Kerala, 1993<br /> |<br /> Member, Environment Research Council, Govt. of Kerala, 1993<br /> |<br /> Chairman/Member of several other statutory committees of Govt. of Kerala<br /> |<br /> Advisor, Swadeshi Science Movement of Kerala<br /> |<br /> Member, Governing Council, Nuclear Centre (UGC), New Delhi, 1996<br /> |<br /> Member, Board of studies in Engineering, AICTE, New Delhi (1994 to 1996)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Visiting assignments ===<br /> {{bulleted list |<br /> Visiting scientist/Professor, University of Oxford, 1973, 1977-1978<br /> |<br /> Guest scientist at Koln (1973) and Paris (1973) Universities<br /> |<br /> Lectured at various Universities, chaired sessions at several international conferences and symposia in Japan, USA, and the EU. <br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Recognition &amp; awards ==<br /> <br /> {{bulleted list |<br /> Hon. Member (Fellow) of the International Society of Invertebrate Reproduction, Nagoya, Japan, 1988<br /> |<br /> Invited to be active member, New York Academy of Sciences, 1993<br /> |<br /> M.P. Paul Prize for the best science book in Malayalam, 1965<br /> |<br /> ISIR International Foundation Award, 1979<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Notable publications ==<br /> <br /> {{div col|colwidth=35em}}<br /> {{bulleted list |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. (Editor-in-Chief) (1979). International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction, Vol.I, Numbers 1 to 6. Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam and New York.<br /> | <br /> Adiyodi, K.G. (Editor-in-Chief) (1980). International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction, Vol.II, Numbers 1 to 6. Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam and New York.<br /> | <br /> Adiyodi, K.G. (Editor-in-Chief) (1981). International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction, Vol III, Numbers 1 to 6 and Vol IV, Numbers 1 to 3. Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam and New York. <br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. (Editor-in-Chief) (1982). International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction, Vol.VI, Numbers 4 to 6 and Vol. V, Numbers 1 to 6. Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam and New York.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G., and Adiyodi, R.G.(Editors) (1975). Invertebrate Reproduction. Publication Division, ISIR Secretariat, Calicut University.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G., and Adiyodi, R.G.(Editors) (1977). Advances in Invertebrate Reproduction, Vol.I Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Invertebrate Reproduction. Peralam Kenoth, Karivellur.<br /> |<br /> Bell, W.J., and Adiyodi, K.G.(Editors) (1982). The American Cockroach. Chapman and Hall, London. <br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. (1973). “Functional morphology of the cephalic neuroendocrine complex of two species of Blattidae: an in situ study”, in Neurosecretion: The Final Neuroendocrine Pathway (Eds. F. Knowles and L. Vollrath), Springer-Verlag, Berlin.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. (1974). “Post cerebral neuroendocrine complex of the blaberid cockroaches, ''Nauphoeta cinerea'' (Olivier) and ''Trichoblatta sericea'' (Saussure): An in situ study”, Marathwada Univ. J. Sci., 13, 87-102 (Symp. Comp.Endocrinol, Aurangabad, p.8).<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. (1974). Extracerebral cephalic neuroendocrine complex of the blattids, ''Periplaneta americana'' (L.) and ''Neostylopyga rhombifolia'' (Stoll): An in situ study, J. Morphol.,144,469-484.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. (1975). Comparative physiology of invertebrates, Ann. Rev. Zool.,2,58-79.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. (1976). Integration within the neuroendocrine control systems in arthropods, Plenary Lecture, IV All India Symp.Comp. Endocrinol., Mysore.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. (1976) - Neuroendocrine influences in reproduction in invertebrates, Plenary Lecture, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. Symp., New Delhi.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. (1977). New Perspectives and Challenges, in Advances in Invertebrate Reproduction (Editors Adiyodi K.G. and Adiyodi R.G.), Vol.I, Peralam-Kenoth, Karivellur, pp. 1-3. <br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. (1982). Some thoughts on the evolution of &quot;reproductive&quot; hormones in invertebrates, in Progress in Invertebrate Reproduction and Aquaculture (Eds. T. Subramoniam and S. Varadarajan), Indian Society of Invertebrate Reproduction, Madras, pp.89-93.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. (1983). Accessory sex glands in annelids, Second All India Symp. Inv. Reprod. and Nat. Sem. Recent Trends in Entomol. Res., Calcutta, p.1.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. (1988). Annelida, in Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Vol.III. Accessory Sex Glands (Eds. Adiyodi, K.G. and Adiyodi, R.G.), Wiley (Interscience), Chichester and New York and Oxford &amp; IBH, New Delhi, pp.189-250.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G. (1993) Endocrine control of carbohydrate metabolism in arthropods, Contemporary Zoology <br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G., and Adiyodi, R.G. (1970). Peroxidase isozymes in the conglobate gland of male cockroaches, ''Periplaneta americana'', Indian J.Exp. Biol.,8,55-56.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K. G., and Adiyodi, R.G. (1970). Endocrine control of reproduction in decapod Crustacea, Biol. Rev., Cambridge Phil.Soc., 45, 121-165.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G., and Adiyodi, R.G. (1972). Soluble proteins in the haemocytes, midgut and hepatic caeca of adult female ''Periplaneta americana'' (L.), J. Kerala Acad.Biol., 3, 7-11.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G., and Adiyodi, R.G. (1972). Plasma proteins of male American cockroaches during the larval-adult transformation, Indian J. exp. Biol.,10, 189-192.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G., and Adiyodi, R.G. (1972). Lipids in the accessory sex gland complex of adult male American cockroaches, in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry (Proc. IV Internatl. Congr.Histochem. Cytochem., Japan), (Eds. T. Takeuchi, K. Ogawa, and S. Fujita), p.255.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G., and Adiyodi, R.G. (1974). Some structural evidence in support of functional integration within the cephalic neuroendocrine complex of ''Periplaneta americana'' (L.), Experientia, 30,805-807.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K. G., and Adiyodi, R.G. (1974). Social influence in arthropod reproduction: A review, Satellite Symp. Endrocrines and Pheromones, Trivandrum.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G., and Adiyodi, R.G. (1974). Control mechanisms in cockroach reproduction, J. Sci. Indust. Res., 33,343-358. <br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G., and Adiyodi, R.G. (1974) - Comparative physiology of reproduction in arthropods, in Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry (Ed. O. Lowenstein), Vol.5, Academic Press, New York, pp. 37-107.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G., and Adiyodi, R.G. (1975). Morphology and cytology of accessory sex glands in invertebrates, in International Review of Cytology (Eds. G.H. Bourne, J.F. Danielli, and K.W. Jeon), Vol 43, Academic Press, New York, pp.353-398.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G., and Adiyodi, R.G. (1985). Reproduction vs. growth: Endocrine programming in the Brachyura, in Current trends in Comparative Endocrinology (Eds. B. Lofts and W.N. Holmes), Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, pp.313-315.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G., Adiyodi, R.G., and Brunet, P.C.J. (1978) - Programming of the production of indoxyl sulphatase in the male dermal glands of ''Periplaneta americana'' (L.), Proc. VIII Internatl. Symp. Comp.Endocrinol., Amsterdam, p.3.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G., Adiyodi, R.G., and Sudha, C.K. (1976). Histochemistry and histophysiology of the hepatopancreas of the scorpion, ''Palamnaeus scaber'', V Internatl. Congr. Histochem. Cytochem., Bucharest, Romania.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G., Adiyodi, R.G., and Sudha, C.K. (1978). Changes in the hepatopancreas of the scorpion, Palamnaeus scaber in relation to the ovarian cycle, IV All India Symp. Comp. Anim. Physiol. Endocrinol., Tirupati, p.40<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, K.G., and Anilkumar, G. (1988). Arthropoda-Crustacea, in Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Vol. III. Accessory Sex Glands (Editors Adiyodi K.G. and Adiyodi R.G.), Wiley (Interscience), Chichester and New York and Oxford &amp; IBH, New Delhi, pp.261-318.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, R.G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1970). Lipid metabolism in relation to reproduction and moulting in the crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst): Phospholipids and reproduction, Indian J. exp. Biol., 8, 222-223.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, R.G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1971). Sustained neurosecretory activity in the brain implants in ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst). J. Kerala Acad. Biol., 3, 48-50.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, R.G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1971) - Lipid metabolism in relation to reproduction and moulting in the crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst): Cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acids, Indian J. exp. Biol., 9,514-515.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, R.G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1972). Hepatopancreas of ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst): Histophysiology and the pattern of proteins in relation to reproduction and moult, Biol. Bull., mar. biol. Lab., Woods Hole, 142, 359-369.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, R.G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1972). Histochemistry of the integumentary connective tissue of a crab in relation to the moult cycle, in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 1972 (Proc. IV Internatl. Cong. Histochem. Cytochem., Japan), (Eds. T. Takeuchi, K. Ogawa, and S. Fujita), p.545.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, R.G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1973). Moult-related neuroendocrine events in the crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'', in Neurosecretion: The Final Neuroendocrine Pathway (Eds.F. Knowles and L. Vollrath), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p.294.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, R.G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1974). Ultrastructure of the utriculi majores in the mushroom-shaped male accessory gland of ''Periplaneta americana'' (L.), Z. Zellforsch., 147,433-440.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, R.G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1976). Seasonal changes in the activity of the androgenic gland of the crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst), IV All India Symp. Comp. Endocrinol., Mysore, P.1.<br /> |<br /> Adiyodi, R.G., and Subramoniam, T. (1983). Arthropoda-Crustacea, in Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Vol.I. Oogenesis, Oviposition and Oosorption (Eds. K. G. Adiyodi and R.G. Adiyodi), Wiley (Interscience), Chichester and New York, pp.443-495.<br /> |<br /> Anilkumar, G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1975) - Histochemical and histophysiological studies on the spermatheca of the freshwater crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst) in relation to the ovarian cycle, Proc. First Internatl. Symp. Inv., Calicut University, pp.45-46.<br /> |<br /> Anilkumar, G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1976). Fluctuations in the hepatopancreatic reserves of the edible freshwater crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst) in relation to ovarian growth, Second All India Symp.Anim. Physiol., Nagpur.<br /> |<br /> Anilkumar, G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1976). Histology and histochemistry of the hepatopancreas of the freshwater crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'', Proc. V Internatl. Congr. Histochem. Cytochem., Bucharest, Romania.<br /> |<br /> Anilkumar, G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1976). A quantitative study of the lipids in the hepatopancreas and ovary of the freshwater crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' in relation to ovarian growth, Proc. II All India Symp. Comp. Anim. Physiol., Nagpur.<br /> |<br /> Anilkumar, G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1977). Spermatheca of the freshwater crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' in relation to ovarian cycle, in Advances in Invertebrate Reproduction (Eds. K.G. Adiyodi and R.G. Adiyodi), Vol.I, Peralam-Kenoth, Karivellur, pp.269-274.<br /> |<br /> Anilkumar, G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1978). The reproductive cycle of the freshwater crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst), IV All India Symp. Comp. Anim. Physiol. Endocrinol., Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, p.97.<br /> |<br /> Anilkumar, G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1979). Ovarian growth induced by eyestalk ablation during the pre-breeding season is not normal in the crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst), Proc. II Internatl. Symp. Inv. Reprod., in Advances in Invertebrate Reproduction, Vol. II (Eds. W. H. Clark Jr. and T. S. Adams), Elsevier Biomedical Press, New York, p.358 (abstract).<br /> |<br /> Anilkumar, G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1979). Effect of eyestalk ablation on hepatopancreatic reserves in ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'', All India Workshop Crust. Reprod. Biol., Calicut University, pp.27-28.<br /> |<br /> Anilkumar, G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1980). Some observations on accelerated vitellogenesis induced by eyestalk ablation in the crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst), First All India Symp.Invert. Reprod., Madras, p.3.<br /> |<br /> Anilkumar, G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1980). Ovarian growth, induced by eyestalk ablation during the pre-breeding season, is not normal in the crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst), Internatl. J. Inv.Reprod., 2, 95-105.<br /> |<br /> Anilkumar, G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1983). Fluctuations in hepatopancreatic reserves of the edible freshwater crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst) in relation to ovarian growth, First Internatl. Biennial Conf. Warm Water Aquacult Crustacea, Hawaii, p.14.<br /> |<br /> Anilkumar, G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1983). Changes in the haemolymph organic constituents of the freshwater crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' in relation to reproduction and moult, Second All India Symp. Inv. Reprod. and Nat. Sem. Trends in Entomol.Res., Calcutta, pp.15-16.<br /> |<br /> Anilkumar, G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1983)- Reproductive strategies of two populations of the freshwater crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst), Third International. Symposium. Inv. Reprod., Tubingen, West Germany, p.2.<br /> |<br /> Anilkumar, G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1985). The role of eyestalk hormones in vitellogenesis during the breeding season in the crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst), Biol. Bull. mar. Biol. Lab., Woods Hole, 169,689-695.<br /> |<br /> Anilkumar, G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1986). Induced ovarian growth by eyestalk ablation in the crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst): Physiology of the haemolymph, IV Internatl. Symp. Inv. Reprod., Lille, France, p.50.<br /> |<br /> Anilkumar, G., Adiyodi, K.G., and Adiyodi, R.G. (1981). Induced ovarian growth under bilateral and unilateral eyestalk ablation in the crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst), UK Mtg.Internatl. Soc. Inv. Reprod., Newcastle, U.K., p.2.<br /> |<br /> Bell, W.J., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1982). Reproduction, in The American Cockroach (Eds. W.J. Bell and K.G. Adiyodi), Chapmam and Hall, London, pp.343-370.<br /> |<br /> Gupta, S.N.V., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1983). Dietary value of crab meat, First Internatl. Biennial Cong. Warm water Aquacult. Crustacea, Hawaii, p.57.<br /> |<br /> Gupta, S.N.V., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1992). Studies on utilisation of yolk for embryogenesis in the freshwater crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst). XIV Annual Conf. Indian Soc. Comp. Anim. Physiol., Calicut University, p.45.<br /> |<br /> Gupta, S.N.V., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1992). Organic composition of the meat of the freshwater crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst), J. Zool. Soc. Kerala, 2(1), 25-30.<br /> |<br /> Gupta, S.N.V., Kurup, K.N.P., Adiyodi, R.G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1987). The antagonism between somatic growth and ovarian growth during different phases in intermoult (Stage C4) in sexually mature freshwater crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'', Internatl. J. Inv.Reprod. Dev., 12, 307-318.<br /> |<br /> Gupta, S.N.V., Kurup, K.N.P., Adiyodi, R.G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1989). The antagonism between somatic growth and testicular activity during different phases in intermoult (Stage C4) in sexually mature freshwater crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'', Inv. Reprod. Dev., 16,195-204.<br /> |<br /> Janardanan, K.P., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1980). Histophysiology of the prostate gland of the earthworm, ''Megoscolex'' sp., V All India Symp. Comp. Anim. Physiol., Pune, pp.24-25.<br /> |<br /> Krishnakumar, R., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1980). Endocrine control of spermathecal activity in the crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst), First All India Symp. Inv. Reprod., Madras, p.4.<br /> |<br /> Krishnakumar, R., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1981). Spermatheca of the crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst): Mechanisms controlling its activity, U.K. Mtg. Internatl. Soc. Inv. Reprod., Newcastle, UK, p.38.<br /> |<br /> Krishnakumar, R., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1983). Seasonal and moult-related changes in major biochemical components of the spermatheca of the crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst), Third Internatl. Symp. Inv. Reprod., Tubingen, West Germany, p.35.<br /> |<br /> Krishnakumar, R., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1989). Influence of mating on ovarian development in the freshwater crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst), Comp. Physiol. Ecol., 14, 198-201.<br /> |<br /> Krishnakumar, R., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1992). Sexual maturation-related changes in spermatheca of the freshwater crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst) XIV Ann. Conf. Indian Soc. Comp. Anim. Physiol., Calicut University, p.46.<br /> |<br /> Krishnakumar, R., Adiyodi, K.G., and Adiyodi, R.G. (1992). Spermatozoa of ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst) and their viability, XIV Ann. Conf. Indian Soc. Comp. Anim. Physiol, Calicut University, p.36.<br /> |<br /> Krishnakumar, R., Vijayalekshmi, V.R., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1979). Uptake of yolk proteins<br /> by developing crustacean oocytes as revealed by trypan blue technique, All India Workshop Crust. Reprod. Biol., Calicut University, pp.29-30.<br /> |<br /> Mathad, S.G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1979). On the histophysiology of the male sex duct and spermatophore formation in ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'', All India Workshop Crust. Reprod. Biol., Calicut University, pp.28-29. <br /> |<br /> Mathad, S.G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1980). Composition of semen in ''Barytelphusa cunicularis'', First All India Symp. Inv. Reprod., Madras, p.72.<br /> |<br /> Mathad, S.G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1981). Endocrine control of semen production in the crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'', First Indo-Pacific Symp. Inv. Reprod., Aurangabad, pp.43-44.<br /> |<br /> Mathad, S.G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1990). Changes in biochemical composition of the testis and semen during different phases of the intermoult in the freshwater crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst), Proc. Indian Nat. Sci. Acad.,56B,259-264.<br /> |<br /> Mathad, S.G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1991). Role of male genital duct in the formation of spermatophore and other seminal components in the freshwater crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'', J. Anim. Morphol. Physiol., 38, 203-214.<br /> |<br /> Mathad, S.G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1992). The role of eyestalk in semen production in the freshwater crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst), XIV Ann. Conf. Indian Soc.Comp. Anim. Physiol., Calicut University, p.50.<br /> |<br /> Muthuraman, AL., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1980). Histophysiology of the reproductive system of the male prawn, ''Penaeus indicus'' (H.M. Edwards), First All India Symp. Inv. Reprod., Madras, p.48.<br /> |<br /> Muthuraman, AL., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1981). Seasonal changes in the composition of semen in the prawn, ''Penaeus indicus'', First Indo-Pacific Symp. Inv. Reprod. Aurangabad, pp.57-58.<br /> | <br /> Muthuraman, AL., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1983). Semen production in the Indian prawn, ''Penaeus indicus'', First Internatl. Biennial Conf. Warm Water Aquacult. Crustacea, Hawaii, p.12.<br /> |<br /> Muthuraman, AL., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1986). Some observations on the composition of semen in the Indian prawn, ''Penaeus indicus'', in Indian Ocean: Biology of Benthic Marine Organisms, Techniques and Methods as Applied to the Indian Ocean (Eds. M-F Thompson, R. Sarojini, and R. Nagabhushanam) Oxford &amp; IBH, New Delhi, pp.131-141.<br /> |<br /> Narayanan, S., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1991). Seasonal changes in pattern of reproduction and moulting in the freshwater shrimp, ''Macrobrachium idella'', Nat. Sem. Shrimp Seed Production and farming, Orissa.<br /> |<br /> Radhakrishnan, C., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1977). Histochemical studies on vitellogenesis in the millipede, ''Jonespeltis splendidus'', in Advances in Invertebrate Reproduction, Vol.I (Eds. K.G. Adiyodi and R.G. Adiyodi), Peralam-Kenoth, Karivellur, pp.193-198.<br /> |<br /> Radhakrishnan, C., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1977). Fluctuations in the organic constituents of the body in relation to ovarian growth in the millipede, ''Jonespeltis splendidus'' (Verhoeff). Proc. II Orient. Entomol. Symp., Madras, pp.23-27.<br /> |<br /> Radhakrishnan, C., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1978). Fat body of the millipede, Jonespeltis splendidus - Changes in relation to reproduction and moult, IV Internatl. Symp. Myriapodol., Milan (Italy), p.50.<br /> |<br /> Raman, K., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1980). Reproductive bionomics of the freshwater crab, ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' (Herbst), First All India Symp. Inv. Reprod., Madras, p.27.<br /> |<br /> Sabeeda, K.C., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1974). Composition of the spermiducal secretions of the crab, ''Paratelphusa drodromous'' (Herbst), J. Reorod. Fert., 38,244.<br /> |<br /> Sareen, M.L., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1983). Arthropoda-Myriapoda, in Reproductive Biology on Invertebrates, Vol.I Oogenesis, Oviposition, and Oosorption (Eds. K.G. Adiyodi and R.G. Adiyodi), Wiley (Interscience), Chichester and New York, pp. 497-520.<br /> |<br /> Sreekumar, S., Adiyodi, R.G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1982). Aspects of semen production in ''Macrobrachium'' sp., in Giant Prawn, Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Sciences, Vol.10 (Ed.M.B. New), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp.83-89.<br /> |<br /> Sukumaran, M., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1980). Studies on semen production in ''Ocypode platytarsis'' - First All India Symp. Inv. Reprod., Madras, pp.70-71.<br /> |<br /> Sukumaran, M., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1981). Semen of the ghost crab, ''Ocypode platytarsis'': Composition and the role of eyestalk principles in its production, UK Mtg. Interntl. Soc. Inv. Reprod., Newcastle, U.K., p.60.<br /> |<br /> Sukumaran, M., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1983). Eyestalk influence of semen in the ghost crab, ''Ocypode platytarsis'', Third Interntl. Symp. Inv. Reprod., Tubingen, West Germany, p.66.<br /> |<br /> Sukumaran, M., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1992). Semenogenesis in the ghost crab, ''Ocypode platytarsis'': Role of accessory sex glands, XIV Ann. Conf. Indian Soc. Comp. Anim. Physiol., Calicut University, p.47. <br /> | <br /> Vasudevan, M.P., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1981). Correlation between reproduction and moult in the freshwater shrimp, ''Macrobrachium idella'', U. K. Mtg. Internatl. Soc. Inv. Reprod., Newcastle, U.K., p.63.<br /> |<br /> Vijaya, B., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1990). Oogenesis and foliculogenesis in the freshwater shrimp, ''Macrobrachium idella'', Nat. Symp. Freshw. Prawns, Kochi.<br /> |<br /> Vijayalekshmi, V.R., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1973). Accessory sex glands of male ''Periplaneta americana'' (L.), Part-I. A qualitative analysis of some non-enzymic components, Indian J.exp. Biol., 11, 512-514.<br /> |<br /> Vijayalekshmi, V.R., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1973). Accessory sex glands of male ''Periplaneta americana'' (L.), Part-II. Secretory behaviour and maturation of the mushroom gland complex, Indian J.exp. Biol.11,515-520.<br /> |<br /> Vijayalekshmi, V.R., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1973) - Accessory sex glands of male ''Periplaneta americana'' (L.), Part-III. Histochemistry of the mushroom-shaped and conglobate glands, Indian J. exp. Biol., 11, 521-524.<br /> |<br /> Vijayalekshmi, V.R., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1975). Mushroom-shaped accessory sex gland of the cockroach, ''Nauphoeta cinerea'' (Olivier). Histology and histochemistry, Proc. First Internatl. Symp. Inv. Reprod., Calicut University, p.42.<br /> |<br /> Vijayalekshmi, V.R., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1976). Neuroendocrine changes in relation to post metamorphic sexual maturation in male ''Periplaneta americana'' (L.), Symp. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., New Delhi.<br /> |<br /> Vijayalekshmi, V.R., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1977). Comparative histology and histochemistry of the mushroom-shaped glands in the male accessory sex gland complex of three species of Dictyoptera, Orient. Entomol. Symp., Madras.<br /> |<br /> Vijayalekshmi, V.R., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1983). Biochemical composition of the accessory sex gland of male ''Periplaneta americana'', Internatl. Conf. Natural Products as Regulators of Insect Reproduction, Jammu, p.1.<br /> |<br /> Vijayalekshmi, V.R., Adiyodi, R.G., and Adiyodi, K.G. (1974). Biochemistry of the accessory sex gland complex in male cockroaches (''Periplaneta americana''), J. Reprod. Fert., 38, 228-229. <br /> }}<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> K. G. Adiyodi died of a cardiac arrest at New Delhi on May 28, 2001. His wife Rita G. Adiyodi was a co-editor of the series ''Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates''. They had two children.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Adiyodi, Kenoth G.}}<br /> [[Category:Indian zoologists]]<br /> [[Category:1937 births]]<br /> [[Category:2001 deaths]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajesh_Tripura&diff=528626 2026-04-20T09:16:07Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: Created New Details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Tripura politician}}<br /> {{notability|1=Biographies|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Rajesh Tripura<br /> | office = Executive Member of [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]]<br /> | state = [[Tripura]]<br /> | party = [[The Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance]]<br /> | constituency1 = [[Raima Valley Assembly constituency|Raima Valley constituency]]<br /> | office1 =<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | citizenship = [[India]]<br /> | parents = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | cabinet = <br /> | term_start = 2021<br /> | term_start2 = <br /> | image = [[File:Rajesh Tripura TTAADC EM.jpg|250px]]<br /> | caption = Rajesh Tripura in 2025<br /> | 1blankname = Departments<br /> | 1namedata = *ARDD<br /> *Fisheries <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rajesh Tripura''' is an Indian politician and elected member of the [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]] (TTAADC).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=MEMBER OF DISTRICT COUNCIL {{!}} Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council |url=https://ttaadc.gov.in/Member-of-District-Council |website=ttaadc.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rajesh was elected from the [[Raima Valley Assembly constituency|Raima Valley constituency]] in [[Dhalai district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Department allotted to The Newly Executive members of the TTAADC. - TRIPURA STAR NEWS |url=https://www.tripurastarnews.com/department-allotted-to-the-newly-executive-members-of-the-ttaadc/ |website=Tripurastarnews.com |date=23 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=TIPRA-INPT alliance sweeps Tripura ADC polls, CPI-M's rule comes to an end |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/tripura/tipra-motha-wins-adc-polls/cid2697178.htm |website=thenortheasttoday.com |language=en-IN |date=10 April 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Tripura, Rajesh}}<br /> [[Category:Tipra Motha Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:People from North Tripura district]]<br /> [[Category:Tripuri people]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> {{Tripura-politician-stub}}</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purnima_Sahu&diff=527395 2026-04-20T08:49:50Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: Created New Data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Purnima Sahu Das<br /> | image = Purnima Sahu.jpg<br /> | caption =<br /> | birth_name = Purnima Sahu<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date text|1994}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Chhattisgarh]], India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | spouse = Lalit Kumar Das<br /> | relatives = [[Raghubar Das]] (father-in-law)<br /> | office = Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency = [[Jamshedpur East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur East]]<br /> | term_start = 2024<br /> | term_end = <br /> | predecessor = <br /> | successor = <br /> | education = Graduate, Post-Graduate Diploma<br /> | alma_mater = Gurukul Mahila Mahabidyalaya, [[Raipur]]<br /> | occupation = Politician<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | image_size = 200 <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Purnima Sahu Das''' (born 1994)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Purnima Sahu(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- JAMSHEDPUR EAST(EAST SINGHBHUM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Jharkhand2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=418 |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=www.myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an Indian politician from [[Jharkhand]]. She is a member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] from [[Jamshedpur East Assembly constituency]] in [[East Singhbhum district]]. She won the [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]], representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-11-23 |title=Jamshedpur East election results 2024: BJP's Purnima Sahu wins against Congress's Ajoy Kumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jamshedpur-east-election-results-2024-candidates-party-winner-loser-jlkm-tarun-kumar-de-congress-ajoy-kumar-bjp-purnima-sahu/articleshow/115583824.cms |access-date=2024-11-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Jamshedpur East, Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Purnima Sahu wins Jamshedpur East with 107191 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/jamshedpur-east-jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-jaelb-2638465-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Sahu was born in Chhattisgarh and is the daughter in law of [[Raghubar Das]], former [[Chief Minister of Jharkhand|chief minister of Jharkhand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-11-23 |title=Jharkhand assembly elections: Will former CM Raghubar Das' daughter-in-law reclaim Jamshedpur East for BJP? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/jharkhand/jharkhand-assembly-elections-will-former-cm-raghubar-das-daughter-in-law-reclaim-jamshedpur-east-for-bjp/articleshow/115566033.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; She married Lalit Kumar Das, the son of Raghubar Das. She is a graduate, and she also did a post-graduate diploma in 2017 at Gurukul Mahila Mahabidyalaya, [[Raipur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Sahu was elected in her debut election in the Jamshedpur East Assembly constituency representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; She polled 1,07,191 votes and defeated her nearest rival, [[Ajoy Kumar]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 42,871 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-24 |title=Jamshedpur East Election result 2024 Highlights: Purnima Sahu wins by 42,871 votes, defeats Ajoy Kumar in BJP-Congress clash |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/jamshedpur-east-election-result-2024-live-updates-ajoy-kumar-vs-purnima-das-sahu-bjp-congress-winner-runner-up-jamshedpur-east-election-news-today/3674649/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-11-23 |title=Jharkhand Election Winners List 2024: Here is the full list victorious candidates in the state |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/jharkhand/jharkhand-election-winners-list-2024-check-full-winning-candidates-list-constituency-wise/articleshow/115585344.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sahu, Purnima}}<br /> [[Category:1994 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029]]<br /> [[Category:People from East Singhbhum district]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Jamshedpur]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mowkaiaw_Assembly_constituency&diff=518582 2026-04-19T19:31:23Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: Adding a data</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Mowkaiaw<br /> | state = [[Meghalaya]]<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = Mowkaiaw Assembly constituency map.svg<br /> | constituency_no = 4<br /> | district = [[West Jaintia Hills district|West Jaintia Hills]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong]]<br /> | established = 2008<br /> | reservation = ST<br /> | mla = [[Nujorki Sungoh]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:38967}}&lt;ref name=election2023&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2028|05}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Mowkaiaw''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref name=ceomap&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is part of [[West Jaintia Hills district|West Jaintia Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It falls under [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong Lok Sabha constituency]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.elections.in/meghalaya/assembly-constituencies/mowkaiaw.html |title= Mowkaiaw (Meghalaya) Assembly Constituency Elections |work=elections.in |date= |accessdate=28 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; and its current MLA is [[Nujorki Sungoh]] of [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.elections.in/meghalaya/assembly-constituencies/2018-election-results.html |title=Meghalaya Assembly Election 2018 Result |work=elections.in |date= |accessdate=22 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> The list of MLAs are given below{{Spaced ndash}}&lt;ref name=&quot;election&quot;/&gt;<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |2013<br /> | [[Robinus Syngkon]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> | [[Nujorki Sungoh]]&lt;ref name=election2018&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3694-meghalaya-general-legislative-election-2018/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2018 - Meghalaya - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|accessdate= 30 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meghalaya Assembly elections results 2023: Check full list of winners&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |date=2 March 2023 |title=Meghalaya Assembly elections results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/meghalaya/meghalaya-assembly-elections-results-2023-winners-list-https-indianexpress-com-article-opinion-columns-supreme-court-censure-on-renaming-games-8473818/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220134117/https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/meghalaya/meghalaya-assembly-elections-results-2023-winners-list-https-indianexpress-com-article-opinion-columns-supreme-court-censure-on-renaming-games-8473818/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meghalaya election result 2023: Full list of winners constituency-wise&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Hindustan Times |date=2 March 2023 |title=Meghalaya election result 2023: Full list of winners constituency-wise |language=en |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meghalaya-election-winner-list-2023-npp-bjp-tmc-congress-candidate-list-for-meghalaya-assembly-election-2023-leading-trailing-candidates-parties-101677727601523.html |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220134201/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meghalaya-election-winner-list-2023-npp-bjp-tmc-congress-candidate-list-for-meghalaya-assembly-election-2023-leading-trailing-candidates-parties-101677727601523.html |archive-date=20 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Nujorki Sungoh<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2023=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mowkaiaw&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends &amp; Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nujorki Sungoh]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=14,508 |percentage=39.87% |change={{increase}}17.24 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Habahun Dkhar |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=10,607 |percentage=29.15% |change={{increase}}7.40 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nehemayah Tyngkan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,290 |percentage=28.28% |change={{increase}}6.83 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lasting Suchiang |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=872 |percentage=2.40% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=360 |percentage=0.99% |change={{increase}}0.35 }}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,901 |percentage=10.72% |change= {{increase}}9.84 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=36,387 |percentage=94.30% |change= {{decrease}}1.91 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,967 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.57 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{increase}}17.24 }}<br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2018===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mowkaiaw&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nujorki Sungoh]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=6,691 |percentage=22.63% |change={{decrease}}3.19 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gilbert Sten |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=6,431 |percentage=21.75% |change={{increase}}3.99 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nehemayah Tyngkan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,342 |percentage=21.45% |change={{decrease}}5.30 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Robinus Syngkon]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,751 |percentage=19.45% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. C. Boniface Bamon |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,120 |percentage=7.17% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Heipormi Laloo |party=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |votes=1,714 |percentage=5.80% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=188 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=260 |percentage=0.88% |change= {{decrease}}2.04 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=29,568 |percentage=95.29% |change= {{increase}}1.55 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,031 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.17 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}7.04 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2013===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mowkaiaw&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Robinus Syngkon]] |party=Independent politician |votes=7,064 |percentage=29.67% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Qually Suiam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,370 |percentage=26.75% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mihsalan Suchiang |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=6,147 |percentage=25.82% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. C. Boniface Bamon |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=4,229 |percentage=17.76% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=694 |percentage=2.91% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=23,810 |percentage=93.74% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,400 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]<br /> *[[West Jaintia Hills district]] <br /> *[[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|25.55|92.48|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]<br /> [[Category:West Jaintia Hills district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]<br /> [[Category:2008 establishments in Meghalaya]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhagwanpur_Assembly_constituency&diff=490693 2026-04-19T19:18:48Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: Started a details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Bhagwanpur<br /> | mla = [[Mamta Rakesh]]<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | latest_election_year = 2022<br /> | state = Uttarakhand<br /> | district = [[Haridwar]]<br /> | electors = 123,476<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Haridwar]]<br /> | constituency_no = 28<br /> | map_image = Bhagwanpur Assembly constituency map.svg<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Bhagwanpur Legislative Assembly constituency (SC)''' is one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]]. It includes [[Bhagwanpur, Uttarakhand|Bhagwanpur]] area of [[Haridwar]] District.<br /> <br /> Bhagwanpur Legislative Assembly constituency (SC) is a part of [[Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Election<br /> !Name<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br /> | [[Chandra Shekhar (Uttarakhand politician)|Chandra Shekhar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br /> | Surendra Rakesh<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=4 align=center|&lt;small&gt;''Major boundary changes''&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br /> | Surendra Rakesh<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2015 (By Elect)]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Mamta Rakesh]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2022 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhagwanpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mamta Rakesh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=44,808 |percentage=45.36% |change={{decrease}}2.82 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subodh Rakesh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=39,997 |percentage=40.49% |change={{increase}}36.12 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satyapal Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,067 |percentage=12.22% |change={{decrease}}33.27 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amrish Kumar |party=Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram) |votes=762 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Singh |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=678 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,811 |percentage=4.87% |change= {{increase}}2.17 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=98,783 |percentage=79.91% |change= {{decrease}}0.11 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,23,611 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.19 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.82 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2017 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhagwanpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mamta Rakesh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=44,882 |percentage=48.18% |change={{decrease}}23.23 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subodh Rakesh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=42,369 |percentage=45.48% |change={{increase}}18.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar Rana |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,069 |percentage=4.37% |change=New }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prempati |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=889 |percentage=0.95% |change=New }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,513 |percentage=2.70% |change= {{decrease}}41.85 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=93,158 |percentage=80.03% |change= {{increase}}6.11 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,16,407 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.87 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bahujan Samaj Party |swing= {{increase}}0.30 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2015 bypoll ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2015 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2015 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Bhagwanpur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mamta Rakesh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=59,205 |percentage=71.46% |change={{increase}}33.21 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajpal Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,296 |percentage=26.91% |change={{increase}}13.35 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=501 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pritam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=269 |percentage=0.32% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=36,909 |percentage=44.55% |change= {{increase}}35.92 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=82,842 |percentage=73.92% |change={{decrease}}5.80 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,069 |ref = |change={{increase}}13.72 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bahujan Samaj Party |swing= {{increase}}21.71 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2012 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhagwanpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Rakesh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=36,828 |percentage=46.88% |change={{increase}}7.52 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satyapal Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,047 |percentage=38.25% |change={{increase}}36.63 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Rathor |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,650 |percentage=13.56% |change={{decrease}}19.95 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Menpal |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=545 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishamber Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=472 |percentage=0.60% |change={{decrease}}17.43 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,781 |percentage=8.63% |change= {{increase}}2.77 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=78,559 |percentage=79.72% |change= {{increase}}12.75 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,545 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.47 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bahujan Samaj Party |loser=Bahujan Samaj Party |swing= {{increase}}7.52 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2007 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhagwanpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Rakesh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=27,776 |percentage=39.36% |change={{increase}}19.42 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chandra Shekhar (Uttarakhand politician)|Chandra Shekhar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=23,643 |percentage=33.50% |change={{increase}}4.90 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vaijanti Mala |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=12,724 |percentage=18.03% |change={{decrease}}0.13 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Barkhadevi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,987 |percentage=4.23% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalchandra Chhachhar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,144 |percentage=1.62% |change={{decrease}}3.20 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=604 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birendra |party=Independent politician |votes=456 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajender Kumar |party=Navbharat Nirman Party |votes=455 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,133 |percentage=5.86% |change= {{decrease}}0.18 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=70,566 |percentage=66.97% |change= {{increase}}2.58 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,05,366 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.28 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bahujan Samaj Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}10.75 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2002 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhagwanpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chandra Shekhar (Uttarakhand politician)|Chandra Shekhar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,875 |percentage=28.61% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Rakesh |party=Independent politician |votes=12,527 |percentage=22.58% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shish Pal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=11,065 |percentage=19.94% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brij Rani |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=10,076 |percentage=18.16% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baljeet Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,673 |percentage=4.82% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saroj Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=1,881 |percentage=3.39% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Kumar Gemini |party=Uttarakhand Janwadi Party |votes=455 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=333 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=321 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=282 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,348 |percentage=6.03% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=55,488 |percentage=64.40% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,171 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}} <br /> *http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf. The Election Commission of India. p.&amp;nbsp;509.<br /> *http://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/RESULTS_2012_Uttarakhand_State.pdf<br /> *https://web.archive.org/web/20090619064401/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx<br /> *https://web.archive.org/web/20101201021552/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}<br /> {{coord|29.94|77.81|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Haridwar district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahant_Pratap_Puri&diff=514764 2026-04-16T06:45:28Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian politician and spiritual leader (born 1964)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}{{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Mahant Pratap Puri<br /> | image =Mahant Pratap Puri Ji.jpg<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|08|05|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Mahaabaar village, [[Rajasthan]], India<br /> | office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 3 December 2023<br /> | predecessor = [[Saleh Mohammad (Indian politician)|Saleh Mohammad ]]<br /> | constituency = [[Pokaran Assembly constituency|Pokaran]]<br /> | party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}}[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | occupation = Spiritual guru, politician<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Mahant Pratap Puri''' (born 5 August 1970) is an Indian spiritual leader and politician. He is a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Pokaran Assembly constituency]]. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Ishita |date=2023-12-03 |title=BJP’s Hindutva outreach plays out well with all four ‘babas’ winning in Rajasthan |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly/bjps-hindutva-outreach-plays-out-well-with-all-four-babas-winning-in-rajasthan/article67601314.ece |access-date=2023-12-04 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the current head of Taratara Math. He is a resident of Mahaabaar village in [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]] district in western [[Rajasthan]], India. He is very active on social media.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.twipu.com/PratapPuriJi|title=Pratap Puri Ji Maharaj – @PratapPuriJi Twitter Profile and Downloader|website=Twipu|access-date=20 August 2019|archive-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820084036/https://www.twipu.com/PratapPuriJi|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> He completed his initial education in [[Leelsar]] village and [[Barmer, Rajasthan]]. He took his major education in Sastra section from the Gurukul in cheshire district in Haryana. He was handed over to his guru Mohan Puri Ji at very early age by his parents. He completed his studies and devoted himself in meditation and working for the sanatana Hindu dharma. His speeches highlight the need for social unity, women empowerment and scientific mindset on social media.<br /> <br /> == Politics ==<br /> He contested the Rajasthan Assembly election 2018 from [[Pokaran Assembly constituency|Pokhran]] on [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s ticket.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.indiatvnews.com/video/politics/bjp-candidate-mahant-pratap-puri-to-contest-poll-against-saleh-mohammad-from-pokhran-seat-613287|title=राजस्थान चुनाव &amp;#124; पोखरण सीट से कांग्रेस के सालेह मोहम्मद के खिलाफ़ होंगे महंत प्रताप पुरी|website=India TV Hindi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan-assembly-elections/religion-rules-as-sant-fakir-battle-it-out-in-pokhran/articleshow/66759646.cms?from=mdr|title=Religion rules as sant &amp; fakir battle it out in Pokhran|first=Rituraj|last=Tiwari|date=23 November 2018|newspaper=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/rajasthan-elections-pokhran-bjp-congress|title=Why the Political Atmosphere in Rajasthan's Pokhran Has Turned Communal|website=The Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jaipurnewstoday.com/news/1145/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107171736/https://jaipurnewstoday.com/news/1145/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=7 November 2019|title=प्रतापपुरी जी महाराज ने पोकरण से चुनाव लड़ने का फैसला क्यों किया?|first=Dilip|last=Soni}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/pokhran-set-for-close-fight-in-rajasthan-vidhan-sabha-polls-bjp-pits-pratap-puri-against-congress-shale-mohammad-5612391.html|title=Pokhran set for close fight in Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha polls; BJP pits Pratap Puri against Congress' Shale Mohammad|publisher=Firstpost|date=25 November 2018|agency=Press Trust of India|accessdate=3 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/rajasthan-polls-religion-domionates-pokhran-in-sant-vs-mohammed-slugfest-118112400543_1.html|title=Rajasthan polls: Religion domionates Pokhran in Sant-vs-Mohammed slugfest|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=24 November 2018|via=Business Standard|agency=Press Trust of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; He got defeated by a narrow margin of votes to Congress Politician Saleh Mohammad .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/assembly-polls-2018/ndtv-ground-report-rajasthan-hard-fight-between-mahant-and-pir-in-pokhran-1958376|title=NDTV ग्राउंड रिपोर्ट : राजस्थान के पोखरण में महंत और पीर के बीच कड़ा मुकाबला|website=NDTVIndia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/bjp-mahants-defeat-in-pokhran-will-hurt-yogi-adityanath-more-than-most/164074/|title=BJP mahant's defeat in Pokhran will hurt Yogi Adityanath more than most|first=Moushumi Das|last=Gupta|date=15 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/rajasthan-election/article/pokhran-assembly-constituency-election-2018-polls-rajasthan-vasundhara-raje-bharatiya-janata-party-bjp-congress-sachin-pilot-pratap-puri-saleh/321262|title=Pokhran Assembly Election Results 2018: Congress' Saleh Mohammed is leading against BJP's Pratp Puri|website=www.timesnownews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/rajasthan/pokaran-election-result-s20a133/|title=Pokaran Assembly constituency (Rajasthan): Full details, live and past results|website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is actively involved in the areas of spiritual preaching and politics as well.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/pratappurijimaharaj/|title=श्री श्री 1008 महन्त श्री प्रतापपुरी जी महाराज|website=www.facebook.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He contested the Rajasthan Assembly election 2023 from Pokaran Assembly constituency on a Bharatiya Janata Party's ticket and won.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Rajasthan: BJP's Mahant Pratap Puri defeats Saleh Mohammad in hot seat Pokaran | website=India Today | date=2023-12-03 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/rajasthan-assembly-polls-2023/story/pokaran-assembly-election-result-mahant-pratap-puri-bjp-saleh-mohammad-congress-2471312-2023-12-03 | access-date=2025-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Pratap Puriji, Mahant}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Jaipur]]<br /> [[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]<br /> [[Category:1964 births]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Hindu religious leaders]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]<br /> <br /> {{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishna_Chandra_Halder&diff=510778 2026-04-16T03:03:45Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: creating first info nd citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Krishna Chandra Halder<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]]<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date |1922|10|4|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Burdwan]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2007|2|7|1922|10|4|df=y}}<br /> | death_place =<br /> | constituency = [[Durgapur Lok Sabha constituency|Durgapur]]<br /> | office = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]<br /> | term = 1971-1984<br /> | predecessor = B.Das<br /> | successor = [[Purna Chandra Malik]]<br /> | party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br /> | other_party = [[Communist Party of India]]<br /> | spouse = Asha Lata Halder<br /> | children = <br /> | source = <br /> }}<br /> '''Krishna Chandra Halder''' was an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Durgapur Lok Sabha constituency|Durgapur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;i171&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Lok Sabha Debates | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat | year=1903 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vE03AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA9 | language= | access-date=4 February 2025 | page=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;q884&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=Parliamentary Privileges: Digest of Cases, 1950-1985 | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat | year=1987 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BFIlVRPVXVwC | access-date=4 February 2025 | page=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;x956&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Reed | first=S. | author2=Times of India (Firm) | title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who | publisher=Bennett, Coleman &amp; Company | year=1983 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ke4gAQAAMAAJ | access-date=4 February 2025 | page=863}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1057941/ | title=Lok Sabha Debates | publisher=Indian Kanoon | accessdate=5 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1933 births]]<br /> [[Category:2007 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]<br /> [[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:People from Paschim Bardhaman district]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panamarathupatty_Assembly_constituency&diff=524034 2026-04-15T23:49:23Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: Created Info.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Former constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}<br /> &lt;!-- {{Infobox Indian state legislative assembly constituency}} --&gt;<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Panamarathupatty<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = <br /> | established = 1967<br /> | district = [[Salem district|Salem]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Salem Lok Sabha constituency|Salem]]<br /> | electors= 209,051<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | abolished= 2008<br /> }}<br /> '''Panamarathupatty''' is a former state assembly constituency in [[Salem district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 23 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Elections and winners in the constituency are listed below.<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Winner<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | 1967<br /> | [[Karipatti T. Ponnumalai]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | Karipatti T. Ponnumalai<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1977<br /> | [[N. Subbarayan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | [[K. Rajaram]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> | K. Rajaram<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | [[S. R. Sivalingam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | K. Rajaram<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | S. R. Sivalingam<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | [[P. Vijayalakshmi Palanisamy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | [[R. Rajendran (DMK politician)|R. Rajendran]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.58}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|64.51}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.76}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|69.12}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|31.89}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.35}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.25}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.04}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.42}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.70}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===2006=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Panamarathupatty&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Rajendran (DMK politician)|R. Rajendran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=73,210 |percentage=44.58% |change=14.81% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Elangovan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,321 |percentage=42.21% |change=-22.30% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Suresh Babu |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=15,802 |percentage=9.62% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,606 |percentage=0.98% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,046 |percentage=0.64% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Venkatachalam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=908 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Vinayakamoorthi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=784 |percentage=0.48% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Govindan |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=498 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=233 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Arivazhahan |party=Independent politician |votes=160 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=147 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,889 |percentage=2.37% |change=-32.37% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=164,238 |percentage=78.56% |change= 16.26% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 209,051 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -19.93% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Panamarathupatty&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Vijayalakshmi]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=78,642 |percentage=64.51% |change=26.38% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. R. Sivalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,292 |percentage=29.77% |change=-19.99% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Muthukrishnan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,784 |percentage=1.46% |change=0.52% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ganesan |party=United Communist Party of India |votes=1,432 |percentage=1.17% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ponnuthambi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,406 |percentage=1.15% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rajaram |party=Independent politician |votes=698 |percentage=0.57% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Gunasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=632 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. K. Srinivasan |party=Independent politician |votes=347 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ramasamy @ Singaram |party=Independent politician |votes=249 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Alagarasan |party=Independent politician |votes=228 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Arthanari |party=Independent politician |votes=200 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=42,350 |percentage=34.74% |change=23.10% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=121,910 |percentage=62.31% |change= -5.76% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 195,665 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 14.75% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Panamarathupatty&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. R. Sivalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=56,330 |percentage=49.76% |change=30.34% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Vijayalakshmi Palanisamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,159 |percentage=38.12% |change=-31.00% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Narayanan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=10,620 |percentage=9.38% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Manickam |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,068 |percentage=0.94% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Aranganathan |party=Republican Party of India |votes=567 |percentage=0.50% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Selvam |party=Independent politician |votes=390 |percentage=0.34% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. C. Shanmugam |party=Independent politician |votes=251 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Manickam |party=Independent politician |votes=215 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Padmanabhan |party=Independent politician |votes=179 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Govindarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=109 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Raju |party=Independent politician |votes=89 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,171 |percentage=11.63% |change=-38.07% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=113,204 |percentage=68.07% |change= 4.44% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,919 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -19.36% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Panamarathupatty&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Rajaram]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,025 |percentage=69.12% |change=39.19% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. R. Sivalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,670 |percentage=19.42% |change=-12.47% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. N. Gunasekaran |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=10,417 |percentage=10.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vaithilingam Chinna |party=Janata Party |votes=452 |percentage=0.45% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Thangaraju |party=Republican Party of India |votes=219 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Ardhanari |party=Independent politician |votes=162 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Chandran |party=Independent politician |votes=155 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Velliangiri Veerpand |party=Independent politician |votes=83 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Dhanapal |party=Independent politician |votes=69 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ponnusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=52 |percentage=0.05% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=50,355 |percentage=49.71% |change=47.75% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=101,304 |percentage=63.63% |change= -1.74% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,166 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 37.23% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Panamarathupatty&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. R. Sivalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,805 |percentage=31.89% |change=-2.55% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Thangavelan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,980 |percentage=29.94% |change=-30.41% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,303 |percentage=26.00% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. P. Murugesan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=10,305 |percentage=11.03% |change=-49.33% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. C. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=514 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Chinnusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=249 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Natesan |party=Independent politician |votes=167 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Venkatachalam |party=Independent politician |votes=135 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,825 |percentage=1.95% |change=-23.95% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=93,458 |percentage=65.37% |change= -6.15% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,552 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -28.46% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Panamarathupatty&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Rajaram]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,726 |percentage=60.35% |change=3.10% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. R. Sivalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,810 |percentage=34.45% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kandasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,550 |percentage=3.16% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ramaswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=424 |percentage=0.53% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Mohan |party=Independent politician |votes=349 |percentage=0.43% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramaniam Rama |party=Independent politician |votes=327 |percentage=0.41% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Natarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=244 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ramalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=242 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rukkumani Rajkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=65 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,916 |percentage=25.91% |change=9.59% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=80,737 |percentage=71.51% |change= 1.94% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,913 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.10% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Panamarathupatty&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Rajaram]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,218 |percentage=57.25% |change=12.21% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. Santhanantham |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,614 |percentage=40.93% |change=26.06% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Arumugam |party=Independent politician |votes=747 |percentage=0.97% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ramalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=659 |percentage=0.85% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,604 |percentage=16.32% |change=-5.16% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=77,238 |percentage=69.58% |change= 10.29% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,432 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 12.21% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Panamarathupatty&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=N. Subbbarayan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,676 |percentage=45.04% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. C. Kanjamalai |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=14,478 |percentage=23.56% |change=-30.86% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Govindan |party=Janata Party |votes=10,150 |percentage=16.52% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. M. Arjunan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,140 |percentage=14.88% |change=-25.91% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,198 |percentage=21.48% |change=7.84% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=61,444 |percentage=59.28% |change= -11.60% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,129 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.38% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Panamarathupatty&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Karipatti T. Ponnumalai]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,832 |percentage=54.42% |change=0.72% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chinnu Alias Seperumal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,854 |percentage=40.79% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Ayyasami |party=Independent politician |votes=2,090 |percentage=3.17% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. A. Sundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,065 |percentage=1.62% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,978 |percentage=13.64% |change=1.64% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=65,841 |percentage=70.88% |change= -6.86% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,939 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.72% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Panamarathupatty&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Karipatti T. Ponnumalai]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,597 |percentage=53.70% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Sepperumal |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,870 |percentage=41.70% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. K. Karuppannan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,269 |percentage=3.52% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Ayyasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=694 |percentage=1.08% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,727 |percentage=11.99% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=64,430 |percentage=77.74% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,216 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010}}<br /> <br /> {{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{coord|11.56|78.16|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Salem district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br /> [[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mundargi_Assembly_constituency&diff=519058 2026-04-15T23:00:24Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: Adding a post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Mundargi<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | state = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | district = [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]]<br /> | division = [[Belgaum division|Belgaum]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Koppal Lok Sabha constituency|Koppal]]<br /> | constituency_no = 187<br /> | established = 1957<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | abolished = 2008<br /> | mla = <br /> | party = <br /> | alliance = <br /> | latest_election_year = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> | electors = <br /> }}<br /> '''Mundargi Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct. It was part of [[Koppal Lok Sabha constituency]].<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFB2B2&quot; | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Chanabasappa Sadashivappa Hulkoti || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || C. C. Mahantayya<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Kurudigi Kuberappa Hanamantappa<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Bhavi Vasantappa Basappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Kurudigi Kuberappa Hanamantappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Humbarawadi Nagappa Shivalingappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Kurudigi Kuberappa Hanamantappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Shidlinganagouda Shiddanagouda Patil || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === Assembly Election 2004 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mundargi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shidlinganagouda Shiddanagouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,287 |percentage = 45.72% |change = {{decrease}}1.89 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dandin Bishtappa Fakirappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 21,071 |percentage = 23.91% |change = {{increase}}22.31 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Shekar Sajjanar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 14,522 |percentage = 16.48% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rathod Bheemasingh |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,813 |percentage = 6.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavanneppa Somappa Chinchali |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 2,609 |percentage = 2.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bagali Khatunabi Pheerasab |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,669 |percentage = 1.89% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasanagouda Ninganagouda Bhandi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,413 |percentage = 1.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bandi Sahadevappa Veerappa |party = Urs Samyuktha Paksha |votes = 733 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,216 |percentage = 21.81% |change = {{increase}}19.57 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 88,121 |percentage = 65.10% |change = {{decrease}}5.62 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 88,117}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,362 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.46 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (United) |swing = {{decrease}}4.13 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1999 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mundargi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shidlinganagouda Shiddanagouda Patil |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 41,032 |percentage = 49.85% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kuradagi Vasappa Kuberappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,188 |percentage = 47.61% |change = {{increase}}33.78 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Padagad Ningappa Kottrappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,321 |percentage = 1.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kotragouda Siddanagouda Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 767 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,844 |percentage = 2.24% |change = {{decrease}}6.13 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 85,123 |percentage = 70.72% |change = {{increase}}1.63 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 82,308}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 2,779 |percentage = 3.26% |change = {{increase}}0.27 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,365 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.83 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Dal (United) |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}22.37 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1994 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mundargi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shidlinganagouda Shiddanagouda Patil |party = Janata Dal |votes = 21,145 |percentage = 27.48% |change = {{increase}}0.55 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Goudar Yallanagouda Ninganagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,706 |percentage = 19.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrashekarappa Basappa Badni |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,633 |percentage = 16.42% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kurudigi Kuberappa Hanamantappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,641 |percentage = 13.83% |change = {{decrease}}20.99 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ullagaddi Chandrahas Bharamappa |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 9,393 |percentage = 12.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bellad Andanappa Kallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,981 |percentage = 3.87% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mulla Paravesahamed Dastagirsab |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 2,143 |percentage = 2.78% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhavi Vasant Basappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,152 |percentage = 1.50% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Valikar Basavaraj Beerappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 738 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,439 |percentage = 8.37% |change = {{increase}}5.98 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 79,325 |percentage = 69.09% |change = {{increase}}0.43 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 76,950}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 2,375 |percentage = 2.99% |change = {{decrease}}0.03 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,814 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.85 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.34 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1989 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mundargi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kurudigi Kuberappa Hanamantappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,914 |percentage = 34.82% |change = {{decrease}}1.49 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ullagaddi Chandrahas Bharamappa |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 23,203 |percentage = 32.43% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shidlinganagouda Shiddanagouda Patil |party = Janata Dal |votes = 19,266 |percentage = 26.93% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Humbarawadi Nagappa Shivalingappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,180 |percentage = 3.05% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Halakeri Shanmukhappa Andanappa Patil Krishtagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 610 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Krishtagouda Ranganagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 553 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,711 |percentage = 2.39% |change = {{decrease}}21.91 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 73,772 |percentage = 68.66% |change = {{decrease}}4.40 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 71,544}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 2,228 |percentage = 3.02% |change = {{increase}}0.85 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,451 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.63 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}25.80 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mundargi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Humbarawadi Nagappa Shivalingappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 36,764 |percentage = 60.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kuradgi Kuberappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,023 |percentage = 36.31% |change = {{decrease}}9.60 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tofin Vijay Fakirappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 569 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tadedamath Gangayya Fakirayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 441 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lamani Laxman Thavarappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 364 |percentage = 0.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,741 |percentage = 24.30% |change = {{increase}}17.43 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 61,997 |percentage = 73.06% |change = {{increase}}5.12 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 60,651}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,346 |percentage = 2.17% |change = {{decrease}}1.25 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,856 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.88 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}14.71 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1983 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mundargi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kurudigi Kuberappa Hanamantappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,264 |percentage = 45.91% |change = {{increase}}26.18 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Humbarwadi Nagappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,784 |percentage = 39.04% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kavalur Shankrappa Veerappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,591 |percentage = 3.14% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hadimani Hanamappa Siddappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,450 |percentage = 2.86% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pujar Ramachandra Lokappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,272 |percentage = 2.51% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manashetra Basavaraj Anadanashetti |party = Independent politician |votes = 992 |percentage = 1.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karabhari Devaraj Thakareppa |party = Independent politician |votes = 739 |percentage = 1.46% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doddamani Veerappaagappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 406 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tadedamath Gangayya Fakirayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 374 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,480 |percentage = 6.87% |change = {{increase}}5.42 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 52,468 |percentage = 67.94% |change = {{decrease}}2.20 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 50,671}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,797 |percentage = 3.42% |change = {{decrease}}0.88 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,229 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.54 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}6.72 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1978 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mundargi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhavi Vasantappa Basappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 19,069 |percentage = 39.19% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dandin Bishtappa Fakirappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 18,363 |percentage = 37.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kurudigi Kuberappa Hanamantappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,598 |percentage = 19.73% |change = {{decrease}}40.73 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baraker Honnappa Durgarappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,622 |percentage = 3.33% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 706 |percentage = 1.45% |change = {{decrease}}22.39 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 50,839 |percentage = 70.14% |change = {{decrease}}0.63 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 48,652}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 2,187 |percentage = 4.30% |change = {{increase}}4.30 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,485 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.76 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}21.27 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mundargi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kurudigi Kuberappa Hanamantappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,054 |percentage = 60.46% |change = {{increase}}0.56 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. G. Gulappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 16,993 |percentage = 36.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Neelanagouda Fakiragouda |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,355 |percentage = 2.92% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,061 |percentage = 23.84% |change = {{increase}}4.04 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 48,500 |percentage = 70.77% |change = {{decrease}}3.58 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 46,402}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,536 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.62 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.56 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mundargi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. C. Mahantayya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,220 |percentage = 59.90% |change = {{decrease}}6.56 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. M. Martandagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 17,552 |percentage = 40.10% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,668 |percentage = 19.80% |change = {{decrease}}19.16 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 46,064 |percentage = 74.35% |change = {{increase}}19.70 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 43,772}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,955 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.92 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.56 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1962 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mundargi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chanabasappa Sadashivappa Hulkoti |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,303 |percentage = 66.46% |change = {{decrease}}17.84 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tamminagouda Yallappagouda Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,574 |percentage = 27.50% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkatesh Basudev Joshi |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,663 |percentage = 6.04% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,729 |percentage = 38.96% |change = {{decrease}}29.63 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 29,723 |percentage = 54.65% |change = {{increase}}4.52 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 27,540}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,383 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.43 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}17.84 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1957 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mundargi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chanabasappa Sadashivappa Hulkoti |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,926 |percentage = 84.30% |change = {{increase}}21.71 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mirgani Tirkappa Fakirappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,526 |percentage = 15.70% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,400 |percentage = 68.59% |change = {{increase}}35.73 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 22,452 |percentage = 50.13% |change = {{decrease}}16.19 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 22,452}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,785 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}3.54 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}21.71 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1952 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gadag Mundargi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chanabasappa Sadashivappa Hulkoti |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,270 |percentage = 62.59% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil, Fakirgouda Goudappagouda |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 9,152 |percentage = 29.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil, Dattatraya Gururao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,368 |percentage = 7.69% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,118 |percentage = 32.86% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 30,790 |percentage = 66.32% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 30,790}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,429 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}<br /> <br /> {{Coord|15.206757|75.885121|region:IN|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Dharwad district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br /> [[Category:1957 establishments in Mysore State]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lupin_(company)&diff=513788 2026-04-13T10:07:03Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: Adding entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian multinational pharmaceutical company}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Lupin Limited<br /> | logo = The Lupin Logo.svg<br /> | logo_size = 150px<br /> | caption = <br /> | type = [[Public company|Public]]<br /> | traded_as = {{BSE|500257}}&lt;br /&gt;{{NSE|LUPIN}}<br /> | genre = <br /> | fate = <br /> | predecessor = <br /> | successor = <br /> | foundation = {{Start date and age|1968}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.lupinworld.com/history-milestone.htm |title=Welcome to Lupin World |publisher=Lupinworld.com |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608075617/http://www.lupinworld.com/history-milestone.htm |archive-date=8 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | founder = [[Desh Bandhu Gupta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;livemint1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/02/08000106/Lupin-goes-all-out-to-make-up.html |title=Lupin goes all out to make up for lost chances - Corporate News |publisher=livemint.com |date=2010-02-08 |access-date=2010-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | defunct = <br /> | location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.lupinworld.com/locations.htm |title=Welcome to Lupin World |publisher=Lupinworld.com |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607164716/http://www.lupinworld.com/locations.htm |archive-date=7 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | location_country = India<br /> | location = <br /> | locations = <br /> | area_served = <br /> | key_people = [[Vinita D. Gupta]] (CEO)&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/announcements/lupin-outcomeboard-meeting_867214.html|title=Lupin outcome of board meeting|work=moneycontrol.com|date=8 May 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nilesh Gupta (MD)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-lupin-s-vinita-gupta-nilesh-gupta-win-ey-entrepreneur-award-2015-2176730|title = Lupin's Vinita Gupta, Nilesh Gupta win EY Entrepreneur Award 2015| work=dna |date = 12 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.lupin.com/management.php |title=Board of Directors |access-date=23 February 2016 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007065813/http://lupin.com/management.php |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | industry = [[Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceuticals]]<br /> | products = {{hlist|[[Medication|Pharmaceutical drugs]]| [[generic drug]]s| [[antiviral drug]]s| [[over-the-counter drug]]s| [[vaccine]]s| [[Medical diagnosis|diagnostics]]| [[contact lens]]es| [[Veterinary medicine|animal health]]| [[dietary supplements]] }} <br /> | services = <br /> | revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|22192|c}} (2025)<br /> | operating_income = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|5277|c}} (2025)<br /> | net_income = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|3281|c}} (2025)<br /> | assets = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|29204|c}}<br /> | assets_year = 2025<br /> | equity = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|17294|c}}<br /> | equity_year = 2025<br /> | owner = <br /> | num_employees = 20,000+<br /> | num_employees_year = 2023<br /> | parent = <br /> | divisions = <br /> | subsid = <br /> | homepage = {{URL|http://www.lupin.com/}}<br /> | footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Q4 FY2024-25 Presentation |url=https://www.lupin.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/lupin-q4fy25-investor-meet-presentation.pdf |publisher=Lupin |access-date=3 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Statement of audited consolidated financial results for the quarter and year ended March 31, 2025 |url=https://www.lupin.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/consolidated-q4fy25.pdf |publisher=Lupin |access-date=3 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Lupin Limited''' is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[pharmaceutical]] company based in [[Mumbai]]. It is primarily a manufacturer of [[generic drugs]], covering therapeutic areas such as [[paediatrics]], [[Circulatory system|cardiovascular]], [[Infection|anti-infectives]], [[Diabetes|diabetology]], [[asthma]] and [[Tuberculosis management|anti-tuberculosis]].The company operates in multiple international markets including the United States, Japan, Europe, and Australia..&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Top five generic drug makers |url=https://www.europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com/article/93095/top-five-generic-drug-makers/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Lupin was founded in 1968 by [[Desh Bandhu Gupta]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/desh-bandhu-gupta/|title=Desh Bandhu Gupta|author=Megha Bahree|work=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt; who was a professor of chemistry at [[BITS Pilani|BITS-Pilani]], [[Rajasthan]]. Gupta initially borrowed Rs. 5000 from his wife to fund the venture. Due to subsequent funding from the Central Bank of India, the company able to start their manufacturing facility for producing folic acid and iron tablets for the Indian government's mother and child health program. Later Lupin started manufacturing [[Tuberculosis management|anti-tuberculosis]] (TB) drugs which at one point formed 36% of the company sales and was considered as the largest TB drugs manufacturer in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/guru-of-generics/story/5661.html|title=Guru of Generics- Business News|website=businesstoday.in|date=26 May 2010 |access-date=2019-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1988 Gupta founded the group's CSR arm, the Lupin Human Welfare &amp; Research Foundation (LHWRF). This initiative was dedicated to sustainable rural development with the aim to uplift families living below the poverty line.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhatia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://officechai.com/stories/desh-bandhu-gupta-lupin-story/|title=How Desh Bandhu Gupta Turned A Rs. 5000 Loan Into The Rs. 18,000 Crore Pharmaceutical Giant, Lupin|last=Bhatia|first=Navin|date=2017-06-26|website=OfficeChai|access-date=2019-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 1999, Lupin joined the [[Indian Pharmaceutical Alliance]] as a founding member.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dec 22 |first=PTI |date=2022-12-22 |title=Indian pharma sector set for 'volume to value leadership' journey in 2023 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/indian-pharma-sector-set-for-volume-to-value-leadership-journey-in-2023/articleshow/96407749.cms |access-date=2023-08-05 |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Introducing IPA- Indian Pharmaceutical Alliance |url=https://www.ipa-india.org/about-ipa/introduction/ |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=IPA, Indian Pharmaceutical Alliance}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2015 the company announced its intention to acquire Gavis Pharmaceuticals and Novel Laboratories for $880 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-23/lupin-to-buy-gavis-in-880-million-deal-to-grow-in-u-s-generics|title=Lupin to Buy Gavis in $880 Million Deal to Expand in U.S.|author=Ketaki Gokhale|date=23 July 2015|work=Bloomberg.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/lupin-acquires-gavis-pharmaceuticals-for-880m/81251544/|title = Lupin Acquires GAVIS Pharmaceuticals for $880M|date = 23 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The founder, Desh Bandhu Gupta died in June 2017 and was subsequently replaced as chairman by his wife, Manju Deshbandhu Gupta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/JNGBX52DBPh8dX7f1ENGcI/Lupin-appoints-Manju-Deshbandhu-Gupta-as-chairman.html|title=Lupin appoints Manju Deshbandhu Gupta as chairman|last=PTI|date=2017-08-11|website=Mint|language=en|access-date=2019-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2019, Lupin announced the Appointment of Sreeji Gopinatham as Chief Information Officer (CIO).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://business.medicaldialogues.in/sreeji-gopinathan-joins-lupin-as-chief-information-officer/|title= Sreeji Gopinathan joins Lupin as Chief Information Officer|date=October 10, 2019|work=Medical Dialogues}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 2019, the US FDA put several Lupin drug plants on notice for quality problems, and indicated it might not approve future Lupin drug applications.<br /> <br /> In May 2023, Lupin entered into an agreement to buy the French pharmaceutical company Medisol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MENAFN |title=Lupin Announces Acquisition Of French Pharma Company Medisol |url=https://menafn.com/1106187941/Lupin-Announces-Acquisition-Of-French-Pharma-Company-Medisol |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=menafn.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Businesses==<br /> Lupin's businesses encompass the entire pharmaceutical value chain, ranging from branded and generic formulations, APIs, advanced [[drug delivery]] systems to biotechnology. The company's drugs reach 70 countries&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-04-30/news/27578338_1_kamal-k-sharma-lupin-generic-players|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607010123/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-04-30/news/27578338_1_kamal-k-sharma-lupin-generic-players|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 June 2014|title=Lupin transforms into a global pharma company|work=timesofindia-economictimes | date=2010-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; with a footprint that covers advanced markets such as USA, Europe, Japan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/my-learnings/the-japanese-are-a-brand-conscious-people-says-lupin-md/32892/1|title=Forbes India Magazine - The Japanese Are a Brand Conscious People, Says Lupin MD|work=forbesindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Australia as well as emerging markets including India, the Philippines and South Africa.<br /> <br /> === United States ===<br /> Headquartered in [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], Lupin Pharmaceuticals Inc. (LPI), the company's US subsidiary is a $891 million enterprise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.lupin.com/pdf/15/FY15_Inv_ppt_13_May_15_vF.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 May 2015 |archive-date=17 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017154538/http://www.lupin.com/pdf/15/FY15_Inv_ppt_13_May_15_vF.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It has a presence in the branded and generics markets of the US. In the branded business, Lupin operates in the CVS and [[Pediatric]] segments. The company is the market leader in 28 products out of the 77 products marketed in the US generics market, of which it is amongst the Top 3 by market share in 57 of these products (IMS Health, December 2014): Suprax ([[Cefixime]]), a paediatric antibiotic, is Lupin's top-selling product here. Other products in Lupin's branded portfolio include Antara&lt; ([[Fenofibrate]]), Locoid lotion, Alinia ([[Nitazoxanide]]) and InspiraChambers (Anti-static valved holding chamber). The company is also the 5th largest and fastest growing generics player in the US (5.3% market share by prescriptions, IMS Health). Lupin's US brands business contributed 9% of total US sales whereas the generics business contributed 91% during FY 2014–15.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lupinworld.com/may-13-2015.php|title=Lupin|work=lupinworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === India Region Formulations (IRF) ===<br /> Lupin's IRF business focuses on [[Lifestyle disease]]s and [[Chronic disease]] therapy segments, particularly in [[Cardiology]], [[Central Nervous System]] (CNS), [[Diabetes|Diabetology]], Anti-Asthma, Anti-Infective, Gastro Intestinal and [[Oncology]]. The IRF business contributed 24% of the company's overall revenues for FY 2014–15, growing by 20% and recording revenues of {{INRConvert|29676|m}} for FY 2014-15 as compared to {{INRConvert|24794|m}} for FY 2013–14.<br /> <br /> It has 12 manufacturing plants and 2 Research plants in India, as [[Jam, Iran|Jammu]](J&amp;K), Mandideep &amp; Indore (Madhya pradesh), Ankaleswar &amp; Dabasa (Gujarat), Tarapur, Aurangabad and Nagpur (Maharashtra), [[Goa]], [[Visakhapatnam]] (Andhra Pradesh) and [[Sikkim]]; where research centre at Pune and Aurangabad.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lupinworld.com|title=Lupin|work=lupinworld.com|access-date=30 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010225150934/http://www.lupinworld.com/|archive-date=25 February 2001|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Among these the baby plant is Nagpur plant which will the biggest formulation unit for Lupin in coming year.<br /> <br /> === Japan ===<br /> Lupin operates in Japan through its subsidiary, Kyowa Pharmaceutical Industry Co. Ltd. (Kyowa), a company acquired in 2007,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/lupin-buys-japan-s-kyowa-pharma-107101101093_1.html|title=Lupin buys Japan's Kyowa Pharma|author=BS Reporter|date=11 October 2007|work=business-standard.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSBMA00166120071010|title=India's Lupin says acquires Japan's Kyowa Pharma|work=Reuters | first=Himangshu|last=Watts|date=2007-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; and I’rom, Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd (IP), acquired in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/lupin-acquires-japans-irom-pharma/877135/|title=Lupin acquires Japan's I'rom Pharma|work=indianexpress.com|date=17 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/lupin-to-acquire-japans-irom-pharma-133463.html|title=Lupin to acquire Japan's I'rom Pharma|work=Firstpost|date=17 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2014, Lupin entered into a strategic joint venture agreement with Toyama-based Japanese pharmaceuticals company, Yoshindo Inc. to create YL Biologics (YLB).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/VvNTuDeIPBuh6cVg23fuiM/Lupin-Yoshindo-to-form-new-JV-in-Japan-for-biological-drugs.html|title=Lupin, Yoshindo form JV for clinical development of biosimilars in Japan|author=C. H. Unnikrishnan|work=livemint.com|date=23 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, Lupin exited the generic pharmaceuticals business in Japan by divesting its stake in Kyowa to private equity firm Unison for an enterprise value of Japanese 57,361 million yen (Rs 3,702.4 crore).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Lupin sells Japan arm to Unison for Rs 3,702 cr, exits generic business|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article/companies/lupin-sells-japan-arm-to-unison-for-rs-3-702-cr-exits-generic-business-119111101327_1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Australia ===<br /> Lupin entered the Australian market through its subsidiary, Generic Health Pte. Ltd. (GH).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/lupin-acquires-majority-stake-in-australian-firm-110092900200_1.html|title=Lupin acquires majority stake in Australian firm|author=Press Trust of India|date=29 September 2010|work=business-standard.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It subsequently acquired the worldwide marketing rights to the over-100-year-old Australian brand Goanna,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-15/news/29660505_1_lupin-brand-australian-market|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606234702/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-15/news/29660505_1_lupin-brand-australian-market|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2014|title=Lupin acquires global rights for Australian brand Goanna|work=timesofindia-economictimes | date=2011-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; used for pain management.<br /> <br /> === Philippines ===<br /> Lupin's Philippines subsidiary Multicare Pharmaceuticals (Multicare),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/5NLXUi9cpTSregBAKxIqiM/Pharma--Lupin-buys-Philippines-drug-firm-Multicare.html|title=Pharma - Lupin buys Philippines drug firm Multicare|work=livemint.com|date=26 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a branded generic company focused on Women's Health, Pediatrics, Gastro-Intestinal and Diabetes care. FY 2012 also marked its foray into the Neurology segment when it entered into a strategic marketing partnership with Sanofi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/LwG6AroDnFw5mqccKLsecL/Lupin-SanofiAventis-ink-drug-marketing-pact-in-Philippines.html|title=Lupin, Sanofi-Aventis ink drug marketing pact in Philippines|work=livemint.com|date=2 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Mexico &amp; Latin America ===<br /> In 2014, Lupin acquired 100% equity stake in Laboratories Grin, S.A. De C.V. (Grin), Mexico, a specialty pharmaceutical company engaged in the development, manufacturing and commercialization of branded ophthalmic products. This marked their entry into Mexico and the larger Latin American pharmaceuticals market. In May 2015, Lupin entered the Brazilian market with its acquisition of 100% stake in Medquímica Indústria Farmacêutica S.A., Brazil, (Medquímica).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-05-13/news/62124190_1_drug-major-lupin-today-lupin-shares-vinita-gupta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010205414/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-05-13/news/62124190_1_drug-major-lupin-today-lupin-shares-vinita-gupta|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 October 2015|title=Lupin acquires Brazilian drug firm Medquimica|work=timesofindia-economictimes | date=2015-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Corporate social responsibility==<br /> The Lupin Human Welfare &amp; Research Foundation (LHWRF) was set up in 1988. The project began with a set of rural development projects centred around 35 villages in [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur District]], [[Rajasthan]]. Later this expanded to other regions and states. The initiative has so far reached out to over 2.8 million people across over 3,400 villages in eight states of India including Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Gujarat and Goa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhatia&quot;/&gt; In July 2018, Lupin foundation signed a statement of Intent with the National Institution for Transforming India ([[NITI Aayog|Niti Aayog]]), a policy think tank of the government of India, to collaborate in the Aspirational Districts Programme and support the development of three backward districts – Nandurbar in Maharashtra, Vidisha in Madhya Pradesh and Dholpur in Rajasthan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=180883 | title=Niti Aayog and Lupin foundation sign SoI | type=GOI press release | website=pib.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|40em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Official website|http://www.lupin.com/}}<br /> <br /> {{Nifty 200 companies}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 1968]]<br /> [[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 1968]]<br /> [[Category:Indian brands]]<br /> [[Category:1968 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]<br /> [[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakpi_Devi_Ngasepam&diff=523779 2026-04-13T02:50:17Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: Created New Biography</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian field hockey player}}<br /> {{Western name order|Ngasepam Pakpi Devi}}<br /> {{Meitei name|Ngasepam|Pakpi|Devi}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=September 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br /> {{MedalTableTop}}<br /> {{MedalSport | Women's [[Field Hockey]]}}<br /> {{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}<br /> {{MedalGold| [[2002 Commonwealth Games results#Field Hockey|2002 Manchester]] | [[India at the 2002 Commonwealth Games#India women.27s national field hockey team|Team]]}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}<br /> {{MedalSilver|[[1999 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|1999 New Delhi]]|}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Champions Challenge I|Champions Challenge]]}}<br /> {{MedalBronze|[[2002 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge|2002 Johannesburg]]|[[2002 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge#Squads|Team]]}}<br /> {{MedalBottom}}<br /> <br /> '''Pakpi Devi Ngasepam''' ({{langx|mni|Ngasepam Pakpi Devi}}, born 10 March 1981) is an Indian field hockey player who played for the [[India women's national field hockey team]]. She played with the team when it won the Gold at the [[Manchester]] [[India at the 2002 Commonwealth Games|2002 Commonwealth Games]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://newschoupal.com/2018/04/indiacwg-indian-medals-at-2002-commonwealth-games/ |title=India@CWG: Indian Medals at 2002 Commonwealth Games |website=Newschoupal |access-date=24 May 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She played for Western Railways in the domestic tournaments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ai-to-meet-western-railway-in-hockey-final/articleshow/1019190.cms |title=AI to meet Western Railway in hockey final |website=The Times of India |date=12 February 2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Devi hails from [[Manipur]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/golden-girls-shun-ibobi-cash-prize/cid/871272 |title=Golden girls shun Ibobi cash prize |website=The Telegraph |access-date=24 May 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://e-pao.org/erang/Reviews/Chuck_and_Flick.php |title=Chuck and Flick: A short comment on Chak De! India |website=E-Pao |access-date=24 May 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *[http://m2002.thecgf.com/results/default.asp?ath=8261 Commonwealth Games Biography]<br /> <br /> {{India FHW Squad 1999 Asia Cup}}<br /> {{India FHW Squad 2002 Commonwealth Games}}<br /> {{India FHW Squad 2002 Champions Challenge}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ngasepam, Pakpi Devi}}<br /> [[Category:1981 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]<br /> [[Category:Field hockey players at the 2002 Commonwealth Games]]<br /> [[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]<br /> [[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for India]]<br /> [[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in field hockey]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Field hockey players from Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]<br /> [[Category:Medallists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vidyaranyapuram&diff=544323 2026-04-11T08:14:05Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: Made A Post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Suburb of Mysore, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{coord|12.27568|N|76.64543|E|display=title}}[[File:Maharshi College.JP.Nagar.jpg|thumb|Maharshi Junction, Vidyaranyapuram]]<br /> [[File:Ramalingeshwara Dewadthana. Vidtaranyapura.jpg|thumb|Ramalingeshwara Temple]]<br /> <br /> '''Vidyaranyapuram''' is a suburb of [[Mysore]] City in the [[Karnataka]] state of India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-03-21 |title=BPCL offers to produce biogas from waste at Vidyaranyapuram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/bpcl-offers-to-produce-biogas-from-waste-at-vidyaranyapuram/articleshow/119313053.cms |access-date=2026-04-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> Vidyaranyapuram is located on the southern side of Mysore City on the road to [[Jayaprakash Nagar Mysore]].<br /> <br /> ==Landmarks==<br /> * Vishweshwarara Nagar<br /> * Gundu Rao Nagar<br /> * Sterling Theatre Junction<br /> * Sewage Farm Junction<br /> * Maharshi group of institutions<br /> *Sewage Farm&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-28 |title=Remodelled Vidyaranyapuram Compost Plant to start operations |url=https://starofmysore.com/remodelled-vidyaranyapuram-compost-plant-to-start-operations/ |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BioEnergyTimes |date=2025-03-22 |title=BPCL offers to produce biogas from waste at Vidyaranyapuram |url=https://bioenergytimes.com/bpcl-offers-to-produce-biogas-from-waste-at-vidyaranyapuram/ |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=BioEnergy Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Image gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Vidyaranyapura, Mysore (1).jpg|Sewage Farm junction<br /> File:Hamuman temple. Vidyaranyapura.jpg|Chamundeshwari temple<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Jayaprakash Nagar Mysore]]<br /> * [[Ashokapuram, Mysore]]<br /> * [[Nanju Mallige]]<br /> * [[Mananthavady Road]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mysore South]]<br /> [[Category:Suburbs of Mysore]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Voice_India_Kids&diff=540756 2026-04-03T21:24:56Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: Made A Post</p> <hr /> <div>{{About||the publishing house|Voice of India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = <br /> | genre = Singing [[Reality competition]]<br /> | creator = [[John de Mol Jr.]]<br /> | based_on = <br /> | writer = <br /> | director = <br /> | creative_director = <br /> | presenter = [[Sugandha Mishra]]&lt;br&gt;[[Jay Bhanushali]]<br /> | starring = <br /> | judges = {{ubl|<br /> *[[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]] (2)<br /> *[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] (1–)<br /> *[[Palak Muchhal]] (2)<br /> *[[Himesh Reshammiya]] (2–)<br /> *[[Shekhar Ravjiani]] (1)<br /> *[[Neeti Mohan]] (1, 3)<br /> *[[Armaan Malik]] (3–)<br /> *[[Harshdeep Kaur]] (3–)<br /> }}<br /> | theme_music_composer = <br /> | opentheme = This is the Voice, The Voice Kids<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = English&lt;br&gt;Hindi<br /> | num_seasons = 2<br /> | num_episodes = 64<br /> | producer = Deepak Dhar<br /> | location = [[Mumbai]], India<br /> | cinematography = <br /> | camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br /> | editor = Kumar Priyadarshi<br /> | runtime = 45 minutes approx.<br /> | company = [[Endemol India]]<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|2016|7|23|df=y}}<br /> | last_aired = {{End date|2018|03|11|df=y}}&lt;!--There is no information on season 3.--&gt;<br /> | channel = [[And TV|&amp;TV]]&lt;br&gt;[[StarPlus]]<br /> | related = [[Superstar Singer]]&lt;br&gt;[[Indian Idol Junior]] <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''The Voice India Kids''''' is an Indian singing [[Reality television|reality competition]] television series that airs on [[And TV|&amp;TV]] or [[StarPlus]]. The series is produced by [[Endemol India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Jay Bhanushali confirmed as 'The Voice India Kids' host&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jay-Bhanushali-confirmed-as-The-Voice-India-Kids-host/articleshow/52939952.cms|title=Jay Bhanushali confirmed as 'The Voice India Kids' host|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 June 2016|access-date=28 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Format==<br /> This show based on ''[[The Voice (Indian TV series)|The Voice India]]''. The show will allow young singers between the age group of 6–14 years to showcase their talent in front of a national audience.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shaan to join Neeti Mohan as coach on The Voice India Kids&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/shaan-to-judge-the-voice-india-kids-coach-neeti-mohan-lifetv-12434-2016-06-05|title=Shaan to join Neeti Mohan as coach on The Voice India Kids|date=5 June 2016|newspaper=[[India Today]]|access-date=28 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show is part of The Voice franchise and is structured in three phases: Blind auditions, Battle rounds, and Live performance shows.<br /> <br /> ===Blind auditions===<br /> The first stage is the blind auditions, where artists sing in front of the judges/coaches. In this round, each coach selects 15 singers for their team. Four coaches, all noteworthy recording artists, choose teams of contestants through a blind audition process. Each coach has the length of the auditioner's performance (about 90 seconds) to decide if they want the singer on their team. If one of the coaches is satisfied with the voice of an artist, and wants to mentor them for the next stage, they press the &quot;I WANT YOU&quot; button by their chair. This turns the chair around to face the stage, and allows the coach to see the artist for the first time after they have sung. This avoids any bias on the part of the judge/coach because of an artist's characteristics or personality. If two or more coaches want the same singer, the singer chooses their coach. The artist's journey on the show comes to an end if no coach selects them.<br /> <br /> ===Battle rounds===<br /> Each team of singers is then mentored and developed by their coach in the second stage, called the Battle Round. The team coaches help to develop their artists by giving them advice, and sharing the secrets of their success in the music industry. The coaches have two of their own team members battle each other by singing the same song. The coach chooses which team member will advance to the next stage. The judges then have to choose from the individual &quot;battles&quot; which artists to take to the Live Round.[3]<br /> <br /> ===Live shows===<br /> The third stage, Live Shows, is where the remaining seven members of each team perform solo and try to entertain the audience and to impress the judges. After Round 1, each of the coaches can save three contestants to progress. After Rounds 2 and 3, each coach can save two contestants to progress. After Round 4, each coach can save one contestant to progress to the semi-final round. The remaining contestants progress, or not, based on a public vote conducted after each round.<br /> <br /> In the semi-finals, the final two contestants from each team face off against each other. The judges then split 100 points between the two performers of their team. The winner is decided by the combination of public votes received and points given by their respective judges.<br /> <br /> ==Coaches==<br /> * [[Neeti Mohan]] (Season 1)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/mentoring-kids-on-the-voice-india-new-experience-neeti-mohan-2834039/|title=Mentoring kids on 'The Voice India' new experience: Neeti Mohan|date=4 June 2016|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=28 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] (Season 1–2)&lt;ref name=&quot;Shaan to join Neeti Mohan as coach on The Voice India Kids&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Shekhar Ravjiani]] (Season 1)<br /> * [[Palak Muchhal]] (Season 2)<br /> * [[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]] (Season 2)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/papon-quits-voice-india-kids-over-sexual-assault-claims-falsely-implicated-in-no-mental-state-to-fulfil-duties/story-vYlEoQqiFo8T75IzemLqkL.html|title=Papon quits Voice India Kids over sexual assault row, says falsely implicated|date=2018-02-24|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Himesh Reshammiya]] (Season 2)<br /> * Samantha Jones (Season 3)<br /> <br /> ==Season summary==<br /> '''Colour key'''<br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-4}}<br /> :{{Color box|#FFE5B4|border=silver}} Team [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]<br /> :{{Color box|#FFC0CB |border=silver}} Team [[Neeti Mohan|Neeti]]<br /> :{{Color box|#fbb46e|border=silver}} Team [[Shekhar Ravjiani|Shekhar]]<br /> {{col-4}}<br /> {{plainlist|<br /> :{{Color box|#d0f0c0|border=silver}} Team [[Himesh Reshammiya|Himesh]]<br /> :{{Color box|#ff9999 |border=silver}} Team [[Palak Muchhal|Palak]]<br /> :{{Color box|#5deb87|border=silver}} Team [[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]]<br /> }}<br /> {{col-4}}<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:16px; width:100%;&quot;<br /> |+''The Voice India Kids'' series overview<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;01%&quot; | Season<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;08%&quot; | First aired<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;08%&quot; | Last aired<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot; | Winner<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=1 rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;8%&quot; | Runner-up <br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;8%&quot; | Third place <br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;8%&quot; | Fourth place <br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot; | Winning coach<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;7.5%&quot; | Hosts<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;7.5%&quot; | Co-Hosts<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot; | Coaches (order)<br /> |-<br /> ! width=&quot;6%&quot; | 1<br /> ! width=&quot;6%&quot; | 2<br /> ! width=&quot;6%&quot; | 3<br /> ! width=&quot;13%&quot; | 4<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> ! [[The Voice India Kids (season 1)|1]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | {{nowrap|July 23,}} 2016<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | {{nowrap|Oct 23,}} 2016<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFC0CB&quot;| Nishtha Sharma<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFC0CB&quot;| Kavya Limaye<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFE5B4&quot;| Pooja Insa<br /> |{{N/A|''No fourth finalist''}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFC0CB&quot;| [[Neeti Mohan]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Jay Bhanushali<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| [[Sugandha Mishra]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FFE5B4;&quot;| Shaan<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:#FFC0CB;&quot;| Neeti<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:#fbb46e;&quot;| Shekhar<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; {{N/A|''{{nowrap|No fourth}} coach''}}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[The Voice India Kids (season 2)|2]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Nov 11, 2017<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Mar 11, 2018<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ff9999&quot;| Manashi Saharia<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFE5B4&quot;| Neelanjana Ray<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#5deb87&quot;| Shruti Gosawmi<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#d0f0c0&quot;| Mohammad Faazil<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff9999;&quot;| [[Palak Muchhal]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; {{N/A|''No Co-Host''}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:#5deb87;&quot;| Papon<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:#ff9999;&quot;| Palak<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0f0c0;&quot;| Himesh<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Season 1 (2016)==<br /> [[Nishtha Sharma]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] won the first edition of ''The Voice India Kids''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/nishtha-sharma-wins-the-voice-india-kids/story-ZJLBS9rBUe7fHHkSXqzAuL.html|title=UP's Nishtha Sharma wins The Voice India Kids|date=2016-10-24|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was the contestant from Team [[Neeti Mohan]]. She received a cheque of Rs {{formatnum:2500000}}, along with a recording contract from [[Universal Music India|Universal Music]]. Kavya Limaye (Team Neeti) was the 1st runner up and Pooja Insa (Team [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]) was the 2nd runner up of the season.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/voice-india-kids-10-year-old-nishtha-sharma-emerges-victorious-wins-rs-25-lakh-3099707/|title=Voice India Kids: 10-year-old Nishtha Sharma emerges victorious, wins Rs 25 lakh|work=Indian Express|date=24 October 2016 |access-date=2016-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sultanpur-girl-Nishtha-Sharma-wins-The-Voice-India-Kids/articleshow/55022866.cms|title=Sultanpur girl Nishtha Sharma wins 'The Voice India Kids|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2016-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Season 2 (2017–18)==<br /> [[Manashi Sahariah]] of Udmari, [[Assam]] won the second edition of ''The Voice India Kids''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/manashi-sahariah-wins-voice-india-kids-2-5094406/|title=Manashi Sahariah wins The Voice India Kids 2|date=2018-03-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was the contestant from Team [[Palak Muchhal|Palak]] . She received a cheque of Rs. {{formatnum:2500000}}, along with a recording contract from Universal Music. The 1st runner up was [[Neelanjana Ray]] (Team [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]) followed by [[Shruti Goswami]] (Team [[Papon (singer)|Papon]]). Both got a prize amount of Rs. {{formatnum:1000000}} each.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}<br /> <br /> === Battles (Season 2) ===<br /> <br /> The battles are the 2nd round of the show, where 3 singers from the same team sing the same song. Then the coach decides the winner, taking the singer to the 3rd round.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;<br /> <br /> ! Contestants<br /> ! Team<br /> ! Winner<br /> |-<br /> | Shiba Prasad VS Sayyad Habibur VS Subhransh Mishra<br /> | Papon<br /> | Shiba Prasad<br /> |-<br /> | Shruti Goswami VS Pihu Srivastava VS Laxmi Srivastava<br /> | Papon<br /> | Shruti Goswami<br /> |-<br /> |Dhanni Saikiya VS Shekinah Mukhiya VS Gayatri Shinde<br /> | Himesh<br /> | Shekinah Mukhiya<br /> |-<br /> | Deblina Nath VS Anvita TS VS Manashi Sahariah<br /> | Palak<br /> | Manashi Sahariah<br /> |-<br /> | Asmi Mukherjee VS Sanjana Ganesh VS Niharika Nath<br /> | Papon<br /> | Niharika Nath<br /> |-<br /> |Tannishtha Puri VS Sonal Srivastava VS Anupama Mamgain<br /> |Papon<br /> |Tannishtha Puri<br /> |-<br /> | Supriyo Sinha VS Abhinav Dhiman VS Shaurya Negi<br /> | Shaan<br /> | Supriyo Sinha<br /> |-<br /> | Tanishka Sarkar VS Arya Nanda VS Ishaan Tangirala<br /> | Shaan<br /> | Ishaan Tangirala<br /> |-<br /> | Aashi Singh VS Aarohi Roy VS Priyadarshan Deka<br /> | Palak<br /> | Aarohi Roy<br /> |-<br /> | Rubab Choudhary VS Madhav Arora VS Satyajeet Debroy<br /> | Papon<br /> | Madhav Arora<br /> |-<br /> | Abhraman Kashyap VS Mansi Sisodia VS Neelanjana Ray<br /> | Shaan<br /> | Neelanjana Ray<br /> |-<br /> | Mohammad Faazil VS Tanish Kinalkar VS Sumeet Kumar VS Rajeev Das<br /> | Himesh<br /> | Mohammad Faazil<br /> |-<br /> | Bunty VS Siddhant Aggarwal VS Bhanu Pratap Singh<br /> | Palak<br /> | Bhanu Pratap Singh<br /> |-<br /> | Ayush Kotwal VS Moksh Gulati VS Ayush Kalam<br /> | Himesh<br /> | Moksh Gulati<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Top 20 (Season 2) ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;<br /> <br /> ! Himesh's team<br /> ! From<br /> |-<br /> | Mohammad Faazil<br /> | Jaipur, Rajasthan<br /> |-<br /> | Shekinah Mukhiya<br /> | Dehradun, Uttarakhand<br /> |-<br /> | Sneha Shankar<br /> | Mumbai, Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | Moksh Gulati<br /> | New Delhi<br /> |-<br /> |[[Anshika Chonkar]]<br /> | Mumbai, Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> ! Shaan's team<br /> ! From<br /> |-<br /> | Neelanjana Ray<br /> | Alipurduar, West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | Supriyo Sinha<br /> | Kolkata, West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | Ishaan Tangirala<br /> | New Jersey, USA<br /> |-<br /> | Guntaas<br /> | Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | Ankona Mukherjee<br /> | Kolkata, West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> ! Palak's team<br /> ! From<br /> |-<br /> | Manashi Sahariah<br /> | Udmari, Assam<br /> |-<br /> | Aarohi Roy<br /> | Kolkata, West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | Shivansh Rana<br /> | New Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | Bhanu Pratap Singh<br /> | Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | Shreemoyi Mondal<br /> | West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> ! Papon's team<br /> ! From<br /> |-<br /> | Shiba Prasad<br /> | Odisha<br /> |-<br /> | Tannishtha Puri<br /> | Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | Madhav Arora<br /> | Zirakpur, Punjab<br /> |-<br /> | Niharika Nath<br /> | Agartala, Tripura<br /> |-<br /> |Shruti Gosawmi<br /> |Guwhati, Assam<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Top 12 (Season 2) ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;<br /> <br /> ! Himesh's Team<br /> !From<br /> |-<br /> | Sneha Shankar<br /> | Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | Shekinah Mukhiya<br /> | Dehradun, Uttarkhand<br /> |-<br /> | Mohammad Faazil<br /> | Jaipur, Rajasthan<br /> |-<br /> ! Shaan's Team<br /> !From<br /> |-<br /> | Neelanjana Ray<br /> | Alipurduar, West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | Guntaas<br /> | Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | Ishaan Tangirala<br /> | New Jersey, USA<br /> |-<br /> ! Papon's Team<br /> !From<br /> |-<br /> | Niharika Nath<br /> | Agartala, Tripura<br /> |-<br /> | Tannishtha Puri<br /> | Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> |Shruti Goswami<br /> |Guwahati, Assam<br /> |-<br /> ! Palak's Team<br /> !From<br /> |-<br /> | Manashi Sahariah<br /> | Udmari, Assam<br /> |-<br /> | Bhanu Pratap Singh<br /> | Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | Shreemoyi Mondal<br /> | West Bengal<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Top 6 (Season 2) ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;<br /> <br /> ! Contestant<br /> ! Team<br /> |-<br /> | Mohammad Faazil<br /> | Himesh<br /> |-<br /> | Shekinah Mukhiya<br /> | Himesh<br /> |-<br /> | Guntaas<br /> | Shaan<br /> |-<br /> | Neelanjana Ray<br /> | Shaan<br /> |-<br /> | Manashi Sahariah<br /> | Palak<br /> |-<br /> | Shruti Goswami<br /> | Papon<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.thevoicekidsindia.com/ Official website]<br /> <br /> {{&amp;TV Programmes}}<br /> {{The Voice series}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Voice India Kids}}<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:Indian singing talent shows]]<br /> [[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:The Voice (Indian TV series)]]<br /> [[Category:Reality television spinoffs]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television spinoffs]]<br /> [[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]<br /> [[Category:&amp;TV original programming]]<br /> [[Category:Television series about children]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television series about teenagers]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maroof_Raza&diff=460521 2026-03-28T14:13:16Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: reworked content additionally and fixed typos</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian soldier and journalist (1959–2026)}}<br /> {{Sources|date=February 2026}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=March 2026}} <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox military person<br /> | honorific_prefix = Major (Retd.)<br /> | name = Maroof Raza<br /> | honorific_suffix = (7 May 1959 – 26 February 2026)<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = Maroof Raza<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1959|5|7|df=yes}}<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2026|2|26|1959|5|7|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place =<br /> | death_place = [[Gurugram]], India<br /> | placeofburial = [[New Delhi]], India<br /> | allegiance = {{flagicon|India}} India<br /> | branch = [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]<br /> | unit = [[File:Grenadiers Insignia (India).svg|20px]] [[The Grenadiers]]<br /> | battles =<br /> | serviceyears = 1980–1994<br /> | rank = [[File:Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|15px]] [[Major (military rank)|Major]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[Mayo_College]]&lt;br&gt;[[St Stephen's College, Delhi]]&lt;br&gt;[[Indian Military Academy]]&lt;br&gt;[[King's College, London]]&lt;br&gt;[[Cambridge University]].<br /> | servicenumber = <br /> }}<br /> '''Maroof Raza''' (7 May 1959 – 26 February 2026) was an [[Indian Army]] officer with experience in counter-insurgency operations. He had more than 20 years of experience as a mentor, anchor, correspondent, lecturer, writer and a commentator on issues of National Security and Strategic Affairs.<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> Raza was educated at [[Mayo College]], [[Ajmer]]&lt;ref name=&quot;tnie&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last= Online Desk|first= |date=27 February 2026 |title=Major Maroof Raza, who brought the soldier’s voice to public discourse, passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Feb/27/major-maroof-raza-who-brought-the-soldiers-voice-to-public-discourse-passes-away |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260227102130/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Feb/27/major-maroof-raza-who-brought-the-soldiers-voice-to-public-discourse-passes-away |archive-date=27 February 2026 |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and subsequently graduated with in History from [[St Stephen's College, Delhi]], had an M.A. in War Studies from [[King's College, London]], and an M.Phil in International Relations from [[Cambridge University]].<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> <br /> ===Armed forces===<br /> Raza served in the Indian Army from 1980 to 1994. He served in the [[The Grenadiers|Grenadiers]] and the [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment]]. Later he was appointed as an instructor at the [[Indian Military Academy]].<br /> <br /> ===Fellowship===<br /> In 1994, he was awarded the Times of India Fellowship. He held Visiting Fellowships at the [[Centre for Policy Research]], Delhi, at the [[Stimson Center|Henry L. Stimson Centre]], Washington and at the War Studies Department of [[King's College, London]].&lt;ref name=maroofrazawebsite /&gt; Between 1998 and 2007, He was a visiting professor at [[Middlesex University]] and its Regional Director (for South Asia). He continued to lecture extensively in India and abroad on India's Security Concerns, until his death. <br /> <br /> ===Anchor===<br /> <br /> Raza anchored and presented many TV series showcasing Indian Defence and National security themes over two decades. Some of the popular multi episode TV series shows he has anchored include &quot;Line of Duty&quot;, &quot;Latitude&quot;, &quot;India Risk Report&quot; and &quot;The Defenders&quot;.<br /> <br /> For [[Times Now]], he anchored a 20-part series on the Indian armed forces, titled ''Line of Duty''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/the-stigma-attached-to-the-arms-business-must-go-away-maroof-raza-115010300573_1.html |title=The stigma attached to the arms business must go away: Maroof Raza &amp;#124; Business Standard News |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=3 January 2015 |access-date=22 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; An episode from this series, on the [[Siachen Glacier]] won an Award in the military documentary section at the Film Festival in Rome in 2005. This TV series has entered the ''[[Limca Book of Records]]'' as India's first military reality show. <br /> <br /> For Times Now, he anchored a strategic affairs show titled [http://www.timesnow.tv/Weekend-Shows-/Latitude/videolist/4426271.cms &quot;Latitude&quot;] between the years 2013 and 2023. <br /> <br /> For [[ET Now]], he anchored a bi-weekly show titled [https://iirisconsulting.com/blog/india-risk-report/ &quot;India Risk Report&quot;] in partnership with IIRIS Consulting.&lt;ref name=&quot;maroofrazawebsite&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.maroofraza.com |title=Maroof Raza |publisher=Maroof Raza |date= |access-date=11 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> For [[Sansad TV]], he anchored the series &quot;The Defenders&quot;, between 2021 and 2023. The series, over 80 episodes, showcased the strength of the Indian military, its formations and operations to the common citizen.<br /> <br /> === Strategic Affairs Commentator===<br /> Raza appeared on almost all of India's leading television channels as an expert on military and security matters and on [[BBC World Service|BBC's World Service]] radio programmes. He was the Strategic Affairs Editorial Adviser to [[Times Now]] and also the Editor-at-Large of FAUJI INDIA Magazine. He was the Mentor of Security Watch India.<br /> <br /> ===Columnist===<br /> His articles were published regularly in leading newspapers of India.<br /> He was a consultant and strategic affairs expert on [[Times Now]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/times-now-censured-for-not-revealing-defence-analyst-s-business-interests/1051671/ |title=Times Now censured for not revealing defence analyst’s business interests |publisher=Indian Express |date=29 December 2012 |access-date=22 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apart from his appearances on news debates, he published and wrote for ''Salute'' magazine&lt;ref&gt; [https://saluteindia.org/ Salute India]&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ===Public speaker===<br /> His in-depth knowledge, experience, and his association with leading TV channels including TIMES NOW, [[NDTV]], [[BBC]] and more made him one of the most sought-after speakers internationally on the subjects of National and International Risk and Security Affairs.<br /> <br /> ===Advisor===<br /> Raza also acted on the Board of Advisers – Strategic Risk and Global Geo-Political Experts with [https://iirisconsulting.com IIRIS Consulting].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://iirisconsulting.com/team/|title=IIRIS Team|website=IIRIS Consulting|page=https://iirisconsulting.com/team/|via=(By IIRIS Consulting)|access-date=7 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> ===Actor===<br /> Maroof had a guest role in 2014 Bollywood film ''[[Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Seven-reasons-why-Holiday-A-Soldier-Is-Never-Off-Duty-is-a-must-watch/articleshow/36049904.cms |title=Seven reasons why 'Holiday — A Soldier Is Never Off Duty' is a must-watch – Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date= |access-date=22 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Writing==<br /> Raza authored and edited many books. ''Low-Intensity Conflicts: The new dimension to India’s military commitments'' and ''Wars and no Peace over Kashmir''. He edited a book titled Generals and Governments in India and Pakistan. As the General Editor of Military Affairs series of Har Anand Publications, from 2001, he edited twelve volumes. Most recently, he edited a book on Indian terrorism challenges titled Confronting Terrorism (Penguin Books, India).<br /> <br /> * ''Low Intensity Conflicts:'' The new dimension to India’s military commitments by Maroof Raza (Kartikeya Publications, 1995) {{ISBN|9788185823089}}<br /> * ''Wars and No Peace Over Kashmir'': An Evolutionary Assessment of Indo-Pak Relations by Maroof Raza (Spantech &amp; Lancer, 1996) {{ISBN|978-1897829165}}<br /> * ''Confronting Terrorism'' by Maroof Raza (as Editor) ([[Penguin India]], 2009) {{ISBN|9780670083695}}<br /> * ''Generals and Governments in India &amp; Pakistan'' by Maroof Raza (as Editor), (Har-Anand Publications, 2021) {{ISBN|978-9391504335}}<br /> * ''Kashmir's Untold Story'' by Iqbal Chand Malhotra and Maroof Raza([[Bloomsbury Publishing]], 2021) {{ISBN|978-9390358625}}<br /> * ''Contested Lands:'' India, China and the Boundary Dispute by Maroof Raza (Westland Non-Fiction, 2021) {{ISBN|978-9357768412}}<br /> * ''Shourya Gatha:'' Bharat Ke Veer Senani (in Hindi) by Lt. Col. Sheodan Singh and Maroof Raza (Eka publishing, 2021) {{ISBN|978-9390679751}}<br /> * ''Essays on Military Affairs'' by Maroof Raza (Har-Anand Publications, 2024) {{ISBN|978-8119798803}}<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> * ENBA 2020: &quot;Best in-depth series&quot; award: Raza's series &quot;Tales of Valour&quot; with [[Times Now|Times Network]].<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Raza died from cancer in [[Gurugram]], on 26 February 2026, at the age of 66.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.timesnownews.com/india/remembering-maroof-raza-indias-most-responsible-voice-on-national-security-article-153701949 Remembering Maroof Raza, India’s Most Responsible Voice on National Security]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://iirisconsulting.com/blog/india-risk-report/ India Risk Report]<br /> * {{IMDb name|6968590}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Raza, Maroof}}<br /> [[Category:1959 births]]<br /> [[Category:2026 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male television journalists]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of King's College London]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Army officers]]<br /> [[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._G._Ramachandran&diff=465614 2026-03-26T22:19:35Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: improve structure for clarity and corrected details based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actor and former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (1917–1987)}}<br /> {{Redirect2|MGR|M.G.R.|other uses|MGR (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Indian name|Ramachandran|Maruthur Gopala}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = M. G. Ramachandran<br /> | image = MGR portrait, from 2017 Stamp.jpg<br /> | caption = Portrait of M.G.R. from a 2017 commemorative stamp<br /> | office = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | term_start = 9 June 1980<br /> | term_end = 24 December 1987<br /> | governor = {{ubl|[[Prabhudas B. Patwari]]|[[Sundar Lal Khurana|S. L. Khurana]]}}<br /> | subterm = '''Cabinet'''<br /> | suboffice = {{ubl|[[Second Ramachandran ministry|Ramachandran II]]|[[Third Ramachandran ministry|Ramachandran III]]}}<br /> | predecessor = [[President's rule]]<br /> | successor = [[V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]]{{efn|[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] served as acting chief minister in the interim for 14 days.}}<br /> | constituency = {{ubl|[[Madurai West Assembly constituency|Madurai West]]|[[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]}}<br /> | term_start1 = 30 June 1977<br /> | term_end1 = 17 February 1980<br /> | governor1 = [[Prabhudas B. Patwari]]<br /> | subterm1 = '''Cabinet'''<br /> | suboffice1 = [[First Ramachandran ministry|Ramachandran I]]<br /> | predecessor1 = [[President's rule]]<br /> | successor1 = [[President's rule]]<br /> | constituency1 = [[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukottai]]<br /> | office2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start2 = 24 December 1984<br /> | term_end2 = 24 December 1987<br /> | 1blankname2 = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata2 = ''Himself''<br /> | 2blankname2 = Political Party<br /> | 2namedata2 = [[AIADMK]]<br /> | predecessor2 = [[S. S. Rajendran]]<br /> | successor2 = [[P. Aasiyan]]<br /> | constituency2 = [[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]<br /> | term_start3 = 9 June 1980<br /> | term_end3 = 15 November 1984<br /> | 1blankname3 = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata3 = ''Himself''<br /> | 2blankname3 = Political Party<br /> | 2namedata3 = [[AIADMK]]<br /> | predecessor3 = T. P. M. Periyaswamy<br /> | successor3 = [[Pon. Muthuramalingam]]<br /> | constituency3 = [[Madurai West Assembly constituency|Madurai West]]<br /> | term_start4 = 30 June 1977<br /> | term_end4 = 17 February 1980<br /> | 1blankname4 = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata4 = ''Himself''<br /> | 2blankname4 = Political Party<br /> | 2namedata4 = [[AIADMK]]<br /> | predecessor4 = [[Sowdi Sundara Bharathi]]<br /> | successor4 = [[M. Pitchai]]<br /> | constituency4 = [[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukottai]]<br /> | term_start5 = 1 March 1967<br /> | term_end5 = 31 January 1976<br /> | 1blankname5 = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata5 = {{ubl|[[C. N. Annadurai]]|[[M. Karunanidhi]]}}<br /> | 2blankname5 = Political Party<br /> | 2namedata5 = {{ubl|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]|[[AIADMK]]}}<br /> | predecessor5 = ''position established''<br /> | successor5 = ''position abolished''<br /> | constituency5 = [[St. Thomas Mount Assembly constituency|St. Thomas Mount]]<br /> | office6 = [[Member of the Legislative Council (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]]<br /> | term_start6 = 30 March 1962&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/3rd_1962/Review%203_62-67.pdf|title=Madras Legislative Assembly 1962–67 : A Review|work=[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]|access-date=28 February 2022|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606082028/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/3rd_1962/Review%203_62-67.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | term_end6 = 7 July 1964<br /> | predecessor6 = <br /> | successor6 = S. R. P. Ponnuswamy Chettiar<br /> | 2blankname6 = Chief Minister<br /> | 2namedata6 = {{ubl|[[K. Kamaraj]]|[[M. Bhaktavatsalam]]}}<br /> | office7 = [[General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|General Secretary]] of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br /> | term_start7 = 17 October 1986<br /> | term_end7 = 24 December 1987<br /> | predecessor7 = [[S. Raghavanandam]]<br /> | successor7 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]<br /> | term_start8 = 17 October 1972<br /> | term_end8 = 22 June 1978<br /> | predecessor8 = ''position established''<br /> | successor8 = [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]<br /> | office9 = Treasurer of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br /> | term_start9 = 27 July 1969<br /> | term_end9 = 10 October 1972<br /> | 1blankname9 = President<br /> | 1namedata9 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]<br /> | 2blankname9 = General Secretary<br /> | 2namedata9 = [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]<br /> | predecessor9 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]<br /> | successor9 = [[K. Anbazhagan]]<br /> | office10 = President of the [[Nadigar Sangam|South Indian Artistes' Association]]<br /> | term_start10 = 1961<br /> | term_end10 = 1963<br /> | predecessor10 = [[R. Nagendra Rao]]<br /> | successor10 = [[S. S. Rajendran]]<br /> | term_start11 = 1957<br /> | term_end11 = 1959<br /> | predecessor11 = [[N. S. Krishnan]]<br /> | successor11 = [[Anjali Devi]]<br /> | birth_name = Maruthur Gopalan Menon Ramachandran<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1917|01|17}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Nawalapitiya]], [[British Ceylon]]&lt;br/&gt;(present-day [[Kandy District]], [[Central Province, Sri Lanka|Central Province]], Sri Lanka)<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1987|12|24|1917|01|17}}<br /> | death_place = [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]),&lt;br/&gt;[[Tamil Nadu]], India<br /> | death_cause = [[Cardiac arrest]]&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mgr-remembered/articleshow/27850941.cms|title=MGR remembered|date=24 December 2013|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | resting_place = [[M.G.R. and Amma Memorial]]<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | profession = {{hlist|Actor|director|film producer|politician|philanthropist}}<br /> | party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (1972{{endash}}1987)<br /> &lt;br/&gt;{{ubl|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (1953{{endash}}1972)|[[Indian National Congress]] (1935{{endash}}1945)}}<br /> | spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Chitarikulam Bhargavi|1939|1942|end=died}}|{{marriage|Sadanandavati|1942|1962|end=died}}|{{marriage|[[V. N. Janaki]]|1963|}}}}<br /> | nickname = {{unbulleted list|Makkal Thilagam|Puratchi Thalaivar|Vaathiyar}}<br /> | residence = {{bullet list|MGR Thottam, [[Ramapuram, Chennai|Ramapuram]] | Arcot Road, [[Thyagaraya Nagar|T. Nagar]] }}<br /> | relatives = {{bullet list|[[M. G. Chakrapani]] (brother)|[[Papanasam Sivan]] (uncle-in-law)}}<br /> | awards = {{bullet list|[[Bharat Ratna]] (1988)|[[National Film Award for Best Actor]] (1971)}}<br /> | signature = <br /> }}<br /> '''Maruthur Gopalan Ramachandran''' (17 January 1917 – 24 December 1987), popularly known by his initials '''M. G. R.''', was an Indian politician, actor, [[film director|director]], [[film producer]], and [[philanthropist]], who served as the [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] from 1977 until his death in 1987. He was the founder and first [[List of general secretaries of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|general secretary]] of the political party [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK).&lt;ref name=&quot;Sri Kantha 2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Sri Kantha|first=Sachi|author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha|date=8 April 2015|title=M.G.R. Remembered – Part 26|url=http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-26/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816105803/http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-26/|archive-date=16 August 2017|access-date=19 May 2017|work=[[Sangam.org]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is regarded as one of the most influential politicians of post-independent India,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=15 August 2017|title=Modi to Mamata, M.G.R. to NTR: Vir Sanghvi lists 70 politicians who changed India|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/70-politicians-independence-day|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909125921/https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/70-politicians-independence-day/|archive-date=9 September 2019|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|access-date=10 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was known by the epithets ''Makkal Thilagam'' (Jewel of the People) and ''Puratchi Thalaivar'' (Revolutionary Leader).&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI&quot;/&gt; In March 1988, he was posthumously awarded the [[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest civilian honour. <br /> <br /> Born in [[British Ceylon]] in 1917, Ramachandran's family emigrated later to India. In his youth, he became part of a drama troupe to support the family. After a few years of acting in plays, he made his debut in the [[Tamil film]] industry with ''[[Sathi Leelavathi (1936 film)|Sathi Leelavathi]]'' in 1936. In a career spanning more than five decades, he acted in more than 135 films, majority of them in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Film&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goldentamilcinema.net/index.php/mgr/filmography/40-filmography/51-mgr-movie-brief-info|title=MGR filmography|work=Golden Tamil Cinema|access-date=1 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was regarded as one of the three biggest male actors of Tamil cinema during the period alongside [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[Gemini Ganesan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 July 2012|title=Events – MGR-Sivaji-Gemini: Trinity Album Launched|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/25324.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709092911/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/25324.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 July 2012|access-date=18 July 2024|work=Indiaglitz}}&lt;/ref&gt; He won the [[National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] in 1971, three [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]], and three [[Filmfare Awards South]].<br /> <br /> Ramachandran became part of the [[Indian National Congress]] in the late 1930s. In 1953, he became a member of the [[C. N. Annadurai]]-led [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK). He rose through its ranks based on his popularity as a film star. In 1972, three years after Annadurai's death, he left the DMK to establish AIADMK. He steered the [[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK-led alliance]] to victory in the [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977 assembly election]], defeating the DMK in the process, and was sworn in as the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister of Tamil Nadu]]. Except for a four-month [[interregnum]] in 1980, he remained as chief minister until his death in 1987 and led the AIADMK to electoral wins in the [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]] and [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]] elections.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Kumaresan|first=S|date=27 April 2021|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/apr/27/from-the-archives-why-is-1980-tamil-nadu-assembly-election-worthy-of-note-2295297.html|title=From the archives: Why is 1980 Tamil Nadu Assembly election worthy of note?|work=[[The New Indian Express]]access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=7 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707134813/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/apr/27/from-the-archives-why-is-1980-tamil-nadu-assembly-election-worthy-of-note-2295297.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Kumaresan|first=S|date=28 April 2021|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/apr/28/from-the-archives-when-mgr-sailed-on-sympathy-in1984-polls-2295720.html|title=From the archives: When MGR sailed on sympathy in 1984 polls|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=28 April 2021|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228113421/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/apr/28/from-the-archives-when-mgr-sailed-on-sympathy-in1984-polls-2295720.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 1984, Ramachandran was diagnosed with [[renal failure]] caused by [[diabetes]], which led to further health problems. Despite undergoing a [[renal transplant]] and subsequent treatment at the United States, his condition worsened. He died on 24 December 1987 in his residence in [[Ramapuram, Chennai|Ramapuram]] due to a [[cardiac arrest]]. On 25 December 1987, his remains were buried at the northern end of the [[Marina beach]], where the [[MGR Memorial]] was constructed later. In December 2006, a life-size statue of Ramachandran was unveiled in the [[Old Parliament House, India|Indian Parliament]]. [[India Post]] has released several stamps in his honour, and several establishments and places have been named in his honour including the [[Chennai Central railway station]].<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Ramachandran was born on 17 January 1917 in [[Nawalapitiya]], [[Kandy District]], [[British Ceylon]] (now in Sri Lanka) in a [[Malayali]] [[Nair]] family to Melakkath Gopalan Menon and Maruthur Satyabhama. His family hailed from [[Palakkad]] region in the modern-day Indian state of [[Kerala]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Mani Shankar|last=Aiyar|author-link=Mani Shankar Aiyar|title=A Time of Transition: Rajiv Gandhi to the 21 Century|date=1 January 2009|publisher=[[Penguin Books India]]|isbn=978-0-670-08275-9|page=77}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gough&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Rural Change in Southeast India 1950s to 1980s|first=Kathleen|last=Gough|author-link=Kathleen Gough|year=1989|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-195-62276-8|page=161}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://tamilguardian.com/content/108th-birth-anniversary-mg-ramachandran-celebrated-jaffna|title=108th birth anniversary of M.G. Ramachandran celebrated in Jaffna|date=21 January 2025|access-date=1 June 2025|work=Tamil Guardian|archive-date=10 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210032813/https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/108th-birth-anniversary-mg-ramachandran-celebrated-jaffna|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ramachandran later claimed himself to be of [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[Kongu Vellalar]] descent, whose ancestors had settled in the Kerala region.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=R.|last=Kannan|title=M.G.R.: A Life|date=28 June 2017|publisher=[[Penguin Random House]]|isbn=978-0-14-342934-0|pages=12–13|quote=MGR has said that his ancestors were originally from Pollachi, and were Mandradiyars of the Kongu Vellalars...MGR greatly resented being considered a Malayali}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Krishnamachari|first=Suganthi|date=30 April 2020|title=Inscriptions talk of fascinating Kongu connection|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/inscriptions-talk-of-fascinating-kongu-connection/article31470952.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=17 April 2021|quote=Krishna Menon of the Valluva Nadu royal family had five sons, of whom the fourth was Sankunni Valiya Mannadiyar, born in 1832. Sankunni Mannadiyar held a judicial post in Cochin. His son was Gopala Menon, born in 1884. Gopala Menon's wife, Satyabhama, belonged to a family in Mathur, which was referred to as Vadavanur Vellalar in copper plates. To Gopala Menon and Satyabhama, a son was born in 1917, who was to become famous not only in Tamil films, but in the political scene in Tamil Nadu. That son was M.G. Ramachandran! So M.G.R. had Kongu Vellala ancestors, both on his father's side and mother's side!|archive-date=25 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425115358/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/inscriptions-talk-of-fascinating-kongu-connection/article31470952.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Kumar|first=N. Vinoth|date=8 April 2023|title=A book sought to prove MGR was a Gounder from Kongu land; what was the aim?|url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/a-book-sought-to-prove-mgr-was-a-gounder-from-kongu-land-what-was-the-aim/|work=The Federal|access-date=5 February 2024|archive-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205192903/https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/a-book-sought-to-prove-mgr-was-a-gounder-from-kongu-land-what-was-the-aim/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; His father worked as a [[magistrate]] in Kandy, and moved back to India with his family after retirement.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kerala&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/mgrs-childhood-home-in-kerala-to-become-a-cultural-hub/articleshow/62910243.cms|title=MGR's childhood home in Kerala to become a cultural hub|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 February 2018|access-date=10 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105205026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/mgrs-childhood-home-in-kerala-to-become-a-cultural-hub/articleshow/62910243.cms|archive-date=5 November 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the youngest of the two sons, and his elder brother was [[M. G. Chakrapani|Chakrapani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kerala&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Veeravalli 2019&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://scroll.in/reel/826902/mg-ramachandrans-early-years-a-poor-childhood-drama-school-and-the-first-big-break|title=MG Ramachandran's early years: a poor childhood, drama school, and the first big break|last=Veeravalli|first=Shrikanth|work=[[Scroll.in]]|access-date=22 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822051907/https://scroll.in/reel/826902/mg-ramachandrans-early-years-a-poor-childhood-drama-school-and-the-first-big-break|archive-date=22 August 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ramachandran's father died when he was two and a half years old. Soon after the death of his father, his sister also died due to ill health.&lt;ref name=&quot;Veeravalli 2019&quot;/&gt; After his father's death, their relatives did not support the family, and his mother moved to her brother's house in [[Kumbakonam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kerala&quot;/&gt; His mother worked as a housemaid to put both her sons through school.&lt;ref name=&quot;Veeravalli 2019&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> During his school days, Ramachandran joined a drama troupe called Boys Company. He trained himself in various aspects, and took on different roles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Veeravalli 2019&quot;/&gt; With help from Kandasamy Mudaliar, he had a brief acting stint overseas in [[Rangoon]] and [[Singapore]], where he took up female roles. He returned to India to rejoin Boys Company, and started playing lead roles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Veeravalli 2019&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Acting career==<br /> {{See also|M. G. Ramachandran filmography}}<br /> [[File:M. G. Ramachandran in Sathi Leelavathi (1936).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.6|Ramachandran in his debut film ''[[Sathi Leelavathi (1936 film)|Sathi Leelavathi]]'']]<br /> <br /> Ramachandran made his film debut in 1936, in the film ''[[Sathi Leelavathi (1936 film)|Sathi Leelavathi]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bookrags.com/M._G._Ramachandran |title=M. G. Ramachandran Summary and Analysis Summary |date=3 March 2009 |work=Bookrags |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303042321/http://www.bookrags.com/M._G._Ramachandran |archive-date=3 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; directed by [[Ellis R. Dungan]], an American-born film director.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/09/06/stories/2004090600190300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Americans in Tamil cinema |date=6 September 2004 |access-date=5 August 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205171837/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/09/06/stories/2004090600190300.htm |archive-date=5 December 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He followed it with minor appearances and supporting roles in many films.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=28 March 2008 |title=Meera 1945 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/meera-1945/article3022713.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603083033/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/meera-1945/article3022713.ece |archive-date=3 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; He worked for over a decade in various films before he played his first lead role in ''[[Rajakumari (1947 film)|Rajakumari]]'', which was commercially successful.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Guy |first=Randor |date=5 September 2008 |title=Rajakumari 1947 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/rajakumari-1947/article3023314.ece |url-status=live |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606103311/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/rajakumari-1947/article3023314.ece |archive-date=6 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ramachandran later delivered various hit films such as ''[[Manthiri Kumari]]'' and ''[[Maruthanad Elavarasee]]'' in 1950.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhaskar&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/entertainment/news/actor-turned-politician-mgrs-108th-birth-anniversary-today-134308949.html|title=Actor‑turned‑politician MGR's 108th birth anniversary today: 'His work inspires us,' PM Modi pays homage to superstar of Tamil cinema|work=[[Dainik Bhaskar|Bhaskar English]]|date=17 January 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Career&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-6/ |title=MGR Remembered – Part 6 |date=2 February 2013 |work=Ilankai Tamil Sangam |access-date=17 November 2016 |archive-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113172040/http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-6/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He established himself as an [[action hero]] in [[Tamil cinema]] with ''Manthiri Kumari'' (1950) and ''[[Marmayogi]]'' (1951).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=14 March 2008 |title=Marmayogi 1951 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/marmayogi-1951/article3022660.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603092756/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/marmayogi-1951/article3022660.ece |archive-date=3 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Phadnis |first=Aditi |date=6 December 2016 |title=Jayalalithaa: Tamil Nadu's mercurial pharaoh |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-s-mercurial-pharaoh-116120500928_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607080344/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-s-mercurial-pharaoh-116120500928_1.html |archive-date=7 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; His popularity rose with the success of ''[[En Thangai (1952 film)|En Thangai]]'' (1952) and ''[[Malaikkallan]]'' (1954).&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhaskar&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Guy |first=Randor |date=28 November 2008 |title=En Thangai 1952 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/en-thangai-1952/article3023607.ece |url-status=live |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606162639/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/en-thangai-1952/article3023607.ece |archive-date=6 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:MGR and VNJanaki.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.6|Ramachandran with [[Janaki Ramachandran|Janaki]] in ''[[Mohini (1948 film)|Mohini]]'' (1948)]]<br /> Ramachandran's 1955 film ''[[Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (1956 film)|Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum]]'' was the [[Tamil film]] industry's first-ever full-length [[gevacolor]] film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/city/2022/07/03/ali-baba-and-the-forty-thieves-the-first-colour-tamil-film|title=Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves: The first colour Tamil film|work=[[Daily Thanthi|DT Next]]|date=3 July 2022|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120033755/https://www.dtnext.in/city/2022/07/03/ali-baba-and-the-forty-thieves-the-first-colour-tamil-film|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He acted further in commercially successful films such as ''[[Madurai Veeran (1956 film)|Madurai Veeran]]'' (1956), ''[[Chakravarthi Thirumagal]]'' and ''[[Mahadevi (film)|Mahadevi]]'' (both released in 1957).&lt;ref name=&quot;HT&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Mishra |first=Nivedita |date=17 January 2017 |title=MGR's centenary: The man who dominated Tamil films for 3 decades |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mgr-s-centenary-the-man-who-dominated-tamil-films-for-3-decades/story-3aN5zgVfkI6nWqX8csbD7J.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607083231/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mgr-s-centenary-the-man-who-dominated-tamil-films-for-3-decades/story-3aN5zgVfkI6nWqX8csbD7J.html |archive-date=7 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=9 April 2011 |title=Chakravarthi Thirumagal 1957 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Chakravarthi-Thirumagal-1957/article14677017.ece |url-status=live |access-date=9 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609084648/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Chakravarthi-Thirumagal-1957/article14677017.ece |archive-date=9 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=16 January 2016 |title=Mahadevi (1957) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Mahadevi-1957/article14001528.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603104308/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Mahadevi-1957/article14001528.ece |archive-date=3 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also directed few films, and his first film as a director and producer was ''[[Nadodi Mannan]]'' (1958), which became a blockbuster.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/m-g-ramachandran-took-loan-from-this-producer-to-buy-release-prints-of-nadodi-mannan-5814745.html|title=M.G Ramachandran Took Loan From This Producer to Buy Release Prints of Nadodi Mannan|work=[[News18]]|date=24 August 2022|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=31 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831151502/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/m-g-ramachandran-took-loan-from-this-producer-to-buy-release-prints-of-nadodi-mannan-5814745.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/city/2022/11/20/two-kings-mgrs-nadodi-mannan-took-madras-by-a-storm|title=Two kings: MGR's Nadodi Mannan took Madras by a storm|work=[[DT Next]]|date=20 November 2022|access-date=6 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; He later starred in ''[[Kalai Arasi]]'' (1963), which featured a storyline of aliens visiting the earth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/tamil-film-had-aliens-spaceships-anti-gravity-boots-half-century-ago-44272|title=A Tamil film that had aliens, spaceships, anti‑gravity boots half a century ago|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=3 June 2016|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=28 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628023616/https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/tamil-film-had-aliens-spaceships-anti-gravity-boots-half-century-ago-44272|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following year, he appeared in ''[[Thozhilali]]'' and ''[[Padagotti]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=30 January 2016 |title=Thozhilaali (1964) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Thozhilaali-1964/article14028732.ece |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610083812/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Thozhilaali-1964/article14028732.ece |archive-date=10 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=28 February 2016 |title=Padagotti (1964) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/padagotti-1964/article8290305.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604094114/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/padagotti-1964/article8290305.ece |archive-date=4 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; After starring in numerous commercially successful films, he held a [[matinée idol]] status in Tamil Nadu.&lt;ref name=&quot;HT&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Ramachandran was shot in 1967, which permanently changed his voice.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/south/the-gunshot-in-mgrs-ear-that-changed-tamil-nadu|title=The gunshot in MGR's ear that changed Tamil Nadu|work=[[Asianet News]]|date=4 November 2016|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920000633/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/south/the-gunshot-in-mgrs-ear-that-changed-tamil-nadu|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; His first film to release after his release from the hospital was ''Arasakattalai'', which had been finished earlier. However, he was shooting for the film ''[[Kaavalkaaran]]'', when he was shot, and the film had parts featuring his old and new voices across scenes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shot&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/city/2018/10/28/those-were-the-days-a-bullet-that-changed-the-political-career-of-mgr|title=Those were the days: A bullet that changed the political career of MGR|work=[[Daily Thanthi|DT Next]]|date=28 October 2018|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121161701/https://www.dtnext.in/city/2018/10/28/those-were-the-days-a-bullet-that-changed-the-political-career-of-mgr|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:MGR -OIL PAINTING BY RAJASEKHARAN.jpg|thumb|The portrait of young M. G. Ramachandran]] <br /> Ramachandran won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor]] for the film ''[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]]'' in 1968 and the [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] for ''[[Rickshawkaran]]'' in 1972.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/about/mg-ramachandran/awards/|title=MG Ramachandran Awards: Achievements &amp; Honors|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; His 1973 film ''[[Ulagam Sutrum Valiban]]'' was one of the first Tamil films to be filmed abroad, and broke the previous box office records of his films.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ulagamsutrum-vaaliban1973/article8541302.ece|title=Ulagam Sutrum Vaaliban (1973)|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 April 2016|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=18 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818151455/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ulagamsutrum-vaaliban1973/article8541302.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; His acting career ended in 1978 with his last film being ''[[Madhuraiyai Meetta Sundharapandiyan]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Career&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=MGR-Sivaji-Gemini: Trinity Album Launched |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/25324.html |work=IndiaGlitz |access-date=6 March 2012 |date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709092911/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/25324.html |archive-date=9 July 2012 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Ramachandran remarked there was no question of retirement for anyone associated in whichever capacity with the cine field.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mgr-man-of-the-masses/article22454866.ece |title=MGR, man of the masses |date=17 January 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425045417/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mgr-man-of-the-masses/article22454866.ece |archive-date=25 April 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kali N. Rathnam]], a pioneer of Tamil stage drama, and K.P. Kesavan were mentors of Ramachandran in his acting career.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-2/ |title=MGR Remembered – Part 2 |date=2 February 2013 |work=Ilankai Tamil Sangam |access-date=17 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118101109/http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-2/ |archive-date=18 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ramachandran was often paired with actresses [[B.Saroja Devi]], and [[J.Jayalalithaa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Pair&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/saroja-devi-the-kannadathu-payinkili-and-abinaya-saraswathi-of-tamil-cinema/article69810006.ece|title=Saroja Devi: The Kannadathu Payinkili and Abinaya Saraswathi of Tamil cinema|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 July 2025|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=15 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715015240/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/saroja-devi-the-kannadathu-payinkili-and-abinaya-saraswathi-of-tamil-cinema/article69810006.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jayalalithaa, who later followed him into politics, acted with him in 28 films, with the last film being ''[[Pattikaattu Ponnaiya]]'' in 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pair&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/pattikatu-ponnaiah-jayalalitha-and-m-g-ramachandrans-last-film-completes-50-years-8532866.html|title=Pattikatu Ponnaiah: Jayalalitha And M G Ramachandran's Last Film Completes 50 Years|date=11 August 2023|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[News18]]|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815103020/https://www.news18.com/movies/pattikatu-ponnaiah-jayalalitha-and-m-g-ramachandrans-last-film-completes-50-years-8532866.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Political career ==<br /> === Early career ===<br /> Ramachandran was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] till 1953. In 1953, he joined the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), founded by [[C. N. Annadurai]], and became a prominent member of the party. He became a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|Madras State Legislative Council]] in 1962.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/specials/2021/Mar/19/the-genesis-of-aiadmk-2278718.html|title=The Genesis of AIADMK|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=19 March 2021|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=20 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220061459/https://www.newindianexpress.com/specials/2021/Mar/19/the-genesis-of-aiadmk-2278718.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 1967 assassination attempt ===<br /> On 12 January 1967, actor [[M. R. Radha]], who has worked with Ramachandran in various films visited Ramachandran to discuss about a future film project. During the conversation, M. R. Radha stood up and shot Ramachandran near his left ear and then tried to shoot himself.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=A. Srivathsan|date=23 December 2012|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-day-mr-radha-shot-mgr/article12059018.ece|title=The day M.R. Radha shot MGR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821074309/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-day-mr-radha-shot-mgr/article12059018.ece |archive-date=21 August 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The bullet was lodged behind the first [[vertebra]], and <br /> Ramachandran underwent a surgery to remove the bullet. However, a piece of the bullet was left behind as the doctors were apprehensive that it would cause further damage if attempted to be removed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shot&quot;/&gt; <br /> <br /> As a consequence of the surgery, he lost hearing in his left ear and his voice was altered permanently.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-the-hero-mg-ramachandran-was-shot-at-by-villain-mr-radha/article67572869.ece|title=When the hero M.G. Ramachandran was shot at by villain M.R. Radha|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 November 2023|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=19 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419091621/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-the-hero-mg-ramachandran-was-shot-at-by-villain-mr-radha/article67572869.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The bullet piece left behind got dislodged later, and was removed safely, with Ramachandran attributing it to God's grace.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shot&quot;/&gt; He was hospitalised for six weeks and was visited by commoners and people from the film industry, polity and bureaucracy. He conducted his campaign for the [[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1967 assembly elections]] from the hospital bed, and was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] for the first time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/dravidian-chronicles-mgrs-first-electoral-victory-was-hospital-bed‑41913|title=Dravidian Chronicles: MGR's first electoral victory was from a hospital bed|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=20 April 2016|access-date=1 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Velayutham 2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Selvaraj Velayutham |title=Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York city |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-415-39680-6 |page=1967}}&lt;/ref&gt; Radha was later sentenced to five years in prison for the incident, and died in 1979.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shot&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Differences with Karunanidhi and birth of AIADMK ===<br /> After the death of his mentor Annadurai, he became the treasurer of the DMK in 1969 after he helped Karunanidhi became the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]] of the state and president of the party.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Kannan |first1=R. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/best-of-friends-worthy-rivals/article24659609.ece|title=Best of friends, worthy rivals|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 August 2018 |access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=18 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418184804/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/best-of-friends-worthy-rivals/article24659609.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in the early 1970s, the growing popularity of Ramachandran caused a rift with the DMK president and chief minister Karunanidhi. Ramachandran played a key role in the victory of the DMK in the [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971 assembly elections]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vikatan&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/48-years-history-of-admk-party |title=எம்.ஜி.ஆரை நீக்கியதன் விளைவை தி.மு.க சந்திக்கும்!&quot; அப்போதே எச்சரித்த ராஜாஜி|trans-title=&quot;DMK will the face the consequences of removing MGR&quot;, warned Rajaji|lang=ta|work=[[Vikatan]]|date=20 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> [[File:AIADMK Flag.svg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Flag of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]]]<br /> <br /> Later in the same year, when the DMK government led by Karunanithi wanted to repel the law that was in effect in Tamil Nadu, Ramachandran launched a staunch opposition to it. In 1972, Ramachandran accused that corruption had grown in the DMK after the demise of Annadurai, and demanded the ministers to publicly declare their assets. As a consequence, Ramachandran was expelled from the party temporarily on 10 October 1972, and permanently four days later.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vikatan&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> On 17 October 1972, Ramachandran became the leader and general secretary of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), established by [[Anakaputhur Ramalingam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vikatan&quot;/&gt; He continued to act in films such as ''[[Netru Indru Naalai (1974 film)|Netru Indru Naalai]]'' (1974), ''[[Idhayakkani]]'' (1975), ''[[Indru Pol Endrum Vaazhga]]'' (1977), and used cinema as a medium to spread his political messages.&lt;ref name=&quot;Film&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/mgr-magic-looking-back-how-cinema-propelled-leader-aiadmk-74881|title=The MGR magic: Looking back at how cinema propelled the leader of the AIADMK|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=17 January 2018|access-date=1 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Chief ministership and continued success ===<br /> ==== First elections ====<br /> {{See also|First Ramachandran ministry}}<br /> [[File:S D Somasundaram.jpg|thumb|M. G. Ramachandran collecting the petitions from the public]]<br /> The AIADMK allied with Congress (I) for the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 parliamentary election]]. Though the combine won 34 of the 39 seats in Tamil Nadu, the [[Janata party]] won the election and [[Morarji Desai]] became the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/elections-that-shaped-india-janata-party-1977-elections/article67525760.ece|title=Elections that shaped India: Janata Party wave takes over in 1977|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 April 2024|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=23 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223124232/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/elections-that-shaped-india-janata-party-1977-elections/article67525760.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The AIADMK contested the [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977 elections]], and was part of a four cornered contest against the DMK, the [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]] and the [[Janata Party]]. The AIADMK allied itself with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM), while Congress (I) and [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) contested as allies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-a-historic-election-in-1977-turned-tamil-nadu-political-landscape-bipolar/article70004962.ece|title=When a historic election in 1977 turned Tamil Nadu political landscape bipolar|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 September 2025|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=3 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250903002327/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-a-historic-election-in-1977-turned-tamil-nadu-political-landscape-bipolar/article70004962.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/how-the-1977-assembly-election-defined-the-political-landscape-of-tamil-nadu/article68360770.ece|title=How the 1977 Assembly election defined the political landscape of Tamil Nadu|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 July 2024|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135547/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/how-the-1977-assembly-election-defined-the-political-landscape-of-tamil-nadu/article68360770.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The AIADMK-led alliance won the elections by winning 144 seats out of 234 and Ramachandran became the chief minister of Tamil Nadu on 30 June 1977.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elec&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/tamil-nadu-elections-2016-past-results-1952-2011-2093474.html|title=Tamil Nadu polls 2016: A look at past results (1952‑2011)|work=[[OneIndia]]|date=10 May 2016|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206024436/https://www.oneindia.com/feature/tamil-nadu-elections-2016-past-results-1952-2011-2093474.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CM&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/list-of-chief-ministers-of-tamil-nadu/|title=List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|work=[[OneIndia]]|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=3 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203164311/https://www.oneindia.com/list-of-chief-ministers-of-tamil-nadu/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> However, Ramachandran later extended unconditional support to the Janata party government. He continued his support to the [[Charan Singh]]-led government in 1979, and [[Satyavani Muthu]] and [[Aravinda Bala Pajanor]] from the AIADMK became part of the [[Union Cabinet]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/dec/24/mgr-got-equation-right-with-centre-to-get-state-fair-share-of-benefit-influence-decisions-1735688.html|title=MGR got equation right with Centre to get State fair share of benefit, influence decisions|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=24 December 2017|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=29 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229040600/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/dec/24/mgr-got-equation-right-with-centre-to-get-state-fair-share-of-benefit-influence-decisions-1735688.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/never-fight-with-delhi/article8414608.ece|title=Never fight with Delhi|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 March 2016|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=8 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008091843/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/never-fight-with-delhi/article8414608.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Janata&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/indira-gandhi-never-forgave-mgr-1977-42511|title=Indira Gandhi never forgave MGR for 1977|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=1 May 2016|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=2 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402145520/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/indira-gandhi-never-forgave-mgr-1977-42511|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; M. G. Ramachandran government introduced a ₹9,000 income ceiling in July 1979 to apply an economic criterion for reservation and exclude the “creamy layer,” and later advocated extending reservation to all categories, including the general category, on economic grounds. The move triggered protests led by K. Veeramani and aided M. Karunanidhi’s Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam in the 1980 Lok sabha general election, where the AIADMK suffered a drubbing; the order was withdrawn on 21 January 1980, raising the Backward Classes quota to 50%, following which the [[K. Veeramani]] led [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] supported the AIADMK in the June 1980 Assembly elections. His government later constituted the Ambasankar Commission (1982–1985), which recommended “compartmental reservation” after noting widespread underrepresentation during 1980–83.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/another-look-at-social-justice/article36527852.ece|title=Another look at social justice|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 September 2021|access-date=18 September 2021|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917195244/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/another-look-at-social-justice/article36527852.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-aiadmks-surprising-stand-on-the-ews-verdict/article66135863.ece|title=A surprising stand on EWS|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 November 2022|access-date=15 November 2022|archive-date=14 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114190612/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-aiadmks-surprising-stand-on-the-ews-verdict/article66135863.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/explainers/10-percent-forward-castes-quota-tamil-nadu-explainer#:~:text=Shocked%20by%20the%20defeat%2C%20MGR,from%2031%25%20to%2050%25.|title=A surprising stand on EWS|work=[[The Quint]]|date=27 January 2019|access-date=27 January 2019|archive-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208054215/https://www.thequint.com/explainers/10-percent-forward-castes-quota-tamil-nadu-explainer#read-more|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== 1980 elections ====<br /> {{See also|Second Ramachandran ministry}}<br /> [[File:Sedpatti Muthiah with M.G.Ramachandiran.jpg|thumb|Ramachandran with his party colleagues]]<br /> <br /> After the fall of the Charan Singh government, fresh [[1980 Indian general election|parliamentary elections]] were conducted in 1980. The AIADMK and Janata party alliance won only two seats in the elections, that was won by the DMK-Congress (I) coalition. Following the victory, the AIADMK ministry and the Tamil Nadu assembly dismissed by the central government led by the Congress and fresh elections conducted in 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;Janata&quot;/&gt; Despite their victory at the 1980 [[Lok Sabha]] polls, DMK and Congress failed to win the [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|legislative assembly election]]. AIADMK won the election and Ramachandran was sworn in as chief minister for the second time.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elec&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CM&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Karunanidhi claimed in April 2009 and in May 2012 that Ramachandran was ready for the merger of his party with the DMK in September 1979, with former [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Orissa chief minister]] [[Biju Patnaik]] acting as the mediator. The plan failed, because [[Panruti S. Ramachandran]], who was close to Ramachandran acted as a spoiler and Ramachandran changed his mind.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/01/stories/2009040159630800.htm |title=Tamil Nadu News : AIADMK came close to merging with DMK: Karunanidhi |date=1 April 2009 |access-date=3 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917103916/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/01/stories/2009040159630800.htm |archive-date=17 September 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/tamil-nadu/karuna-recalls-biju-s-bid-for-dmk-admk-merger_775093.html |title=Karuna recalls Biju's bid for DMK-AIADMK merger |work=[[Zee News]] |date=13 May 2012 |access-date=3 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723002916/http://zeenews.india.com/news/tamil-nadu/karuna-recalls-biju-s-bid-for-dmk-admk-merger_775093.html |archive-date=23 July 2012 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-biju-patnaik-nearly-pulled-dmk-and-aiadmk-merger-41911 |title=How Biju Patnaik nearly pulled off a DMK and AIADMK merger |work=News Minute |date=20 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Later years ====<br /> {{See also|Third Ramachandran ministry}}<br /> <br /> [[Indira Gandhi]] was [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassinated]] on 31 October 1984,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=31 October 1984 |title=1984: Assassination and revenge |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/october/31/newsid_3961000/3961851.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215211511/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/october/31/newsid_3961000/3961851.stm |archive-date=15 February 2009 |access-date=23 January 2009 |work=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was succeeded by her son [[Rajiv Gandhi]], who sought a fresh mandate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Mollan |first=Cherylann |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgenl7gv2lo |title=A pioneering doctor remembers India leader Indira Gandhi's final moments |work=[[BBC News]] |date=28 June 2025 |access-date=29 June 2025 |archive-date=29 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629001405/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgenl7gv2lo |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ramachandran-led AIADMK allied with the Congress for the [[1984 Indian general election]]. Despite his poor health, he did contest the [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|assembly election held later that year]] while still confined to the hospital, winning from [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/when-mgr-fell-ill/article9201689.ece|title=When MGR fell ill|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=12 October 2016 |access-date=1 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the election, photos of Ramachandran recuperating in hospital were published, creating a sympathy wave among the people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/wheres-the-personal-doc/299400 |title=Where's The Personal Doc? |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=5 December 2019 |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205105325/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/wheres-the-personal-doc/299400 |archive-date=5 December 2019 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indira Gandhi's assassination, Ramachandran's appeals from the hospital, and Rajiv Gandhi visits to the state helped create a sympathy wave that helped the alliance sweep both the elections.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/Mar/04/aiadmk--cong-combine-ride-on-sympathy-wave-in-84-1946778.html|title=AIADMK‑Congress combine ride on sympathy wave in '84|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=4 March 2019|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=30 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430121424/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/Mar/04/aiadmk--cong-combine-ride-on-sympathy-wave-in-84-1946778.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the Tamil Nadu assembly, the combine won 195 seats and Ramachandran was later sworn in as the chief minister for the third time.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elec&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CM&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Policies and governance ====<br /> Ramachandran was very popular in the state and had high approval from the public.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pandian&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4395134|title=Culture and Subaltern Consciousness: An Aspect of MGR Phenomenon|author=M. S. S. Pandian|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=24|issue=30|date=29 July 1989|pages=62–68|jstor=4395134|archive-date=6 April 2024|access-date=5 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406093541/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4395134|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/12/20/polls-show-mgr-as-the-best-cm-of-tamil-nadu-1166621843.html |title=Polls show MGR as the best CM of Tamil Nadu |date=20 December 2006 |work=[[OneIndia]] |access-date=28 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228200419/http://news.oneindia.in/2006/12/20/polls-show-mgr-as-the-best-cm-of-tamil-nadu-1166621843.html |archive-date=28 December 2013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He introduced and expanded welfare schemes such as free electricity to farmers, and [[Midday Meal Scheme|mid-day meal scheme]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/The-prince-of-populism/article17046215.ece|title=The prince of populism|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 January 2017|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=6 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506174223/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/The-prince-of-populism/article17046215.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The meal scheme for school students, which had been introduced by Kamaraj in 1956, was significantly expanded by Ramachandran in 1980. The scheme was expanded to cover all government and aided schools for all the days of the year including holidays.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thebetterindia.com/105220/mgr-a-life-mid-day-meals/|title=Book Excerpt: MGR, the Man Who Fed 66 Lakh Children With His Nutritious Mid‑Day Meal Scheme|work=[[The Better India]]|date=1 July 2017|access-date=1 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Ramakrishnan|first1=T.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/how-tamil-nadu-created-history-through-mid-day-meal-scheme/article67249627.ece|title=How Tamil Nadu created history through mid‑day meal scheme|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 August 2023|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=21 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221055641/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/how-tamil-nadu-created-history-through-mid-day-meal-scheme/article67249627.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He introduced a free electricity scheme for small and marginal farmers in 1984.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://spontaneousorder.in/tamil-nadus-unsustainable-energy-policy/|title=Tamil Nadu's Unsustainable Energy Policy|work=Spontaneous Order|date=14 August 2021|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=18 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418232339/https://spontaneousorder.in/tamil-nadus-unsustainable-energy-policy/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:MGR food scheme (cropped).JPG|thumb|Ramachandran during a mid‑day meal scheme event]]<br /> <br /> However, as per a study by the [[Madras Institute of Development Studies]] in 1988, Ramachandran's tenure did not see a significant upliftment in the economic condition of the poor and the shift of government resources from industrial sector to social welfare schemes contributed to the same.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pandian&quot;/&gt; According to several intellectuals and civil servants, the decade-long rule of M. G. Ramachandran was marked by the [[Institutional corruption|institutionalisation of corruption]], [[Economic stagnation|sluggish economic growth]] below the [[Economy of India|national]] average, limited improvement in poverty levels and essential services, and inadequate progress in water and power sectors. Critics also pointed to an increasingly [[Centralized government|centralised administration]], [[Censorship in India|curbs on the press and film]] industry, tensions between the executive and judiciary, and a demoralised bureaucracy, alongside the proliferation of [[Populism|populist]] welfare schemes seen as short-term measures and a perceived dilution of [[Dravidian movement]] ideals, including a moderation of [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|anti-Hindi sentiments]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19870731-after-10-years-of-ramachandran-rule-tamil-nadu-presents-a-very-sorry-picture-799093-1987-07-30|title=After 10 years of Ramachandran's rule, Tamil Nadu presents a very sorry picture|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 July 1985|access-date=3 January 2014|archive-date=17 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117025002/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19870731-after-10-years-of-ramachandran-rule-tamil-nadu-presents-a-very-sorry-picture-799093-1987-07-30|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His government promulgated an ordinance on 13 November 1980, abolishing the traditional [[Village accountant|village officer]] (V. O.) system, removing around 24,000 incumbents and replacing them with Village Administrative Officers (V. A. O.) recruited through examinations. Revenue Minister S. D. Somasundaram informed the Assembly that compensation amounting to ₹5 crore would be provided, though reports indicated that force was used in some places to obtain records from the displaced officers, who had earlier served in hereditary roles such as village headman, karnam and talaiyari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/in-1980-mgr-regime-stunned-the-state-by-terminating-the-services-of-village-officers/article69214886.ece|title=In 1980, MGR regime stunned the State by terminating the services of Village Officers|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 February 2025|access-date=14 February 2025|archive-date=14 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214215311/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/in-1980-mgr-regime-stunned-the-state-by-terminating-the-services-of-village-officers/article69214886.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> M. G. Ramachandran introduced the 10+2 system in 1978 by abolishing the [[Pre-university course|PUC]] and moving [[Higher Secondary Certificate|higher secondary education]] to schools (Class 11 and Class 12), with infrastructure such as laboratories added to improve rural access, based on advice from then Education Minister [[C. Aranganayagam|Aranganayagam]]. The resulting rise in demand for college education led the MGR government to encourage private engineering colleges, beginning in the early 1980s, with a policy reserving 50% of seats under government quota and restricting capitation fees.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/mgrs-education-reforms-cemented-tns-tech-base/|title=In 1980, MGR regime stunned the State by terminating the services of Village Officers|work=Times of India|date=31 March 2016|access-date=31 March 2016|archive-date=16 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116063416/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/mgrs-education-reforms-cemented-tns-tech-base/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The decision-making was often centralised during Ramachandran's tenure. While there were criticism regarding the efficiency of such working, supporters of Ramachandran counter that most of these problems were a result of the party members serving Ramachandran rather than the leader himself. His charisma and popularity trumped policy decisions that led to his eventual success during his tenure as chief minister.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://journals.lub.lu.se/index.php/st/article/view/2939 |author=Ingrid Widlund |title=A Vote for MGR Transaction and Devotion in South Indian Politics |volume=96 |issue=3 |year=1993 |journal=Statsvetenskaplig Tidskrifts |pages=225–257 |access-date=28 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228220416/http://journals.lub.lu.se/index.php/st/article/view/2939 |archive-date=28 December 2014 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Ramachandran allowed the continued sale of liquor, which he opposed when the ban on which was overturned by his predecessor Karunanidhi in 1971. He rescinded the ban on [[Palm toddy|toddy]] in 1981, and reversed it six years later. He established the [[Tamil Nadu State Marketing Corporation]] in 1983 for the import and sale of foreign made liquor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/Jul/30/first-state-to-have-prohibition-now-govt-run-liquor-shops-pervade-tn-2482355.html|title=First state to have prohibition, now govt‑run liquor shops pervade TN|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=30 July 2022|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=21 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121032118/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/Jul/30/first-state-to-have-prohibition-now-govt-run-liquor-shops-pervade-tn-2482355.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Natwar Singh]] in his autobiography ''[[One Life is Not Enough]]'' alleged that Ramachandran covertly supported the cause of independent [[Tamil Eelam]] and financed the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE), a militant organisation in Sri Lanka. He also alleged that the LTTE cadres were given military training in Tamil Nadu, and that Ramachandran had gifted {{INRconvert|40|m}} rupees to the group without the knowledge of the Indian government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sundaytimes.lk/140803/sunday-times-2/natwar-exposes-rajivs-dealings-with-ltte-109493.html|title=Natwar exposes Rajiv's dealings with LTTE|work=The Sunday Times|date=3 August 2014|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=17 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217050848/https://www.sundaytimes.lk/140803/sunday-times-2/natwar-exposes-rajivs-dealings-with-ltte-109493.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ramachandran's government often used state machinery against political criticism and opposition.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pandian&quot;/&gt; In April 1987, the editor of ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' [[S. Balasubramanian]] was sentenced to 3 months in jail by the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly for publishing a cartoon, depicting government ministers as bandits and lawmakers as pickpockets, though specific legislature was not specified. He was later released due to media outcry and Balasubramanian won a case against his arrest. ''Vaniga Otrumai'' editor A.M. Paulraj was also sentenced to two weeks imprisonment by the assembly for his writing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19870430-arrest-of-ananda-vikattin-editor-another-press-vs-ramachandran-government-battle-798773-1987-04-29 |title=Arresting affair Arrest of Ananda Vikattin editor another press vs Ramachandran Government battle |work=S.H. Venkatramani |date=30 April 1987 |access-date=17 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125145/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/arrest-of-ananda-vikattin-editor-another-press-vs-ramachandran-government-battle/1/336963.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/16/stories/2003111602121000.htm |title=A trophy to remember |date=16 November 2003 |access-date=17 October 2015 |last1=Ramachandran |first1=K. |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011163300/https://www.thehindu.com/archive/print/2003/11/16/ |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Elections results ===<br /> ;Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> !rowspan=2|Elections<br /> !rowspan=2|Assembly<br /> !rowspan=2|Constituency<br /> !colspan=2 rowspan=2|Political party<br /> !rowspan=2|Result<br /> !rowspan=2|Vote percentage<br /> !colspan=5|Opposition<br /> |-<br /> !Candidate<br /> !colspan=2|Political party<br /> !Vote percentage<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||[[4th Madras State Assembly|4th]]||rowspan=2|[[St. Thomas Mount Assembly constituency|St. Thomas Mount]]||rowspan=2|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||rowspan=5 {{Won}}||66.67%||rowspan=2|T. L. Raghupathy||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}||32.57%<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]||[[5th Tamil Nadu Assembly|5th]]||61.11%||[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|INC(O)]]||{{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}||38.10%<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]||6th||[[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukottai]]||rowspan=3|[[AIADMK]]||rowspan=3 {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||56.23%||M. Muthuvel Servai||[[Janata Party|JP]]||{{party color cell|Janata Party}}||17.87%<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]||7th||[[Madurai West Assembly constituency|Madurai West]]||59.61%||[[Pon. Muthuramalingam]]||rowspan=2|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||37.59%<br /> |-<br /> |[[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]||8th||[[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]||67.40%||Thangaraj||31.22%<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Positions held ===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> !rowspan=2|Elections<br /> !rowspan=2|Position<br /> !rowspan=2|Constituency<br /> !colspan=3|Term in office<br /> |-<br /> !Assumed office<br /> !Left office<br /> !Time in office<br /> |-<br /> |1962<br /> |[[Member of the Legislative Council (India)|Member of the Legislative Council]]<br /> |{{n/a}}<br /> |30 March 1962<br /> |7 July 1964<br /> |2 years, 99 days<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |rowspan=2|[[St. Thomas Mount Assembly constituency|St. Thomas Mount]]<br /> |15 March 1967<br /> |5 January 1971<br /> |3 years, 296 days<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> |22 March 1971<br /> |31 January 1976<br /> |4 years, 315 days<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |rowspan=3|[[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> |[[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukottai]]<br /> |30 June 1977<br /> |17 February 1980<br /> |2 years, 232 days<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |[[Madurai West Assembly constituency|Madurai West]]<br /> |9 June 1980<br /> |9 February 1985<br /> |4 years, 245 days<br /> |-<br /> |[[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> |[[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]<br /> |10 February 1985<br /> |24 December 1987<br /> |2 years, 317 days<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Illness and death ==<br /> [[File:MGR Memorial 9 December 2007.jpg|thumb|[[MGR Memorial]] at [[Marina beach]] in [[Chennai]]]]<br /> <br /> In October 1984, Ramachandran was diagnosed with [[kidney failure]] as a result of uncontrolled [[diabetes]], which was soon followed by a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] and [[stroke]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Venkatramani |first1=S. H. |title=M.G. Ramachandran's kidney ailment remained a well-kept secret |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19841115-m.g.-ramachandran-kidney-ailment-remained-a-well-kept-secret-803467-1984-11-15 |access-date=4 April 2020 |work=[[India Today]] |date=15 November 1984 |archive-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205105325/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19841115-m.g.-ramachandran-kidney-ailment-remained-a-well-kept-secret-803467-1984-11-15 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&amp;dat=19871225&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en |title=MGR dies of heart attack |date=25 December 1987 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=4 March 2020 |url-status=live |page=1 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011163259/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&amp;dat=19871225&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He underwent a [[kidney transplant]] at the [[SUNY Downstate Medical Center|Downstate Medical Center]] in New York City, United States. He returned to Madras on 4 February 1985 following his recovery.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sethi |first1=Sunil |title=Tamil Nadu CM M.G. Ramachandran returns home, health speculations laid to rest |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19850228-tamil-nadu-cm-mg-ramachandran-returns-home-health-speculations-laid-to-rest-769833-2013-11-26 |access-date=12 October 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |date=28 February 1985 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013080925/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19850228-tamil-nadu-cm-mg-ramachandran-returns-home-health-speculations-laid-to-rest-769833-2013-11-26 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Over the next three years, Ramachandran had frequent trips to the United States for treatment. He never fully recovered from his health issues and died on 24 December 1987 at 3:30&amp;nbsp;am in his Ramavaram Garden residence in [[Manapakkam]] at the age of 70.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19880115-mg-ramachandran-death-marks-the-passing-of-an-era-of-stability-in-tamil-nadu-796866-1988-01-14 |title=M.G. Ramachandrans death marks the passing of an era of stability in Tamil Nadu |work=[[India Today]] |date=15 January 1988 |access-date=22 May 2016 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011163300/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19880115-m.g.-ramachandran-death-marks-the-passing-of-an-era-of-stability-in-tamil-nadu-796866-1988-01-15 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; His body was kept [[in state]] at [[Rajaji Hall]] for two days for public viewing. On 25 December 1987, his remains were buried at the northern end of the [[Marina Beach|Marina beach]], now called [[MGR Memorial]], adjacent to the [[Anna Memorial]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Tripathi |first=Ashutosh |date=6 December 2016 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/rajajai-hall-a-witness-to-history-and-events-in-tamil-nadu-1319885.html |title=Rajaji Hall: A Witness to History and Events in Tamil Nadu |work=[[News18]] |access-date=7 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Around one million people were estimated to have attended his funeral.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CO&amp;s_site=charlotte&amp;p_multi=CO&amp;p_theme=realcities&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EB6C28AE8FBD0C1&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;s_trackval=GooglePM |title=One Million Indians Mourn Tamil Leader |newspaper=[[Charlotte Observer]] |date=26 December 1987 |access-date=19 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070324125936/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CO&amp;s_site=charlotte&amp;p_multi=CO&amp;p_theme=realcities&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EB6C28AE8FBD0C1&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;s_trackval=GooglePM |archive-date=24 March 2007 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ramachandran's death sparked a frenzy of public rioting over the state, and various shops, cinemas, buses and other public and private property became the target of the violence. The police were given shoot-at-sight orders to bring the situation under control. Schools, colleges and various establishments announced holidays due to the situation. The state of affairs continued for almost a month across Tamil Nadu. Some women allegedly shaved their heads bald, and dressed like widows. A few whipped or self immolated themselves. Violence during the funeral alone left 129 people dead and 47 police personnel wounded.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/06/02/stories/2002060201871700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130100838/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/06/02/stories/2002060201871700.htm|archive-date=30 November 2009|date=2 June 2002|title=Politics and suicides|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Death&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73864408.html?dids=73864408%3A73864408&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS%3AFT&amp;date=DEC+25%2C+1987&amp;author=&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Popular+Tamil+Leader+Dies+in+India%3BRioting%2C+Suicides+Follow+Death+of+Tamil+Nadu%27s+Chief+Minister&amp;pqatl=google |title=Popular Tamil Leader Dies in India;Rioting, Suicides Follow Death of Tamil Nadu's Chief Minister |publisher=PQASB |date=25 December 1987 |access-date=3 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624093420/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73864408.html?dids=73864408%3A73864408&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS%3AFT&amp;date=DEC+25%2C+1987&amp;author=&amp;pub=The+Washington+Post&amp;desc=Popular+Tamil+Leader+Dies+in+India%3BRioting%2C+Suicides+Follow+Death+of+Tamil+Nadu%27s+Chief+Minister&amp;pqatl=google |archive-date=24 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EB36DA04F1B596C&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;s_trackval=GooglePM |work=Chicago Sun-Times |title=Tamil leader's death stirs India riots |date=26 December 1987 |access-date=19 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323114837/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EB36DA04F1B596C&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;s_trackval=GooglePM |archive-date=23 March 2007 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> [[File:M g .r நினைவு இல்லம் முகப்பு தோற்றம்.JPG|thumb|upright=0.95|Ramachandran's erstwhile house at [[T. Nagar]] in Chennai]]<br /> <br /> In 1939, Ramachandran married Chitarikulam Bhargavi, who later died in 1942 due to an illness. In late 1942, he married Sadanandavati, who died later due to [[tuberculosis]] in 1962.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2014/01/19000346/Marriage-qualifying-high.html |title=திருமணமும் தகுதி உயர்வும்|lang=ta|trans-title=Marriage and promotion|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007013548/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2014/01/19000346/Marriage-qualifying-high.html|archive-date=7 October 2014|work=[[Maalaimalar]]|date=19 February 2014|access-date=21 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wife&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/actor-politician-mgrs-marital-life-a-tragic-tale-5161393.html|title=Actor-Politician MGR's Marital Life - A Tragic Tale|work=[[News18]]|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=17 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117134655/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/actor-politician-mgrs-marital-life-a-tragic-tale-5161393.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1963, he married actress [[V. N. Janaki]], who later became the chief minister of Tamil Nadu after his death.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wife&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2014/01/21000505/Mgr-Cinema-History.html |title=பொன்மனச் செம்மலின் வெற்றி வரலாறு (பகுதி 5): வி.என். ஜானகியை வாழ்க்கைத் துணைவியாக ஏற்றார்!|trans-title=Life history of MGR Part 5: Marriage with V.N.Janaki|lang=ta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124005117/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2014/01/21000505/Mgr-Cinema-History.html|archive-date=24 January 2014|work=[[Maalaimalar]]|date=19 February 2014|access-date=21 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; He had no biological children from any of his marriages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Thomas|first=K.M.|date=27 April 1998|title=Family feud over MGR's property turns into public campaign against controlling authority|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19980427-family-feud-over-mgrs-property-turns-into-public-campaign-against-controlling-authority-826242-1998-04-27|access-date=21 February 2021|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516065935/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19980427-family-feud-over-mgrs-property-turns-into-public-campaign-against-controlling-authority-826242-1998-04-27|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:M g .r நினைவு இல்லம்-.JPG|thumb|left|Hindustan Ambassador Mark III of M.G. Ramachandran]]<br /> In his early days, Ramachandran was a devout [[Hindu]] and a devotee of [[Murugan]] and his mother's [[Ishta Deva|favourite god]], [[Guruvayurappan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Linda Woodhead|title=Religions in Modern World|publisher=Fletcher, Kawanam|page=39}}&lt;/ref&gt; After joining the DMK, he identified himself as a rationalist.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=M.S.S. Pandian|author-link=M.S.S. Pandian|year=1992|title=The image trap: M G Ramachandran in Film and Politics|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|isbn=978-0-803-99403-4|page=131}}&lt;/ref&gt; He gifted a golden sword weighing half a Kilogram to [[Mookambika]] temple in [[Kollur, Udupi district|Kollur]], [[Udupi district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/07/31/stories/2004073102520400.htm |title=Jayalalithaa offers prayers at Kollur temple |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 July 2004 |access-date=3 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822055235/http://hinduonnet.com/2004/07/31/stories/2004073102520400.htm |archive-date=22 August 2010 |url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ramachandran was the founder and editor of ''Thai'' weekly magazine and ''Anna'' daily newspaper in Tamil.{{cn|date=September 2025}} He established [[Sathya Studios]] and Emgeeyar Pictures.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/Jul/04/aiadmk-founder-mg-ramachandrans-will-may-hold-key-to-ongoing-leadership-tussle-2473044.html|title=AIADMK founder MG Ramachandran's will may hold key to ongoing leadership tussle|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=4 July 2022|access-date=1 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; He offered personal financial donations during disasters and calamities, and donated Rs. 75,000 to the war fund during the [[Sino-Indian War]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/1962-india-china-war-why-india-needed-that-jolt/articleshow/16703076.cms?from=mdr|title=1962 India‑China war: Why India needed that jolt|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=7 October 2012|access-date=1 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legacy and honours ==<br /> {{Multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | total_width = 250<br /> | image1 = MG Ramachandran 1990 stamp of India.jpg<br /> | image2 = MG Ramachandran 2017 stamp of India.jpg<br /> | footer = Ramachandran memorial stamps released by [[India Post]] in 1990 (left) and 2017<br /> |}}<br /> [[File:MGR Statue at the MGR Memorial.jpg|thumb|upright=0.95|Ramachandran's statue at the [[MGR Memorial]] in [[Chennai]]]]<br /> <br /> Ramachandran was awarded honorary doctorates by [[The World University]] in 1974 for his contributions to Indian cinema,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=TN CM to receive honorary doctorate from Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-cm-receive-honorary-doctorate-dr-mgr-educational-and-research-institute-110616|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605081453/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-cm-receive-honorary-doctorate-dr-mgr-educational-and-research-institute-110616|archive-date=5 June 2020|access-date=5 June 2020|work=News Minute|date=16 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[University of Madras]] in 1987 for his contributions to public affairs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=M.G.R. biography|url=http://mgrhome.in/mgrbio|access-date=9 June 2020|work=MGR home|archive-date=21 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121070052/http://mgrhome.in/mgrbio|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 March 1988, Ramachandran was posthumously honoured with [[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest civilian honour.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=List of Bharat Ratna award winners from 1954 to 2024|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/list-of-bharat-ratna-award-winners-from-1954-to-2024/articleshow/111757520.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 August 2024|access-date=20 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217154448/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/list-of-bharat-ratna-award-winners-from-1954-to-2024/articleshow/111757520.cms|archive-date=17 February 2025|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He became the third chief minister of the state to receive the award after [[C. Rajagopalachari]] and [[K. Kamaraj]]. The timing of the award was controversial, and his opponents criticised the central government led by Congress under Rajiv Gandhi to have influenced the decision to give the award to help win the upcoming [[1989 Indian general election|1989 Lok Sabha election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/bharat-ratna--isnt-the-arbitrary-selection--politics-making-this-highest-civilian-award-controversy-prone/15892132.shtml|title=Bharat Ratna- Isn't the arbitrary selection &amp; politics making this highest civilian award controversy prone?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228143130/http://www.merinews.com/article/bharat-ratna--isnt-the-arbitrary-selection--politics-making-this-highest-civilian-award-controversy-prone/15892132.shtml |archive-date=28 December 2013|work=Merinews|date=20 November 2013|access-date=21 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ramachandran is widely known by the epithets &quot;Makkal Thilagam&quot; (Jewel of the People), &quot;Puratchi Thalaivar&quot; (Revolutionary Leader), and &quot;Ponmana Chemmal&quot; (Generous one) in Tamil Nadu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://kalkionline.com/news/ponmana-chemmal-m-g-ramachandran|title=Ponmana Chemmal M G Ramachandran|work=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]|lang=ta|date=3 January 1988|access-date=1 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1989, [[Dr. M. G. R. Home and Higher Secondary School for the Speech and Hearing Impaired]] was established at his erstwhile residence in [[Ramapuram, Chennai|Ramapuram]], in accordance with his last will and testament written in January 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://enabled.in/wp/mgr-home-higher-secondary-school-for-the-speech-and-hearing-impaired/|title=M. G. R. Home and Higher Secondary School for the Speech and Hearing Impaired|work=Enabled|access-date=1 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; His official residence located at 27, Arcot Street, [[Thyagaraya Nagar]] was converted into a memorial house and opened for public viewing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/mgr-illam-gives-a-glimpse-into-a-charismatic-actor-politicians-life/article67715317.ece|title=MGR Illam gives a glimpse into a charismatic actor‑politician's life|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 January 2024|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716011525/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/mgr-illam-gives-a-glimpse-into-a-charismatic-actor-politicians-life/article67715317.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Dr. MGR-Janaki College of Arts and Science for Women]] was established in a part of the land that housed Sathya Studios.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/290818/k-subrahmanyam-hall-to-be-opened-tomorrow.html|title=K Subrahmanyam Hall to be opened tomorrow|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=29 August 2018|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=20 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420154233/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/290818/k-subrahmanyam-hall-to-be-opened-tomorrow.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A life-size statue of Ramachandran was unveiled on 7 December 2006 in the Parliament House by then [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Speaker]] [[Somnath Chatterjee]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/12/07/statues-of-mgr-bhupesh-gupta-unveiled-in-parliament-1165472009.html|title=Statues of MGR, Bhupesh Gupta unveiled in Parliament|work=[[OneIndia]]|date=7 December 2006|access-date=1 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; To commemorate Ramachandran's birth centenary in 2017, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] issued Rs. 100 and Rs.5 coins that bore his image as a portrait along with an inscription mentioning the event.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/centre-to-mint-5-100-coins-to-commemorate-mgrs-birth-centenary/article19672634.ece|title=Centre to mint ₹5, ₹100 coins to commemorate MGR's birth centenary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912182912/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/centre-to-mint-5-100-coins-to-commemorate-mgrs-birth-centenary/article19672634.ece |archive-date=12 September 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 September 2017|access-date=1 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Several localities, roads, places, and establishments have been named in his honour. [[MGR Nagar]], a residential neighbourhood in Chennai was named after him.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/residents-want-new-street-name-boards-to-be-installed-at-mgr-nagar-in-chennai/article69670872.ece|title=Residents want new street-name boards to be installed at MGR Nagar in Chennai|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 June 2025|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=10 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610094247/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/residents-want-new-street-name-boards-to-be-installed-at-mgr-nagar-in-chennai/article69670872.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/oct/10/cmbt-renamed-as-puratchi-thalaivar-dr-mgr-bus-stand-1883468.html |title=CMBT renamed as 'Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. MGR Bus Terminus' |date=10 October 2018 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=3 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011114651/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/oct/10/cmbt-renamed-as-puratchi-thalaivar-dr-mgr-bus-stand-1883468.html |archive-date=11 October 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Central Bus Terminus Salem|Salem Central Bus Stand]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/salem-new-bus-stand-renovated-at-a-cost-of-2480-lakh/article68721550.ece|title=Salem news bus stand renovated at a cost of 24.8 lakhs|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 October 2024|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=6 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006035245/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/salem-new-bus-stand-renovated-at-a-cost-of-2480-lakh/article68721550.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Transport in Tirunelveli|Tirunelveli New Bus Stand]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Government of Tamil Nadu|first=Tirunelveli District Administration|date=8 December 2021|title=The Hon'ble Chief Minister inaugurated the renewed Bharat Ratna Dr. MGR Bus Stand and Palayamkottai Bus Stand under the Smart City Projects through video conferencing|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s36a9aeddfc689c1d0e3b9ccc3ab651bc5/uploads/2021/12/2021120912.pdf|access-date=9 January 2022|work=[[Tirunelveli district]]|archive-date=9 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109084314/https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s36a9aeddfc689c1d0e3b9ccc3ab651bc5/uploads/2021/12/2021120912.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[M.G.R. Bus Stand]] at [[Madurai]] are named after him.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/it-is-now-mgr-bus-stand-at-mattuthavani-madurai/article19957729.ece |title=It is now MGR bus stand at Mattuthavani |date=31 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011163300/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/it-is-now-mgr-bus-stand-at-mattuthavani-madurai/article19957729.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 5 April 2019, [[Government of India]] renamed the [[Chennai Central railway station]] as Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station to honour him.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Manikandan |title=Chennai Central railway station renamed after AIADMK founder MGR |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chennai-central-railway-station-renamed-after-aiadmk-founder-mgr/story-BbpgnA17d5GCUPtsFxwpIN.html |access-date=16 April 2019 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=5 April 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416125843/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chennai-central-railway-station-renamed-after-aiadmk-founder-mgr/story-BbpgnA17d5GCUPtsFxwpIN.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 31 July 2020, [[Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central metro station|Central Metro]] station of the [[Chennai Metro]] was renamed after Ramachandran.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/jul/31/tamil-nadu-government-to-rename-three-metro-rail-stations-in-chennai-after-late-chief-ministers-2177261.html |title=Tamil Nadu government to rename three metro rail stations in Chennai after late Chief Ministers |date=31 July 2020 |access-date=31 July 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803040901/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/jul/31/tamil-nadu-government-to-rename-three-metro-rail-stations-in-chennai-after-late-chief-ministers-2177261.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 17 October 2021, the AIADMK headquarters in [[Royapettah]] was renamed as ''Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai'' by party leaders in memory of the party's founder.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-news/news/2868092 |title=எம்ஜிஆர் மாளிகை' ஆனது அதிமுக அலுவலகம்: பொன் விழாவை சிறப்பாக கொண்டாட ஏற்பாடு |lang=ta |trans-title=ADMK office becomes MGR maaligai |date=15 October 2021 |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |archive-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215121245/https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-news/news/2868092 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Film awards===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;text-align:center&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Event<br /> !Category<br /> !Film<br /> !Conferred by<br /> |-<br /> |1971<br /> |[[19th National Film Awards]]<br /> |[[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]]<br /> |''[[Rickshawkaran]]''<br /> |[[Government of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |1968<br /> |2nd Tamil Nadu State Film Award<br /> |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br /> |''[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]]''<br /> |rowspan=3|[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> |-<br /> |1969<br /> |3rd Tamil Nadu State Film Award<br /> |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]<br /> |''[[Adimai Penn]]''<br /> |-<br /> |1978<br /> |12th Tamil Nadu State Film Award<br /> |Special Award<br /> |''[[Madhuraiyai Meetta Sundharapandiyan]]''<br /> |-<br /> |1965<br /> |[[13th Filmfare Awards South]]<br /> |[[Filmfare Special Award – South|Special Award – South]]<br /> |''[[Enga Veettu Pillai]]''<br /> |rowspan=3|[[Filmfare]]<br /> |-<br /> |1969<br /> |[[17th Filmfare Awards South]]<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]<br /> |''[[Adimai Penn]]''<br /> |-<br /> |1973<br /> |[[21st Filmfare Awards South]]<br /> |[[Filmfare Special Award – South|Special Award – South]]<br /> |''[[Ulagam Sutrum Valiban]]''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == In popular culture ==<br /> Ramachandran's autobiography, &quot;''Naan Yaen Piranthen?'' (''Why Was I Born?'')&quot;, was published in 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/janakis-son-alone-has-copyright-to-mgrs-autobiography-court/article3600414.ece|title=Janaki's son alone has copyright to M.G.R.'s autobiography: court|date=4 July 2012|work=The Hindu|access-date=6 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210024121/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/janakis-son-alone-has-copyright-to-mgrs-autobiography-court/article3600414.ece|archive-date=10 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 1997 [[Tamil film]] ''[[Iruvar]]'', by [[Mani Ratnam]], is based on the rivalry and friendship between Ramachandran and Karunanidhi. [[Mohanlal]] played Anandan, the character based on Ramachandran.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/when-mohanlal-humanised-mgr-in-mani-ratnam-iruvar-6224060/ |title=When Mohanlal humanised MGR in Mani Ratnam's Iruvar |date=20 January 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |archive-date=30 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930063636/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/when-mohanlal-humanised-mgr-in-mani-ratnam-iruvar-6224060/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 2019 [[web series]] ''[[Queen (TV series)|Queen]]'', [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] portrayed G. M. Ravichandran, the fictional adaptation of Ramachandran.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Indrajith Sukumaran to play MGR in Gautham Menon's Jayalalithaa web series |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/mar/18/indrajith-sukumaran-to-play-mgr-in-gautham-menons-jayalalithaa-web-series-10596.html |access-date=9 February 2021 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=18 March 2019 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303083934/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/mar/18/indrajith-sukumaran-to-play-mgr-in-gautham-menons-jayalalithaa-web-series-10596.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the Tamil film ''[[Thalaivii]]'' (2021), Ramachandran was portrayed by [[Arvind Swamy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/dec/24/team-thalaivi-shares-new-look-of-arvind-swami-as-mgr-on-his-death-anniversary-2240574.html |title=Team 'Thalaivi' shares new look of Arvind Swami as MGR on his death anniversary |date=24 December 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |archive-date=30 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930063636/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/dec/24/team-thalaivi-shares-new-look-of-arvind-swami-as-mgr-on-his-death-anniversary-2240574.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalaivii-was-a-huge-responsibility-says-arvind-swami/article36356551.ece |title=Becoming MGR: How Arvind Swami got into shape for 'Thalaivii' |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 September 2021 |last1=Ramanujam |first1=Srinivasa |archive-date=30 September 2021 |access-date=30 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930063636/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalaivii-was-a-huge-responsibility-says-arvind-swami/article36356551.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[M. G. Ramachandran's unrealised projects]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category|M. G. Ramachandran}}<br /> * {{IMDb name|id=0707901|name=M. G. Ramachandran}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes person|id=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/mgr}}<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-off}}<br /> {{s-break}}<br /> <br /> {{s-vac|last=[[M. Karunanidhi]]|reason=[[President's Rule]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]|years=1977–1987}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]]}}<br /> <br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> {{Dravidian politics}}<br /> {{Bharat Ratna}}<br /> {{Council of Ministers of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{NationalFilmAwardBestActor}}<br /> {{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestActor}}<br /> {{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control|state=expanded}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandran, Mgoi}}<br /> [[Category:M. G. Ramachandran]]<br /> [[Category:1917 births]]<br /> [[Category:1987 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Actors from Kandy]]<br /> [[Category:Actors in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actors in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Best Actor National Film Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:Chief ministers from All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br /> [[Category:Chief ministers of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Film producers from Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]<br /> [[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian political party founders]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Tamil politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Kidney transplant recipients]]<br /> [[Category:Malayali people]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actors from Thanjavur district]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Thanjavur district]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]<br /> [[Category:Sri Lankan emigrants to India]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil film producers]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1967–1971]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1971–1976]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1977–1980]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1980–1984]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1985–1989]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014_Andhra_Pradesh_rural_local_bodies_elections&diff=482448 2026-03-22T11:22:29Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Elections to rural local bodies in Andhra Pradesh in 2014}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}{{Infobox election<br /> | election_name = 2014 Andhra Pradesh rural local body elections&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 May 2014 |title=It is Congress all the way in Telangana local bodies polls |language=en-IN |work=DownToEarth |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/it-is-congress-all-the-way-in-telangana-local-bodies-polls-44379 |access-date=1 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | type = parliamentary<br /> | ongoing = no<br /> | election_date = 6 April 2014<br /> | previous_election = 2013 Andhra Pradesh rural local body elections<br /> | previous_year = 2013<br /> | country = India<br /> | next_election = <br /> | next_year = [[2021 Andhra Pradesh rural local bodies elections|2021 (AP)]]&lt;br&gt;[[2019 Telangana rural local bodies elections|2019 (TG)]]<br /> | 1blank = ZPTC<br /> | 2blank = ZPTC&amp;nbsp;±<br /> | 3blank = MPTC<br /> | 4blank = MPTC&amp;nbsp;±<br /> | seats_for_election = {{plainlist|<br /> * 1,096 Zilla Parishad Territorial constituencies (District panchayat)<br /> * 16,589 Mandal Parishad Territorial constituencies (Block panchayat)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- INC --&gt;| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand INC.svg||bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=0}}<br /> | image1_size = 160x160px<br /> | leader1 = [[Raghu Veera Reddy]] &amp; [[Ponnala Lakshmaiah]]<br /> | party1 = Indian National Congress<br /> | 1data1 = 178<br /> | 2data1 = ''TBC''<br /> | 3data1 = 2,487<br /> | 4data1 = ''TBC''<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- TDP --&gt;| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Chandrababu Naidu 2017.jpg|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=0}}<br /> | image2_size = 160x160px<br /> | leader2 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]<br /> | party2 = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | 1data2 = 426<br /> | 2data2 = ''TBC''<br /> | 3data2 = 6,277<br /> | 4data2 = ''TBC''<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- TRS --&gt;| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao.png|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=0}}<br /> | image4_size = 160x160px<br /> | leader4 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]<br /> | party4 = Telangana Rashtra Samithi<br /> | 1data4 = 191<br /> | 2data4 = ''TBC''<br /> | 3data4 = 1,860<br /> | 4data4 = ''TBC''<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- YSRCP --&gt;| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, Shri Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=20|oTop=11}}<br /> | image5_size = 160x160px<br /> | leader5 = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]<br /> | party5 = YSR Congress Party<br /> | 1data5 = 275<br /> | 2data5 = ''TBC''<br /> | 3data5 = 4,199<br /> | 4data5 = ''TBC''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Elections to rural local bodies were held in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] on 6 April 2014. These were the last elections to rural local bodies in the then [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|united Andhra Pradesh]] before bifurcation into [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-03-10 |title=ZPTC, MPTC elections on April 6 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/zptc-mptc-elections-on-april-6/article5771387.ece |access-date=2023-01-01 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Results ==<br /> <br /> === Results in Andhra Pradesh ===<br /> Indirect elections&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=It is Congress all the way in Telangana local bodies polls |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/it-is-congress-all-the-way-in-telangana-local-bodies-polls-44379 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !'''Sl.'''<br /> !'''Party'''<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''Symbol'''<br /> !ZPTC<br /> !MPTC<br /> !Total<br /> |-<br /> |1.<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#00BFFF&quot; |<br /> |[[File:Indian_National_Congress_symbol.svg|58x58px]]<br /> |2<br /> |172<br /> |174<br /> |-<br /> |2.<br /> |[[Telugu Desam Party]]<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Cycle.png|50x50px]]<br /> |373<br /> |5,216<br /> |5,589<br /> |-<br /> |3.<br /> |[[YSR Congress Party]]<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Ceiling_Fan.svg|55x55px]]<br /> |275<br /> |4,199<br /> |4,474<br /> |-<br /> |4.<br /> |Others<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |3<br /> |505<br /> |508<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Total'''<br /> !653<br /> !10,092<br /> !10,745<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Results in Telangana ===<br /> Indirect elections&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !'''Sl.'''<br /> !'''Party'''<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''Symbol'''<br /> !ZPTC<br /> !MPTC<br /> !Total<br /> |-<br /> |1.<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#00BFFF&quot; |<br /> |[[File:Indian_National_Congress_symbol.svg|58x58px]]<br /> |176<br /> |2,315<br /> |2,491<br /> |-<br /> |2.<br /> |[[Telugu Desam Party]]<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Cycle.png|50x50px]]<br /> |53<br /> |1,061<br /> |1,114<br /> |-<br /> |3.<br /> |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}&quot; |<br /> |<br /> |191<br /> |1,860<br /> |2,051<br /> |-<br /> |4.<br /> |Others<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |23<br /> |1,251<br /> |1,274<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Total'''<br /> !443<br /> !6,497<br /> !6,930<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[2019 Telangana rural local bodies elections]]<br /> * [[2021 Andhra Pradesh rural local bodies elections]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Andhra Pradesh elections}}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Local elections in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Elections in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:2014 elections in India]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_County,_Indiana&diff=477772 2026-03-15T22:11:27Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: Created A Details</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|County in Indiana, United States}}<br /> {{Use American English|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox U.S. county<br /> | county = Martin County<br /> | state = Indiana<br /> | seal = <br /> | founded = January 20, 1820<br /> | seat wl = Shoals<br /> | largest city wl = Loogootee<br /> | area_total_sq_mi = 340.41<br /> | area_land_sq_mi = 335.74<br /> | area_water_sq_mi = 4.67<br /> | area percentage = 1.37<br /> | census yr = 2020<br /> | pop = 9812<br /> | pop_est_as_of = 2024<br /> | population_est = 9864 {{gain}}<br /> | density_sq_mi = auto<br /> | time zone = Eastern<br /> | footnotes = Indiana county number 51<br /> | web = https://martincountyindiana.com/<br /> | named for = Major John T. Martin<br /> | ex image = Martin County Indiana Courthouse.jpg<br /> | ex image size = 200px<br /> | ex image cap = Martin County Courthouse<br /> | district = 8th }}<br /> <br /> '''Martin County''' is a [[County (United States)|county]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Indiana]]. As of the [[2020 United States census]], the population was 9,812.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html 2020 census]&lt;/ref&gt; The [[county seat]] is [[Shoals, Indiana|Shoals]] at the center of the county,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|access-date=June 7, 2011|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the county's only incorporated city is [[Loogootee, Indiana|Loogootee]], on the county's western border.&lt;ref name=MCI/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The Indiana Territory achieved statehood near the end of 1816. Shortly thereafter, the new state legislature created [[Dubois County, Indiana|Dubois]] (December 1817) and [[Daviess County, Indiana|Daviess]] (February 1818) counties. Due to the inflow of settlers into southwest Indiana, and the difficulty of accessing the county seats of those counties, Martin County was partitioned off from parts of those counties, being authorized on January 20, 1820. It was named for Maj. John T. Martin of [[Newport, Kentucky]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=De Witt Clinton Goodrich &amp; Charles Richard Tuttle|publisher=R. S. Peale &amp; Co.|year=1875|location=Indiana|title=An Illustrated History of the State of Indiana|url=https://archive.org/details/anillustratedhi02tuttgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/anillustratedhi02tuttgoog/page/n569 567]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Gannett|first=Henry|title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ|year=1905|publisher=Government Printing Office|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n200 201]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> The hills of Martin County are largely wooded and cut with drainages;&lt;ref name=MCI&gt;[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Martin+County,+IN/@38.6779205,-86.8963309,21696m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x886c2dd244fa5795:0x1257edb613a70ea0!8m2!3d38.6937856!4d-86.8220341 ''Martin County IN'' (Google Maps, accessed 2 August 2020)]&lt;/ref&gt; the available area is devoted to agriculture, development, or is under control of the US government - about a third of the county belongs to the [[Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division]], and about a quarter of the county belongs to [[Hoosier National Forest]]. The highest point ({{convert|870|ft|m|abbr=off|disp=x|/|sp=us}} ASL) is in [[Mitcheltree Township, Martin County, Indiana|Mitcheltree Township]], within NSA Crane.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=22989 ''Martin County High Point, Indiana'' (PeakBagger.com, accessed 2 August 2020)]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The East Fork of the White River flows southwestward through the lower part of the county. The central part of the county is drained by Indian Creek, which discharges into White River near the center of the county. The upper part of the county is drained by Boggs Creek, which discharges into White River near the county's western edge.&lt;ref name=MCI/&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the 2010 census, the county has a total area of {{convert|340.41|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|335.74|sqmi}} (or 98.63%) is land and {{convert|4.67|sqmi}} (or 1.37%) is water.&lt;ref name=DC/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Adjacent counties===<br /> {{div col|colwidth=40em}}<br /> * [[Greene County, Indiana|Greene County]] - north<br /> * [[Lawrence County, Indiana|Lawrence County]] - east<br /> * [[Orange County, Indiana|Orange County]] - southeast<br /> * [[Dubois County, Indiana|Dubois County]] - south<br /> * [[Daviess County, Indiana|Daviess County]] - west<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ===Protected areas===<br /> * [[Hoosier National Forest]] (part)&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121021043647/http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5325279.pdf Map of Hoosier National Forest, showing its NW portion extending into the northeast and southeast parts of Martin County (US Forest Service, accessed 2 August 2020)]&lt;/ref&gt; in northeast and southeast parts of Martin County. Administered by [[United States Forest Service|US Forest Service]]<br /> * [[Martin State Forest]] - in eastern part of Martin County. Administered by [[Indiana Department of Natural Resources]]<br /> <br /> ===Lakes===<br /> * Greenwood Lake<br /> * Seed Tick Lake<br /> * West Boggs Lake (part)&lt;ref name=MCI/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Highways==<br /> {{div col|colwidth=15em}}<br /> * [[Image:US 50.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 50 in Indiana|U.S. Route 50]]<br /> * [[Image:US 150.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 150 in Indiana|U.S. Route 150]]<br /> * [[Image:US 231.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 231 in Indiana|U.S. Route 231]]<br /> * [[Image:indiana 450.svg|20px]] [[State Road 450 (Indiana)|State Road 450]]<br /> * [[Image:indiana 550.svg|20px]] [[State Road 550 (Indiana)|State Road 550]]<br /> * [[Image:indiana 650.svg|20px]] [[State Road 650 (Indiana)|State Road 650]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ===City and towns===<br /> * [[Crane, Indiana|Crane]]<br /> * [[Loogootee, Indiana|Loogootee]] (city)<br /> * [[Shoals, Indiana|Shoals]]<br /> <br /> ===Unincorporated communities===<br /> {{div col|colwidth=15em}}<br /> * [[Bramble, Indiana|Bramble]]<br /> * [[Burns City, Indiana|Burns City]] (census-designated place)<br /> * [[Cale, Indiana|Cale]]<br /> * [[Dover Hill, Indiana|Dover Hill]] (census-designated place)<br /> * [[Hindostan Falls, Indiana|Hindostan Falls]]<br /> * [[Indian Springs, Indiana|Indian Springs]]<br /> * [[Ironton, Indiana|Ironton]]<br /> * [[Lacy, Indiana|Lacy]]<br /> * [[Mount Olive, Indiana|Mount Olive]]<br /> * [[Mount Pleasant, Martin County, Indiana|Mount Pleasant]]<br /> * [[Natchez, Indiana|Natchez]]<br /> * [[Padanaram, Indiana|Padanaram]]<br /> * [[Pleasant Valley, Martin County, Indiana|Pleasant Valley]]<br /> * [[Rusk, Indiana|Rusk]]<br /> * Scenic Hill<br /> * Shoals Overlook<br /> * [[Trinity Springs, Indiana|Trinity Springs]]<br /> * [[Whitfield, Indiana|Whitfield]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ===Townships===<br /> {{div col}}<br /> * [[Center Township, Martin County, Indiana|Center]]<br /> * [[Halbert Township, Martin County, Indiana|Halbert]]<br /> * [[Lost River Township, Martin County, Indiana|Lost River]]<br /> * [[Mitcheltree Township, Martin County, Indiana|Mitcheltree]]<br /> * [[Perry Township, Martin County, Indiana|Perry]]<br /> * [[Rutherford Township, Martin County, Indiana|Rutherford]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==Climate and weather==<br /> {{climate chart<br /> |[[Shoals, Indiana]]<br /> |19|37|3.16<br /> |22|43|2.92<br /> |31|54|4.27<br /> |40|65|4.49<br /> |50|75|5.60<br /> |59|83|4.24<br /> |64|86|4.74<br /> |62|85|3.78<br /> |54|79|3.36<br /> |42|68|3.13<br /> |34|54|4.47<br /> |24|42|3.53<br /> |float=right<br /> |units=imperial<br /> |clear=both<br /> |source=The Weather Channel&lt;ref name=WX&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USIN0616|title=Monthly Averages for Shoals IN|access-date=January 27, 2011|publisher=The Weather Channel}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> In recent years, average temperatures in Shoals have ranged from a low of {{convert|19|°F}} in January to a high of {{convert|86|°F}} in July, although a record low of {{convert|-23|°F}} was recorded in January 1994 and a record high of {{convert|104|°F}} was recorded in July 1954. Average monthly precipitation ranged from {{convert|2.92|in}} in February to {{convert|5.60|in}} in May.&lt;ref name=WX/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Government==<br /> {{see also|Government of Indiana}}<br /> The county government is a constitutional body, and is granted specific powers by the [[Constitution of Indiana]], and by the [[Indiana Code]].<br /> <br /> '''County Council:''' The legislative branch of the county government; controls spending and revenue collection in the county. Representatives are elected to four-year terms from county districts. They are responsible for setting salaries, the annual budget, and special spending. The council has limited authority to impose local taxes, in the form of an income and property tax that is subject to state level approval, excise taxes, and service taxes.&lt;ref name=inc3623&gt;{{cite web|author=Indiana Code|author-link=Indiana Code|url=http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title36/ar2/ch3.html |title=Title 36, Article 2, Section 3|access-date=September 16, 2008|publisher=IN.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=inc2102&gt;{{cite web|author=Indiana Code|url=http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title3/ar10/ch2.pdf|title=Title 2, Article 10, Section 2|access-date=September 16, 2008|publisher=IN.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Board of Commissioners:''' The executive body of the county; commissioners are elected county-wide to staggered four-year terms. One commissioner serves as president. The commissioners execute the acts legislated by the council, collect revenue, and manage the county government.&lt;ref name=inc3623/&gt;&lt;ref name=inc2102/&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Court:''' The county maintains a [[small claims court]] that handles civil cases. The judge on the court is elected to a term of four years and must be a member of the Indiana Bar Association. The judge is assisted by a constable who is also elected to a four-year term. In some cases, court decisions can be appealed to the state level [[circuit court]].&lt;ref name=inc2102/&gt;<br /> <br /> '''County Officials:''' The county has other elected offices, including [[sheriff]], [[coroner]], [[auditor]], [[treasurer]], [[Recorder of deeds|recorder]], [[Surveying|surveyor]], and circuit [[court clerk]]. Officers are elected to four-year terms. Members elected to county government positions are required to declare [[political party|party]] affiliations and to be residents of the county.&lt;ref name=inc2102/&gt;<br /> <br /> Martin County is part of [[Indiana's 8th congressional district]]; [[Indiana Senate]] district 39;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/search?q=map+of+indiana+legislative+districts&amp;sxsrf=ALeKk01mnx7FGoIO8Fvc48pqG-dUmZTysQ:1596354720714&amp;tbm=isch&amp;source=iu&amp;ictx=1&amp;fir=Y641A-ywrPAX7M%252CLwq3Sn2Y8wEX2M%252C_&amp;vet=1&amp;usg=AI4_-kQy6ll5mv3ePPXr1H9vmh6BPmZR9A&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjO6cDghPzqAhVbbs0KHciaCM0Q9QEwAnoECAoQCA&amp;biw=1507&amp;bih=728#imgrc=Y641A-ywrPAX7M ''Indiana Senate Districts'' (accessed 2 August 2020)]&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Indiana House of Representatives]] districts 62 and 63.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/search?q=map+of+indiana+legislative+districts&amp;sxsrf=ALeKk01mnx7FGoIO8Fvc48pqG-dUmZTysQ:1596354720714&amp;tbm=isch&amp;source=iu&amp;ictx=1&amp;fir=Y641A-ywrPAX7M%252CLwq3Sn2Y8wEX2M%252C_&amp;vet=1&amp;usg=AI4_-kQy6ll5mv3ePPXr1H9vmh6BPmZR9A&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjO6cDghPzqAhVbbs0KHciaCM0Q9QEwAnoECAoQCA&amp;biw=1507&amp;bih=728#imgrc=BXnBOTKcBHHzrM ''Indiana House Districts'' (accessed 2 August 2020)]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Political Culture===<br /> <br /> {{PresHead|place=Martin County, Indiana|source=&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS|title=Atlas of US Presidential Elections|last=Leip|first=David|website=uselectionatlas.org|access-date=May 18, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> &lt;!-- PresRow should be {{PresRow|Year|Winning party|GOP vote #|Dem vote #|3rd party vote #|State}} --&gt;<br /> {{PresRow|1888|Democratic|1,391|1,558|11|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1892|Democratic|1,283|1,391|239|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1896|Democratic|1,384|1,719|16|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1900|Republican|1,712|1,660|59|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1904|Republican|1,809|1,574|82|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1908|Democratic|1,667|1,733|48|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1912|Democratic|975|1,440|605|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1916|Democratic|1,534|1,549|52|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1920|Republican|2,747|2,443|65|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1924|Democratic|2,470|2,669|142|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1928|Republican|2,450|2,245|27|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1932|Democratic|2,106|3,072|47|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1936|Democratic|2,583|2,923|40|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1940|Republican|2,902|2,638|11|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1944|Democratic|2,467|2,515|15|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1948|Democratic|2,230|2,788|55|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1952|Republican|2,757|2,546|29|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1956|Republican|2,946|2,343|7|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1960|Republican|2,756|2,585|5|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1964|Democratic|2,000|3,137|9|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1968|Republican|2,512|2,315|608|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1972|Republican|3,470|2,021|18|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1976|Democratic|2,702|2,827|36|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1980|Republican|3,082|2,479|218|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1984|Republican|3,363|1,937|32|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1988|Republican|3,066|2,132|21|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1992|Republican|2,523|2,018|897|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|1996|Republican|2,281|1,848|591|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|2000|Republican|3,008|1,518|83|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|2004|Republican|3,414|1,522|60|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|2008|Republican|3,122|1,706|75|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|2012|Republican|3,262|1,351|130|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|2016|Republican|3,697|881|268|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|2020|Republican|4,029|1,011|115|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresRow|2024|Republican|3,961|933|98|Indiana}}<br /> {{PresFoot}}<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size: 95%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! School<br /> ! Type<br /> ! Enrollment<br /> ! Mascot<br /> ! Colors<br /> ! [[Indiana High School Athletic Association|IHSAA]] Class<br /> ! Athletic Conference<br /> |-<br /> | [[Loogootee High School]]<br /> | [[State school|Public]]<br /> | 325<br /> | Lions<br /> | {{color box|black}} {{color box|gold}} {{color box|white}}<br /> | A<br /> | [[Blue Chip Conference]]<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | [[Shoals High School]]<br /> | [[State school|Public]]<br /> | 223<br /> | JugRox<br /> | {{color box|blue}} {{color box|white}}<br /> | A<br /> | [[Blue Chip Conference]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> {{US Census population<br /> |1820= 1032<br /> |1830= 2010<br /> |1840= 3875<br /> |1850= 5941<br /> |1860= 8975<br /> |1870= 11103<br /> |1880= 13475<br /> |1890= 13973<br /> |1900= 14711<br /> |1910= 12950<br /> |1920= 11865<br /> |1930= 10103<br /> |1940= 10300<br /> |1950= 10678<br /> |1960= 10608<br /> |1970= 10969<br /> |1980= 11001<br /> |1990= 10369<br /> |2000= 10369<br /> |2010= 10334<br /> |2020= 9812<br /> |estyear=2024<br /> |estimate=9864<br /> |estref=&lt;ref name=&quot;USCensusEst2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates Tables|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=January 20, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{increase}}<br /> |align-fn=center<br /> |footnote=US Decennial Census&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=US Decennial Census|publisher=US Census Bureau|access-date=July 10, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;1790-1960&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu|title=Historical Census Browser|publisher=University of Virginia Library|access-date=July 10, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1900-1990&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/in190090.txt|title=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990|publisher=US Census Bureau|access-date=July 10, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;1990-2000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf|title=Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000|publisher=US Census Bureau|access-date=July 10, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2010-2013&lt;ref name=QF&gt;{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18/18101.html|title=Martin County QuickFacts|access-date=September 25, 2011|publisher=US Census Bureau|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607083755/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18/18101.html|archive-date=June 7, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | align = right<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===2020 census===<br /> <br /> As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], the county had a population of 9,812. The median age was 43.2 years. 22.9% of residents were under the age of 18 and 20.2% of residents were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 104.4 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 102.5 males age 18 and over.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2020DP&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=2020 Decennial Census Demographic Profile (DP1)|url=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/dp?get=NAME,DP1_0021P,DP1_0024P,DP1_0025C,DP1_0049C,DP1_0045C,DP1_0069C,DP1_0073C,DP1_0125P,DP1_0126P,DP1_0129P,DP1_0133P,DP1_0137P,DP1_0138P,DP1_0139P,DP1_0141P,DP1_0142P,DP1_0143P,DP1_0145P,DP1_0146P,DP1_0147C,DP1_0148C,DP1_0149C,DP1_0156C,DP1_0157C,DP1_0158C,DP1_0159P,DP1_0160P&amp;for=county%3A101&amp;in=state%3A18|website=United States Census Bureau|year=2021|access-date=December 30, 2025|df=mdy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2020PL&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=2020 Decennial Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171)|url=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=NAME,P1_001N,P1_003N,P1_004N,P1_005N,P1_006N,P1_007N,P1_008N,P1_009N,P2_001N,P2_002N,H1_001N,H1_002N&amp;for=county%3A101&amp;in=state%3A18|website=United States Census Bureau|year=2021|access-date=December 30, 2025|df=mdy}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The racial makeup of the county was 95.4% [[White Americans|White]], 0.2% [[African Americans|Black or African American]], 0.2% [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian and Alaska Native]], 0.4% [[Asian Americans|Asian]], 0.1% [[Native Hawaiians|Native Hawaiian]] and [[Pacific Islander|Pacific Islander]], 0.2% from some other race, and 3.5% from [[Multiracial Americans|two or more races]]. [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] residents of any race comprised 0.9% of the population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2020PL&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;0.1% of residents lived in urban areas, while 100.0% lived in rural areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2020DHC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=2020 Decennial Census Demographic and Housing Characteristics (DHC)|url=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/dhc?get=NAME,P2_002N,P2_003N&amp;for=county%3A101&amp;in=state%3A18|website=United States Census Bureau|year=2023|access-date=December 30, 2025|df=mdy}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There were 4,060 households in the county, of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living in them. Of all households, 48.8% were married-couple households, 20.9% were households with a male householder and no spouse or partner present, and 24.2% were households with a female householder and no spouse or partner present. About 31.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2020DP&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> There were 4,576 housing units, of which 11.3% were vacant. Among occupied housing units, 77.8% were owner-occupied and 22.2% were renter-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.9% and the rental vacancy rate was 8.1%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2020DP&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2010 census===<br /> As of the [[2010 United States census]], there were 10,334 people, 4,216 households, and 2,832 families in the county.&lt;ref name=DP&gt;{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0500000US18101|title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data|access-date=July 10, 2015|publisher=US Census Bureau|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213014045/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0500000US18101|archive-date=February 13, 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The population density was {{convert|30.8|PD/sqmi}}. There were 4,786 housing units at an average density of {{convert|14.3|/sqmi}}.&lt;ref name=DC&gt;{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US18101|access-date=July 10, 2015|title=Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County|publisher=US Census Bureau|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212200828/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US18101|archive-date=February 12, 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The racial makeup of the county was 98.4% white, 0.3% Asian, 0.3% American Indian, 0.1% black or African American, 0.2% from other races, and 0.7% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0.7% of the population.&lt;ref name=DP/&gt; In terms of ancestry, 27.8% were [[Germans|German]], 19.2% were [[Irish people|Irish]], 14.9% were [[English people|English]], and 12.7% were [[Americans|American]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP02/0400000US18%7c0500000US18101|title=Selected Social Characteristics in the US – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates|access-date=July 10, 2015|publisher=US Census Bureau|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214003714/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP02/0400000US18%7C0500000US18101|archive-date=February 14, 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Of the 4,216 households, 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.8% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 32.8% were non-families, and 28.7% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.98. The median age was 41.8 years.&lt;ref name=DP/&gt;<br /> <br /> The median income for a household in the county was $47,697 and the median income for a family was $55,017. Males had a median income of $41,411 versus $30,503 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,750. About 8.6% of families and 13.0% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 21.2% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP03/0400000US18%7c0500000US18101|title=Selected Economic Characteristics – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates|access-date=July 10, 2015|publisher=US Census Bureau|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214003308/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP03/0400000US18%7C0500000US18101|archive-date=February 14, 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Martin County, Indiana]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> {{Geographic Location<br /> |Centre = Martin County, Indiana<br /> |North = [[Greene County, Indiana|Greene County]]<br /> |East = [[Lawrence County, Indiana|Lawrence County]]<br /> |Southeast = [[Orange County, Indiana|Orange County]]<br /> |South = [[Dubois County, Indiana|Dubois County]]<br /> |West = [[Daviess County, Indiana|Daviess County]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Southwestern Indiana}}<br /> {{Martin County, Indiana}}<br /> {{Indiana}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{Coord|38.71|-86.80|display=title|type:adm2nd_region:US-IN_source:UScensus1990}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Martin County, Indiana| ]]<br /> [[Category:Indiana counties]]<br /> [[Category:1820 establishments in Indiana]]<br /> [[Category:Populated places established in 1820]]<br /> [[Category:Southwestern Indiana]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chhinnamasta&diff=494022 2026-03-13T17:17:35Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: creating first entry w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Hindu goddess}}<br /> {{About|the Hindu goddess|the Buddhist goddess|Chinnamunda|the village in Nepal|Chhinnamasta, Nepal}}<br /> {{good article}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=August 2016}} <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}} <br /> {{Infobox deity&lt;!--Wikipedia:WikiProject Hindu mythology--&gt;<br /> | type = Hindu<br /> | image = Calcutta art studio Chinnamasta.jpg<br /> | caption = Chhinnamasta, 19th century painting<br /> | alt = A decapitated, nude, red-complexioned goddess stands on a nuni inside a large lotus. She holds her severed head and a scimitar. Three streams of blood from her neck feed her head and two nude, red-coloured women holding a scimitar and a male severed head, who flank her. All three wear a garland of severed heads, a serpent (around her neck) and various gold and pearl jewellery.<br /> | name = Chhinnamasta<br /> | Devanagari = छिन्नमस्ता<br /> | affiliation = [[Mahadevi]], [[Mahavidya]], [[Devi]], [[Parvati]]<br /> | god_of = Goddess of Sovereign Truth, Awakened Kundalini, and the Severance of Illusion<br /> | abode = [[Cremation ground]]<br /> | weapon = ''[[knife]]'' or [[scimitar]]<br /> | consort = [[Kabandha]] [[Shiva]]<br /> | mount = <br /> | member_of = The Ten [[Mahavidyas]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Chhinnamasta''' ({{langx|sa|छिन्नमस्ता}}, {{IAST|Chinnamastā}} :&quot;She whose head is severed&quot;), often spelled '''Chinnamasta''', and also called '''Chhinnamastika''', '''Chhinnamasta Kali''', '''Prachanda Chandika''' and '''Jogani Maa''' (in western states of India), is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] goddess ([[Devi]]). She is one of the [[Mahavidya]]s, ten goddesses from the esoteric tradition of [[Tantra]], and a ferocious aspect of [[Mahadevi]], the Hindu [[mother goddess]]. The self-decapitated nude goddess, usually standing or seated on a divine [[Maithuna|copulating couple]], holds her own severed head in one hand and a [[scimitar]] in another. Three [[blood squirt|jets of blood spurt]] out of her bleeding neck and drunk by her severed head and two attendants.<br /> <br /> Chhinnamasta symbolises both the life-giving and life-slaying aspects of Devi. She is considered both a symbol of sexual self-control and an embodiment of sexual energy, depending upon interpretation. She represents death, temporality, and destruction as well as life, immortality, and recreation. The goddess conveys spiritual self-realization and the awakening of the [[Kundalini energy|kundalini]]&amp;nbsp;: spiritual energy. The legends of Chhinnamasta emphasise her [[self-sacrifice]]&amp;nbsp;— sometimes coupled with a maternal element&amp;nbsp;— sexual dominance, and self-destructive fury.<br /> <br /> Chhinnamasta is worshipped in the [[Shakta#Kalikula: family of Kali|Kalikula]] sect of [[Shaktism]], the Goddess-centric tradition of Hinduism. Though Chhinnamasta enjoys patronage as one of the Mahavidyas, temples devoted to her and public worship are rare; temples dedicated to the goddess are found mostly in [[Nepal]] and eastern [[India]]. However, she is a significant Tantric deity, well known and worshipped among esoteric Tantric practitioners. Chhinnamasta is closely related to [[Chinnamunda]]&amp;nbsp;: the severed-headed form of the [[Tibetan Buddhist]] goddess [[Vajrayogini]].{{Saktism}}<br /> <br /> == Origins ==<br /> <br /> The Hindu Chhinnamasta appears as a significant deity in [[Vajrayana|Tantric]] and [[Tibetan Buddhism]], where she is called [[Chinnamunda]] (&quot;she with the severed head&quot;) or Trikaya-vajrayogini (&quot;triple-bodied [[Vajrayogini]]&quot;). Chinnamunda is the severed-head form of goddess Vajrayogini (or [[Vajravarahi]], a ferocious form of Vajrayogini), who is depicted similarly.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1988|p=172}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|English|2002|p=94}}&lt;/ref&gt; The name &quot;Chhinnamasta&quot; is also used as a generic name for goddess icons which do not have heads, such as those at [[Chinnamasta Bhagawati]], Na-kati Bhavani shrine in [[Aurangabad district, Bihar]] and the goddess shrine in Uchchaith, [[Madhubani district]], [[Bihar]]; these goddesses are not identified with the mahavidya Chhinnamasta.{{efn|name=Chinnamasta Bhagawati}}{{efn|name=Kavyamata|The Na-Kati Bhavani icon is associated with [[Kavyamata]], whose head was severed and killed by the god Vishnu and later resurrected by her husband, the sage [[Bhrigu]]. The goddess icon depicts a decapitated woman sitting with joined hands and her head on the ground. Though she is also called Chhinnamasta by devotees, the naming is erroneous, according to the priest.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Dainik Jagran|26 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{efn|name=Uchchaith}}[[File:Bundi painting Chinnamasta.jpg|thumb|Chhinnamasta depicted enthroned appears in a benign form contrary to her traditional description, [[Rajput painting|Bundi painting]], c. 1775.|alt=Depicted enthroned, a decapitated, dark-complexioned woman wearing a red/orange sari holds a sword in her left hand and her own severed head (with a lotus crown) on a platter in her right hand. Five seated devotees (including one with a ram's head) with folded hands surround her. A lake with a large lotus is in the foreground.]]<br /> <br /> The theme of self-decapitation and the severed head is recurring in Indian mythology. For example, legends from the ''[[Singhasan Battisi|Simhasana Dvatrimsika]]'' and the ''[[Kathasaritsagara]]'' speak of how the hero offers blood from his throat as an offering to a goddess. [[Rajasthan]]i folk tales and songs tell about of warrior-heroes (''[[Headless Horseman#In Indian folklore|jhumjharji]]'' or ''bhomiya'') who cuts off his head before the war or is decapitated in action, but battles on— without his head— slaying foes until he avenges his beheading and dies.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|English|2002|pp =101, 428–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; The decapitated body and head motif is not unique to Hinduism and Buddhism and appears across the world, including the [[Cephalophore]] saints of Christianity and in [[Celts|Celtic culture]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Buturovic|2016|p=81}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Buddhist Origins ===<br /> Buddhist texts recount the birth of Chinnamunda. One tale tells of [[Kanhapa|Krishnacharya]]'s disciples&lt;!-- Mahasiddha Kanhapa --&gt;, two ''[[Mahasiddha]]'' (&quot;great perfected ones&quot;) sisters, [[Mekhala and Kanakhala]], who severed their heads, offered them to their [[guru]], and then danced. The goddess Vajrayogini also appeared in this form and danced with them. Another story recalls how the ''Mahasiddha'' princess Lakshminkara&lt;!-- a Mahasiddha --&gt;, cut off her head as a punishment from the king and roamed with it in the city, where citizens extolled her as Chinnamunda-Vajravarahi.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=9–11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|English|2002|pp=101–2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the early 20th century, Benoytosh Bhattacharya— an expert on Tantra and the then director of the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda#Oriental Institute|Oriental Institute of Baroda]]&lt;!-- http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_01_02_obituary.pdf--&gt;— studied various texts such as the Buddhist ''Sadhanamala'' (1156{{nbsp}}CE), the Hindu ''Chhinnamastakalpa'' (uncertain date), and the ''[[Brihat Tantrasara|Tantrasara]]'' by [[Krishnananda Agamavagisha]] (late 16th century). In the ''Sadhanamala'', the goddess is called Sarvabuddha (&quot;all-awakened&quot;), and is attended by Vajravaironi and Vajravarnini; in the Hindu ''Tantrasara'', she is called ''Sarvasiddhi'' (&quot;all-accomplished&quot;), and is accompanied by attendants Dakini, Vaironi, and Varnini. In the ''Chhinnamastakalpa'', she is called Sarvabuddhi (&quot;all-enlightened&quot;) and her attendants retain their Buddhist names. Bhattacharyya concluded that the Hindu Chhinnamasta originated from the Buddhist Chinnamunda, who was worshipped by at least the 7th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=12–5}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is in spite of the fact that the former wears a serpent as a [[sacred thread]] and has an added copulating couple in the icon.<br /> <br /> === Other Influences ===<br /> While Bhattacharyya's view is mostly undisputed,&lt;ref name = &quot;B16&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;D411&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Donaldson|2001|p=411}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;K175&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Sanderson|2009|pp=240–1}}&lt;/ref&gt; some scholars such as S. Shankaranarayanan— author of ''The Ten Great Cosmic Powers—'' attribute Chhinnamasta to [[Vedic]] (ancient Hindu) antecedents. [[Sukumari Bhattacharji]], author of ''The Indian Theogony'', claims that the Vedic goddess [[Nirṛti (goddess)|Nirrti]]'s functions were inherited by later Hindu goddesses [[Kali]], [[Chamunda]], Karali, and Chhinnamasta. Hindu literature first mentions Chhinnamasta in the ''[[upapurana]]'' ''Shakta Maha-bhagavata Purana'' (c.{{nbsp}}950{{nbsp}}CE) and the ''[[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]]'' (9th–12th century). Elisabeth{{nbsp}}A. Benard, the author of ''Chinnamastā: The Aweful Buddhist and Hindu Tantric Goddess'',{{efn<br /> | name = Benard<br /> | The book is referred to as &quot;the first monograph to examine the rituals, symbolisms, and iconographic conventions&quot; of Chhinnamasta.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|McDermott|1996|pp=357–8}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }} says that whatever her origins may be, it is clear that Chhinnamasta/Chinnamunda was known in the 9th century and worshipped by ''Mahasiddha''s.&lt;ref name = &quot;B16&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=16–7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though essentially agreeing with Bhattacharyya's view, Karel R. van{{nbsp}}Kooij, former Professor of South Asian art history at [[Leiden University]], goes further and associates the iconography of Chhinnamasta with the Tantric goddesses [[Varahi]] and Chamunda.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|van Kooij|1999|p=266}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> David Kinsley, an expert on Hindu goddesses and former professor of religion at [[McMaster University]], agrees with the Buddhist origin theory, but also sees other influences. Ancient Hindu goddesses, who are depicted nude and headless or faceless, may have also influenced the development of Chhinnamasta. These goddesses are mainly depicted headless to focus on the display of their sexual organs, thus signifying sexual vigour, but they do not explain the self-decapitation theme.&lt;ref name = &quot;K175&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1988|p=175}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;K176&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1988|p=176}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Other nude Hindu goddesses who might have inspired Chhinnamasta are the malevolent war goddess [[Kotavi]] and the South-Indian hunting goddess [[Korravai]]. Kotavi, sometimes described as a [[Matrika]] (&quot;mother goddess&quot;), is nude, dishevelled, wild, and awful in appearance. She is mentioned in the scriptures ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' and ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', often as a foe of the god [[Vishnu]]. The ferocious, wild Korravai is the goddess of war and victory. However, both goddesses are linked to battlefields, while Chhinnamasta is not.&lt;ref name = &quot;K176&quot;/&gt; Kinsley points out that while there are several bloodthirsty, nude, and wild goddesses and demonesses in Hindu mythology, Chhinnamasta is the only goddess who displays the self-decapitation motif.&lt;ref name = &quot;K177&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1988|p=177}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|pp=144–7}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The beheading and rejoining motif also appears in the tale of the goddess [[Renuka]]; however the self-decapitation is missing in the legend.&lt;ref name=&quot;Storm296&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Storm|2013|p=296}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mishra315&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Mishra|Mohanty|Mohanty|2002|p=315}}&lt;/ref&gt; Instead, Renuka's son [[Parashurama]] decapitates her.&lt;ref name=&quot;shasthi&quot; /&gt;{{efn<br /> | name = Renuka<br /> | Renuka is the wife of the sage [[Jamadagni]]. Once, seeing a celestial king engaged in sexual enjoyment with a nymph, Renuka developed lust to enjoy similar experience with her husband or lusted for a moment for the king. As a result, she lost her effulgence gained by the power of her non-attachment and chastity. On the order of his father, Renuka's youngest son Parashurama beheads her after his four elder brothers refuse. Jamadagni burns his four elder sons by his fiery glance for their non-compliance. Pleased with Parashurama's obedience, the sage grants him a boon; Parashurama asks that his mother and his brothers be brought back to life, which is materialized. Renuka is purified and venerated as a goddess henceforth.&lt;ref name = &quot;Mahalakshmi204&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;B6ff&quot;/&gt;<br /> }} In the context of her legend, Renuka is given the epithet &quot;Chhinnamasta&quot; (&quot;She whose head is severed&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahalakshmi204&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|R Mahalakshmi|2014|pp=204}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;B6ff&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=6–7}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legends and textual references==<br /> [[File:Chinnamasta_rajasthan.png|thumb|An 18th-century painting from [[Rajasthan]] depicts Chhinnamasta as black, as described in the ''Pranatoshini Tantra'' legend. She is seated on a copulating couple.|alt=A decapitated, nude, four-armed, grey-complexioned woman seats on a lotus over a reverse copulating couple. She holds her own severed head, a skull-cup, a serpent and a sword. Three streams of blood from her neck feed her head and two nude, standing women (a orange one and another brown-coloured) holding a sword and a skull-cup, who flank her. |220x220px]]<br /> Chhinnamasta is often named as the fifth&lt;ref name=&quot;K165&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Foulston|Abbott|2009|p=120}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Storm287&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Storm|2013|p=287}}&lt;/ref&gt; or sixth&lt;ref name=&quot;McDaniel270&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|McDaniel|2004|p=259}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frawley112&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;shasthi&quot; /&gt; [[Mahavidya]]— a group of ten fearsome goddesses from the Hindu esoteric tradition of [[Tantra|Tantra—]] with hymns identifying her as a fierce aspect of [[Devi]], the Hindu mother goddess. While discussing Mahavidya as a group, Chhinnamasta is associated with ''[[rajas]]'' (in the ''Kamadhenu Tantra'' and the ''Maha-nirvana Tantra'') or ''[[sattva]]'' (based on her lighter complexion).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|p=42}}&lt;/ref&gt; Professor David Kinsley says that three Mahavidyas&amp;nbsp;[[Mahavidya|—]] [[Kali]], [[Tara (Devi)|Tara]], and Chhinnamasta&amp;nbsp;[[Mahavidya|—]] are prominent among Mahavidya depictions and lists, but that Chhinnamasta barely has an independent existence outside the group.&lt;ref name=&quot;K165&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1988|p=165}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|pp=2, 5, 9}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Guhyatiguhya-Tantra'' (c. 9th century) equates the god [[Vishnu]]'s [[Dashavatara|ten avatars]] with the ten Mahavidyas; the man-lion avatar [[Narasimha]] is described to have arisen from Chhinnamasta.&lt;ref name=&quot;K161&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1988|p=161}}&lt;/ref&gt; A similar list in ''Mundamala Tantra'' (pre-16th century) equates Chhinnamasta with the avatar Parashurama.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|p=5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;shasthi&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|S Shankaranarayanan|2002|pp=77–8}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn| name = Renuka}}<br /> <br /> Chhinnamasta appears in two distinct set of legends: the origin myths of Mahavidyas as a group and those explaining the genesis of Chhinnamasta as an individual goddess.<br /> <br /> === Mahavidyas as a group ===<br /> <br /> A story from the ''Shakta Maha-Bhagavata Purana'' and the ''[[Brihaddharma Purana]]'' (13th century) narrates the creation of all Mahavidyas, including Chhinnamasta. The story is as follows: [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]], the daughter of [[Daksha]], is the first wife of the god [[Shiva]]. When she and Shiva are not invited to the [[Daksha yajna|fire sacrifice organized by her father]], she is insulted and insists on attending, despite Shiva's protests. After futile attempts to convince Shiva to grant his consent for her to attend, the enraged Sati assumes a fierce form, transforming into the Mahavidyas, who surround Shiva from the ten cardinal directions. As per the ''Shakta Maha-bhagavata Purana'', Chhinnamasta stands to the right of Shiva, interpreted as the east or the west; the ''Brihaddharma Purana'' describes her as appearing to the rear of Shiva in the west.&lt;ref name=&quot;K162&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1988|p=162}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|p=23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=1–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mahalakshmi201&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|R Mahalakshmi|2014|p=201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Gupta|2000|p=470}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn| name = Daksha yajna}}<br /> <br /> In similar legends, the Mahavidyas arise from the wrath of other goddesses, specifically, [[Parvati]] (the second wife of Shiva and the [[reincarnation]] of Sati) and Kali (the principal Mahavidya). In one legend, Shiva and Parvati are living in the house of [[Himavat|<br /> Parvati's father]]. Shiva wants to leave, but Parvati creates the ten fierce Mahavidyas who appear from ten directions and prevent him from leaving. In another legend, Shiva is living with Kali, identified as Shiva's consort in this context, but becomes tired of her and wants to leave. Kali creates the Mahavidyas who also obstruct his path from ten directions. Kali enlightens him and he ceases trying to leave.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|pp=28–29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''Devi Bhagavata Purana'' also mentions the Mahavidyas as war-companions and forms of the goddess [[Shakambhari]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|p=31}}&lt;/ref&gt; An oral tradition similarly replaces Shakambhari with the goddess [[Durga]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|p=30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Chhinnamasta as an individual goddess ===<br /> <br /> The ''Pranatoshini Tantra'' (18th century) narrates two tales of Chhinnamasta's birth. One legend, attributed to the ''Narada-pancharatra'', tells how once, while bathing in [[Mandakini River|Mandakini river]], Parvati became sexually aroused and turned black. At the same time, her two female attendants Dakini and Varnini (also called Jaya and Vijaya) became extremely hungry and began to beg for food. Though Parvati initially promised to give them food once they returned home, the merciful goddess beheads herself with her nails and gives them her blood to satisfy their hunger. Later, they return home after Parvati rejoins her head.&lt;ref name=&quot;D412&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Donaldson|2001|p=412}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|pp=147–8}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The other version, from the ''Pranatoshini Tantra'' and attributed to ''Svatantra Tantra'', is narrated by Shiva. He recounts that his consort [[Chandi]]ka (identified with Parvati) was engrossed in coitus, but became enraged at his seminal emission. Her attendants Dakini and Varnini rose from her body. The rest of the tale is similar to the earlier version, although the river is called Pushpabhadra, the day of Chhinnamasta's birth is called ''Viraratri'', and upon seeing the pale [[Parvati]], Shiva becomes infuriated and assumes the form of Krodha [[Bhairava]].&lt;ref name=&quot;K148&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|p=148}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mahalakshmi202&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|R Mahalakshmi|2014|p=202}}&lt;/ref&gt; This version is retold in the ''Shaktisamgama Tantra'' (c. 16th century),&lt;ref name=&quot;K148&quot; /&gt; in which Chhinnamasta forms a triad with Kali and Tara.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Gupta|2000|p=464}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> An oral legend tells how the goddess Prachanda Chandika appeared to aid the gods in the god-demon war, when the gods prayed to the Great Goddess [[Mahadevi|Mahashakti]]. After slaying all demons, the enraged goddess cut off her own head and drank her own blood. The name Prachanda Chandika also appears as a synonym of Chhinnamasta in her hundred-name hymn in the ''Shakta Pramoda'' (19th century).&lt;ref name=&quot;K148&quot; /&gt; Another oral legend relates her to the [[Samudra manthan]] (Churning of the Ocean) episode, where the gods and demons churned the [[Kshir Sagar|milk ocean]] to acquire the ''[[amrita]]'' (the elixir of immortality). Chhinnamasta drank the demons' share of the elixir and then beheaded herself to prevent them from acquiring it.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|p=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The central themes of the mythology of Chhinnamasta are her [[Self sacrifice|self-sacrifice]]&amp;nbsp;— with a maternal aspect (in the ''Pranatoshini'' ''Tantra'' versions) or for the welfare of the world (in the Samudra manthan oral version described above)&amp;nbsp;— her sexual dominance (second ''Pranatoshini'' ''Tantra'' version), and her self-destructive fury (in the first oral legend).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|pp=149–50}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Iconography==<br /> [[File:Bengali Chinnamasta.jpg|thumb|Goddess Chinnamasta is seen spewing blood from her severed head, while she stands upon a copulating couple, and her attendants drink her blood, 19th century lithograph]]<br /> The iconography of Chhinnamasta is described in the ''Trishakti Tantra'' (pre-16th century),&lt;ref name=&quot;D412&quot; /&gt; the ''Tantrasara'' (''Prachandachandika'' section),&lt;ref name=&quot;B23&quot; /&gt; the ''Shakta Pramoda'' (''Chinnamastatantra'' section),&lt;ref name=&quot;B23&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|p=23}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the ''Mantra-mahodadhih'' (1589{{nbsp}}CE).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|p=84}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bernardicono&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000}}:<br /> *pp. 33–4, 36–7, 47: ''Shakta Pramoda''<br /> *p. 86: ''Mantra-mahodadhih''<br /> *p. 87: ''Tantrasara''<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; Chhinnamasta's popular iconography is similar to the yellow-coloured severed-headed Buddhist [[Chinnamunda]], except for the copulating couple&amp;nbsp;— which is exclusive to the former's iconography&amp;nbsp;— and her red skin.&lt;ref name=&quot;D411&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;K175&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Appearance ===<br /> Chhinnamasta is described as a slim sixteen-year-old girl with full breasts, adorned with lotuses or having a single blue lotus near her heart.&lt;ref name=&quot;D412&quot; /&gt;&lt;!-- D412: Trishakti Tantra and other texts --&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bernardicono&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;K1997144&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|p=144}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- Hindu Tantric and Sakta Literature, Mantramahodadhi, Sakta-pramoda --&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kooji258&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|van Kooij|1999|p=258}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- Tantrasara --&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stormicono&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Storm|2013|pp=289–96}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- Depictions in art --&gt;Her complexion is typically red, orange, or occasionally black. She is depicted mostly nude; however, she is so posed that her genitals are generally hidden or a multi-hooded [[cobra]] or jewellery around the waist covers them. Sometimes, she is partially or fully clothed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stormtitle&quot;&gt;{{Harvtxt|Storm|2013|p=Cover page}} depicts Chhinnamasta as a four-armed fully clothed goddess with a severed head riding on a lion. She holds a scimitar, a skull-bowl collecting dipping sword from her sword.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/view/b44a_rajam|title=Art &amp; Photos – Chinnamasta – Mahavidya|publisher=Kauai's Hindu Monastery|website=www.himalayanacademy.com|access-date=2016-06-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815013048/https://www.himalayanacademy.com/view/b44a_rajam|archive-date=15 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;See [[:File:Bundi painting Chinnamasta.jpg]]&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The goddess carries her own severed head&amp;nbsp;— sometimes on a platter or in a [[kapala|skull-bowl]]&amp;nbsp;— in her left hand. Though no legend mentions a specific weapon for the beheading,&lt;ref name=&quot;mahalakshmi203&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|R Mahalakshmi|2014|p=203}}&lt;/ref&gt; she typically holds a [[scimitar]], a knife, or a scissor-like object in her right hand.&lt;ref name=&quot;D412&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bernardicono&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;K1997144&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kooji258&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stormicono&quot; /&gt; Though generally depicted with two arms, manifestations of the goddess with four arms also exist. While her own severed head and the sword appear in two of her hands, the implements in the remaining arms vary: a scissor-like object, a skull-bowl collecting the dripping blood from her head or blood stream from her neck, or a severed head, sometimes identified as that of the god [[Brahma]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Stormtitle&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D413&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Donaldson|2001|p=413}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Chhinnamasta may have a lolling tongue. Her hair is loose and dishevelled and sometimes decorated with flowers. Alternately, in some images, her hair is tied. Additionally, she is described as having a [[third eye]] and jewel on her forehead, which is tied to a snake or a crown on the severed head. The [[crescent]] moon may also adorn her head. Chhinnamasta is depicted wearing a serpent as the [[Upanayana|sacred thread]] and a ''[[mundamala]]'' (garland of skulls or severed heads and bones), along with other various gold or pearl ornaments around her neck. Bangles and waist-belt ornaments may be also depicted, and she may also wear a snake around her neck and serpentine earrings. Three streams of blood spring from her neck, one entering her own mouth, while the others are drunk by her female [[yogini]] companions, who flank her.&lt;ref name=&quot;D412&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bernardicono&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;K1997144&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kooji258&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stormicono&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Chinnamasta1800.JPG|thumb|alt= A decapitated, red-complexioned, nude woman stands on a copulating couple inside a large lotus. She holds her severed head and a scissor-like weapon. Three streams of blood from her neck feed her head and two blue-coloured nude women holding a scissor-like object and a skull-cup, who flank her. All three stand above a copulating couple.|[[Kangra painting]] (c. 1800 CE) of Chhinnamasta.]]<br /> <br /> === Surroundings ===<br /> With her right leg held straight and her left leg bent a little (the ''pratyalidha'' stance), Chhinnamasta stands in a fighting posture on the love-deity couple of [[Kamadeva]] (Kama)&amp;nbsp;— a symbol of sexual love/lust&amp;nbsp;— and his wife [[Rati]], who are [[Maithuna|engaged in copulation]] with the latter usually on the top ([[Woman on top (sex position)|''viparita-rati'' sex position]]). Kamadeva is generally blue-complexioned, while Rati is white. Below the couple is a lotus with an inverted triangle, and in the background is a [[Shmashana|cremation ground]].&lt;ref name=&quot;D412&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bernardicono&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;K1997144&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kooji258&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The ''Chhinnamasta Tantra'' describes the goddess sitting on the couple, rather than standing on them.&lt;ref name=&quot;D412&quot; /&gt; Sometimes, Kamadeva-Rati is replaced by the divine couple of [[Krishna]] and [[Radha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;K162&quot; /&gt; The lotus beneath the couple is sometimes replaced by a [[Pyre|cremation pyre]]. The coupling couple is sometimes omitted entirely. Sometimes Shiva&amp;nbsp;— the goddess's consort&amp;nbsp;— is depicted lying beneath Chhinnamasta, who is seated [[Squatting position|squatting]] on him and copulating with him.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stormicono&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mahalakshmi203&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|p=11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dogs or jackals drinking the blood sometimes appear in the scene.&lt;ref name=&quot;D413&quot; /&gt; Sometimes Chhinnamasta is depicted standing on a lotus, a grass patch, or the ground.&lt;ref name=&quot;D413&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mahalakshmi204&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Another form of the goddess in the ''Tantrasara'' describes her seated in her own navel, formless and invisible. This form is said to be realised only via a trance.&lt;ref name=&quot;D412&quot; /&gt; Another aniconic representation of the goddess is her [[yantra]] (a mystical geometrical diagram used in Tantric rituals), which figures the inverted triangle and lotus found in her iconography.&lt;ref name=&quot;Storm295&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Storm|2013|p=295}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chhinnamasta's association with the navel and her red complexion can be connected to the [[Agni|fire element]] and the sun, while the lotus in her iconography signifies purity.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=89–90, 92–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The scholar van Kooij notes that the iconography of Chhinnamasta has the elements of heroism (''vira [[Rasa (aesthetics)|rasa]]'') and terror (''bhayanaka rasa'') as well as eroticism (''[[sringara]] rasa'') in terms of the copulating couple, with the main motifs being the offering of her own severed head, the spilling and drinking of blood, and the trampling of the couple.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|van Kooij|1999|pp=255, 264}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Attendants ===<br /> Both of the attendants&amp;nbsp;— Dakini to her left and Varnini to her right&amp;nbsp;— are depicted nude, with matted or dishevelled hair, three-eyes, full-breasts. They wear the serpentine sacred thread and the ''mundamala'', and carry a skull-bowl in the left hand and a knife in the right. Sometimes, the attendants also hold severed heads (not their own). While Dakini is fair, Varnini is red-complexioned. In other depictions, both are depicted blue-grey. Sometimes, her attendants are depicted as skeletons and drinking the dripping blood from Chhinnamasta's severed head, rather than her neck.&lt;ref name=&quot;D412&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bernardicono&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;K1997144&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kooji258&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stormicono&quot; /&gt; The attendants are absent in some depictions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stormicono&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stormtitle&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mahalakshmi203&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Symbolism and associations==<br /> <br /> === Goddess of paradoxes ===<br /> {{Quote box<br /> | quote = Though her head is cut off, she is the support of life. Though she is frightening in appearance, she is the giver of peace. Though a maiden, she increases our vigor, Mother Prachanda Chandika.<br /> | width = 20em<br /> | source = – [[Ganapati Muni]], ''Prachanda Chandika 9–11, 14''&lt;ref name=&quot;Frawley112&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Frawley|1994|p=112}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Chhinnamasta is a goddess of All: she &quot;is both the food and the eater of food, thereby symbolizing the whole world by this act of being devoured and the devourer. The dichotomy of receiver and giver or object and subject collapses into one.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;B8ff&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=8–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of her epithets listed in her ''[[Stotra#Nama-stotra|nama-stotra]]'' (name-hymn, which enlists the names of a deity) convey marvel and fury; few names are erotic or peaceful, which are contrary to Chhinnamasta's fierce nature and appearance.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=58–61}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her ''[[sahasranama]]'' (thousand name-hymn) echoes paradoxes; she is Prachanda Chandika (&quot;the powerfully fierce one&quot;) as well as Sarvananda-pradayini (&quot;the prime giver of all [[Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)|ananda]] or bliss&quot;). Her names convey the idea that though she is fierce at first appearance, she can be gentle upon worship.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Bhattacharya Saxena|2011|pp=69–70}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While other fierce Hindu goddesses like [[Kali]] depict severing the heads of demons and are associated with ritual self-decapitation, Chhinnamasta's motif reverses the ritual head-offering, offering her own head to the devotees (attendants) in order to feed them. Thus, she symbolises the aspect of Devi as a giver, like [[Annapoorna devi|Annapurna]], the goddess of food, and [[Shakambhari]], the goddess of vegetables, or a maternal aspect.&lt;ref name=&quot;K175&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mahalakshmi202&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;B8ff&quot; /&gt; The element of self-sacrifice is the symbol of &quot;divine reciprocation&quot; by the deity to her devotees.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Storm|2013|p=286}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a self-sacrificing mother, she symbolises the ideal woman; however, her sexuality and power are at odds with the archetype.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Storm|2013|pp=286–7}}&lt;/ref&gt; She subdues and takes the life-force of the copulating divine couple, signifying the aspect of the life-taker, like Kali.&lt;ref name=&quot;K175&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;B8ff&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Chhinnamasta's serpentine ornaments indicate asceticism while her youthful nude ornamented body has erotic overtones. Like all Hindu goddesses, she is covered in gold finery: a symbol of wealth and fertility.&lt;ref name=&quot;Storm293&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Storm|2013|p=293}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Destruction, transformation and recreation ===<br /> [[File:Chhinnamasta.JPG|thumb|Chhinnamasta, at a [[Kali Puja]] Pandal, [[Kolkata]]|alt=A decapitated, nude, red-complexioned goddess stands on a copulating couple inside a lotus. She holds her severed head and a scimitar. Three streams of blood from her neck feed her head and two nude (one fair, another brown coloured) women holding a scimitar and a skull-cup, who flank her. The goddess wears a skull-garland, a serpent (around her neck) and various ornaments.]]<br /> The scholars [[Pratapaditya Pal]], an expert on South Asian art, and H. Bhattacharya, author of ''Hinduder Debdebi'' on the subject of Hindu deities, equate Chhinnamasta with the concepts of sacrifice and the renewal of creation. Chhinnamasta sacrifices herself, and her blood&amp;nbsp;— drunk by her attendants&amp;nbsp;— nourishes the universe.&lt;ref name=&quot;B8ff&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|p=50}}&lt;/ref&gt; One invocation to her calls her the sacrifice, the sacrificer, and the recipient of the sacrifice, with the severed head treated as an offering.&lt;ref name=&quot;K173&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1988|p=173}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|p=xv}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|van Kooij|1999|p=252}}&lt;/ref&gt; This paradox signifies the entire sacrificial process, and thus the cycle of creation, dissolution, and re-creation.&lt;ref name=&quot;B8ff&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Chhinnamasta is &quot;a figure of radical transformation, a great yogini&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;McDaniel270&quot; /&gt; She conveys the universal message that all life is sustained by other forms of life, and that destruction and sacrifice are necessary for the continuity of creation.&lt;ref name=&quot;McDaniel270&quot; /&gt; The goddess symbolises ''[[pralaya]]'' (cosmic dissolution), where she swallows all creation and makes way for new creation, thus conveying the idea of transformation.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Frawley|1994|pp=116–7}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Supreme Goddess is said to assume the form of Chhinnamasta for destruction of the universe.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|p=41}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chhinnamasta is considered a fearsome aspect of the Divine Mother.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Frawley|1994|p=154}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is said to represent transformation and complements Kali, who represents time.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Frawley|1994|p=153}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her hundred-name hymn and thousand-name hymn describe her fierce nature and wrath. The names describe her as served by ghosts and as gulping blood. She is pleased by human blood, human flesh, and meat, and worshipped by body hair, flesh, and fierce [[mantra]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;K164&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|p=164}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The seer [[Ganapati Muni]] associated the Mahavidyas with ''prakasha'' (&quot;Light&quot;) and ''nada'' (&quot;Sound&quot;) with the stages of creation. Chhinnamasta is the violent interaction between the Light and the Sound enabling Creation. Chhinnamasta severing her own head is interpreted symbolic of the disconnecting of the Source and the manifest Creation, similar to cutting the umbilical cord between the mother and the newborn. Further, Chhinnamasta is associated with thunder and lightning, interacting light and sound forces. Her epithet, Vajra Vairochani (&quot;radiant like the vajra&quot;), is linked to the ''[[vajra]]'' (thunderbolt) and its divine master: [[Indra]], the king of heaven and the god of rain, thunder and lightning.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|S Shankaranarayanan|2002|pp=69–72}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Frawley|1994|p=116}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The head offering and subsequent restoration of the head signify immortality. The dichotomy of temporality and immortality is alluded to by the blood stream drunk by Chhinnamasta's head&amp;nbsp;— interpreted as ''amrita'' and the serpent, which sheds its skin without dying. The skull and severed head garlands signify her victory over time and fear of death.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=99–100, 101–5, 108}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chhinnamasta's black complexion denotes destruction; her depiction as red or orange denotes life.&lt;ref name=&quot;Storm294&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Storm|2013|p=294}}&lt;/ref&gt; By drinking the blood, she appears as a saviour, who drinks the negativity of the world and transforms it to benevolent energies; in this interpretation, the blood is seen in negative light rather than ''amrita''.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=101–2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Frawley|1994|p=115}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Chhinnamasta signifies that life, death, and sex are interdependent. Her image conveys the eternal truth that &quot;life feeds on death, is nourished by death, necessitates death, and that the ultimate destiny of sex is to perpetuate more life, which in turn will decay and die in order to feed more life&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;K173&quot; /&gt; While the lotus and the lovemaking couple symbolise life and the urge to create life, giving a life-force to the beheaded goddess, the blood flowing from the goddess conveys death and loss of the life-force, which flows into the mouths of her devotee yoginis, nourishing them.&lt;ref name=&quot;K173&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|pp=157–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Self-realization and awakening of kundalini ===<br /> [[File:Chinnamasta Pahari.jpg|thumb|A [[Pahari painting]] depicting Chhinnamasta, c.{{nbsp}}1750|alt=A decapitated, nude, red-complexioned woman stands on a man lying on the ground. She holds in her left hand her severed hand that drinks the blood jet sprouting from her neck. She holds a knife in her other hand. She wears a serpent across her torso and various gold and pearl ornaments.]]<br /> <br /> The head is celebrated as a mark of identity as well as source of the seed.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=93–95}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thus, the self-decapitation represents removal of ''[[maya (illusion)|maya]]'' (illusion or delusion), physical attachment, false notions, ignorance, and egoism. The scimitar also signifies severance of these obstacles to ''[[moksha]]'' (emancipation), ''[[jnana]]'' (wisdom), and self-realization.&lt;ref name=&quot;mahalakshmi203&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=107–108}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;K163ff&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|pp=163–4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Storm|2013|p=302}}&lt;/ref&gt; The goddess also denotes discriminating perception.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Frawley|1994|pp=153, 203}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chhinnamasta allows the devotee to gain a consciousness that transcends the bonds of physical attachment, the body, and the mind by her self-sacrifice.&lt;ref name=&quot;McDaniel270&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Frawley|1994|pp=112–5}}&lt;/ref&gt; One interpretation suggests that her three eyes represent the sun, the moon, and fire while another links the third eye to transcendental knowledge. Unlike other Hindu deities who are depicted facing the devotee, Chhinnamasta generally looks at herself, prompting the devotee to look within themselves.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=100–101}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Chhinnamasta icon is also understood as a representation of the awakening of the [[Kundalini energy|kundalini]]&amp;nbsp;: spiritual energy. The copulating couple represent the awakening in the [[Muladhara]] [[chakra]], which corresponds to the last bone in the spinal column. The kundalini flows through the central passage in the body&amp;nbsp;— the Sushumna [[Nadi (yoga)|nadi]]{{efn|name=nadi}} and hits the topmost chakra, the [[Sahasrara]] at the top of head&amp;nbsp;— with such force that it blows her head off. The blood spilling from the throat represents the upward-flowing kundalini, breaking all knots (''granthis'')&amp;nbsp;— things which make a person sad, ignorant and weak&amp;nbsp;— of the chakras. The severed head is &quot;transcendent consciousness&quot;. The three blood streams represent the flow of nectar when the kundalini unites with Shiva, who resides in the Sahasrara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Frawley|1994|p=117}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|S Shankaranarayanan|2002|pp=74–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=nadi}} The serpent in her iconography is also a symbol of the kundalini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Bhattacharya Saxena|2011|pp=65–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another interpretation associates Daknini, Varnini, and Chhinnamasta with the three main nadis— Ida, Pingala, and Sushumna, respectively— flowing free.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|pp=159–61}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|van Kooij|1999|pp=249–50}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=xii–xiii}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shankaranarayanan72ff&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|S Shankaranarayanan|2002|pp=72–4}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=nadi}} The goddess is generally said to be visualised in one's navel, the location of the [[Manipura]] chakra where the three nadis unite, and symbolises consciousness as well as the duality of creation and dissolution.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=88–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another tradition associates her with the [[Ajna]] chakra, the location of the &quot;third eye&quot; of wisdom between the eyebrows, the other meeting point of the three nadis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shankaranarayanan72ff&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The ability to remain alive despite the beheading is associated with supernatural powers and the awakening of the kundalini.&lt;ref name=&quot;K163ff&quot; /&gt; The [[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland|Earl of Ronaldshay]] (1925) compared Chhinnnamasta to India, [[British Raj|beheaded by the British]], &quot;but nevertheless preserving her vitality unimpaired by drinking her own blood&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|p=97}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Control over or embodiment of sexual desire ===<br /> [[File:Chinnamasta Shiva.jpg|thumb|An 18th-century painting from Rajasthan of Chhinnamasta, seated squatting on Shiva, in coitus with him. Cremation pyres appear in the background.|alt=A nude, decapitated Chhinnamasta holds her severed head in her right hand and a sword in the left. She seats squatting on and in coitus with a white-complexioned naked Shiva lying on the ground. Cremation pyres appear in the background. Dogs and jackals feast on severed human heads in the foreground.]]<br /> There are two contrasting interpretations of Chhinnamasta in regard to sexual desire. The image of Chhinnamasta standing on a copulating couple of [[Kamadeva]] (literally, &quot;sexual desire&quot;) and [[Rati]] (&quot;sexual intercourse&quot;) is interpreted by some scholars as a symbol of a person's ''control'' over sexual desire, while others interpret the goddess as being the ''embodiment'' of sexual energy.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Storm|2013|pp=294–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Her names, such as ''[[Yogini]]'' and ''Madanatura'' (&quot;one who has control of [[Kama]]&quot;), convey her [[yogic]] control over sexual energy.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|p=154}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her triumphant stance trampling the love-deity couple denotes victory over desire and ''[[samsara]]'' (the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=105–6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her subjugation of the amorous couple suggests that her worship will grant control over sexual urges and other impulses of the ''[[indriya]]''s (&quot;senses&quot;), whose governing god Indra she is associated with.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|S Shankaranarayanan|2002|pp=71–2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Images in which Chhinnamasta is depicted sitting on Kamadeva-Rati in a non-suppressive fashion suggest that the couple is giving sexual energy to the goddess. Images where Shiva is depicted in coitus with Chhinnamasta are associated with this interpretation. Chhinnamasta's names like ''Kameshwari'' (&quot;goddess of desire&quot;) and ''Ratiragavivriddhini'' (&quot;one who is engrossed in the realm of Rati [copulation]&quot;) and the appearance of ''klim—'' the common seed syllable of Kamadeva and Krishna&amp;nbsp;— in her mantra support this interpretation.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|pp=155–7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her lolling tongue also denotes sexual hunger.&lt;ref name=&quot;mahalakshmi204&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|R Mahalakshmi|2014|p=204}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The inverted triangle, found in Chhinnamasta's iconography as well as in her yantra, signifies the ''[[yoni]]'' (womb) and the feminine. The goddess is often prescribed to be visualised in the centre of the inverted triangle in the navel. It also signifies the three ''[[Guṇa|guna]]''s (qualities) and three ''[[shakti]]''s (powers): ''[[Iccha-shakti|iccha]]'' (&quot;will-power&quot;), ''[[Kriyā|kriya]]'' (&quot;action&quot;), and ''jnana'' (&quot;wisdom&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=34, 90–1}}&lt;/ref&gt; The goddess is also called ''Yoni-mudra'' or ''Yoni-gamya'': accessible through the yoni.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Bhattacharya Saxena|2011|p=69}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Other symbolism and associations ===<br /> Chhinnamasta's nudity and headlessness symbolise her integrity and &quot;heedlessness&quot;. Her names like ''Ranjaitri'' (&quot;victorious in war&quot;) celebrate her as the slayer of various demons and her prowess in battle.&lt;ref name=&quot;K155&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|p=155}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her nakedness and free-flowing hair denote rejection of societal stereotypes and her rebellious freedom, as well as her sensual aspect.&lt;ref name=&quot;mahalakshmi204&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Storm294&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=106–7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Storm292&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Storm|2013|p=292}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While the goddess is a mature sixteen-year-old who has conquered her ego and awakened her kundalini, the yogini attendants are described as spiritually immature twelve-year-olds who are sustained on the goddess's blood and have not become liberated from the delusion of duality.&lt;ref name=&quot;B108ff&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=108–10}}&lt;/ref&gt; In portrayals where the goddess's hair is tied like a matron and her attendants have free-flowing hair like young girls, the goddess is treated as a motherly figure of regal authority and power; the tied hair and headlessness represent contrasting ideas of controlled and uncontrolled nature, respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;Storm292&quot; /&gt; The triad of the goddess and the two yoginis is also philosophically cognate to the triad of patterns, &quot;which creative energy is felt to adopt&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;D412&quot; /&gt; Besides the nadis, Chhinnamasta, Varnini and Dakini also represent the ''guna'' trinity: ''[[sattva]]'' (purity), ''[[rajas]]'' (energy), and ''[[tamas (philosophy)|tamas]]'' (ignorance).&lt;ref name=&quot;B108ff&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> ==Worship==<br /> <br /> Chhinnamasta's individual cult is not widespread, but she is well-known and depicted as part of the Mahavidya group in goddess temples.&lt;ref name=&quot;K177&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Storm287&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;K164&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Temples dedicated solely to Chhinnamasta are rare, and her private worship by lay worshippers is probably uncommon.&lt;ref name=&quot;K177&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;K164&quot; /&gt; Kinsley attributes the lack of lay worship of Chhinnamasta to her ferocious nature and her reputation for being dangerous to approach and worship.&lt;ref name=&quot;K177&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;K164&quot; /&gt; Her individual worship is mainly restricted to heroic [[Tantra|''Tantrika''s]], and those who worship her say only [[yogi]]s and [[Sannyasa|world renouncers]] have the ability to meditate on her using her icon.&lt;ref name=&quot;K177&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;K164&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|p=47}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Within the esoteric Tantric tradition, Chhinnamasta is a significant deity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Bhattacharya Saxena|2011|p=64}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McDaniel91&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|McDaniel|2004|p=91}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Lochtefeld|2002|p=149}}&lt;/ref&gt; She enjoys &quot;active worship&quot; in eastern India and [[Nepal]]; her temples are primarily found in Nepal as well as in the Indian states of [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]] &lt;!-- Jharkhand was split out of Bihar state; ref uses Bihar--&gt; and the eastern part of [[Uttar Pradesh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Storm287&quot;/&gt; Benard remarks that she could not visit any Chhinnamasta temples in Bengal, however was &quot;assured&quot; that Chhinnamasta is a popular goddess there.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=146–7}}&lt;/ref&gt; The goddess is also venerated in the [[Shakta#Kalikula: family of Kali|Kalikula]] (&quot;family of Kali&quot;) sect of [[Shaktism]], the goddess-centric sect of Hinduism.&lt;ref name=&quot;McDaniel91&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> === Goals of worship ===<br /> Tantric practitioners worship Chhinnamasta for acquiring [[siddhi]]s, including the ability to cast spells and cause harm to someone.&lt;ref name=&quot;K177&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;D412&quot; /&gt; She is prescribed to be worshipped for subjugation or enchantment of men and women (''vasikarana''), annihilation of foes (''uchchatana''),&amp;nbsp;someone's death (''marana'') and causing hatred or hostilities between friends (''vidveshana'').&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Banerjee|1978|p=91}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chhinnamasta's [[mantra]] (sacred chant)— ''[[Sri]]m hrim klim aim Vajravairocaniye hum hum phat [[svaha]]''— can be invoked to attract and subjugate women.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|p=157}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|p=34}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her mantra associates her with syllables denoting beauty, light, fire, spiritual self-realization, and destruction of delusion.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Frawley|1994|p=119}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Shakta Pramoda'' and the ''Rudrayamala'' recommend the use of her mantra to obtain wealth and auspiciousness.&lt;ref name=&quot;mahalakshmi205&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Acarya Ananda Jha, the author of the ''Chinnamasta Tattva'', prescribes her worship by soldiers as she embodies self-control of lust, heroic self-sacrifice for the benefit of others, and fearlessness in the face of death.&lt;ref name=&quot;K155&quot; /&gt; In a collective prayer to the Mahavidyas in the ''Shakta Maha-bhagavata Purana'', the devotee prays to emulate Chhinnamasta in her generosity to others.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|p=220}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other goals common to worship of all Mahavidyas are: poetic speech, well-being, control of one's foes, removal of obstacles, ability to sway kings, ability to attract others, conquest over other kings, and, finally, [[moksha]] (salvation).&lt;ref name=&quot;K164&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|van Kooij|1999|p=260}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Modes of worship ===<br /> [[File:Chinnamasta yantra color.jpg|thumb|The yantra of Chhinnamasta. The yantra serves as aniconic representation of the goddess.|alt=An inverted triangle in the centre is surrounded by three concentric circles, embedded in another inverted triangle – which in turn is encircled by a circle with 8 lotus petals. This arrangement is enclosed in a square with T-shaped appendages on centre of each of its four sides.]]<br /> The Tantric texts ''Tantrasara'', ''Shakta Pramoda'' and ''Mantra-mahodadhih'' give details about the worship of Chhinnamasta and other Mahavidyas, including her [[yantra]], mantra and her ''dhyanas (''meditative or iconographic forms).&lt;ref name = &quot;K164&quot;/&gt; The ''Sri Chhinnamasta Nityarcana'' by [[Shree Swami ji of Pitambara Peeth|Shri Swamiji]] (1979) details the rituals for the daily worship of Chhinnamasta.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|p=24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In her [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]], Chhinnamasta's image or her yantra is worshipped, along with her attendants. The heterodox offerings of ''[[Panchamakara]]''&amp;nbsp;– wine, meat, fish, parched grain, and coitus&amp;nbsp;– along with mainstream offerings such as flowers, [[arati|light]], [[Dhupa|incense]], etc., are prescribed for her worship. A [[Homa (ritual)|fire sacrifice]] and repetition of her ''[[stotra]]'' (hymn of praise) or her ''nama-stotra'' (name-hymn) are also prescribed in her worship.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=25–33}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Shakta Pramoda'' has her ''sahasranama'' (thousand name-hymn) as well as a compilation of her 108 names in a hymn.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=58–60}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=121–44, Appendix 1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Tantric texts tell the worshipper to imagine a red sun orb&amp;nbsp;— signifying a [[yoni]] triangle&amp;nbsp;— in their own navel. The popular form of Chhinnamasta is imagined to reside in the orb.&lt;ref name = &quot;D412&quot;/&gt; The ''Tantrasara'' cautions a [[Grihastha|householder]]-man to invoke the goddess only in &quot;abstract terms&quot;. It further advises that, if woman invokes Chhinnamasta by her mantra, the woman will become a [[dakini]] and lose her husband and son, thereby becoming a perfect yogini.&lt;ref name = &quot;D412&quot;/&gt; The ''Shaktisamgama Tantra'' prescribes her worship only by the left-handed path ([[Vamamarga]]). The ''Mantra-mahodadhih'' declares that such worship involves having sexual intercourse with a woman who is not one's wife. The ''Shakta Pramoda'' tells the same, adding fire sacrifices, wine, and meat offerings at night.&lt;ref name = &quot;K165ff&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|pp=165–6}}&lt;/ref&gt; The best time to propitiate her is said to be the fourth quarter of the evening, that is, midnight.&lt;ref name=&quot;mahalakshmi205&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|R Mahalakshmi|2014|p=205}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some hymns narrate that Chhinnamasta likes blood and thus is offered blood sacrifices at some shrines.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Kinsley|1997|p=147}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Shaktisamgama Tantra'' says that only brave souls (''viras'') should follow Vamamarga worship to the goddess. The ''Shakta Pramoda'' warns that improper worship brings severe consequences, with Chhinnamasta beheading the person and drinking his blood. Further, it explains the worship rituals to be followed by householders and those to be followed by renouncers.&lt;ref name = &quot;K165ff&quot;/&gt; The ''Todala Tantra'' mentions that, as part of Chhinnamasta's worship, Shiva or his fierce form, [[Bhairava]], be worshipped as Kabandha (&quot;headless trunk&quot;) as the goddess's consort.&lt;ref name=&quot;gupta&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Gupta|2000|p=467}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The worship of Kabandha, to the right of Chhinnamasta, is said to grant siddhis.&lt;ref name=&quot;gupta&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Chhinnamasta is typically worshipped at midnight along with the other Mahavidyas at [[Kali Puja]], the festival of Kali. However, householders are cautioned not to worship her.&lt;ref name=&quot;BS65&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Bhattacharya Saxena|2011|p=65}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Bakhrabad area of [[Cuttack district]] and the 86 Palli [[pandal]] of [[Kolkata]] have unique traditions of worshipping Chhinnamasta, instead of Kali, on Kali Puja.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Patnaik|2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Roy|2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Temples ===<br /> [[File:Maa Chhinnamasta Temple.jpg|left|thumb|274x274px|<br /> [[Chhinnamasta Temple]] in [[Rajrappa]]<br /> |alt=refer to caption]]<br /> The [[Chintpurni]] (&quot;She who fulfills one's wishes&quot;),&lt;ref name=&quot;Lochtefeld&quot;/&gt; temple of Chhinnamastika in [[Himachal Pradesh]], is one of the [[Shakta pithas]] (considered the holiest goddess temples) and is where the goddess Sati's forehead (''mastaka'') fell.{{efn| name = Daksha yajna}} Here, Chhinnamasta is interpreted as the severed-headed one as well as the foreheaded-one. The central icon is a ''[[Pindi (Hindu iconography)|pindi]]'', an abstract form of Devi. While householders worship the goddess as a form of the goddess [[Durga]], ascetic [[sadhu]]s view her as the Tantric severed-headed goddess.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lochtefeld&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Lochtefeld|2002|pp=149–50}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=4, 145}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another important shrine is the [[Chhinnamasta Temple]] near [[Rajrappa]] in Jharkhand, where a natural rock covered with an ''[[ashtadhatu]]'' (eight-metal alloy) ''kavacha'' (cover) is worshipped as the goddess. Though well-established as a centre of Chhinnamasta by the 18th century, the site is a popular place of worship among tribals since ancient times. [[Kheer]] and animal sacrifice are offered to the goddess.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|p=146}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|R Mahalakshmi|2014|pp=206–13}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Chinnamasta chintpurni 06.jpg|right|thumb|220x220px|Temple dedicated to Chhinnamasta in [[Chintpurni]]]]<br /> <br /> A shrine dedicated to Chhinnamasta was built by a Tantric sadhu in the [[Durga Mandir, Ramnagar|Durga Temple]] complex, [[Ramnagar, Barabanki|Ramnagar]], near [[Varanasi]], Uttar Pradesh, where tantrikas worship her using corpses.&lt;ref name=&quot;K164&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=145–6}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kanpur]], Uttar Pradesh, has a shrine of the goddess that is open only three days a year, around [[Navratri|Chaitra Navaratri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Shyamnandan|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her shrines are also situated in the [[Kamakhya Temple]] complex, [[Assam]] and [[Basukinath]] temple complex, Jharkhand along with other Mahavidyas.&lt;ref name=&quot;K165ff&quot;/&gt; There is a Chhinnamasta temple at [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]], West Bengal.&lt;ref name=&quot;K165ff&quot;/&gt; The goddess [[Manikeswari]], a popular goddess in Odisha, is often identified with Chhinnamasta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Mishra|Mohanty|Mohanty|2002|pp=319–20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Satapathy|2009|p=90}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Chhinnamasta's shrines are also found in Nepal's [[Kathmandu Valley]]. A shrine in the [[Changu Narayan]] Temple holds a 13th-century icon of Chhinnamasta. A chariot festival in the [[Vikram Samvat|Nepali month]] of [[Baishakh]] is held in honour of the goddess.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|ReedMc|Connachie|2002|p=235}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the fields near the temple sits a small shrine to Chhinnamasta. A temple of the goddess in [[Patan, Nepal|Patan]] built in 1732 contains her images in different postures and enjoys active worship.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|pp=147}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> ==Footnotes==<br /> <br /> === Explanatory Notes ===<br /> {{notes<br /> | notes =<br /> <br /> {{efn<br /> | name = Uchchaith<br /> | The goddess icon at Uchchaith is four-armed and stands upon a lotus over a lion. The head is broken, so she is called Chhinnamasta [[Durga]]. She is also identified with Durga's form [[Siddhidatri]] and the goddess [[Kali]]. She is associated as the goddess who blessed the [[Sanskrit]] poet and playwright [[Kalidasa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvtxt|Dainik Jagran|10 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{efn<br /> | name = Chinnamasta Bhagawati<br /> | The icon of Chinnamasta Bhagawati, also known as Shakhada Bhagwati, was found in the spot where her temple currently stands, digging for construction. The icon's head was broken. The icon was consecrated and a temple built; the broken head was replaced by a gold mask, although a silver mask is generally worn by the goddess currently. <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{efn<br /> | name = Daksha yajna<br /> | The legend of [[Daksha yajna|Daksha yagna]] continues further. After forcibly extracting Shiva's consent by threatening him by the Mahavidyas, Sati arrives uninvited to Daksha's yagna, along with a retinue of Shiva's followers. Daksha ignored Sati and vilified Shiva. Unable to withstand this insult, Sati sacrificed herself in the fire. The wild, grief-stricken Shiva wandered the universe with her half-burnt corpse. Finally, Vishnu dismembered her body into 51 parts, each of which fell on different places on the earth, each creating a Shakta pitha shrine.<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{efn<br /> | name = nadi<br /> | In [[Yoga]], nadis are invisible channels through his life-force is said to flow. There are three nadis: Sushumna, Ida and Pingala. Sushumna connects the Muladhara and Sahasrara and is cognate with the spinal cord. Ida courses from the right testicle to the left nostril and is linked to the cooling lunar energy and the right hand side of the brain. Pingala courses from the left testicle to the right nostril and is associated with the hot solar energy and the left hand side of the brain.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Citations ===<br /> {{reflist|20em}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{refbegin|30em}}<br /> * {{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-uchchaith-siddhpith-here-great-poet-kalidasa-get-blessings-to-maa-kali-13846852.html|title=उच्चैठ सिद्धपीठ: महान कवि कालिदास ने यहां मां भगवती की मुख पर पोत दी थी कालिख|date=10 April 2016|work=[[Dainik Jagran]]|language=hi|ref={{sfnRef|Dainik Jagran|10 April 2016}}}}<br /> * {{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/aurangabad-monster-master-shukracharya-mother-of-bhavani-nkti-14388732.html|title=दैत्य गुरु शुक्राचार्य की मां है 'न-कटी भवानी'|date=26 July 2016|work=[[Dainik Jagran]]|language=hi|ref={{sfnRef|Dainik Jagran|26 July 2016}}}}<br /> * {{Cite book|title=Invitation to Hinduism|last=Banerjee|first=Mrityunjoy|publisher=Arnold-Heinemann|year=1978|oclc=5829371|language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book|title=Woman and Goddess in Hinduism: Reinterpretations and Re-envisionings|last=Bhattacharya Saxena|first=Neela|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] US|year=2011|isbn=978-1-349-29540-1|editor-last=Pintchman|editor-first=Tracy|chapter=Mystery, Wonder, and Knowledge in the Triadic Figure of Mahāvidyā Chinnamastā: A Śākta Woman's Reading|editor-last2=Sherma|editor-first2=Rita D.}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Benard|year=2000|first=Elisabeth Anne|title= Chinnamastā: The Aweful Buddhist and Hindu Tantric Goddess |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1748-7}}<br /> * {{Cite book|title=Carved in Stone, Etched in Memory: Death, Tombstones and Commemoration in Bosnian Islam Since C.1500|last=Buturovic|first=Amila|date=2016|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-317-16957-4|language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Donaldson|first=Thomas E. |title=Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Orissa|year=2001|publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] (Abhinav Publications)|isbn=978-81-7017-406-6}}<br /> * {{Cite book|title=Vajrayogini: Her Visualization, Rituals, and Forms|last=English|first=Elizabeth|publisher=[[Simon &amp; Schuster]]<br /> |year=2002|isbn=978-0-86171-329-5|language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book|title=Hindu Goddesses: Beliefs and Practices|last1=Foulston|first1=Lynn|last2=Abbott|first2=Stuart|date=2009|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-902210-43-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesbe0000foul}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Frawley|first=David |title=Tantric Yoga and the Wisdom Goddesses: Spiritual Secrets of Ayurveda|publisher=Lotus Press|author-link =David Frawley | isbn=978-0-910261-39-5|year = 1994}}<br /> * {{Cite book|title = Tantra in Practice|last=Gupta|first = Sanjukta|year = 2000|isbn=978-0-691-05779-8|editor-last=White|editor-first=David Gordon|chapter = The Worship of Kali According to the Todala Tantra|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Kinsley|first=David R.|title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition|year=1988|chapter=Tara, Chinnamasta and the Mahavidyas|edition=1|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-06339-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins}} (1998 edition depicts Chhinnamasta on the front page)<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Kinsley|first=David R.|title=Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahāvidyās|year=1997|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20499-7}} (This edition depicts Chhinnamasta on the front page)<br /> * {{cite encyclopedia | year=2002 | title=Chinnamasta | encyclopedia=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism | publisher=[[Rosen Publishing]] | editor-last=Lochtefeld | editor-first=James G. | volume=1 | isbn=978-0-8239-2287-1 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/TheIllustratedEncyclopediaOfHinduism... }}<br /> * {{Cite book|last= McDaniel |first=June |title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls : Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal|year=2004 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-516791-7}}<br /> * {{cite journal | url=http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-EPT/rach.htm | last=McDermott | first=Rachel Fell | title=Chinnamasta: The Aweful (sic) Buddhist and Hindu Tantric Goddess (Review) | journal=[[The Journal of the American Oriental Society]] | publisher=[[American Oriental Society]] | date=April–June 1996 | volume=116 | issue=2 | doi=10.2307/605771 | jstor=605771 | url-access=subscription }}<br /> * {{Cite journal|last1=Mishra|first1=Baba|last2=Mohanty|first2=Pradeep|last3=Mohanty|first3=P. K.|year=2002|title=Headless Contour in the Art Tradition of Orissa, Eastern India|jstor=42930626|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=62/63|pages=311–321|publisher = Vice Chancellor, [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute]] (Deemed University), Pune}}<br /> * {{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111026/jsp/orissa/story_14666773.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161108015503/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111026/jsp/orissa/story_14666773.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2016|title=Tradition plays out at Bakhrabad|last=Patnaik|first=Lalmohan|date=26 October 2011|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]}}<br /> * {{Cite book|title=The Rough Guide to Nepal|last1=Reed|first1=David|last2=McConnachie|first2=James|date=2002|publisher=[[Rough Guides]]|isbn=978-1-85828-899-4}}<br /> * {{Cite book|title=Inventing and Reinventing the Goddess: Contemporary Iterations of Hindu Deities On the Move|last=R Mahalakshmi|publisher=[[Lexington Books]]|year=2014|chapter=Tantric Visions, Local Manifestations: The Cult Center of Chinnamasta at Rajrappa, Jharkhand|editor = Sree Padma|isbn=978-0-7391-9001-2}} <br /> * {{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/headless-blood-red-half-and-half-kali-doscope-in-one-kolkata-neighbourhood-1765523.html|title=Headless, Blood-Red, Half-and-Half: A Kali-doscope in one Kolkata neighbourhood|last=Roy|first=Sandip|date=22 October 2014|website=[[Firstpost]]|language=en-US}}<br /> * {{cite book|last= S Shankaranarayanan| title= The Ten Great Cosmic Powers|publisher= Samata Books| year= 2002|orig-year= 1972|isbn=978-81-85208-38-1}}<br /> * {{cite book|last= Sanderson|first= Alexis|chapter = The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period| title= Genesis and Development of Tantrism| editor= Shingo Einoo|publisher= Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture| year= 2009|author-link = Alexis Sanderson}}<br /> * {{Cite journal|last=Satapathy|first=Umesh Chandra|date=September 2009|title=Chhatra Yatra of Manikeswari|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2009/September/engpdf/90.pdf|journal=Orissa Review|publisher=Government of Odisha|page=90|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509000043/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2009/September/engpdf/90.pdf|archive-date=9 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}<br /> * {{Cite web|url=http://khabar.ndtv.com/news/faith/gates-of-kanpurs-chhinnamastika-temple-opened-on-chaitra-navratri-for-three-days-in-a-year-only-1394650|title=साल में केवल तीन दिन खुलते हैं पूजा-अर्चना के लिए इस देवी मंदिर के द्वार|last=Shyamnandan|date=12 April 2016|publisher=[[NDTV]]|language=hi|access-date=26 June 2016|archive-date=19 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419232141/https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/faith/gates-of-kanpurs-chhinnamastika-temple-opened-on-chaitra-navratri-for-three-days-in-a-year-only-1394650|url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{Cite book|title=Head and Heart: Valour and Self-Sacrifice in the Art of India|last=Storm|first=Mary|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-0-415-81246-7}} (This edition depicts Chhinnamasta on the front page)<br /> * {{Cite book|year=1999|last=van Kooij|first=Karel R. |title=Violence Denied|editor1-last=Houben|editor1-first=Jan E. M.|editor2-last=van Kooij|editor2-first=Karel R. |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]|chapter=Iconography of the Battlefield: The Case of Chinnamasta|isbn=978-90-04-11344-2}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{commonscatinline|Chinnamastā}}<br /> <br /> {{Mahavidya}}<br /> {{HinduMythology}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu goddesses]]<br /> [[Category:Forms of Parvati]]<br /> [[Category:Mahavidyas]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_stratification&diff=445108 2026-03-12T18:54:40Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: content update</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Concept in sociology}}<br /> {{sociology}}<br /> <br /> '''Social stratification''' refers to a society's hierarchical [[categorization]] of its [[people]] into groups based on [[Socioeconomic status|socioeconomic]] factors like [[wealth]], [[income]], [[Race (human categorization)|race]], [[education]], [[ethnicity]], [[gender]], [[Job|occupation]], [[social status]], or derived [[Power (social and political)|power]] (social and political). It is a hierarchy within groups that ascribe them to different levels of privileges.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Blundell |first=Jonathan |title=Cambridge IGCSE® sociology coursebook |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-64513-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; As such, stratification is the relative social position of persons within a social group, category, geographic region, or [[Social group|social unit]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Book%3A_Sociology_(Barkan)/06%3A_Social_Stratification/6.0S%3A_6.S%3A__Social_Stratification_(Summary)|title=6.S: Social Stratification (Summary)|date=13 December 2016|access-date=11 March 2021|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212061534/https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Book%3A_Sociology_(Barkan)/06%3A_Social_Stratification/6.0S%3A_6.S%3A__Social_Stratification_(Summary)|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-social-stratification-3026643|title=What Is Social Stratification, and Why Does It Matter?|access-date=11 March 2021|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416220134/https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-social-stratification-3026643|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The concept of social stratification (as well as the concept of social mobility) was introduced by a Russian-American sociologist Pitirim Sorokin in his book &quot;Social Mobility&quot; published in 1927&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pitirim sorokin |url=http://archive.org/details/socialmobility0000piti |title=Social mobility |date=1927 |others=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;. <br /> <br /> In modern [[Western world|Western societies]], social stratification is defined in terms of three [[social class]]es: an [[upper class]], a [[middle class]], and a [[Working class|lower class]]; in turn, each class can be subdivided into an upper-stratum, a middle-stratum, and a lower stratum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunders1990&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author-link=Peter Robert Saunders | url=https://archive.org/details/socialclassstrat0000saun | url-access=registration | title=Social Class and Stratification | publisher=Routledge | last=Saunders | first=Peter | year=1990 | isbn=978-0-415-04125-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, a social stratum can be formed upon the bases of [[kinship]], [[clan]], [[tribe]], or [[caste]], or all four.<br /> <br /> The categorization of people by social stratum occurs most clearly in complex [[State (polity)|state-based]], [[Polycentric law|polycentric]], or [[feudal]] societies, the latter being based upon socio-economic relations among classes of [[nobility]] and classes of [[peasant]]s. Whether social stratification first appeared in [[hunter-gatherer]], [[tribal]], and [[band society|band]] societies or whether it began with [[agriculture]] and large-scale means of [[Social exchange theory|social exchange]] remains a matter of debate in the [[social sciences]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url=http://worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/1.2/toye.html | title=The Emergence of Complex Societies: A Comparative Approach | author=Toye, David L. | journal=World History Connected | date=May 2004 | volume=11 | issue=2 | access-date=2014-06-27 | archive-date=2014-06-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627102501/http://worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/1.2/toye.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Determining the structures of social stratification arises from inequalities of status among persons, therefore, the degree of [[social inequality]] determines a person's social stratum. Generally, the greater the [[social complexity]] of a society, the more social stratification exists, by way of [[Differentiation (sociology)|social differentiation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Grusky2011a&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | url=http://www.sociologyencyclopedia.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781405124331_yr2011_chunk_g978140512433125_ss1-273#citation | title=Theories of Stratification and Inequality | encyclopedia=The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell. | access-date=23 June 2014 | author=Grusky, David B. | editor=Ritzer, George and J. Michael Ryan | year=2011 | pages=622–624 | doi=10.1002/9781405165518 | isbn=978-1405124331 | archive-date=1 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901104430/http://www.sociologyencyclopedia.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781405124331_yr2011_chunk_g978140512433125_ss1-273#citation | url-status=live | url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> <br /> ===Definition and usage===<br /> <br /> &quot;Social stratification&quot; is a concept used in the social sciences to describe the relative social position of persons in a given [[social group]], [[categorization|category]], geographical region or other [[Social group|social unit]]. It derives from the [[Latin]] ''strātum'' (plural 'strata'; parallel, horizontal layers) referring to a given society's categorization of its people into rankings of [[Socioeconomic status|socioeconomic]] tiers based on factors like [[wealth]], [[income]], [[social status]], [[job|occupation]] and [[Power (social and political)|power]]. In modern [[Western culture|Western societies]], stratification is often broadly classified into three major divisions of [[social class]]: [[upper class]], [[middle class]], and [[Working class|lower class]]. Each of these classes can be further subdivided into smaller classes (e.g. &quot;upper middle&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunders1990&quot; /&gt; Social strata may also be delineated on the basis of [[kinship|kinship ties]] or [[caste]] relations.<br /> <br /> The concept of social stratification is often used and interpreted differently within specific theories. In [[sociology]], for example, proponents of [[Action theory (sociology)|action theory]] have suggested that social stratification is commonly found in [[Development theory|developed]] societies, wherein a [[dominance hierarchy]] may be necessary in order to maintain [[social order]] and provide a stable [[social structure]]. [[Conflict theory|Conflict theories]], such as [[Marxism]], point to the inaccessibility of resources and lack of [[social mobility]] found in stratified societies. Many sociological theorists have criticized the fact that the [[working classes]] are often unlikely to advance socioeconomically while the [[Wealth#The upper class|wealthy]] tend to hold political power which they use to [[Exploitation of labour|exploit]] the [[proletariat]] (laboring class). [[Talcott Parsons]], an American sociologist, asserted that stability and social order are regulated, in part, by [[universal value]]s. Such values are not identical with &quot;consensus&quot; but can indeed be an impetus for social conflict, as has been the case multiple times through history. Parsons never claimed that universal values, in and by themselves, &quot;satisfied&quot; the [[functional prerequisites]] of a society. Indeed, the constitution of society represents a much more complicated codification of emerging historical factors. Theorists such as [[Ralf Dahrendorf]] alternately note the tendency toward an enlarged middle-class in modern Western societies due to the necessity of an educated workforce in technological economies. Various social and political perspectives concerning [[globalization]], such as [[dependency theory]], suggest that these effects are due to changes in the status of workers to the [[third world]].<br /> <br /> ===Four underlying principles===<br /> Four principles are posited to underlie social stratification. First, social stratification is socially defined as a property of a society rather than individuals in that society. Second, social stratification is reproduced from generation to generation. Third, social stratification is universal (found in every society) but variable (differs across time and place). Fourth, social stratification involves not just quantitative [[economic inequality|inequality]] but qualitative beliefs and attitudes about social status.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grusky2011a&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Complexity===<br /> Although stratification is not limited to complex societies, all complex societies exhibit features of stratification. In any complex society, the total stock of valued goods is distributed unequally, wherein the most [[Privilege (social inequality)|privileged]] individuals and families enjoy a disproportionate share of [[income]], [[Power (social and political)|power]], and other [[Value theory|valued]] social resources. The term &quot;stratification system&quot; is sometimes used to refer to the complex [[social relationship]]s and [[social structure]]s that generate these observed inequalities. The key components of such systems are: (a) [[Social institution|social-institutional]] processes that define certain types of goods as valuable and desirable, (b) the [[Social contract|rules]] of allocation that distribute goods and resources across various positions in the [[division of labor]] (e.g., physician, farmer, 'housewife'), and (c) the [[social mobility]] processes that link individuals to positions and thereby generate unequal control over valued resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grusky1992&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Social Stratification | encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Sociology | publisher=Macmillan Publishing Co. |author1=Grusky, David B. |author2=Ann Azumi Takata |name-list-style=amp | year=1992 | pages=1955–1970}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Social mobility===<br /> [[File:20220801 Economic stratification - cross-class friendships - bar chart.svg|thumb| upright=1.5| Social connectedness to people of higher income levels is a strong predictor of upward income mobility.&lt;ref name=EconomicStratification/&gt; However, data shows substantial social segregation correlating with economic income groups.&lt;ref name=EconomicStratification&gt;Data from {{cite journal |last1=Chetty |first1=Raj |last2=Jackson |first2=Matthew O. |last3=Kuchler |first3=Theresa |last4=Stroebel |first4=Johannes |last5=Hendren |first5=Nathaniel |last6=Fluegge |first6=Robert B. |last7=Gong |first7=Sara |last8=Gonzalez |first8=Frederico |last9=Grondin |first9=Armelle |last10=Jacob |first10=Matthew |display-authors=4 |title=Social capital I: measurement and associations with economic mobility |journal=Nature |date=August 1, 2022 |volume=608 |issue=7921 |pages=108–121 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04996-4 |pmid=35915342 |pmc=9352590 |bibcode=2022Natur.608..108C }} Charted in {{cite news |last1=Leonhardt |first1=David |title='Friending Bias' / A large new study offers clues about how lower-income children can rise up the economic ladder. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/01/briefing/economic-ladder-rich-poor-americans.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801104004/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/01/briefing/economic-ladder-rich-poor-americans.html |archive-date=August 1, 2022 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> [[Social mobility]] is the movement of individuals, social groups or categories of people between the layers or within a stratification system. This movement can be intragenerational or intergenerational. Such mobility is sometimes used to classify different systems of social stratification. [[Open system (systems theory)|Open]] stratification systems are those that allow for mobility between, typically by placing value on the [[achieved status]] characteristics of individuals. Those societies having the highest levels of intragenerational mobility are considered to be the most open and malleable systems of stratification.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grusky2011a&quot; /&gt; Those systems in which there is [[Social mobility|little to no mobility]], even on an intergenerational basis, are considered closed stratification systems. For example, in caste systems, all aspects of social status are [[Ascribed status|ascribed]], such that one's social position at birth persists throughout one's lifetime.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grusky1992&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Karl Marx====<br /> {{Main|Marxism|Historical materialism|Base and superstructure}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Pyramid of Capitalist System.jpg|thumbnail|The 1911 &quot;[[Pyramid of Capitalist System]]&quot; cartoon is an example of socialist [[critique of capitalism]] and of social stratification.]]<br /> In Marxist theory, the modern [[mode of production]] consists of two main economic parts: the base and the superstructure. The base encompasses the [[relations of production]]: employer–employee work conditions, the technical [[division of labour]], and property relations. Social class, according to [[Marx]], is determined by one's relationship to the means of production. There exist at least two classes in any class-based society: the owners of the means of production and those who ''have to'' [[Labour economics|sell their labor]] to the owners of the [[means of production]]. At times, Marx almost hints that the ruling classes seem to own the working class itself as they only have their own [[labor power]] ('[[wage labor]]') to offer the more powerful in order to survive. These relations fundamentally determine the ideas and philosophies of a society and additional classes may form as part of the superstructure. Through the ideology of the ruling class—throughout much of history, the land-owning [[aristocracy]]—[[false consciousness]] is promoted both through political and non-political institutions but also through the [[arts]] and other elements of [[culture]]. When the aristocracy falls, the [[bourgeoisie]] become the owners of the means of production in the capitalist system. Marx predicted the [[capitalist]] mode would eventually give way, through its own internal conflict, to [[Class consciousness|revolutionary consciousness]] and the development of more [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]], more [[communist]] societies.<br /> <br /> Marx also described two other classes, the petite [[bourgeoisie]] and the [[lumpenproletariat]]. The petite bourgeoisie is like a small business class that never really accumulates enough profit to become part of the bourgeoisie, or even challenge their status. The lumpenproletariat is the [[underclass]], those with little to no social status. This includes prostitutes, street gangs, beggars, the [[Homelessness|homeless]] or other [[Untouchability|untouchables]] in a given society. Neither of these subclasses has much influence in Marx's two major classes, but it is helpful to know that Marx did recognize differences within the classes.&lt;ref&gt;Doob, Christopher. ''Social Inequality and Social Stratification in US Society'' (1st ed.), Pearson Education, 2012, {{ISBN|0-205-79241-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to [[Marvin Harris]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last=Harris | first=Marvin | author-link=Marvin Harris | year=1967 | title=The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture | publisher=Routledge | isbn=0-7591-0133-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlgVAAAAIAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Tim Ingold]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Ingold, Tim 2006 p. 400&quot;&gt;Ingold, Tim (2006) &quot;On the social relations of the hunter-gatherer band,&quot; in [[Richard Borshay Lee|Richard B. Lee]] and Richard H. Daly (eds.), ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers,'' p. 400. New York: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-60919-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lewis Henry Morgan]]'s accounts of egalitarian hunter-gatherers formed part of Karl Marx' and [[Friedrich Engels]]' inspiration for [[communism]]. Morgan spoke of a situation in which people living in the same community pooled their efforts and shared the rewards of those efforts fairly equally. He called this &quot;communism in living&quot;. But when Marx expanded on these ideas, he still emphasized an economically oriented culture, with [[property]] defining the fundamental relationships between people.&lt;ref&gt;Barnard, Alan (2006) &quot;Images of hunters and gatherers in European social thought,&quot; in [[Richard Borshay Lee|Richard B. Lee]] and Richard H. Daly (eds.), ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers,'' p. 379. New York: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-60919-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yet, issues of [[ownership]] and property are arguably less emphasized in hunter-gatherer societies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gowdy2006&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | isbn=0-521-60919-4 | title=Hunter-gatherers and the mythology of the market | encyclopedia=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers | publisher=Cambridge University Press | author=Gowdy, John | editor=Lee, Richard B. and Richard H. Daly | year=2006 | pages=391–393}}&lt;/ref&gt; This, combined with the very different social and economic situations of hunter-gatherers may account for many of the difficulties encountered when implementing communism in industrialized states. As Ingold points out: &quot;The notion of communism, removed from the context of domesticity and harnessed to support a project of social engineering for large-scale, industrialized states with populations of millions, eventually came to mean something quite different from what Morgan had intended: namely, a principle of redistribution that would override all ties of a personal or familial nature, and cancel out their effects.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ingold, Tim 2006 p. 400&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The counter-argument to Marxist's conflict theory is the theory of structural functionalism, argued by [[Kingsley Davis]] and [[Wilbert E. Moore|Wilbert Moore]], which states that social inequality places a vital role in the smooth operation of a society. The [[Davis–Moore hypothesis]] argues that a position does not bring power and prestige because it draws a high income; rather, it draws a high income because it is functionally important and the available personnel is for one reason or another scarce. Most high-income jobs are difficult and require a high level of education to perform, and their compensation is a motivator in society for people to strive to achieve more.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title = Some Principles of Stratification|jstor = 2085643|journal = American Sociological Review|date = 1 April 1945|pages = 242–249|volume = 10|issue = 2|doi = 10.2307/2085643|first1 = Kingsley|last1 = Davis|first2 = Wilbert E.|last2 = Moore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Max Weber====<br /> {{Main|Three-component theory of stratification|Tripartite classification of authority}}<br /> [[Max Weber]] was strongly influenced by Marx's ideas but rejected the possibility of effective communism, arguing that it would require an even greater level of detrimental social control and bureaucratization than capitalist society. Moreover, Weber criticized the [[dialectical]] presumption of a proletariat revolt, maintaining it to be unlikely.&lt;ref&gt;Holborn, M. &amp; Langley, P. (2004) AS &amp; A level Student Handbook, accompanies the Sixth Edition: Haralambos &amp; Holborn, ''Sociology: Themes and perspectives,'' London: Collins Educational&lt;/ref&gt; Instead, he develops a [[three-component theory of stratification]] and the concept of [[life chances]]. Weber held there are more class divisions than Marx suggested, taking different concepts from both [[Structural functionalism|functionalist]] and [[Marxist]] theories to create his own system. He emphasizes the difference between class, status, and party, and treats these as separate but related sources of power, each with different effects on [[social action]]. Working half a century later than Marx, Weber claims there to be four main social classes: the [[upper class]], the [[white collar workers]], the [[petite bourgeoisie]], and the manual [[working class]].<br /> <br /> Weber derives many of his key concepts on social stratification by examining the social structure of [[Germany]]. He notes that, contrary to Marx's theories, stratification is based on more than simple ownership of [[Capital (economics)|capital]]. Weber examines how many members of the aristocracy lacked economic wealth yet had strong political power. Many wealthy families lacked prestige and power, for example, because they were [[Jewish]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} Weber introduced three independent factors that form his theory of stratification hierarchy, which are; class, status, and power:<br /> * '''Class''': A person's economic position in a society, based on birth and individual achievement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Macionis, Gerber|first=John, Linda|title=Sociology 7th Canadian Ed|year=2010|publisher=Pearson Canada Inc.|location=Toronto, Ontario|page=243}}&lt;/ref&gt; Weber differs from Marx in that he does not see this as the supreme factor in stratification. Weber notes how corporate executives control firms they typically do not own; Marx would have placed these people in the [[proletariat]] despite their high incomes by virtue of the fact they sell their labor instead of owning capital.<br /> * '''Status''': A person's prestige, social honor, or popularity in a society. Weber notes that political power is not rooted in capital value solely, but also in one's individual status. Poets or saints, for example, can have extensive influence on society despite few material resources.<br /> * '''Power''': A person's ability to get their way despite the resistance of others, particularly in their ability to engage [[social change]]. For example, individuals in government jobs, such as an employee of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], or a member of the [[United States Congress]], may hold little property or status but still wield considerable [[Power (social and political)|social power]].&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite book<br /> | last=Stark | first=Rodney<br /> | year=2007<br /> | title=Sociology<br /> |edition=10th<br /> | publisher=Thompson Wadsworth<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====C. Wright Mills====<br /> {{Main|Elite theory}}<br /> <br /> [[C. Wright Mills]], drawing from the theories of [[Vilfredo Pareto]] and [[Gaetano Mosca]], contends that the imbalance of power in society derives from the complete absence of countervailing powers against corporate leaders of the [[power elite]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Doob&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=Social Inequality and Social Stratification in US Society | publisher=Pearson Education Inc. | last=Doob | first=Christopher | year=2013 | location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey | page=38 | isbn=978-0-205-79241-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mills1956&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=The Power Elite | url=https://archive.org/details/powerelite000mill | url-access=registration | publisher=Oxford University Press | last=Mills | first=Charles W. | year=1956 | location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mills both incorporated and revised [[Marxism|Marxist]] ideas. While he shared [[Karl Marx|Marx's]] recognition of a dominant wealthy and powerful class, Mills believed that the source for that power lay not only in the economic realm but also in the political and military arenas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Doob&quot; /&gt; During the 1950s, Mills stated that hardly anyone knew about the power elite's existence, some individuals (including the elite themselves) denied the idea of such a group, and other people vaguely believed that a small formation of a powerful elite existed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Doob&quot; /&gt; &quot;Some prominent individuals knew that [[Congress of the United States|Congress]] had permitted a handful of political leaders to make critical decisions about peace and war; and that two [[atomic bomb]]s had been dropped on Japan in the name of the United States, but neither they nor anyone they knew had been consulted.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Doob&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Mills explains that the power elite embody a privileged class whose members are able to recognize their high position within society.&lt;ref name=&quot;Doob&quot; /&gt; In order to maintain their highly exalted position within society, members of the power elite tend to marry one another, understand and accept one another, and also work together.&lt;ref name=&quot;Doob&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mills1956&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[pp.&amp;nbsp;4–5]&lt;/sup&gt; The most crucial aspect of the power elite's existence lays within the core of education.&lt;ref name=&quot;Doob&quot; /&gt; &quot;Youthful upper-class members attend prominent preparatory schools, which not only open doors to such elite universities as [[Harvard University|Harvard]], [[Yale University|Yale]], and [[Princeton University|Princeton]] but also to the universities' highly exclusive clubs. These memberships in turn pave the way to the prominent social clubs located in all major cities and serving as sites for important business contacts.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Doob&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mills1956&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[pp.&amp;nbsp;63–67]&lt;/sup&gt; Examples of elite members who attended prestigious universities and were members of highly exclusive clubs can be seen in [[George W. Bush]] and [[John Kerry]]. Both Bush and Kerry were members of the [[Skull and Bones]] club while attending Yale University.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leung&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Leung|first=Rebecca|title=Skull and Bones|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/skull-and-bones/|work=[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]] ([[CBS]]) (accessed 12 March 2012)|access-date=4 December 2012|archive-date=7 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007154453/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18560_162-576332.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; This club includes members of some of the most powerful men of the twentieth century, all of which are forbidden to tell others about the secrets of their exclusive club. Throughout the years, the Skull and Bones club has included [[Presidents of the United States|presidents]], cabinet officers, Supreme Court justices, spies, captains of industry, and often their sons and daughters join the exclusive club, creating a social and political network like none ever seen before.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leung&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The upper class individuals who receive elite educations typically have the essential background and contacts to enter into the three branches of the power elite: The political leadership, the military circle, and the corporate elite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Doob&quot; /&gt;<br /> * '''The Political Leadership:''' Mills held that, prior to the end of [[World War II]], leaders of corporations became more prominent within the political sphere along with a decline in central decision-making among professional politicians.&lt;ref name=&quot;Doob&quot; /&gt;<br /> * '''The Military Circle:''' During the 1950s–1960s, increasing concerns about [[warfare]] resulted in top military leaders and issues involving defense funding and military personnel training becoming a top priority within the United States. Most of the prominent politicians and corporate leaders have been strong proponents of military spending.<br /> * '''The Corporate Elite:''' Mills explains that during the 1950s, when the military emphasis was recognized, corporate leaders worked with prominent military officers who dominated the development of policies. Corporate leaders and high-ranking military officers were mutually supportive of each other.&lt;ref name=&quot;Doob&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mills1956&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[pp.&amp;nbsp;274–276]&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> <br /> Mills shows that the power elite has an &quot;inner-core&quot; made up of individuals who are able to move from one position of institutional power to another; for example, a prominent military officer who becomes a political adviser or a powerful politician who becomes a corporate executive.&lt;ref name=&quot;Doob&quot; /&gt; &quot;These people have more knowledge and a greater breadth of interests than their colleagues. Prominent bankers and financiers, who Mills considered 'almost professional go-betweens of economic, political, and military affairs,' are also members of the elite's inner core.&lt;ref name=&quot;Doob&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mills1956&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[pp. 288–289]&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Anthropological theories===<br /> {{Anthropology of kinship}}<br /> {{See also|Hierarchy#Biology}}<br /> <br /> Most if not all [[Anthropology|anthropologists]] dispute the &quot;universal&quot; nature of social stratification, holding that it is not the standard among all societies. John Gowdy (2006) writes, &quot;Assumptions about human behaviour that members of market societies believe to be universal, that humans are naturally competitive and acquisitive, and that social stratification is natural, do not apply to many hunter-gatherer peoples.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gowdy2006&quot; /&gt; Non-stratified [[egalitarian]] or [[Acephalous Society|acephalous]] (&quot;headless&quot;) societies exist which have little or no concept of social hierarchy, political or economic status, class, or even permanent leadership.&quot;<br /> <br /> ===Kinship-orientation===<br /> {{See also|Original affluent society}}<br /> <br /> Anthropologists identify egalitarian cultures as &quot;[[kinship]]-oriented&quot;, because they appear to value social harmony more than wealth or status. These cultures are contrasted with economically oriented cultures (including [[State (polity)|states]]) in which status and material wealth are prized, and stratification, competition, and conflict are common. Kinship-oriented cultures actively work to prevent social hierarchies from developing because they believe that such stratification could lead to conflict and instability.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title=Gender and Rural Development | publisher=LIT Verlag Münster | author=Deji, Olanike F. | year=2011 | location=London | page=93 | isbn=978-3643901033}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Reciprocal altruism]] is one process by which this is accomplished.<br /> <br /> A good example is given by [[Richard Borshay Lee]] in his account of the [[Khoisan]], who practice ''&quot;insulting the meat&quot;.'' Whenever a hunter makes a kill, he is ceaselessly teased and ridiculed (in a friendly, joking fashion) to prevent him from becoming too proud or egotistical. The meat itself is then distributed evenly among the entire social group, rather than kept by the hunter. The level of teasing is proportional to the size of the kill. Lee found this out when he purchased an entire cow as a gift for the group he was living with, and was teased for weeks afterward about it (since obtaining that much meat could be interpreted as showing off).&lt;ref&gt;Lee, Richard B. (1976), ''Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers: Studies of the !Kung San and Their Neighbors,'' Richard B. Lee and Irven DeVore, eds. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.{{ISBN?}} {{page?|date=August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another example is the [[Aboriginal Australians|Australian Aboriginals]] of [[Groote Eylandt]] and [[Bickerton Island]], off the coast of [[Arnhem Land]], who have arranged their entire society—spiritually and economically—around a kind of [[gift economy]] called ''[[Reciprocal altruism|renunciation]].'' According to [[David H. Turner]], in this arrangement, every person is expected to give ''everything'' of any resource they have to any other person who needs or lacks it at the time. This has the benefit of largely eliminating social problems like theft and relative poverty. However, misunderstandings obviously arise when attempting to reconcile Aboriginal ''renunciative economics'' with the competition/scarcity-oriented [[economics]] introduced to Australia by European colonists.&lt;ref&gt;Turner, David H. (1999), ''Genesis Regained: Aboriginal Forms of Renunciation in Judeo-Christian Scriptures and Other Major Traditions,'' pp. 1–9, Peter Lang. {{ISBN?}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Variables in theory and research==<br /> <br /> The social status variables underlying social stratification are based in social perceptions and [[Social attitude|attitudes]] about various characteristics of persons and peoples. While many such variables cut across time and place, the relative [[Statistical weight|weight]] placed on each variable and specific combinations of these variables will differ from place to place over time. One task of research is to identify accurate [[mathematical model]]s that explain how these many variables combine to produce stratification in a given society. Grusky (2011) provides a good overview of the historical development of sociological theories of social stratification and a summary of contemporary theories and research in this field.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grusky2011b&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=http://inequality.stanford.edu/grusky/article_files/past_present_future_social_inequality.pdf | title='The Past, Present and Future of Social Inequality.' In Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective | publisher=Westview Press | author=Grusky, David B | year=2011 | location=Boulder | pages=3–51| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008111100/http://inequality.stanford.edu/grusky/article_files/past_present_future_social_inequality.pdf | archive-date=2016-10-08 | edition=Second }}&lt;/ref&gt; While many of the variables that contribute to an understanding of social stratification have long been identified, models of these variables and their role in constituting social stratification are still an active topic of theory and research. In general, sociologists recognize that there are no &quot;pure&quot; economic variables, as social factors are integral to economic value. However, the variables posited to affect social stratification can be loosely divided into economic and other social factors.<br /> <br /> ===Economic===<br /> {{Main|Economic inequality}}<br /> <br /> Strictly [[Quantitative research|quantitative]] economic variables are more useful to [[Descriptive statistics|describing]] social stratification than [[Explanatory power|explaining]] how social stratification is constituted or maintained. [[Income]] is the most common variable used to describe stratification and associated [[economic inequality]] in a society.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grusky1992&quot; /&gt; However, the distribution of individual or [[household]] accumulation of [[excess supply|surplus]] and [[wealth]] tells us more about variation in individual [[well-being]] than does income, alone.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title=Who Rules America? The Triumph of the Corporate Rich | publisher=McGraw-Hill | author=Domhoff, G. William | year=2013 | page=288 | isbn=978-0078026713}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wealth variables can also more vividly illustrate salient variations in the well-being of groups in stratified societies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | author = Perry-Rivers, P. |date=October 2014 | title = Stratification, Economic Adversity, and Entrepreneurial Launch: The Converse Effect of Resource Position on Entrepreneurial Strategy | journal = Entrepreneurship Theory &amp; Practice |volume=40 |issue=3 |page=685 | doi=10.1111/etap.12137|s2cid=153562537 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP), especially ''per capita'' GDP, is sometimes used to describe economic inequality and stratification at the [[International inequality|international]] or global level.<br /> <br /> ===Social===<br /> {{Main|Social status}}<br /> <br /> Social variables, both quantitative and [[qualitative research|qualitative]], typically provide the most explanatory power in [[Causality|causal]] research regarding social stratification, either as [[Independent variable#Independent variable|independent]] variables or as [[intervening variable]]s. Three important social variables include [[gender roles|gender]], [[Race (human classification)|race]], and [[ethnicity]], which, at the least, have an intervening effect on social status and stratification in most places throughout the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hill1998&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title='Toward a new vision: race, class and gender as categories of analysis and connection' in Social Class and Stratification: Classic Statements and Theoretical Debates | publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield | author=Collins, Patricia Hill | year=1998 | location=Boston | pages=231–247}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additional variables include those that describe other ascribed and achieved characteristics such as [[Job (role)|occupation]] and [[skill]] levels, [[Ageing|age]], [[education]] level, education level of parents, and [[Geography|geographic]] area. Some of these variables may have both causal and intervening effects on social status and stratification. For example, absolute age may cause a low income if one is too young or too old to perform productive work. The social perception of age and its role in the workplace, which may lead to [[ageism]], typically has an intervening effect on [[employment]] and income.<br /> <br /> Social scientists are sometimes interested in quantifying the degree of [[economic stratification]] between different social categories, such as men and women, or workers with different levels of education. An index of stratification has been recently proposed by Zhou for this purpose.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zhou2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Zhou|first1=Xiang|title=A Nonparametric Index of Stratification|journal=Sociological Methodology|date=2012|volume=42|issue=1|pages=365–389|doi=10.1177/0081175012452207|s2cid=13787241}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> {{Main|Gender inequality}}<br /> <br /> Gender is one of the most pervasive and prevalent social characteristics which people use to make social distinctions between individuals. Gender distinctions are found in economic-, kinship- and caste-based stratification systems.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title=Issues of Gender | publisher=Pearson Education, Inc. |author1=Friedman, Ellen |author2=Jennifer Marshall |name-list-style=amp | year= 2004 | location= New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Social role]] expectations often form along sex and gender lines. Entire societies may be classified by social scientists according to the [[rights]] and [[Privilege (social inequality)|privileges]] afforded to men or women, especially those associated with ownership and inheritance of [[property]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference | title= The Impact of Gender Equality in Land Rights on Development |author1=Mason, K. |author2=H. Carlsson |name-list-style=amp | book-title= Human Rights and Development: Towards Mutual Reinforcement | year= 2004 | conference= Human Rights and Development: Towards Mutual Reinforcement | location= New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[patriarchal]] societies, such rights and privileges are [[norm (social)|normatively]] granted to men over women; in [[matriarchal]] societies, the opposite holds true. Sex- and gender-based [[division of labor]] is historically found in the annals of most societies and such divisions increased with the advent of [[industrialization]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title= New Family Values: Liberty, Equality, Diversity | publisher= Rowman &amp; Littlefield | author= Struening, Karen | year= 2002 | location= New York | isbn= 978-0-7425-1231-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sex-based [[wage discrimination]] exists in some societies such that men, typically, receive higher wages than women for the same type of work. Other differences in employment between men and women lead to an overall gender-based pay-gap in many societies, where women as a category earn less than men due to the types of jobs which women are offered and take, as well as to differences in the number of hours worked by women.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite book | title= Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale: Women in the International Division of Labour.<br /> | publisher= Palgrave MacMillan | author= Mies, Maria | year= 1999 | location= London<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; These and other gender-related values affect the distribution of income, wealth, and property in a given social order.<br /> <br /> ====Race====<br /> {{Main|Racism}}<br /> <br /> Racism consists of both [[prejudice]] and [[discrimination]] based in social perceptions of observable biological differences between peoples. It often takes the form of [[social actions]], practices or beliefs, or [[political system]]s in which different races are perceived to be ranked as inherently superior or inferior to each other, based on presumed shared inheritable traits, abilities, or qualities. In a given society, those who share racial characteristics socially perceived as undesirable are typically under-represented in positions of social power, i.e., they become a [[Minority group|minority category]] in that society. Minority members in such a society are often subjected to discriminatory actions resulting from majority policies, including [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]], [[Social exclusion|exclusion]], [[oppression]], [[exile|expulsion]], and [[genocide|extermination]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title=Devising an Adequate System of Minority Protection: Individual Human Rights, Minority Rights and the Right to Self-Determination | publisher=Springer | author=Henrard, Kristen | year=2000 | location=New York | isbn=978-9041113597}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overt racism usually feeds directly into a stratification system through its effect on social status. For example, members associated with a particular race may be assigned a [[Slavery|slave status]], a form of oppression in which the majority refuses to grant basic [[rights]] to a minority that are granted to other members of the society. More [[covert racism]], such as that which many scholars posit is practiced in more contemporary societies, is socially hidden and less easily detectable. Covert racism often feeds into stratification systems as an intervening variable affecting income, educational opportunities, and housing. Both overt and covert racism can take the form of [[structural inequality]] in a society in which [[Institutional racism|racism has become institutionalized]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title=The Social Construction of Whiteness: Racism by Intent, Racism by Consequence | author=Guess, Teresa J | journal=Critical Sociology |date=July 2006 | volume=32 | issue=4 | pages=649–673 | doi=10.1163/156916306779155199| s2cid=146275825 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Ethnicity====<br /> {{Main|Ethnocentricity}}<br /> <br /> Ethnic prejudice and discrimination operate much the same as do racial prejudice and discrimination in society. In fact, only recently have scholars begun to differentiate race and ethnicity; historically, the two were considered to be identical or closely related. With the scientific development of [[genetics]] and the [[human genome]] as fields of study, most scholars now recognize that [[race (human classification)|race]] is socially defined on the basis of biologically determined characteristics that can be observed within a society while ethnicity is defined on the basis of [[Culture|culturally]] learned behavior. Ethnic identification can include shared cultural heritage such as [[language]] and [[dialect]], [[symbolic system]]s, [[religion]], [[mythology]] and [[cuisine]]. As with race, ethnic categories of persons may be socially defined as minority [[Ethnic groups|categories]] whose members are under-represented in positions of social power. As such, ethnic categories of persons can be subject to the same types of majority policies. Whether ethnicity feeds into a stratification system as a direct, causal factor or as an intervening variable may depend on the level of ethnographic centrism within each of the various ethnic populations in a society, the amount of conflict over scarce resources, and the relative social power held within each ethnic category.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title=A Theory of the Origin of Ethnic Stratification | author=Noel, Donald L. | journal=Social Problems |date=Autumn 1968 | volume=16 | issue=2 | pages=157–172 | doi=10.2307/800001 | jstor=800001}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Global stratification===<br /> {{Main|Modernization theory|World-systems theory|Dependency theory}}<br /> <br /> [[Globalization|Globalizing]] forces lead to rapid international integration arising from the interchange of [[world view]]s, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture.&lt;ref name=Albrow&gt;Albrow, Martin and Elizabeth King (eds.) (1990). ''Globalization, Knowledge and Society ''London: Sage. {{ISBN|978-0803983243}} p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Advances in [[transportation]] and [[telecommunication]]s infrastructure, including the rise of the [[telegraph]] and its modern representation the [[Internet]], are major factors in globalization, generating further [[interdependence]] of economic and cultural activities.&lt;ref name=Stever_1972&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Stever | first1 = H. Guyford | year = 1972 | title = Science, Systems, and Society | journal = Journal of Cybernetics | volume = 2 | issue = 3| pages = 1–3 | doi = 10.1080/01969727208542909 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Like a stratified class system within a nation, looking at the [[world economy]] one can see class positions in the unequal distribution of [[capital (economics)|capital]] and other resources between nations. Rather than having separate national economies, nations are considered as participating in this world economy. The world economy manifests a global [[division of labor]] with three overarching classes: [[core countries]], [[semi-periphery countries]] and [[periphery countries]],&lt;ref&gt;Wallerstein, Immanuel (1974). ''The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century''. New York: Academic Press.{{ISBN?}}{{page?|date=August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; according to World-systems and Dependency theories. Core nations primarily own and control the major means of production in the world and perform the higher-level production tasks and provide international financial services. Periphery nations own very little of the world's [[means of production]] (even when factories are located in periphery nations) and provide low to non-skilled labor. Semiperipheral nations are midway between the core and periphery. They tend to be countries moving towards industrialization and more diversified economies.&lt;ref name=PH&gt;Paul Halsall [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/wallerstein.html Modern History Sourcebook: Summary of Wallerstein on World System Theory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026020045/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/wallerstein.html |date=2007-10-26 }}, August 1997&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Core nations receive the greatest share of surplus production, and periphery nations receive the least. Furthermore, core nations are usually able to purchase raw materials and other goods from noncore nations at low prices, while demanding higher prices for their exports to noncore nations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title=Social Change in the Twentieth Century | url=https://archive.org/details/socialchangeintw00chi_ex4 | url-access=registration | publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich | author=Chirot, Daniel | year=1977 | location=New York| isbn=978-0155814202 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A [[global workforce]] employed through a system of [[global labor arbitrage]] ensures that companies in core countries can utilize the cheapest semi-and non-skilled labor for production.<br /> <br /> Today we have the means to gather and analyze data from economies across the globe. Although many societies worldwide have made great strides toward more equality between differing geographic regions, in terms of the [[standard of living]] and [[life chances]] afforded to their peoples, we still find large gaps between the wealthiest and the poorest within a nation and between the wealthiest and poorest nations of the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2013/2013-world-population-data-sheet.aspx | title=2013 World Population Data Sheet | publisher=Population Research Bureau | date=2013 | access-date=27 June 2014 | archive-date=26 June 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626064130/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2013/2013-world-population-data-sheet.aspx | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A January 2014 [[Oxfam]] report indicates that the 85 wealthiest individuals in the world have a combined wealth equal to that of the bottom 50% of the world's population, or about 3.5 billion people.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressrelease/2014-01-20/rigged-rules-mean-economic-growth-increasingly-winner-takes-all-for-rich-elites Rigged rules mean economic growth increasingly &quot;winner takes all&quot; for rich elites all over world] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803172203/http://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressrelease/2014-01-20/rigged-rules-mean-economic-growth-increasingly-winner-takes-all-for-rich-elites |date=2014-08-03 }}. ''[[Oxfam]].'' 20 January 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; By contrast, for 2012, the [[World Bank]] reports that 21 percent of people worldwide, around 1.5 billion, live in extreme poverty, at or below $1.25 a day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/isp/publication/inequality-in-focus | title=An Overview of Global Income Inequality Trends | author1=Olinto, Pedro | author2=Jaime Saavedra | name-list-style=amp | journal=Inequalitty in Focus | date=April 2012 | volume=1 | issue=1 | access-date=2014-06-27 | archive-date=2014-09-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901115722/http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/isp/publication/inequality-in-focus | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Zygmunt Bauman has provocatively observed that the rise of the rich is linked to their capacity to lead highly mobile lives: &quot;Mobility climbs to the rank of the uppermost among coveted values—and the freedom to move, perpetually a scarce and unequally distributed commodity, fast becomes the main stratifying factor of our late modern or postmodern time.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bauman, Z. (1988) ''Globalization: The Human Consequences''. Cambridge: Polity {{ISBN?}} {{page?|date=August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> {{Portal|Society}}<br /> {{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br /> * {{anl|Age stratification}}<br /> * {{anl|Caste system}}<br /> * {{anl|Class stratification}}<br /> * {{anl|Cultural hegemony}}<br /> * {{anl|Dominance hierarchy}}<br /> * {{anl|Egalitarianism}}<br /> * {{anl|Elite theory}}<br /> * {{anl|Elitism}}<br /> * {{anl|Gini coefficient}}<br /> * {{anl|Globalization}}<br /> * {{anl|Intersectionality}}<br /> * {{anl|Marxism}}<br /> * {{anl|Microinequity}}<br /> * {{anl|Rankism}}<br /> * {{anl|Religious stratification}}<br /> * {{anl|Social class}}<br /> * {{anl|Social inequality}}<br /> * {{anl|Social justice}}<br /> * {{anl|Socioeconomic status}}<br /> * [[Systems of social stratification]]<br /> * {{anl|The Power Elite|''The Power Elite''}}<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite book | title=Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective | publisher=Westview Press | author=Grusky, David B. | year=2014 | location=Boulder | isbn=978-0813346717| edition=4th }}<br /> * {{cite journal | title=Theoretical models of inequality transmission across multiple generations | author=Solon, Gary | journal=Research in Social Stratification and Mobility | date=March 2014 | volume=35 | pages=13–18 | doi=10.1016/j.rssm.2013.09.005 | s2cid=154287581 | url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w18790.pdf | access-date=2019-09-13 | archive-date=2020-02-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227051013/https://www.nber.org/papers/w18790.pdf | url-status=live }}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> {{Library resources box<br /> |by=no<br /> |onlinebooks=no<br /> |others=no<br /> |about=yes<br /> |label=Social stratification}}<br /> <br /> {{Social class}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> [[Category:Social stratification| ]]<br /> [[Category:Anthropological categories of peoples]]<br /> [[Category:Social classes]]<br /> [[Category:Social inequality]]<br /> [[Category:Social status]]<br /> [[Category:Conflict theory]]<br /> [[Category:Economic problems]]<br /> [[Category:Urban anthropology]]<br /> [[de:Soziale Schicht]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jayanarayan_Mishra&diff=505940 2026-03-08T05:09:49Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | image = <br /> | office = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Odisha Legislative Assembly| Leader of the Opposition]], &lt;br /&gt; [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 30 July 2022<br /> | term_end = 4 June 2024<br /> | constituency = <br /> | 1blankname = <br /> | 1namedata = <br /> | predecessor = [[Pradipta Kumar Naik]]<br /> | successor = [[Naveen Patnaik]]<br /> | office1 = Minister of Commerce &amp; Transport&lt;br/&gt;[[Government of Odisha]]<br /> | term_start1 = 18 May 2004<br /> | term_end1 = 9 March 2009<br /> | 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]<br /> | 1namedata1 = [[Naveen Patnaik]]<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]<br /> | office2 = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start2 = 23 May 2019<br /> | predecessor2 = Raseswari Panigrahi<br /> | constituency2 = [[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur]]<br /> | term_start3 = 2000<br /> | term_end3 = 2014<br /> | predecessor3 = Durga Shankar Patnaik<br /> | successor3 = Raseswari Panigrahi<br /> | constituency3 = [[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1963|6|10}}<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | spouse = Jyotsna Mishra<br /> | children = 1 son, 1 daughter<br /> | father = Artatran Mishra<br /> | education = [[Bachelor of Arts]]<br /> | profession = Agriculturist<br /> | source = https://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=128<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jayanarayan Mishra''' (born 10 June 1963) is an [[Indian politician]] from [[Odisha]], affiliated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). He is a senior leader in the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] and has represented the [[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur constituency]] five times.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jayanarayan Mishra bags Sambalpur seat |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/may/24/jayanarayan-mishra-bags-sambalpur-seat-1981100.html |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=The New Indian Express|date=24 May 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=चौथी बार संबलपुर से जीते जय नारायण मिश्र |url=https://www.jagran.com/odisha/sambalpur-assembly-election-sambalpur-seat-win-bjp-19249987.html |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mishra has held various key positions, including Minister of Commerce &amp; Transport and [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Sambalpur MLA Is Leader Of Opposition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/sambalpur-mla-is-leader-of-oppn/articleshow/93242766.cms |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=The Times of India |date=31 July 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BJP leader Jaynarayan Mishra appointed as leader of opposition in Odisha Assembly |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/odisha-four-times-mla-senior-bjp-leader-jaynarayan-mishra-elected-leader-of-opposition-1981925-2022-07-30 |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=India Today |date=30 July 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha Assembly]].<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Jayanarayan Mishra was born on 10 June 1963&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shri Jayanarayan Mishra |url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/image.aspx?img=128 |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Odisha Legislative Assembly}}&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Sambalpur]], [[Odisha]]. He completed his [[Bachelor of Arts|Bachelor of Arts (B.A.)]] degree from NAC College, [[Burla, India|Burla]]. Coming from a family involved in agriculture, Mishra has maintained close ties with rural and social service activities throughout his career.<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Mishra began his political journey with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Odisha|Bharatiya Janata Party]] and was first elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA)]] from the [[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur constituency]] in 2000. Since then, he has been re-elected multiple times, establishing himself as a prominent leader in the region.<br /> <br /> ===Ministerial Role===<br /> He served as the minister of commerce and transport in the [[Government of Odisha|Odisha government]] during the [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]–[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] coalition government headed by [[List of chief ministers of Odisha|Chief Minister]] [[Naveen Patnaik]].<br /> <br /> ===Leader of the Opposition===<br /> In 2022, Jayanarayan Mishra was appointed the [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Barik |first=Satyasundar |date=2022-07-30 |title=BJP's Jai Narayan Mishra appointed new leader of opposition in Odisha Assembly |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjps-jai-narayan-mishra-appointed-new-leader-of-opposition-in-odisha-assembly/article65702930.ece |access-date=2022-11-01 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Odisha Assembly: BJP's Jayanarayan Mishra elected as leader of opposition |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/jul/31/odisha-assembly-bjps-jayanarayan-mishraelected-as-leader-of-opposition-2482577.html |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=The New Indian Express|date=31 July 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Jayanarayan named Leader of Opp |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/jayanarayan-named-leader-of-opp.html |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Controversies==<br /> ===Alleged misconduct with police officer===<br /> In 2023, Mishra was involved in a controversy when an FIR was filed against him for alleged misconduct with a police officer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Jayanarayan Mishra's Attack on Woman IIC: OPSA condemns, seeks stringent action |url=https://kalingatv.com/odisha/jayanarayan-mishras-attack-on-woman-iic-opsa-condemns-seeks-stringent-action/ |work=Kalinga TV}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Case against Odisha BJP leader for assaulting on-duty woman cop, he denies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bhubaneswar/case-against-odisha-bjp-leader-for-assaulting-on-duty-woman-cop-he-denies-8447666/ |work=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mishra denied the allegations. The case attracted significant media attention in [[Odisha]].<br /> <br /> ===Remarks on Odisha State Song and Regional Identity===<br /> In 2025, Mishra sparked political controversy by questioning the [[State songs of India|state song]] &quot;[[Bande Utkala Janani|Bande Utkal Janani]],&quot; arguing that it praises only the [[Utkala kingdom|Utkal]] region and neglects other regions like Koshal and [[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]]. He suggested renaming it &quot;Bande Odisha Janani&quot; to represent all 30 districts. The opposition criticized his comments,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=BJD Slams Jaynarayan Mishra's Statement as Harmful to Odisha's Unity |url=https://pragativadi.com/bjd-slams-jaynarayan-mishras-statement-as-harmful-to-odishas-unity/ |work=Pragativadi}}&lt;/ref&gt; which led to a clarification from the [[Government of Odisha|Odisha government]] distancing itself from his views, stating they were his personal opinions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title='His own view': Odisha distances itself from MLA Mishra's comments |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2025/Mar/12/his-own-view-odisha-distances-itself-from-mla-mishras-comments |work=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2025, Mishra’s daughter stirred political controversy by sitting through the Odisha state song during a public event.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=BJP leader Jayanarayan's daughter sits through state song, stirs political controversy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2025/Apr/01/bjp-leader-jayanarayans-daughter-sits-through-state-song-stirs-political-controversy |work=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some political groups saw this as disrespectful, further fueling tensions around regional identity issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Row over BJP MLA's remark on Koshala joining Odisha; BJD protests, Congress demands answer from Pradhan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha/row-over-bjp-mlas-remark-on-koshala-joining-odisha-bjd-protests-congress-demands-answer-from-pradhan/article69312407.ece |work=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Statement on Merger of Koshal with Odisha===<br /> Mishra further ignited controversy by calling the merger of the [[western Odisha]] region ''Koshal'' with the state a &quot;historic blunder,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Koshal's merger with Odisha, a historic blunder, says Sambalpur MLA Jayanarayan Mishra |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2025/Mar/09/koshals-merger-with-odisha-a-historic-blunder-says-sambalpur-mla-jayanarayan-mishra |work=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; claiming the region has been neglected and exploited in various sectors. This statement led to protests and disruptions in the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]], with opposition parties accusing him of promoting divisive ideas and undermining [[Odisha|Odisha’s]] unity. The [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] demanded an apology and urged the BJP leadership to take a clear stance on his remarks.<br /> <br /> ===Incident of Abusing Police Officer===<br /> In April 2025, Mishra was involved in a controversy for allegedly abusing a police officer&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Sambalpur MLA Jaynarayan Mishra accused of abusing police officer |url=https://odishatv.in/news/odisha/sambalpur-mla-jaynarayan-mishra-accused-of-abusing-police-officer-259578 |work=O TV}}&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Sambalpur]] and threatening to set a police station on fire,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Odisha MLA Jayanarayan Mishra abuses IIC, threatens to set police station on fire |url=https://sambadenglish.com/latest-news/odisha-mla-jayanarayan-mishra-abuses-iic-threatens-to-set-police-station-on-fire-8928266 |work=Sambad English}}&lt;/ref&gt; which attracted media attention and criticism.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Jayanarayan}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:People from Sambalpur district]]<br /> [[Category:Orissa MLAs 2000–2004]]<br /> [[Category:Orissa MLAs 2004–2009]]<br /> [[Category:Odisha MLAs 2009–2014]]<br /> [[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]<br /> [[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]<br /> [[Category:1963 births]]<br /> [[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Odisha]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheth_Chimanlal_Nagindas_Vidyalaya&diff=452539 2026-03-06T12:47:29Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: small changes</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|High School in Ahmedabad, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox school<br /> | name = Sheth Chimanlal Nagindas Vidyavihar<br /> | native_name =<br /> | latin_name = <br /> | logo = C N Vidyavihar Logo.jpg<br /> | seal_image = <br /> | image = Sheth C.N Vidyalaya.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Sheth C. N. Vidyalaya<br /> | motto = {{langx|sa|तस्य भासा विभाति}}<br /> | motto_translation = The light radiates from Him.<br /> | location = Ambavadi<br /> | address = <br /> | region = <br /> | city = [[Ahmedabad]]<br /> | state = [[Gujarat]]<br /> | province = <br /> | county = [[India]]<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | zipcode = <br /> | country = <br /> | country1 = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|23|1|14|N|72|33|6|E|display=title,inline}}<br /> | schooltype = co-education<br /> | fundingtype = Granted/Non-granted<br /> | type = <br /> | religious_affiliation = <br /> | denomination = <br /> | patron = <br /> | established = {{Start date and age|1912|04|26|df=y}}<br /> | founded = <br /> | opened = <br /> | founder = Manekba Chimanlal Sheth, [[Ambalal Sarabhai]], Chinabhai Madhavlal Shah, Mansukhbhai Bhagabhai, Bechardas Harsukhbhai<br /> | status = <br /> | closed = <br /> | locale = <br /> | sister_school = <br /> | school_board = Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board, [[Gandhinagar]]<br /> | district = <br /> | us_nces_district_id = <br /> | local_authority = <br /> | authority = <br /> | category = <br /> | category_label = <br /> | oversight = <br /> | oversight_label = <br /> | authorizer = <br /> | superintendent = <br /> | chairman = Suhrid Sarabhai<br /> | trustee = [[Kartikeya Sarabhai]], Saubhagyachand K.Shah, Bhalchandra R. Shah, [[Mirai Chatterjee]]<br /> | specialist = <br /> | session = <br /> | school_number = <br /> | school_code = <br /> | MOE = <br /> | ofsted = <br /> | ceeb = <br /> | us_nces_school_id = <br /> | president = <br /> | chair = <br /> | chairperson = <br /> | dean = <br /> | administrator = <br /> | rector = <br /> | director = Kirit Joshi<br /> | viceprincipal = <br /> | asst principal = <br /> | assistant_principals = <br /> | campus_director = <br /> | headmistress = <br /> | headmaster = <br /> | head_of_school = <br /> | head_teacher = <br /> | executive_headteacher = <br /> | acting_headteacher = <br /> | head = <br /> | head_label = <br /> | chaplain = <br /> | custodian = <br /> | staff = <br /> | faculty = <br /> | teaching_staff = <br /> | employees = <br /> | key_people = <br /> | grades = <br /> | years = <br /> | gender = <br /> | lower_age = <br /> | upper_age = <br /> | age_range = <br /> | enrolment = <br /> | enrollment = <br /> | enrollment_as_of = <br /> | sixth_form_students = <br /> | grade_preK = <br /> | gradeK = <br /> | grade1 = <br /> | grade2 = <br /> | grade3 = <br /> | grade4 = <br /> | grade5 = <br /> | grade6 = <br /> | grade7 = <br /> | grade8 = <br /> | grade9 = <br /> | grade10 = <br /> | grade11 = <br /> | grade12 = <br /> | grade13 = <br /> | other = <br /> | other_grade_enrollment = <br /> | other_grade_label = <br /> | international_students = <br /> | classes = <br /> | avg_class_size = <br /> | ratio = <br /> | system = <br /> | classes_offered = <br /> | language = <br /> | schedule_type = <br /> | schedule = <br /> | hours_in_day = <br /> | classrooms = <br /> | campuses = <br /> | campus = <br /> | campus_size = 72 acre<br /> | area = <br /> | campus_type = <br /> | campus_Bound = <br /> | houses = <br /> | colours = <br /> | colors = <br /> | slogan = <br /> | song = {{Transliteration|gu|Ame Namie Tane Cheersathi, Sathi Vidyavihar}} by [[Snehrashmi]]<br /> | fight_song = <br /> | athletics = <br /> | athletic_conference = <br /> | sports = <br /> | mascot = <br /> | mascot image = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | team_name = <br /> | rival = <br /> | vision = <br /> | accreditation = <br /> | USNWR_ranking = <br /> | national_ranking = <br /> | test_name = <br /> | test_average = <br /> | decile = <br /> | publication = ''Sannidhi''<br /> | newspaper = <br /> | yearbook = <br /> | products = <br /> | endowment = <br /> | budget = <br /> | fees = <br /> | tuition = <br /> | revenue = <br /> | communities = <br /> | feeder_schools = <br /> | feeder_to = <br /> | graduates = <br /> | affiliations = <br /> | alumni = <br /> | nobel_laureates = <br /> | information = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | picture = [[File:Sheth C.N Vidyalaya Prayer Hall.jpg|200px]]<br /> | picture_caption = Snehrashmi Prathna Mandir<br /> | picture2 = [[File:Sheth C.N Vidyalaya Play Ground.jpg|200px]]<br /> | picture_caption2 = Playground <br /> }}<br /> '''Sheth Chimanlal Nagindas Vidyalaya''' is a school and the '''Sheth Chimanlal Nagindas Vidyavihar''' (abbreviated '''Sheth C. N. Vidyavihar''') is a group of educational institutes located within a campus in the Ambawadi area of [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Devarhubli 2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Devarhubli | first=Chaitra | title=Ahmedabad's CN Vidyalaya emerges on top with 12 A1 grade students | website=dna | date=16 May 2011 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ahmedabad-s-cn-vidyalaya-emerges-on-top-with-12-a1-grade-students-1543929 | access-date=12 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the oldest educational institutions in Gujarat established in 1912.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> In 1908, Sheth Chimanlal Nagindas prepared his [[will and testament|will]] establishing a trust in the name of his late brother – Sheth Sarabhai Maganbhai and started a boarding school for children from the interest of the fund. He died within four months of preparing his will at the age of forty. His wife Manekba Chimanlal established Kumar Chhatralaya (Boys Hostel) on 26 April 1912 in memory of his husband.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://cnvidyavihar.edu.in/about-us/|title=વિદ્યાવિહાર વિશે|work=C N Vidyavihar|access-date=2018-07-01|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180701042501/http://cnvidyavihar.edu.in/about-us/|archive-date=2018-07-01|language=gu|trans-title=About Us - C N Vidyavihar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This first institution was established at Maganbhai ni Wadi in Gheekanta. in 1921, the hostel was shifted to Sheth [[Ambalal Sarabhai]]’s bungalow, &quot;Shantisadan&quot; in Mirzapur. The trust established his own middle and high schools in 1926 for the hostel boys. The boys hostel again shifted from &quot;Shantisadan&quot; to Military bungalow in Khanpur in 1928. Chiman Chhatra Sangh, an association of hostel students, was also established in 1928. With growing needs, the Trust acquired land in Ambawadi to establish campus in 1929. The high school building was constructed and opened on 26 February 1933 and [[khadi]] was introduced as the uniform for students and staff.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1937, the school started admitting students other than hostel boys and Sheth C.N. Technical Centre was established to provide vocational training courses. [[Indumati Chimanlal Sheth|Indumati]], a daughter of Chimanlal, was elected as a member of Ahmedabad Municipal School Board in 1937. [[Jhinabhai Desai]] aka Snehrashmi joined the institute and coined the word, &quot;Vidyavihar&quot; for the entire campus comprising boys hostel, schools, technical institute. In 1941, the primary school was established. Shishuvihar (pre-primary school) was established in 1945 along with Kanya Chhatralaya (Girls Hostel).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1947, a Primary Teachers Training College was established. An art teachers’ diploma was started in 1952 which later became Fine Arts College. In 1953, Manekba and the trustee Nirmalaben died. In 1959, [[Derasar]] was constructed. Manekba Vinayvihar was established at [[Adalaj]] in 1959. In 1961, Indumati established Vyayam Vidyabhavan for training physical instructors and the first fine arts college of newly founded Gujarat state. In 1964, the high school was given special recognition of a multipurpose school and the Government of India recognized it as the special science school. As part of this recognition, technical education classes were introduced in the school in 1965. The same year Vidyaviahr Geetmala written and compiled by Bhailalbhai Shah was published.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The health centre was established in 1973 and the science and commerce higher education was started in 1976. Kalaniketan, an institute to promote Indian classical music, dance and other cultural activities in 1981. In 1985, the Chairman and Managing Trustee Indumati died and passed her home, Chandan Bungalow to the Sheth Sarabhai Maganbhai Trust Fund. C. N. Computer Centre was established at a cost of Rs. 35 lakh with all advanced facilities in 1996. The regional office of the [[State Bank of India]] is started on the campus in 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Angreji Kendra, a language centre for English was established in 1999 while a new building for preprimary school was opened in 2000. C. N. Computer Centre awarded with the &quot;3rd Computer Literacy Excellence Awards for School – 2004&quot; by [[Abdul Kalam]], the then President of India. A separate building is constructed for the Angreji Kendra. The building was inaugurated by Professor [[Yashpal]]; an eminent educationist and Member of [[Rajya Sabha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In 2010, English Medium school was established&lt;ref name=&quot;Jha 2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Jha | first=Paras K | title=CN, custodian of Gujarati education, admits English medium | website=dna | date=25 March 2010 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/academy/report-cn-custodian-of-gujarati-education-admits-english-medium-1363124 | access-date=12 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; which was moved to new campus two years later. Sheth C. N. Sports Academy was opened in 2011. It has two basketball courts, five cricket practice pitches and a ground, volleyball court, three table tennis tables, handball and hockey grounds.&lt;ref name=&quot;dnax2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Sports academy opens in Ahmedabad | website=dna | date=29 April 2011 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sports-academy-opens-in-ahmedabad-1537531 | access-date=17 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Campus==<br /> The campus is spread over 72 acres. It contains kindergarten to 12th grade schools, a Fine Arts College, a teachers training college, a [[Derasar|Jain temple]] as well as farms and hostels.<br /> <br /> ==About the school==<br /> Two sculptures of the goddess Saraswati and Pragna Paramita stand at the entrance of the High School's two-storey building.<br /> <br /> The school is a co-educational K through 12 institution. The campus has separate buildings for kindergarten, junior high, and high school.<br /> <br /> The school was selected as a multipurpose school for fine arts under the Government of India scheme.<br /> <br /> The school is based on Gandhian values and require students to wear Khadi (hand-spun cotton) clothes as their uniform. Children in all classes are encouraged to sweep and clean their own classrooms and mingle with fellow-students from diverse socio-economic backgrounds.<br /> <br /> Apart from academics, the school encourages student development through cultural and sports activities. The school is known for its activities in the Prayer Hall, named after the Gujarati poet [[Jhinabhai Desai]], alias Snehrashmi.<br /> <br /> ==Notable alumni ==<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---&gt;<br /> * [[Gautam Adani]], industrialist, chairman of the [[Adani Group]]<br /> * [[Jhinabhai Desai]], poet<br /> * [[Yoseph Macwan]], poet and critic<br /> * [[Ramesh Sumant Mehta]], environmental and sanitary engineer, former chairman of the trust<br /> * [[Pankaj Patel]], industrialist, Zydus Cadila<br /> * [[Ramchandra Patel]], poet and novelist<br /> * [[Indumati Chimanlal Sheth]], daughter of founder and trustee, politician and social worker<br /> * [[Malhar Thakar]], actor<br /> * [[Dhvanit Thaker]], radio host<br /> * [[Kartikeya Sarabhai]], environment educationist<br /> * [[Vikram Sarabhai]], Indian physicist<br /> * [[Priti Sengupta]], poet and writer<br /> * [[Rajesh Vyas]], poet<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category-inline}}<br /> * {{Official website|http://cnvidyavihar.edu.in }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Schools in Ahmedabad]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1912]]<br /> [[Category:1912 establishments in India]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matka_(film)&diff=516839 2026-03-04T12:14:30Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: Adding a page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2024 Indian action film by Karuna Kumar}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Matka<br /> | image = Matka film.JPG<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Karuna Kumar]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/varun-tej-karuna-kumar-film-titled-matka/article67126743.ece | title=Varun Tej - Karuna Kumar film titled 'Matka' | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=27 July 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | writer = Karuna Kumar<br /> | producer = {{plain list|<br /> *Vijender Reddy Teegala<br /> *Rajani Talluri<br /> }}<br /> |based_on = The life of Ratan Khetri<br /> | starring = {{plain list|<br /> *[[Varun Tej]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/varun-tej-to-sport-four-different-looks-in-his-upcoming-film-matka-film-to-be-set-between-the-1950s-and-80s-101701070372240.html| title= ROOT STAR Varun Tej sport four different looka in his upcoming film Matka| website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Meenakshi Chaudhary]]<br /> *[[Nora Fatehi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/nora-fatehis-bts-pics-from-matka-sets-surface-online-1503347699.html#google_vignette | title=Nora Fatehi's BTS pics from 'Matka' sets surface online | website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] | date=27 September 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = A. Kishor Kumar<br /> | editing = [[Karthika Srinivas]]<br /> | music = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Bhavani Rakesh]] (1 song)<br /> | studio = {{plain list|<br /> *Vyra Entertainments<br /> *SRT Entertainments<br /> }}<br /> | released = {{Film date|2024|11|14|df=yes|ref1=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/matka-varun-tejs-film-with-director-karuna-kumar-gets-a-release-date/article68704669.ece | title='Matka': Varun Tej's film with director Karuna Kumar gets a release date | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | archive-date=1 October 2024 | access-date=1 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001080632/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/matka-varun-tejs-film-with-director-karuna-kumar-gets-a-release-date/article68704669.ece | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | runtime = 159 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Matka''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Historical drama|period]] [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Karuna Kumar]]. It was produced by Vijender Reddy Teegala and Rajani Talluri, under Vyra Entertainments and SRT Entertainments, respectively. It stars [[Varun Tej]], [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]], and [[Nora Fatehi]] (in her [[Telugu cinema]] debut) in the lead roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/varun-tej-gears-up-for-his-action-drama-matka-2787808 | title=Varun Tej gears up for his action drama 'Matka' | website=[[Deccan Herald]] | access-date=5 October 2024 | archive-date=7 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007101209/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/varun-tej-gears-up-for-his-action-drama-matka-2787808 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/movies/nora-fatehi-to-make-her-telugu-film-debut-with-varun-tej-report-8432215.html | title=Nora Fatehi to Make Her Telugu Film Debut with Varun Tej: Report | website=[[News 18]] | date=26 July 2023 | access-date=1 October 2024 | archive-date=7 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207061108/https://www.news18.com/movies/nora-fatehi-to-make-her-telugu-film-debut-with-varun-tej-report-8432215.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nora-fatehis-professionalism-wins-heart-gears-up-for-matkas-shoot-and-iifa-2024-performance-despite-injury-13818980.html| title=Nora Fatehi's Professionalism Wins Heart! Gears up for Matka's Shoot and IIFA 2024 Performance Despite Injury| website=[[Firstpost]]| date=25 September 2024| access-date=5 October 2024| archive-date=7 October 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007101209/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nora-fatehis-professionalism-wins-heart-gears-up-for-matkas-shoot-and-iifa-2024-performance-despite-injury-13818980.html| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is based on the life of the [[Matka gambling|Matka gambler]] Ratan Khetri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/varun-tej-shares-matka-bts-featuring-meenakshi-chaudhary-karuna-kumar/cid/2029727| title=Varun Tej Shares Matka BTS| website=[[The Telegraph (India)]]| access-date=1 October 2024| archive-date=26 June 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626125724/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/varun-tej-shares-matka-bts-featuring-meenakshi-chaudhary-karuna-kumar/cid/2029727| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/matka-is-a-biopic-on-ratan-khetri-885435 | title=Matka is a biopic on Ratan Khetri | website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] | date=17 March 2024 | access-date=1 October 2024 | archive-date=14 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814233450/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/matka-is-a-biopic-on-ratan-khetri-885435 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ''Matka'' was released on 14 November 2024.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} The film was heavily panned by critics for the narration, direction, excessive runtime, dull screenplay and [[box-office bomb|underperformed at the box office]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}<br /> <br /> ==Premise==<br /> The story takes place between 1934 and 1988 in [[Visakhapatnam]], based on [[real life|real life incidents]]. It follows the life of Vasu, a young man who is lured into the [[Matka gambling]] business and gets entangled in the complex world of crime, deceit, and betrayal. Vasu later becomes a [[gangster]] but unfortunately gets betrayed by his close aides. How he regains his lost position and takes down his enemies forms the story.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> *[[Varun Tej]] as 'Matka' Vasu<br /> **[[Karthikeya Dev]] as young Vasu<br /> *[[Meenakshi Chaudhary]] as Sujatha, Vasu's love interest turned wife<br /> *[[Nora Fatehi]] as Sofia<br /> *[[Naveen Chandra]] as Sahu<br /> *[[Saloni Aswani]] as Padma<br /> *[[Jisshu Sengupta]] as Ajmal Zanzibari Rashid Khhan<br /> *[[P. Ravi Shankar]] as Narayana Murthy<br /> *[[Ajay Ghosh]] as Chilla Appala Reddy<br /> *[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Nani Babu<br /> *[[John Vijay]] as KB<br /> *[[Satyam Rajesh]] as Prasad <br /> *[[Pankaj Kesari]] as Polynesian Raghava<br /> *[[Riyaz Khan]] as Sachin Farhan Jones<br /> *[[Rupa Lakshmi]] as Saradha<br /> *Avinash Kanaparthi as Chitti Babu<br /> *Rayala Harischandra as Anjayya Factory Security Guard<br /> *Vijaya Rama Raju as Ammoru<br /> *Vijay Binni as Kobbari Tota Gang<br /> *Ramya Ramakrishnan as Mitra<br /> *Sanjay Krishna as Allipuram Shankar<br /> *Sky as Solomon<br /> *Teja Kakumanu as SI Konda<br /> *Ravikumar as Pandiyan<br /> *Manoj Muthyam as Raju<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> ===Filming===<br /> <br /> [[Varun Tej]]'s 14th film, initially referred to “VT14”, later officially titled as ''Matka''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/varun-tej-s-pan-india-period-film-vt14-now-titled-matka-features-nora-fatehi-and-meenakshi-chowdary-news-306111 | title=Varun Tej's Pan-India Period Film #VT14 Now Titled 'Matka', Features Nora Fatehi and Meenakshi Chowdary | website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)]] | date=27 July 2023 | access-date=1 October 2024 | archive-date=20 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420092628/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/varun-tej-s-pan-india-period-film-vt14-now-titled-matka-features-nora-fatehi-and-meenakshi-chowdary-news-306111/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/varun-tej-pan-india-film-vt-14-title-matka-meenakshi-chaudhary-nora-fatehi-2412708-2023-07-27 | title='Matka': Varun's Tej's pan-India film with Nora Fatehi gets a title | website=[[India Today]] | date=27 July 2023 | access-date=1 October 2024 | archive-date=7 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007174921/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/varun-tej-pan-india-film-vt-14-title-matka-meenakshi-chaudhary-nora-fatehi-2412708-2023-07-27 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 27 July 2023, the [[muhurat shot]] for ''Matka'' was held in [[Hyderabad]]. The event was attended by notable film industry figures, including [[Allu Aravind]], [[Dil Raju]], [[Harish Shankar]], and [[Maruthi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/varun-tej-nora-fatehi-upcoming-telugu-film-titled-matka-23300292 | title=Varun Tej, Nora Fatehi's upcoming Telugu film titled 'Matka' | website=[[Mid-Day]] | date=27 July 2023 | access-date=1 October 2024 | archive-date=27 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127012039/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/varun-tej-nora-fatehi-upcoming-telugu-film-titled-matka-23300292 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/varun-tej-karuna-kumars-matka-officially-launched#google_vignette | title=Varun Tej-Karuna Kumar's Matka Officially Launched |website=[[Film Companion]]| date=27 July 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 14 December 2023 the makers has announced that they have commenced [[Principal photography]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/Dec/14/matka-begins-filming-50384.html | title=Matka begins filming | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=5 December 2023 | access-date=6 October 2024 | archive-date=7 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007103945/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2023/Dec/14/matka-begins-filming-50384.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 23 August 2024, the filmmakers announced that an extensive action sequence featuring Varun Tej was being filmed in [[Kakinada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Aug/23/varun-tejs-matka-progressing-its-final-schedule-in-kakinada | title=Varun Tej's Matka progressing its final schedule in Kakinada | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=23 August 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The final schedule of the movie is currently underway, with key sequences being shot at [[Ramoji Film City]] in [[Hyderabad]]. This schedule will mark the completion of the film's entire shooting.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/varun-tejs-pan-india-movie-matka-in-last-leg-of-shooting-film-is-based-on-matka-king-ratan-khetri-article-113299995 | title=Varun Tej's Pan India Movie Matka in Last Leg of Shooting; Film is Based on Matka King Ratan Khetri | website=[[Times Now]] | date=13 September 2024 | access-date=1 October 2024 | archive-date=13 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913110006/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/varun-tejs-pan-india-movie-matka-in-last-leg-of-shooting-film-is-based-on-matka-king-ratan-khetri-article-113299995 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/varun-tejs-matka-locks-a-new-release-date-deets-inside/0ccc52349a604 | title=Varun Tej's Matka locks a new release date, deets inside | website=[[OTT Play]] | access-date=1 October 2024 | archive-date=2 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002050546/https://www.ottplay.com/news/varun-tejs-matka-locks-a-new-release-date-deets-inside/0ccc52349a604 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Marketing===<br /> On January 19, 2024, the makers has shared a 'Matka - Opening Bracket' glimpse from the film in celebration of Varun Tej's birthday,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/matka-opening-bracket-makers-share-a-glimpse-of-the-varun-tej-starrer-on-his-birthday/article67759402.ece | title='Matka' Opening Bracket: Makers share a glimpse of the Varun Tej starrer on his birthday | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=20 January 2024 | archive-date=26 May 2024 | access-date=1 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526022358/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/matka-opening-bracket-makers-share-a-glimpse-of-the-varun-tej-starrer-on-his-birthday/article67759402.ece | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; followed by the release of the first look on 11 August 2024, showcasing [[Varun Tej]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/nora-fatehi-south-film-matka-first-glimpse-release-with-varun-tej-6312665 | title=Matka First Look: पैन इंडिया है नोरा फतेही की नई फिल्म, नाम है मटका, जिसकी पहली झलक आई सामने | website=[[NDTV]] | access-date=1 October 2024 | archive-date=17 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917183101/https://ndtv.in/bollywood/nora-fatehi-south-film-matka-first-glimpse-release-with-varun-tej-6312665 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The teaser of ''Matka'' released on 5 October 2024 at Raj Yuvraj (G3) Theatre, [[Vijayawada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/matka-teaser-varun-tej-plays-an-ageing-matka-king-nora-fatehi-meenakshi-chaudhary-turn-heads-watch-101728124397004.html|title=Matka teaser: Varun Tej plays an ageing Matka King; Nora Fatehi, Meenakshi Chaudhary turn heads|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/matka-teaser-varun-tej-plays-a-deadly-gangster-in-this-period-drama-nora-fatehi-shines-bright-9074975.html| title=Matka Teaser: Varun Tej Plays a Deadly Gangster in This Period Drama, Nora Fatehi Shines Bright| website=[[News18 India]]| date=5 October 2024| access-date=5 October 2024| archive-date=5 October 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005123803/https://www.news18.com/entertainment/matka-teaser-varun-tej-plays-a-deadly-gangster-in-this-period-drama-nora-fatehi-shines-bright-9074975.html| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/matka-teaser-varun-tej-is-an-invincible-gangster-in-karuna-kumar-action-thriller-2611887-2024-10-05 | title=Matka teaser: Varun Tej is an invincible gangster in Karuna Kumar's action-thriller | website=[[India Today]] | date=5 October 2024 | access-date=5 October 2024 | archive-date=5 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005150011/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/matka-teaser-varun-tej-is-an-invincible-gangster-in-karuna-kumar-action-thriller-2611887-2024-10-05 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to ''[[The Times of India]]'', the film had only grossed 2.11 crore INR on its opening weekend.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Varun Tej’s 'Matka' turns out to be a disaster at the box office with only Rs 2 crore collection |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/varun-tejs-matka-turns-out-to-be-a-disaster-at-the-box-office-with-only-rs-2-crore-collection/articleshow/115379201.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=18 November 2024 |date=17 November 2024 |archive-date=18 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118014610/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/varun-tejs-matka-turns-out-to-be-a-disaster-at-the-box-office-with-only-rs-2-crore-collection/articleshow/115379201.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The [[soundtrack]] and [[background score]] were composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], with a song being composed by [[Bhavani Rakesh]]. [[Aditya Music]] acquired the audio rights.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/movies/varun-tejs-upcoming-film-matka-sells-audio-rights-at-record-price-deets-inside-9038937.html | title=Varun Tej's Upcoming Film Matka Sells Audio Rights at Record Price. Deets Inside | website=[[News18 India]] | date=4 September 2024 | access-date=1 October 2024 | archive-date=9 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909140950/https://www.news18.com/movies/varun-tejs-upcoming-film-matka-sells-audio-rights-at-record-price-deets-inside-9038937.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/aditya-music-acquires-music-rights-of-varun-tejs-pan-india-movie-matka-article-113026994/amp | title=Aditya Music Acquires Music Rights of Varun Tej's Pan India Movie Matka | website=[[Times Now]] | date=3 September 2024 | access-date=5 October 2024 | archive-date=7 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007095552/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/aditya-music-acquires-music-rights-of-varun-tejs-pan-india-movie-matka-article-113026994/amp | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The first single titled &quot;Le Le Raja &quot; was released on 14 October 2024.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/le-le-raja-nora-fatehi-shows-off-her-moves-in-retro-song-from-varun-tejs-matka-watch-101728904163458-amp.html&lt;/ref&gt; The second single titled &quot;Thassadiyya&quot; was released on 24 October 2024.<br /> <br /> {{Track listing <br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Le Le Raja<br /> | music1 = G. V. Prakash Kumar<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]<br /> | extra1 = [[Neeti Mohan]]<br /> | length1 = 4:06<br /> | title2 = Thassadiyya<br /> | music2 = G. V. Prakash Kumar<br /> | lyrics2 = Bhaskarabhatla<br /> | extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br /> | length2 = 3:27<br /> | title3 = Rama Talkies Ramp<br /> | music3 = Bhavani Rakesh<br /> | lyrics3 = [[Karuna Kumar]]<br /> | extra3 = [[Sai Deva Harsha]]<br /> | length3 = 2:52<br /> | title4 = Paralokam Paripodhama<br /> | music4 = G. V. Prakash Kumar<br /> | lyrics4 = [[Lakshmi Bhoopal]]<br /> | extra4 = [[M. M. Manasi]]<br /> | length4 = 3:15<br /> | title5 = Emanukoni<br /> | music5 = G. V. Prakash Kumar<br /> | lyrics5 = [[Anantha Sriram]]<br /> | extra5 = G. V. Prakash Kumar<br /> | length5 = 3:22<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Release and reception==<br /> The film was released in cinemas in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]] on 14 November 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/matka-teaser-varun-tej-plays-a-godfather-figure-in-this-period-actioner/article68724234.ece | title='Matka' teaser: Varun Tej plays a Godfather-figure in this period actioner | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/varun-tejs-matka-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/113844645.cms | title=Varun Tej's 'Matka' gets a release date! | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | archive-date=1 October 2024 | access-date=1 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001101456/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/varun-tejs-matka-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/113844645.cms | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/varun-tej-starrer-matka-set-release-november-14/ | title=Varun Tej starrer Matka set to release on November 14 | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=October 2024 | access-date=1 October 2024 | archive-date=1 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001134623/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/varun-tej-starrer-matka-set-release-november-14/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' panned the film, criticising the writing as flat and cliched despite the plot's potential, but praised Varun Tej's and Chaudhary's acting and the atmosphere of the setting.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first1=Sangeetha|last1=Devi Dundoo|access-date=2024-11-18|title=‘Matka’ movie review: A sincere Varun Tej cannot salvage this boring drama|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/matka-movie-review-a-sincere-varun-tej-cannot-salvage-director-karuna-kumars-boring-drama/article68863431.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 November 2024|archive-date=15 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115024258/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/matka-movie-review-a-sincere-varun-tej-cannot-salvage-director-karuna-kumars-boring-drama/article68863431.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, B. V. S. Prakash of the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the film one out of 5 stars, finding the screenplay, pacing and hero-centric characterisation to be major issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first1=B. V. S.|last1=Prakash|access-date=2024-11-18|title=Movie Review: Matka is a disappointing, wasted betting kingpin story|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/movie-review-matka-is-a-disappointing-wasted-betting-kingpin-story-1838241|date=14 November 2024|website=www.deccanchronicle.com|archive-date=15 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115022626/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/movie-review-matka-is-a-disappointing-wasted-betting-kingpin-story-1838241|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subhash K. Jha found Varun Tej's performance &quot; exuberant&quot; but found the film uninspired.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}<br /> <br /> The film began streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]] from 5 December 2024 in Telugu and dubbed versions of Tamil, Hindi, Malayalam and Kannada languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |access-date=29 November 2024 |title=Varun Teja starrer 'Matka' OTT details are HERE: Find out when and where to watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/varun-teja-starrer-matka-ott-details-are-here-find-out-when-and-where-to-watch/articleshow/115838002.cms |publisher=The Times of India |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201011405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/varun-teja-starrer-matka-ott-details-are-here-find-out-when-and-where-to-watch/articleshow/115838002.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|28258888}}<br /> * '' [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/matka/ Matka]'' at [[Bollywood Hungama]]<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|India|Film}}<br /> [[Category:2024 films]]<br /> [[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:2020s historical action films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in 1958]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2020 action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Karuna Kumar]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Kakinada]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muqabla_(1979_film)&diff=476359 2026-03-03T23:24:25Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: brief corrected lead for clarity additionally and improved wording</p> <hr /> <div>{{About||the 1942 film|Muqabala}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Muqabla<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image = Muqabla (1979).jpg<br /> <br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = [[Rajkumar Kohli]]<br /> | producer = <br /> | writer = <br /> | story = <br /> | starring = [[Sunil Dutt]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Shatrughan Sinha]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Reena Roy]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Bindiya Goswami]]<br /> | music = [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]<br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editing = <br /> | studio = Prasad Art Productions<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|1979|05|14|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = [[Hindi]]<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''{{lang|hi-latn|Muqabla}}''' ({{Translation|Match}}) is 1979 [[Hindi]]-language action [[film]] directed by Rajkumar Kohli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Malhotra |first=A. P. S. |date=2017-02-09 |title=Muqabla (1979) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/muqabla-1979/article17279049.ece1 |access-date=2024-01-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Reena Roy]], and [[Bindiya Goswami]] in lead roles. [[Rajesh Khanna]] and [[Rekha]] make special appearances in a qawwali song. The film was major hit at the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/muqabla-1979/article17279049.ece1|title=Muqabla (1979)|first=A.P.S.|last=Malhotra|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 February 2017 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The song ''Govinda Govinda'' remains popular and even today is played on the festival of Janmmashtami in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/janmashtami-special-6-dahi-handi-songs-that-will-help-you-spread-the-festive-cheer/story-sAMtgDLirG0UzcqCxVf2NM.html|title=Janmashtami special: 6 dahi handi songs to help you spread festive cheer|date=25 August 2016|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> &quot;Sheru&quot; (played by [[Shatrughan Sinha]]) and &quot;Vicky&quot; (played by [[Sunil Dutt]]) are both leaders of rival gangs. After successive instances of run ins and skirmishes, the pair realize that they are better off forming a truce and instead helping the local poor.<br /> <br /> At the same time, the two fall in love with two separate women (one of which is &quot;Lachho&quot; (played by [[Reena Roy]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Muqabla (1979) - Plot - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0079589/plotsummary/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Despite the pair's best efforts to turn their life in a direction of positivity, they find themselves faced with spite from an old fellow gang member, Banwarilal (played by [[Ranjeet]]). In the nick of time, the two gangleaders-turned-heroes get support from a local police inspector (played by [[Prem Nath|Premnath]]), who helps resolve the situation and avoid escalation of the conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Muqabla (1979) - Plot - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0079589/plotsummary/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ultimately, the two heroes fall back into a cycle of conflict and violence, this time due to spurned romance. Sheru finds out that his beloved Lachho has fallen in love with his old nemesis, Vicky, and the two then resume their age old rivalry and hatred.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Muqabla (1979) - Plot - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0079589/plotsummary/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Sunil Dutt]] as Vinod / Vikram &quot;Vicky&quot;<br /> * [[Shatrughan Sinha]] as Chhaganlal &quot;Chheno&quot; / &quot;Sheru&quot;<br /> * [[Reena Roy]] as Lachho<br /> * [[Bindiya Goswami]] as Champa<br /> * [[Rajesh Khanna]] as Qawwali Singer (Special Appearance)<br /> * [[Rekha]] as Qawwali Singer (Special Appearance)<br /> * [[Prem Nath|Premnath]] as Police Inspector<br /> * [[Madan Puri]] as Heeralal<br /> * [[Ranjeet]] as Keemtilal / Banwarilal<br /> * [[Valente Mascarenhas]] (unnamed role)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art &amp; Culture |pages=111 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> All music was composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]. Lyrics were by Verma Malik.<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singer<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Meri Rus Gayi&quot;<br /> | [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Teen Batti Wala Govinda Aala&quot;<br /> | Kishore Kumar, [[Mohammed Rafi]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Aaja Na&quot;<br /> | [[Asha Bhosle]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Dilwale Yaar&quot;<br /> | Asha Bhosle, [[Anwar (singer)|Anwar]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Muqabla Hai&quot;<br /> | Asha Bhosle, [[Mahendra Kapoor]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0079589}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1979 films]]<br /> [[Category:1979 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1979 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action films]]<br /> [[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br /> [[Category:1979 action films]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuvanna_Sandhyakal&diff=463778 2026-03-03T21:07:47Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: update references additionally and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|1975 film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Chuvanna Sandhyakal<br /> | image =<br /> | caption =<br /> | director = [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]<br /> | producer = M. O. Joseph<br /> | writer = [[Balu Mahendra]]&lt;br&gt;[[Thoppil Bhasi]] (dialogues)<br /> | screenplay = [[Thoppil Bhasi]]<br /> | starring = [[Adoor Bhasi]]&lt;br&gt;[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]&lt;br&gt;[[Mohan Sharma]]&lt;br&gt;M. G. Soman| music = [[G. Devarajan]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Balu Mahendra]]<br /> | editing =<br /> | studio = Manjilas<br /> | distributor = Manjilas<br /> | released = {{Film date|1975|03|21|df=y}}<br /> | country = India <br /> | language = [[Malayalam]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Chuvanna Sandhyakal''''' is a 1975 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam]] film, directed by [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] and produced by M. O. Joseph. The film stars [[Adoor Bhasi]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Mohan Sharma]] and Sam in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[G. Devarajan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=620|title=Chuvanna Sandhyakal|accessdate=2014-10-06|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4001|title=Chuvanna Sandhyakal|accessdate=2014-10-06|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/chuvanna-sandhyakal-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009033814/http://spicyonion.com/title/chuvanna-sandhyakal-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=9 October 2014|title=Chuvanna Sandhyakal|accessdate=2014-10-06|publisher=spicyonion.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{colbegin}} <br /> *[[Adoor Bhasi]] <br /> *[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] <br /> *[[Mohan Sharma]] <br /> *Sam(A.T.Samuel)<br /> *[[Sankaradi]] <br /> *[[Bahadoor]] <br /> *[[M. G. Soman]] <br /> *Manibala<br /> *[[Meena (Malayalam actress)|Meena]] <br /> *[[Paravoor Bharathan]] <br /> *[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] <br /> *[[Vidhubala]] <br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Vayalar]]. <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)<br /> |- <br /> | 1 || &quot;Achyuthaananda&quot; || [[P. Leela]] || [[Vayalar]] || <br /> |- <br /> | 2 || &quot;Ithihaasangal Janikkum&quot; || [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] || Vayalar || <br /> |- <br /> | 3 || &quot;Kaalindi Kaalindi&quot; || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Vayalar || <br /> |- <br /> | 4 || &quot;Nightingale&quot; || [[P. Jayachandran]] || Vayalar || <br /> |- <br /> | 5 || &quot;Poovukalkku Punyakaalam&quot; || [[P. Susheela]] || Vayalar || <br /> |- <br /> | 6 || &quot;Vritham Kondu Melinjoru&quot; || [[P. Madhuri]] || Vayalar || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0214590|Chuvanna Sandhyakal}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1975 films]]<br /> [[Category:1975 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1975 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by K. S. Sethumadhavan]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lahiri_Lahiri_Lahirilo&diff=469084 2026-03-03T18:07:31Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: enhance information additionally and cleaned formatting based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}} <br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo<br /> | image = Lahiri Lahiri Lahiri Lo.jpg<br /> | caption = Movie poster<br /> | director = [[YVS Chowdary]]<br /> | writer = [[Chintapalli Ramana]] &lt;small&gt;(Dialogues)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | screenplay = YVS Chowdary<br /> | story = YVS Chowdary<br /> | producer = YVS Chowdary<br /> | starring = [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]] &lt;br&gt; [[Bhanupriya]] &lt;br&gt; [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] &lt;br&gt; [[Rachana Banerjee|Rachana]] &lt;br&gt; [[Aditya Om|Aditya]] &lt;br&gt; [[Ankitha]] &lt;br&gt; [[Vineeth]] &lt;br&gt; [[Sanghavi]] &lt;br&gt; [[K. Viswanath]] &lt;br&gt; [[Sathyapriya]] &lt;br&gt; [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]<br /> | cinematography = K. Rajendra Prasad&lt;br&gt; Madhu A. Naidu<br /> | editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]<br /> | music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> | studio = Bommarillu<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2002|05|01|ref1=&lt;ref name=la&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-lahiri.html|title=Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo |publisher=Idle Brain| accessdate=2016-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | runtime = 156 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo '''''is a 2002 Indian [[Telugu-language]] [[Musical film|musical]]-[[family drama]] film written, directed and produced by [[YVS Chowdary]] under the banner ''Bommarillu.'' The film stars four pairs [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]], [[Bhanupriya]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Rachana Banerjee|Rachana]], [[Aditya Om|Aditya]], [[Ankitha]], [[Vineeth]] and [[Sanghavi]] in the lead roles.&lt;ref name=hi&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/family-saga/article28371059.ece|title=Family saga|work=The Hindu|date=6 May 2002|access-date=27 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123083326/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/family-saga/article28371059.ece|archive-date=23 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Veteran actress [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] played the main villain role in this film. This film is a hit at the box-office. The film won three [[Nandi Awards]]. The film's title is based on a song from ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957).<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Nani ([[Aditya Om|Aditya]]) and Bala ([[Ankitha]]) study in the same college. The story begins with Nani arranging a marriage for his friends Veera Venkata Satya Narayana (Chitram Srinu) and Naga Venkata Ratna Kumari in [[Annavaram]] with the help of his classmate John David ([[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]). Bala also joins the marriage. She gets to know that Nani is an orphan and starts liking Nani's attitude and behaviour. Nani also has same feelings towards Bala but he doesn't reveal them to her. After the marriage, John David tells her that he and Nani have arranged this marriage as part of their business ''A-1 Match Fixing Centre'' and Nani is actually a marriage broker who arranges marriages for making money. She gets upset when Nani bids her good bye saying that there is hardly any friendship between them.<br /> <br /> Indu ([[Bhanupriya]]), Chandu ([[Rachana Banerjee|Rachana]]) and Sindhu ([[Sanghavi]]) are three daughters of Rama Krishna ([[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]]) and nieces of Ammayiamma ([[Rama Prabha]]). Indu is obsessed with cleanliness, Chandu is scared of lizards and Sindhu is a sincere worshipper. Rama Krishna lost his wife and his brother in law (Ammayiamma's husband) in a car accident and he believes the reason to be not believing in astrology. He strongly decides to get his three daughters married to three brothers only with whom their horoscopes match perfectly. Ammayiamma approaches Nani for finding suitable matches for her nieces. Nani suggests Ammayiamma the three sons of Balaramaiah Naidu ([[K. Viswanath]]) and [[Sathyapriya]] of Ramapuram village - Krishnama Naidu ([[Nandamuri Harikrishna]]) for Indu, Chandrama Naidu ([[Suman (actor)|Suman]]) for Chandu and Srinivasa Naidu ([[Vineeth]]) for Sindhu. Nani goes to Ramapuram as the younger brother of Indu, Chandu and Sindhu for Dasara festival celebrations and all four stay in the house of Punju Raju ([[K. Chakravarthy]]) which is exactly opposite to Balaramaiah Naidu's house. Nani plans to create love between the couples and get them married.<br /> <br /> In his efforts to unite the three couples, he bumps into Bala again who is the only younger sister of the three brothers. Both exchange their love for each other but are scared to reveal it to her family. From then, the story takes a twist with the entry of Achamamba ([[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]) who was once in love with Balaramaiah Naidu and is waiting to take revenge on him for not marrying her. By winning in the village cockfight, she convinces Balaramaiah Naidu for getting his daughter Bala married to foreign returned son of her brother ([[Jaya Prakash Reddy]]). The rest of the plot is all about how Achamamba's evil plans are destroyed by Krishnama Naidu and the four couples got married.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> * [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]] as Krishnama Naidu<br /> * [[Bhanupriya]] as Indu<br /> * [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Chandrama Naidu<br /> * [[Rachana Banerjee|Rachana]] as Chandu (voice dubbed by Sunitha)<br /> * [[Aditya Om|Aditya]] as Nani (voice-over by [[Devi Sri Prasad]])<br /> * [[Ankitha]] as Bala (voice dubbed by Savitha Reddy)<br /> * [[Vineeth]] as Srinivasa Naidu<br /> * [[Sanghavi]] as Sindhu<br /> * [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Achchamamba<br /> * [[K. Viswanath]] as Balaramaiah Naidu<br /> * [[K. Chakravarthy]] as Punju Raju<br /> * [[Kanta Rao]] as priest<br /> * [[Sathyapriya]] as Balaramaiah Naidu's wife<br /> * [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Achchamamba's nephew<br /> * [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as Rama Krishna<br /> * [[Rama Prabha]] as Ammayiamma<br /> * [[Achyuth]] as Suryam<br /> * Kalpana as Suryam's wife<br /> * [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as John David<br /> * [[Chitram Srinu]] as Veera Venkata Satya Narayana<br /> * [[Gokina Rama Rao]]<br /> * [[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]]<br /> {{colend}}<br /> ==Production==<br /> After the release of ''Yuvaraju'', no producer approached Chowdary with directorial opportunities which led to Chowdary floating his production company titled &quot;Bommarillu&quot; and to have a story that has multiple pairs, that belongs to different generation and age groups which became ''Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo'', titled after the song from ''Mayabazar''.&lt;ref name=chow&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/inter_yvschowdary.html|title=Interview with YVS Chowdary by Jeevi|website=Idlebrain|access-date=27 December 2024|date=9 July 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Choudary originally planned the film with actors Hari Krishna, Prakash raj, and Rajendra Prasad with Bhanu Priya pairing opposite Hari Krishna, Ramya Krishna for Prakash Raj, and Sanghavi for Rajendra Prasad since Prakash Raj was banned by MAA association and Ramya Krishna was busy with Tamil films, Choudary thought of selecting Sai Kumar but finally chosen Suman for that character with Rachana being his pair. Rajendra Prasad was replaced by Vineeth.&lt;ref name=chow /&gt; Debutant Aditya was chosen as lead actor.<br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The soundtrack of this film is composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] and all the lyrics were written by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]. The soundtrack received positive reviews. The sound track included huge number of tracks and lengthy songs which met with huge success. The tracklist featured eminent singers like Keeravani himself, [[K.S.Chitra]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Sunitha Upadrashta]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Kalyan Koduri]] &amp; Ganga. All the tracks were hit tracks, but the track &quot;Kallaloki Kallu Petti&quot; sung by [[K.S.Chitra]] and [[Udit Narayan]] became a huge chartbuster. &quot;Mantramedo&quot;, &quot;Ohoho Chilakkamma&quot;, &quot;Nesthama&quot;, &quot;Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo&quot; were other chartbusters. ''Telugu Cinema'' wrote &quot;Keeravani's musical score is passable. He tried a few melody based tunes but somehow, the soul is missing. First half of the songs in the album sound slightly better than the second half. However, it is painful to see this senior music director going after Bollywood singers, while new and young music directors in Tollywood are experimenting with fresh and talented telugu singers. Most of them do not make a pleasant listening. This album clearly suffers from a bad choice of play back singers. It could have been an above average album, but thanks to the Bollywood singers, it just ends up as an ordinary fare.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.cc/artman/publish/article_41.shtml|title=Laahiri Laahiri Laahiri Lo|website=Telugucinema|access-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021027151940/http://www.telugucinema.cc/artman/publish/article_41.shtml|archive-date=27 October 2002|last=Kiran}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:YVS Laahiri Laahiri Laahiri Lo 02.jpg|thumb|Audio release banner of Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo|alt=]]<br /> <br /> {{tracklist<br /> | headline = Track Listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Kallaloki Kallu Petti<br /> | extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Udit Narayan]]<br /> | length1 = 6:27<br /> | title2 = Veeravenkata<br /> | extra2 = [[M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> | length2 = 5:36<br /> | title3 = Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo<br /> | extra3 = [[Unnikrishnan]], [[Sunitha (actress)|Sunitha]]<br /> | length3 = 5:54<br /> | title4 = Nesthama<br /> | extra4 = [[Sonu Nigam]], Sunitha<br /> | length4 = 6:00<br /> | title5 = Manase Bit-1<br /> | extra5 = M. M. Keeravani, Ganga<br /> | length5 = 1:25<br /> | title6 = Manthramedo<br /> | extra6 = K. S. Chithra, [[Kumar Sanu]]<br /> | length6 = 5:53<br /> | title7 = Ohoho Chilakamma<br /> | extra7 = K. S. Chithra, Udit Narayan<br /> | length7 = 5:25<br /> | title8 = Kilmire<br /> | extra8 = K. S. Chithra, [[Sukhwinder Singh]]<br /> | length8 = 6:01<br /> | title9 = Manase Bit-2<br /> | extra9 = [[Kalyan Koduri]], Ganga<br /> | length9 = 1:25<br /> | title10 = Slokam<br /> | extra10 = Ganga<br /> | length10 = 0:46<br /> | all_writing = <br /> | total_length = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> ''Idlebrain'' wrote &quot;YVS Chowdary tried making a complete family story with necessary quotient of mass elements. He succeeded in narrating the story in an interesting style with the twists inserted at the right moments. His ability to select good music and finesse in canning songs with a romantic flavor helped the film become a musical entertainer. But, he tried splitting up the scenes equally between four pairs. This led the film to become a 3-hour fare and scenes between Suman-Rachana and Vineeth-Sanghavi are little boring. In the climax too he tried putting too many mass elements (like the climax of his other film Seetarama Raju), which would really irk the sensibilities of audiences&quot;.&lt;ref name=la /&gt; ''The Hindu'' wrote &quot;The story combines too many plots and too many characters making the narration quite confusing and lengthy lasting for almost three hours. It heavily banks upon Harikrishna's performance and he rises to the situation, using all his experience he gained since the days of his father NTR stardom with whom he co-starred in many a film&quot;.&lt;ref name=hi /&gt; ''Andhra Today'' wrote &quot;One can be see glimpses of YVS Chaudary's efforts to make it a great movie, but alas, they seem misdirected. Chaudary, though not so lucky as a director, does not hesitate to spend on the lavish sets as a producer. The treatment of the theme appears to belong to the 80s&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/lahiri.htm|title=LAHIRI LAHIRI LAHIRILO|website=Andhra Today|access-date=27 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020615150856/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/lahiri.htm|archive-date=15 June 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> ;[[Nandi Awards|Nandi Awards - 2002-2003]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information &amp; Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Nandi Award for Best Character Actor|Best Character Actor]] - [[Nandamuri Harikrishna|Harikrishna]]<br /> *[[Nandi Award for Best Character Actress|Best Character Actress]] - [[Bhanupriya]]<br /> *[[Nandi Award for Best Female Comedian|Best Female Comedian]] - [[Rama Prabha]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|1575603}}<br /> <br /> {{YVS Chowdary}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2002 films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> [[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Y. V. S. Chowdary]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Annavaram]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shivalika&diff=470144 2026-03-02T10:02:05Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: brief adjusted page for clarity for clarity</p> <hr /> <div>{{Unreferenced|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Shivalika<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Poster for &quot;Shivalika&quot;<br /> | native_name = <br /> | director = {{ubl|[[Biman Sengupta]]|Bhagabat Kar}}<br /> | producer = [[Soumya Ranjan Patnaik]]<br /> | writer = [[Biman Sengupta]]<br /> | screenplay = [[Biman Sengupta]]<br /> | story = Biman Sengupta &amp; Bhagabat Kar<br /> | based_on = &lt;!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} --&gt;<br /> | narrator = <br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Aman Siddiqui]]|[[Sparsh Khanchandani]]|[[Mukesh Khanna]]|[[Smita Jaykar]]}}<br /> | music = {{ubl|Vighnanz|Milind Sagar}}<br /> | cinematography = Biman Sengupta<br /> | editing = Ashok Sharma<br /> | studio = {{ubl|3D Wizards Pvt Ltd.|Eastern Media Ltd.}}<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|2013}}<br /> | runtime = 95 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Shivalika''''' is the first [[3D animation]] movie from Odisha, India. Production began in 2010 and completed in January 2013. The film stars young actors [[Aman Siddiqui]] (''[[Bhootnath]]'') and [[Sparsh Khanchandani]] (''[[Parvarrish – Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi|Parvarrish]]'').<br /> <br /> ==Synopsis==<br /> This story is about a small boy named Nadu ([[Aman Siddiqui]]) who lost his parents several years earlier due to an evil spirit. When the same spirit again attacks and kidnapped his grandmother ([[Smita Jaykar]]), he sets off into the jungle to find her and along the way encounters a mysterious place called Shivalika. There he meets many magical creatures which change his view point towards wild animals. He also learns that it's our duty to protect wild animals... especially the endangered ones, like tigers. In the process he turns out to be a courageous prodigy, and eventually confronts that evil spirit to save his grandmother's life.<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> 3D Wizards Pvt. Ltd., in Association with Eastern Media<br /> *Crew Members<br /> *Production designer&amp;nbsp;– [[Nikhil Baran Sengupta]].<br /> *Sound Designer&amp;nbsp;– [[Pradip Routray]].<br /> *Editor&amp;nbsp;– Ashok Sharma<br /> *Background Score&amp;nbsp;– [[Milind Sagar]].<br /> <br /> ==Voice cast==<br /> * [[Aman Siddiqui]] ([[Bhootnath]]) as Nadu<br /> * [[Sparsh Khanchandani]] as Tia<br /> * [[Mukesh Khanna]] as Yaksha<br /> * [[Smita Jaykar]] as Bomma<br /> <br /> ===Singers===<br /> * [[Shahid Mallya]]&amp;nbsp;– Jay Bolo<br /> * [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]&amp;nbsp;– Sunlona<br /> * [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]]&amp;nbsp;– Jiban ek<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{IMDb title|2887968}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian 3D films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian animated fantasy films]]<br /> [[Category:Animated films set in jungles]]<br /> [[Category:2013 films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 animated films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{2010s-animation-film-stub}}</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucknow_Central&diff=459989 2026-03-02T09:46:36Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: reworked details as per guidelines</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2017 film directed by Ranjit Tiwari}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Lucknow Central<br /> | image = Lucknow Central - Poster.jpg<br /> | director = Ranjit Tiwari<br /> | producer = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]]<br /> * [[Nikkhil Advani]]<br /> * Monisha Advani<br /> * Madhu Bhojwani<br /> }}<br /> | writer = Aseem Arora<br /> | story = Ranjit Tiwari&lt;br&gt;Aseem Arora<br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Farhan Akhtar]]<br /> * [[Diana Penty]]<br /> * [[Virendra Saxena]]<br /> * [[Deepak Dobriyal]]<br /> * [[Ronit Roy]]<br /> * [[Gippy Grewal]]<br /> * [[Inaamulhaq]]<br /> * [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]<br /> }}<br /> | music = '''Songs:'''&lt;br&gt;[[Arjuna Harjai|Arjunna Harjaie]]&lt;br&gt;[[Rochak Kohli]]&lt;br&gt;[[Tanishk Bagchi]]&lt;br&gt;'''Score:'''&lt;br&gt;[[Arjuna Harjai|Arjunna Harjaie]]<br /> | cinematography = Tushar Kanti Ray<br /> | editing = Charu Shree Roy<br /> | studio = [[Emmay Entertainment]]<br /> | distributor = Viacom18 Motion Pictures<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|09|15}}<br /> | runtime = 150 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/lucknow-central/cast/ |title=Lucknow Central Cast &amp; Crew |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=15 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = {{INR|link=yes}}300&amp;nbsp;million&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kangana-ranauts-simran-outshines-farhan-akhtars-lucknow-central-at-box-office-on-day-1-1519673.html |title=Kangana Ranaut's Simran Outshines Farhan Akhtar's Lucknow Central at Box Office On Day 1 |date=16 September 2017 |publisher=[[News18]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3605 |title=Lucknow Central Box Office |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gross = {{INR|link=yes}}169.5&amp;nbsp;million&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-lucknow-central/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Lucknow Central |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=16 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | native_name = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Lucknow Central''''' is a 2017 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Hindi]]-language [[prison film]] directed by Ranjit Tiwari, written by Aseem Arrora, and produced by [[Nikkhil Advani]], Monisha Advani and Madhu Bhojwani under [[Emmay Entertainment]] with [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Nikkhil Advani's next production 'Lucknow Central' is a comedy&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Nikkhil-Advanis-next-production-Lucknow-Central-is-comedy/articleshow/52339172.cms |title=Nikkhil Advani's next production 'Lucknow Central' is a comedy |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 May 2016 |accessdate=6 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Farhan to rock in Jail&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.punemirror.in/entertainment/bollywood/Farhan-to-rock-in-jail/articleshow/52607622.cms |title=Farhan to rock in Jail |newspaper=Pune Mirror |date=6 June 2016 |accessdate=6 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Will Amitabh Bachchan feature in Aditya Chopra's 'Thug' starring Hrithik Roshan?&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/19894975/Farhan-Akhtar-to-play-the-lead-in-Nikhil-Advanis-Lucknow-Central |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618023332/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/19894975/Farhan-Akhtar-to-play-the-lead-in-Nikhil-Advanis-Lucknow-Central |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 June 2016 |title=Farhan Akhtar to play the lead in Nikhil Advani's Lucknow Central? |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=4 June 2016 |accessdate=6 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars [[Farhan Akhtar]], [[Diana Penty]], [[Ronit Roy]], [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Deepak Dobriyal]], [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] and [[Inaamulhaq]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KAQvmBSzHlI |title=Lucknow Central – Official Trailer |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was released worldwide on 15 September 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;Farhan to rock in Jail&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> <br /> Kishen Mohan Girhotra ([[Farhan Akhtar]]) is a young man who belongs to [[Moradabad]], a city in Uttar Pradesh. One unfateful day, Kishen gets accused of murder which lands him in Lucknow Central Jail, where he's awaiting his High Court trial for the death penalty. Meanwhile, a diligent NGO worker Gayatri Kashyap ([[Diana Penty]]), is compelled to form a band of prisoners for the band competition, which is to be held in the dreaded jail of Lucknow Central that year, and this is how Kishen's and her paths cross. Kishen befriends four other inmates – Dikkat Ansari, Victor Chattopahdyay, Purushottam Pandit, Parminder Gill – convincing them to join the band. The dramatic narrative portrays how Kishen's life progresses in jail and how music becomes an intricate part of his journey, and the rest of the band's as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;Farhan to rock in Jail&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> <br /> * [[Farhan Akhtar]] as Kishan Mohan Girhotra<br /> * [[Diana Penty]] as Gayatri Kashyap<br /> * [[Ronit Roy]] as Inspector Raja Shrivastava <br /> * [[Gippy Grewal]] as Parminder Singh Gill aka Pali<br /> * [[Deepak Dobriyal]] as Victor Chattopadhyay<br /> * [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Purushottam Madan Pandit<br /> * [[Manav Vij]] as Tilakdhari <br /> * [[Inaamulhaq]] as Dikkat Ansari<br /> * [[Ravi Kissen|Ravi Kishan]] as CM Pawan Singh Chaturvedi<br /> * [[Brijendra Kala]] as Advocate Trivedi<br /> * [[Virendra Saxena]] as Inspector General of Police<br /> * [[Alok Pandey]] as Bunty<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> <br /> ===Development===<br /> The official announcement of the film was made on 28 April 2016 through the Official YouTube Channel of Nikhil Advani's production house [[Emmay Entertainment]] where it was revealed that the title of the movie would be ''Lucknow Central''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDHouiaoRWM |title=Lucknow Central Announced |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot; Nikkhil Advani's next production 'Lucknow Central' is a comedy&quot;/&gt; The idea to make this film was conceived when Ranjit Tiwari, the director of the movie, read in the newspaper about a group of convicts who had formed a music band known as ''Healing Hearts'' in Lucknow Central Jail. The popularity of the band was such that quite often, they were invited to perform at special functions outside the jail.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Band-baaja-and-12-murder-convicts/articleshow/19773492.cms |title=Band, baaja, and 12 murder convicts |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 April 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{cquote|About two or three years ago, I read a newspaper article about convicts forming a prison band in Lucknow Central jail. It was part of the reformation drive set up by the Uttar Pradesh government, that extended to other jails as well. They would all come together and perform on a special day. The band from Lucknow Central jail – called Healing Hearts – did especially well, and the superintendent of the jail at that time, V.K. Jain, took special permission to ensure that the band could go out and perform. They became so popular that they were invited to perform at weddings and birthdays. The jail even had to set up a booking counter for them!&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170914/jsp/t2/story_172987.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429092219/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170914/jsp/t2/story_172987.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 April 2018 |title=Creek Row boy Ranjit Tiwari makes his directorial debut with Lucknow Central this Friday |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;|author=Ranjit Tiwari on the idea behind ''Lucknow Central''.}}<br /> <br /> Before finalizing the script of ''Lucknow Central'', the director and writer of the film got in touch with various music bands that were being operated from the central jails of India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Research&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tihar-and-meerut-jailbreaks-real-jail-bands-inspired-lucknow-central/articleshow/60478545.cms |title=Tihar and Meerut jailbreaks, real jail bands inspired 'Lucknow Central' |work=[[The Times of India]] |last1=Lal |first1=Niharika }}&lt;/ref&gt; The writer of the film Aseem Arora says that the story of ''Lucknow Central'' is inspired from real-life events that have taken place in [[Lucknow]] Central Jail, [[Delhi]]'s Tihar Jail, [[Jammu]]'s Kot Bhalwal Jail and [[Pune]]'s Yerwada Jail.&lt;ref name=&quot; Research&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Casting===<br /> In the year 2016, it was reported that the makers of the film had finalized [[Farhan Akhtar]] for the lead role in ''Lucknow Central''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Farhan to rock in Jail&quot;/&gt; Farhan Akhtar said that he decided to do this film because he is inclined towards movies that deliver a message to the society. The actor said that &quot;There should be a message that audience can take back home with them, be it in the form of an inspiration or social relevance, to me that it is very important.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/lucknow-central-the-total-cost-of-farhan-akhtar-s-costumes-for-the-film-is-just-rs-5000/story-NhorAy0fQQtB70KxPSNreO.html |title=Lucknow Central: The total cost of Farhan Akhtar's costumes for the film is just Rs 5000 |date=4 September 2017 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The role of Gayatri Kashyap was initially supposed to be played by an actress [[Kriti Sanon]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/kriti-sanon-opposite-farhan-akhtar-in-lucknow-central-14652.html |title=Kriti Sanon opposite Farhan Akhtar in Lucknow Central |publisher=[[Filmfare]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; but she later opted out of the project as the shooting got delayed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170106/jsp/t2/story_128690.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429092519/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170106/jsp/t2/story_128690.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 April 2018 |title=After going MIA last year, Kriti Sanon is all set for a queen-sized '17 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kriti-sanon-not-doing-lucknow-central-confirms-farhan-akhtar-4420717/ |title=Kriti Sanon not doing Lucknow Central, confirms Farhan Akhtar |date=10 December 2016 |publisher=[[Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2017, actress [[Diana Penty]] was signed in to play the role of NGO Worker Gayatri Kashyap.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/050117/its-diana-penty-for-lucknow-central.html |title=Exclusive: It's Diana Penty for Lucknow Central |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/diana-penty-excited-to-share-screen-space-with-farhan-akhtar-in-lucknow-central-4538039/ |title=Diana Penty excited to share screen space with Farhan Akhtar in Lucknow Central |date=22 February 2017 |publisher=[[Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Filming===<br /> The principal photography of the film commenced on 10 January 2017 at [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], [[Mumbai]] where a replica of Lucknow Central Jail had been created for the shooting of the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/a-replica-of-lucknow-central-jail-erected-in-mumbais-film-city-for-the-farhan-akhtar-starrer-film/articleshow/56881558.cms |title=A replica of Lucknow Central jail erected in Mumbai's Film City for the Farhan Akhtar-starrer film |publisher=[[Indiatimes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apart from Mumbai, the shooting of ''Lucknow Central'' was also done in Lucknow and Varanasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/farhan-enjoys-a-ride-in-lucknow-central/story-VSBmT2ohs87AJiM5Uhs5iJ.html |title=Farhan enjoys a ride in 'Lucknow Central' |date=27 March 2017 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The official trailer&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://forfeeds.com/bollywood/lucknow-central-official-trailer-15th-september-farhan-akhtar-diana-penty-gippy-grewal |title=Watch Lucknow Central Official Trailer |work=Forfeeds |date=26 July 2017 |accessdate=9 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; was launched on 26 July 2017. The film hit the theaters on 15 September 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://moviereview11.wordpress.com/2017/07/28/lucknow-central-farhan-akhtar-upcoming-movie-2017-official-trailer-release-date-cast/ |title=Lucknow Central – Farhan Akhtar Upcoming Movie 2017 {{!}} Official Trailer, Release Date, Cast|date=28 July 2017|website=All About Movies|access-date=28 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Lucknow Central<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Arjunna Harjaie]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Mychael Danna]], [[Rochak Kohli]] and [[Tanishk Bagchi]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|08|18}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/lucknow-central-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1273186174?app=itunes |title=Lucknow Central (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |date=18 August 2017 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | recorded = 2016–2017<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = [[Feature Film Soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 25:06<br /> | language = [[Hindi]]<br /> | label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br /> | producer =<br /> | prev_title =<br /> | prev_year =<br /> | next_title =<br /> | next_year =<br /> | misc = {{External media<br /> | audio1 = {{YouTube|TBtJKj4CelQ|Audio Jukebox}}}}<br /> }}<br /> The music is composed by [[Arjunna Harjaie]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Mychael Danna]], [[Rochak Kohli]] and [[Tanishk Bagchi]] while the lyrics have been penned by [[Kumaar]], Sukhwinder Singh, [[Mychael Danna]] and Adheesh Verma. Its first song, &quot;Kaavaan Kaavaan&quot;, which is sung by [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]] was released on 3 August 2017. The second song titled as &quot;Meer-e-Kaarwan&quot;, which is sung by [[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]] and [[Neeti Mohan]] was released on 9 August 2017. The third single to be released was &quot;Teen Kabootar&quot;, which is sung by [[Mohit Chauhan]] and Divya Kumar and rapped by [[Raftaar (rapper)|Raftaar]] was released on 16 August 2017. The soundtrack was released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 18 August 2017.<br /> {{track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | headline= Track listing <br /> | total_length= 25:06<br /> | title1 = Kaavaan Kaavaan<br /> | note1 = Original composition&lt;br&gt; by [[Sukhwinder Singh]] &amp; [[Mychael Danna]]<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Kumaar]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Mychael Danna]]<br /> | music1 = &lt;small&gt; '''Recreated by'''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt; [[Arjunna Harjaie]]<br /> | extra1 = [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]<br /> | length1 = 4:19<br /> <br /> | title2 = Meer-e-Kaarwan<br /> | lyrics2 = Adheesh Verma<br /> | music2 = [[Rochak Kohli]]<br /> | extra2 = [[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]], [[Neeti Mohan]]<br /> | length2 = 6:03<br /> <br /> | title3= Teen Kabootar<br /> | extra3= [[Mohit Chauhan]], Divya Kumar, Rap: [[Raftaar (rapper)|Raftaar]]<br /> | lyrics3= Kumaar&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Rap lyrics by Raftaar)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | length3= 4:04<br /> | music3= Arjunna Harjaie<br /> <br /> | title4= Rangdaari<br /> | music4= Arjunna Harjaie<br /> | lyrics4= Kumaar<br /> | extra4= [[Arijit Singh]]<br /> | length4= 4:03<br /> <br /> | title6 = Baaki Rab Pe Chhod De<br /> | music6 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]<br /> | lyrics6 = Kumaar<br /> | extra6 = [[Brijesh Shandilya]], Arman Hasan, Tanishk Bagchi, Vayu<br /> | length6 = 3:21<br /> <br /> | title5= Kaavaan Kaavaan<br /> | note5 = Remix<br /> | length5= 3:16<br /> | extra5= Sukhwinder Singh, Renesa Bagchi<br /> | lyrics5 = Sukhwinder Singh, Mychael Danna, Kumaar<br /> | music5= Sukhwinder Singh, Mychael Danna, Tanishk Bagchi<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Critical reception==<br /> <br /> [[Rajeev Masand]] gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5 and said that, &quot;A better title for Lucknow Central might have been Boredom Central. At nearly 2 hours and 30 minutes, it's far too long and far too dull to inspire any other response.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/jailhouse-crock/ |title=Jailhouse crock! |publisher=[[Rajeev Masand]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Murtaza Ali Khan (film critic)]] of [[Huffington Post]] gave the film a rating of C− and said that, &quot;'Lucknow Central' occasionally offers an interesting take on prison dynamics, but there is hardly anything here that we haven't seen before&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/murtaza-ali-khan/lucknow-central-a-prison-musical-that-s-beyond-redemption_a_23210402/ |title='Lucknow Central': A Prison Musical That's Beyond Redemption |work=[[The Huffington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Renuka Vyavahare of [[The Times of India]] praised the performances of the lead actors and said that, &quot;What essentially works for LC is its classic ‘winning against all odds’ theme.&quot; The critic gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/lucknow-central/movie-review/60515289.cms |title=Lucknow Central Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rohit Vats of [[Hindustan Times]] felt that ''Lucknow Central'' is &quot;too simple a narrative to capture the audience's imagination. We always know where it is heading.&quot; In conclusion the critic said that, &quot;Lucknow Central fails to utilise its resources, especially Diana Penty, and loses out on a chance to become a really engaging film.&quot; and gave the film a rating of 2.5 out of 5.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/lucknow-central-movie-review-farhan-akhtar-s-jail-break-film-lacks-the-sense-of-urgency/story-6ZuJ8Y5j1FIrMlsfxuVdiK.html |title=Lucknow Central movie review: Farhan Akhtar's jail break film fails to utilise resources |date=15 September 2017 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saibal Chatterjee of [[NDTV]] gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5 and said that, &quot;This is an unmemorable prison-break film but, because of some great supporting actors, Lucknow Central finds engaging moments.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/lucknow-central-movie-review-farhan-akhtar-cant-rock-on-behind-bars-1750668 |title=Lucknow Central Movie Review: Farhan Akhtar Can't Rock On Behind Bars |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Shubhra Gupta of [[The Indian Express]] gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5 and said that &quot;It is the supporting cast which is spot on, especially Rajesh Sharma and Deepak Dobriyal. But more than anything else, it is the mawkish sentimentality which overcomes the story-telling.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/lucknow-central-movie-review-farhan-akhtar-diana-penty-deepak-dobriyal-star-rating-4841867/ |title=Lucknow Central movie review: The supporting cast is spot-on in this Farhan Akhtar film |date=15 September 2017 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kriti Tulsiani of [[News18]] gave the film a rating of 1.5 out of 5 and said that &quot;In a nutshell, despite a dependable cast and makers’ deep understanding of jail insides, Lucknow Central doesn't hit the right note and remains a film too far from perfect.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/lucknow-central-movie-review-farhan-akhtars-prison-boy-band-doesnt-hit-the-right-note-1519151.html |title=Lucknow Central Movie Review: Farhan Akhtar's Prison Boy-Band Doesn't Hit The Right Note |date=15 September 2017 |publisher=[[News18]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sukanya Verma of [[Rediff]] gave the film a rating of 2.5 out of 5 and said that, &quot;'Low-hanging ambitions and straightforward conflict between negotiators of harm and reform renders Lucknow Central a surprising watch-ability'&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/lucknow-central-review-watchable/20170915.htm |title=Lucknow Central: Farhan &amp; Co power prison drama |publisher=[[Rediff]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sonil Dedhia of [[Mid-Day]] gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 and said that, &quot;Farhan Akhtar, with an accent that's spot on, puts on an appreciable performance. The plusses in 'Lucknow Central' outnumber the weaknesses. It surely deserves a dekho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/lucknow-central-movie-review-film-rating-farhan-akhtar-diana-penty-bollywood-news/18579156 |title=Lucknow Central Movie Review: It surely deserves a dekho |date=14 September 2017 |publisher=[[Mid-Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Award Ceremony<br /> ! Category<br /> ! Recipient<br /> ! Result<br /> ! Ref.(s)<br /> |-<br /> | [[10th Mirchi Music Awards]]<br /> | [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Lyricist of The Year|Upcoming Lyricist of The Year]]<br /> | Adheesh Verma – &quot;Meer-E-Kaarwan&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/ |title=Nominations – Mirchi Music Awards 2017 |website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=13 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{URL|emmay.com/lucknow-central.html|Lucknow Central – Official Website – Emmay}}<br /> * {{URL|viacom18movies.com/lucknow-central/|Lucknow Central – Official Website – Viacom18}}<br /> * {{IMDb title|5697870}}<br /> <br /> {{Viacom18 Studios}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2017 films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Arjuna Harjai]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Rochak Kohli]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Tanishk Bagchi]]<br /> [[Category:Indian thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Lucknow]]<br /> [[Category:Indian prison films]]<br /> [[Category:2010s prison drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about music and musicians]]<br /> [[Category:Viacom18 Studios films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Lucknow]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Varanasi]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mir_Dast&diff=462871 2026-02-27T06:45:15Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: adjusted lead based on references and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div><br /> #REDIRECT [[Mir Dast Afridi]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> {{R from alternative name}}<br /> }}</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Prayagraj&diff=477232 2026-02-26T10:29:45Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: Created A Post.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> [[Prayagraj]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/officially-after-5-centuries-it-is-kumbh-in-prayagraj/articleshow/67534457.cms|title=Officially, after 5 centuries, it is Kumbh in Prayagraj|date=16 January 2019|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=23 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; also known as '''Ilahabad''' or '''Allahabad''' in an [[anglicized]] version in Roman script,&lt;ref name=&quot;TheHindu-12Jan23&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=12 January 2023|title=Ilah Bas, Allahabad and Prayagraj: a city with many names and many stories|language=en-IN|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/ilah-bas-allahabad-and-prayagraj-a-city-with-many-names-and-many-stories/article66364702.ece|access-date=24 July 2023|issn=0971-751X|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; and anciently ''Prayag'', is a city situated on an inland peninsula, surrounded by the rivers [[Ganges]] and [[Yamuna]] on three sides, with only one side connected to the mainland Doab region, of which it is a part. <br /> [[File:Kumbh Mela2001.JPG|thumb|A procession of [[Akhara]]s march over the Ganges River during the Kumbh Mela at [[Prayagraj]] in 2001.|alt=]]<br /> This position is of importance in [[Hindu]] scriptures for it is situated at the confluence, known as [[Triveni Sangam]], of the holy rivers. As per Rigveda the [[Sarasvati River]] (now dried up but believed to be flowing under the river Ganges) was part of the three river confluence in ancient times. It is one of four sites of the [[Prayag Kumbh Mela|Kumbh Mela]], an important mass Hindu [[pilgrimage]].<br /> <br /> ==History ==<br /> <br /> === Archaeological Findings ===<br /> Excavations have revealed [[Iron Age]] of [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] in present-day Prayagraj. Archaeological sites in India, such as [[Kosambi]] and [[Jhusi]] near Prayagraj in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]] show iron implements in the period 1800–1200&amp;nbsp;BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tewari&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/tewari/tewari.pdf |title=The origins of Iron Working in India: New evidence from the Central Ganga plain and the Eastern Vindhyas by Rakesh Tewari (Director, U.P. State Archaeological Department) |access-date=13 March 2018 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205201659/http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/tewari/tewari.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; When this area in the North Western part of India was first settled, Prayag was part of the territory of the Kuru tribe, although most of Doab was not settled and consisted of dense forests at that time.<br /> <br /> === Ancient Times ===<br /> The [[Doab]] region, including Prayaga, was controlled by several empires and dynasties in the ages to come. It became a part of the [[Mauryan]] and [[Gupta]] empires of the east and the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] empire of the west before becoming part of the [[Kannauj]] empire. Objects unearthed in Prayaga (now Prayagraj) indicate that it was part of the [[Kushana]] empire in the 1st century AD. According to Rajtarangini of Kalhana, in 780 CE, Prayag was also an important part of the kingdom of Karkota king of Kashmir, Jayapida.&lt;ref&gt;Culture and Political History of Kashmir, Volume 1 By [[Prithivi Nath Kaul Bamzai|P. N. K. Bamzai]]&lt;/ref&gt; Jayapida constructed a monument at Prayag, which existed at Kalhana's time.<br /> <br /> In his memoirs on India, [[Huien Tsang]], the Chinese [[Buddhist monk]] and chronicler who travelled through India during [[Harshavardhana]]'s reign (A.D. 607–647), writes that he visited Prayaga in A.D. 643.<br /> <br /> === Gupta Empire ===<br /> <br /> ==== homeland ====<br /> [[File:Gupta Empire at peak.jpg|thumb|350px|{{center|Evolution of Gupta territory, with neighbouring polities.}}]]<br /> In some recent academic studies, the [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]] are traced to have originated from the Prayaga region, where they first established power. [[S. R. Goyal|Goyal]] suggests that the [[Allahabad Pillar]] Inscription strongly indicates that the early Gupta center of power was in the modern [[Purvanchal|eastern Uttar Pradesh]], probably around Prayaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Goyal |first=S. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgIXnQEACAAJ |title=The history of the imperial Guptas, with a foreword by R.C. Majundar |publisher= |pages=49 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Vishnu Purana]] provides an intriguing reference: &quot;Anu-Ganga Prayāgam Māgadha Guptās-cha bhokshyanti,&quot; which has been translated by [[R. C. Majumdar|Majumdar]] as &quot;The territory along the [[Ganges]] (up to) Prayaga will be enjoyed by the people of [[Magadha]] and the Guptas.&quot; This excerpt suggests that the Guptas were distinguished from the people of Magadha, yet both jointly ruled the region along the Ganges up to Prayaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Sharma |first=R.S. |title=Rise and Growth of the Gupta Empire |date=25 January 2007 |work=India’s Ancient Past |pages=242 |editor-last= |editor-first= |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/27690/chapter-abstract/197832883?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=true |access-date= |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-568785-9 |quote=UP therefore seems to have been the place from where the Guptas operated and fanned out in different directions. Probably with their centre of power at Prayag, they spread into the neighbouring regions.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Indian woman floating lamps on the Ganges.png|thumb|{{center|Indian woman floating lamps on the Ganges by William Simpson.}}|upright=1.3]]<br /> <br /> Historically, the [[Gupta Empire]] emerged from the unification of the Gupta and [[Licchavis of Nepal|Licchavis]] states, which aligns with this Purana's reference. The text seems to imply that the Licchavis of Nepal were identified with the Magadhas, and their joint domain included Magadha and the territory stretching westward to Prayag.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Goyal |first=S. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgIXnQEACAAJ |title=The history of the imperial Guptas, with a foreword by R.C. Majundar |publisher= |pages=51–52 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In this context, the capital of the Gupta empire likely started around Magadha and Prayag and expanded from there. The concentration of early Gupta inscriptions and gold coinages around Prayag (especially of [[Samudragupta]]'s famous prasasti) tends to suggest that this region was the residence of greatest power of the Guptas. They probably controlled [[Sarnath]] in the east,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Goyal |first=S. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgIXnQEACAAJ |title=The history of the imperial Guptas, with a foreword by R.C. Majundar |publisher= |pages=53–54 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and as their stronghold, they used Prayag. For the initial phase of the empire, the exact boundaries in the region above and the west is vague, but they most definitely controlled eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]]. By the late third and early fourth centuries, this area had burgeoned into a dynasty aiming to build a great empire.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Goyal |first=S. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgIXnQEACAAJ |title=The history of the imperial Guptas, with a foreword by R.C. Majundar |publisher= |page=211 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Imperial capital ====<br /> [[File:Garuda emblem.png|thumb|upright=1.2|{{center|[[Garuda]] emblem of the Gupta Empire.}}]]<br /> <br /> Various scholarships considers Prayaga as the initial Gupta capital and supports this arguments with The [[Puranas|Puranic]] references, and multiple early [[Gupta era]] inscriptions alongside the discovery of numerous coin hoards scattered around the region, further suggesting that the Guptas strengthened their sovereignty over the area prior to further expansion.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> This statement was also supported by [[Ram Sharan Sharma|R.S. Sharma]] who claimed that it is highly likely the Guptas based themselves in [[Uttar Pradesh]] because from there they could expand anywhere. With Prayag as their center, they extended their rule over Anuganga (mid-[[Gangetic basin]]), Prayag (modern Prayagraj), [[Sāketa|Saketa]] (modern [[Ayodhya]]), and Magadha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Prayaga Prasasti====<br /> [[File:Allahabad Pillar by Joseph Tiefenthaler, 18th Century.jpg|thumb|{{center|The Allahabad Pillar as seen by the missionary Joseph Tiefenthaler in the 18th century.}}]]<br /> [[Samudragupta]] is thought to have come to the throne in the mid-4th century CE. His precise date of coronation is not known, however, evidence from both numismatics and epigraphy bear witness that he was one of the greatest rulers of ancient India. He was an excellent statesman, a gifted poet, and a musician. As noted in the Allahabad Pillar inscription, he was also a great conqueror who unified north and central India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Sanjeev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mN0UEQAAQBAJ |title=Treasures of the Gupta Empire: A Numismatic History of the Golden Age of India |date=18 July 2024 |publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-1-80327-796-7 |page=4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the same inscription, [[Sri Gupta]] and [[Ghatotkacha]] are given the title of [[Mahārāja]] while [[Chandragupta I]] and [[Samudragupta]] are referred to as [[Maharajadhiraja|Mahārājādhirāja]], reflecting the increasing power and imperial glory of the dynasty.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Sanjeev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mN0UEQAAQBAJ |title=Treasures of the Gupta Empire: A Numismatic History of the Golden Age of India |date=18 July 2024 |publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-1-80327-796-7 |page=28 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> === Muslim rule ===<br /> [[File:Fort of Akbar, Allahabad, 1850s.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Allahabad Fort]] built by Akbar in 1575]]<br /> <br /> In contrast to the account of [[Xuanzang]], the Muslim historians mention the tree to be located at the confluence of the rivers. The historian Dr. D. B. Dubey states that it appears that between this period, the sandy plain was washed away by the Ganga, to an extent that the temple and tree seen by the Chinese traveller too was washed away, with the river later changing its course to the east and the confluence shifting to the place where Akbar laid the foundations of his fort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Prayāga, the Site of Kumbha Melā: In Temporal and Traditional Space|author=D. B. Dubey|publisher=Aryan Books International|year=2001|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As the majority of the houses would have been mud-walled, a flood could easily destroy them. Sir Alexander Cunningham, founder of the Archaeological Survey of India, concluded as much in his reports published in 1875 on the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], supporting that assumption: &quot;I infer that during the long period that intervened between the time of Hiuen Tsang and that of Akbar, the two rivers gradually carried away the whole of the sandy plain. Long before this time, the old city had, no doubt, been deserted, for we know that the fort of Allahabad was founded on its site.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Allahabad: a study in urban geography|author=Ujagir Singh|publisher=[[Banaras Hindu University]]|year=1958|page=32}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, present day Cambridge archaeologist [[Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti]] disagrees. He argues that there is no way modern Prayag is ancient, but that the city site of [[Jhusi]] located opposite of the confluence was the ancient settlement of Prayag.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEZe-wAIiKIC&amp;pg=PA263|title=Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain: The Lower and the Middle Ganga|author=Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti|author-link=Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]]|year=200q|page=263|isbn=9788178240169}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The early 19th century historian [[Sir Henry Miers Elliot]] believed that a town existed before Allahabad was founded. He adds that after [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] captured Asní near [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]], he would not have crossed into [[Bundelkhand]] without visiting Allahabad, had there been a city there worth plundering. He further argues that its capture would have been heard about when [[Muhammad of Ghor]] captured Benares. However, Ghori's historians never took notice of it. Yet the [[Akbarnama]] mentions that the [[Mughal emperor]] Akbar founded a great city in Prayag. [[`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni]] and [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]] mention that Akbar laid the foundations of an Imperial City at Prayag which he called ''Ilahabas''.&lt;ref name=Ujagir&gt;{{cite book|title=Allahabad: a study in urban geography|author=Ujagir Singh|publisher=[[Banaras Hindu University]]|year=1958|pages=31–32}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Mughal Rule====<br /> <br /> Akbar's fort was built between 1574 and 1583. The Akbarnama states that, &quot;For a long time [Akbar's] desire was to found a great city in the town of Prayag, where the rivers Ganges and Jamna join, which is regarded by the people of India with great reverence and which is a place of pilgrimage for ascetics of that country, and to build a choice fort there.&quot; He had been impressed with its strategic position, as it sat on the confluence of Ganga and Yamuna, with the fort allowing for any movement along both. Other writers also attribute it to the facilitate the collection of pilgrimage tax from those visiting [[Triveni Sangam]], though this appears unlikely as he had already abolished it in 1563.&lt;ref name=Kumbh62&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC&amp;pg=PA62|title=Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765-1954|page=62|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Kama Maclean|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-533894-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is said that Akbar was so impressed by its strategic site after visiting it in 1575 that he ordered that a fort be constructed and renamed it ''Illahabas'' or ''Abode of God'' by 1584, later changed to ''Allahabad'' under [[Shah Jahan]]. Speculations regarding its name however exist. Because of the surrounding people calling it ''Alhabas'', has led to some people holding the view that it was named after [[Alha]] from [[Alha-Khand|Alha's story]] and was renamed by Akbar in the interest of Islam.&lt;ref name=Univ&gt;{{cite book|title=University of Allahabad Studies|publisher=[[University of Allahabad]]|year=1962|page=8}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[James Forbes (artist)|James Forbes]]' account of early 1800s claims that it was renamed Allahabad or abode of God by [[Jahangir]] after he failed to destroy the [[Akshayavat]] tree. The name, however, predates him, with ''Ilahabas'' and ''Ilahabad'' mentioned on coins minted in the city since Akbar's rule, the latter name became predominant after the emperor's death. It has also been thought to not have been named after [[Allah]] but ''ilaha'' (the gods). Shaligram Shrivastav claimed in ''Prayag Pradip'' that the name was deliberately given by Akbar to be construed as both Hindu (&quot;ilaha&quot;) and Muslim (&quot;Allah&quot;).&lt;ref name=Kumbh67&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC&amp;pg=PA67|title=Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765-1954|page=67|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Kama Maclean|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-533894-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Subah of Illahabas====<br /> <br /> In 1580, Akbar reorganized his empire into 12 divisions, per [[Ain-i-Akbari]], &quot;to each of which he gave the name ''[[Subah]]'' and distinguished them by the appellation of the tract of country or its capital city.&quot; He combined the provinces of [[Jaunpur Sultanate]], [[Kara-Manikpur]] and territory of [[Rewa (princely state)|Bandhogarh]] into the ''Subah of Ilahabas''. He had been worried about the administration of the area, particularly after Ali Quli Khan Zaman's rebellion. Allahabad was selected as its capital.&lt;ref name=&quot;Surendra258384&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Subah of Allahabad under the great Mughals, 1580-1707|pages=25, 83–84|publisher=[[Jamia Millia Islamia]]|author=Surendra Nath Sinha|year=1974}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Subah of Allahabad was subdvided into the [[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkars]] of: Allahabad, [[Benares]], [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], [[Chunar|Chanadah]], [[Ghazipur]], [[Kara, Uttar Pradesh|Karrah]], Korah, [[Kalinjar]] and [[Manikpur, Pratapgarh|Manikpur]].&lt;ref&gt;Abul Fazl-i-Allami (1949, reprint 1993). ''Ain-i-Akbari'' Vol. II (tr. H.S. Jarrett, rev. J.N. Sarkar), Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, pp.96-97&lt;/ref&gt; Akbar deputed his son [[Jahangir|Salim]] (the future emperor Jahangir) to carry on the war against [[Mewar]] while leaving to campaign in Deccan. The latter, however, tried to seize Agra's treasury in mid-1600 and came here after his failure. Upon reaching Allahabad, he seized its treasury and set himself up as a virtually independent ruler while raising an army.&lt;ref name=Eraly&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&amp;pg=PA223|title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals|page=223|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin Books India]]|author=Abraham Eraly|author-link=Abraham Eraly|year=2000|isbn=9780141001432}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 1602, Salim had his name read in [[Jumu'ah|Friday prayers]] and his name minted on coins in Allahabad. [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abu'l Fazl]] was sent to deal with him but the prince had him assassinated. Akbar then reconciled with him and Salim returned to Allahabad, where he spent his time drinking and taking opium before returning to the royal court in 1604.&lt;ref name=Richards&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&amp;pg=PA55|title=The Mughal Empire, Part 1, Volume 5|page=55|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|author=John F. Richards|author-link=John F. Richards|year=1995|isbn=9780521566032}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After [[Khusrau Mirza]]'s death in 1622 at [[Burhanpur]], he was buried alongside his mother [[Shah Begum]] in a garden near [[Khuldabad, Allahabad|Khuldabad]]. This garden was later named [[Khusro Bagh]] after him.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Subah of Allahabad under the great Mughals, 1580-1707|pages=41–42|publisher=[[Jamia Millia Islamia]]|author=Surendra Nath Sinha|year=1974}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 1624, [[Jai Singh I]] and other [[Kachwaha]] nobles seem to have retired from Deccan under [[Parviz Mirza]] and [[Mahabat Khan]]. On the orders of Jahangir, they proceeded to Allahabad to check [[Prince Khurram]]'s rebellion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|journal=The Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=36|title=The Political Role of Kachawaha Nobles during Jahangir's Reign|author=S. Inayat Ali Zaidi|publisher=[[Indian History Congress]]|page=186|year=1975}}&lt;/ref&gt; After capturing Jaunpur, [[Shah Jahan|Prince Khurram]] ordered the siege of Allahabad. The siege was however lifted by Abdulla Khan after Parwez and Mahabat Khan came to assist the garrison.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D.|author=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava|author-link=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava|publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala|page=587|year=1964}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A unique artefact associated with Jahangir's reign found in Allahabad is a [[Jade Terrapin from Allahabad|large jade terrapin]], now in the [[British Museum]]'s collection.&lt;ref name=&quot;British Museum Highlights&quot;&gt;[https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/carved_jade_terrapin.aspx British Museum Highlights] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018135204/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/carved_jade_terrapin.aspx |date=18 October 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1630–31, a man named Abdal near dense forests of Allahabad rebelled, constructed a fort and used to plunder passersby. The ''[[subedar]]'' Qulij Khan Turani consequently attacked him, arrested 1,000 rebels while their ladies committed ''[[jauhar]]''. The place was renamed ''Islamabad'' and the temple constructed by the rebel was converted into a mosque.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Subah of Allahabad under the great Mughals, 1580-1707|pages=52|publisher=[[Jamia Millia Islamia]]|author=Surendra Nath Sinha|year=1974}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the Mughal war of succession, the commandant of the fort of Allahabad who had joined [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]] made an agreement with [[Aurangzeb]]'s officers and surrendered it to Khan Dauran on 12 January 1659.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=History of Bengal: The Reigns of Shah Jahan and Aurangzib|pages=305|publisher=[[Institute of Bangladesh Studies]], [[University of Rajshahi]]|author=Abdul Karim|author-link=Abdul Karim (historian)|year=1995}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1720, the [[Sayyid brothers]] negotiated the surrender of the rebellious governor Girdhar Bahadur, under the condition of him being made the governor of [[Oudh State|Awadh]], being able to appoint all civil and military officers in the province and being given 30 lakh rupees from Bengal's treasury.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=A Comprehensive History of India: Volume Nine (1712-1772)|editor=A. C. Banerjee, D. K. Ghose|publisher=[[Indian History Congress]], [[Orient Longman]]|year=1978|page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Nawabs of Awadh====<br /> <br /> The [[East India Company]] coveted the fort for the same reasons of military strategy for which Akbar built it. British troops were first stationed at Allahabad fort in 1765 as part of the [[Treaty of Allahabad]] signed by Lord [[Robert Clive]], Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]], and [[Nawab of Awadh]] [[Shuja-ud-Daula]].&lt;ref name=Kumbh62/&gt; The combined forces of Bengal's Nawab [[Mir Qasim]], Shuja and Shah Alam were defeated by the English at [[Buxar, Bihar|Buxar]] in October 1764 and at [[Kora Jahanabad|Kora]] in May 1765. Alam who was abandoned by Shuja after the defeats, surrendered to the English and was lodged at the fort, as they captured Allahabad, [[Benares]] and [[Chunar]] in his name. The territories of Allahabad and Kora were given to the emperor after the treaty was signed in 1765. <br /> <br /> Shah Alam spent six years in the Allahabad fort and after the [[Capture of Delhi (1771)|capture of Delhi]] in 1771 by the Marathas, left for his capital<br /> in under their protection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=A Comprehensive History of India: Volume Nine (1712–1772)|editor=A. C. Banerjee |editor2=D. K. Ghose|publisher=[[Indian History Congress]], [[Orient Longman]]|year=1978|pages=60–61}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was escorted to Delhi by [[Mahadaji Shinde]] and left Allahabad in May 1771. During their short stay, Marathas constructed two temples in the city, one of them being the famous [[Alopi Devi Mandir]]. After reaching Delhi in January 1772 and realising the Maratha intent of territorial encroachment, however, Shah Alam ordered his general [[Mirza Najaf Khan|Najaf Khan]] to drive them out. In retaliation, [[Tukoji Rao Holkar]] and [[Visaji Krushna Biniwale]] attacked Delhi and defeated Mughal forces in 1772. The Marathas were granted an imperial ''[[deed|sanad]]'' for Kora and Allahabad. They turned their attention to Oudh to gain these two territories. Shuja was however, unwilling to give them up and made appeals to the English and the Marathas did not fare well at the Battle of Ramghat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4hHNz7T-AEC&amp;pg=PA7|title=Anglo-Maratha relations during the administration of Warren Hastings 1772–1785, Volume 1|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]]|year=1998|pages=7–8|isbn=9788171545780}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August and September 1773, [[Warren Hastings]] met Shuja and concluded a treaty, under which Kora and Allahabad were ceded to the Nawab for a payment of 50 lakh rupees.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&amp;pg=PA27|title=An Advanced History of Modern India|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]]|year=2010|page=27|isbn=978-0-230-32885-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Saadat Ali Khan II]] after being made the Nawab by [[John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth|John Shore]], entered into a treaty with the Company and gave the fort to the British in 1798.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&amp;pg=PA67|title=The Indian Princes and their States|author=Barbara N. Ramusack|author-link=Barbara Ramusack|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2004|page=67|isbn=9781139449083}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Lord Wellesley]] after threatening to annex the entire Awadh, concluded a treaty with Saadat on abolishing the independent Awadhi army, imposing a larger subsidiary force and annexing [[Rohilkhand]], [[Gorakhpur]] and the Doab in 1801.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&amp;pg=PA68|title=The Indian Princes and their States|author=Barbara N. Ramusack|author-link=Barbara Ramusack|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2004|page=68|isbn=9781139449083}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1765, the combined forces of the [[Nawab of Awadh]] and the Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]] lost the [[Battle of Buxar]] to the [[British Empire|British]]. Although the British did not take over their states at that time, they established a garrison at Fort Allahabad, understanding its strategic position as the gateway to the northwest. [[Governor General]] [[Warren Hastings]] later took Allahabad from Shah Alam and gave it to Awadh, alleging that he had placed himself in the power of the Marathas.<br /> <br /> === British rule ===<br /> In 1801 the Nawab of Awadh ceded the city to the [[British East India Company]]. Gradually the other parts of Doab and adjoining regions to its west (including the Delhi and [[Ajmer-Merwara]] regions) were won by the British. These northwestern areas were made into a new province called the [[North-Western Provinces]], with its capital at Agra. Allahabad was located in this province.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.libraryindex.com/encyclopedia/pages/cpxleu6ps2/north-western-provinces-north-ganges.html |title=North Western Provinces |access-date=10 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201180945/https://www.libraryindex.com/encyclopedia/pages/cpxleu6ps2/north-western-provinces-north-ganges.html |archive-date=1 December 2018 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Acquired in 1801, Allahabad asides from its importance as a pilgrimage center, it was a stepping stone to the agrarian track upcountry and the [[Grand Trunk Road]]. It also potentially offered sizeable revenues to the Company. Initial [[Permanent Settlement|revenue settlements]] began in 1803. The ''qanungos'' assisted the British [[District Collector (India)|Collector]] Edward Cuthbert. They provided physical paper records and histories of revenue returns which helped in negotiations with the cultivators, ''[[tehsildar]]s'', ''[[zamindars]]'' and those who owned rent-free lands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Hayden J. Bellenoit|title=The Formation of the Colonial State in India: Scribes, Paper and Taxes, 1760-1860|date=17 February 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TElDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA78|access-date=3 August 2012|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-1-13449-429-3|page=78}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1834, Allahabad became the seat of the Government of [[Agra Province]] and a High Court was established. A year later both were relocated to Agra.<br /> <br /> In 1857, Allahabad was active in the [[Indian Mutiny]]. After the mutiny, the British truncated the Delhi region of the state, merging it with [[Punjab region|Punjab]], and transferred the capital of the North-Western Provinces to Allahabad, where it remained for the next twenty years.<br /> <br /> In 1877 the two provinces of Agra and Awadh were merged to form a new state which was called the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]. Allahabad was the capital of this new state till the 1920s.<br /> <br /> ===Independence movement and other political movements.===<br /> During the Mutiny of 1857, Allahabad had only a small garrison of European troops. Taking advantage of this, the rebels brought Allahabad under their control. [[Maulvi Liaquat Ali]], one of the prominent leaders of the rebellion, was a native of the village of Mahgaon near Allahabad.<br /> <br /> [[File:Gandhi Patel 1940.jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[Mohandas K. Gandhi]] attends a [[Congress Working Committee]] meeting at Anand Bhavan. [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] is to his left, [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]] to his right. January 1940.]]<br /> After the Mutiny was quelled, the British established the High Court, the Police Headquarters and the Public Service Commission in the city. This transformed Allahabad into an administrative center, a status that it enjoys to this day.<br /> <br /> The fourth and eighth session of the [[Indian National Congress]] was held in the city in 1888 and 1892 respectively on the extensive grounds of [[Darbhanga, Allahabad|Darbhanga Castle]], Allahabad.&lt;ref&gt;The Congress – First Twenty Years; Page 38 and 39&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;How India Wrought for Freedom: The story of the National Congress Told from the Official records (1915) by Anne Besant.&lt;/ref&gt; At the turn of the century, Allahabad also became a nodal point for the revolutionaries.<br /> <br /> In 1931, at [[Alfred Park]] in Allahabad, the revolutionary [[Chandrashekhar Azad]] killed himself when surrounded by the [[British Police]]. The Nehru family homes of [[Anand Bhavan]] and [[Swaraj Bhavan]], both in Allahabad, were at the center of the political activities of the Indian National Congress. In the years of the struggle for Indian independence, thousands of [[Satyagraha|satyagrahis]] (nonviolent resistors), led by [[Purshottam Das Tandon]], [[Bishambhar Nath Pande]] and [[Narayan Dutt Tiwari]], went to jail. The first [[Prime Minister of India]], Jawaharlal Nehru, as well as several Union ministers such as Mangla Prasad, Muzaffar Hasan, K. N. Katju, and Lal Bahadur Shastri, were natives of Allahabad.<br /> <br /> The first seeds of the idea of [[Pakistan]] were sown in Allahabad. On 29 December 1930, [[Allama Muhammad Iqbal]]'s presidential address to the [[All-India Muslim League]] proposed a separate [[Muslim]] state for the Muslim majority regions of India.<br /> <br /> After independence, areas from the adjoining region of [[Bagelkhand]] in the east were merged with Allahabad district, which remain part of the district to this day. The [[Mayawati]] government split the original Allahabad district into two districts, [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]] and [[Allahabad district]]. From 16 October 2018 it is officially renamed as Prayagraj.&lt;ref name=&quot;indianexpress-17Oct18&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/allahabad-officially-named-as-prayagraj-allahabad-university-hc-5404894/|title = Allahabad officially named 'Prayagraj', Allahabad University, HC likely to undergo name change|date = 17 October 2018 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |first1=Maulshree |last1=Seth }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TheHindu-12Jan23&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Historical sites==<br /> <br /> Prayagraj is the birthplace of two Indian prime ministers, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and his daughter [[Indira Gandhi]]; the Nehru family estate, [[Swaraj Bhavan|Anand Bhavan]], is a museum. Two other prime ministers of India. [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]] and [[Chandra Shekhar]] were also associated with Prayagraj.<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> [[Allahabad University]] was founded on 23 September 1887, making it the fourth oldest university in India. It has been granted [[Central University, India|Central University]] status. Allahabad University is a major literary centre for Hindi studies. Many [[Bihari people|Bihari]], [[Bengali people|Bengali]] and [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] scholars spent their lives here, propagated their works in [[Hindi]] and enriched the literature. In the 19th century, Allahabad University earned the epithet of 'Oxford of the East'.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[Timeline of Prayagraj]]<br /> * [[Akshayavata]]<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', by William Wilson Hunter, James Sutherland Cotton, [[Richard Burn (Indologist)|Sir Richard Burn]], William Stevenson Meyer, Great Britain India Office, John George Bartholomew. Published by Clarendon Press, 1908.<br /> * ''A Hand-book for Visitors to Lucknow: With Preliminary Notes on Allahabad and Cawnpore'', by [[Henry George Keene (1826–1915)|Henry George Keene]]. Published by Asian Educational Services, 2000 (original 1875). {{ISBN|81-206-1527-1}}.<br /> * ''Allahabad: A Study in Urban Geography'', by Ujagir Singh. Published by Banaras Hindu University, 1966.<br /> * ''Employment and Migration in Allahabad City'', by Maheshchand, Mahesh Chand, India Planning Commission. Research Programmes Committee. Published by Oxford &amp; IBH Pub. Co., 1969.<br /> * ''Subah of Allahabad Under the Great Mughals, 1580–1707: 1580–1707'', by Surendra Nath Sinha. Published by Jamia Millia Islamia, 1974.<br /> * ''A political history of the imperial Guptas'', by Tej Ram Sharma<br /> * ''The Local Roots of Indian Politics: Allahabad, 1880–1920'', by [[Christopher Bayly|Christopher Alan Bayly]]. Published by Clarendon Press, 1975.<br /> * ''Triveni: Essays on the Cultural Heritage of Allahabad'', by D. P. Dubey, Neelam Singh, Society of Pilgrimage Studies. Published by Society of Pilgrimage Studies, 1996. {{ISBN|81-900520-2-0}}.<br /> * ''Magha Inscriptions in the Allahabad Museum'', by Siddheshwari Narain Roy. Published by Raka Prakashana for the Museum, 1999.<br /> * ''The Last Bungalow: Writings on Allahabad'', by Arvind Krishna Mehrotra. Published by Penguin Books, 2007. {{ISBN|0-14-310118-8}}.<br /> * {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Allahabad |volume=1 |page=687|short=x}}<br /> * [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_234.gif Allahabad] ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', 1909, v. 5, pp.&amp;nbsp;226–242.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{More footnotes|date=October 2009}}<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Prayagraj topics}}<br /> {{History of India by City}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Prayagraj}}<br /> [[Category:History of Prayagraj]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atul_Kale&diff=488298 2026-02-23T13:01:35Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: Started data.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor, singer, musician and directot}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br /> <br /> '''Atul Kale''' is an Indian actor, singer, musician and director. He directed ''[[Matichya Chuli]]'', ''[[De Dhakka]]'' and ''[[Shahanpan Dega Deva]]''. He has won MATA Sanman and Zee Gaurav awards for his work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Atul kale, Indian actor |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/topics/atul-kale/ |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is best known for ''[[Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy|Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mee Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/mee-shivajiraje-bhosale-boltoy/cast/2030150908/ |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Kale was born in [[Girgaon]], Mumbai. During his college days he was drawn towards experimental theater. He acted in several [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and English plays like ''Katha Mastaramachi'', ''Farsh- Babulchya Premacha'', ''Anamay'' and ''[[Planchet]]''. He won several awards for his portrayal with Devendra Pem.<br /> <br /> Upon the death of his father, he took up his father's position at [[The Oriental Insurance Company]]. An associate at Oriental offered for him to sing professionally, where he shared the stage with [[Mahendra Kapoor]] and [[Johnny Lever]]. During this time, Atul was offered an English version of a commercial play called ''All the Best'', directed by his friend Devendra Pem. He later received a call from [[Mahesh Manjrekar]], which led to an acting career.<br /> <br /> ==Acting==<br /> Atul Kale worked in commercial plays including ''All the Best'' with [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] and Devendra Pem, ''Oh No Not Again'', ''Monkey Business'', ''Carry On Heaven'' and ''Funny Thing Called Love'' with Bharat Dabholkar.<br /> <br /> He has appeared in international commercials including for [[VISA (credit card)|Visa card]] with [[Richard Gere]], [[The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation|HSBC Bank]] and Ashoka Foods. He has also acted in the Hindi and Marathi TV serials ''Ghar Jamai'', ''Mrs. Mathur'', ''Main'' (with [[Shekhar Suman]]), ''Vedh'', ''Sherlock Bond'', ''Sincenati Babla Boo'' and ''[[C.I.D. (India TV series)|CID]]''<br /> <br /> With Mahesh Manjrekar, Kale had lead roles in the films ''[[Vaastav]]'', ''Ehsaas'', ''[[Hathyar (2002 film)|Hathyar]]'', ''[[Pitaah]]'', ''[[Virrudh]]'', ''[[Tera Mera Saath Rahen]]'', ''Lalu Prasad Yadav'', ''Life Ho toh Aisi'' and ''[[Pran Jaye Par Shaan Na Jaye]]''. He also acted in''[[Sam Bahadur (film)|Sam Bahadur]]'' (2023) in special appearance. He also acted in unconventional films like ''Nidan'' (story on [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]]) and ''Struggler''. While acting, Atul also got an opportunity to assist Mahesh on films like ''Life Ho Toh Aisi'', ''Struggler'', ''[[Viruddh]]'', ''[[Dear Zindagi]]'' and ''[[Rakt]]''.<br /> <br /> Kale portrayed the character of [[Yashwantrao Chavan]] in ''[[Maharashtra Shahir]]'' (2023).<br /> <br /> ==Music==<br /> He has sung in Marathi and Hindi films including ''[[Vaastav: The Reality|Vaastav]]'', ''[[Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hain|Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hai]]'', ''[[Tera Mera Saath Rahen|Tera Mera Saath Rahe]]'', ''Pyar Kiya Nahi Jata Hai'' and ''[[Astitva]]''. He won the [[Maharashtra Times]] Sanman Award for his heart wrenching number in ''Astitva''. Atul has also sung in an English film directed by Bharat Dabholkar. He has composed music for films like ''Matichya Chuli'', ''De Dhakka'' and ''Mi Shivaji Raje Bhonsle Boltoy''.<br /> <br /> ==Direction==<br /> When the Marathi film industry was running through troubled times, Atul Kale co-directed with Sudesh Manjrekar the Marathi film ''[[De Dhakka]]''. He later collaborated with [[Manjrekar]] on the film ''[[Matichya Chuli|Mathichya Chuli]]'', followed by ''[[Shahanpan Dega Deva]]''. Kale released his first independent film ''[[Teecha Baap Tyacha Baap]]'' with DAR Motion Pictures, followed by 'Asa Mee Ashi Tee', '[[Balkadu]]' &amp; '[[Sandook]]'.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> *[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ganeshkumar-permitted-to-act/820530/] ''[[Indian Express]]'' 22 July 2011<br /> *[http://www.indiantelevision.com/aac/y2k11/aac743.php/]. ''[[Indian Television]]'' 15 July 2011<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120321231536/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshowarchive.cms?msid=1353094] ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' 30 December 2005<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|id=1239481}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kale, Atul}}<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male singers]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elephanta_Caves&diff=446021 2026-02-13T02:59:47Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: update</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Collection of cave temples in Maharashtra, India}}<br /> {{Good article}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site<br /> | image = Elephanta Caves Trimurti.jpg<br /> | caption = The {{convert|7|m|ft}} high Trimurti sculpture<br /> | Location = [[Elephanta Island]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br /> | Criteria = Cultural: i, iii<br /> | ID = 244<br /> | Year = 1987<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|18|57|48|N|72|55|53|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline, title}}<br /> | locmapin = #Mumbai<br /> | map_caption = Location of Elephanta Caves<br /> |WHS=}}<br /> <br /> The '''Elephanta Caves''' form a collection of cave [[temple]]s predominantly dedicated to the [[Hindu]] god [[Shiva]]; [[UNESCO]] has designated them as a [[World Heritage Site]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last =Centre |first =UNESCO World Heritage |title =Elephanta Caves |url =https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/244/ |access-date =30 March 2023 |website =UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language =en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;historic_places&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;berkson3&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1 =Carmel Berkson |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=_RYqq7um0hcC |title =Elephanta: The Cave of Śiva |author2 =Wendy Doniger |author3 =George Michell |publisher =Princeton University Press (Motilal Banarsidass) | edition = reprint |year =1999 |isbn =978-81-208-1284-0 |pages =3–5}}&lt;/ref&gt; They are located on [[Elephanta Island]], or ''Gharapuri'' (literally meaning &quot;the city of the caves&quot;),&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;/&gt; in [[Mumbai Harbour]], {{convert|10|km|mi}} east of [[Mumbai]] in the [[States of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. The island, about {{convert|2|km}} west of the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]], features five [[Hinduism|Hindu]] caves, a few [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[stupa]] mounds that date back to the 2nd century BCE,&lt;ref name=&quot;archive.org&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1 =Dhavalikar |first1 =M. K. (Madhukar Keshav) |title =Elephanta |date =2007 |publisher =Archaeological Survey of India |page =75 |isbn =9788190486606 |url =https://archive.org/stream/elephanta00dhav#page/74 |quote =There are remains of a brick built Buddhist stupa nearby which may belong to circa second century BC. Around it are seven smaller stupas, which may be votive.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=britelephanta&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/place/Elephanta-Island Elephanta Island], Encyclopedia Britannica&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=geo/&gt; and two Buddhist caves with water tanks.&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia of Sacred Places&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1 =Brockman |first1 =Norbert |title =Encyclopedia of Sacred Places |date =2011 |publisher =ABC-CLIO |isbn =9781598846546 |page =153 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=JkSk4euA-TEC&amp;pg=PA153 |language =en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1 =Brunn |first1 =Stanley D. |title =The Changing World Religion Map: Sacred Places, Identities, Practices and Politics |date =2015 |publisher =Springer |isbn =9789401793766 |page =514 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=CGh-BgAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Elephanta Caves contain [[rock cut architecture|rock-cut]] stone sculptures, mostly in high [[relief]], that show a syncretism of Hindu—Buddhist ideas and iconography.&lt;ref name=geo/&gt;&lt;ref name=unesco&gt;{{Cite web |url =https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/244.pdf |title =Elephanta Caves |access-date=10 February 2010 |publisher =Unesco}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=list&gt;{{Cite web |url =https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/244 |title =Elephanta Caves |access-date=10 February 2010 |publisher =Works Heritage: Unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; The caves are hewn from solid [[basalt]] rock. Apart from a few exceptions, much of the artwork has been defaced and damaged.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramrisch1988p443&quot;/&gt; The main temple's orientation as well as the relative location of other temples form a [[mandala]] pattern.&lt;ref name=britelephanta /&gt; The carvings narrate [[Hindu legends]], with the large monolithic {{convert|5.45|m}} [[Trimurti]] [[Sadasiva | Sadashiva]] (three-faced Shiva), [[Nataraja]] (Lord of the dance) and [[Yogeshvara | Yogishvara]] (Lord of Yogis) being the most celebrated.&lt;ref name=britelephanta/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1 =Constance Jones |author2 =James D. Ryan |title =Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&amp;pg=PA148 |year =2006 |publisher =Infobase |isbn =978-0-8160-7564-5 |pages =148–149}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author =Stella Kramrisch |title =The Presence of Siva |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=cjqfkgD6YCAC&amp;pg=PA443 |year =1988 |publisher =Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0491-3 |pages=443–459}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> These date to the between the 5th and 9th centuries CE, and scholars attribute them to various Hindu dynasties.&lt;ref name=&quot;historic_places&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1 =Trudy Ring |author2 =Robert M. Salkin |author3 =Sharon La Boda |title =International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |publisher =Taylor &amp; Francis |pages =252–5 |chapter =Elephanta Island |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC |isbn =978-1-884964-04-6 |year =1994}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=britelephanta/&gt; They are most commonly placed between the 5th and 7th centuries. Many scholars consider them to have been completed by about 550 CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;berkson3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Michell2002&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spink2005p182&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author =Walter M. Spink |title =Ajanta: The end of the Golden Age |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Fjgq2OivwmkC |year =2005 |publisher =BRILL Academic |isbn =90-04-14832-9 |pages =182–183}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> They were named ''Elefante''—which morphed to &quot;Elephanta&quot;—by the [[Portuguese India|colonial Portuguese]] who found elephant statues in the caves. The Portuguese established a base on the island. The main cave (Cave 1, or the Great Cave) was a Hindu place of worship until the Portuguese arrived, whereupon the island ceased to be an active place of worship.&lt;ref name=britelephanta/&gt; The earliest attempts to prevent further damage to the caves were started by [[British Raj | British India]] officials in 1909.&lt;ref name=collins25/&gt; The Indian government restored the monuments in the 1970s.&lt;ref name=britelephanta/&gt; {{As of | 2025}}, the site is maintained by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).&lt;ref name=unesco/&gt;{{failed verification|date=October 2025}}&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{Cite web<br /> |url =https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/244<br /> |title =Elephanta Caves<br /> |year = 2025<br /> |access-date= 5 October 2025<br /> |publisher =Works Heritage: Unesco.org<br /> |quote = The property is protected primarily by the Archaeological Survey of India, which also undertakes the management of the Elephanta Caves with the assistance of other departments [...].<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | image1 = Elephanta 1.jpg<br /> | width1 = 200<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | caption1 = <br /> | image2 = Cave of Elephants 1905.jpg<br /> | width2 = 200<br /> | alt2 = <br /> | caption2 = <br /> | footer = A sketch of the Elephanta Caves in 19th and early 20th century. The broken pillars seen in the right image were restored in the 1970s.<br /> }}<br /> [[Elephanta Island]], or Gharapuri, is about {{convert|11|km|abbr=on}} east of the [[Gateway of India]] in the [[Mumbai]] Harbour, and less than {{convert|2|km|abbr=on}} west of the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]]. The island covers about {{convert|10|km2|abbr=on}} at high tide, and about {{convert|16|km2|abbr=on}} at low tide. The island has volcanic origins and was formed during an eruptive sequence of the [[Deccan Traps]] volcanic province during the [[Maastrichtian|latest Cretaceous]] or [[Danian|earliest Paleocene]] (66 to 65 million years ago).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Samant |first1=Hrishikesh |last2=Patel |first2=Vanit |last3=Pande |first3=Kanchan |last4=Sheth |first4=Hetu |last5=Jagadeesan |first5=K. C. |date=15 July 2019 |title=40Ar/39Ar dating of tholeiitic flows and dykes of Elephanta Island, Panvel flexure zone, western Deccan Traps: A five-million-year record of magmatism preceding India-Laxmi Ridge-Seychelles breakup |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0377027319302021 |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |volume=379 |pages=12–22 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.05.004 |issn=0377-0273|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gharapuri is a small village on the south side of the island.&lt;ref name=geo&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/KOLABA/places_Elephanta.html |author=James Burgess (some additions by Indraji) |title=Elephanta |access-date=11 February 2010 |publisher=Gazetter Government of Maharashtra |year=1872 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091125210514/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/KOLABA/places_Elephanta.html |archive-date=25 November 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Elephanta Caves are connected by ferry services from the [[Gateway of India]], [[Mumbai]], between 9 a.m. and 2 a.m. daily, except Monday, when the Caves are closed. Mumbai has a major domestic and international airport, as well as being connected to the Indian Railways.&lt;ref&gt;[http://elephanta.co.in/ferry-to-elephanta Elephanta Caves: Apolla Bandar – Gateway of India], Maharashtra&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The island is {{convert|2.4|km|abbr=on}} in length with two hills that rise to a height of about {{convert|150|m|abbr=on}}. A narrow, deep ravine separates the two hills and runs from north to south. On the west, the hill rises gently from the sea and stretches east across the ravine and rises gradually to the extreme east to a height of {{convert|173|m|abbr=on}}. Forest growth, with clusters of mango, tamarind, and [[Millettia pinnata|karanj]] trees cover the hills with scattered palm trees. The foreshore is made up of sand and mud with mangrove bushes on the fringe. Landing quays sit near three small hamlets known as Set Bunder in the north-west, Mora Bunder in the northeast, and Gharapuri or Raj Bunder in the south.&lt;ref name=geo/&gt; <br /> <br /> There are five rock-cut caves on the western hill and a brick stupa on the eastern hill. The eastern hill has two Buddhist mounds and is called the Stupa Hill. Close to the five western hill caves, are Cave 6 and 7 on the eastern hill. The most visited and significant cave is on the western hill and is called Cave 1 or the Great Cave, located about a kilometre walk up a steep graded uphill.&lt;ref name=unesco/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Sharon La Boda |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqHPpNaZfNwC |year=1994 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=978-1-884964-04-6 |page=254}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Elephanta island is a protected monument area as per the requirements of UNESCO. A notification was issued by the Government of India in 1985 declaring a buffer zone that outlines &quot;a prohibited area&quot; that stretches {{convert|1|km|mi}} from the shoreline.&lt;ref name=state&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/apa/cycle01/section2/244-summary.pdf |title=UNESCO State of Conservation Report: India, Elephanta Caves |year=2003 |publisher=World Heritage: unesco.org|access-date=10 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> [[File:Map of Elephanta Island.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Overview of Elephanta Caves site]]<br /> The island has two groups of rock-cut caves, hewn from solid basalt rock. The larger group of caves, which consists of five caves on the western hill of the island, is well-known for its Hindu sculptures. The primary cave, numbered as Cave 1, is about {{convert|1.0|km|abbr=on}} up a hillside, facing the Mumbai harbour. Caves 2 through 5 are next to Cave 1 further southeast, arranged in a row. Cave 6 and 7 are about {{convert|200|m|abbr=on}} northeast of Cave 1 and 2, but geologically on the edge of the eastern hill.&lt;ref name=unesco/&gt;<br /> <br /> The two hills are connected by a walkway. The eastern hill is also called the Stupa Hill, while the western hill is called the Canon Hill, reflecting their historic colonial-era names, the ancient Stupa and the Portuguese era firing Canons they host respectively.&lt;ref name = &quot;historic_places&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> All the caves are rock-cut temples that together have an area of {{convert|5600|m2|abbr=on}}. At their most elaborate, they have a main chamber, two lateral chambers, courtyards, and subsidiary shrines, but not all are so fully developed. Cave 1 is the largest and is {{convert|39|m|ft}} deep from the front entrance to the back. The temple complex is primarily the abode of [[Shiva]], depicted in widely celebrated carvings, which narrate legends and theologies of [[Shaivism]].&lt;ref name=unesco/&gt;&lt;ref name=state/&gt; However, the artwork reverentially displays themes from the [[Shaktism]] and [[Vaishnavism]] traditions of Hinduism as well.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Carmel Berkson |author2=Wendy Doniger |author3=George Michell |title=Elephanta: The Cave of Shiva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RYqq7um0hcC |year=1999 |publisher=Princeton University Press (Motilal Banarsidass, Reprint) |isbn=978-81-208-1284-0 |pages=10–13, 46, 64}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins1988x&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Charles Dillard Collins |title=The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C&amp;pg=PR9 |year=1988 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-88706-773-0 |pages=x item 31, 98–99}}, Quote: &quot;31. Elephanta, Standing Vishnu with attendants (damaged)&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Cave 1: Main, Great Cave===<br /> The main cave, also called Cave 1, Grand Cave, or the Great Cave, is {{convert|39.63|m|ft}} square in plan with a hall ([[mandapa]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramrisch1988p443&quot;/&gt; The basic plan of the cave can be traced back to the plan of the ancient Buddhist [[vihara]]s, consisting of a square court surrounded by cells, built about 500 to 600 years earlier in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elephanta: The Cave of Shiva&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Elephanta: The Cave of Shiva |date=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120812840 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RYqq7um0hcC&amp;pg=PA5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Cave has several entrances, the main entrance is unassumingly small and hides the grand hall inside. The main entrance faces north, while two side entrances face east and west. The cave's main entrance is aligned with the north–south axis, unusual for a Shiva shrine (normally east–west).&lt;ref name=unesco/&gt;&lt;ref name=state/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;historic_places&quot;/&gt; However, inside is an integrated square plan Linga shrine (''garbha-griya'') that is aligned east–west, opening to the sunrise.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramrisch1988p443&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = left<br /> | image1 = Elephanta Map.svg<br /> | width1 = 400<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | caption1 = <br /> | image2 = 6th century Cave 1 temple Elephanta island Mandala Mumbai harbor.svg<br /> | width2 = 419<br /> | alt2 = <br /> | caption2 = <br /> | footer = Elephanta main cave plan. The 6th century temple follows a mandala design, according to George Michell.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Carmel Berkson |author2=Wendy Doniger |author3=George Michell |title=Elephanta: The Cave of Shiva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RYqq7um0hcC |year=1999 |publisher=Princeton University Press (Motilal Banarsidass, Reprint) |isbn=978-81-208-1284-0 |pages=17–21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{clear}}<br /> [[File:Shiva linga in elephanta cave in west side.jpg|thumb|Shiva linga in Elephanta Cave at west side]]<br /> '''Layout''': <br /> {{Div col}}<br /> <br /> 1. Ravananugraha&lt;br /&gt;<br /> 2. Shiva-Parvati, Mount Kailash&lt;br /&gt;<br /> 3. Ardhanarishvara&lt;br /&gt;<br /> 4. Sadashiva Trimurti&lt;br /&gt;<br /> 5. Gangadhara<br /> <br /> 6. Wedding of Shiva&lt;br /&gt;<br /> 7. Shiva slaying Andhaka&lt;br /&gt;<br /> 8. Nataraja&lt;br /&gt;<br /> 9. Yogishvara&lt;br /&gt;<br /> 16. Linga<br /> <br /> '''East Wing Shrine'''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> 10. Kartikeya&lt;br /&gt;<br /> 11. Matrikas&lt;br /&gt;<br /> 12. Ganesha&lt;br /&gt;<br /> 13. Dvarapala<br /> <br /> '''West Wing Shrine'''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> 14. Yogishvara&lt;br /&gt;<br /> 15. Nataraja<br /> <br /> {{Div col end}}<br /> To reach the main cave, a visitor or pilgrim has to walk up 120 steep steps from the ticket counter, which can be reached from the pier/beach by walking on a footpath or by taking the tourist toy train. At the main entrance are four pillars, with three open porticoes and an aisle at the back. Pillars, six in each row, divide the hall into a series of smaller chambers. The roof of the hall has concealed beams supported by stone columns joined together by capitals.&lt;ref name=state/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;historic_places&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> |direction = vertical<br /> |align = left<br /> |width = 200<br /> |image1=Elephanta Caves in Maharashtra.JPG<br /> |image2=Elephanta Caves Panorama.jpg<br /> |image3=Elephanta Caves, India.jpg<br /> |caption1=Main entrance, Cave 1<br /> |caption2=Side entrance<br /> |caption3=Main mandapa and pillars<br /> }}<br /> The temple is enclosed in the cave, it has interior walls but no exterior wall. The pillars create space and symmetric rhythm as they support the weight of the hill above. The main mandapa recesses into a pillared vestibule (''ardha-mandapa'') on the south side, while a pillared portico (''mukha-mandapa'') connects it to the main entrance. Embedded within the Great Cave are dedicated shrines, the largest of which is the square plan Linga shrine (see 16 in plan).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramrisch1988p443&quot;/&gt; It is a square ''garbha-griya'' (womb house) with four entrances, located in the right section of the main hall. Steps lead from the four doorways into the sanctum, which has a linga in the ''mulavigraha'' style. Each doorway is guarded by a ''dvarapala'' on each side, for a total of eight dvarapalas, their heights spanning floor to the ceiling.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramrisch1988p444&quot;/&gt; These were badly damaged when the Portuguese ceded control of this region to the British. The linga shrine is surrounded by a mandapa and circumambulation path (''pradakshina-patha'') as in other [[Hindu temple]]s. The pillars are similarly aligned east–west to this shrine and have an east entrance. Overlaid, as if fused, on the architecture of this temple is another open temple aligned to the north–south direction with three faced Sadashiva as its focal centre. One features the abstract, unmanifest, aniconic symbol of Shiva, the other anthropomorphic, manifest, iconic symbol of Shiva. The mandapa pillars of the two align up.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramrisch1988p444&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Stella Kramrisch |title=The Presence of Siva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjqfkgD6YCAC&amp;pg=PA444 |year=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0491-3 |pages=444–445}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The northern entrance to the cave is flanked by two panels of Shiva dated to the [[Gupta period]], both damaged. The left panel depicts [[Yogeshvara|Yogishvara]] (Shiva as the Lord of [[Yoga]]) and the right shows [[Nataraja]] (Shiva as the Lord of Dance).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Carmel Berkson |author2=Wendy Doniger |author3=George Michell |title=Elephanta: The Cave of Shiva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RYqq7um0hcC |year=1999 |publisher=Princeton University Press (Motilal Banarsidass, Reprint) |isbn=978-81-208-1284-0 |pages=32–36}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Sadashiva is flanked by two large friezes, one of [[Ardhanarishvara]] and the other of [[Gangadhara]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramrisch1988p450&quot;/&gt; The walls of the mandapa feature other Shaivism legends. All the friezes, states [[Stella Kramrisch]], feature the ''{{Proper name|vyaktavyakta}}'' concept of [[Samkhya]], where the state of spiritual existence transitions between the unmanifest-manifest, the figures leap out of the cave walls towards the spectator as if trying to greet the narrative. Even the manifested Sadashiva is shown to be rising out of the rocks.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramrisch1988p450&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Stella Kramrisch |title=The Presence of Siva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjqfkgD6YCAC&amp;pg=PA450 |year=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0491-3 |pages=450–451}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Each wall has large carvings of Shiva-related legends, each more than {{convert|5|m|ft}} in height. The central Shiva relief ''Trimurti'' is located on the south wall opposite the main entrance. Also called the Sadashiva, it is the iconic form of a ''pancamukha linga'' is set in a mandala pattern with the abstract linga form of Shiva.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramrisch1988p445&quot;/&gt; The Sadashiva is a colossal carving, a bit over {{convert|6.27|m}}, depicting Tatpurusha (Mahadeva), Aghora (Bhairava), Vamadeva (Uma) and Sadyojata (Nandin).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramrisch1988p445&quot;/&gt; The carving is unusual because the standard ancient Hindu texts for [[murti]] design state that the Tatpursha should face east, but in Elephanta it is the north face (pointing towards the main entrance).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramrisch1988p445&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Stella Kramrisch |title=The Presence of Siva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjqfkgD6YCAC&amp;pg=PA445 |year=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0491-3 |pages=445–447}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Smaller shrines are located at the east and west ends of the caves. The eastern sanctuary serves as a ceremonial entrance, and its shrine shows iconography of [[Shaktism]] tradition.&lt;ref name=state/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;historic_places&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Sadashiva: Trimurti====<br /> [[File:Trimurti, Cave No. 1, Elephanta Caves - 1.jpg|thumb|[[Trimurti]] Shiva flanked by the ''[[Dvarapala|dvarapalas]]'']]<br /> The Trimurti is considered a masterpiece and the most important sculpture in the caves.&lt;ref name=&quot;JonesRyan2006p148&quot;/&gt; It is carved in relief on the south wall of the cave facing the north entrance, along the north–south axis. It is also known as ''Sadashiva'' and ''Maheshmurti''. The image, {{convert|7|m|abbr=on}} in height, depicts a three-headed Shiva, representing [[Sadasiva|Panchamukha Shiva]].&lt;ref name = &quot;info&quot;&gt;[[:File:Elephanta info.jpg]]: Maharashtra Tourism plaque at the caves&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The three heads represent three essential aspects of Shiva: creation, protection, and destruction.&lt;ref name=berksonxiv/&gt; As per another version, the three heads symbolise compassion and wisdom.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Medieval India the study of a civilization |first=Irfan |last=Habib |page=49 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |isbn=978-81-237-5255-6 |year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; The right half-face (west face) shows him holding a lotus bud, depicting the promise of life and creativity. This face is symbolism for [[Brahma]], the creator or [[Parvati|Uma]] or [[Vamadeva]], the feminine side of Shiva and creator.&lt;ref name=berksonxiv/&gt; The left half-face (east face) is that of a moustached young man. This is Shiva as the terrifying [[Aghora (Shiva)|Aghora]] or [[Bhairava]], the chaos creator and destroyer.&lt;ref name=berksonxiv/&gt; This is also known as Rudra-Shiva, the Destroyer. The central face, benign and meditative Tatpurusha, resembles the preserver [[Vishnu]]. This is the Shiva form as the &quot;master of positive and negative principles of existence and preserver of their harmony&quot;.&lt;ref name=unesco/&gt;&lt;ref name=state/&gt; The three-headed Shiva are his creator, preserver and destroyer aspects in Shaivism. They are equivalently symbolism for [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]], and [[Brahma]], they being equivalent of the three aspects found in Shaivism.&lt;ref name=&quot;JonesRyan2006p148&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Constance Jones |author2=James D. Ryan |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&amp;pg=PA148 |year=2006 |publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 |pages=148–149}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=berksonxiv&gt;{{cite book |author1=Carmel Berkson |author2=Wendy Doniger |author3=George Michell |title=Elephanta: The Cave of Shiva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RYqq7um0hcC |year=1999 |publisher=Princeton University Press (Motilal Banarsidass, Reprint) |isbn=978-81-208-1284-0 |pages=xiv-xvi, 12–14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Gangadhara====<br /> [[File:Elephanta Gangadhara.JPG|thumb|upright|Shiva bringing Ganges River to earth.]]<br /> The Trimurti Shiva is flanked on its left by ''[[Ardhanarisvara]]'' (a half-Shiva, half-Parvati composite) and ''[[Gangadhara]]'' legend to its right. The ''Gangadhara'' image to the right of the ''Trimurti'' shows Shiva and Parvati standing. Shiva brings the [[Ganges]] River down from the heavens and her immense power is contained effortlessly in Shiva's hair as she descends from heaven. The artists carved a small three bodied goddess up high, a symbolism for Ganges, Yamuna and Saraswati. The mother goddess Parvati stands tall next to Shiva, smiling. The carving is {{convert|4|m|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|5.207|m|abbr=on}} high.&lt;ref name=berksonxvi&gt;{{cite book |author1=Carmel Berkson |author2=Wendy Doniger |author3=George Michell |title=Elephanta: The Cave of Shiva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RYqq7um0hcC |year=1999 |publisher=Princeton University Press (Motilal Banarsidass, Reprint) |isbn=978-81-208-1284-0 |pages=xvi-xvii, 13–14, 24, 46–47}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Gangadhara image is highly damaged, particularly the lower half of Shiva seen seated with Parvati, who is shown with four arms, two of which are broken. From the crown, a cup with a triple-headed female figure (with broken arms) to depict the three major rivers in Hindu texts. An alternative interpretation of the three-bodied goddess in Gangadharamurti panel here and elsewhere is that it represents the regenerative powers of rivers in the form of Mandakini, Suradhani and Bhagavati.&lt;ref name=berksonxvi/&gt; In this grotto scene, Shiva is sculpted and bedecked with ornaments, while gods gather to watch the cosmic source of earthly abundance. The gods and goddesses shown are identifiable from the ''vahana'' (vehicle) and icons, and they include [[Brahma]] (left), [[Indra]] (left), [[Vishnu]] (right), [[Saraswati]], [[Indrani]], [[Lakshmi]], and others.&lt;ref name=berksonxvi/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramrisch1988p453&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Stella Kramrisch |title=The Presence of Siva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjqfkgD6YCAC&amp;pg=PA452 |year=1988 |publisher=Princeton University Press (Reprint: Motilal Banarsidass) |isbn=978-81-208-0491-3 |pages=452–454}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Wrapped on one of the arms of Shiva is his iconic coiling serpent whose hood is seen near his left shoulder. Another hand (partly broken) gives the semblance of Shiva hugging Parvati, with a head of matted hair. A damaged ornamented drapery covers his lower torso, below the waist. Parvati is carved to the left of Shiva with a coiffured hair dress, fully bedecked with ornaments and jewellery.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramrisch1988p453&quot;/&gt; Between them stands a ''gana'' (dwarf jester) expressing confused panic as to whether Shiva will be able to contain the mighty river goddess. In the lower left of the panel is a kneeling devout figure in ''[[namaste]]'' posture representing the heroic legendary king [[Bhagiratha]] who worked hard to bring the river of prosperity to his earthly kingdom, but unaware of the potentially destructive forces that came with it.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramrisch1988p453&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Ardhanarishvara====<br /> [[File:Ardhanari@ Elephanta Caves.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ardhanarishvara]] (centre): half female (Parvati) and half male (Shiva), feminine-masculine equivalence.]]<br /> On the wall to the east of the ''Trimurti'' is a damaged four-armed ''Ardhanarishvara'' carving. This image, which is {{convert|5.11|m|abbr=on}} in height. It represents the ancient Hindu concept of essential interdependence of the feminine and the masculine aspects in the universe, for its creation, its sustenance and its destruction.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kinsley1988p49&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=David Kinsley |title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition |url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins|url-access=registration |year=1988 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-90883-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins/page/49 49]–52}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins1988p76&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Charles Dillard Collins |title=The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C |year=1988 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-88706-773-0 |pages=76–81}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is represented as half woman shown as half of Parvati in this Elephanta panel on the right side, with breast, waist, feminine hair and items such as a mirror in the upper hand. The second half-man side is Shiva with male characteristics and items iconographically his symbol. In [[Shaivism]], the concept pictorially symbolises the transcendence of all duality including gender, with the spiritual lacking any distinctions, where energy and power (Shakti, Parvati) is unified and is inseparable with the soul and awareness (Brahman, Shiva).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kinsley1988p49&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=James G. Lochtefeld |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration |year=2002 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |page=52}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Jackie Menzies |title=Goddess: divine energy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzLqAAAAMAAJ |year=2006 |publisher=Art Gallery of New South Wales |isbn=978-0734763969 |pages=14–15}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the panel, the relief shows a headdress (double-folded) with two pleats draped towards the female head (Parvati) and the right side (Shiva) depicting curled hair and a crescent. The female figure has all the ornamentation (broad armlets and long bracelets, a large ring in the ear, jewelled rings on the fingers) but the right male figure has drooping hair, armlets and wristlets. One of his hands rests on [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] bull's left horn, Shiva's mount, which is fairly well preserved.&lt;ref name=stella451/&gt;&lt;ref name=berkson7xvii&gt;{{cite book |author1=Carmel Berkson |author2=Wendy Doniger |author3=George Michell |title=Elephanta: The Cave of Shiva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RYqq7um0hcC |year=1999 |publisher=Princeton University Press (Motilal Banarsidass, Reprint) |isbn=978-81-208-1284-0 |pages=7–14, 24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The pair of hands at the back is also bejewelled; the right hand of the male side holds a serpent, while the left hand of the female side holds a mirror. The front left hand is broken, while a large part of the lower half of the panel was damaged at some point. Around the Ardhanarishwara are three layers of symbolic characters. The lowest or at the same level as the viewer are human figures oriented reverentially towards the androgyne image. Above them are gods and goddesses such as Brahma, Vishnu, Indra and others who are seated on their ''vahanas''. Above them are flying ''[[Apsara|apsaras]]'' approaching the fused divinity with garlands, music, and celebratory offerings.&lt;ref name=stella451&gt;{{cite book |author=Stella Kramrisch |title=The Presence of Siva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjqfkgD6YCAC&amp;pg=PA451 |year=1988 |publisher=Princeton University Press (Reprint: Motilal Banarsidass) |isbn=978-81-208-0491-3 |pages=451–452}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Shiva slaying Andhaka====<br /> [[File:Elephanta, grotta 1, rilievi riferibili al 400-550 dc ca., Shiva che uccide Andhaka 01.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Shiva slaying Andhaka]]<br /> The panel in the northwest side of the cave, on the wall near west entrance and the Linga shrine (see 7 in plan), is an uncommon sculpture about the ''Andhakasura-vadha'' legend.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins1988p1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Charles Dillard Collins |title=The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C |year=1988 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-88706-773-0 |pages=1–3}}&lt;/ref&gt; It shows [[Bhairava]], or [[Virabhadra]], a ferocious form of Shiva killing the demon ''[[Andhaka]]'' (literally, &quot;blind, darkness&quot;). The relief is much ruined below the waist, is {{convert|3.5|m|abbr=on}} high and posed in action. Though a relief, it is carved to give it a three-dimensional form, as if the ferocious Shiva is coming out of the rocks and impaling Andhaka with his trident.&lt;ref name=berkson1135&gt;{{cite book |author1=Carmel Berkson |author2=Wendy Doniger |author3=George Michell |title=Elephanta: The Cave of Shiva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RYqq7um0hcC |year=1999 |publisher=Princeton University Press (Motilal Banarsidass, Reprint) |isbn=978-81-208-1284-0 |pages=8–15, 35–36}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=stella460&gt;{{cite book |author=Stella Kramrisch |title=The Presence of Siva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjqfkgD6YCAC&amp;pg=PA455 |year=1988 |publisher=Princeton University Press (Reprint: Motilal Banarsidass) |isbn=978-81-208-0491-3 |pages=455–458, 460–461}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bhairava's headgear has a ruff on the back, a skull, and a cobra over the forehead, and the crescent high on the right. His facial expression is of anger, the conviction of something he must do, and one in the middle of the action. The legs and five of the eight arms are broken, attributed to Portuguese vandalism. The smaller broken image Andhaka is seen below Bhairava's image.&lt;ref name=geo/&gt; Also depicted in his right hand is the symbolic weapon that [[Hindu texts|Shaiva scriptures]] states Shiva used to kill the destructive elephant demon.&lt;ref name=stella460/&gt; A hand holds a bowl to collect the blood dripping from the slain Andhaka, which Shaiva legend states was necessary because the dripping blood had the power to become new demons if they got nourished by the ground.&lt;ref name=stella460/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Charles Dillard Collins |title=The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C |year=1988 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-88706-773-0 |pages=57–65}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the artwork shows ruined parts of a male and two female forms, figures of two ascetics, a small figure in front, a female figure, and two dwarfs.&lt;ref name=geo/&gt; The uppermost part shows flying apsaras bringing garlands.&lt;ref name=stella460/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Wedding of Shiva====<br /> <br /> [[File:Elephanta Marriage.JPG|thumb|upright|left|[[Kalyanasundara]]: the wedding of Shiva and Parvati]]<br /> <br /> The niche image carved on the southwest wall, near the Linga shrine (see 6 on plan) is the wedding of Shiva and Parvati. This legend is called the [[Kalyanasundara]] in Hindu texts.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins1988p1&quot;/&gt; Parvati is seen standing to Shiva's right, the customary place for a Hindu bride at the wedding. The carvings are substantially damaged, but the ruined remains of the sculpture have been significant to scholarly studies of Hindu literature. In many surviving versions of the [[Puranas]], the wedding takes place in King Parvata's palace. However, in this Elephanta Cave panel, the narrative shows some earlier version.&lt;ref name=stella454wed/&gt; Here King Parvata standing behind Parvati gives away the bride to Shiva while [[Brahma]] is the priest in the grotto relief.&lt;ref name=stella454wed/&gt; Gods, goddesses and celestial apsaras are cheering witness to the wedding. Vishnu is witness to the marriage, standing tall behind the sitting Brahma on the right side of the panel. Just above the main images [[rishi]] (sages) and a few characters hanging from the ceiling are seen blessing the wedding.&lt;ref name=geo/&gt;<br /> <br /> The groom Shiva is shown calm and young, while Parvati is depicted as shy and emotional. Her head is tilted towards him and her eyelids joyfully lowered, while his hand (now broken) is holding hers.&lt;ref name=stella454wed&gt;{{cite book |author=Stella Kramrisch |title=The Presence of Siva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjqfkgD6YCAC&amp;pg=PA454 |year=1988 |publisher=Princeton University Press (Reprint: Motilal Banarsidass) |isbn=978-81-208-0491-3 |pages=454–455}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their dress reflect the Hindu customs. He wears the sacred thread across his chest, she the customary jewellery. The other characters shown in the wedding carry items or are shown holding items that typically grace a Hindu wedding. Chandra (moon god), for example, holds a traditionally decorated water vessel (''kalash''). Brahma, the priest, is squatting on the floor to the right tending the ''[[yajna]]'' fire (agni mandapa).&lt;ref name=stella454wed/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Yogishvara: Lord of Yoga====<br /> [[File:Yogishvara Lord of Yoga Shiva at Elephanta Cave 1.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Shiva as ''Yogishvara'', God of Yoga.]]<br /> The panel in the east side of the portico next to the north entrance (see 9 on plan) is Shiva in Yoga. This form of Shiva is called Yogishvara, Mahayogi, [[Lakulisa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;asi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_elephanta.asp |title=World Heritage Sites – Elephanta Caves |work=Official site of ASI |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Government of India|access-date=16 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021063323/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_elephanta.asp|archive-date=21 October 2008|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins1988p1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Shiva, states Stella Kramrisch, is the &quot;primordial [[yogi]]&quot; in this panel. He is the master of discipline, the teacher of Yoga arts, the master who shows how yoga and meditation lead to the realisation of ultimate reality.&lt;ref name=stella454yogi&gt;{{cite book |author=Stella Kramrisch |title=The Presence of Siva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjqfkgD6YCAC |year=1988 |publisher=Princeton University Press (Reprint: Motilal Banarsidass) |isbn=978-81-208-0491-3 |pages=458–459 with footnotes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar |title=Elephanta |url=https://archive.org/details/elephanta00dhav |year=2007 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-904866-0-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/elephanta00dhav/page/29 29]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=michell34&gt;{{cite book |author=George Michell |title=Elephanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2iExAQAAIAAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Jaico |isbn=978-8-184-95603-0 |pages=34–37}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The relief is in a dilapidated condition with most of the arms and legs broken.&lt;ref name=geo/&gt; He is seated in [[Lotus position|padmasana]] lost in his meditation. His posture is well formed and suggests that the 6th century artist knew this [[asana]]. He sits on a lotus with a stalk shown as if coming out of the earth, his legs are crossed symmetrically. Two Nagas flank the lotus and express their reverence with a namaste posture. The great yogi is being approached by various Vedic and Puranic gods and goddesses, as well as monks and sadhus, yet there is a halo around him that keeps them at bay as if they admire it but do not wish to disturb his meditation.&lt;ref name=stella454yogi/&gt;&lt;ref name=michell34/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Carmel Berkson |author2=Wendy Doniger |author3=George Michell |title=Elephanta: The Cave of Shiva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RYqq7um0hcC |year=1999 |publisher=Princeton University Press (Motilal Banarsidass, Reprint) |isbn=978-81-208-1284-0 |pages=36–39}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In some ways, the yogi artwork shown in this Hindu cave are similar to those found in Buddhist caves, but there are differences. Yogi Shiva, or Lakulisa, wears a crown here, his chest is shown vaulting forward as if in breathing exercises found in Hindu yoga texts, the face and body expresses different energy. This Shiva yogi comes across as the &quot;lord of the caves&quot; or ''Guhesvara'' in medieval Indian poetry, states Kramrisch.&lt;ref name=stella454yogi/&gt; According to Charles Collins, the depiction of Shiva as Yogi in Elephanta Cave 1 is harmonious with those found in the Puranas dated to early and mid 1st millennium CE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Charles Dillard Collins |title=The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C |year=1988 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-88706-773-0 |pages=36–47, 52–58, 64}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Nataraja: Lord of Dance====<br /> [[File:Shiva Nataraja, grotte d'Elephanta (Mumbai, Inde), Cave 1.jpg|thumb|Shiva as Nataraja, god of dance.]]<br /> The panel facing the Yogishvara, on the west side of the portico next to the north entrance (see 8 on plan) is Shiva as the [[Nataraja]], &quot;cosmic dancer&quot; and &quot;the lord of dancers&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;asi&quot;/&gt; It is also called the ''Nrittamurti''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins1988p1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The badly damaged relief panel is {{convert|4|m|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|3.4|m|abbr=on}} high and set low on the wall. His body and arms are shown as wildly gyrating in the ''lalita'' mudra, a symbolism for occupying all of space, soaring energy and full-bodied weightlessness. His face here resembles the Tatpurusha, or the manifested form of Shiva that preserves and sustains all of creation, all of creative activity.&lt;ref name=stella459dance/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=George Michell |title=Elephanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2iExAQAAIAAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Jaico |isbn=978-8-184-95603-0 |pages=34, 37–38}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is an eight-armed depiction of Nataraja. The parts of the panel that have survived suggest that he is holding an axe, a coiled serpent is wrapped around its top. In another he holds a folded cloth, possibly symbolic veil of ''[[Maya (illusion)|maya]]''.&lt;ref name=stella459dance/&gt;<br /> <br /> There are fewer gods, goddesses and observers in this panel than others in this cave, with Brahma, Vishnu, Lakshmi, Saraswati and Parvati are visible and have a facial expression of being spellbound. Also present are his sons leaping [[Ganesha]] and [[Kartikeya]] holding Shiva's staff, as well as an ascetic and a [[rishi]], thus weaving the family life and the ascetic monastic life, the secular and the spiritual tied in through metaphorical symbolism of dance within the same panel.&lt;ref name=stella459dance&gt;{{cite book |author=Stella Kramrisch |title=The Presence of Siva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjqfkgD6YCAC |year=1988 |publisher=Princeton University Press (Reprint: Motilal Banarsidass) |isbn=978-81-208-0491-3 |pages=459–460}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Carmel Berkson |author2=Wendy Doniger |author3=George Michell |title=Elephanta: The Cave of Shiva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RYqq7um0hcC |year=1999 |publisher=Princeton University Press (Motilal Banarsidass, Reprint) |isbn=978-81-208-1284-0 |pages=11–14}}&lt;/ref&gt; The dancer and destroyer aspects of Shiva are clustered in the northwest part of the cave, in contrast to yoga and creator aspects that are found in the northeast parts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Carmel Berkson |author2=Wendy Doniger |author3=George Michell |title=Elephanta: The Cave of Shiva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RYqq7um0hcC |year=1999 |publisher=Princeton University Press (Motilal Banarsidass, Reprint) |isbn=978-81-208-1284-0 |pages=24–25}}&lt;/ref&gt; This 6th-century Nataraja shares architectural elements with those found in temples in the western parts of South Asia such as in Gujarat, and in upper Deccan region.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Charles Dillard Collins |title=The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C |year=1988 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-88706-773-0 |pages=102–105}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Mount Kailash and Ravananugraha====<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | image1 = Elephanta caves pic.jpg<br /> | width1 = 150<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | caption1 = <br /> | image2 = Elephanta Ravana.JPG<br /> | width2 = 150<br /> | alt2 = <br /> | caption2 = <br /> | footer = Left: Shiva and Parvati on Mount Kailasha. Right: Ravana shaking Mount Kailash.<br /> }}<br /> The carvings at the east entrance are battered and blurry. One in the southeast corner of the mandapa (see 2 on plan) depicts Shiva and Parvati in [[Mount Kailash]] in the Himalayas, and the shows the ''Umamaheshvara'' story.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins1988p1&quot;/&gt; The scene includes rocky terrain and clouds layered horizontally. On top of the rock sit the four-armed Shiva and Parvati by his side. Nandi stands below her, while celestial apsaras float on the clouds above.&lt;ref name=stella458&gt;{{cite book |author=Stella Kramrisch |title=The Presence of Siva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjqfkgD6YCAC |year=1988 |publisher=Princeton University Press (Reprint: Motilal Banarsidass) |isbn=978-81-208-0491-3 |page=458}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are traces of a crown and a disc behind Shiva, but it is all damaged.&lt;ref name=geo/&gt; The scene is crowded with accessory figures, which may be because the eastern entrance was meant to have a devotional focus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Carmel Berkson |author2=Wendy Doniger |author3=George Michell |title=Elephanta: The Cave of Shiva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RYqq7um0hcC |year=1999 |publisher=Princeton University Press (Motilal Banarsidass, Reprint) |isbn=978-81-208-1284-0 |pages=23–24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The panel facing the Mount Kailash panel towards the northeast corner (see 1 on plan) depicts demon king [[Ravananugraha|Ravana trying to lift Kailash]] and bother Shiva, a legend called ''Ravananugraha''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins1988p1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=sharma327&gt;{{citation |jstor=29755892 |title=Rāvaṇa Lifting Mount Kailāsa in Indian Art |journal=East and West |volume=23 |issue=3/4 |pages=327–338 |last1=Sharma |first1=Brijendra Nath |year=1973}}&lt;/ref&gt; The upper scene is Mount Kailash, where Shiva and Parvati are seated. Shiva is recognisable with a crown, and other characters are badly damaged. A portion of ascetic skeletal devotee Bhringi relief survives, and he is seated near Shiva's feet. Near Shiva an outline of what may have been Ganesha and Kartikeya are visible. Below the mountain surface is shown the demon-king [[Ravana]] is seen with a few arms, trying to unsuccessfully shake Shiva and Parvati in Mount Kailash. The rest of the details are blurry and speculative.&lt;ref name=stella458/&gt;&lt;ref name=sharma327/&gt; According to Charles Collins, the discernible elements of this panel are generally consistent with those in medieval era Puranas, though there is a lack in literal correspondence with any single text.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Charles Dillard Collins |title=The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C |year=1988 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-88706-773-0 |pages=41–46}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Linga shrine====<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | image1 = ElephantaCaves6.jpg<br /> | width1 = 200<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | caption1 = <br /> | image2 = Shiva Linga shrine in Elephanta Caves.jpg<br /> | width2 = 200<br /> | alt2 = <br /> | caption2 = <br /> | footer = Shiva Linga shrine inside the cave complex.<br /> }}<br /> The central shrine of the Great Cave temple is a free-standing square stone cella, with entrances on each of its sides.&lt;ref name=stellacella&gt;{{cite book |author=Stella Kramrisch |title=The Presence of Siva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjqfkgD6YCAC |year=1988 |publisher=Princeton University Press (Reprint: Motilal Banarsidass) |isbn=978-81-208-0491-3 |pages=445–446}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each door is flanked by two ''dvarapalas'' (gate guardians), for a total of eight around the shrine.&lt;ref name=stellacella/&gt; The height of the eight ''dvarapalas'' is about {{convert|4.6|m|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;historic places&quot;/&gt; All are in a damaged condition except those at the southern door to the shrine. The Shaiva guardians carry weapons and flank the doors.&lt;ref name=stellacella/&gt;<br /> <br /> Six steps lead to the inside of the cella from the floor level. In the centre is the ''mulavigraha'' [[Linga]], is set on a raised platform above the floor of the shrine by {{convert|1.8|m|abbr=on}}. It is the abstract unmanifest symbol of Shiva in union with the [[Yoni]], and the symbol of Parvati together symbolising the creative source and the regenerative nature of existence.&lt;ref name=stellacella/&gt; The temple and all the pillars are laid out to lead the pilgrim's view towards it, the cella is visible from any point inside the cave and its most significant progression.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Carmel Berkson |author2=Wendy Doniger |author3=George Michell |title=Elephanta: The Cave of Shiva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RYqq7um0hcC |year=1999 |publisher=Princeton University Press (Motilal Banarsidass, Reprint) |isbn=978-81-208-1284-0 |pages=22–23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====East wing: Shaktism====<br /> [[File:Grottes d'Elephanta - Sanctuaire de la grotte principale.jpg|thumb|The smaller east shrine.]]<br /> On the east side of the main hall is a separate shrine. It is a {{convert|17|m|abbr=on}}-wide courtyard with a circular pedestal. It once had a seated Nandi facing the Linga shrine, but its ruins have not been restored. To the south side of this eastern courtyard is the Shaktism shrine, with a lion, each seated with a raised forepaw as guardian. Inside the west face of this small shrine (see 10–12 of plan) are ''Sapta [[Matrikas]]'', or the &quot;seven mothers&quot; along with Parvati, Kartikeya (Skanda) and Ganesha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins1988p1&quot;/&gt; The smaller shrine's sanctum features a linga and has a circumambulatory path around it. The sanctum door has Shaiva ''dvarapalas''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins1988p1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Shakti panel in the east shrine is unusual in that counting Parvati, it features eight mothers (''Asta matrikas'') in an era when ''Sapta matrikas'' were more common such as at Samalaji and Jogeshwari caves.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schastok1985p85&quot;/&gt; Additionally, the mothers are flanked on one side with Ganesha and the other with Skanda (Kartikeya) when typical artwork from mid 1st millennium show the Shakta mothers with Ganesha and Shiva.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schastok1985p85&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Meister |first=Michael W. |title=Regional Variations in Matrka Conventions |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=47 |issue=3/4 |year=1986 |issn=0004-3648 |doi=10.2307/3249973 |pages=233–262 |jstor=3249973}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Sara L. Schastok, the Skanda in the east shrine of Elephanta Cave 1 is significant, just like the one found in Deogarh Hindu temple site, because he is depicted with regalia, weapons and icons similar to Shiva and because he is surrounded by gods and goddesses. By portraying Skanda with Matrikas, he is equated with the Krittikas legend and thereby Kartikeya, and by showing him so prominently centred the artists are likely communicating the unity of Skanda-Shiva, that all these divinities are in essence the same spiritual concept, &quot;all emanations of the ''lingam'' at the very heart of Elephanta&quot;, according to Schastok.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schastok1985p85&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Sara L. Schastok |title=The Śāmalājī Sculptures and 6th Century Art in Western India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jh1fF8HvJmMC |year=1985 |publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=90-04-06941-0 |pages=85–87}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====West wing: Other traditions====<br /> On the west side of the main hall is another attached shrine, though in a much more ruined state. The larger cave on the south side of the west shrine is closed, contains ruins and is bigger than the eastern side shrine. Some of the artworks from here were moved to museums and private collections by mid 19th century, including those related to Brahma, Vishnu and others. The western face has two panels, one showing another version of Shiva in Yoga (see 14 on plan) and another Nataraja (see 15 on plan). Between these is a sanctum with a Shiva Linga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins1988p1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Charles Dillard Collins |title=The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C |year=1988 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-88706-773-0 |pages=102–109}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This Yogi Shiva panel is damaged, but unlike the other Yogi depiction, here the leg position in Yoga asana has survived. The Yogishvara is seated on a lotus, and near him are two badly defaced characters, possibly one of Parvati and another ascetic. Above him are ruined remains of celestial gods or goddesses or apsaras. The Yogi Shiva is wearing a crown, and once again there is a space of isolation around the meditating yogi in which no other character enters. Below him, under the lotus, are Nagas and several badly damaged figures two of whom depict the [[Añjali Mudrā|''anjali mudra'']].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Charles Dillard Collins |title=The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C |year=1988 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-88706-773-0 |pages=141–142}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Nataraja shown in the west shrine is similar in style to one inside the main mandapa. However, states Collins, its depth of carving appears inferior, and it seems more eroded being more open to rains and water damage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Charles Dillard Collins |title=The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C |year=1988 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-88706-773-0 |pages=102–104}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Caves 2-5: Canon hill===<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | image1 = Elephanta caves3.jpg<br /> | width1 = 200<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | caption1 = <br /> | image2 = Elephanta Caves in Elephanta Island in Maharashtra.JPG<br /> | width2 = 200<br /> | alt2 = <br /> | caption2 = <br /> | footer = [[:Commons:Category:Elephanta Cave 3|Cave 3]] (left) and [[:Commons:Category:Elephanta Cave 4|Cave 4]] (right). The caves are smaller, the works of art inside mostly damaged. [https://www.google.com/maps/@18.9627465,72.9318023,3a,75y,306.68h,83.02t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sstnD-u4cvgY9PHF8Wqam5A!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en 3D Tour].<br /> }}<br /> To the south-east of the Great Cave is [[:Commons:Category:Elephanta Cave 2|Cave 2]]. The cave is unfinished. The front of this cave was completely destroyed and restored in the 1970s with four square pillars. It has two small cells in the back.&lt;ref name=DHAV/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[:Commons:Category:Elephanta Cave 3|Cave 3]] is next to Cave 2, as one continues to go away from the main shrine. It is a portico with six pillars, and a mandapa with pillars. The portico is {{convert|26|m|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|11|m|abbr=on}} deep and is supported by four reconstructed pillars.&lt;ref name=DHAV/&gt; At the back of the portico are three chambers. The central door at the back of the portico leads to a damaged shrine, the sanctum seems to be for a Linga, but that is lost. The shrine is a plain room {{convert|6|m|abbr=on}} deep by {{convert|5.7|m|abbr=on}} wide with a low altar. The shrine door has some traces of sculpture. The ''dvarapalas'' on each side, leaning on dwarfs with flying figures over the head, are now in fragments.&lt;ref name=Dhavalikar73/&gt; There are two other chambers, one on each side of the shrine.&lt;ref name=DHAV&gt;{{cite book |last1=Dhavalikar |first1=M. K. (Madhukar Keshav) |title=Elephanta |date=2007 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |pages=74–75 |isbn=9788190486606 |url=https://archive.org/stream/elephanta00dhav#page/74}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[:Commons:Category:Elephanta Cave 4|Cave 4]] is quite damaged, the large verandah lacking all its columns. The relief remains suggest the cave was once a Shaiva temple as well. The shrine in the back contains a lingam. There are also three cells for monks and a chapel at each end of the verandah.&lt;ref name=DHAV/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[:Commons:Category:Elephanta Cave 5|Cave 5]] is unfinished and in a very damaged state, with no artistic remains.&lt;ref name=Dhavalikar73&gt;{{cite book |author=Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar |title=Elephanta |url=https://archive.org/details/elephanta00dhav |year=2007 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-904866-0-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/elephanta00dhav/page/73 73]–76}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=George Michell |title=Elephanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2iExAQAAIAAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Jaico |isbn=978-8-184-95603-0 |pages=90–92}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Stupa hill: caves 6-7, stupas 1-2===<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | total_width=550<br /> | image1 = Elephanta Stupa Hill and Buddhist monuments.jpg<br /> | image2 = Elephanta Cave No 6.jpg<br /> | image3 = Elephanta Cave 6 Plan.jpg<br /> | footer = Location map of Elephanta's Stupa Hill with its Buddhist monuments: caves 6 and 7, stupas 1 and 2. Photograph of Cave 6, and plan of the cave.<br /> }}<br /> Across the ravine from Cave 1 on the hill on the other side are two Buddhist caves, together with the remains of a [[stupa]] and water tanks.&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia of Sacred Places&quot;/&gt; It seems the Buddhists were the first occupants of the island.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Long before the Brahmans selected Elephanta for their temple to the Great God, the Hinayana Buddhists came to the island for more or less the same purpose, to raise a monument to the Buddha.&quot; {{cite book |last1=Kail |first1=Owen C. |title=Elephanta, the island of mystery |date=1984 |publisher=Taraporevala |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ylweAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Elephanta: The Cave of Shiva&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> One is a large hall known as [[:Commons:Category:Elephanta Cave 6|Cave 6]], or Sitabai's temple cave ({{coord|18.963835|72.934125|display=inline}}). The portico has four pillars and two pilasters. The hall has 3 chambers at the back, the central one a shrine and the rest for monks or priests. The hall is devoid of any decoration, except for the door of the central shrine, which has pilasters and a frieze, with the threshold decorated with lion figures.&lt;ref&gt;For pictures of Cave 6, see [https://kevinstandagephotography.wordpress.com/2018/04/29/elephanta-caves-elephanta-island-mumbai/ this site]&lt;/ref&gt; The sanctum has no remaining image. Cave 6 is historically significant because it was converted and used as a Christian church by the Portuguese in the later years when the island was a part of their colony (at some point between 1534 and 1682).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=George Michell |title=Elephanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2iExAQAAIAAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Jaico |isbn=978-8-184-95603-0 |pages=112}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=A Guide To Elephanta |date=1934 |page=10 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.279314/2015.279314.A-Guide#page/n21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Next, along the face of the eastern hill to the north of Sitabai's cave is Cave 7 ({{coord|18.965100|72.934766|display=inline}}), another small excavation with a [[veranda]], which was probably to be three cells, but was abandoned following the discovery of a flaw in the rock.<br /> <br /> Past Cave 7, to the east, is a dry pond, with large artificial boulders and several Buddhist cisterns along its banks. Near the cistern, now at the end of the north spur of the hill, is a mound that was identified as the remains of a Buddhist [[stupa]] ({{coord|18.966026|72.936753}}). This stupa, state Michell and Dhavalikar, was originally much taller and dates to about the 2nd century BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=George Michell |title=Elephanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2iExAQAAIAAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Jaico |isbn=978-8-184-95603-0 |pages=90–93}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;For pictures of the stupa remains see [https://kevinstandagephotography.wordpress.com/2018/05/09/in-search-of-the-elephanta-stupa/ this site]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Lost monuments===<br /> [[File:Brahma statue (6th century CE).jpg|thumb|upright|An Elephanta artwork depicting ''Sadashiva'' now at the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]], [[Mumbai]].]]<br /> Many artworks from the Elephanta Caves ruins are now held in major museums around India. These include an almost completely destroyed [[Durga]] statue with only the buffalo demon with Durga's legs and some waist surviving. Other scholarly studied museum held Elephanta sculpture includes a part of Brahma head, several ruins of Vishnu from different statues, a range of panels and free-standing stone carvings.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.csmvs.in/currently-on-display/168-mahishasuramardini.html?highlight=WyJkdXJnYSJd Basalt: Elephanta Mahishasuramardini] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014401/http://www.csmvs.in/currently-on-display/168-mahishasuramardini.html?highlight=WyJkdXJnYSJd |date=7 November 2017 }}, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya, Maharashtra, Mid 6th century AD&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=S.N. Chakravarti |title=The Image of Brahma from Elephanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_lIAQAAIAAJ |volume=Lalit Kala. Issue 1–5 |year=1955 |publisher=Lalit Kala Akademi |pages=87–89}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Schastok, some of these are &quot;surely not part of the Great Cave&quot;, but it is unclear where they were found when they were moved elsewhere, or when ruins were cleared and restoration process initiated.&lt;ref name=schastok51/&gt;<br /> <br /> The significant statues of Vishnu are difficult to explain and to position inside other surviving caves. One theory states that some of the caves must have represented the [[Vaishnavism]] tradition. Another theory by some scholars, such as Moti Chandra, suggests that the island once had open-air structural Hindu temples in addition to the caves, but these were the first victims of art destruction.&lt;ref name=schastok51&gt;{{cite book |author=Sara L. Schastok |title=The Śāmalājī Sculptures and 6th Century Art in Western India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jh1fF8HvJmMC |year=1985 |publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=90-04-06941-0 |pages=43–44, 51–52}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Vishnu sculptures found among the Elephanta ruins express different styles. One wears a ''dhoti'' and has a looped girdle, while holding a conch at an angle near his thigh. The remnants of his sides suggest that this was likely a four arm iconography.&lt;ref name=schastok51/&gt; Another statue has elements of Shiva and Vishnu. It was identified to be Shiva by Pramod Chandra, as Kartikeya by Moti Chandra, and as Vishnu by others. It shows a chain link near the thigh, has a ''gada'' (mace) on side, and someone standing next to him with a damaged upper portion but with a small waist and full breasts suggestive of a [[Devi]]. This statue too is wearing a ''dhoti''.&lt;ref name=schastok51/&gt;<br /> <br /> The island also had a stone horse according to 18th century records, just like the stone elephant that made colonial Portuguese call it &quot;Ilha Elefante&quot;. However, this horse was removed to an unknown location before 1764.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=J. Ovington |title=A Voyage to Surat in the Year 1689 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVPc5Z6y3LkC&amp;pg=PA97 |year=1994 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0945-7 |pages=97–104 with footnotes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The ancient history of the island is unknown in both Hindu or Buddhist records. Archeological studies have uncovered many remains that suggest the small island had a rich cultural past, with evidence of human settlement by possibly the 2nd century BC.&lt;ref name=unesco/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;historic_places&quot;/&gt; The Elephanta site was first occupied by [[Hinayana]] Buddhists, before the arrival of the Brahmans to the island, to raise a large stupa to the [[Buddha]] with seven smaller stupas around it, probably around the 2nd century BCE.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Long before the Brahmans selected Elephanta for their temple to the Great God, the Hinayana Buddhists came to the island for more or less the same purpose, to raise a monument to the Buddha. To the early Buddhists a stupa was an object of supreme veneration...&quot; in {{cite book |last1=Kail |first1=Owen C. |title=Elephanta, the island of mystery |date=1984 |publisher=Taraporevala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ylweAAAAMAAJ |page=19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;archive.org&quot;/&gt; Coins of the Kshatrapas ([[Western Satraps]]) dating to the 4th century CE were found on the island.&lt;ref&gt;Archeological Survey of India [[:File:Elephanta Caves information board.JPG|on-site notice]]&lt;/ref&gt; The regional history is first recorded in the Gupta Empire era, but these do not explicitly mention these caves.&lt;ref name = &quot;historic_places&quot;/&gt; This has made the origins and the century in which Elephanta caves were built a subject of a historic dispute. They have been variously dated, mostly between from late 5th to late 8th century AD, largely based on the dating of other cave temples in the Deccan region.&lt;ref name = &quot;historic_places&quot;/&gt; Colonial era historians suggested that the caves were built by the [[Rashtrakutas]] in 7th century or after, a hypothesis primarily based on some similarities with the [[Ellora Caves]],&lt;ref name = &quot;historic_places&quot;/&gt; but this theory has been discredited by later findings.&lt;ref name=&quot;berkson3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spink2005p182&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Map of the Early Kalachuris.png|thumb|Map of the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Early Kalachuris]] circa 600 CE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=146, map XIV.2 (b)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> According to Archaeological Survey of India and UNESCO, the site was settled in ancient times and the cave temples were built between 5th and 6th century.&lt;ref name=unesco/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;historic_places&quot;/&gt; Contemporary scholars generally place the completion of the temples to the second quarter of the 6th century and as a continuation of the period of artistic flowering in the [[Gupta Empire]] era.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spink2005p182&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;historic_places&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Michell2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=George Michell |title=Elephanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2iExAQAAIAAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Jaico |isbn=978-8-184-95603-0 |pages=1–4, 30–33, 96–98}}&lt;/ref&gt; These scholars attribute these Cave temples to king Krishnaraja of the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuri dynasty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;berkson3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramrisch1988p443&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Stella Kramrisch |title=The Presence of Siva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjqfkgD6YCAC&amp;pg=PA443 |year=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0491-3 |pages=443–445}}&lt;/ref&gt; The dating to a mid 6th century completion and it being a predominantly Shiva monument built by a Hindu Kalachuri king is based on numismatic evidence, inscriptions, construction style and better dating of other Deccan cave temples including the [[Ajanta Caves]], and the more firm dating of Dandin's ''Dasakumaracarita''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spink2005p182&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Carmel Berkson |author2=Wendy Doniger |author3=George Michell |title=Elephanta: The Cave of Shiva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RYqq7um0hcC |year=1999 |publisher=Princeton University Press (Motilal Banarsidass, Reprint) |isbn=978-81-208-1284-0 |pages=3–6, 47–48}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Sara L. Schastok |title=The Śāmalājī Sculptures and 6th Century Art in Western India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jh1fF8HvJmMC |year=1985 |publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=90-04-06941-0 |pages=43–44}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Charles Collins, the significance of the Elephanta Caves is better understood by studying them in the context of ancient and early medieval Hindu literature, as well as in the context of other Buddhist, Hindu and Jain cave temples on the subcontinent. The historic Elephanta artwork was inspired by the legends, concepts and spiritual ideas found in the Vedic texts on Rudra and later Shiva, the epics, the Puranas and the Pashupata Shaivism literature corpus of [[Hinduism]] composed by the 5th-century. The panels reflect the ideas and stories widely accepted and well known to the artists and cave architects of India by about 525 CE. The accounts varies significantly in these texts and has been much distorted by later interpolations, but the Elephanta Cave panels represent the narrative version most significant in the 6th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Charles Dillard Collins |title=The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C |year=1988 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-88706-773-0 |pages=31–39}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Collins |first=Charles D. |title=Elephanta and the Ritual of the Lakulīśa-Pāśupatas |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |publisher=American Oriental Society |volume=102 |issue=4 |year=1982 |doi=10.2307/601969 |pages=605–609 |jstor=601969}}&lt;/ref&gt; The panels and artwork express through their eclecticism, flux and motion the influence of Vedic and post-Vedic religious thought on Hindu culture in mid 1st millennium CE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Carmel Berkson |author2=Wendy Doniger |author3=George Michell |title=Elephanta: The Cave of Shiva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RYqq7um0hcC |year=1999 |publisher=Princeton University Press (Motilal Banarsidass, Reprint) |isbn=978-81-208-1284-0 |pages=38–39}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After the caves' completion in the 6th century, Elephanta became popular regionally as Gharapuri (village of caves). The name is still used in the local [[Marathi language]].&lt;ref name=&quot;berkson41&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Carmel Berkson |author2=Wendy Doniger |author3=George Michell |title=Elephanta: The Cave of Shiva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RYqq7um0hcC |year=1999 |publisher=Princeton University Press (Motilal Banarsidass, Reprint) |isbn=978-81-208-1284-0 |pages=41–45}}&lt;/ref&gt; It became a part of the Gujarat Sultanate rulers, who ceded it to the Portuguese merchants in 1534. The Portuguese named the island &quot;Elephanta Island&quot; for the huge rock-cut stone statue of an elephant, the spot they used for docking their boats and as a landmark to distinguish it from other islands near Mumbai. The elephant statue was harmed in attempts to relocate it to England, was moved to the Victoria Gardens in 1864, was reassembled in 1914 by Cadell and Hewett, and now sits in the [[Jijamata Udyaan]] in Mumbai.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;historic places&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Trudy Ring |author2=Robert M. Salkin |author3=Sharon La Boda |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |pages=252–5 |chapter=Elephanta Island |year=1994 |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&amp;pg=PA252 |isbn=978-1-884964-04-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Sir William Foster |author2=Sir Evan Cotton |author3=L.M. Anstey |title=Bombay in the Days of Queen Anne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bAkkDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT157 |year=2017 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=978-1-317-17337-3 |pages=86, 157, note 3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Elephanta Elephant.jpg|thumb|left|The stone elephant that gave the name Elephanta. It used to be on the south shore of the island, the British attempted to move it to England in 1864, it broke, the reassembled pieces are now at the [[Jijamata Udyaan]].]]<br /> [[File:Aquatint of the Stone Elephant.jpg|left|thumb|The stone elephant prior from its removal from the island.]]<br /> <br /> Scholars are divided on who most defaced and damaged the Elephanta Caves. According to Macneil, the monuments and caves were already desecrated during the Sultanate rule, basing his findings on the Persian inscription on a door the leads to the grand cave.&lt;ref name=&quot;berkson41&quot;/&gt; In contrast, others such as Ovington and Pyke, link the greater damage to be from the Christian Portuguese soldiers and their texts which state they used the caves and statues as a firing range and for target practice.&lt;ref name=&quot;berkson41&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=James Campbell |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency |url=https://archive.org/details/gazetteerbombay21enthgoog |year=1882 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/gazetteerbombay21enthgoog/page/n100 84]–85}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ramaswami42&gt;{{cite book |author=N. S. Ramaswami |title=Indian Monuments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TAZc4KLSYjIC&amp;pg=PA79 |year=1971 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-0-89684-091-1 |pages=42–54}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Macneil concurs that Elephanta Caves were defaced and damaged during the colonial period but assigns the responsibility not to the soldiers but to the Portuguese authorities.&lt;ref name=&quot;berkson41&quot; /&gt; The colonial era British publications state they were &quot;defaced by the zeal of Mahommedans and Portuguese&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Elephanta Isle|volume=9|page=261}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Portuguese ceded the island in 1661 to the colonial British, but by then the Caves had seen considerable damage. The Portuguese had also removed and then lost an inscription stone from the caves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Collins |first=Charles D. |title=Elephanta and the Ritual of the Lakulīśa-Pāśupatas |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |publisher=American Oriental Society |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=605–617 |year=1982 |doi=10.2307/601969 |jstor=601969}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;frontline&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2423/stories/20071207505906600.htm |title=Simply grand |last=Benoy K. Behl |journal=Frontline |publisher=the publishers of The Hindu|access-date=16 February 2010 |volume=24 |issue=23|url-status=dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100216134608/http://flonnet.com/fl2423/stories/20071207505906600.htm|archive-date=16 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the British rule, many Europeans visited the caves during their visit to Bombay, then published their impressions and memoirs. Some criticised it as having &quot;nothing of beauty or art&quot;, while some called it &quot;enormous artwork, of extraordinary genius&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramaswami42&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The British relied on the port city of Bombay (now Mumbai), which led to it becoming a major urban center and the migration of Hindus looking for economic opportunities. The Elephanta caves re-emerged as a center of Hindu worship, and according to British administration records, the government charged the pilgrims a temple tax at least since 1872.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}<br /> <br /> In 1903, the Hindus petitioned the government to waive this fee, which the British agreed to on three Shiva festival days if Hindus agreed. The Elephants Caves were, otherwise, left in its ruinous condition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Preeti Chopra |title=A Joint Enterprise: Indian Elites and the Making of British Bombay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhTiCnh6RqAC&amp;pg=PA200 |year=2011 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-7036-9 |pages=200–201}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | direction = vertical<br /> | width = 240<br /> | footer = <br /> | image1 = Elephanta Cave figures drawing.jpg<br /> | image2 = Linga chapel dli A136 cor.jpg<br /> | caption2 = Samuel Bourne, &quot;Figures on the Linga Chapel. Elephanta,&quot; 1863-1869, photograph mounted on cardboard sheet, Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC<br /> | caption1 = A sketch and a photo of the Elephanta Caves in 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;[http://media-kitlv.nl/all-media/indeling/detail/form/advanced?q_search_signatuur=92158 Digital Image Archive: Leiden University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030628/http://media-kitlv.nl/all-media/indeling/detail/form/advanced?q_search_signatuur=92158 |date=7 November 2017 }}, The Netherlands&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> In the late 1970s, the Government of India restored the main cave in its attempt to make it a tourist and heritage site. The caves were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 as per the cultural criteria of UNESCO: the caves &quot;represent a masterpiece of human creative genius&quot; and &quot;bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilisation which is living or which has disappeared.&quot;&lt;ref name=unesco/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Preservation ==<br /> [[File:Elephanta tourists.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Tourists taking pictures of the Trimurti]]<br /> The convenient location of these caves near Mumbai (in comparison to other sites that are less well served by Indian travel infrastructure) and Western curiosity for historic Indian culture made Elephanta Caves a subject of numerous guide books and significant scholarly interest in the 20th century. The early speculations and misconceptions about these caves led to many interpretations and scholarly disagreements but also increased the support for their preservation. The publication of their condition, sketches and interpretation by James Burgess in 1871 brought wider attention.&lt;ref name=collins25/&gt; The earliest efforts to preserve the Elephanta Caves were taken by British India officials in 1909 when the site was placed under the Indian Archaeological Department and the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act included it within its scope. This helped isolate the island and preserve the ruins.&lt;ref name=collins25&gt;{{cite book |author=Charles Dillard Collins |title=The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C |year=1988 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-88706-773-0 |pages=1–2, 20–27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> More specific legislation to preserve the Elephanta Island monuments were enacted with the [[Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act]] of 1958 and Rules (1959); The Elephanta Island (Protected Monument) Rules of 1957, which prohibits mining, quarrying, blasting, excavation and other operations near the monument; the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act promulgated in 1972 with its Rules promulgated in 1973; a Notification issued in 1985 declaring the entire island and a {{convert|1|km|mi|adj=on}} area from the shore as &quot;a prohibited area&quot;; a series of Maharashtra State Government environmental acts protecting the site; the 1966 Regional and Town Planning Act; and the 1995 Heritage Regulations for Greater Bombay.&lt;ref name=state/&gt; However, it was in the 1970s that the site received active conservation and restoration efforts. These efforts put back the ruins of Cave 1 and select parts of broken pillars in other caves, along with developing the island as a heritage site.&lt;ref name=britelephanta/&gt;&lt;ref name=geo/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | image1 = Train in elephanta caves.jpg<br /> | width1 = 177<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | caption1 = <br /> | image2 = Thane Creek and Elephanta Island 03-2016 - img12 Elephanta Island ferry.jpg<br /> | width2 = 200<br /> | alt2 = <br /> | caption2 = <br /> | footer = A tourist toy train from dock to the Elephanta Caves; a typical boat that runs between [[Gateway of India]] and [[Elephanta Island]].<br /> }}<br /> The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), Mumbai Circle maintains and manages the Elephanta Caves. It is responsible for monitoring and stabilisation of the rock face, construction of supports to the cave structures where pillars have collapsed, and consolidation of cave floors and construction of a parapet wall surrounding the site. In addition, it maintains the visitor facilities and an on-site museum. The site receives approximately 1,000 visitors a day, more on Shiva ratri, dance festivals, the World Heritage Day (18 April) and World Heritage Week between 19 and 25 November for special events.&lt;ref name=state/&gt;<br /> <br /> After declaring the caves, a World Heritage Site, UNESCO and the ASI have worked together to monitor the site and implement conservation methods on a routine basis.&lt;ref name=state/&gt;<br /> <br /> == 3D Documentation and Virtual Tapestry Tour ==<br /> In May 2023, [[CyArk]] along with local partners India Study Centre (INSTUCEN) Trust documented the Cave 1 (Main Cave) complex as part of Phase II of the Heritage on the Edge programme in partnership with [[Google Arts &amp; Culture]]. The expanded programme was funded by [[Iron Mountain (company)|Iron Mountain]] and carried out with the support of the Mumbai Circle, [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. It involved documentation and processing of 197 laser scans, over 6500 photographs, 180 panorama shots supplemented by interviews with subject matter experts and locals. Following a preview in March 2024, a 3D interactive model and virtual guided experience of Elephanta's Main Cave was launched as an open access [https://tapestry.cyark.org/content/elephanta Tapestry Tour] in September 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2024 |title=This online medium creates an immersive experience of the historic Elephanta Caves for people |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/things-to-do/article/elephanta-in-the-room-23398719 |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==In literature==<br /> In her 1834 poetical illustration ''The Caves of Elephanta'', to an engraving of a painting by W. Purser, [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] laments the loss of the original spiritual purpose of this vast structure, so that now: 'The mighty shrine, undeified, speaks force, and only force, Man's meanest attribute'.&lt;ref&gt; {{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Bzk_AAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PA74|section=poetical illustration and picture|pages=55–56|year=1834|publisher=Fisher, Son &amp; Co.}} &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{wikisource|Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835/The Caves of Elephanta|The Caves of Elephanta,&lt;br&gt;a poetical illustration&lt;br /&gt;by L. E. L.}}<br /> <br /> The Elephanta Caves are mentioned more than once in [[Herman Melville]]'s ''[[Moby Dick]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Moby Dick |first=Herman |last=Melville |pages=39, 250 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XV8XAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=elephanta |date=1892 |publisher=St. Botolph Society |location=Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also feature in [[W. Somerset Maugham|Somerset Maugham]]'s 1944 novel ''The Razor's Edge''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Maugham |first=W. Somerset |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQ-e7N1Rm24C&amp;dq=The+Razor%27s+Edge+elephanta+caves&amp;pg=PT341 |title=The Razor's Edge |date=26 January 2011 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-307-78508-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|India|Society}}<br /> {{Div col}}<br /> *[[Ajanta Caves]]<br /> *[[Ellora Caves]]<br /> *[[Goa Inquisition]]<br /> *[[History of Maharashtra]]<br /> *[[Indian rock-cut architecture]]<br /> *[[List of colossal sculpture in situ|List of colossal sculpture ''in situ'']]<br /> *[[List of rock-cut temples in India]]<br /> *[[Tourism in India]]<br /> {{Div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ===Bibliography===<br /> *{{cite book |author=Prasanna Kumar Acharya |title=An encyclopaedia of Hindu architecture |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press (Republished by Motilal Banarsidass) |url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofh07achauoft#page/n9/mode/2up |isbn=978-81-7536-534-6}}<br /> *{{cite book |author=Prasanna Kumar Acharya |title=A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture: Treating of Sanskrit Architectural Terms with Illustrative Quotations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbayQwAACAAJ |year=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press (Reprinted in 1997 by Motilal Banarsidass) |isbn=978-81-7536-113-3}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Carmel Berkson |title=Elephanta: the cave of Shiva |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RYqq7um0hcC&amp;q=elephanta |isbn=978-81-208-1284-0 |year=1999}}<br /> *{{cite book |author1=Vinayak Bharne |author2=Krupali Krusche |title=Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4}}<br /> *{{cite book |author=Alice Boner |title=Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC |year=1990 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0705-1}}<br /> *{{cite book |author1=Alice Boner |author2=Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā |title=Silpa Prakasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itQUAAAAIAAJ |year=2005 |publisher=Brill Academic (Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass) |isbn=978-8120820524}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Charles Dillard Collins |title=The iconography and ritual of Śiva at Elephanta |publisher=SUNY Press. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C&amp;q=elephanta&amp;pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-88706-773-0 |date=1 January 1988}}<br /> *{{cite book |author1=A.K. Coomaraswamy |author2=Michael W. Meister |title=Essays in Architectural Theory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5B1QAAAAMAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts |isbn=978-0-19-563805-9}}<br /> *Dehejia, V. (1997). ''Indian Art''. Phaidon: London. {{ISBN|0-7148-3496-3}}.<br /> *{{cite book |author=Adam Hardy |title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C |year=1995 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-312-0}}<br /> *{{cite book |author=Adam Hardy |title=The Temple Architecture of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofUVAQAAIAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0470028278}}<br /> *{{cite book |author=Adam Hardy |title=Theory and Practice of Temple Architecture in Medieval India: Bhoja's Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra and the Bhojpur Line Drawings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oADrgEACAAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts |isbn=978-93-81406-41-0}}<br /> *Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}<br /> *{{cite book |author=Monica Juneja |title=Architecture in Medieval India: Forms, Contexts, Histories |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7N7VAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-8178242286}}<br /> *{{cite book |author=Stella Kramrisch |title=The Hindu Temple Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C |year=1976 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press) |isbn=978-81-208-0223-0}}<br /> *{{cite book |author=Stella Kramrisch |title=The Hindu Temple Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-aS52MgIkMC |year=1979 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press) |isbn=978-81-208-0224-7}}<br /> *{{cite book |author1=Michael W. Meister |author2=Madhusudan Dhaky |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian temple architecture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DRY3AQAAIAAJ |year=1986 |publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies |isbn=978-0-8122-7992-4}}<br /> *{{cite book |author=George Michell |title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC |year=1988 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53230-1}}<br /> *{{cite book |author=George Michell |title=Hindu Art and Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/hinduartarchitec00mich|url-access=registration |year=2000 |publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-20337-8}}<br /> *{{cite book |author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao |title=Elements of Hindu iconography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC |year=1993 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0878-2}}<br /> *{{cite book |author=Ajay J. Sinha |title=Imagining Architects: Creativity in the Religious Monuments of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvqLzaSUGi8C |year=2000 |publisher=University of Delaware Press |isbn=978-0-87413-684-5}}<br /> *{{cite book |title=South Indian Temples |author=Burton Stein |isbn=978-0706904499 |publisher=Vikas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq5BngAACAAJ |year=1978}}<br /> *{{cite book |author=Burton Stein |title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC |year=1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26693-2}}<br /> *{{cite book |author1=Burton Stein |author2=David Arnold |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC |year=2010 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1}}<br /> *{{cite book |author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=The Square and the Circle of the Indian Arts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwLJc3pBzzUC&amp;pg=PR10 |year=1997 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-362-5}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Elephanta Caves}}<br /> {{Wikiquote}}<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081021063323/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_elephanta.asp World Heritage Sites - Elephanta Caves], Archaeological Survey of India<br /> *[http://www.abhijna-emuseum.com/exhibition/elephanta-caves-where-the-lord-of-the-lords-resides/ Elephanta Caves], Abhijna Museum<br /> *[http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/dlSearch.do?query=any,contains,elephanta+caves&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;institution=BL&amp;search_scope=LSCOP-WEBSITE&amp;tab=website_tab Archive of historic Elephanta Caves ruins photographs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201859/http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/dlSearch.do?query=any,contains,elephanta+caves&amp;vid=BLVU1&amp;institution=BL&amp;search_scope=LSCOP-WEBSITE&amp;tab=website_tab |date=24 June 2021 }}, British Library<br /> *[https://collections.vam.ac.uk/place/elephanta/x43990/ Archive of historic Elephanta Caves sketches and paintings], V&amp;A Museum<br /> *{{Wikivoyage-inline}}<br /> *[http://7thtraveler.com/elephanta-caves-history-ferry-timings-entry-fee-contact-information/ Elephanta Caves Timings &amp; Ferry Timetable]<br /> * A painting of ''Triad Figure, Interior of Elephanta'' by [[Samuel Prout]] engraved by [[William Woolnoth]] for Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1834, as an illustration to [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]]'s poem {{ws|[[s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1834/The Missionary|The Missionary]]}}.<br /> <br /> {{Caves around Mumbai}}<br /> {{Hindu inscriptions and arts|state=autocollapse}}<br /> {{Indian Buddhist Caves}}<br /> {{Hindudharma}}<br /> {{Shaivism}} <br /> {{World Heritage Sites in India}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Heritage Sites in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Shiva temples in India]]<br /> [[Category:Chalukya dynasty]]<br /> [[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]<br /> [[Category:Buddhist caves in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Former populated places in India]]<br /> [[Category:Caves containing pictograms in India]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu cave temples in India]]<br /> [[Category:1st-millennium establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Raigad district]]<br /> [[Category:Gupta art]]<br /> [[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]<br /> [[Category:Public art in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu temples sacked in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]<br /> [[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Maharashtra]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Kannada_films_of_2011&diff=473080 2026-02-09T23:42:46Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: basic cleaned up lead and fixed typos to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|None}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br /> {{Sandalwood films}}<br /> A list of Kannada language films produced in the [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada film industry]] in India in 2011.<br /> <br /> * Films are generally released every Friday<br /> * In addition films can be released on specific [[festival|festival days]].<br /> <br /> ==Box office collection==<br /> The [[List of highest-grossing Kannada films|highest-grossing Kannada films]] released in 2011, by worldwide [[box office]] [[gross revenue]], are as follows.<br /> <br /> The rank of the films in the following depends on the worldwide gross. The budget is only for knowledgeable purpose.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto; margin:auto;&quot;<br /> |+The highest worldwide gross of 2011<br /> |-<br /> ! Rank !! Title<br /> ! Production company !! Worldwide gross !! References<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |''[[Saarathi]]''<br /> |Sri Araseshwari Cine Productions<br /> |{{INRConvert|12.5|c|year=2}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;10&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=29 December 2011 |title=Top earning Kannada movies of 2011 |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/top-earning-kannada-movies-of-2011/articleshow/21446749.cms |access-date=2024-04-12 |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |''[[Hudugaru]]''<br /> |Chakreshwari Combines<br /> |{{INRConvert|9|c}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |3<br /> |''[[Kempe Gowda (film)|Kempe Gowda]]''<br /> |Shankar Productions<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{INRConvert|8|c}}<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Jogayya]]''<br /> |Prem Pictures<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Paramathma (film)|Paramathma]]''<br /> |[[Jayanna Combines]]<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |''[[Vishnuvardhana (film)|Vishnuvardhana]]''<br /> |Dwarkish Studios<br /> |{{INRConvert|7|c}}<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |''[[Johny Mera Naam Preethi Mera Kaam]]''<br /> |[[Jayanna Combines]]<br /> |{{INRConvert|4.5|c}}<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |''[[Sanju Weds Geetha]]''<br /> |Guru Raghavendra Productions<br /> |{{INRConvert|3.5|c}}<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |''[[Kirataka]]''<br /> |Amigo Indrajal Movies<br /> |{{INRConvert|3|c}}<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |''[[Shyloo]]''<br /> |K. Manju Cinemas<br /> |{{INRConvert|2|c}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Released films==<br /> <br /> === January–June ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Opening<br /> ! style=&quot;width:13%;&quot;|Title<br /> ! Director !! Cast !! Music Director !! Genre !! Notes !! Ref<br /> |- January!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;&quot;| '''J&lt;br /&gt;A&lt;br /&gt;N'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''7th'''<br /> | ''[[Sri Naga Shakthi]]'' || [[Om Sai Prakash]] || [[Ramkumar]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruthi]], [[Ramesh Bhat]]|| Sri Ganesh || [[Drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/01/movies-releasing-on-7thfriday-hindi.html |title=Movies releasing on 7th(Friday): Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam &amp; Kannada: Currentweek Cinema: News, Review, Rating, Collections |publisher=Cinema.currentweek.net |date=7 January 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''14th'''<br /> | ''[[Boss (2011 film)|Boss]]'' || P. Raghuraj || [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]], [[Navya Nair]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Umashree]], [[Rekha Vedavyas]]|| [[V. Harikrishna]] || [[Action film|Action]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.asklaila.com/movie/Bangalore/Boss/942/ |title=Boss, release date, showtimes in Bangalore, reviews, cast info |publisher=asklaila |date=14 January 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605054916/http://www.asklaila.com/movie/Bangalore/Boss/942/ |archive-date=5 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''21st'''<br /> | ''[[Kanteerava]]'' || [[Tushar Ranganath]] || [[Duniya Vijay]], [[Shuba Poonja]], [[Rishika Singh]] || [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]] ||[[Action film|Action]] ||Remake of Telugu film ''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]''|| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/144-films-news/3185-clash-of-big-movies.html?5835f6087eac4ed250b8054e531d591c=477f39cc1c38f2845ab023a759558078 |title=Bhanumathi Dead - chitraloka.com &amp;#124; Kannada Movie News, Reviews &amp;#124; Images |website=www.chitraloka.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321025954/http://www.chitraloka.com/news/144-films-news/3185-clash-of-big-movies.html?5835f6087eac4ed250b8054e531d591c=477f39cc1c38f2845ab023a759558078 |archive-date=21 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Olave Mandara]]'' || Jayatheertha || Srikanth, Akanksha, [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=+src+ |url=http://www.infocera.com/Kannada_upcoming_movies_in_2011,_Kannada_movie_calendar_2011,_List_of_movie_11651.htm |title=Kannada upcoming movies in 2011, Kannada movie calendar 2011, List of movie |publisher=Infocera.com |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317054021/http://www.infocera.com/Kannada_upcoming_movies_in_2011%2C_Kannada_movie_calendar_2011%2C_List_of_movie_11651.htm |archive-date=17 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''28th'''<br /> | ''[[Ee Sanje]]'' || Shree || Aarya, [[Sanjjana]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] || Jai Shivu || [[Romance film|Romance]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2011/sanjjana-ee-sanjey-release-january-28-110111.html |title=Sanjjana's Ee Sanje releasing on January 28 |publisher=Oneindia |date=11 January 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707171741/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2011/sanjjana-ee-sanjey-release-january-28-110111.html |archive-date=7 July 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Manasina Maathu]]'' || Anantha Raju || [[Ajay Rao]], [[Aindrita Ray]], Lohith || A. M. Neel || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Roja Kootam]]'' || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2011/ee-sanje-vs-manasina-maathu-boxoffice-270111-aid0062.html |title=Ee Sanje Vs. Manasina Maathu at Box Office |publisher=Oneindia |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710143853/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2011/ee-sanje-vs-manasina-maathu-boxoffice-270111-aid0062.html |archive-date=10 July 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- February!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;14&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:thistle; textcolor:#000;&quot;| '''F&lt;br /&gt;E&lt;br /&gt;B'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4th'''<br /> | ''[[Kal Manja]]'' || [[Guruprasad]] || [[Komal Kumar]], [[Udhayathara]], [[Aishwarya Nag]] || Emil Mohammed || [[Comedy (genre)|Comedy]] || Remake of Malayalam film ''[[Chathikkatha Chanthu]]'' || &lt;ref&gt;http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/112987/Kal-Manja-February-4th.html {{dead link|date=July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kalgejje]]'' || A. Bangaru || Vishwas, Roopika, [[Ananth Nag]]|| Gandharva || [[Drama (genre)|Drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2011/kal-manja-kalgejje-release-030211-aid0062.html |title=Kal Manja, Kalgejje releasing this week |publisher=Oneindia |date=3 February 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709153038/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2011/kal-manja-kalgejje-release-030211-aid0062.html |archive-date=9 July 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''11th'''<br /> | ''[[Kote (film)|Kote]]'' || Srinivas Raju || [[Prajwal Devaraj]], [[Dimple Chopade]], Priyanka Rao, [[P. Ravi Shankar]] || [[Raghu Dixit]] || [[Action (genre)|Action]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/144-films-news/3270-prajwal-devaraj-in-lead.html?5835f6087eac4ed250b8054e531d591c=ac086e5435c7ff1c4b32c56c1389daab |title=Kakathkar Voice over - chitraloka.com &amp;#124; Kannada Movie News, Reviews &amp;#124; Image |website=www.chitraloka.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012932/http://www.chitraloka.com/news/144-films-news/3270-prajwal-devaraj-in-lead.html?5835f6087eac4ed250b8054e531d591c=ac086e5435c7ff1c4b32c56c1389daab |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rangappa Hogbitna]]'' || M. L. Prasanna || [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Sanjjana]], [[Sanchari Vijay]] || M. L. Prasanna || [[Comedy (genre)|Comedy]] || Inspired by ''[[Death at a Funeral (2010 film)|Death at a Funeral]]'' (2010)||&lt;ref name=&quot;supergoodmovies1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/12662/sandalwood/Four-for-Friday-News-Details |title=Four for Friday |publisher=Supergoodmovies.com |access-date=28 July 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318130622/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/12662/sandalwood/Four-for-Friday-News-Details |archive-date=18 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''1 Day'' || Naveen || Appu Venkatesh, Sahana Murthy, Revanna, Mohan Juneja || Vijaya Bharathi || [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] || Remake of Hindi film ''[[Aamir (film)|Aamir]]'' (2008) || &lt;ref name=&quot;supergoodmovies1&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Suicide'' || Prasad Guru || Ruthwik, Kalyani, [[Sharath Lohitashwa]], [[Suchendra Prasad]] || A. T. Raveesh || [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] || || &lt;ref name=&quot;supergoodmovies1&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''18th'''<br /> | ''[[Veera Bahu (film)|Veera Bahu]]'' || [[S. Mahendar]] || [[Duniya Vijay]], [[Nidhi Subbaiah]], [[Vinaya Prasad]], [[Rangayana Raghu]] || [[V. Harikrishna]] || [[Action (genre)|Action]] || || &lt;ref name=&quot;supergoodmovies2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/12892/sandalwood/Three-Films-Are-Releasing-This-Friday-News-Details |title=Three Films Are Releasing This Friday |publisher=Supergoodmovies.com |access-date=28 July 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318130634/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/12892/sandalwood/Three-Films-Are-Releasing-This-Friday-News-Details |archive-date=18 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[5 Idiots]]'' || [[Master Anand]] || [[Master Anand]], Vasu, [[Naveen Krishna]], Namratha Hegde, [[Harshika Poonachha]] || Drums Deva || [[Comedy (genre)|Comedy]] || Remake of Hindi film ''[[Darwaza Bandh Rakho]]'' || &lt;ref name=&quot;supergoodmovies2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Naavu Nam Hendthiru'' || Seetharam Karanth || [[Harish Raj]], Ashwini, Akshata Shetty, Nethra Shetty || A. J. Prasanna || [[Drama (genre)|Drama]] || Based on the drama ''Samsaradalli Sanidapa'' || &lt;ref name=&quot;supergoodmovies2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''25th'''<br /> | ''Karthik'' || Sathish Shetty || [[Kartik Shetty]], [[Archana Gupta]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Milind Gunaji]], [[Sudha Belawadi]] || John Varki || [[Drama (genre)|Drama]] || Remake of Hindi film ''[[Betaab]]'' (1983) || &lt;ref name=&quot;indiaglitz1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/64234.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703034543/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/64234.html |archive-date=3 July 2011 |title=Five for Friday |website=IndiaGlitz |date=23 February 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Gun (2011 film)|Gun]]'' || [[Harish Raj]] || [[Harish Raj]], [[Mallika Kapoor]], [[Nikita Thukral]]|| Ronnie Raphael || [[Action (genre)|Action]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/11532/sandalwood/Gun-Ready-to-Fire-On-Silver-Screen-News-Details |title='Gun' Ready to Fire On Silver Screen |publisher=Supergoodmovies.com |date=3 January 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209121227/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/11532/sandalwood/Gun-Ready-to-Fire-On-Silver-Screen-News-Details |archive-date=9 February 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Saacha'' || Issac Baaji || Mahadev, Divya Sridhar|| Parameshwara Hegde || [[Drama (genre)|Drama]]|| ||&lt;ref name=&quot;indiaglitz1&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aptha]]'' || Sanjeev Kumar || [[Pooja Gandhi]], Neeraj Sham, [[Sadhu Kokila]]|| Escar Mario || [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/56860.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515121742/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/56860.html |archive-date=15 May 2010 |title=Pooja Gandhi in 'Aptha' |website=IndiaGlitz |date=11 May 2010 |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Take It Easy'' || Ananth Padmanabh || [[Ananth Nag]], [[Shashikumar]], [[Abhijeeth]], [[Sanjjana]], [[Sharmila Mandre]]|| M. N. Krupakar || Comedy || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/12014/sandalwood/Take-it-Easy-Completed-in-16-days-News-Details |title=Take it Easy Completed in 16 days |publisher=Supergoodmovies.com |date=24 January 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708060108/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/12014/sandalwood/take-it-easy-completed-in-16-days-news-details |archive-date=8 July 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- March!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;&quot;| '''M&lt;br /&gt;A&lt;br /&gt;R'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4th'''<br /> | ''[[Rama Rama Raghu Rama]]'' || Raghu Raj || [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Doddanna]], [[Shobaraj]] ||[[V. Harikrishna]] || Comedy || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bangalore.burrp.com/movie/rama-rama-raghu-rama/book-tickets/125271584/today |title=Rama Rama Raghu Rama - Movie Showtimes, Book Tickets - today - burrp.com |publisher=Bangalore.burrp.com |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726045646/http://bangalore.burrp.com/movie/rama-rama-raghu-rama/book-tickets/125271584/today |archive-date=26 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''10th'''<br /> | ''[[Kempe Gowda (film)|Kempe Gowda]]'' || [[Sudeep]] || [[Sudeep]], [[Ragini Dwivedi]], [[P. Ravishankar]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[Girish Karnad]] || [[Arjun Janya]] || Action || Remake of the Tamil film ''[[Singam]]'' || &lt;ref name=&quot;supergoodmovies3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/13772/sandalwood/Kempe-Gowda-in-100-Plus-Theaters-on-Thursday-News-Details |title='Kempe Gowda' in 100 Plus Theaters on Thursday |publisher=Supergoodmovies.com |access-date=28 July 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318130747/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/13772/sandalwood/Kempe-Gowda-in-100-Plus-Theaters-on-Thursday-News-Details |archive-date=18 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''11th'''<br /> | ''[[Shravana (film)|Shravana]]'' || B. S. Rajashekar || [[Vijay Raghavendra]], Bhuvan Chandra, Sandeep, [[Gayathiri Iyer|Gayathri Iyer]] || Karthik Bhoopathy || Romance || || &lt;ref name=&quot;supergoodmovies3&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan-&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''18th'''<br /> | ''[[Uyyale (2011 film)|Uyyale]]'' || S. Dinesh || Prabhu, Shilpa, [[Ramesh Bhat]], [[Doddanna]], [[Jai Jagadish]], [[Tennis Krishna]] || Dj Ricky || [[Sentimentality|Sentimental Drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://intvlive.com/Intv-News/03-16-2011/2011-03-16_Uyyale.html |title=Uyyale hit the screen on 18th |publisher=Intvlive.com |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818151803/http://intvlive.com/Intv-News/03-16-2011/2011-03-16_Uyyale.html |archive-date=18 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''25th'''<br /> | ''[[Nee Illadhe]]'' || Shiva Ganapathy || [[Raghu Mukherjee]], [[Pooja Gandhi]]|| Ashley Mendonca, Abhilash Lakra || Romance || Remake of Hindi film ''[[Gangster (2006 film)|Gangster]]'' (2006) || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/14701/sandalwood/Nee-Illadhe-for-Friday-News-Details |title='Nee Illadhe' for Friday |publisher=Supergoodmovies.com |date=24 March 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318132422/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/14701/sandalwood/Nee-Illadhe-for-Friday-News-Details |archive-date=18 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''31st'''<br /> | ''[[Prince (2011 film)|Prince]]'' || [[Om Prakash Rao]] || [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]], [[Jennifer Kotwal]], [[Nikita Thukral]]|| [[V. Harikrishna]] || Romance, Action || || &lt;ref name=&quot;supergoodmovies4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/15050/sandalwood/Prince-Sanju-Weds-Geetha-Journey-this-week-News-Details |title=Prince, Sanju Weds Geetha, Journey this week! |publisher=Supergoodmovies.com |date=30 March 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110402082105/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/15050/sandalwood/Prince-Sanju-Weds-Geetha-journey-this-week-News-Details |archive-date=2 April 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- April!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;11&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ffdead; textcolor:#000;&quot;| '''A&lt;br /&gt;P&lt;br /&gt;R'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1st'''<br /> | ''[[Sanju Weds Geetha]]'' || [[Nagashekar]] || [[Srinagar Kitty]], [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]], [[Umashree]] [[Jai Jagadish]]|| [[Jassie Gift]] || Drama, Romance || ||&lt;ref name=&quot;supergoodmovies4&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Journey'' || B. S. Sanjay || Arjun, Bharath Kalyan, Shanthipriya, Nisha, Mahesh Balaji|| [[Jassie Gift]] || Romance, Thriller || Inspired from Hindi film ''[[Road (2002 film)|Road]]'' || &lt;ref name=&quot;supergoodmovies4&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''8th'''<br /> | ''[[Prema Chandrama]]'' || Shahuraj Shinde || [[Raghu Mukherjee]], [[Kiran Srinivas]], [[Rekha Vedavyas]] || [[V. Harikrishna]] || Romance || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bangalore.explocity.com/movie-guide/kannada-releases/prema-chandrama-1235/ |title=Prema Chandrama &amp;#124; Kannada &amp;#124; Bangalore &amp;#124; Explocity.Com |publisher=Bangalore.explocity.com |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411050700/http://bangalore.explocity.com/movie-guide/kannada-releases/prema-chandrama-1235/ |archive-date=11 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mathond Madhuvena]]'' || [[Dinesh Babu]] || [[Ananth Nag]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[Naveen Krishna]], [[Jennifer Kotwal]] || Giridhar Diwan || Comedy || || <br /> |-<br /> | ''106 Kanasu'' || Aviram || Vasu Biradar, Bharath, Shreyas, Manoj, Jayanth|| [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || || <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''15th'''<br /> | ''[[Dandam Dashagunam]]'' || K. Madhesh || [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]], [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]], [[Thilak Shekar]], [[P. Ravishankar]] || [[V. Harikrishna]] || [[Action film|Action]] || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]'' || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mybangalore.com/movies/dandam-dashagunam.html |title=Dandam Dashagunam Movie in Bangalore &amp;#124; Dandam Dashagunam show timings &amp;#124; Kannada |publisher=Mybangalore.com |date=15 April 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Ellellu Neene Nannallu Neene'' || Richard Castellino || Rohith, Sampritha, Rajinikanth, Neenasam Ashwath|| Vijaya Bharathi || [[Romance film|Romance]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/76/2011041420110414204523318d2fc6eff/iEllellu-Neene-Nannallu-Neenei-Lost-in-transition.html |title=Ellellu Neene Nannallu Neene: Lost in transition, Entertainment - Movie Review - Bangalore Mirror, Bangalore Mirror |publisher=Bangaloremirror.com |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831033701/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/76/2011041420110414204523318d2fc6eff/iEllellu-Neene-Nannallu-Neenei-Lost-in-transition.html |archive-date=31 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''22nd'''<br /> | ''[[Murali Meets Meera]]'' || Mahesh Rao || [[Prajwal Devaraj]], [[Reema Vohra]], [[Harshika Poonachha]] || [[Abhiman Roy]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cinecurry.com/movie/kannada/murali-meets-meera |title=Murali Meets Meera &amp;#124; Kannada Movie Review, Trailers, Music Videos, Songs, Wallpapers, Story, Synopsis, Star Cast, Music Review, Box Office Collection, Official Site |publisher=Cinecurry |date=22 April 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308191635/http://www.cinecurry.com/movie/kannada/murali-meets-meera |archive-date=8 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Double Decker (2011 film)|Double Decker]]'' || Victory Vasu || [[Jaggesh]], [[Shradha Arya]]|| Purandar Jaipal || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Remake of Hindi film ''[[Sandwich (2006 film)|Sandwich]]'' || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://movies.sulekha.com/double-decker_kannada_movie_release-date |title=Double Decker Release Date&amp;#124;Double Decker Kannada Movie Releasing Date&amp;#124;Jaggesh&amp;#124; |publisher=Movies.sulekha.com |date=1 July 2012 |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''29th'''<br /> | ''[[Dhool (2011 film)|Dhool]]'' || [[Dharani (director)|Dharani]] || [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]], [[Aindrita Ray]], [[Prakash Raj]] || [[V. Harikrishna]] || [[Action film|Action]] || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam]]'' || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/yogi-aindrita-in-dhool-imagegallery-kannada-le2qTBjjgdc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506045908/http://www.sify.com/movies/Yogi-Aindrita-in-Dhool-imagegallery-kannada-le2qTBjjgdc.html |archive-date=6 May 2011 |title=Yogi, Aindrita in Dhool |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Hori'' || Narendra Magadi || [[Vinod Prabhakar]], [[Gowri Munjal]]|| Renu || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Remake of Malayalam film ''[[Meesa Madhavan]]'' || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/17038/sandalwood/Hori-Kannada-Movie-Review-Movie-Review-Details |title=Hori Kannada Movie Review |publisher=Supergoodmovies.com |date=29 April 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401194539/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/17038/sandalwood/Hori-Kannada-Movie-Review-Movie-Review-Details |archive-date=1 April 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- May!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#edafaf; textcolor:#000;&quot;| '''M&lt;br /&gt;A&lt;br /&gt;Y'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5th'''<br /> | ''[[Hudugaru]]'' || K. Madesh || [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], [[Radhika Pandit]], [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]], [[Srinagar Kitty]], [[Ramya Barna]] || [[V. Harikrishna]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Nadodigal]]'' || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/kannada-chitraloka-latest-news/140-latest-news/3526-puneeth-rajkumar-movie.html?5835f6087eac4ed250b8054e531d591c=040cd96f15551770f28bb1f56813f486 |title=chitraloka.com |publisher=chitraloka.com |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''13th'''<br /> | ''[[Kool...Sakkath Hot Maga]]'' || [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] || [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]], [[Aamna Sharif]], [[Sadhu Kokila]] || [[V. Harikrishna]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/review/12433.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920230827/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/review/12433.html |archive-date=20 September 2010 |title=Cool Sakkath Hot Maga Kannada Movie Review - cinema preview stills gallery trailer video clips showtimes |website=IndiaGlitz |date=13 May 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Devadas (2011 film)|Devadas]]'' || Shanthakumar || [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]], [[Neetu Singh (born 1990)|Neetu Singh]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[Ramesh Bhat]]|| [[Jassie Gift]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://onlineupdater.blogspot.com/2011/05/devadas-kannada-movie-review-release.html |title= Online Updater: Devadas Kannada Movie Review Release Date, Cast, Crew, Story Images, Devadas Movie Stills|website=onlineupdater.blogspot.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516151823/http://onlineupdater.blogspot.com/2011/05/devadas-kannada-movie-review-release.html |archive-date=16 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''20th'''<br /> | ''[[Puttakkana Highway]]'' || [[B. Suresha]] || [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Ramesh Bhat]], [[Veena Sundar]]|| [[Hamsalekha]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by [[Duet movies]] and Media House|| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/puttakkana-highway-on-may-20-news-kannada-lfrkMehdcce.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521051539/http://www.sify.com/movies/puttakkana-highway-on-may-20-news-kannada-lfrkMehdcce.html |archive-date=21 May 2011 |title=Puttakkana Highway on May 20 |website=[[Sify]] |date=17 May 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Kadheemaru'' || Rajashekar || Deepak, [[Thilak Shekar]], Patre Ajith, Raviteja, [[Adi Lokesh]], Madhuri, Priyanka Chandra || M. S. Maruthi || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Remake of Hindi film ''[[Plan (film)|Plan]]'' || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/10159/kadhimaru.html |title=Kadhimaru - Movie Reviews, Videos, Wallpapers, Photos, Cast &amp; Crew, Story &amp; Synopsis on |publisher=Oneindia |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717063143/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/10159/kadhimaru.html |archive-date=17 July 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''27th'''<br /> | ''[[Mallikarjuna (film)|Mallikarjuna]]'' || Murali Mohan || [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[Sadha]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Ramya Barna]], [[Ramesh Bhat]]|| [[S. A. Rajkumar]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||Remake of Tamil film ''[[Thavasi]]'' || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/61083.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029015754/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/61083.html |archive-date=29 October 2010 |title=Ravi is 'Mallikarjuna' |website=IndiaGlitz |date=25 October 2010 |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Noorondu Bagilu'' || Vemagal Jagannatha Rao || [[Kiran Srinivas]], [[Bianca Desai]]|| [[V. Manohar]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://movies.sulekha.com/noorondu-baagilu_kannada_movie_release-date |title=Noorondu Baagilu Release Date&amp;#124;Noorondu Baagilu Kannada Movie Releasing Date&amp;#124; &amp;#124; |publisher=Movies.sulekha.com |date=12 May 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- June!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d9c1b0; textcolor:#000;&quot;| '''J&lt;br /&gt;U&lt;br /&gt;N'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3rd'''<br /> | ''[[Johny Mera Naam Preethi Mera Kaam]]'' || [[Preetham Gubbi]] || [[Duniya Vijay]], [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Sadhu Kokila]]|| [[V. Harikrishna]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/9554/johny-mera-naam-preethi-mera.html |title=Johny Mera Naam Preethi Mera Kaam - Movie Reviews, Videos, Wallpapers, Photos, Cast &amp; Crew, Story &amp; Synopsis on |publisher=Oneindia |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121151104/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/9554/johny-mera-naam-preethi-mera.html |archive-date=21 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rajadhani (2011 film)|Rajadhani]]'' || Raghu Jaya || [[Yash (actor)|Yash]], [[Sheena Shahabadi]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Chetan Chandra]], [[Umashree]]|| [[Arjun Janya]] || [[Socialism|Social Drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://movies.nomorequeue.com/Rajadhani-book-online-movie-tickets/2395/Movies.html |title=Rajadhani movie tickets online booking, Rajadhani Movie Release - NoMoreQ.com |publisher=Movies.nomorequeue.com |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Dushtaa''|| [[S. Narayan]] || Pankaj Narayan, [[Surabhi Santosh]] || [[S. Narayan]]/Dharma Vish (background score) || [[Action film|Action]], [[Romance film|Romance]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/movie-cast/7392/dushta.html |title=Dushta Cast and Crew &amp;#124; Star Cast &amp;#124; Kannada Movie &amp;#124; Dushta Actor &amp;#124; Actress &amp;#124; Director &amp;#124; Music &amp;#124; Oneindia.in |publisher=Oneindia |date=3 June 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719111744/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/movie-cast/7392/dushta.html |archive-date=19 July 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''10th'''<br /> | ''[[Namitha I Love You]]'' || M. Jayasimha Reddy || [[Namitha]], Pruthviraj, Gollahalli Shivaprasad, [[Tennis Krishna]] || M. Jayasimha Reddy || [[Masala film|Masala]] || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=SGM |url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/06/movies-releasing-this-friday-10th-june.html |title=Movies Releasing This Friday (10th June 2011): Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam: Currentweek Cinema: News, Review, Rating, Collections |publisher=Cinema.currentweek.net |date=5 June 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316122223/http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/06/movies-releasing-this-friday-10th-june.html |archive-date=16 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''17th'''<br /> | ''[[I Am Sorry Mathe Banni Preethsona]]'' || Ravindra H. P. || [[Prem Kumar (Kannada actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Karishma Tanna]], [[Sanjjana]], [[Dileep Raj]]|| [[Anoop Seelin]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || || &lt;ref name=&quot;nomorequeue1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://movies.nomorequeue.com/I-Am-Sorry-Mathe-Banni-Preethisona-book-online-movie-tickets/2982/Movies.html |title=I Am Sorry Mathe Banni Preethisona movie tickets online booking, I Am Sorry Mathe Banni Preethisona Movie Release - NoMoreQ.com |publisher=Movies.nomorequeue.com |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Oscar'' || Krishna || Ashok Kumar, Priyanka Bulgannavar, Sangeetha Shetty || [[Abhiman Roy]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.musiqbuzz.com/kannada/movie/oscar/review/ |title=Oscar Review, Oscar Kannada Movie Review Musiqbuzz.info |publisher=Musiqbuzz.com |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bettada Jeeva]]'' || [[P. Sheshadri]] || [[H. G. Dattatreya]], Rameshwari Varma, [[Suchendra Prasad]] || [[V. Manohar]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Based on the Novel by [[K. Shivaram Karanth]] || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=B S Srivani |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/169683/bettada-jeeva.html |title=Bettada Jeeva |publisher=Deccanherald.com |date=18 June 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''24th'''<br /> | ''[[Dhan Dhana Dhan]]'' || Ramnath || [[Prem Kumar (Kannada actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Sharmiela Mandre]], [[Ananth Nag]], [[Rangayana Raghu]]|| [[Sai Karthik]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || || &lt;ref name=&quot;bookmyshow1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/Dhan-Dhana-Dhan-(Kannada)/ET00007280 |title=Dhan Dhana Dhan (Kannada) - Book movie tickets. BookMyShow India |publisher=In.bookmyshow.com |date=24 June 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kirataka]]'' || Pradeep Raj || [[Yash (actor)|Yash]], [[Oviya Helen]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[T. S. Nagabharana]]|| [[V. Manohar]] || [[Romantic comedy]] || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Kalavani]]'' || &lt;ref name=&quot;bookmyshow1&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Maagiya Kaala'' || Shivarudraiah || Nishanth, Bindushree ||K. P. Venkatesh || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Based on Ishwar Chandra's novel &quot;Ondu Soorina Kathe&quot; ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/10091/maagiya-kaala.html |title=Maagiya Kaala - Movie Reviews, Videos, Wallpapers, Photos, Cast &amp; Crew, Story &amp; Synopsis on |publisher=Oneindia |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716102648/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/10091/maagiya-kaala.html |archive-date=16 July 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===July – December===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Opening<br /> ! style=&quot;width:13%;&quot;|Title<br /> ! Director !! Cast !! Music Director !! Genre !! Notes !! Ref<br /> |- July!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;12&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;&quot;| '''J&lt;br /&gt;U&lt;br /&gt;L'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1st'''<br /> | ''[[Jolly Boy]]'' || [[Sabapathy Dekshinamurthy]] || [[Diganth]], [[Rekha Vedavyas]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[Sudha Rani]], [[Devaraj]] || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || [[Romantic drama film|Romantic Drama]] || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Pathinaaru]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Chennamma IPS'' || Anand. P. Raj || Ayesha, [[P. N. Sathya]] || [[Rajesh Ramanath]] || [[Action film|Action]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://movies.nomorequeue.com/Chennamma-IPS-book-online-movie-tickets/3028/Movies.html |title=Chennamma IPS movie tickets online booking, Chennamma IPS Movie Release - NoMoreQ.com |publisher=Movies.nomorequeue.com |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Atheetha'' || M. Ravi Poojar || Rajesh, Priyanka Chandra || Emil Mohammed || [[Drama film|Drama]] || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://movies.nomorequeue.com/Atheetha-book-online-movie-tickets/3035/Movies.html |title=Atheetha movie tickets online booking, Atheetha Movie Release - NoMoreQ.com |publisher=Movies.nomorequeue.com |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[9 to 12]]'' || [[Ashok Patil]] || [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Nivedhitha]], [[B. C. Patil]], [[B. V. Radha]] || [[Sai Karthik]] || [[Suspense thriller]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hooli |first=Shekhar |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/reviews/2011/9-to-12-movie-review-040711-aid0062.html |title=9 to 12 - Movie Review |publisher=Oneindia |date=4 July 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''8th'''<br /> | ''[[Shrimathi]]'' || Sampath || [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], [[Priyanka Trivedi]], [[Celina Jaitley]], [[Sayaji Shinde]], [[Prem Chopra]]|| [[Gurukiran]] || [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Drama]] || Remake of Hindi film ''[[Aitraaz]]'' || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.desitara.com/blogs/kannadamovie-srimathikannadamoviereview/2011/06/28/upendra-srimathikannadamoviereview/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701200107/http://www.desitara.com/blogs/kannadamovie-srimathikannadamoviereview/2011/06/28/upendra-srimathikannadamoviereview/ |archive-date= 1 July 2011 |access-date=8 July 2011 |title=Srimathi Kannada Movie Review &amp;#124; Srimathi Kannada Movie Review 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Police Story 3 (2011 film)|Police Story 3]]'' || Anand P. Raju, [[Sadhu Kokila]], Victory Vasu, J G Krishna, Shankar|| [[Sudeep]], [[Bhumika Chawla]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], Neha Patil, [[Thriller Manju]], [[Bullet Prakash]] || Sagar. S || [[Action film|Action]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.asklaila.com/movie/Baroda/Police-Story-3/5241/ |title=Police Story 3, release date, showtimes in Baroda, reviews, cast info |publisher=asklaila |date=8 July 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323074828/http://www.asklaila.com/movie/Baroda/Police-Story-3/5241/ |archive-date=23 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''15th'''<br /> | ''[[Krishnan Marriage Story]]'' || Nuthan Umesh || [[Ajay Rao]], [[Nidhi Subbaiah]], [[Jai Jagadish]]|| [[Sridhar V Sambhram]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hooli |first=Shekhar |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2011/krishnan-marriage-story-vinayaka-geleyara-150711-aid0062.html |title=Krishnan Marriage Story v/s Vinayaka Geleyara Balaga |publisher=Oneindia |date=15 July 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vinayaka Geleyara Balaga]]'' || [[V. Nagendra Prasad]] || [[Vijay Raghavendra]], [[Naveen Krishna]], [[Meghana Gaonkar]] || [[V. Harikrishna]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.desitara.com/blogs/tag/vinayaka-geleyara-balaga-movie-review/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718094105/http://www.desitara.com/blogs/tag/vinayaka-geleyara-balaga-movie-review/ |archive-date=18 July 2011 |access-date=15 July 2011 |title=Vinayaka geleyara balaga movie review &amp;#124; Desitara Blogs }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''22nd'''<br /> | ''[[Yogaraj But]]'' || [[Dayal Padmanabhan]] || [[Naveen Krishna]], [[Neethu (actress)|Neethu]]|| Milind Dharmasena || [[Romance film|Romance]] || ||&lt;ref name=&quot;currentweek1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/07/movies-releasing-this-friday-22-july.html |title=Movies Releasing This Friday (22 July 2011): Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, English |website=Currentweek Cinema |date=25 July 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316122313/http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/07/movies-releasing-this-friday-22-july.html |archive-date=2012-03-16 |last1=Net |first1=Cinema. Currentweek }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Banna Bannada Loka]]'' || Ram Prasad || Ram Prasad, Meghana, Shravani || Thomas Rathnam || [[Romance film|Romance]] || ||&lt;ref name=&quot;currentweek1&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:Center;&quot;| '''29th'''<br /> | ''Chinnada Thaali'' || Vemugal Jagannath Rao || [[Thilak Shekar]], Swathi, Tungashree || R. Damodar || [[Drama film|Drama]] || || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Hare Rama Hare Krishna (2011 film)|Hare Rama Hare Krishna]]'' || C. V. Ashok Kumar || [[Sri Murali]], [[Pooja Gandhi]], Nakshatra, [[Padma Vasanthi]], Siddaraja Kalyankar, [[Achyuth Kumar]], Kote Prabhakar || [[Ilaiyaraja]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Highlight being [[Hamsalekha]]'s lyrics for [[Illayaraja]]'s tunes || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kannada-review-hare-rama-hare-krishna/171859-47-81.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809024413/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kannada-review-hare-rama-hare-krishna/171859-47-81.html |archive-date=9 August 2012 |title=Kannada Review: 'Hare Rama Hare Krishna' - Reviews - Kannada reviews - ibnlive |work=IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=31 July 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- August!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#c2b280; textcolor:#000;&quot;| '''A&lt;br /&gt;U&lt;br /&gt;G'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5th'''<br /> | ''[[Mr. Duplicate]]'' || [[Kodlu Ramakrishna]] || [[Diganth]], [[Prajwal Devaraj]], Sheetal, [[Sudha Belawadi]], [[Devaraj]] || [[Mano Murthy]] || [[Romantic drama film|Romantic Drama]] || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Minnale]]'' || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/07/movies-releasing-this-friday-29th-july.html |title=Movies Releasing This Friday (29th July 2011): Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, English: Currentweek Cinema: News, Review, Rating, Collections |publisher=Cinema.currentweek.net |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Dudde Doddappa'' || Richard Louis || [[Jaggesh]], Lahari, [[Pavitra Lokesh]], [[Bank Janardhan]], [[Girija Lokesh]]|| [[Sadhu Kokila]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bangalore.explocity.com/movie-guide/kannada-releases/dudde-doddappa-1535/ |title=Dudde Doddappa &amp;#124; Kannada &amp;#124; Bangalore &amp;#124; Explocity.Com |publisher=Bangalore.explocity.com |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321001846/http://bangalore.explocity.com/movie-guide/kannada-releases/dudde-doddappa-1535/ |archive-date=21 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''12th'''<br /> | ''[[Bhadra (2011 film)|Bhadra]]'' || Mahesh Rao || [[Prajwal Devaraj]], [[Daisy Shah]], [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]], [[Bullet Prakash]]|| Shree Guru || [[Action film|Action]], [[Romance film|Romance]] || Remake of Telugu film ''[[Ranam (2006 film)|Ranam]]'' || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hooli |first=Shekhar |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2011/prajwal-devaraj-bhadra-release-110-theatres-100811.html |title=Prajwal Devaraj's Bhadra releasing in 110 theatres |publisher=Oneindia |date=10 August 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Panchamrutha]]'' || T. N. Nagesh || [[Srinagar Kitty]], [[Raghu Mukherjee]], [[Pooja Gandhi]], [[Neethu (actress)|Neethu]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[Ravishankar Gowda]], Radhika Gandhi, [[Dileep Raj]], [[Ramya Barna]], [[Yagna Shetty]] || Ashley Mendonca, Abhilash Lakra || [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/movie-cast/10179/panchamrutha.html |title=Panchamrutha Cast and Crew &amp;#124; Star Cast &amp;#124; Kannada Movie &amp;#124; Panchamrutha Actor &amp;#124; Actress &amp;#124; Director &amp;#124; Music &amp;#124; Oneindia.in |publisher=Oneindia |date=12 August 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713200554/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/movie-cast/10179/panchamrutha.html |archive-date=13 July 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''19th'''<br /> | ''[[Jogayya]]'' || [[Prem (Kiran)|Prem]] || [[Shivarajkumar]], [[Pooja Gandhi]], Sumit Kaur Atwal, [[Ravishankar Gowda]] || [[V. Harikrishna]] || [[Action film|Action]], [[Drama]] || A Sequel film of ''[[Jogi (2005 film)|Jogi]]'' || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/08/movies-releasing-this-friday-19th.html |title=Movies Releasing This Friday (19th August 2011): Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, English: Currentweek Cinema: News, Review, Rating, Collections |work=Currentweek Cinema |publisher=Cinema.currentweek.net |access-date=28 July 2012 |last1=Net |first1=Cinema. Currentweek }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- September!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:wheat; textcolor:#000;&quot;| '''S&lt;br /&gt;E&lt;br /&gt;P'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1st'''<br /> | ''[[Swayam Krushi (2011 film)|Swayam Krushi]]'' || Veerendra Babu || Veerendra Babu, Tamanna, [[Bianca Desai]], [[Ambareesh]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Charan Raj]], [[Umashri]], Janardhana|| [[Abhiman Roy]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''90'' || Lucky Shankar || [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Shakeela]], [[Bullet Prakash]], [[Doddanna]] || Manu - [[Sadhu Kokila]] || [[Comedy]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/movie-cast/9971/90.html |title=90 Cast and Crew &amp;#124; Star Cast &amp;#124; Kannada Movie &amp;#124; 90 Actor &amp;#124; Actress &amp;#124; Director &amp;#124; Music &amp;#124; Oneindia.in |publisher=Oneindia |date=1 September 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714213235/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/movie-cast/9971/90.html |archive-date=14 July 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''9th'''<br /> | ''[[Lifeu Ishtene]]'' || [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]] ||[[Diganth]], [[Samyukta Hornad]], [[Ramya Barna]] || [[Mano Murthy]] || [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Drama film|Drama]] || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://movies.sulekha.com/kannada/lifu-ishtene/default.htm |title=Lifu Ishtene - Movie Reviews, Story, Trailers, Wallpapers, Kannada, Pictures |publisher=Movies.sulekha.com |date=9 September 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Allide Nammane Illi Bande Summane]]'' || Gopi Peenya || Sourav, Sriraj, [[Yagna Shetty]], [[Jaggesh]], [[Komal Kumar]] || [[Gurukiran]] || [[Comedy]], [[Drama]] || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://article.wn.com/view/2011/09/05/Allide_nammane_illi_bande_summane_to_hit_screens_on_Friday/|title=''Allide nammane, illi bande summane'' to hit screens on Friday|publisher=Article.wn.com|access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''16th'''<br /> | ''[[Kalla Malla Sulla]]'' || Udaya Prakash || [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]], [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Vijay Raghavendra]], [[Ragini Dwivedi]], [[Yagna Shetty]], [[Rishika Singh]] || [[Alex Paul]] || [[Comedy]] || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]'' || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/27576/sandalwood/Kalla-Malla-Sulla-Kannada-Movie-Review-Movie-Review-Details |title=Kalla Malla Sulla Kannada Movie Review |publisher=Supergoodmovies.com |date=16 September 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920154313/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/27576/sandalwood/Kalla-Malla-Sulla-Kannada-Movie-Review-Movie-Review-Details |archive-date=20 September 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aidondla Aidu]]'' || [[V. K. Prakash]] || [[Harish Raj]], [[Dileep Raj]], [[Devaraj]], [[Nithya Menon]], [[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] || [[Ouseppachan]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Vijay Prakash]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Alphonse Joseph (composer)|Alphonse Joseph]] || [[Drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.asklaila.com/movie/Bangalore/Aidu-Ondla-Aidhu/5599/ |title=Aidu Ondla Aidhu, release date, showtimes in Bangalore, reviews, cast info |publisher=asklaila |date=30 May 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323075043/http://www.asklaila.com/movie/Bangalore/Aidu-Ondla-Aidhu/5599/ |archive-date=23 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''23rd'''<br /> | ''[[Maryade Ramanna]]'' || [[Guruprasad]] || [[Komal Kumar]], Nisha Shah || [[M. M. Keeravani]] || [[Comedy]], [[Drama]] || Remake of Telugu film ''[[Maryada Ramanna]]'' ||&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediff.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-two-kannada-films-fight-it-out-this-weekend/20110922.htm |title=Two Kannada films fight it out this weekend - Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=22 September 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Manasology (film)|Manasology]]'' || Deepak || [[Amoolya]], [[Rakesh Adiga]], [[Sadhu Kokila]] || [[Anoop Seelin]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || ||&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediff.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''30th'''<br /> | ''[[Saarathi]]'' || [[Dinakar Thoogudeepa]] || [[Darshan Tugudeep|Darshan]], [[Deepa Sannidhi]], [[Sarath Kumar]], [[Rangayana Raghu]] || [[V. Harikrishna]] || [[Action film|Action]], [[Drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sarathy-post-production-work-begins-news-kannada-lddqRyjaefa.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321054252/http://www.sify.com/movies/sarathy-post-production-work-begins-news-kannada-lddqRyjaefa.html |archive-date=21 March 2016 |title=Sarathy post production work begins |website=[[Sify]] |date=3 March 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Lokave Helida Maathidu'' || Ramana || Ravi Theja, Anitha || Venkat Narayan || [[Romance film|Romance]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.musiqbuzz.com/kannada/movie/lokave-helida-maatidu/review/ |title=Lokave Helida Maatidu Review, Lokave Helida Maatidu Kannada Movie Review Musiqbuzz.info |publisher=Musiqbuzz.com |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- October!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ffb7c5; textcolor:#000;&quot;| '''O&lt;br /&gt;C&lt;br /&gt;T'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''6th'''<br /> | ''[[Paramathma (film)|Paramathma]]'' || [[Yogaraj Bhat]] || [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], [[Deepa Sannidhi]], [[Aindrita Ray]], [[Ananth Nag]], [[Ramya Barna]] || [[V. Harikrishna]] || [[Romance film|Romance]]|| Produced by Yograj Movies || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/10/movies-releasing-on-dasara-6th-october.html |title=Movies releasing on Dasara (6th October 2011) Hindi Telugu Tamil Malayalam Kannada: Currentweek Cinema: News, Review, Rating, Collections |publisher=Cinema.currentweek.net |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''14th'''<br /> | ''[[Putra (film)|Putra]]'' || V. Umakanth || [[Diganth]], Supreeta, Roopasri, [[Avinash (Kannada actor)|Avinash]], [[Sudha Belawadi]] || Raja Ramesh || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Em Magan]]'' || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/10/movies-releasing-14-october-2011-hindi.html |title=Movies Releasing (14 October 2011): Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, English, Kannada, Malayalam: Currentweek Cinema: News, Review, Rating, Collections |publisher=Cinema.currentweek.net |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''21st'''<br /> | ''[[Taare]]'' || Shivaraj Hoskere || [[Diganth]], Urvashi Solanki, [[Sanjjana]], Prof. [[Doddarange Gowda]] || C. R. Bobby || [[Romance film|Romance]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hooli |first=Shekhar |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2010/taare-music-audio-release-011010.html |title=Music of Diganth's Taare released |publisher=Oneindia |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Naanalla]]'' || [[Dinesh Babu]] || [[Tarun Chandra]], [[Shuba Poonja]], [[Ananth Nag]], [[Kushboo (actress)|Kushboo]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Ramesh Bhat]] || Giridhar Diwan || [[Drama film|Drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.movieskope.com/movie-review-naanalla-kannada-2011-hit/ |title=Movie Review Naanalla Kannada 2011 Film, movie 2011 kannada nanalla review, naanalla movie review &amp;#124; Movies |access-date=22 October 2011 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101023155/http://www.movieskope.com/movie-review-naanalla-kannada-2011-hit/ |archive-date=1 November 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ishta (film)|Ishta]]'' || R. P. Krishna || Santhosh, Bhumika Chabria, Raviteja || Indrani Chabria || [[Romance film|Romance]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/30252/sandalwood/ishta-kannada-movie-review-movie-review-details |title=Ishta Kannada Movie Review |publisher=Supergoodmovies.com |date=21 October 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426142710/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/30252/sandalwood/ishta-kannada-movie-review-movie-review-details |archive-date=26 April 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''28th'''<br /> | ''[[Kaanchaana]]'' || Sri Ganesh || [[Diganth]], [[Ragini Dwivedi]], [[Kiran Srinivas]] || Rishikesh Hari || [[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Drama film|Drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mybangalore.com/theater/fun-cinemas |title=Fun Cinemas theater in Bangalore &amp;#124; Fun Cinemas show timings &amp;#124; Fun Cinemas reviews |publisher=Mybangalore.com |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Obavva'' || Anand P Raju || Deepak, Ayesha || [[Rajesh Ramanath]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.asklaila.com/movie/Bangalore/Obavva/5803/ |title=Obavva, release date, showtimes in Bangalore, reviews, cast info |publisher=asklaila |date=28 October 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031133937/http://www.asklaila.com/movie/Bangalore/Obavva/5803/ |archive-date=31 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- November!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ace1af; textcolor:#000;&quot;| '''N&lt;br /&gt;O&lt;br /&gt;V'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4th'''<br /> | ''[[Maduve Mane]]'' || Sunil Kumar Singh || [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]], [[Shradha Arya]], [[Tabla Nani]], [[Avinash (Kannada actor)|Avinash]] || [[Manikanth Kadri]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hooli |first=Shekhar |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2010/maduve-mane-not-remake-160410.html |title=Maduve Mane is a modern version of Ramyana |publisher=Oneindia |date=16 April 2010 |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Kannada film)|Bodyguard]]'' || Anand || [[Jaggesh]], [[Daisy Shah]], Spoorthi, [[Sadhu Kokila]] || Vinayachandra ||[[Drama]], [[Comedy]] || Remake of Malayalam film ''[[Body Guard (2010 film)|Body Guard]]'' || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Prakash |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2011/jaggesh-clash-ganesh-bodyguard-maduve-mane-031111.html |title=Jaggesh to clash with Ganesh at Box Office |publisher=Oneindia |date=3 November 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''11th'''<br /> | ''Aacharya'' || Kushal Babu || Kushal Babu, Manasi, [[Devaraj]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] || R. Ananth Kumar || [[Action film|Action]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=3294&amp;ptype=News&amp;title=11%20%96%2011-%2011%20%96%20CONSIDERED%20NOT%20A%20GOOD%20DAY! |title=Kannada Movie/Cinema News - 11 ? 11- 11 ? CONSIDERED NOT A GOOD DAY! |publisher=Chitratara.com |date= |access-date=2022-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''18th'''<br /> | ''[[Aata (2011 film)|Aata]]'' || B. N. Vijaykumar || [[Sumanth Shailendra]], Vibha Natarajan, [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Avinash (Kannada actor)|Avinash]], [[Pavitra Lokesh]] || [[Sadhu Kokila]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mybangalore.com/movies/aata.html |title=Aata Movie in Bangalore &amp;#124; Aata show timings &amp;#124; Kannada |publisher=Mybangalore.com |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Achchu Mechchu]]'' || Himayat Khan || [[Tarun Chandra]], [[Archana Gupta]], [[Sadhu Kokila]] || A. M. Neel || [[Romance film|Romance]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mature-love-immature-script/article2642785.ece|title=Mature love, immature script|date=20 November 2011|first=Muralidhara|last=Khajane|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''25th'''<br /> | ''[[Jarasandha (film)|Jarasandha]]'' || [[Shashank (director)|Shashank Raj]] || [[Duniya Vijay]], [[Pranitha Subhash]], [[Rangayana Raghu]] || [[Arjun Janya]] || [[action film|Action]], [[Drama]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/Jarasandha/ET00008246 |title=Jarasandha(Kannada) - Book movie tickets. BookMyShow India |publisher=In.bookmyshow.com |date=25 November 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- December!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#b8860b; textcolor:#000;&quot;| '''D&lt;br /&gt;E&lt;br /&gt;C'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2nd'''<br /> | ''Paagal'' || [[P. N. Sathya]] || [[P. N. Sathya]], [[Pooja Gandhi]], Harish Rai, [[Indrajith Lankesh]], [[Bullet Prakash]] || [[V. Manohar]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/33733/sandalwood/pagal-kannada-movie-review-movie-review-details |title=Pagal Kannada Movie Review |publisher=Supergoodmovies.com |date=2 December 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509193035/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/33733/sandalwood/pagal-kannada-movie-review-movie-review-details |archive-date=9 May 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''8th'''<br /> | ''[[Vishnuvardhana (film)|Vishnuvardhana]]'' || [[Pon Kumaran|P. Kumar]] || [[Sudeep]], [[Bhavana Menon]], [[Priyamani]], [[Sonu Sood]], [[Dwarakish]] || [[V. Harikrishna]] || [[Action film|Action]] || || &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20001002215628/http://sify.com/ sify.com] › Movies&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''9th'''<br /> | ''[[Shyloo]]'' || [[S. Narayan]] || [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]], [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]], [[Rangayana Raghu]] || [[Jassie Gift]] || [[action film|Action]], [[Drama]] || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Mynaa]]'' || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/12/movies-releasing-on-9th-december-2011.html |title=Movies Releasing on 9th December 2011 (Friday, Weekend Releases): Currentweek Cinema: News, Review, Rating, Collections |publisher=Cinema.currentweek.net |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''16th'''<br /> | ''[[I Am Sorry Mathe Banni Preethsona|Mathe Banni Preethsona]]'' (Re-release) || Ravindra H. P. || [[Prem Kumar (Kannada actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Karishma Tanna]], [[Sanjjanaa Galrani]], [[Dileep Raj]] || [[Anoop Seelin]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Re-released again || &lt;ref name=&quot;nomorequeue1&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Vishnu'' || [[Abhijeeth]] || [[Abhijeeth]], Poonam, [[Catherine Tresa]], [[Bullet Prakash]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || M. N. Krupakar || [[Drama]] || || &lt;ref name=&quot;indiaglitz2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/75469.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203142410/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/75469.html |archive-date=3 February 2012 |title=One big one small one old! |website=IndiaGlitz |access-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Onde Ondu Sari'' || Pravin Thakkottu || Ramesh, Kishore Shetty, Aakash, Shwetha || M. Rajesh || [[Romance film|Romance]] || || &lt;ref name=&quot;indiaglitz2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''23rd'''<br /> | ''Jedarahalli'' || [[P. N. Sathya]] || H. M. Krishnamurthy, Sushma, Shweta Pandit, [[Shobharaj]] || [[Sridhar V. Sambhram]] || [[Crime film|Crime]], [[Action film|Action]] || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/35389/sandalwood/former-don-life-sketch-in-jedarahalli-news-details |title=Former Don Life Sketch in Jedarahalli |publisher=Supergoodmovies.com |date=22 December 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214034401/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/35389/sandalwood/former-don-life-sketch-in-jedarahalli-news-details |archive-date=14 February 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Hero Nanalla'' || S. Raju || Pawan, Sahana, [[Jai Jagadish]] || Raju Upendra Kumar || [[Romance film|Romance]] || || <br /> |-<br /> | ''Bete'' || Srinivas Kaushik || Ayesha, Akshay, Alisha || Akhil || [[Crime film|Crime]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/35469/sandalwood/hero-nannalla-and-bete-today-news-details |title='Hero Nannalla' And 'Bete' Today |publisher=Supergoodmovies.com |date=23 December 2011 |access-date=28 July 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110063625/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/35469/sandalwood/hero-nannalla-and-bete-today-news-details |archive-date=10 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Notable deaths==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#dae3e7; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | '''Month''' || '''Date''' || '''Name''' || '''Age''' || '''Profession''' || '''Notable films'''<br /> |- valign=&quot;top&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; vertical-align:top;&quot;| '''[[Deaths in January 2011|January]]'''<br /> || 10 || '''[[S. Ramachandra]]''' || 64 || [[Cinematographer]] || ''Hombisilu'', ''[[Deveeri]]'', ''[[Ghatashraddha]]'', [[TV Series]] ''[[Malgudi Days (TV series)|Malgudi Days]]''<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; vertical-align:top;&quot;| '''[[Deaths in April 2011|April]]'''<br /> || 6 || '''[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]''' || 58 || [[Actress]] || ''Nanna Devaru'', ''Tuttha Muthha'', ''Neelakanta''<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; vertical-align:top;&quot;| '''[[Deaths in September 2011|September]]''' || 11 || '''M. S. Karanth''' || 67 || [[Actor]] || ''[[Gejje Pooje]]'', ''[[Ganesha Subramanya]]'', ''Chikkejamanru'', ''Ashwamedha''<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; vertical-align:top;&quot;| '''[[Deaths in December 2011|December]]''' || 20 || '''[[Tushar Ranganath]]''' || 35 || [[Script-writer]], [[Film director|Director]] || ''[[Kanteerava]]'', ''[[Rakta Kanneeru]]'', ''Suntaragali'', ''Anatharu''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.imdb.com/search/title?languages=kn&amp;sort=moviemeter%2Casc&amp;year=2011%2C2011 Kannada films of 2011] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20111008062256/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/movies-by-year.html Kannada movies released in 2011] at [[Oneindia.in]]<br /> <br /> {{CinemaofKarnataka}}<br /> {{2011 films}}<br /> {{Indian film list}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kannada Films Of 2011}}<br /> [[Category:Lists of Kannada films by year|2011]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of 2011 films by language]]<br /> [[Category:2011 in Indian cinema]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaruakheda&diff=505747 2026-02-06T13:47:21Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: creating a data v1!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Jaruakheda<br /> | settlement_type = [[Town]]<br /> | pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|23.83|N|78.80|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Jaruwakheda''' is a town in [[Sagar district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is located on the [[NH 934]] 35 km from [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]].<br /> <br /> [[Jeruwa Khera railway station]] is a small railway station in Bina Katni line.The station consists of two platforms. Passenger and Express trains halt here.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/jeruwa-khera-jrk/1313?tt=0 | title=Jeruwa Khera Railway Station Map/Atlas WCR/West Central Zone - Railway Enquiry }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jaruakheda is located at {{coord|23.97|N| 78.48|E}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=23.97&amp;mlon=78.48&amp;zoom=11#map=11/23.9845/78.4843 | title=OpenStreetMap }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> As per the 2011 Census, Jaruwakheda town had population of 6521 of which 3409 were males while 3112 were females with a total of 1466 families residing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/460958-mudra-jaruwakheda-madhya-pradesh.html | title=Mudra Jaruwakheda Village Population - Sagar - Sagar, Madhya Pradesh }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Sagar district]]<br /> <br /> {{Sagar-geo-stub}}</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vijayanagara_Army&diff=544455 2026-01-26T15:50:35Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=February 2018}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Dutchbisnagar1667.jpg|thumb|Clothing of a Vijayanagar soldier]]<br /> <br /> The '''Vijayanagara Army''' supported the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in particular with regard to the empire's long-lasting rivalry with the [[Bahmani Kingdom|Bahmani Sultanate]] and the [[Deccan sultanates]]. Besides a large standing army, the [[Vijayanagara]] rulers also maintained a powerful navy.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} This helped make the Vijayanagara empire the most centralised polity ever to have emerged in [[southern India]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==Numbers==<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date=March 2024}}<br /> The numerical strength of the Vijayanagara army is disputed. [[Niccolò de' Conti]] reported a figure of 245,000 men during the reign of [[Krishnadevaraya]], but [[Fernão Nunes|Fernao Nuniz]] claimed it to be around 200,000, consisting of 170,000 foot soldiers, 30,000 [[cavalry]] and 550 [[war elephant]]s. [[Rayawacha]] countered that the force contained 500,000 foot soldiers, 60,000 cavalry and 1,200 war elephants.<br /> <br /> [[Deva Raya II]], to counter the superior Bahmani cavalry, is believed to have enrolled 2000 Muslim cavalrymen to teach the art of archery to his Hindu soldiers and officers.&lt;ref name=Chandra&gt;{{cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Satish|title=History of Medieval India|date=2007|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Limited|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788125032267|pages=143–4|edition=First}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Hoysala influence==<br /> The military leadership of the Hindu confederacy which [[Veera Ballala III|Ballala III]] had so ably wielded devolved apparently on the Vijayanagara kings after his death. The Vijayanagara principality was at this time the most influential, besides it was situated at a strategic point, and therefore, the Vijayanagara kings were likely to accomplish the great mission of Ballala III, viz., that of warding off the Muslim menace and rebuilding a Hindu empire in South India. The Vijayanagara kings were rapidly rising and after A. D. 1346 they gradually absorbed the whole of the Hoysala Empire as a matter of course, without the least sign of opposition. An inscription dated A. D 1346, belonging to Ballala IV, is found in the Begurr Hobli, Bangalore Taluk, and the very next year an inscription belonging to Harihara 1 is found in the same Hobli*. It is therefore evident that the Vijayanagara kings occupied the Hoysala empire within a very short period. Many of the early Vijayanagara inscriptions describe Harihara and Bukka as ruling “the Hoysala kingdom”.{{sfn|Coelho|1949|p=265}}<br /> <br /> ==Branches==<br /> The Vijayanagara army contained two main branches, being the Kaijeeta Sainya and the Amaranayaka Sainya. Sainya roughly means army.<br /> <br /> ===Kaijeeta Sainya===<br /> The Kaijeeta is Vijayanagar claims that it comprised 50,000 men during the reign of [[Krishna Deva Raya]], including 2,00,000 horsemen who served as palace guards and 2,000 who served as the emperor's personal bodyguards. [[Razak Rayala]] says that the army was on salary, being paid every four months rather than by the award of [[jagir]]s.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br /> <br /> ===Amaranayaka Sainya===<br /> The Amaranayaka Sainya was maintained using the feudal [[nayankara]] system of the [[Kakatiyas]]. For this purpose, the empire was divided into ''Amaras'' (areas of revenue-producing land), that were granted to leaders called [[Nayak (title)|Nayak]]as. In return, these Nayakas supplied soldiers when required. The number supplied depended on the rank of the Nayaka, who himself divided lands among his subordinates. According to [[Fernão Nunes|Nuniz]], the Amaranayaka army strength stood at 600,000 during the rule of [[Achyuta Deva Raya]]; Rayawacha itemised the forces supplied as being 200,000 foot soldiers, 24,000 cavalry, 1,200 war elephants.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br /> <br /> ==Composition==<br /> The Vijayanagara army consisted primarily of [[infantry]], cavalry and war elephants, armed with bows and arrows, swords and lances as its principal weapons. According to [[Ferishta]], the foot soldiers applied oil to their bodies but did not wear armour or helmets, whereas Portuguese travellers, such as [[Pace (surname)|Pace]] and [[Barros]], described protective clothing made of animal skin and that they carried shields.{{sfn|Rao|1994|p=131}}<br /> <br /> Although the Vijayanagran kings had little interest in guns, the infantry did have a regiment of men armed with [[matchlock]]. They also built a navy, sited on the west coast, which was headed by the governor of [[Hanover Timmoju]] in the time of [[Krishna Deva Raya]] and which, according to [[Heeras Rayala]], assisted the Portuguese in their occupation of [[Goa]].{{sfn|Rao|1994|p=118}} The powerful navy enabled the Vijayanagara rulers to invade [[Sri Lanka]] repeatedly.&lt;ref name=Chandra /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Forts==<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date=March 2024}}<br /> Forts played an important role in medieval warfare. According to tradition, there were eight types of forts. However, Rayawachaka mentions four types of forts. They are giri (hill), stala, jala (water)and vana (forest) forts. Krishnaraya suggests that forts were mainly constructed in Gadi and border areas. Pace wrote that many forts were present in border areas. Deep forests were grown around forts. Catapults and damboli were used for fort defense. Damboli is a cannon which throws stones on enemies. To occupy forts they used lagga systems. Krishnadevaraya used them to occupy Kondaveedu fort.<br /> <br /> ==Recruitment==<br /> Emperor [[Krishna Deva Raya]] recruited soldiers from [[Kannada people|Kannada]] and [[Telugu people|Telugus]] of the frontier, Mysoreans and Malabarese from the west and centre, mixed with the Tamils from the remoter districts to the south.{{sfn|Sewell|p=256}} Empire training facilities improved bravery, interest in war, and body strength. According to books written in that time, the samu garidi (dance performance of knives and fire) and training gyms were both present throughout the country. Hontakaras trained the fighters. Since Vijayanagara was a multi-faith country, Muslims also joined the army. Their strength increased from the era of [[Deva Raya II]] and peaked in the time of [[Aliya Rama Raya]], diminishing after his surprise defeat in the [[Battle of Talikota]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[Krishnadevaraya's Bahamani Expedition|Krishnadevaraya's Bahmani Expedition]]<br /> * [[Military history of India]]<br /> * [[Vijayanagara Empire]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> '''Books'''<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Coelho |first1=William |title=The Hoysala Vamsa |date=1949 |publisher=Public Resource |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126668/mode/2up}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Sewell |first1=Robert |title=Forgotten Empire Vijayanagar |url=https://archive.org/details/forgotten_empire_vijayanagar_-_robert_sewell/mode/2up}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Rao|year=1994|title=History And Culture Of Andhra Pradesh: From The Earliest Times To The Present Day |publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=81-207-1719-8}}<br /> * Military system and war policies during Vijayanagara Period (In Kannada)- Dr. S.Y. Somashekhar, 2009, Sanchike Prakashana, Kannada University, Hampi, Vidyaranya-583 276, Ballary dist<br /> <br /> [[Category:Military of the Vijayanagara Empire| ]]<br /> [[Category:Military history of India]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guru_Dutt:_An_Unfinished_Story&diff=501556 2026-01-24T18:40:08Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: creating first post w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2021 Indian biographical book written by Yasser Usman}}<br /> {{good article}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox book<br /> | name = Guru Dutt: An Unfinished Story<br /> | image = Guru Dutt&amp;nbsp;— An Unfinished Story.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | author = [[Yasser Usman]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = English<br /> | series = <br /> | release_number = <br /> | subject = [[Guru Dutt]]<br /> | genre = Biography<br /> | set_in = <br /> | publisher = [[Simon &amp; Schuster]]<br /> | published = 7 January 2021<br /> | media_type = Print<br /> | pages = 336<br /> | isbn = 978-93-86797-89-6<br /> | isbn_note = <br /> | oclc = <br /> | dewey = <br /> | congress = <br /> | preceded_by = <br /> | followed_by = <br /> | notes =<br /> | exclude_cover = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Guru Dutt: An Unfinished Story''''' is a 2021 Indian biographical book written by [[Yasser Usman]], chronicling the life and career of the Indian actor and filmmaker [[Guru Dutt]]. It describes Dutt's birth in [[Panambur]] in 1925, his 18-year-long film career, his marriage to the playback singer [[Geeta Dutt]], with whom he had three children, and his death in 1964.<br /> <br /> The book was written by Usman in the period of two years. He collected archives of Dutt's accounts and information from Dutt's family members, close friends, and colleagues, compiling them in a book that was later published on 7 January 2021 by [[Simon &amp; Schuster]].<br /> <br /> Guru Dutt’s younger sister, [https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/essayfrozen-in-time-and-memory-conversations-with-guru-dutt-s-sister-101610714219208.html Lalitha Lajmi, collaborated] with author Yasser Usman, [https://theprint.in/opinion/he-never-spoke-about-why-he-wanted-to-die-guru-dutts-sister-broke-her-silence/2680432/ sharing] her intimate memories of the legendary filmmaker. As a firsthand witness to Guru Dutt’s life, her heartfelt contribution added a unique and deeply personal touch that made this biography truly exceptional.<br /> <br /> It received positive feedback from critics, with most attention directed towards Usman's writing.<br /> <br /> == Synopsis ==<br /> The book opens with the success of ''[[Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam]]'' (1962) and its screening at the [[13th Berlin International Film Festival]]. The film, produced by and stars [[Guru Dutt]], won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film]] and became the [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|official submission from India]] for the [[35th Academy Awards]]. Following a series of information about his depression, it investigates his suicidal death on the morning of 10 October 1964. In the next chapter, the book chronicles Dutt's birth in [[Panambur]] on 9 July 1925 to Vasanthi and Shivshankar Rao Padukone. His parents were [[Konkani language|Konkani]]-speaking and married in 1920, when Padukone was 20 and Vasanthi was 12. Dutt made his acting debut with ''[[Baazi (1951 film)|Baazi]]'' in 1951, and details his commercially successful films, including ''[[Aar Paar]]'' (1954), ''[[Mr. &amp; Mrs. '55]]'' (1955), and ''[[C.I.D. (1956 film)|C.I.D]]'' (1956). The book also discusses his marriage in 1953 to the playback singer [[Geeta Dutt]], with whom he had three children.<br /> <br /> == Development and writing ==<br /> In 2004, the journalist-turned-biographer [[Yasser Usman]] attended the [[Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema]] in [[Delhi]] and watched Dutt's films for the first time.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cinefan&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Khaleej Times' interview&quot; /&gt; He confessed he was impressed by the actor's films and described them as &quot;magical&quot;. In an interview to ''[[Asian Voice]]'', Usman found Dutt's works mostly reflect his life experiences, adding that he &quot;realized [...] how personal his cinema was&quot;. At the festival, however, Usman saw that people were talking about how disturbed Dutt was during his life without discussing the reason. He quote this as his motivation to write the book.&lt;ref name=&quot;Asian Voice's interview&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote<br /> | quote = &quot;His films, his characters, his emotions were truly rooted in Indian culture and society. He borrowed some finer aspects of [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] and [[Cinema of Europe|European cinema]] but moulded them in an Indian scenario. Also, he did everything in the mainstream format. He was very particular about the fact that his art should reach the masses. He really cared about commercial success. His films are technically brilliant and do not seem dated even now.&quot;<br /> | source = Usman on Dutt in 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;Khaleej Times' interview&quot; /&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The writing took two years, with Usman only collecting few archives of Dutt's interviews as none of them were in the [[public domain]]. He also used several of Dutt's accounts in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Kannada]] for his research. He tracked down Dutt's family members, close friends, and colleagues, but a few died before he met them.&lt;ref name=&quot;Khaleej Times' interview&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Asian Voice's interview&quot; /&gt; Usman had several conversations with Dutt's younger sister, the painter [[Lalita Lajmi]], and was impressed by her detail narration on Dutt's personal life, such as mentioning the dates, people, places and timelines: &quot;I am deeply indebted to her for this crucial documentation. Really thankful that she allowed me an entry into her inner world.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Asian Voice's interview&quot; /&gt; She told Usman about Dutt's mental issues which led him to commit suicide and blamed herself for it. She also discussed her [[sibling relationship]] with Dutt, mostly that from the 1950s and 1960s, and his on-screen and off-screen life.&lt;ref name=&quot;Essay&quot; /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;The maker of classic Hindi films such as [[Pyaasa]] and [[Kaagaz Ke Phool]] - film school staples for their timeless themes - Dutt forged a deeply personal, introspective style of filmmaking that was novel in the post-independence era. His complex characters often reflected his personal struggles; his plots touched upon universal motifs, inviting the audience to confront uncomfortable realities through hauntingly beautiful cinema.&quot;<br /> <br /> — [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cq8z7wwpg0jo Yasser Usman on Guru Dutt, BBC 2025].&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> == Critical reception ==<br /> Critics were generally appreciative of the work. Writing for ''[[The Quint]]'', Nirupama Kotru described it as &quot;honest, clear and based on solid research, unlike most social media posts which would have left Guru Dutt bewildered&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Quint's review&quot; /&gt; Prathyush Parasuraman from ''[[Film Companion]]'' website wrote, &quot;[Its chapters are] very contained, brief, but in its briefness it betrays the spirit of a good biographer—to make the reader feel.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Film Companion's review&quot; /&gt; In ''[[The Hindu]]'', Mini Anthikad Chhibber opined that the book &quot;is a perfect introduction to one of our most important film makers&quot; for its short chapters and easy-to-read prose. She was also impressed by Usman's ability to &quot;[pepper] the book with many touching remembrances&quot; from Lajmi.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu's review&quot; /&gt; ''[[Asian Voice]]'' called the book &quot;a mirror that reflects the hard hitting realities of cinema ever since its inception&quot;, praising its narrative which, according to the review, &quot;shatters the myths, the rose tinted glasses with which we as viewers look up to the film industry&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Asian Voice's review&quot; /&gt; Saqlain Soomro of the ''[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]'' took note of his &quot;meticulous&quot; research,&lt;ref name=&quot;Daily Times' review&quot; /&gt; while the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''{{'s}} Partha Chatterjee stated that it is better than [[Nasreen Munni Kabir]]'s ''[[Guru Dutt: A Life in Cinema]]'' (1996), whose contents mostly talk about Dutt's films only.&lt;ref name=&quot;Deccan Chronicle's review&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A Life in Cinema&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> An [[Indo-Asian News Service]] critic lauded Usman for providing &quot;a richly-layered account that takes a deep dive into the journey of a lonesome, troubled genius who was endlessly being pulled in contrary directions throughout his life.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;IANS' review&quot; /&gt; [[News18]] hailed, &quot;With ''Guru Dutt: An Unfinished Story'', author Yasser Usman reconstructs a mesmerizingly tragic story of Guru Dutt and his equally accomplished wife and singer Geeta Dutt.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;News18's review&quot; /&gt; The Marathi newspaper ''[[Loksatta]]'' commended Usman for &quot;[trying] find the threads of the study-research by searching for the undiscovered things&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Loksatta's review&quot; /&gt; and ''[[Business Standard]]''{{'s}} Chintan Girish Modi added that Usman had brought &quot;a fine understanding of the overlaps between Dutt's personal and professional life&quot; without &quot;resorting [...] gossip&quot; and &quot;[bringing] perspectives from various people who were contemporaries&quot; of the actor.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediff.com's review&quot; /&gt; Reviewing for ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'', Devdan Mitra praised the work as &quot;an honest effort to portray the man behind the auteur even if some stories will always remain unfinished.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Telegraph's review&quot; /&gt; Sathya Saran of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', however, was critical of the book:<br /> {{Blockquote<br /> | quote = &quot;... there is despair over the fact that an author who is capable of much better work should glean so heavily from available material to stitch it together so clumsily. The fact that he gives credit in some places, but lifts entire passages almost verbatim in others without acknowledgement, opens this book up for a case of blatant plagiarism. Surprising a publisher of standing like [Simon &amp; Schuster] took the risk.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;The New Indian Express' review&quot; /&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' featured ''Guru Dutt: An Unfinished Story'' in their listing of &quot;The Most Interesting Reads of the Week&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindustan Times' listing&quot; /&gt; ''The Telegraph'' included in their year-end listing of the &quot;Page Turners of 2021&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Telegraph's listing&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Publication history ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;|Region<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;|Release date<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;|Format<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;|{{abbr|Ref.|References}}<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |India<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 7 January 2021<br /> |[[Amazon Kindle]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Amazon01&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Hardcover<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Amazon02&quot; /&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Cinefan&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/cinefan-is-now-osian-s-cinefan/story-QfvJGFBQl8YJxFcYBUvC1J.html |title=Cinefan is now Osian's Cinefan |date=17 July 2004 |last=Negi |first=Manjulaa |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=12 April 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412081004/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/cinefan-is-now-osian-s-cinefan/story-QfvJGFBQl8YJxFcYBUvC1J.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Khaleej Times' interview&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/wknd/interviews/guru-dutt-was-an-immensely-poor-communicator-in-real-life |title=Guru Dutt was an immensely poor communicator in real life |last=Bose |first=Sushmita |date=11 March 2021 |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |access-date=12 April 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412021849/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/wknd/interviews/guru-dutt-was-an-immensely-poor-communicator-in-real-life |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Asian Voice's interview&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.asian-voice.com/Culture/Art/%E2%80%98Beyond-their-stardom,-the-stars-are-humans%E2%80%99 |title='Beyond their stardom, the stars are humans' |last=Saxena |first=Shefali |date=26 January 2021 |work=[[Asian Voice]] |access-date=12 April 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412083801/https://www.asian-voice.com/Culture/Art/%E2%80%98Beyond-their-stardom,-the-stars-are-humans%E2%80%99 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Essay&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/essayfrozen-in-time-and-memory-conversations-with-guru-dutt-s-sister-101610714219208.html |title=Essay: Frozen in time and memory; Conversations with Guru Dutt's sister |last=Usman |first=Yasser |author-link=Yasser Usman |date=15 January 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=12 April 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412114753/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/essayfrozen-in-time-and-memory-conversations-with-guru-dutt-s-sister-101610714219208.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;The Quint's review&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/guru-dutt-an-unfinished-story-yasser-usman-book-review#read-more |title=Guru Dutt: An Unfinished Story Sensitively Portrays Dutt's Legacy |last=Kotru |first=Nirupama |date=5 February 2021 |website=[[The Quint]] |access-date=11 April 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411045339/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/guru-dutt-an-unfinished-story-yasser-usman-book-review#read-more |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Film Companion's review&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/guru-dutt-movies-an-unfinished-story-yasser-usman-is-a-commercial-biography-which-makes-up-for-depth-in-pace-waheeda-rehman/ |title=Guru Dutt: An Unfinished Story By Yasser Usman Is A Commercial Biography Which Makes Up For Depth In Pace |date=27 January 2021 |last=Parasuraman |first=Prathyush |website=[[Film Companion]] |access-date=11 April 2021 |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202035354/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/guru-dutt-movies-an-unfinished-story-yasser-usman-is-a-commercial-biography-which-makes-up-for-depth-in-pace-waheeda-rehman/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu's review&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/guru-dutt-an-unfinished-story-review-black-white-and-shades-of-grey/article34168235.ece |title='Guru Dutt: An Unfinished Story' review: Black, white and shades of grey |date=26 March 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |last=Chhibber |first=Mini Anthikad |access-date=11 April 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411062340/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/guru-dutt-an-unfinished-story-review-black-white-and-shades-of-grey/article34168235.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Asian Voice's review&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.asian-voice.com/Culture/Art/Book-Review-Guru-Dutt-An-Unfinished-Story |title=Book Review: Guru Dutt An Unfinished Story |date=26 January 2021 |work=[[Asian Voice]] |access-date=11 April 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411064009/https://www.asian-voice.com/Culture/Art/Book-Review-Guru-Dutt-An-Unfinished-Story |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Daily Times' review&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/762147/representation-of-an-unfinished-life/ |title=Representation of an unfinished life |date=27 May 2021 |last=Soomro |first=Saqlain |work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621115315/https://dailytimes.com.pk/762147/representation-of-an-unfinished-life/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Deccan Chronicle's review&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/190621/book-review-the-eloquent-outsider-lovingly-remembered.html |title=Book Review {{!}} The eloquent outsider, lovingly remembered... |date=20 June 2021 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |last=Chatterjee |first=Partha |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621123222/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/190621/book-review-the-eloquent-outsider-lovingly-remembered.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;A Life in Cinema&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Guru Dutt: A Life in Cinema |title-link=Guru Dutt: A Life in Cinema |date=1 September 1996 |last=Kabir |first=Nasreen Munni |author-link=Nasreen Munni Kabir |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-01-95638-49-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;IANS' review&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/guru-dutt-an-unfinished-story-a-richly-layered-account-of-a-troubled-genius/articleshow/79836457.cms |title='Guru Dutt: An Unfinished Story' a richly layered account of a troubled genius |date=21 December 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |access-date=11 April 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411064007/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/guru-dutt-an-unfinished-story-a-richly-layered-account-of-a-troubled-genius/articleshow/79836457.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;News18's review&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/guru-dutt-an-unfinished-story-reconstructs-a-mesmerizingly-tragic-story-of-the-legendary-filmmaker-3300554.html |title='Guru Dutt: An Unfinished Story' Reconstructs a Mesmerizingly Tragic Story of the Legendary Filmmaker |last=Kidwai |first=Rasheet |date=17 January 2021 |website=[[News18]] |access-date=12 April 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412090146/https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/guru-dutt-an-unfinished-story-reconstructs-a-mesmerizingly-tragic-story-of-the-legendary-filmmaker-3300554.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Loksatta's review&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.loksatta.com/athour-mapia-news/guru-dutt-an-unfinished-story-book-review-abn-97-2404645/ |title=परिचय: गुरुदत्तचं गूढ... |trans-title=Introduction: Guru Dutt's mystery... |date=20 February 2021 |work=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr |access-date=11 April 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411113251/https://www.loksatta.com/athour-mapia-news/guru-dutt-an-unfinished-story-book-review-abn-97-2404645/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Rediff.com's review&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/column/what-went-wrong-in-guru-dutts-marriage/20210209.htm |title=What went wrong in Guru Dutt's marriage? |last=Modi |first=Chintan Girish |date=9 February 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=11 April 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411113757/https://www.rediff.com/movies/column/what-went-wrong-in-guru-dutts-marriage/20210209.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;The Telegraph's review&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/review-guru-dutt-an-unfinished-story-by-yasser-usman/cid/1826374 |title=A life behind the scenes |date=13 August 2021 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |last=Mitra |first=Devdan |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813121550/https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/review-guru-dutt-an-unfinished-story-by-yasser-usman/cid/1826374 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;The New Indian Express' review&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2021/aug/08/guru-dutts-anunfinished-story-an-unsuccessful-attempt-2340985.html |title=Guru Dutt's 'An Unfinished Story': An unsuccessful attempt |date=8 August 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |last=Saran |first=Sathya |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808174911/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2021/aug/08/guru-dutts-anunfinished-story-an-unsuccessful-attempt-2340985.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Hindustan Times' listing&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/ht-picks-the-most-interesting-reads-of-the-week/story-NQRbNopsTQVfwU6B7RH8aP.html |title=HT Picks: The most interesting reads of the week |date=8 January 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=11 April 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129105759/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/ht-picks-the-most-interesting-reads-of-the-week/story-NQRbNopsTQVfwU6B7RH8aP.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;The Telegraph's listing&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/page-turners-of-2021-biography/cid/1845542 |title=Page Turners of 2021: Biography and Memoirs |date=31 December 2021 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=19 January 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Amazon01&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Guru Dutt: An Unfinished Story |last=Usman |first=Yasser |date=7 January 2021 |publisher=[[Simon &amp; Schuster]] |location=Noida, India |id={{ASIN|B08P27PRGD|country=in}} }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Amazon02&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Guru Dutt: An Unfinished Story |last=Usman |first=Yasser |date=7 January 2021 |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |location=Noida, India |isbn=978-93-86797-88-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/references&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Google Books|id=W_sKEAAAQBAJ}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2021 non-fiction books]]<br /> [[Category:Books about Guru Dutt]]<br /> [[Category:Books by Yasser Usman]]<br /> [[Category:Books involved in plagiarism controversies]]<br /> [[Category:Indian biographies]]<br /> [[Category:Simon &amp; Schuster books]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohra_(community_development_block)&diff=518273 2026-01-20T22:10:11Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: Adding new stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Community development block in Gaya district, Bihar, India}}<br /> {{use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> &lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;<br /> | name = Mohra<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | settlement_type = [[Community Development Block]]<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = Bihar#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = &lt;!-- Location in... --&gt;<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|24|52|50|N|85|14|25|E|type:city_region:IN-BR|display=inline,title}} &lt;!-- copied from Gehlaur village --&gt;<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Gaya district|Gaya]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = Subdivision<br /> | subdivision_name3 = Neemchak Bathani<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> &lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;<br /> | area_total_km2 = 143.3<br /> | area_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;district handbook&quot; /&gt;<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census 2011&quot; /&gt;<br /> | population_total = 100820<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | demographics_type1 = &lt;!-- Languages --&gt;<br /> | demographics1_title1 = &lt;!-- Official --&gt;<br /> | demographics1_info1 =<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +05:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode]]<br /> | postal_code =<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = <br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = <br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Mohra''' is one of the 24 blocks of [[Gaya district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. It is part of Neemchak Bathani subdivision.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://gaya.nic.in/subdivision-and-blocks/ |title=Subdivision and Blocks |publisher=Gaya district |via=[[Nic.in]] |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The population was 100,820 at the [[2011 Indian census]].&lt;ref name=&quot;census 2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=288661 |title=Census of India: Search Details |publisher=[[Census of India]] |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> Mohra is located in the northeastern part of Gaya district, bounded by Atri block on the north and west, Neemchak Bathani block on the north, [[Nawada district]] on the southeast and [[Wazirganj]] Municipality on the south.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://gaya.nic.in/map-of-district/ |title=Map of District |publisher=Gaya district |via=Nic.in |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; It comprises a land area of {{Convert|143.3|km2|mi2}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;district handbook&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Villages ==<br /> According to the 2011 census, Mohra comprises 55 villages, of which 49 are inhabited:&lt;ref name=&quot;district handbook&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/10/1034_PART_A_DCHB_GAYA.pdf |title=District Census Handbook Gaya |work=Census of India 2011 |pages=100, 197–198 |publisher=Census of India |access-date=28 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Columns-list|colwidth=15em|<br /> * Abhaipur<br /> * Aer<br /> * Arai<br /> * Baikatpur<br /> * Basar<br /> * Bela<br /> * Bikaipur<br /> * Chamardih<br /> * Chandaila<br /> * Chandpura<br /> * Cheya<br /> * Chhibra<br /> * Dariyapur<br /> * Ganokhar<br /> * [[Gehlaur]]<br /> * Gendupur<br /> * Ghure Parsa<br /> * Jagatpur<br /> *[[Jalalpur, Murah|Jalalpur]]<br /> * Jithian<br /> * Jota<br /> * Kajur<br /> * Karamchak<br /> * Kasiadih<br /> * Kharanti<br /> * Kharaua<br /> * Khetila<br /> * Kishanpur<br /> * Mad Bigha<br /> * Mahammadpur<br /> * Mahapur<br /> * Mahuari<br /> * Malti<br /> * Mohanpur<br /> * Naudiha<br /> * Pachrukhi<br /> * Padmaul<br /> * Pakri<br /> * Panditpur<br /> * Puraini<br /> * Raj Bigha<br /> * Rampur<br /> * Reula<br /> * Sarsu<br /> * Sauntar<br /> * Shahpur<br /> * Shahzadpur<br /> * Sirabilaru<br /> * Sirphala<br /> * Sohari<br /> * Sonra<br /> * Surajpur<br /> * Tetar<br /> * Tetaru<br /> * Thamh<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Community development blocks in Gaya district]]<br /> <br /> {{Gaya-geo-stub}}</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khanqah-e-Moula&diff=468859 2026-01-18T05:39:04Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: improved information also and updated info per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Mosque in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox religious building<br /> | building_name = Khanqah-e-Moula<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image = Mausoleum of Shah e Hamadan 01.JPG<br /> | image_upright = 1.4<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = The Khanqah on the banks of [[Jhelum River]], in 2012<br /> | map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | map_size = 250<br /> | map_relief = 1<br /> | map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> | location = [[Zaina Kadal]], [[Downtown Srinagar|Old Srinagar]], [[Srinagar District]], [[Kashmir Valley]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> | geo = {{coord|34.091248|74.807771|region:IN-JK_type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]<br /> | rite = <br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | consecration_year = <br /> | status = [[Mosque]]<br /> | functional_status = Active<br /> | heritage_designation = <br /> | leadership = <br /> | patron = <br /> | website = <br /> | architect = <br /> | architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}<br /> | architecture_style = [[Kashmiri culture|Kashmiri]]<br /> | founded_by = [[Sikandar Butshikan|Sultan Sikandar]]<br /> | funded_by = <br /> | general_contractor = <br /> | facade_direction = <br /> | groundbreaking = <br /> | year_completed = {{ubl|1395 [[Common Era|CE]] {{small|(first structure)}};|1732 CE {{small|(rebuilt)}}}}<br /> | construction_cost = <br /> | specifications = <br /> | capacity = <br /> | length = <br /> | width = <br /> | width_nave = <br /> | height_max = {{cvt|38|m}}<br /> | dome_quantity = <br /> | dome_height_outer = <br /> | dome_height_inner = <br /> | dome_dia_outer = <br /> | dome_dia_inner = <br /> | minaret_quantity = <br /> | minaret_height = <br /> | spire_quantity = 1 (turret)<br /> | spire_height = <br /> | materials = <br /> | nrhp = <br /> | added = <br /> | refnum = <br /> | designated = <br /> | module = {{Infobox historic site<br /> | embed = yes <br /> | designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = Khanqah of Shah Hamadan | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-JK-37 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}<br /> }}<br /> The '''Khanqah-e-Moula''', also known as '''Shah-e-Hamadan Masjid''' and the '''Khanqah''', is a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[mosque]] located in the [[Downtown Srinagar|Old City]] of [[Srinagar]], in the [[India|Indian]]-administered [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Situated on the right bank of the river [[Jhelum]] between the Fateh Kadal and [[Zaina Kadal]] bridges, it was built in 1395 [[Common Era|CE]], and was commissioned by Sultan [[Sikandar Shah Miri|Sikandar]] in memory of [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]]. It is held to be the first ''[[khanqah]]'' — mosques associated with specific saints — in the [[Kashmir Valley]]. It is one of the best examples of Kashmiri wooden architecture, and is decorated with ''papier mache''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/india/srinagar/khanqah.php |title=Asian Historical Architecture: A Photographic Survey |website=Asian Architecture}}&lt;/ref&gt; The mosque structure is a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monument of National Importance]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_jk.asp|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Jammu &amp; Kashmir |work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |date= |access-date=2016-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507130954/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_jk.asp|archive-date=2012-05-07|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The mosque was commissioned by Sultan Sikandar Butshikan in 1395 CE in memory of the Islamic preacher Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, the central figure involved in the widespread conversion to Islam in Kashmir. Also known as ''Shah-e-Hamadan'' (the King of Hamadan), the preacher came to Kashmir from the city of [[Hamadan]], [[Persia]] in the 14th century. He is credited for the spread of Islam in Kashmir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1480, the shrine was destroyed in a fire. The then-ruler, Sultan Hassan Shah, expanded its premises and rebuilt it. In 1731 CE, the ''khanqah'' was again destroyed by fire and then rebuilt by Abdul Barkat Khan, the [[Mughal Kashmir|Mughal governor]]. On 15 November 2017, another fire broke out in the shrine which damaged the spire of the building. Fire tenders were brought on the scene and they managed to arrest the spread of the fire which prevented any further damage to the building.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/khankah-e-moula-shrine-damaged-in-srinagar-fire-jammu-kashmir-downtown-4938501/ |title=Khankah-e-Moula shrine damaged in Srinagar fire |date=2017-11-15 |access-date=2019-05-05 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Restoration work was immediately started,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/print/khanqah-fire-work-to-rebuild-damaged-spire-rooftop-begins/266504.html |title=Latest News From Kashmir, Breaking News, Current Headlines, Kashmir News Online {{!}} Greater Kashmir |access-date=2019-05-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and on 30 March 2018, a refurbished crown was successfully installed on the spire of the shrine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/srinagar/khankah-e-maulla-gets-refurbished-crown/ |title=Khankah-e-Maulla gets refurbished crown |date=2018-03-31 |access-date=2019-05-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In recent centuries, some have claimed it was built on top of the ruins of a Hindu Kali temple,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=30 September 2023 |title=Maa Kali's Abode at Srinagar Kashmir - Kashmir Rechords-Striking a Chord with Kashmir |url=https://kashmir-rechords.com/maa-kalis-abode-at-srinagar-kashmir}}&lt;/ref&gt; although such claims have been thoroughly investigated and refuted.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=30 September 2023 |title=Maa Kali's Abode at Srinagar Kashmir - Kashmir Rechords-Striking a Chord with Kashmir |url=https://kashmir-rechords.com/maa-kalis-abode-at-srinagar-kashmir}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> Shah Hamadan Mosque, srinagar 1906.jpg|Sketch of the mosque, 1906<br /> Khanqah, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.jpg|The mosque's interior has intricate woodwork and is richly decorated with ''papier-maché'', seen above in 2007; the wooden structure makes it prone to fires, the latest such incident occurring in 2017<br /> Kalleshwari Temple Srinagar.png|View of the Khanqah from the Jhelum river. On the bank saffron marks indicate the supposed existence of a Kali temple, although no conclusive evidence exists of the latter.<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}<br /> * [[Islam in India]]<br /> * [[List of mosques in India]]<br /> * [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category-inline|Khanqah-e-Moula Mosque}}<br /> <br /> {{Mosques in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:14th-century mosques in India]]<br /> [[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Mosque buildings with spires]]<br /> [[Category:Mosques in Srinagar]]<br /> [[Category:Sunni mosques in India]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1395]]<br /> [[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1732]]<br /> [[Category:Mosques completed in the 1730s]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guptipara&diff=467543 2026-01-15T12:12:36Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: slightly refine layout additionally and cleaned formatting based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Village in Hooghly, West Bengal, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}<br /> <br /> {{more citations needed|date=October 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Guptipara<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline = Guptipara Railway stations in Hooghly district 04.jpg<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|23.2103|N|88.4043|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 2169<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Balagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Balagarh]]<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Guptipara''' is a village in [[Balagarh (community development block)|Balagarh]],&lt;ref name=censusstatutory&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm<br /> | title = District Wise List of Statutory Towns (Municipal Corporation, Municipality, Notified Area and Cantonment Board), Census Towns and Outgrowths, West Bengal, 2001<br /> |work =Census of India: Final Population Totals, West Bengal<br /> | access-date = 2007-03-25<br /> | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070330052916/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archive-date = 2007-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in the Sadar subdivision of the [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | width=300| height=350| zoom=10<br /> | coord={{coord|23|0|45|N|88|20|12|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Chinsurah subdivision (except Polba Dadpur and Dhaniakhali CD Blocks) in Hooghly district'''&lt;br/&gt;M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, &lt;br/&gt;Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br /> |mark-coord1={{coord|22|58|32|N|88|24|0|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Bansberia | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Bansberia]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br /> |mark-coord2={{coord|22|54|0|N|88|23|24|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Hugli-Chuchura| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Hugli-Chuchura]] (M)<br /> |mark-coord3={{coord|23|7|25|N|88|12|4|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Batika | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Batika]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord4={{coord|23|5|30|N|88|16|48|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Pandua| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Pandua, Hooghly]] (CT)| shape-color4=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord5={{coord|23|4|10|N|88|15|48|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Purusattompur| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Purusattompur]] (CT)| shape-color5=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord6={{coord|23|3|10|N|88|15|59|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Namajgram| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Namajgram]] (CT)| shape-color6=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord7={{coord|23|11|55|N|88|24|32|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Badhagachhi| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Badhagachhi]] (CT)| shape-color7=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord8={{coord|23|11|5|N|88|24|53|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Mirdhanga| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Mirdhanga]] (CT)|shape-color8=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord9={{coord|23|7|4|N|88|28|22|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Sripur| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Sripur, Hooghly|Sripur]] (CT)|shape-color9=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord10={{coord|23|5|54|N|88|27|42|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Jirat| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Jirat]] (CT)| shape-color10=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord11={{coord|23|6|40|N|88|27|27|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Balagarh| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Balagarh]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord12={{coord|23|1|40|N|88|23|50|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12=Raghunathpur| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Raghunathpur (PS-Magra)]] (CT)| shape-color12=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord13={{coord|23|1|0|N|88|24|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Madhusudanpur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Madhusudanpur]] (CT)| shape-color13=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord14={{coord|23|0|45|N|88|22|22|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Hansghara| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Hansghara]] (CT)| shape-color14=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord15={{coord|22|59|28|N|88|21|43|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Kola| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Kola, Hooghly|Kola]] (CT)| shape-color15=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord16={{coord|22|59|15|N|88|23|34|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16=Amodghata| numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Amodghata]] (CT)| shape-color16=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord17={{coord|23|0|0|N|88|22|55|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Mogra| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Mogra]] (R)| shape-color17=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord18={{coord|22|58|42|N|88|22|14|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Alikhoja| numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Alikhoja]] (CT)| shape-color18=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord19={{coord|22|57|40|N|88|23|20|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19=Shankhanagar| numbered19=CT| mark-title19= [[Shankhanagar]] (CT)| shape-color19=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord20={{coord|22|58|0|N|88|22|20|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20=Chak Bansberia| numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Chak Bansberia]] (CT)| shape-color20=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord21={{coord|22|56|10|N|88|23|3|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Keota| numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Keota, Hooghly|Keota]] (CT)| shape-color21=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord22={{coord|22|55|21|N|88|22|46|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=Bandel| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Bandel]] (R)| shape-color22=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord23={{coord|22|56|0|N|88|22|0|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Manushpur| numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Manushpur]] (CT)| shape-color23=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord24={{coord|22|55|12|N|88|21|50|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24=Naldanga| numbered24=CT| mark-title24= [[Naldanga, Hooghly|Naldanga]] (CT)| shape-color24=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord25={{coord|22|54|15|N|88|22|10|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25=Kodalia| numbered25=CT| mark-title25= [[Kodalia]] (CT)| shape-color25=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord26={{coord|22|53|30|N|88|22|10|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26=Kulihanda| numbered26=CT| mark-title26= [[Kulihanda]] (CT)| shape-color26=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord27={{coord|22|52|38|N|88|22|50|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27=Dharmapur| numbered27=CT| mark-title27= [[Dharmapur, West Bengal|Dharmapur]] (CT)| shape-color27=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord28={{coord|22|52|40|N|88|21|30|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28=Simla| numbered28=CT| mark-title28= [[Simla, West Bengal|Simla]] (CT)| shape-color28=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord29={{coord| 23.131844|88.475278}}| label29=Hooghly |labela29=River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=0| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none<br /> |mark-coord30={{coord|23|7|30|N|88|27|27|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30=Guptipara| numbered30=R| mark-title30= Guptipara (R)|shape-color30=black| label-size30=13|label-color30=black &lt;!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Guptipara sits beside the [[Hooghly River]] that divides Guptipara into two parts (Panchayat I and II are situated in the western part and Panchayat III is situated on the eastern side). Two oxbow lakes, Dekol and Dhama, are situated at the northern and southern end of Guptipara, respectively. Before the 15th century, many parts of Guptipara sank and were covered by lakes and rivers. {{refn|group=note|Reverend Long wrote in 'Calcutta Review' 1846, 'The River (the Bhagirathi) formerly flowed behind [[Kalna, India|Kalna]] where old Kalna now is, and it passed by Pyagachi, the remains of deep and large lakes.'}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98350|title=Calcutta And Its Neighbourhood: History of people and localities from 1690 to 1857|last=Long|first=James|publisher=Indian Publications|editor-last=Sen Gupta|editor-first=Sankar|location=Calcutta|publication-date=June 1974}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Dekol was connected with the Hooghly by the ''Muri Ganga'' channel, which can no longer be traced. During floods, water from the river enters through the Muri Ganga Path before it reunites with Dekol. An increase in population and farming, floods, the STKK road and railway lines define the landscape. The village is part of the Hooghly-Burdwan rice belt.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Guptipara is the home of Bengal's first &quot;Barowari&quot; ({{langx|en|publicly organized}}) [[Durga Puja]] which introduced Sri Bindhabasini [[Jagaddhatri puja|Jagaddhatri Puja]] (Worshipping Devi Durga introduced by [[Lord Rama]]), with a club named Bindhyabasini. It is now known as Bindhyabasini Mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=বারো ইয়ারি আয়োজনে পূজিতা হন গুপ্তিপাড়ার বিন্ধ্যবাসিনী|url=https://anandautsav.anandabazar.com/puja-parikrama/durga-puja-2018-old-and-ancient-puja-of-guptipara-dgtl-1.881827|access-date=2021-08-17|website=anandautsav.anandabazar.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 1760s, a group of men were stopped from taking part in the household [[Durga Puja]] of the ruling Sen family. In retaliation, twelve of these men formed a committee and organised a modern club culture called &quot;Barowari Puja.&quot; A group of twelve Brahmins, after being denied entry to a private Durga Puja at a wealthy household, decided to organize their own public celebration. <br /> &quot;Bāro&quot; (Twelve) and &quot;yāri&quot; (friends/companions): The name &quot;Barowari&quot; is believed to stem from &quot;bāro yāri&quot; (twelve friends), symbolizing their collective effort to create a public festival. <br /> &lt;ref name=telegraph&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060326/asp/calcutta/story_6014771.asp<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060629230728/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060326/asp/calcutta/story_6014771.asp<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> | archive-date = 29 June 2006<br /> | title = Next weekend you can be at ... Guptipara<br /> | access-date = 2007-03-25<br /> | last = Sengupta<br /> | first = Tithiparna<br /> | date = 26 March 2006<br /> | work= [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=yellowpages&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = http://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/durga.html<br /> | title = Durga Puja Festival in West bengal<br /> | access-date = 2008-02-01<br /> | publisher = [[Yellowpages.com]]<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Opinions vary about the year of commencement of the Barowari puja. Some believe it to be 1760 while others claim it to be 1790.&lt;ref name=calweb&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = http://www.calcuttaweb.com/puja/index.shtml<br /> |title = Durga Puja<br /> |access-date = 2007-03-25<br /> |work = Calcuttaweb<br /> |url-status = dead<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070412212224/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/puja/index.shtml<br /> |archive-date = 2007-04-12<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = http://festivals.iloveindia.com/durga-puja/history-durga-puja.html<br /> | title = History of Durga Puja<br /> | work = Festivals: Durga Puja<br /> | access-date = 2007-03-25<br /> | publisher = iloveindia.com<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Bindhyabasini_Temple.jpg|200 px|thumb|Bindhyabasini Temple, Guptipara. The place of first Barwari puja of Undivided Bengal]]<br /> [[File:Krishnachandra_Temple.jpg|thumb|200 px|Krishnachandra Temple, Guptipara, Hooghly]]<br /> [[File:Ramchandra_Temple.jpg|thumb|200 px|Ramchandra Temple]]<br /> [[File:VRINDAVANCHANDRA.jpg|thumb|200 px|Vrindabanchandra Temple]]<br /> [[File:The temple complex in Guptipara.jpg|200 px|thumb|The temple complex in Guptipara, Hooghly]]<br /> [[File:In_Mohanlal's_Memory.jpg|thumb|200 px|In Mohanlal's Memory]]<br /> [[File:Chariot_of_Guptipara.jpg|thumb|200 px|Chariot of Guptipara]]<br /> [[File:Guptipara Rath.jpg|thumb|200 px|Guptipara Rath]]<br /> [[File:Guptipara Rath 4.jpg|thumb|200 px|Pulling of the chariot during ultorath]]<br /> [[File:Bhandar Loot 30.jpg|thumb|200 px|Devotees come out temple during Bhandar Loot]]<br /> [[File:Saroj Mohan Institute of Technology Guptipara.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Saroj Mohan Institute of Technology|Saroj Mohon Institute of Technology]]]]<br /> <br /> Guptipara was one of the main places in ancient India where the &quot;[[Sanskrit]] Toles&quot; and Pandith lived. &quot;Pathmahal,&quot; &quot;Raghu Nath&quot; Mandir, and ''Mela'' were situated throughout Guptipara in large numbers. Many old manuscripts and books are preserved in the &quot;''Sisir Bani Mandir Pathagar''&quot;, the government library.<br /> <br /> Guptipara is the birthplace of folk singer Bhola Moira,&lt;ref name = &quot;Datta&quot;/&gt; and of [[Diwan Mohanlal]], the Commander in Chief of King [[Siraj ud-Daulah]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Sirajer putro o bangsadharder Sandhane|last=Amalendu Dey|publisher=Parul Prakashani Pvt. Ltd.|year=2012|isbn=9789382300472|location=Kolkata|pages=49|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> The temple complex at [[Brindaban Chandra's Math]] houses four [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] Temples: Chaitanya, Brindabanchandra, Ramchandra and Krishnachandra. The Ramchandra Temples contain many [[terracotta]] works,&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph&quot; /&gt; and the structures bear characteristics of the [[Bengal temple architecture|Bengal school of architecture]], with carvings depicting scenes from the [[epic (genre)|epics]] and [[Puranas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Guptipara was a citadel of Vaishnavite culture. Even today, residents observe Ras, Dol and [[Ratha-Yatra]], which is Guptipara's greatest festival. The Guptipara ''ratha'' ({{langx|en|ceremonial chariot}}), one of the tallest and oldest ''rathas'' in West Bengal, is said to cover the second-longest distance in India after that of [[Puri]]. On the day before the Ultorath (the homecoming of Lord Bridabanchandra), a festival known as &quot;Bhandarloot&quot; is held in Guptipara. Many people across Eastern India come gather there to pull the ropes of the ''ratha''.<br /> <br /> Guptipara is the home of the first branded Bengali &quot;''Gupo [[Sandesh (confectionery)|sandesh]],''&quot; a special kind of sweetmeat.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> As per the [[2011 Census of India]], the population was 2,169, of which 1,090 (50%) were males and 1,079 (50%) were females. 192 of the population was below age 6. The literacy rate was 83.92% of the population over age 6.&lt;ref name=census2011&gt;{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 10 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> Guptipara can be reached from [[Kolkata]] or [[Howrah]] on the suburban train service. Local trains from Howrah, [[Katwa]] and [[Bandel]] stop at [[Guptipara railway station]]. Train service is also available from [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]]. Guptipara is {{convert|74|km|abbr=on}} from Howrah and {{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from Bandel on the [[Howrah–Bardhaman main line#Other routes|Bandel–Katwa Branch Line]].&lt;ref&gt;Railway local timetable&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Guptipara is connected by roadways, including the Assam (S.T.K.K.) Road.<br /> <br /> Buses are available from district headquarters [[Chinsurah]] &amp; [[Kalna, India|Kalna]] (Kalna–Chinsurah 8 No. Private Bus), [[Burdwan]] (Guptipara–Burdwan) and [[Tarakeswar]] (Guptipara–Tarakeswar).<br /> <br /> Ferry service to Guptipara is available from [[Shantipur]] and Tarapur.<br /> <br /> Autorickshaw services are available from [[Jirat]] (Jirat–Guptipara) and from Kalna (Kalna–Guptipara).<br /> <br /> ==Sports==<br /> The two main sports clubs are over one-hundred and twenty years old: The Gupitara Football Club and the Gupitara Premier League.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} The Guptipara Football Club, Aida Milani Sangha, and the Guptipara Cricket Association arrange regular tournaments. The Guptipara Premier League in cricket received some fame and came into the spotlight of Bengal Media. These clubs organize football tournaments at Guptipara.<br /> <br /> ==Administration==<br /> Guptipara is divided into three administrative parts, or [[gram panchayat]]s. Guptipara I covers areas like Guptipara Station Road, Satgachia, Bandhagachi, Pathmahal, Mirdanga, Tengripara, and Saradanagar villages. Guptipara II covers the largest area with Manasatala, Pathakpukur, Beldanga, Kumorpara, Chutorpara, Baburdanga, Aryanagar, Rathsadak, Jamtala, Behula, Ghoshpara, Sondolpur, Rampur, Aida, and Baire, as well as many other small villages. Guptipara III covers Fultala, Char-Krishnabati, Benali, Shaktipur etc.<br /> <br /> Guptipara is under The [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly Lok Sabha]] and [[Balagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Balagarh]] [[Vidhan Sabha]].<br /> <br /> ===Heads of Administration===<br /> *[[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|M.P. Rachana Banerjee<br /> *[[Balagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|MLA: Asim Majhi]]<br /> *Zilla Parishad: Paritosh Ghosh<br /> *Pradhan Guptipara -I: Padma Roy<br /> *Pradhan Guptipara -II: Sonali Ghosh<br /> *Pradhan Guptipara -III: Sanjib Mahato<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> <br /> ===College===<br /> *[[Saroj Mohan Institute of Technology]]<br /> <br /> ===Higher Secondary schools===<br /> * [[Guptipara High School]] ({{abbr|est.|established}}&amp;nbsp;1890, Near Guptipara police outpost, Bhattacharya Para. Co-ed) &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icbse.com/schools/guptipara-high-school/19121400501 Guptipara High School]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Guptipara Girls High School (est. 1950, Hugli. Co-ed) &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icbse.com/schools/guptipara-girls-high-school/19121402201 Guptipara Girls High School]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Secondary schools===<br /> * Satyabrata Balika Vidyalaya (Girls Only)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.schoolsworld.in/schools/showschool.php?school_id=19121402202 Satyabrata Balika Vidyalaya]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Krishna Bati Char High School (Co-Ed)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icbse.com/schools/krishna-bati-char-high-school/19121401205 Krishna Bati Char High School]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Satgachia High School (Co-Ed)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icbse.com/schools/satgachia-high-school/19091403904 Satgachia High School]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Natagarh High School (Co-Ed)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icbse.com/schools/natagarh-high-school/19121403403 Natagarh High School]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Sultanpur Alia Sr. Madarasah School (Co-Ed)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icbse.com/schools/sultanpur-alia-sr-madarasah/19072409802 Sultanpur Alia Sr. Madarasah School]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Satgachia Balika Vidyalaya (Girls only)<br /> <br /> ===Mission===<br /> # Hindu Mission Boys Welfare Home<br /> <br /> ==Festivals and culture==<br /> Guptiparans celebrate several events: Ratha Yatra, Jagadhatri Puja, Durga Puja, Dol Yatra, Jhapan, Kali Puja and many local festivals, including [[Guptipara Rathayatra]].<br /> <br /> ===Ratha-Yatra===<br /> {{Main article|Guptipara Rathayatra}}<br /> Ratha Yatra is the main attraction. At approximately 2&amp;nbsp;km, the Guptipara Ratha covers the second largest distance in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Datta&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1090906/jsp/calcutta/story_11457400.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028132521/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090906/jsp/calcutta/story_11457400.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2010|title=Next Weekend you can be at ... Guptipara|last1=Datta|first1=Rangan|date=6 Sep 2009|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=25 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; It starts from the temple complex in Lord Brindaban Chandra Temple and stretches to Lord Gopal Temple at Borobazar, Guptipara. Approximately one million people gather there to celebrate the Ratha Yatra. On the eve of the Ulto Rath, Guptipara holds a unique ritual known as Bhandar Loot. During Bhandar Loot the bhog is not distributed but looted.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Bhandar Loot — a unique folk event celebrated a day before the Ulto Rath |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/bhandar-loot-a-unique-folk-event-of-guptipara-west-bengal-which-takes-place-a-day-before-the-ulto-rath/cid/1947178 |access-date=26 June 2023 |work=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph |date=23 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Jagaddhatri Puja===<br /> Barowari committees and houses organize Jagadhatri Puja. The main attraction is a firecracker competition and procession that takes place on the last evening of the Puja.<br /> <br /> ===Durga Puja===<br /> Like other areas of Bengal, Guptipara hosts Durga Puja. Puja from the Sen's house is one of the oldest traditions in Bengal. The famous clubs who organize Durga Puja are United Club, Saradanagar New Young Star, Bandhagachi Barowari, Azad hind Club, SMIT, Jagarani Sangha, Durga Mandir, Nirbhik Sangha, Daspara Barowari, Bhumijpara Barowari, Swaralipi Club, Evergreen, Thakurpara Barowari, Aryanagar Barowari, and Sasthitala Barowari. At least 100 small and big pujas have been organized here.<br /> <br /> ===Kali Puja===<br /> The main attractions are Desh Kali Puja &amp; Mashal Kali Puja (Deceits Kali). Flares are often used in the procession of Mashal Kali Puja.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist|group=note}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category|Guptipara}}<br /> * [http://www.accegup.blogspot.in Abhimunya Classes for Competitive Exams]<br /> * [http://www.rangan-datta.info/guptipara.htm Travel Article on Guptipara]<br /> * [http://www.rangan-datta.info/photo/thumbs.php?gallery=37 Guptipara Ratha Yatra Photos]<br /> *[https://ebarguptipara.blogspot.com Ebar Guptipara]<br /> <br /> {{Hooghly District}}<br /> {{Temple towns in West Bengal}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Hooghly district]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manipuri_Language_Festival&diff=516036 2026-01-12T14:50:50Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: Adding info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Annual literary festival in Bangladesh}}<br /> {{About|an annual event in Bangladesh|the associated language in Bangladesh|Meitei language in Bangladesh}}<br /> {{Distinguish|Meitei language day|Meitei poetry day|Meitei language movement}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox event<br /> | title = Meitei language festival &lt;!-- Title to display, if other than page name --&gt;<br /> | image = The names of the &quot;Meitei Language Festival&quot; (AKA &quot;Manipuri Language Festival&quot;) – &quot;Manipuri Lon-gi Kummei&quot; (in Meitei, the native language) &amp; &quot;Manipuri Bhasha Utsav&quot; (in Bengali, the national language of Bangladesh).jpg<br /> | image_upright =<br /> | image_alt =<br /> | caption = Meitei language festival<br /> | native_name = Manipuri Lon-gi Kummei; Manipuri Bhasha Utsav<br /> | native_name_lang = mni<br /> | english_name = Manipuri language festival<br /> | time =<br /> | timezone =<br /> | duration = &lt;!-- {{duration|h=x|m=x|s=x}} or {{time interval|date1|date2|options}} --&gt;<br /> | date = {{Start date and age|2008}}&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |script-title=bn:মৌলভীবাজারে মাতৃভাষায় পরীক্ষা দিল শতাধিক মণিপুরি শিক্ষার্থী |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/samagrabangladesh/i6zrwsw8bu |access-date=2023-03-11 |work=bdnews24 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!-- {{start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{start and end dates|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;<br /> | venue =<br /> * [[Kamalganj, Bangladesh|Kamalganj]], [[Moulvibazar District|Moulvibazar]]&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Jibon |date=2022-05-14 |script-title=bn:কমলগঞ্জে মণিপুরি ভাষা ও সংস্কৃতি উৎসব |url=https://dailyjalalabad.com/2022/05/186017/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Daily Jalalabad |language=bn |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311211736/https://dailyjalalabad.com/2022/05/186017/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Bishganj]]&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manipuri language festival : 20th mar16 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp18..200316.mar16 |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=e-pao.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Bhanuganj]]&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[Jhotamaiz]]&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;<br /> | location = [[Bangladesh]]<br /> | coordinates = &lt;!-- {{coord|LAT|LON|region:XXXX_type:event|display=inline,title}} --&gt;<br /> | also_known_as = Manipuri Language and Culture Festival ({{langx|bn|Manipuri Bhasha o Sanskriti Utsav}})&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt;<br /> | type = annual event<br /> | theme = [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language]])<br /> | cause =<br /> | motive =<br /> | target = preservation and development of [[Meitei language]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=bn:মৌলভীবাজারের কমলগঞ্জে মনিপুরী ভাষা উৎসব উদযাপিত |url=https://paharechok.com/2022/05/13/%e0%a6%ae%e0%a7%8c%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%ad%e0%a7%80%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%9c%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%97%e0%a6%9e%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9c%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%ae-2/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; indigenous [[Meitei script]]{{efn|name=script|The event promotes the indigenous [[Meitei writing system]] to be used for the Meitei language, other than the already predominantly used Bengali script.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |script-title=bn:কমলগঞ্জে দিনব্যাপী মণিপুরি ভাষা ও সংস্কৃতি উৎসব |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/কমলগঞ্জে-দিনব্যাপী-মণিপুরি-ভাষা-ও-সংস্কৃতি-উৎসব |access-date=2023-03-12 |work=Prothom Alo |date=13 May 2022 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} and [[Meitei culture]]{{efn|name=culture|The event also focuses on the cultural programs, besides the mother tongue, the Meitei language.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt;}} in Bangladesh<br /> | perpetrator =<br /> | first_reporter =<br /> | budget =<br /> | patron = [[Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad]] &lt;!-- or |patrons= --&gt;<br /> | organisers = [[Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=bn:কমলগঞ্জে মণিপুরী ভাষা উৎসব উদযাপিত |url=https://www.alordesh24.com/2022/05/13/5016/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=alordesh24.com |date=13 May 2022 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!-- or |organizers= --&gt;<br /> | filmed_by =<br /> | participants = [[Meitei people]] (AKA [[Manipuri people]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |script-title=bn:কমলগঞ্জে দিনব্যাপী মণিপুরি ভাষা ও সংস্কৃতি উৎসব |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/কমলগঞ্জে-দিনব্যাপী-মণিপুরি-ভাষা-ও-সংস্কৃতি-উৎসব |access-date=2023-03-11 |work=Prothom Alo |date=13 May 2022 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | outcome =<br /> | awards =<br /> | blank_label = &lt;!-- or |blank_data= --&gt;<br /> | blank1_label = &lt;!-- or |blank1_data= --&gt;<br /> | blank2_label = &lt;!-- or |blank2_data= --&gt;<br /> | website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;<br /> | notes =<br /> }}<br /> &lt;!-- Please don't remove the following {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} and {{Contains special characters|Bengali}} templates without any discussion or consensus. --&gt;<br /> {{Contains special characters|Meitei}}<br /> {{Contains special characters|Bengali}}<br /> The '''Manipuri Language Festival''' ({{langx|mni|Manipuri Lon-gi Kummei}}), also known as the '''Meitei Language Festival''' or the '''Manipuri Bhasha Utsav''', is an annual language festival dedicated to the promotion and the development of the Manipuri [[Meitei language]], [[Meitei script]], and [[Meitei culture]] in Bangladesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=bn:কমলগঞ্জে মনিপুরী ভাষা উৎসব উদযাপিত |url=https://www.bangla-times.com/2023/03/10/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=bangla-times.com |date=10 March 2023 |language=bn |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311203440/https://www.bangla-times.com/2023/03/10/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The event is organised by the [[Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad|Bangladesh Manipuri Literary Society]] ({{langx|bn|বাংলাদেশ মণিপুরি সাহিত্য সংসদের|[[Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad]]}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |script-title=bn:কমলগঞ্জে মণিপুরি ভাষা উৎসব পালিত |url=https://www.abnews24.com/country-news/223407/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4 |access-date=2023-03-11 |work=AB News 24 |language=bn |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311201751/https://www.abnews24.com/country-news/223407/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-10 |script-title=bn:নিজস্ব ভাষা সাহিত্যকে যথার্থ চর্চার মাধ্যমেই বাঁচিয়ে রাখা সম্ভব |url=https://sylheterdak.com.bd/নিজস্ব-ভাষা-সাহিত্যকে-যথ/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=সিলেটের ডাক |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Festival activities==<br /> The festival is held at Adampur Tetaigaon Rashid Uddin High School premises in [[Kamalganj, Bangladesh|Kamalganj]], [[Moulvibazar]]. It includes an opening address and colourful procession and rally of [[Meitei people|Meitei]] students and guests, a payment of tribute at the local Martyrs' Monument to those protestors who died during the [[Bengali language movement]] of 1952,&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Jibon |date=2022-05-14 |script-title=bn:কমলগঞ্জে মণিপুরি ভাষা ও সংস্কৃতি উৎসব |url=https://dailyjalalabad.com/2022/05/186017/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=দৈনিক জালালাবাদ {{!}} Daily Jalalabad |language=bn |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311211736/https://dailyjalalabad.com/2022/05/186017/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; and meetings, including cultural programs and prize-giving.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Students in the 1st-8th grade (A branch) and 9th-10th grade (B branch) in the festival, had the opportunity to take a written test in their mother tongue.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=bn:কমলগঞ্জে মনিপুরী ভাষা উৎসব উদযাপিত |url=https://www.bangla-times.com/2023/03/10/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=bangla-times.com |date=10 March 2023 |language=bn |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311203440/https://www.bangla-times.com/2023/03/10/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == 2022 ==<br /> In 2022, AK Sheram, the president of the [[Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad]], and Shahena Begum, the then-acting principal of Teteigaon Ramid Uddin High School, opened the Manipuri Language Festival. Later, a meeting attended by Saurabh Sikdar of the Linguistics Department of [[Dhaka University]] and Mathura Vikas Tripura, executive director of the Jabarang Welfare Organisation and member of the International Indigenous Languages Decade National Committee, was held to discuss the practice and promotion of the Meitei language and culture in the school.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == 2023 event ==<br /> The main meeting was chaired by poet and essayist AK Sheram and the organization's general secretary, Nambram Shankar. Special guests included Parimal Singh, the secretary of the [[National Sports Council]] of Bangladesh,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Samachar |first=সিলেট সমাচার :: Sylhet |script-title=bn:মৌলভীবাজারে মণিপুরি ভাষা উৎসবে মাতৃভাষায় পরীক্ষায় |url=https://www.sylhetsomachar.com/out-of-city/151194 |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Sylhet Samachar |language=bn |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311202425/https://www.sylhetsomachar.com/out-of-city/151194 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=newseditor |date=2023-03-10 |script-title=bn:কমলগঞ্জে মনিপুরী ভাষা উৎসব |url=https://www.unitednews24.com/কমলগঞ্জে-মনিপুরী-ভাষা-উৎ/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Unitednews24.com |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; and N. Ratan Meitei.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=bn:কমলগঞ্জে মণিপুরি ভাষা উৎসব পালিত |url=https://www.sylhettoday24.news/news/details/Sylhet/143161 |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=sylhettoday24.news |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=bn:মৌলভীবাজারে মণিপুরী মাতৃভাষায় শতাধিক শিক্ষার্থী পরীক্ষা দিল {{!}} বাংলা এক্সপ্রেস মিডিয়া {{!}} Bangla Express Media |url=https://banglaexpressonline.com/%e0%a6%ae%e0%a7%8c%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%ad%e0%a7%80%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%9c%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%a3%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%aa%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%80-%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a4%e0%a7%83/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Publications==<br /> &quot;Meira&quot; ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯔꯥ}}; {{Script|Beng|মৈরা}}|/mə́i.ra/|Torch}}), the cover of commemorative collection of the festival was released at the 2023 Meitei Language Festival.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rasel |first=Razib |script-title=bn:কমলগঞ্জে মণিপুরি ভাষা উৎসব উদযাপন |url=https://sylhetvoice.com/%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%97%e0%a6%9e%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9c%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%a3%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%aa%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%bf-%e0%a6%ad%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b7%e0%a6%be-%e0%a6%89%e0%a7%8e/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=sylhetvoice.com |language=bn |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311201945/https://sylhetvoice.com/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-11 |script-title=bn:মণিপুরী মাতৃভাষায় শতাধিক শিক্ষার্থী পরীক্ষা দিল - Protidiner Post |url=https://protidinerpost.com/%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%a3%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%aa%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%80-%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a4%e0%a7%83%e0%a6%ad%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b7%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%af%e0%a6%bc-%e0%a6%b6%e0%a6%a4%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a7%e0%a6%bf/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Meitei language movement]]s<br /> ** [[Meitei classical language movement]]<br /> ** [[Meitei associate official language movement]]<br /> ** [[Meitei linguistic purism movement]]<br /> * [[Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation]]<br /> * [[Sahitya Akademi]]<br /> ** [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Meitei]]<br /> ** [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Meitei]]<br /> ** [[List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Meitei]]<br /> * [[Manipuri Sahitya Parishad]]<br /> * [[Manipur University]]<br /> * [[Manipur University of Culture]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Annual events]]<br /> [[Category:Organised events in Bangladesh]]<br /> [[Category:Language festivals]]<br /> [[Category:Meitei culture]]<br /> [[Category:Meitei festivals]]<br /> [[Category:Meitei script]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagpuri_culture&diff=519974 2026-01-11T10:36:07Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: Adding new article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br /> '''Nagpuri culture''' refers to the culture of the [[Nagpuria people]], the native speakers of the [[Nagpuri language]], which includes literature, festivals, folk song and dance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ghumla/story-committee-constituted-for-the-protection-and-promotion-of-nagpuri-language-and-culture-in-chainpur-6804917.amp.html|title=चैनपुर में नागपुरी भाषा-संस्कृति के संरक्षण व संवर्द्धन को लेकर कमेटी गठित|publisher=livehindustan|date=18 July 2022|access-date=24 September 2022|language=hindi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Colours of culture&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/colours-of-culture-blossom-at-nagpuri-dance-workshop.html |work=The Daily Pioneer |title=Colours of culture blossom at Nagpuri dance workshop |date=1 June 2017 |first=Arya |last=Sharan |access-date=24 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also referred to as the culture related to the Nagpuri language.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/nagpuri-call-for-culture/cid/562024|title=Nagpuri call for culture|website=telegraphindia|date=25 July 2008|access-date=24 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Language==<br /> {{Main|Nagpuri language|Nagpuri literature}}<br /> Nagpuri is the native language of Sadan, the Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group of Chotanagpur. It is spoken in the western and central Chota Nagpur plateau region. It is spoken by around 12 million people, 5 million as a native language and 7 million as a second language.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&amp;pg=PA4387|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|isbn=9788126012213|last1=Lal|first1=Mohan|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Samanya Gyan 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFmxDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA195|title=Jharkhand Samanya Gyan|isbn=9789351867982|last1=Ranjan|first1=Manish|year=2021|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan }}&lt;/ref&gt; The first evidence of poetry written in this language is from the 17th century.&lt;ref&gt;[[Paul Brass|Brass Paul R.]], ''The Politics of India Since Independence'', Cambridge University Press, pp. 183&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]] king [[Raghunath Shah]] and [[Dalel Singh (king)|Dalel Singh]], the king of [[Ramgarh Raj|Ramgarh]] were the poets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/giant-new-chapter-for-nagpuri-poetry/cid/362632|title=giant new chapter for nagpuri poetry|website=telegraphindia|date=5 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some prominent poets were Hanuman Singh, Jaigovind Mishra, Barju Ram Pathak, [[Ghasiram Mahli]] and Das Mahli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/nagpuri-cinema/nagpuri-artist-singer-mahavir-nayak-nagpuri-raga-ragini-preserving/1325460.html|title=नागपुरी राग-रागिनियों को संरक्षित कर रहे महावीर नायक|website=prabhatkhabar|date=4 September 2019|access-date=24 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some prominent writers in the modern period are [[Praful Kumar Rai]], [[Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo]], [[Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari]], [[Girdhari Ram Gonjhu]] and [[Sahani Upendra Pal Singh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TCcDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA244|title=Jharkhand Samanya Gyan|isbn=9789351866848|last1=Ranjan|first1=Manish|date=January 2016|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Festivals==<br /> Several festivals are observed by Sadans including [[Ashadhi Puja]], [[Karam festival|Karam]], [[Jitiya]], [[Chhath]], [[Nawakhani]], [[Sohrai]]/[[Diwali]], [[Surjahi Puja]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Holi|Fagun]], Bad Pahari and [[Sarhul]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dailypioneer.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hrzDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA315|title=Know Your State Jharkhand|publisher=Arihant Experts|isbn=978-9324190888|page=316|access-date=24 September 2022|year=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Prabhat Prakashan 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9S1pEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=SA2-PA1|title=JHARKHAND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2021|author= Manish Ranjan|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|date=2022|isbn=9789354883002}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Folk music and dance==<br /> ===Folk dance===<br /> Some Nagpuri folk dances are {{Transliteration|sck|[[jhumair]]}}, {{Transliteration|sck|[[Mardani Jhumar|mardani jhumar]]}}, {{Transliteration|sck|[[Janani Jhumar|janani jhumar]]}}, {{Transliteration|sck|[[domkach]]}}, {{Transliteration|sck|[[Janani Jhumar|angnai]]}}, {{Transliteration|sck|fagua}}, {{Transliteration|sck|jadur}}, {{Transliteration|sck|matha}}, {{Transliteration|sck|natua}} {{Transliteration|sck|and paiki}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;democratic world&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://democraticworld.in/component/k2/item/603-out-of-the-dark|title=Out of the Dark|website=democratic world|date=7 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Samanya Gyan 2021&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/gumla/happy-holi-2021-fag-and-jhumar-dance-are-no-longer-visible-they-are-losing-their-momentum-smj|title=अब नहीं दिखती फाग और झूमर नृत्य, खो रही है अपनी धाक|website=prabhatkhabar|date=29 March 2021|access-date=6 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Paiki]] is ceremonial martial folk dance performed at marriages and other occasions in the Sadan community.&lt;ref name=&quot;bhaskar&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/gumla/news/go-on-the-trail-as-told-by-saqar-mundal-singh-062023-4307550.html|title=बख्तर साय मुंडल सिंह के बताए राह पर चलें|website=bhaskar|access-date=24 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Prabhat Prakashan&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9S1pEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=SA4-PA6|title=Jharkhand General Knowledge 2022|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|author=MANISH RANJAN|pages=4.6–4.10|year=2022|isbn=978-9354883002}}&lt;/ref&gt; The musical instruments used are [[dhol]], [[Madal|mandar]], [[Bansuri|bansi]], [[Naqareh|nagara]], [[Dhak (instrument)|dhak]], [[shehnai]], [[khartal]], and [[Ransingha|narsinga]].&lt;ref name=&quot;democratic world&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/jharkhand-tunes-in-to-nagpuri-folk-songs/articleshow/40883458.cms|title=Jharkhand tunes in to Nagpuri folk songs|website=timesofindia|date=26 August 2014|access-date=24 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;prabhat khabar1122&quot; /&gt; These instruments are traditionally made by the [[Ghasi]] and [[Mahli]] community.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sarah Jewitt&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrumDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT144|title=Environment, Knowledge and Gender: Local Development in India's Jharkhand|isbn=978-1351729895&lt;!--|accessdate=4 April 2022--&gt;|last1=Jewitt|first1=Sarah|date=31 July 2019|publisher=Routledge }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Akhara|Akhra]] is important part of the Nagpuri culture which is where people dance in village.&lt;ref name=&quot;dailypioneer.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/talk-on-nagpuri-folk-music-at-ignca.html|title=talk on nagpuri folk music at ignca|website=daily Pioneer|date=7 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/gumla-gumla-news-21840260.html|title=नागपुरी के विकास के लिए अखड़ा संस्कृति को रखना होगा जिदा : मुकुंद नायक|website=jagran|date=17 July 2021|access-date=24 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Ghasi community has played important role in preservation of folk music. They have been playing musical instruments in marriage ceremonies.&lt;ref name=&quot;syr.edu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://thecollege.syr.edu/news/2017/carol_babiracki_research.html |title=Song of India |website=thecollege.syr.edu |date=25 August 2017 |access-date=20 September 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330170155/http://thecollege.syr.edu/news/2017/carol_babiracki_research.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Folk song===<br /> Nagpuri folk songs can be divided into four categories: seasonal, festival, Sanskar and dance songs. Seasonal songs are sung according to season, such as Udasi, Pawas, Fagua. Pawas songs are sung during the rainy season, Fagua during spring till [[Holi]] festival and Udasi during summer season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93enEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP14|title=Statistical Analysis of Folk Songs of Jharkhand|publisher=Sanctum Books|author=Shivani Tiwari, Soubhik Chakraborty|year=2022|pages=14–15|isbn=9788195293162|access-date=9 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Festival songs are sung during festivals such as [[Karam festival|Karam]], [[Jitiya]], [[Teej]], [[Sohrai]]. Sanskar songs are sung during major rites such as child birth and weddings. Dance songs are dance oriented such as [[Mardani Jhumar]], [[Janani Jhumar]], [[Domkach]] and Khemta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prabhat Prakashan&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Theth Nagpuri is a genre of typical Nagpuri music which is based on traditional ragas of folk songs such as Jhumar, Pawas, Udasi and Fagua.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/amp/story/vishesh-aalekh/1381799|title=पारंपरिक नागपुरी गीतों को सहेजने में जुटे 'भिनसरिया के राजा' महावीर नायक|publisher=prabhatkhabar|date=14 February 2020|access-date=25 September 2022|language=Hindi}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is connected to the Nagpuri tradition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/jhollywood/1347380|title=ठेठ नागपुरी की पहचान है सरिता देवी कहतीं हैं- ठेठ कभी नहीं मरेगा|publisher=prabhatkhabar|date=7 November 2019|access-date=25 September 2022|language=Hindi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Notable exponent of Nagpuri folk music and dance are [[Govind Sharan Lohra]], [[Mahavir Nayak]] and [[Mukund Nayak]].<br /> <br /> ==<br /> <br /> ==Household goods and tools==<br /> Sadan people traditionally use household items of earthenware, iron and bronze which includes gagri, handi, chuka, dhakni for cooking. Hunting tools used are nets, kumni, bow arrow, sword, spear and tangi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prabhat Prakashan 2022&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cuisine==<br /> {{Main|Jharkhandi cuisine}}<br /> The Staple food of the region is rice. People also eat forest products such as wild flowers and fruits. Some traditional dishes are [[Chhilka Roti]], Arsa roti, [[Malpua]], [[Dhooska]], Til laddu and Dudhauri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/mouthwatering-dishes-from-jharkhand-you-must-try/photostory/79000151.cms|title=Mouthwatering Dishes From Jharkhand You Must Try|website=Timesofindia|date=3 November 2020|access-date=24 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.amarujala.com/lifestyle/healthy-food/jharkhand-bihar-famous-sweet-dudhauri-making-recipe-how-to-make-dudhauri-sweet-at-home|title=घर में बनाएं झारखंड-बिहार की मशहूर मिठाई दुधौरी, 20 से 25 मिनट में हो जाएगी तैयार|website=amarujala|date=21 July 2020|access-date=24 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/mistress-of-spices-princess-of-the-pitha/cid/1330552|title=Mistress of spices, princess of the pitha|publisher=telegraphindia|access-date=24 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some traditional leafy vegetables or [[Saag]] are Khesari, Kohnda, Koinar, Methi, Munga, Poi, [[Ficus_geniculata|Putkal]] and Sarla saag.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-jharkhand-food-variety-saag-is-beneficial-for-health-more-than-70-type-of-saag-is-found-in-jharkhand-jagran-special-20670992.html|title=सागों में छिपा है सेहत का राज, कई रोगों की है अचूक दवा; झारखंड में उगते हैं 70 से ज्यादा प्रकार के साग|publisher=jagran|date=26 August 2020|accessdate=12 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some wild edible wild flowers are as Jilhur phool and Sanai phool ([[Crotalaria juncea]]). Gunda is a traditional dish which is a powder of leafy vegetables which are dried and grinded and made into soup with rice water. Some Gunda are ''Chakod gunda'', ''Munga Gunda'' and ''Sarla gunda'' etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhoomika.com/chefofmonth/test-post/|title=Ecopreneur of the month|website=Bhoomika|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=20 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220233557/https://www.bhoomika.com/chefofmonth/test-post/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karil, the new bamboo shoots are edible. Some [[edible mushroom]]s are khukdi, especially the [[white mushroom]], Putu (white puffball) and rugda (puffball), which grow during the rainy season in field and forest.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/state/jharkhand/rugda-and-khukdi-the-vegetarian-mutton-of-jharkhand/na20200702212310726|title='Rugda and Khukdi'- The vegetarian mutton of Jharkhand|publisher=etvbharat|date=2 July 2020|accessdate=24 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/rugda-mushroom-curry-recipe-how-to-make-rugda-mushroom-curry-2476862|title=Rugda Mushroom Curry Recipe: A Traditional Mushroom Curry From Jharkhand|publisher=food.ndtv|date=1 July 2021|accessdate=24 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-this-is-veg-mutton-of-jharkhand-beneficial-in-cancer-and-asthma-disease-jagran-special-20464957.html|title=यह है झारखंड का वेज मटन, कैंसर-अस्थमा जैसे रोग में है फायदेमंद|publisher=jagran|date=2 July 2020|accessdate=24 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Madhuca longifolia|Mahua]] flower is edible and its seed used for preparation of oil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Suryawanshi |first1=Yogesh |last2=Mokat |first2=Digambar |title=Morphophysiological Seed Variability in Mahua Trees from Western Ghats and Its Impact on Tribal Life. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., India, Sect. B Biol. Sci. |year=2021 |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=227–239 |doi=10.1007/s40011-020-01223-w|bibcode=2021PINSB..91..227S |s2cid=231876956 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The traditional alcoholic beverages are [[Handia (drink)|Handi]], a rice bear and Mahua daru, a wine prepared by Mahua flowers. People drink it during festivals and marriage feasts.&lt;ref name=dailypioneer&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/state-editions/handia-most-preferred-summer-drink.html|title=Handia most preferred summer drink|publisher=dailypioneer|date=19 May 2014|accessdate=22 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Chilka Roti.jpg|thumb|Chilka Roti, traditional bread of Chotanagpur]]<br /> <br /> ==Religion==<br /> Sadan people observe festivals such as [[Ashadhi Puja|Asari]], [[Karam festival|Karam]], [[Jitiya]], [[Nawakhani]], [[Sohrai]], [[Holi|Fagun]] and Bad Pahari. In these festivals the elder of family members propitates Sun, Moon, ancestors and other deities by offering [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|sacrifice]]s and liquor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzAoEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=RA7-PA50|title=JHARKHAND PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION PRELIMS EXAMS COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE PAPER|author=Dr Manish Ranjan|date=2021|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-9390906321|pages=50}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chik Baraik&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5dVaq4_cLoC&amp;pg=PA67|title=Chik Baraik|isbn=9788178351216|access-date=24 September 2022|last1=Minz|first1=Diwakar|last2=Hansda|first2=Delo Mai|year=2010 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the village festival, the rituals are performed by the village priest &quot;Pahan&quot; and his assistant &quot;Pujar&quot;, who offer sacrifice to village deity.&lt;ref name=&quot;bhaskar&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;livehindustan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/simdega/story-decision-to-organize-nagpuria-program-in-the-meeting-of-the-youth-association-2903864.amp.html|title=नवयुवक संघ की बैठक में नागपुरिया कार्यक्रम आयोजित करने का निर्णय|website=livehindustan|access-date=6 April 2022|date=16 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to scholars, the deities which are not found in Hindu scriptures are deities of [[Folk religion#Folk Hinduism|folk tradition]] which is a non-vedic tradition. According to June McDaniel, folk Hinduism is based on local traditions and cults of local [[deities]] and is the oldest, non-literate system. It is a [[History of Hinduism#Pre-Vedic religions (until c. 1750 BCE)|pre-vedic]] tradition extending back to prehistoric times, or before the writing of the [[Vedas]].&lt;ref name=junemcdaniel6&gt;June McDaniel &quot;Hinduism&quot;, in John Corrigan, ''The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Emotion'', (2007) Oxford University Press, 544 pages, pp. 52–53 {{ISBN|0-19-517021-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; The influence of Vedic religion reached in the region during the reign of the [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]]. The Nagvanshi kings constructed several temples during their reign and invited Brahmins from various parts of the country for priestly duties.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Gautam Kumar Bera|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qrmTdshzKQC&amp;pg=PA36|title=The unrest axle: ethno-social movements in Eastern India|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2008|isbn=978-81-8324-145-8|pages=36|access-date=3 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; But rituals in the village are carried out by village priest Pahan.&lt;ref name=&quot;livehindustan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jharkhand Samanya Gyan 2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFmxDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA12|title=Jharkhand Samanya Gyan|isbn=9789351867982|access-date=22 December 2019|last1=Ranjan|first1=Manish|date=19 August 2002 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Megasthenes]], the Greek Ambassador to Maurya, Emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya]], mentioned India in his book [[Indica (Megasthenes)|Indica]]. According to him, Indians make wine from rice, drink rice bear in sacrifice and mainly eat rice pottage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://archive.org/stream/ancientindiaasd01mccrgoog/ancientindiaasd01mccrgoog_djvu.txt|title=Ancient India as described by Megasthenês and Arrian; being a translation of the fragments of the Indika of Megasthenês collected by Dr. Schwanbeck, and of the first part of the Indika of Arrian|page=69|website=archive.org|accessdate=24 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1989, the Jharkhand Co-ordination committee (JCC), who was instrumental in the demand for a separate Jharkhand state in front of the central government, also stated in their paper that Sadan may be the earliest Aryan population and could be the subcategoriable as [[Nāga|Naga]] people as they differ from dominant Aryan group and did't strictly follow Brahmanical religion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1nqYqBBf_IC&amp;pg=PA124|title=Issues in Indian Politics|publisher=Mittal Publications|author=Lalan Tiwari|year=1995|page=124|isbn=978-8170996187|access-date=3 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Marriage tradition==<br /> Nagpuri weddings are held for several days. Prior to marriage, the groom's relatives go bride's home to see and negotiate for marriage and a token amount (bride price) is paid by the groom's family to the family of the bride. Some wedding rituals are madwa, baraat, parghani, sindoordan, bidai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Global Vision Pub House&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IM3l0v0Z6YC&amp;pg=PA157|title=Global Encyclopaedia of the North Indian Dalits Ethnography (2 Vols. Set)|isbn=978-8182202382|author=K.C. Das|via=books.google|publisher=Global Vision Pub House|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gyan Publishing House&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5dVaq4_cLoC&amp;pg=PA67|title=Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in Jharkhand|isbn=9788178351216|last1=Minz|first1=Diwakar|last2=Hansda|first2=Delo Mai|year=2010 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Domkach]] folk dance is performed during the wedding.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wdFHDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT55|title=JHARKHAND KE PARVA-TYOHAR, MELE AUR PARYATAN STHAL|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|author=Sanjay Krishna|page=55|year=2013|isbn=978-9350485286}}&lt;/ref&gt; The musical instruments used in the nagpuri wedding are [[Naqareh|nagara]], [[Dhak (instrument)|dhak]] and [[shehnai]].&lt;ref name=&quot;prabhat khabar1122&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/my-mati-jharkhands-traditional-instrument-in-danger-unk|title=My Mati: झारखंड का पारंपरिक बाजा खतरे में|publisher=prabhat khabar|date=25 November 2022|access-date=3 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The practice of bride price was mentioned in Ramayana and Mahabharata where during weddings of [[Kaikeyi]], [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]] and [[Madri]], bride price was given. The practice of giving bride price was considered [[Asura]] Vivah in [[Smriti]] texts such as Grihas Sutra and [[Dharma Sutra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/marriage/8-traditional-forms-of-hindu-marriage-in-india/47455|title=8 Traditional forms of Hindu Marriage in India|date=27 January 2015 |publisher=yourarticlelibrary|access-date=3 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindu-blog.com/2020/09/kanyasulkam-bride-price-in-hinduism.html?m=1|title=Kanyasulkam – Bride Price In Hinduism|publisher=hindu-blog|date=9 September 2020|access-date=3 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Traditional administrative System==<br /> In Chotoanagpur, there was a traditional administrative system to govern villages known as to the Parha system. In the Parha system, there were the posts of [[Mahto]] (village chief), Pahan (village priest), Pujar or Pani bharwa (assistant of Pahan), [[Bhandari]] (treasurer), Chowkidar (watchman), Diwan (minister) and [[Raja]] (king). During the reign of Nagvanshi, the landowners were known as Bhuinhar. Bhuinhar refers to the first people who cleared forest, built farmland and houses in a village. Sadans were in the post of [[Dewan|Diwan]], [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]], [[Pandey]], Karta (executive), Lal, Mahato, Pahan and Raja.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prabhat Prakashan 2022&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The owner of lands known as Bhuinhars.<br /> Mahto made assessments and settlement of all land not held by hereditary cultivators. He collects rent. Pahan, the village priest, does all the rituals for village deities. Bhandari assists with the collection of rents and summoning ryots who work for farmers or Zamindars. There was Gorait, who was a messenger to Zamindar, and Kotwar, who was a police officer in each village. The village has a blacksmith and a Gowala who rear the cattle of the village.&lt;ref name=&quot;academia.edu2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/42298290|title=Pages from the Old Records: A Note on 'The &quot;Kols&quot; of Chota-Nagpore' by E.T. Dalton|author=Sanjay Nath|website=academia.edu|pages=19–23|year=2015|access-date=29 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cinema==<br /> {{Main|Nagpuri cinema}}<br /> Nagpuri language films have been produced since 1992. ''Sona Kar Nagpur'' (1992) was the first nagpuri film produced and directed by Dhananjay Nath Tiwari. The Nagpuri cinema faces several challenges, such as lack of funds and lack of infrastructure, as the majority of the audience reside in villages. Despite all these, several films are produced per year and few get released.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355999172|title=Journey of Jhollywood: A Study in the Context of Nagpuri Cinema|website=researchgate|date=November 2021|accessdate=24 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Culture of Jharkhand]]<br /> *[[Culture of India]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Nagpuri culture}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]<br /> [[Category:Nagpuria people]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of India]]<br /> [[Category:Nagpuri culture]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sardarpur_Wildlife_Sanctuary&diff=533188 2026-01-06T15:51:23Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: Made Entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox protected area<br /> | name = Sardarpur Wildlife Sanctuary<br /> | iucn_category = IV<br /> | map = India Madhya Pradesh#India<br /> | relief = 1<br /> | mapframe = Yes<br /> | mapframe-coordinates = <br /> | mapframe-zoom = 10<br /> | location = Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh, India<br /> | area = 348.12 km²<br /> | established = 1983<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sardarpur Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a protected area located in [[Dhar district]], of Madhya Pradesh in India. It was officially notified in 1983. Originally, the sanctuary spanned approximately 348 km² (34,800 ha). The landscape is dominated by open grasslands with patches of scrub and seasonal wetlands habitats. The sanctuary was created primarily to protect the critically endangered bird [[Lesser Florican]] (''Sypheotides indicus'') locally known as '''kharmour'''.<br /> <br /> In recent years the Government cleared a reorganisation of the protected area that involved denotification of most of the earlier revenue land and the notification of a much smaller forestland area (about 16.82 km²) to remain as sanctuary.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-09-23 |title=Sardarpur Wildlife Sanctuary - WildTrails {{!}} The One-Stop Destination for all your Wildlife Holidays |url=https://wildtrails.in/sardarpur-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=wildtrails.in |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shafi |first=Sanavver |date=2025-04-25 |title=MP shrinks Sardarpur Sanctuary to balance conservation and rights |url=https://www.groundreport.in/groundreport/villages-near-sardarpur-sanctury-to-be-exempted-8998394/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=Ground Report |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Wahid |date=2024-11-19 |title=Second bird survey in Sardarpur Sanctuary unveils 24 new species |url=https://www.groundreport.in/biodiversity/sardarpur-bird-sanctuary-survey-unveils-24-new-bird-species-7584578/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=Ground Report |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2022-10-14 |title=MP govt to denotify 631 sq km wildlife sanctuary meant to boost birds Son Chiriya and Kharmor |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/madhya-pradesh/son-chiraiya-and-kharmor-extinct-631-sq-km-land-of-wildlife-sanctuaries-to-be-forest-free/na20221014162417490490570 |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|22.747|74.913|type:landmark_region:IN_dim:20000|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Protected areas of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Dhar district]]<br /> [[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Madhya Pradesh]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaurkian&diff=505835 2026-01-04T07:27:47Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: creating the pg v1!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Jaurkian<br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 15<br /> | pushpin_map = India Punjab#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|29.850336|N|75.208504|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Mansa district, Punjab|Mansa]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | parts_type = [[Taluka]]s<br /> | parts = [[Sardulgarh tehsil|Sardulgarh]]<br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 9.11<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi (Gurmukhi)]]<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Regional<br /> | demographics1_info2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 151505<br /> | area_code_type = <br /> | area_code = <br /> | registration_plate = PB51<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = <br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jaurkian''', is a village in the [[Sardulgarh]] [[tehsil]] of [[Mansa district, Punjab|Mansa district]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Village &amp; Panchayats {{!}} District Mansa, Government of Punjab {{!}} India |url=https://mansa.nic.in/village-panchayats/ |access-date=2022-09-12 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> <br /> Jaurkian is located at {{coord|29.850336|N|75.208504|E|}}&lt;ref name=&quot;gm&quot;&gt;Google maps&lt;/ref&gt; in the Mansa district of [[Indian Punjab]].<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> There is a Govt. Primary School and a Govt. Sen. Sec. School in Jaurkian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=F S D SR SEC SCHOOL JAURKIAN - Jourkian, District Mansa (Punjab) |url=https://schools.org.in/mansa/03150302203/f-s-d-sr-sec-school-jaurkian.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=schools.org.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}<br /> <br /> {{Mansa district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Mansa district, India]]</div>

Sadnasankar138 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1951_Durand_Cup_final&diff=481769 2025-12-25T17:42:33Z

<p>Sadnasankar138: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox football match<br /> | title = 1951 Durand Cup final<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | event = [[Durand Cup|1951 Durand Cup]]<br /> | team1 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]<br /> | team2 = [[Rajasthan Police|Rajasthan Armed Constabulary]]<br /> | details = East Bengal won after a [[Replay (sports)#Association football|replay]]<br /> | firstleg = Final<br /> | team1score1 = 1<br /> | team2score1 = 1<br /> | date1 = 21 October 1951<br /> | stadium1 = [[Ambedkar Stadium|Delhi Gate Stadium]]<br /> | city1 = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<br /> | referee1 = Major F. Upfold<br /> | attendance1 = 10,000 (estd.)<br /> | secondleg = Replay<br /> | team1score2 = 2<br /> | team2score2 = 1<br /> | date2 = 22 October 1951<br /> | stadium2 = [[Ambedkar Stadium|Delhi Gate Stadium]]<br /> | city2 = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<br /> | referee2 = Major F. Upfold<br /> | attendance2 = 8,000 (estd.)<br /> | weather = <br /> | previous = 1950<br /> | next = [[1952 Durand Cup final|1952]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''1951 Durand Cup final''' was the 48th final of the [[Durand Cup]], the oldest football competition in [[India]], and was contested between Kolkata giant [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and [[Rajasthan Police|Rajasthan Armed Constabulary]] on 21 October 1951 first which ended in a draw and then a replay on 22 October 1951 at the [[Ambedkar Stadium|Delhi Gate Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]].<br /> <br /> East Bengal won the replay final 2&amp;ndash;1 to claim their 1st Durand Cup title. [[Ahmed Khan (footballer)|Ahmed Khan]] and [[Pansanttom Venkatesh]] scored the goals for East Bengal in the replay final as East Bengal lifted their first Durand Cup title.&lt;ref name=rsssf&gt;{{cite web|first=Neil|last=Morrison|date=11 October 2022|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html|title=India - List of Durand Cup Finals|work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=25 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Route to the final==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]<br /> !Round<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Rajasthan Police|Rajasthan Armed Constabulary]]<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#C1E0FF&quot;<br /> |Opponent<br /> |colspan=&quot;1&quot;|Result<br /> |Round<br /> |Opponent<br /> |colspan=&quot;1&quot;|Result<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|Kalighat<br /> |colspan=&quot;1&quot;|4–1<br /> |style=&quot;background:#C1E0FF&quot;|Quarter–Final<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|Indian Air Force<br /> |colspan=&quot;1&quot;|1–0<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Hyderabad City Police FC|Hyderabad Police]]<br /> |colspan=&quot;1&quot;|1–0<br /> |style=&quot;background:#C1E0FF&quot;|Semi–Final<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Simla Youngs FC|Young Mens]]<br /> |colspan=&quot;1&quot;|2–0<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Match==<br /> ===Summary===<br /> The Durand Cup final began at the [[Ambedkar Stadium|Delhi Gate Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]] on 21 October 1951 in front of a packed crowd as Kolkata giant [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and faced [[Rajasthan Police|Rajasthan Armed Constabulary]]. East Bengal reached their maiden Durand Cup final after defeating [[Hyderabad City Police FC|Hyderabad Police]] 1&amp;ndash;0 in the semi-final. Rajasthan Armed Constabulary also made their maiden appearance in the final after they defeated [[Simla Youngs FC|Young Mens]] 2&amp;ndash;0 in the semi-final.&lt;ref name=rsssf/&gt; <br /> <br /> East Bengal started as the favorites having already won the [[1951 IFA Shield Final|IFA Shield]], and with a star-studded forward line consisting of the famous [[Pancha Pandavas]]. East Bengal got the best chance in the first half as [[Pansanttom Venkatesh]] shot hit the crossbar in the twenty-first minute. The deadlock was broken in the second half as Venkatesh found the net with a grounded effort in the thirty-fifth minute to give East Bengal the lead. Rajasthan however, was quick to respond and equalised just five minutes later as their star forward [[Sheoo Mewalal]] found the back of the net with a header to make it 1&amp;ndash;1. The game ended in a draw and the organising committee decided to host the replay final the very next day.&lt;ref name=final&gt;{{cite news |date=22 October 1951 |title= ডুরান্ড কাপের ফাইনাল খেলা অমীমাংসিত |trans-title=The Durand Cup Final remains undecided |language=bn |work=Jugantor }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Details===<br /> {{footballbox<br /> |date=21 October 1951<br /> |time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]<br /> |report=<br /> |team2=[[Rajasthan Police|Rajasthan Armed Constabulary]]<br /> |score= 1–1 <br /> |goals1=[[Pansanttom Venkatesh|Venkatesh]] {{goal|35}}<br /> |goals2=[[Sheoo Mewalal|Mewalal]] {{goal|40}}<br /> |stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium|Delhi Gate Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]<br /> |attendance=10,000 (est.)<br /> |referee=Major F. Upfold}}<br /> <br /> {| width=92%<br /> |-<br /> |{{Football kit<br /> |pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home<br /> |pattern_la = <br /> |pattern_ra =<br /> |pattern_sh =<br /> |pattern_so = _2 gold stripes<br /> |leftarm = FFDF00<br /> |body = FFDF00<br /> |rightarm = FF0000<br /> |shorts = 000000<br /> |socks = FF0000<br /> |title = East Bengal<br /> }}<br /> |{{Football kit<br /> | pattern_la = <br /> | pattern_b = _collar_buttons_2<br /> | pattern_ra = <br /> | pattern_sh = <br /> | pattern_so =<br /> | leftarm = ffffff<br /> | body = ffffff<br /> | rightarm = ffffff<br /> | shorts = ffffff<br /> | socks = ffffff<br /> | title = Rajasthan Armed Constabulary<br /> }}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| width=&quot;100%&quot;<br /> |valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;40%&quot;|<br /> {| style=&quot;font-size: 90%&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;<br /> |colspan=&quot;4&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> !width=&quot;25&quot;| !!width=&quot;25&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Manilal Ghatak<br /> |-<br /> |FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Byomkesh Bose]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br /> |-<br /> |FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Ansari<br /> |-<br /> |HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} G. R. Gokul<br /> |-<br /> |HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chandan Singh Rawat|Chandan Singh]]<br /> |-<br /> |HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} S. Ray<br /> |-<br /> |FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pansanttom Venkatesh]]<br /> |-<br /> |FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sushil Bhattacharya]]<br /> |-<br /> |FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[K. P. Dhanraj]]<br /> |-<br /> |FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ahmed Khan (footballer)|Ahmed Khan]]<br /> |-<br /> |FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. B. A. Saleh]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> |valign=&quot;top&quot;|<br /> |valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;|<br /> {| style=&quot;font-size: 90%&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; align=center<br /> |colspan=&quot;4&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> !width=&quot;25&quot;| !!width=&quot;25&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanjeeva Uchil]]<br /> |-<br /> |FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Manuel<br /> |-<br /> |FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Ratnam ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br /> |-<br /> |HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Arokiyaswami<br /> |-<br /> |HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Gurbaux Singh<br /> |-<br /> |HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mahabir Prasad (footballer)|Mahabir Prasad]]<br /> |-<br /> |FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Kanaiyan<br /> |-<br /> |FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Myasi<br /> |-<br /> |FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sheoo Mewalal]]<br /> |-<br /> |FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Raman<br /> |-<br /> |FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Kupuswami<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| width=100% style=&quot;font-size: 90%&quot;<br /> <br /> |style=&quot;width:60%; vertical-align:top;&quot;|<br /> '''Match rules'''<br /> *50 minutes.<br /> *Replay if scores still level.<br /> *No Substitutes.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Replay==<br /> ===Summary===<br /> The replay final began at the [[Rajasthan Police|Rajasthan Armed Constabulary]] in New Delhi on 22 October 1951 after the first game ended in a 1&amp;ndash;1 stalemate.<br /> <br /> East Bengal made a fast start and was once again the first to score as [[Ahmed Khan (footballer)|Ahmed Khan]] found the net with a powerful shot in the fourteenth minute after receiving a pass from [[K. P. Dhanraj]]. Rajasthan was quick to respond and equalized just three minutes later as Raman made a solo run past four defenders to place the ball inside the goal to make it 1&amp;ndash;1. East Bengal found the winner in the second half with just eight minutes remaining when [[Pansanttom Venkatesh]] dribbled past a couple of defenders to score with a powerful left-footed strike to make it 2&amp;ndash;1 as East Bengal lifted their maiden Durand Cup title, thus also becoming the first ever Indian team to win the [[IFA Shield]] and Durand Cup in the same season, a record previously only held by British regimental teams: [[Black Watch]] (1920), [[Worcestershire Regiment]] (1921), and [[Sherwood Foresters]] (1928).&lt;ref name=rsssf/&gt;&lt;ref name=finalreplay&gt;{{cite news |date=23 October 1951 |title= ইস্ট বেঙ্গল দলের ডুরান্ড কাপ জয়ের গৌরব |trans-title=<br /> East Bengal achieved the glory of winning the Durand Cup |language=bn |work=Jugantor }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-07-27|title=Top 10 moments in Durand Cup history {{!}} East Bengal won their first-ever Durand Cup in 1951|url=https://khelnow.com/football/durand-cup-2019-history#:~:text=East%20Bengal%20won%20their%20first-ever%20Durand%20Cup%20in%201951|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-04|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226184414/https://khelnow.com/football/durand-cup-2019-history#:~:text=East%20Bengal%20won%20their%20first-ever%20Durand%20Cup%20in%201951}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Debayan|last=Sen|date=1 August 2020|url=https://www.espn.in/football/east-bengal/story/4139529/a-century-of-excellence-east-bengals-greatest-hits|title=A century of excellence: East Bengal's greatest hits|work=ESPN|accessdate=18 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=pandavas&gt;{{cite web|last=Banerjee|first=Ritabrata|date=27 Mar 2020|title=Who were the 'Pancha Pandavas' of East Bengal and what impact did they have in Indian football?|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/pancha-pandavas-east-bengal-impact-indian-football/v3dy3f4xowaw1borvbizchdqv|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410151927/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/pancha-pandavas-east-bengal-impact-indian-football/v3dy3f4xowaw1borvbizchdqv|archive-date=10 April 2020|work=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|accessdate=20 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Details===<br /> {{footballbox<br /> |date=22 October 1951<br /> |time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]<br /> |report=<br /> |team2=[[Rajasthan Police|Rajasthan Armed Constabulary]]<br /> |score= 2–1 <br /> |goals1=*[[Ahmed Khan (footballer)|Khan]] {{goal|14}}<br /> *[[Pansanttom Venkatesh|Venkatesh]] {{goal|42}}<br /> |goals2=*Raman {{goal|17}}<br /> |stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium|Delhi Gate Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]<br /> |attendance=10,000 (est.)<br /> |referee=Major F. Upfold}}<br /> <br /> {| width=92%<br /> |-<br /> |{{Football kit<br /> |pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home<br /> |pattern_la = <br /> |pattern_ra =<br /> |pattern_sh =<br /> |pattern_so = _2 gold stripes<br /> |leftarm = FFDF00<br /> |body = FFDF00<br /> |rightarm = FF0000<br /> |shorts = 000000<br /> |socks = FF0000<br /> |title = East Bengal<br /> }}<br /> |{{Football kit<br /> | pattern_la = <br /> | pattern_b = _collar_buttons_2<br /> | pattern_ra = <br /> | pattern_sh = <br /> | pattern_so =<br /> | leftarm = ffffff<br /> | body = ffffff<br /> | rightarm = ffffff<br /> | shorts = ffffff<br /> | socks = ffffff<br /> | title = Rajasthan Armed Constabulary<br /> }}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| width=&quot;100%&quot;<br /> |valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;40%&quot;|<br /> {| style=&quot;font-size: 90%&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;<br /> |colspan=&quot;4&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> !width=&quot;25&quot;| !!width=&quot;25&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Manilal Ghatak<br /> |-<br /> |FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Byomkesh Bose]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br /> |-<br /> |FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Ansari<br /> |-<br /> |HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} G. R. Gokul<br /> |-<br /> |HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chandan Singh Rawat|Chandan Singh]]<br /> |-<br /> |HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} S. Ray<br /> |-<br /> |FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pansanttom Venkatesh]]<br /> |-<br /> |FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sushil Bhattacharya]]<br /> |-<br /> |FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[K. P. Dhanraj]]<br /> |-<br /> |FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ahmed Khan (footballer)|Ahmed Khan]]<br /> |-<br /> |FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. B. A. Saleh]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> |valign=&quot;top&quot;|<br /> |valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;|<br /> {| style=&quot;font-size: 90%&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; align=center<br /> |colspan=&quot;4&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> !width=&quot;25&quot;| !!width=&quot;25&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanjeeva Uchil]]<br /> |-<br /> |FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Manuel<br /> |-<br /> |FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Ratnam ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br /> |-<br /> |HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Arokiyaswami<br /> |-<br /> |HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Gurbaux Singh<br /> |-<br /> |HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mahabir Prasad (footballer)|Mahabir Prasad]]<br /> |-<br /> |FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Kanaiyan<br /> |-<br /> |FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Myasi<br /> |-<br /> |FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sheoo Mewalal]]<br /> |-<br /> |FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Raman<br /> |-<br /> |FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Kupuswami<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| width=100% style=&quot;font-size: 90%&quot;<br /> <br /> |style=&quot;width:60%; vertical-align:top;&quot;|<br /> '''Match rules'''<br /> *50 minutes.<br /> *Joint winners if both finals ends in a draw.<br /> *No Substitutes.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html Durand Cup Finals]<br /> <br /> {{Durand Cup}}<br /> {{East Bengal Club}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Durand Cup finals]]<br /> [[Category:1951–52 in Indian football]]<br /> [[Category:East Bengal Club matches]]<br /> [[Category:Football competitions in New Delhi]]</div>

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